AP World History - Lyman High School

AP World History Summer Assignment
2016
CONGRATULATIONS!!! You have decided to take on the greatest challenge of your academic career.
AP World History is a college level course covering “everything that has ever happened ever.”
For many of you, this is your first AP class. To be successful, you will need to stay focused and work
hard. You should be prepared to spend four to six hours a week outside of class on AP World
History. During the school year we will explore 10,000 years of human history through the use of
critical reading and thinking, use of primary and secondary sources, class discussion, and analytical
writing. This course is designed to prepare students to take the College Board Advanced Placement
World History Examination, through which he/she may be able to receive college credit. The AP
Exam will be administered in May 2017.
You may ask, "Why is there a summer assignment for WHAP?" The answer is that the first 3
chapters of the book encompass 5% of the AP Exam you will take in May. If we can cover this
information during the summer, that will free up some class time for us to focus on topics later in
the school year.
There are two parts to your summer assignment. Our textbook has 24 chapters which we need to
cover in approximately 30 weeks in order to have time to review before the AP test. The first
summer assignment is to help you acquire the base knowledge necessary for instant immersion
into AP World History once the 2016-2017 academic year begins.
Late assignments will not be accepted. It is important that you show you are capable of
successfully completing this independent assignment in the time allotted. The only exception will
be those students that enrolled new to our school. Anyone that registered prior to that date will be
expected to have the assignment completed by the first day of school.
A Special Note about Plagiarism: Plagiarism, the act of taking credit for the academic work of
someone else, will not be tolerated in AP World History and Lyman High School.
I will be available by email during the summer, but please do not expect an immediate response; it
may take a few days. Good luck and I’ll see you in August!
Mrs. Marchwinski
Ruth_Marchwinski@scps.k12.fl.us
Assignment 1
Create or print an outline map which you can locate and label each of the items listed below. All
other items must be neatly hand drawn or outlined and clearly labeled. Color code the items to
make it clearer. Your map should be at least 11x 17, but can be as large as 13x19 in size. You may
have a map quiz during the first week of school, so please study this as you complete it.
You can use the following websites to test your knowledge of the items:
http://www.ilike2learn.com/ and http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/Geography.htm.
Suggested reference for the physical geography maps:
http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/world.htm.
Assignment 2
This assignment will cover the major introductory ideas of the first unit of the course:
Technological and Environmental Transformations to 600 BCE.
Please take this assignment seriously, for you will be graded as such. If you do not complete this
assignment you will be starting your school year with a few zeroes in the gradebook. Please note
this assignment will graded based on quality and you will not simply be given credit for having
completed it. Thorough answers are the expectation and you need to make sure you answer all
parts of the question in DETAIL. Do to the nature of the assignment, we suggest you start it early.
Also, this is independent work. Repeat. This is independent work. Your work should not be eerily
similar to any of your buddies’ work.
I.
Text and supplemental reading questions. **********
A. Ways of the World textbook: There is a PDF document named Ways of the World,
Strayer. This document is located on the website where you found this document
and contains the first three chapters of your textbook. Read the following sections
and answer the questions in complete sentences with DETAIL.
1. “The Ways We Were” p.20
a. What’s the typical size of a Paleolithic society? Why was there such a low
population density and limited surplus?
b. In what ways were Paleolithic societies egalitarian in terms of social order
and gender status?
c. Describe the typical workload of Paleolithic peoples. Why are they
considered “the original affluent society”? What was their life expectancy?
d. What are some major hallmarks of religious development in this time
period?
e. How and why did Paleolithic peoples eventually start “settling down”?
2. “The Agricultural Revolution in World History” p. 50
a. Explain the Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution concepts of domestication
and intensification.
b. How did the end of the Ice Age help to promote the Agricultural Revolution?
Why do some archeologists think that a food crisis of sorts may have helped
bring about the AR?
c. How and why did the AR vary in different parts of the world?
3. “The Globalization of Agriculture” p. 56
a. Explain the impact of diffusion and slow migration of agricultural peoples.
b. Just as the name of the section suggests, how did agricultural techniques
spread to various areas, and how/why did some groups, like the New
Guineans, resist?
c. What positive and negative changes did agriculture bring with it?
4. “Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture” p. 62
a. Explain the differences between pastoral societies, agricultural societies, and
chiefdoms.
5. “Introducing the First Civilizations” p. 86
a. Rewrite on a separate sheet of paper and complete the following compare
and contrast chart.
where
archeological
How were they organized?
finds
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Norte Chico
Olmecs
Indus River Valley
Chinese Dynasty
b. Describe the characteristics of cities found in the First Civilizations.
6. “Erosion of Equality” p. 94
a. How and why did social hierarchies develop?
b. Where did slaves used in the First Civilizations come from? How were they
used?
c. What is patriarchy? Why/how did it develop? How was it made an integral
part of the First Civilizations?
7. “Rise of the State” p. 99
a. What is “the state”?
b. What role did the state play in the First Civilizations?
8. “Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt, Interactions and Exchange” p. 108
a. What goods, ideas, and cultural practices were exchanged between Egypt
and Mesopotamia?
9. “Reflections” p. 112
a. What makes a civilization a civilization? What does a civilization need to
have to be civilization?
B. Experiencing World History, “Gender Structures: Introduction through Early
Civilizations” is another PDF document located on the summer assignment website.
Read the essay on the website and answer the following questions in complete
sentences with DETAIL.
1. “Paleolithic Period”
a. What is the difficulty of studying the development of gender structures in
early human history? What point does the author make on knowing what
something is and what it means?
b. What are the various debated explanations for why women became
subordinate to men? How do modern studies and cross-cultural
comparisons suggest to scholars that women weren’t subordinate in the
Early Stone Age? What is the evidence supporting that idea?
2. “Neolithic Period”
a. How did horticulture help women maintain status for a while?
b. How did gender roles and status differ in various types of society? Be
specific.
c. How did plow agriculture lead to more social differentiation?
3. “Civilization”
a. How did the development of early civilizations impact the relationship
between men and women?
b. How did marriage laws reinforce the position of men over women?
c. How did the increasingly hierarchical economic system lead to the creation
of more laws to control women in Mesopotamia? Examples?
d. In what ways did women have more leeway/respect in Egypt? How was this
represented in religious terms?
e. How did gender roles develop among the lowest classes of slaves and
peasants?
h".t Aola*.,s,-e*.0,^ (z-oo
<r)
. ce:rrsa 4 .
GENDER STRLTCTLTRES
l$roduction tkrotgh
E,zr!1'
Cirilizatiets
Earh. human hisrorl', and parricularly the emergence of agriculture and
-,tren civilizacion, fundamentaliy redefined the meanings cf male and female and many of the roles of men and wcmen in human sccieo' Key
changes related to the ttphearals in populaticn patterns, l"hich increasei
lvomen's childbearing and child-rearing responsibilities. But gender also ielated clcsel,v to broader lormulations ofculture, including religion. Developmenrs in these crucial early periods added gle:lt1,,-. to the "natural" feaiures ofgeoder, creatingthe ccmplex reiatiolships benveen the natural and
the humml-l constntcted that hal'e persisted er'er since.
The I'aleolirbic (Early Stoae Age)
?niod
For mosr of human history, the only records that remain of gender structures. as v'irh all other aspects of hi-rman culcure, are phlsic:1 rerrln?.nasbones, stones, marks on rhe landscape r',here there were once buildiogs and
6e1ds, pieces ofpotterlt a fe.v dralvings and carvings. Interpreting these to
gain insights into earll" famil1" structules, the roles of men and lvomen, md
ideas ard pracdces of serualiry is erremely difficu1t, for it is often hard ro
decide lr,hat something r*a spear point or a scraperi a mais bones or a
womaris-and
even harder to decide r"hat it
might ;zaar' Nevertheless,
r','e
koow that earll humans developed gender srructures -.:oncePts and practices rhat differentiared rvomen from men, beyond ph1'sica1 differencesand that later elaboradons, in a1l their varieq', glevr out ofthese early forms.
These gender structures predated the lbrmation of states ald pla,red a
majo -ol. in o ganir'rg l-rm;n b-h;"i'
.
. CE\D:R
STRUCTURES .
Though traditionally. earlr' human cultures are termed "hunting-and,
gaihering' cullures, receni ar.haeologiel research indicates that bo-"h histcrical anJ contemporary hunter-gat1lerers actually depend mucb more on
gathered loods than on hunted meat. Thus earlr. human societies might be
more accuratel). termed "gatherer-huirters" or "foragers," a ierm nolv far-o::eC b1-scholars. The mcst inpoj:tanr element of earll, human success 1r'?s
fexibiliry and adaptabiliq., r'vith ga,hering and hunting probablv varyirg
in theii importaIrce from rear to ,_ear. depending on environment:1 factors
and rtre decisions ofrhe group. This fleribiliry mal har.e ertended to gender roies, ibr most prehistorians no$r question $,'herher men v'ere al'*'avs
rhe huniers and womeo the gatherers. \\Latever tasi<s they did, both men
ard 14.oiren made tools; the poilted faked-stone tools that remain from
the Paleolithic pericd r'vere nultipurpose and could have been used as pselers, nLrtcrackers, spear poiats, plant choppers, and skin scraoers.
The emphasis on the importance of both gathering and hunting has
reinvigorated debate about the source of gender hierarchresr Ifprehistoric
rvomen did not have to depeod on "man the hunter." hor,v and why did
. cmen become subordinatel i\nswers have ranged lvideh.. Some have fccused on phlsical differences, such as rl'omen's repro,Jucrive crpacities,
r,vith pregnancy and lactation regarderl as physical burder-rs that leave
lvomen less time for other tasks. N4a1e streng,h, aggressi.,-eness, and a
grearer propensiry for violence have also bern suessed, lvith li,,arfare vielyed
as one ofthe wa1's in.,r,'hich men claimed a greater share ofscarce resources.
Sociobiologists have deveioped a genetic explarution: Becar-rse men pro:
duce millions of sperm and *-omen relarilely felv mature eggs, the key to
"genetic success" (mealing the transmission ofone's genes ro the next generarioo) lor men is to impregnate as man"_ women as possible rvhile keeping other men from doing so, lvhereas for lvomen ir is ro tshe great care in
bringing up their ofirspring. Thus it is genes, according ro this rheorl-, that
explain rape and -,ie seclusion of r'vomen and r,r''hy men skip out on their
child-care paynems.
All of these :ursrvers hate been ch;1lenged bv studies of primates and
contemporary foragers arrd by cross-cultural ccmparisons, and rhe weaknesses in all ofthem have led some scholars to assert frat lvomen 11rere rlor
subordinate in the Paieolithic iast. In the rgth century rhe idea detelcped
that the earliesr human societies had been matriarchal ifemale dominated).
67
. LiUIIAN IlISTORY FRO\I
ORIG]NS
'CROUCH
!.].RLf C]I'IIIZ.{IIO)iJ .
wirh fei:ule deities and llnale leaders-an idea s ll held by a ieq' schclars
brt laigei,v ciiscrediteLl lcr lack ofevidence. i,icie receath', ihe iCea that fc;aging societies rvere egalitariao-u'irh meii alrC r'vomen having diftereot
tasks brt eqi-ralf. r-alued-has becone ncre pooulai. baserl largel,,"oa obsen'aricl of soore cootemporary foragrng societies, such as the l(urg ci
ScuthA,irica or the \Ibuci ofrhe Democtadc Rspirblic ciCcr,go, oL cr r.pons of loragers from the receot past, such as the lolu (l,,IonragilaisNasLapi) ofLabiadcr in Canada. Scholars tdc accept the idea ofar orig,
ilal egalitarianisrn see the rcots of limale subcrdination in scmething that
happened sabseopelr ro icol nanufacture and use, rhat is, in sornething
thar happened because of the "agricultural ielolution" oi the Nleolithlc
peiiod.
Neolithic Periol
Because most foraging cultures have some scrt of di',-ision c.alabcr
-br
s: r,
and ro,.ith rvomen primarily responsible for gathering planr produc;s.
\yomen \1''ere mosi likely tlLose 11ho 6rst iltentionallv plarred seeds ir $e
ground, rather than simph harvesting rvilC graios. They theo bee:n tc s:
lect the seeds theY pianted in order tc ger rnore prcductiYe crors. ani, ,L.,
obsen-aticn, learned the optimum times ard places lor planting. This *r1,r
crop pianting was done by individirals usiag hces and cligging sticks :,rd is
cker, r:etr;,ed hartiaLfa;"e, to ciistinguish it from the l:rrer agriculture usilg
plclvs. Hciticultue cal be combined quite easily l,ith gatherirg anC hont,
ing, as plcts of land are usually smal1. lianr criltures. irclu.ling scme of
thcse in easiern North America, remained mixed fbragers/horriculturists
for rhousalds of1-ears, rvith base camps they returned to regularlr during
rhe gro$ring season. In horticultural sccieties, 1.,-omen appear tc hare retained contrcl of the crops they planted, sharing rhem wirh group mem,
bers or giving them as gifts. They had high soci..l sratus, *rough rrl:s on
rvhar work ras ma.le or female rvere quite strict, and men n-ould be
ridiculed for doing rroment tasks.
In some areas ofthe world, beginning rrith the lliddle Easr, horticu!ture !',as successl:ul at producing enough food to a.11c.,v groups ro sercle
moie or less permanentlv in ooe area. This food ilcluded cereal crops tha:
coulcl be eaten bv young children, allowing r.oiiren to lr,'ea:r iheir children
.
GENDIR STRI.CTURES
'
at a ).ounger age. Earlier weaniog meant a 1i-omaq became rtertile rnore
quickly after a birdr (nursing rends to suppress ovulation in the morher),
so that children were bom at more frequent intervals. As \:re have seenr
agdcultural i'illages in the \4iddle East began to gro.,i. quite rapidh'.
\X4rat carr r,.re te1l about gender structures in these earlv Neoli*ric horticultural societies? As v,,ith Paleolithic grouos, conclusions are oftea based
u.l J .orbinr.:on oi ar.h,eol '-'c-l F.d: ,l 'd ccmp:''<or. '':,' .-ore
modern groups. lvlosr scholars suess diversi4 oler one single partern. N{osr
horticultul:l societies adopted living arrangements that rrere either zaniloca,l, in t,hich hLtsbands left their homes to live r,irh their rvives, orpatilocal, inwhichwtves left their homes to live rdth rheir hi:sbands, hur not
bcth. ln mrny culturesi $omen appear ro har,'e been responsible ior agri
cultural lr,ork-querns used to mili flour have been found in lemale
gral es-$hereas men huoted arrcll_heads have been rrcund in male
graves. it appears rhat there tas litle differentiation in status based cn seri,
as rhere is noi inuch diflerence in terms ofthe quantio'or qualiry of gra.,.e
go"d' lound r'.'-,r mer and '' ore-.
Plorv agricukure appears to hale brought more drastic changes in gender scructures than simple crop p1a-rting. Here, indeed, is one of the big
shifts in gender relations in world hisrorr Beginning around 3ooo e.c.o. in
rl-e ViJdl. fr.,. -arl. beg.m ro be ,(ed ,o ou L.arr. ard p o,' .: ch. e r iesr depicdons ofdris are on l.{esopotamian cyiinder sea1s, lrhich also indicate that p1o-+iog ras a male task. At aboui the same dme, scme culruies
begao tc raise cattle for milking and sheep for shearing-rather thur bcrh
for meat, as had been the earlier practice-rhus increasiog rhe amount of
rr.hat are termed serotdary agricubural pro/zzrri, such as dairy products and
cloth. The spinning ald lvear.iog of cloth became a prim':r,'. female tasJr,
thoughrvhy this should be so is not clear;mosr explanations note that spinning can be combined with caring for,lounger children and the overseeing
o[ o Je..F'idren.' ,rkjng. and ther tlre eq ripm. nr r,ed"d \\r. rore'
teosive or expensive anC so available to mos! lvomen. The problem rvith
this is that it does not erplain r,vhy wcmen did nor hale access to resources
for more expensive tools, nor r''hy they were the ones charged r.ith supervising arrd training children.
\\re can never be certarn abcui rhe reasons lor this nerv gender dirision
of labor but it happened not only in the Neolithic Near East but also in
. HLi\IAN HISTORY IROM ORIGINS
rhe vast rnajoriq,
THROUC|I EARII CIVIIIZATIONS
cf the lvorldt cultures in which plorv agricultrue
';r-as
"
il-
rroduced. In much ofsub-saheran Africa and the,\mericas, for example,
agriculture contimred to be carried out largel' 1":ith a hoe and diggingsiick
and romel continued as the maior crop Pfo'fucers ln Asia, plol'' agricul
ture and the keeping ofdomestic animals *-ere arld are mote ccmrnon, and
.--ee 5Lr
.rall:r
i.
la -:,t8.
The consequences ofplorl'- agricrdture ard its ne',1'geodei division of
labor are easier to trace thao the carises. Plow agiiculrule sigoificartly ir-Lcreased the lood supply but also signifrc,rrlf increased the tesources
needed to produce that fbod:,{oimals had tc be ted arrd cared fc1 plo'vs
made and maintained, storage containers expanded and improved, lvorkers trained and shelrered. For',!e first time in human culture, rnaterial
goods-p1o.,r's, sheep, catrle, sheds, jars-gave ooe rhe abilio to amass srill
ma'/e maierid. gocds, a:td the gap beru'een rich and poor, bet',veen plow
owner and non-piorv or,vneq began to ra'iden This soci:rl dil:-ferentiarion
based on access to animals and agricdtural implements came jusr at the
time, as rve have seen, that agricultltre ll'as beccming a m':1e task, so its impact $'?s diflerent lor men and v'omen V'ith rnen responsible lor the basic
agricultural labor, bo1.s r'ere fa-,'oied over girls fcr the -;vork they could dc
for their pa-ents rvhile young and for the suPport the, could Provide in
parents' old age. Boys became the normal inheritors of famill'1and and of
the rights to uork communally heid laad.
Though rhe ellects of plow agriculture on gender structures are relrtively eaq, ro dccument, the reasons behind them are horly debated. Some
"rrJ'..r'p.r'o..h a.r-i.rl) r" sri -..r e-parr':on: [<mrl. ubordi r"t:a.
resulted lrcn r-omen\ exclusion lrom the means ofproduction, from their
smaller role in rhe dail,r prodtction ofagricultural gcods with the new division oflabor This view has been criticized because it overlooks ,a'oment
role io the processing of food and clothing, as r'r''eIl as neglecting cultural
&ctors that conuibuted to the origios of7 atriarchy, th.e social and political
strucrure in which men, ard particularly older men, predominate. Thus
other analysm emphasize the association of gender I'ith other cultural dichotomies discussed *tlier in this chapter As agricultural communities
changed the lardscape rhrough irrigation and building, they increasingly
salr'themselves as separate from and superiol to the natural world and developed a nature/cuhure dichotoml'. Because women lvere the bearers of
..l
mu. h
ro e
. GEND:(
STRUCTLTRES .
childreo, and because they did not orvn the irrigated, culrurallv adapreC
fields, the,v were regarded as closer to nature and therefore inferior. As more
ofwomeris labor began to take place inside the house cr household compler. ar,d as houses were increasingly regarded as ol,'ned b1. an individu;rl
or fami11, women rvere increasingly associated wirh the domestic or private
realrir. Men, those *'ork l'as done outsiCe in conjunction wirh other men.
$,-ere ircreasingly associated with the public realm, rvhich increased in
complexiq'aod importance as communiries grer-,-. Both of these di
chotomies-naarre/cu1ture, privare/public-and rheir association r,vith
r*oment subordination har,'e been criticized as not apphing to all of the
.;,'orld\ culrures, but such ideolcgical linkages r,vere important in manr
a,-eas. A frnai factor, relaring ro pracrical arrangemenrs ald cultures a1ike,
invohed more freqLient childbearing. rnhich, as r.e have seen, rvas a [31,
component of agricultural sociery
(.1./iz"triod
Folitical change, such as the growrh of the increasingly hieratchical and
bureaucratized cultures of Mesopotania and Egy-pt, also brought differing opoortunities for men and women. The earl1. river valley civilizations depended on tries and ribute as rvel1 as slave labor lor rheir support, and so their rulers rvere very inrerested in naintaining populaticn
levels. As hereditary aristocracies deveioped, they becrme concerned
with maintaining rhe distinction berw'een themselves :-rd the majorirv
ofthe population. These concerns led to arrempts to control r,oment reproduction, through lar.,.s governing sexual reladons and, more iilporta-rt, rhrough marriage norms and practices that set up a verv unequal
re.laticnship between spouses. Some historians see rhe type of marriage
established in the river-va1le,l'civilizations, in which r,r'omen r,vere placed
under the lega1 authority of rheir husbands, as the key reason for the
subordination ofr,,-omen, rather than ph,vsical dilferences or the division
of labor. Because the vasr majoriry of people married, women increasingly deriled what por.er and authoriry they held from their husbands
rather than fiom rheir o*'n abilities, rvealth, or status. \ibmen generally
married for the lirst time in their lare teens to men u-ho lvere abour ren
years o1der. This age difference added anorher element oi inequaliry to
" HU\'I,{N HiSTO,r.Y
f S.Ollf ORIGINS THROLGH E,{RLY
Clr/IllZ!.TiO\S
.
ihe marriage, 1i'irh a u'oman substiiuting the authoril, of one older
man-her father-for thar of ancther her husband.
N{arriage in most of the world's culrures, including those of ancienr
N4esoporamia aod Eg)'pt, sel up an economic unit in.,r,tich the prcperties
ofthe husband aod lvife rrere usually cor:rbined and regarded as heritabl:,
to be passed dc,vn tc childien or other heiis. It.,vas
rherefore extremely important to husbands that thev be assured that th:
children their rvives bole o'ere theirs. Thus the larvs ofNlesopoiamia mandated rhat women be rirgins on marriage and irnposed strict purnishme[r
for a married rvoman's adultery; sexual relaiions c'lrside ma:riage on rhe
io orher rvords,
as able
parr ofhusbaods riere not considered adultei,v, a disdnction ca,-ried ol in
ma y larer societies. By the thitd millenni:m s.c.s., Mesopotamian husbands veiled their r','ives oo marriage; the lvcrd for this veilirg in ancient
Al<kadian was the s:rme as die rvo.d foi shuting a docr, for the r,tii rvas to
prorecr the lf il;'s hooor just as the v'alis of the house did. Coocern rvith
lamily honor thus became linked to v,'oment sexu:1iry in a rval that it r,vas
no! for men; men's honor re,,olved around their n'crk acrivities and. for
mcre prominenr families, around their performance ofpublic duties in the
expanding government bLlreaucracies. In act,laliry Mesoporamian tl'ctren
may have made some flmilv decisions, bLrt leg;:11v they ri'ere subject to the ir
husbands; because almost everytne married, r,vidor,vs rvere the orlyr'vcmen
rvho conrrolled their o$/'n proPerry
Though Egypt rias also patriarchal oo. wdrer, around 2ooo B.c.x.,
l4arned men, "Hold her lthe wife] back lrom masrery" systematic repression drere mav have been less severe thal in Nlesopotamia. \Xromen in
Egypt, at least in the upper classes) seem ro have been treated r,vith greater
respec! rhan their lv{esopotamian counrerPafis. N{ore queens lvielded real
power, for example. Queen Nefertiti, in the 6rst half of the r4t! certury
s.c.r., rvas knor.,n for her beaury bur also for the influence she had over reIigious relorms in the kingdom. Eglptian religious beliels r'vere also mcre
ega.iitarian thal those of X,Iesopotamia Concern for the afterlife r'v:s extremely important in Eg1pr, and religious beliefs about the afterlife applied
equally to rvomeo and men; in the Middle Kingdom, for example, both
men and lyomen could become stars on the bodv of dre s1o goddess Nut,
one $/a) in which the afterlife *as envisioned. In the absence of sons,
daughrers u,ere made responsible for carrying on iamilv religious practicesi
.
cENDER 5TR'LTCTUi.ES .
Representing Men andWomen in Eg-rpl An
Egprian funeraq,statue ofhusband and wili
lrom the OldKingdom, shorvingbo& spouses ofequal size and suggesting then similar im'
ponarrce. From Gay Robbias, tYornen in Ancient Egipr Copright rhe Bricish Museum,
Eritish Museum Prex. tuprinted bl permission.
. IiUIl,{.N
tslISTORY fROT,I O!.IG]NS THROUGII i}'RLT CiV]LiZ-I'T]ONS
'
honoiing both the major gods aod goddesses rvorsl.riped in their area and
rhe spirirs oftheir altcestcrs. This ma,v have been tiue alsc in China in the
earl,r Shang dl nasq'-before abcut r5oo e.c.r.-though later, oo1,v sons
,,vere regarded as capable ofhonoring the ancestors Properh/, and nct haring a soo r,,'as regarded as a crime agaiost the an'esrois
Religious beliefs and piacdces lYeie nel'er completelv egalitatian, hcrver-et and appear to have changed signiEcardy ta-ith the der"elopment of
river,v:r11e1. civilizaticns. Based on er'ideace from contemporary lbragers,
the earliest hunan religicus beliels probabl,r irolved genetal forces a'td
spirits linliecl to the natural t-orld rathei than personified gcds and god
desses. Some archaeologists se. evidence of a more aothropomorphized
(human-formed) deitv br the later Neolithic period in the Nliddle East anC
perhaps elselvhere, a lirtiliry gcd'Jess "r Great Ntorher Goddess tied to the
fertiliry ofcrops and animals. It appears that in Lhe eerliest creaticn srories,
this Great lv{other Goddess gar-e birth to the r'vorld, in sor:re variations L:1;
l'ith
the help of a m:1e consott, n'hose odgin is not
specified. In some creatio[ stories, the Great Niother Gcddess ri the earth
No one knows then *ese first creation srories began to be told, for the-v
herself and in sorne
t'riting.
81. Se time vzriling and urban civilizations developed in \{esopo
predate
tamia, the rnost commonl,v told creation srory was slighrly difieient, emphasizing the rcle ofa male deiry over that ofa female. The Great Nlorher
Gcddess becane the substance out of thich a male god his name varied-created the universe, but she was no longer an actil'e lorce Culrures
often adapt their reiigioLrs belieli to fit better with ner',.economic and socia.l reaLities; the adjusted religious beliefs then give sr'ipport and sarction
ro the changed siruation. Thus, by rooo s.c.r., the more advaoced of rhe
rvorld's civilizations generalLy held religious beliefi that mitrored the societ1 around them. The gods wele vie$-ed as married and procreating, with
a single male god as their leader and h,:lf-divinities lvho often resulted from
the sexual exploirs of male gods among humall lvomen'
The one group in the ancient lvliddle East those religious beliefs
came to differ significanrl-v lrom those of their neighbors ',r'ere the Jews
Thei creation story did arvay r,rith
the female deity altogether, rvith Yah-
the male creator God, creating the $'orld out of nothing Yahr..-eh-or in the anglicized variant, Jehovah is not flaaked bv a varieg
r^,-eh,
. CENDIR STRUCTLTIES
.
gods aod goddesses but is the onlv Cod. Though there are
prominelt $'omei1 in early Judeism, rvomen \l:ere nct allolved to i:e
priestesses; their religious duties and activities revolr'ed around the
cf other
hcusehold rather rhan the temple. Jeri.s shared with their neighbors the
emphasis on lrocreation and on the authoriry of the husband and father, codifring these in the lau's, moral raarims, and historical accounts
that became Hebrel' Scripture, a bod-r, cf rvorks that Christians later
rermed the Old Testameor.
So far rl''e have been taIl<ing about men and rvcrnen as
undiflerentiared
groups in order ro emphasize the differences betr.een rhem created in river-
la.llel civilizations. It is importanr to emphasize, howel-eq that gender hieraichies inrersecred with other hierarchies. ard that aLmost all social
grouDs or ciasses conteined both men and lvomen. This means that at least
a
l;$' rl,.cmen. rhe daughters,
rvives, widons, and occasion::1Iy daughters-
in-laq'ofrulers and other prominent men, sonetimes grined great po11.er,
either aloogside their rlale fa-"nily members or rvhen there r",-ere no maie
family members able to govern. Hereditary arisrocracies depend on the
idea that special powers and rights are handed down lrom generalio:l to
generatio[j although in most aristocracies men are regarded as having more
of rhese powcrs and righrs b1- r,inue of their gender, women are not completely ercluded. Indeed, in ancient Eglpr pharaohs, r,vho v'ere considered
dir.ine, occasionalll' married their sisters or other close relatives in order to
increase the amount of diviniq in the roy;:l household, ftr all family mem-
ofrhis diriniry
On the other end of status hierarchv, some people in ancient \Iesopotamia and Egypt were slaves or,vned outrighr by orhers and far
more r.ere held to labor service requirements so that their labor, thotgh
not their persons, rl''as owned by others (a group sometimes termed
helotil. (,See chapter 5.) As we rvould expect given the division of labor
bers conrained some
deyeloped
plora agriculture, male slaves and helots perlormed rhe
"rirh
ma.jorig. of tasks associated with crop grorl.ing: female slaves ground
grain, herded pigs, made pots, pressed oil from seeds. They also produced cloth often in u'orkshops of several hundred-w'hich rvas
among the trade goods handled by the ner-merchart class. The division
oflabor amcng free peasants and tovn residents r,vas very similar to that
amcng ilaves. \,Ien did most of the agriculrural Labor and rl,-omeii most
. HUM.IN IiISTORY IROi{
OR]GINS THROI.IGH I.TRLY
Ci'IL]Z ]IONS '
of the weaving; ti.re Eg1'ptian Old Iingdom hiercgl-, phic fcr lveaving
i , 1361- 3 .3;r..1 ..omai \ ..1- J ,F L.L'..
L
';
rl ,s.,
is,
.
Though, ultimarell', rle lnal nelet k4o$i ci agi:ee on rhe source ofgendel
distinctions-biological or ps-r'clLological dit'ereoces, the division oflabol
rhe requireiilenm cf marriage, the grorvrh of rhe bureauctatic slate. religious ideas-it is clear ',trat scrrre t rpes ofgender structures r\'eie cieaterl in
eren the ealliesihu.ilan societies. Remnants ofoui huntei_garheteL Past are
ofteo used to e-.<plain certain se{ diffelences in ccntemporarv culture. such
as lnen's teodenq'to join with othel nien in t:ains rnd chLbs (r,,hich ostensibiy ccmes from earlier hunting parties) or rvomens abi1iry to teinember where objects aie located (rhich sopposedly comes from the skills
oeeded fcr gatheriflg roor:s and nuts) Gender strrctures that 6rst develcped in rhe Neclithic period are sti11 found in rrranl clrltures around the
world, r,i ith men still responsible for plowir,g and herding and .,vomen for
pinn. g,r,Jr"ca 'rg. fr. ir lFe-ro','e.' or"g'.Lth':J;r ..'lc 1..-...
sons are srilL fa.,'ored over daughters; r,vomeos tasks are valued less ihan
mens; and the majoriry ofgovernment officials are ma1e. Thus, though the
r. i-:ou... (.(T,-...e-rL,- Iucai rr " rd r : -u].ng ni-.r rl ie rrd L
store or bronze technologl'of early human cultures have been gone fcr
miliennia in mosr of the r,.rorid, certain asPects of rheir gender structures
-firithin a cominon pacriarchal frameri'oik, holver''er. diHerhar,e enduretl.
ent societies developed diflerent tones and emphases. as in rhe distinction
bet-,,,'een u,-omen\ inlbrmal starus in Egypt and rhat in Nlesopotamia.
U
l'
rD
\
.errLrrie\ c.r. b,!ughr Lrnrj,r.. !iolcDr .onti.., i.d i drrrp poputatror
o
r|i! uill slud !o.i.r1. rt)i1.- ttrc rbscncc ot.large trs emred rhrdc.ti,je
ro one
corld lert rle rshrd. t-or rh.r inrld ,,. i.n(l.r Lr.|a ,llc ..-,.,
,U, r,.a f,...gt,,
them Ll,et \
The Ways We Were
Drjry ri).i ln,gJouxel:
olsei.arare ind
ulns rorr
,,
gaiheringand hunting
Fh-st
Abo!1 rll
ille
to
,, ,
ill
o11rr
cultur.., tanquJec. jden
'
"l
'
p".it.
r**.',,
",,t.,t
,,
,, t
errh rcrcties.
Hnnan
e1se.
hrto\
n,fos.d rome.onn,,onxt,dcs o" *,.,"
l
Tlrc
Change
acros thc errth l,atcolirtric
;cop]e crcrterl r rrultnurJr
5o.;.n.s. er(h \\ irh
'Lr'
rools
fcarures olthcsc
I
dirir.r
,
Srtdcties
dres. l,rt.otirhic jo.i.rje5 ler e !nrI. co,ustirre ofbenris
oi.t\renl1 rl1 retr rr)5tips l1.re nrre,trctr
rrd
DonDan!
f.Norrt
iilrr peopl. ;r *hj.h
i
r,,
, | \ ..n
,.
r. l
,'],,
,
'
htrrr ilur:irv md oru.:d an e\renr.h nolr,ir. .rp.p,,f"r-, 'g.-,,t,. S..f,.r,,
erdn,3re thlr !o,ld porltad.,n mx\ hrle been
1.,, j, 10,jo; p.eople rrou,
",
igo an.t grcr \to \ ro joo.ooo b\
to,.oo 1.ej.! xgo r..t rhe,) tul
a
nillion by r.,,ooo \e!r5 igo., paleokhic ba|Js \ere
"l'.'l'i
..
seeioDaltl, !1oLrit. or
.''',,.,r,trtl,,r
uonrlti.
a,rd ilniLrts or wirt.h rhry deperd.d. ttic tor pnxh.ina
ofa lpttr.rrril ri tru.riug ccouoN norndtr did nor rlton. thc prodL,ctio|
olrrucli sr,.pt,,,.,,,a L"-*.
pcople rerc on thc nov. $ .ticn, mlsporrir)g an ,rccurnrlatiou
ofgoodr
rU1
realdl
r'
lts
out
oftl1r renrlred ur hishlr esirhrariirD .o.icrie\. h.l<jDc rhe nurr
!req!rtirie5 o,
r d porer rh.u ca e rvlrt lrto rgricuttur rt and rrbarr trti. Wrtt ro f.or uul
r, .l
"r -.
th.! \tr.
,.
pl -
rr
.t, ..
p
t r thc li.ccs ot marre. \\ tho ut sp e.jih{s.
I1o{ pcopte
$e tur)e s( ot,krlts, Jrhough rrd. a,rd fi,,,,,f" ,,,f,
a;ril."a ri*it",
"r,."
Relrrion+rili ber\'.er $ure,i and ir.r llurltv ntk f:r Dbre
eqLrirt rlur) ni tir.r
so.ieti.s As dre prrn.rtv tbod tr*rcrds, \orl1en pror.iderl rj]e
trutk ol.ttc ilrih,
r rorc .otr5tra;r r erl
r
po\seslcd
t,," ",L, ',l,,ll,
rhile
l J
Derr. hu,Lr.d bv Draj. r.nmne.Llir
lusr lo
.r\
p drr.,'
CHAPTER
1/
F]RST PEOPT
Wlerr rhc BDtnh fuvlgetor and
.xplo,e, Cxptain -iinres C.,ok lirsi
rght
e,rccnurtercd dre gthernrg aml hunrng
p.oi.lcs oiAusrrlir nr r:ro, lic dcscribed
thcnl,terlraps x little enviouslrin rhis \,,1\:
therllltD!T
n.tuillitl vhich n
Dot
dsafl'd b) the Ineq!.lirr of Cor.h
rnri\:The Emh rnd sca of drer osn
r..or.1 furnrhcs rh.!i \\'jrh iil thnrsj
1os
.e.e$r* for liit *re\ ..!.et not Nlagni
n.icnr houses. Hou\eho1.l*tuli... tr
shon dlev seen,.l n) \et ro lalLrc ufon
iir_v rlrnu tre sr\e the.,. ..Thcr rhtuL
th.Nehcs p,ov e.l nith all th. ne.e\
nrlly
lhe luropcans who senled pcrmancnth r ro e nrch pcople (De r11.erty
yels later.holurr fbun.t i so.iew D lrlich t|vsicJ conpctitidr anrong ni.n n.rr
exprcssed u llcqucnr ore{n oD. col$xr xnd in turmaLzcd but bloodt bartter. it
rlso meant recuftert, public, rnd qritc brutrl beetlrrgs ofn ilcs b)- rher liusbxnds."
Although somcmres ronrnocrzed tx Eurcpeor tlle rclarive so(ul .quatii\ of
Palcohhi. teoples did Dor ahvali ensure ,r uropir oisociJ hlro^:
Like all odrer hrnun cultur.s. Pdeollrhic iocierrci had rules rnd srtr.ftrres. A
g.nder-biled dilNor oihbor umill\ .r5r ncrl as huniers ;]nd $on1cD r\ $ther.$.
\'.lues e,rFlasizDg re.ilrocal sharlrg ofgoods rcsulted nr cle$ defired rules rlrour
dnributins dre mcat 6om !n arilnrl ki[. nu1.s trbotrt nrcest aud adulter,v eovcrneLl
\exu.tl behrvior. Fhile undersraodli!5 abour rho corLl<l hut or grrler u partrcul,rr
territories rcgulared e.orounc i(ririry Leaders rrose rs necdcd ro orgariz. x rask
*ch as a hurt, but wlthour .onlirrnrg pernuneDr po\Lr on nrdn u s.
Econouy and the Efiviro ment
lorg time. grtlerrng r[d 1u[tDg peoples rvere viervcd rs prrritNe turporerrhcd barelr ekn g out a lNing +on dre l!, d. ln niorc rc.cDr decldes. an.lropotogists stud!'lrg cor)temponry Pal.olithj. \o.ieties drosc that survird nxo the
Nertiedr certlrrv began ro pfurr I dlBkDt Ficrurc Thel .oted rhar garlering
$d hundug pcople frcquently [orked ferirr hous ro meer drei Drter]al needs
th3n dld peopl. ln rgrl.ultuirl or udusrrial socletie! ard so had more leisure trm..
One schoirr rcfcrcd o them as the orignial rflluerr societij,'nor becluse tlrev had
so nnrcli.but b.cxuse fiev rutcd or nccded so lide'r Nonethcles,lifi cxpectancy
rvas lol; probably lirde nore then dxrt\ ile )ears or averagc. Life u tlle s.ild ras
snrtlv dangerous. and dependenc,v on dre vrg.rrier of namrc rerdered ir insecure
For a
r
rarpll-.
r
Austra
ar
na rtrinei
tlei
giih:rngJn.luitngriy
.:L te!,eL intoihel,rEnteih
I.man thors Luo!.ur!roy5
rolrto.
g
lcr h.nc,i
PART
1/
THINGS
F RsT
N
hISTORY O 5l]O E,I,!,
B!r Prl.ollthi( pcople ,tso rcrcd o altd r]re Daruri e,rliroD,)e,rr nrbsrir)tiath:
The usc oideliberatcly ser fircs ro ocour.s. t]re crc{ih ofparit.utr ptinrs .errrrJ\.
. ' ..1'
, . r-
, j .r,.1.
\.,r
5
llptls tees.t tllc eipers. ofodre, ptani sfecics. l) nuDl.pr$ ofrhe norld
Arstralir, Nofih Anreri.a. Sitrcta, Nladrgxscar,
pi.ifi. btand\_.11.
exti,r.riotr ol
\arious hrse arnnak litlowc.l lairt\ !uicklv llr-rcr rtre
irrral oi hntla" beucs.lcxd
ngschol.rtstosugge*tharprlcotthr,Iunrn,[n.]ft,i<Jrr 1o L"te.-,"p1-tp.hap ftth changurg climater ir ihe disap!e.r.rncc otrtres. arnrut\ Orher honuriLi.
or huni.rdikc. specte\ s!cli $ dre N.ander rhats nr Lliropc or th. rc.ertt! drcore,ed
Florrs ,rurl xr Iidouesia, also perjstrcd rfte, lrurg sidc Lr side nth Hrmo sapirrr for
nilll.r),ia.Whedrer drci dsalpcarance occure.t through masrte. utcr.breed,ng,
Dur
l!
or peecefrrl competidon. thel \!er. anr.irg d1e .jnrrtties ofthc flse oitrurra,rkincl.
Ihus the biological envlrornreDr xrhxbited bt, srtlicrlns rnd hu,)r!rq peofte! wis
nor lhollv nrtr,rl but wrs shapcd ir prrt b,r their olu hanLls.
Tht Rcalm
Le+ trar io!r ard i haLt
-Cre5 n h-. ght rno oiiing
ic rL.r' rr,n..
ris
!i
,reaR
ag..
in. na r err rr. torli
Lend. n Au.lr., ias
i
,e(nrc'he
thE
!i
moiL lanrr.us or
rrarr'.r.nE igurri.s
ib!!i.e !-f inth ia.e ana
'r.t the.! s.'hi trr.rnrl
h. h.rd lhe prnriier.e.i
i!dr
5ic..
s.h.Lirs r
.an
i3!
irrlr-h
Lai
r..t
in:1r,r
r.i
r
the
crg
I er ir
Jn
!iirnies
,ir!rirrhr
t
o-f
tlr
in
Spbit
he rcligiors or spirirurl rlimcnsio,r oipaleoLthic cutture jr,rs bcc, hr ro pnr
doN!
Lrones rnd srorer tc1l us lrttle rbour rvhrt pcorte rhonetr,. rrt N nlbiecr
ro
be(Ns.
.rr...
o ..ir
,.n. -- rl,..,
;c,rl
t'.t
r., r,o| q. ...,
t,
,.,.-
.ercnlonl3l lili.The p.esen.c oiro(k arr.teep nrsidc ca!e\ rnd lxr tron L,nrq
+raccs
Ngg$rs I ".crenro.lal space seprrare troD ordiraN t1lt. (SceVi$ra1 Sor,(es:The
AborigrrJ Ro.k Piu ig oi Arsrralla. pp +r 17 ) T]re err.|de,t rirrLrt\ oi.or_
r.nrfor3n Ausrrtixr Aborjslr)rl people. r'hjch jotretincs list Ior {eets. conUnn
rlris rllirrsio. as do nrrr.rlus lrd etaboit. burtrt srres rtrnd rhrcughort tle
!.
\..r.
unc ihrnufs
'Ihou.
t. ,.- ..r,.. ... I
lpcople belietd ro be cspeci.rllv skilled ar d tjDq th tlic sp,.1t mrl.l)
\,r ,,.op-".
- .tr _..
j,,. r. s.,.. p+ r
rcss or 3 trince $hilc
p$for,rng
rhe cercnromcs, orien
rutt
thc aid ofFlcho_
Prccrch hoir Prleolidric f.ople utrdcstood rtre rronnxteriat 11orld i! hl.t to
reL:oisrucr, ilnd spcculrtlor abourds Lxrglljsri. r.\,ideDcc iro,n anclerr Atiica srLg
.ses$ a larier,v oI understrndngs:
'
Serl
..1,r
r..rl
Thii
ar
sorlc Prteotirhl. socrcries rierc app,rrcntlr ono
'fj-,,.%t..
.
^
,1 ;rr...,,,.
.t.r,(I.-.";,
wlich
nnpersonal ior.e
srfiricd rlrcLrghour rbe nrrlr.J orLler thar.ouli b. l.ces.d b!
t, ,,, ,,. J. ,,,_ .,.'. i.,"
.\ .
I .r,..
r ., r..
bols .rll rcros Europc lus .or)vD.cd \oDi. s.hotars. bur nor x . rhrr pate(,tirtrt. retjgiou\ tirNght b&l a (r!nrgl) tinrlr1 e dnnension, er$odied D a Great Goddes
ind.onc.nred Nnh dre keeDe,rttorl i.d rcDes,J ofLfe.,i MxD\ gatlierj.e arlLi
|u,uDg peopler likelv d.veloped a cvclicat vie$.ofrxne drar dre\ oD rhe cirlrs_
ii
'
"r.t \
uur
Whar
i
FIR
Ilr
'+
$".p.1-,ot
ST PEOPLES: POP! LATING
The Pateolithic Era in perspective.6
Pateolithi.
Era
to
Agri.ulturat Era
(frorn 25o,ooo
(from 1o,ooo to
1o,ooo years ago) 2ooyears ago)
rd,
ng,
Duration ofeach era, as
a percertage of25o,ooo
years
96%
4%
Percenl of people who
lived, out ofso biIion
12%
58o/o
Percent
ofyears
Lived
ir
9%
pregnanql rrerv hrrh, and deadr. SL1.h
'i.h
Ihe
Modern lndust al
Era (since 18oo)
total
each era (reflects charsing life expectarcies)
:ing
2)
29Y,
urdershd;u$ ofltre .osnos. wlich
str!,
-r,r..' rcp.. eJ,.,r .r.. U. rpse..-,.o .r,o,i .r. ..r. ,n. r.. rc,ror,r t.r.,
$r., -,, r,...!.r.1. " rrre r,g r, .rgh, r:. ,,.,o onj
I,-r .r
Settling Down: The Great Transition
Though ghcixly slo$ by co,rtenlporrlv sra.dads. ctarrgcs nr paleotirhic .uirul€s
r'. .o .T.
as cluaates altered.
rnd
as
.
.",,r.,-. .p.l.r. rorr5l
...
diearcnt hunu. groups inreracrea .r.;th oue anotner ror
riIs a,to, i tendencv torvard
..iun. ..t. , J( r.t-.nu..r, , o tn..J.., -,., ,tr.
example, all over theAfro-Euraltan \"ortd rlter 2j,ooo
r.m,:..u-izr-j
,ug-
lbs
and morc reihed spear poi.rs, arroNheads, t<nivcs. ar.t scrapers werc crretu1h.
. -.L fr"m ,.u.r ., .. riJ . I rn r,o. .. . J
., .o, J.r ,r ,,Jl ,. i
This ancient aDd global re.hnologt.. chxnge was shitar perha$ ro rhc nlrliarur_
,/. o' ot 1.,,
, ,hF . Iri. ( .,. ,, ,. A o, .- ,,,1..-,,
chanse ni tlre ltnrcgies of Paleotittxc peoptc ir.rs thc colection of i,itd
Sratrls.
rvhich rcpreserrted x r)ajor idditjon ro the lbod slpp1y beloD.t the use oitoors.
befles, and nu!s. Ih;s innoviti otr origi. ared i. norrhelltern Aii jca roruid ., ooo
I
But dre nost srikinS md signiflc.mt chrrree u the tivcs oapateotitlic people!
as dre hst lce Age cmrc ro an end bemcen 16,0.)(r and ro.ooo
\€ars aoo.
reli
occurrcd
rs
- Job., ":-,r,.n:.,tr rpr _.",. h pe.ro,li. i.:
Unllke dre coDtemponr,v gtobJ r,.]rmi.g, Jlenerared b!
',.re.o. t,\ \,,!, tusor .--r fi,(t , ,n.,p i* n..gpt."
\rrs a stroll,v DarLL..rl phe.oncDon, par. of r lorg c,vcle of rcpe.ued heatins
mri
uh-,: ,ur..1 ..,,-.
riou5 and
.old
snaps.
I
Change
Why did some PaLeolithic
peopLes abandon earLier,
more nomadk ways and
P^RT
1/
FIRsT rts
IN CS
.ooli.g ciiara.terisd. of th. eldr\ .lirurjc hEo.\. ptr]rts
and anxnats unahte .o
ir rhe Ice Age (tDare ,)orv dour$hed ancl incre.\ed rtrelr ringej providins
a nrl,ch ri.ler and nLor. dllersc e,rvironnrenr lir mi|v hunreD so.ieiics.
Ll"i;
.... orr.l.^
rtu|r. I e a. a.t . (l-..o
nrrr;ve
srthering a,)d liurrirls conmruniries. bur,,o. aI oftheu, fouuJ;r possibie tc, r,ttte
do$n and tllc ;r Dlore pennaneur jL,rttemcnts or \i ages Ihese so.teries s,ere
beconurg borh li€er l)d Diore .omple\. rDd ii lias lcss possible to so4nv move
.rwa,! il tronble str!ck. SeftteDtenr atso mernr th. hoLrse]rttts coutLl
srue rDrl acr:Lr
uulare goods to a gre,uer dcgree ttrar prer.iousll Because sorn.
teopte werc rrori
eDe,Eetic, lrore tale.ted. or lu.ki.r rhtrn .il,eN. rle thxr edgc ofxlcq(atiq,
grldu
ally began to rvcar rurv the esrlirariiDsn ofpxleotrthic conruurdes
allunges rlong thesc li. e\ .n.rqed xr I I any pta.cs prtcot;th i( socterics nr
Japin.
kr)our rJdrrc.. setdcd dorvn h rrlhges b,v the se",,,t
,t
g*.rly *i,,a"i
-"
""
fie number ofarrtia]s, bot]r hnd a,rd mr.in., rhr. rl,q
h.v ,rso:,_*,1
... "i,.
^J
|
....t
.:.r.h
-*","",j.i
. .pl
.
The
OD i!
Nrmt
.....,...
tr,rl rool hDdles, aI nrrdc fron rvood A snn ar prttern oipemrnent
scnternenr,
r brcader nnge offo. rour.es, aDd \pe.jxtjzed teclinotor:ics is eridenr h part. of
ScanLhravia, Soudrerst Asia. North ArDericr, rnd thc \,r tite
East berrrcen r: oon
lurope, Afiicir, arld the Ml.tdle Exlr durjne this p$rod an.t
A-,-. ..1. .. ,lJn.ou..,..
FemaLe:gur ies darirg to
oenraps 4.o. teaE aeo,
lapan s Pa eoLthr. peopLe
tn.M
a! the l.mor. llany
s.hoLars bt lere rh-e.a/y
rg! had i rriuaLiun.t on,
-t
,,J o
spnil trter to
rhe
ooe,pt,rrc.t,-_
ologicalre..,.d Fi, tDo.c ehbonre burixl srtcs;r marv ptaces tesrjq, ro rhe
srosxrg.omplexin othunr. connnuriics .llrd rhe Linshjp s,v*enn rhir bound.hertr
iose$er. Separite (ernereries lbr clogs srLggesi thrr hu,nankiml\ best
frjerit ras aiso
orLr first doncsticated arirml lrieud.
. Ih* prcces ofserrling dowr arno|g gathering and trfDring pcopies lrd rhe
clianges that followed from ir-nurked a nrqor rltoi in hlnixr
liEror \: Nrxy lioDr
.ounttesr Dlllennn of nonu.tic .JohDevs b,v ierv ma commmdes
Ir rho pro_
(s€ .h2
vided tlie setnDg rvithin uhlch
$e n.xr grcar rmnlition \1ou1.1 occur. Crmj.q
nunibcr ofpcople,Ii!j.g in sertled co|rmruldes, pl.rccd i nu.]r -.",,.. d",,,,,,,:i
. ,L...Jo..Lo,
haps nor
;l
.r,i-,
t-rt.,,..,.-
rrptising $at allong rhc irnolarions rhat cmerec.l rr
e. -i
g,rJ u-,,,-D,r.r,i.,n.
r.r,rh,.r
!..ot,,.i,
thcse
\
Mosr
._
norc c;,,,
,l
!\.
rh.,
r
Comparing Paleolir hic Socieries
Okr
rhe 2oo,ooo rcars or nlore
'r. l..mo
ofihe piteotithlc era.huDr:n locietics nrhrralv
,no..-,. "r<r
..1 .1 r,
dil
..i
their belie*, thelr so.ixl organlz.uion, and nuch moi::. Here wc e\amine
more crrc
tirlly nvo rch socicrles, thc San oioudlcrn AEic.r and rhe Chunus]r of solLdron
Califoroir.What drey sharcd \\irs a gathernrg ard hun*rg Bay oftjG aDd
I .onrn_
umg existcn.e Dto nrodern ft1es. Unlike the gatLrone and hunrtne peoplcs
rho
people jl
'r|e
ibllo\r
Ricta
L.
.HAPTERI/ F
:tg
tic
25
su.cunlbcd to dre rclentless ex!.rrsior olag, i.uLuril or lnLlu*.ial so.ietjes, thc SaD
ald thc Clilrulh n utriD(d their.ui.ient lviv olliie !)to $e eighrceDth, D1c
teenrh. lrd m(ntierh ccDturi.s. E!.D drough nloderD grdrering rnd huntng soci
edes nudled 1n andropologsts urcl., LliE-crcd D mu] rvr_vs ilon drcir arcicnr
courrerp.rrts. thev do rllov us to sc. rhc human l-acc ofr sav ofliii long r.rnnhed
tiom rrost pstt! oi dr. erdr.
The San o.f Southern AfrLa
On rhe rorhcn fringc oi thc lirhhari
led
rls,
ring
:
Jill
Des.,t. rr rr are3 tr.ludrng Augola,
Nmiibjr. r,.1 BotswxDa,lics rhc corntrv ofthe Su teople. who .Lnr)bcred Jo.ooo
to lo.ooo at dre shrr ofthc m.cntl' firr ccntury Lug,istrallq t1rey arc related to
the gut Khois.r largurge irnihl r'hosc spcakcrs 1lrre lived througliour castcrn
rnd soLLrher. Alii.a lirr rnanl ml1cnnia.Thc uuredrate ancotors oftLc San liarc
n rbrted sout]reii Airi.a for et leasr i.ooo r.ears. Econonucally Klioisrn sperkfig
peoples prr.tl.ed r g.rr|erns .hd |unrilrg \\'$ oi lilc with i ..chnologr olsro.e
rools drt ir.rs re.ogrialne to their n!e.riedr{:.nrrr_v Sar Lles.erdrnrs Anorher
cr1rura1 pnctlce o{ lcrrg su,rdi,rg Ni\ the rerr3rlrble ro.k rn ot solLrhem Ail.r.
dcpictDg pcople rnd rrrrrls, especi,rlly tle .rrelope. jr drou!.rrds of nrnrul"x.
scc[cs ofhults, ban]es. and dr.res. l)ating to $ far beck rs io.ooo ]ears rgo, tlxs
rrrdrtion pcrsisrcd into the nineteenth !ie,rtu,\..,))atins ir dre "olLle\t fitLsd. lndI
rion oihunmnknrdl")Modcrn scholars uggest th;Lt $is rft reflecred thc rcligiers
erperlerce oltrancc licalcrs, s'ho verc likel,v e rrists who prrtted drcse rugcs.
(See .hrfrer opertrrg photo on p. ro.)Whcn a 1a.c rxDetceDth .ennrn, aDdropolo
gls sI ori ed lone of tl ese rcck pantnrgs to ar cidc r San couplc, thc lonian begar
to sing rml drrce, rvlile rhe rtrr be.xnre sid, renle!1b.rDg d1c old ioDgs.' Lr tle\e
and other srvs, corte,rfoary Sar people xre linked.o in m.ien..ukurJ tr.rdi
tioD drat is deeply ooted n) dre Alijc.ur p.rsr.
N,losr Khotsir gathering rnd hrnong peoples hrd long .tgo been rbsodred or
dtrdr.ell by rh. xrrl\z1ofBrnm spcrking pcoplcs berrug rgriculnuc, doncsticatcd
arurals, rrd rorr tools. bur the San,li\.hg !r a rclatiRly rcnlotc locarion, endurd.
Ekn dre colorizaior ofsorth err Ali i.a by Europeans lcIi d1c SaD larsclr nracr trrtll
tlic rq6os and lrrer, but ,rot (o,r4rerel\r for tle,! tradeLl vlth their agr;
culcural ncighbors and rnietnnes rorked lot drem.The Srn also begn to
use ron rrrorvhcrds. tifiioned lion nietals ntroclLLced bv tle nes,corrers.
Ilrunr.honowcd tren t]rcir Bannr sperking neighbors.row supplelrented
$ejr o\rr (inged ilsirumcnts anrl bccame part oISdr ltusi..rl tradrtion.
l).sfire $ese boforirgs, itheu andrropologrts dcscended on thc Sar in
d1e rgJos ind r96os ind {ull]eL] erer\' rsp.ct ofih.ir cu]tur, thc} fouDd x
pcople still pfut(n)g ar xlr.iert rq ol liie. (See Do.uDcnt LI. pp. j4 .le.
in, i des., htioo ot Sar liie tioD a nleriledr .e. turv $onuDi p.rspectire )
The tullo!$rg ,rc.ollrt ol Srn .ultl!€ i! drxvr lrge1l' irom the [-ort of
Ri.l,rd I ee, ii,r .rrthrctologist $4ro lived \!idr ind wx! rdottect b\ one of
I
Descripiion
The San
ofSouthen Afii.a
PARr 1
/
FrRsr
rHrNGs
Ncs rN HrsroRy, ro 5oo B...r
dre San groups rvho cilled rhenrelres tlre J!/'hoansi." Tle terrn liteully ncaDs
"rea1 people ; the d,rsh ard rle aposnlphc m rhc name derrote "clicks." rhich arc
a dsri'1.tir $!L.d ln lle San larguage.
Ir tle \e ridesert cor)ditionr oftli. norrhd, Kxhhx.i, r} e.lu /'hoensi hx\! dfu\rn
i ljveli]roo.l liori) r h.*h iIId nsDg sonc trerry-eight tools tur gathcring, hurtjng, .rrd
fkprring food. The Dost iniportrnr trnplerrrerts Dchdc an a1l purpose
rvooden diggug stick, r largc lcathcr gannent rLsed for carryug drings rnd also as
a blankct. r'oven ropes, ncts. a Lnlie, a pelr, e bow, rnd rrro\1.s ilpped $ jrh .r por"'nt
ponon.TheJu/'hoxnsi hxve idenrified a,,d rlat1ied sonc:60 spe.ie\ ofwild rDnnrl5,
oi:{hich the kudu. \nldebeert, rnd ge|xbok are drc n1o( cornnonly h!nred, ertirh.
by i er . l\4 orc dran roo specie! of lvild Flants, nrcludin g !.I jous uuts, berrics, roors
lrujt\, relors. ,rrd greer)s rrere collccted. largelr bv uonen.
U/hr! kiid oI life &d drcv creatc for tlierxelves wrrh this modcst techrolog,v?
Accordrrg to Richrd Lee, rr rvas a "happ,v corrrbrrtl]rior ofu ad.qurte dier .Ird i]
r r
I
Ju/'ho ni.onnlned,,3JJ .rlories oD
p.r.e.t 60rr ert a1d ?o percert iorn vegerablcs, w.[
brhnced rvrth rutlicicot protein. r,itariirs. 3trd nincrals ard, le concludcd, they
"fdidl not lurc ro \1o* ver, hid" ro rchievc tlis srDd,rnl of livins. AD xrnge
short workivcck. Hc cal.ulatcd thxr r|e
rverage cverr. dar., about to
workrrcck inr-o1vcd about serenteen hours of hbor m gennrg lood and anotlicr
hr.ntv lile hour ln housevork a.d n.rking aDd nxing tool\. wjtb rhe toirl $ork
divlded quite equJl,v benveen ner .rrrd rvomcn.Ths 1el't plerrtr ofleisrrc trrc for
re{lng. !.Mting. trlkn g, .I rd conductDg rituals Dd cere rories. Still. ir Fas .n un.er
ta]n ,ircl perpetuJl,v rniolLs liIe, with flu.tuxinrg nrrl3l pcno.lic droughrs, seasollrl depletioD ofFlaDts. and $c uDpr.dl.rrble lrovenenr ofaDimak.
Whrt mde tlic ju,"hoansi Bav ofLfe possible $,ar a particuhr ki.d of socien,
one chancterizcd bl mobrliq sharing, ard equalitl: Ihc baslc urit ofsoci.rl organi
zation sas r band or .anrp of l.glly ren to drr* pcople. slo rere connectcd b,v
)
ties ofexchange ard
tjrslip
ola cari! tlucnuted over n
$1r]r simihr canps x.ross
e
a
'tar
one brnd. Furthernorc,the camp thcnrelves. corri\ting of.tui.klv bullt gnss ]rLLrs.
rverc morcd Fcqucndl rvidl ihcJu/ hoxnsi setdom staving more thtr. a few rronrhs
o,t,.
t, -g
-g . "r, tl",--,,
Ri.h;
ivide ;rrc.r.Thc mcmboship
ri Dary p.ople .larred menlbcBhip in mo,!
in any onc placc.Thc f,cxibili*
B
ofthr rnrgeuent aflo$rd
, f-tr : . e"
So
rhem to xdjrlrt ..rpidl)
At one 1evel.Ju/'holnsl sociery s,as ertremcl,v smple. No fonral leirders, cliief!
headmen, priests. or ffaft speci.rk* existed, and dccniors rvere ride bv nidivid!al
ii,rilies and.mFs atler Dluch dlscussioD. oD a.o'1,er Ievel.n)ci.l rcladonsliir iirrc
extreilelv complex, and it rook Richard Lee sevenl )ern ro pencnarc then. Ir
rd&tion kr comlon kinship rchxons ofnixrl3ge rnd des.erlt, rhcre were"joknrs"
r nd " rvorlance ' relationslips nhat dctermiied the (legrcc oflamilixrirv \r,ith whl.h
people eryagcd onc aDoihcr. A furdrer elenienr of .on1plex;6 la) in I uriqle
"naming" systcm, rhich crcaicd a deep boDd anoDg people \!.1rh the sanc run1e,
evcn drough dre,v rvere noi biologicall) rclar.d. For exar4re,a nuD.ould nor
any ronian rvho bore dre sanre nare rs his nro!]rer or !sr.r.
nrart!
Bur
(HAPTER 1
/
F RST PEOPLEsI
At rhe hcarr ofsuch r smJl-\c.rle socieq, ofinrcnse penoral rclationships rvere
vrlues of modcsty cooperatio., rnd eq!alitl. $tich the Ju/'hoansi sert to great
lcngths to irculcate ;rd m:rl1ran. Onc te.hnique. knolvn .J "xni rg the Dlearl'
iNolrcd highlv .egative .onxncnts aboui the slze or qurhq, ofan xni al kiled by
r hunrer and tle expectation that a Nccessful Iunrer nould dsparage lir oivn hl1.
when ! rou.g ma. lil1s rnuch !r!r. he .o re\ n, rhnrk oa|rns.ras ! .hiefor
r bis nun, a.d lre rhniks ofrhe Bt o{u\ r\ nis scrvants or inferio.s.\ire canr
accefr rh6.W. rcfusc ofle q'ho bors , for vneday hr prrie w 1 mate hnn k
soniconc. So v. alil,rvs \perk olhis nreer as i,orthlc$.ln rltr\ $.ry \c .oo1 tns
h.Ir x
nrike hrn geDtle.
F .tice tendxrg ioi2rd equeliq, r'.r\ the p rciplc drat tle omcr of
$,u killed an annul, noi rhe lrccesslul ]runter hulsclf,lad the right to
disribute the neat liom drat annral. Because
Nidely slurcd. end
$nedmes olaled Lr\'\'on1.D. drs cuslorn sprad rhe prcsrige ofneat disiriburio
widelv rvitlur thc socieo rnd couuered any possibiliN thlr the hurrcr migh egrrd
the mert as liis priva.c properrv
Be\oDdthc slurnrg olliod rvithu a camp r:s a s\.srem of!DcquJ gilr erchangc
auiong menbcrs of diileot ..nnps For caanlple.I gir.e vou soncrhng tr:dri; and
ruNDonths lxier.\ou ri,rv give me a gili rr Dced nor l,e equN:ncnr in vxlue.When
tli.hud Lee apperrcd pLuzled b,v tlic xr.qu,lit_v ofrle exchangc, he ras told:"Wc
dont ilade s,rtl d]lnesi \re trade \rith p.ople."Thi! system ofc-clrxrge l3d norc
to do !,1t1 estrblishDg socirl rclaiions firn tljth u..urNhting goods One fanlour
trnl] highlv EsFe.ted liurrcr nanedTonu"g.rve *,rr e,tnfiing th care inro his
ha.ds. . . . illtr er.hansc ror his self-trnposed poverw,lic rvon the respect and fo11or,,
nrg oi aJ1 thc pcop1c. " It \ras il e.ononic svst.-n rhai rlmed at ]..rcLiDg we.rth,
rot rccunNlxiing it. md thrr deined recurifi in tcrms olpossess g friends orpeoplc
n$ obligrtiors to orresell rrdrer dian posesirs goods.
Socjai equ.tlitv exteDdcd also to rclatiols benleen wonlcn md Den t{ichard
Lee noted"relatir.e cqualih ben\een the sexs wltli ro one hxvirg rhe lppcr hlnd."
Teenagers engagcd clune freely rr sex plar,, and thc concep. oflenule virglnlry \\.rs
,rpparendr unknos.n, as $ere ,.rpe, \ife bcating, md dre sexlul doubl. sixnd.]rd
Ar)otler
dre affolv
n rapidh
Aldrorgh polvgm,v iras penriced, most marriagcs wcre
i; * hi.h
li
fact Ironoginlous because
riomcn *rongly rclsted sh.rrug a husband ilith rnorlrer wifa. Fr.quenr divore
enrns ver,v \oLi,rg .ouptes alolrcd \iomen to leale uns.uisfacron matixges easiLr
Lee lourid thrt longer tcrn Darrixges seened ro be generally fu1fill1trg and stable.
Both nen and romen crpected a satisfiing serual relatroufip. rnd both occasionall,v
rook lovers, rlthorgh dncreetly
But rot all trs svcctnes ard light among drcJu,"lioansi. Frequcnt argumerts
rbour dre &stribution oi niear or the L.t,Dess or siingnre!! of prrri.ular leopte
ger)errted.orilict,is did rivalles rurong mcn or.cr rvomer) i-ee idcnr;tied t$erl],
nvo nurders thar hrd oc{:uie.l betNeen r92o xnd rejj rnd sekral c,$es in whi.h
28
PARr
1/
F RSr THINCS
ihe.or)NLfritv..nL'rorctlicr ro.ord!.r,ur e\c.L[io. otpr,lr.!]rrl! dlsrut)ti!e
irdlridrrls. Le*cr t.nsions \1..r. hrdled tlirough r,lt: rfore i.rious Llis1)LLres
,,,ight rerlt n scprnrion. ilih sorre pelllc 1.tr!,irg to lou rnofio crrp or rc,
In con1lonrnre e rrorld Leiond rurcrirl .rrd socd li1i. rhe Ju/ horll
rcllcctcLl bclicli ind p,.r.tice\ thar scr arsuabl\ re,,s oI rhouiindi of ,-(a6 o1J.
Udik. ht.r feople! $rd, dreir mrnr gods. godrlesseJ. lprrrs. ud powers. rhc Srn
populrted Lhe \tirintl LrDrveLe u I qutr. Ii|iired \!r\iA (trearor cod Ltr., Ni
er\e , Le ro the etrrlh n.n. lron1cn. .nrirnls, n.rrcrliol.s, i|d 3ll orher rhrlgsr btrr
lite the Crrek gods Gro Nrqas r.ltri.iN\dci,.allo olier rriterl nislirture
on hlDrr*lnl sxnph becruse le c|ose to do .o A lesser gorl Crurvr. ms erel
nor. dcsru.riL, sfrer.lj,rS djse,r\e .onfli(t rDd derrl. but .rlso on occr,ior prorrl
ng e$ismD.c .o belerglrered lLri)ans.Thc niosr serlous thr.ir o hurr.rr \\.lr'.ue
crnc 6on rlic S|o(s oldertl n.ejrors. th..{rrrji. rho s.crc !ie1\id ,a prmrrrh
nu1.\'o].1r. Aike{i \lv rle rnccstrrl splrrs rver e so dcsrru.rtre, o,re $on1atr h.il.r
Longmg irr d,e liuig tr n hi. Llrir.s *rc JelJ b n,ak. f eof le it k .. r h.\' rre
(r) r.r) nil. .TLe!.ri\s drcir p.ople t!, errr|. And $ arc\.oDr.br.t tt)
us Ther horer rer rhc llllagcs:rd put rcknes itrro fe.tle .rrne aonn
.oue he.e n) ,ne"
The.h
liornsi hrd or. poNedirl rcrNr.c l.r..u,)reu.ring rhc;r'eri1 i|lu
Iiln th. rorld ol rhe god\ ,,Dd aD.csrori lr \r.a ,i/,r, i sfirjrrr,rl Fotcn.\'
rhrt [c. u thc (or]rJr r.d be.oDr.s a.rNar.d du,rDg ".ufurg ,1 ,:es." fon,cful
ed.(s
mghtlorg rnurls held ileqlrend\,, .s}'..ialh dururs rh. .1ry se,rnr]j Ihcn scr$rl
.itr1ps .oNergetl orr rhe remauug l:rer|.le\ Aroutrd a lire.,u uncr circle ot
roDe| .]:rfFed ,uiJ srng, \'ixlc n].r drf.ed !r i .r.1. bernid rhenl.Th.r u|eor)e \\ert inro a trar.. nd. n thrr rlLe]ed saic oicort0urrcs:, souglit ro sh:re lris
o, licr rctir.rtcd r/!,r i!lr| e!er!or. u rhc camp, pullug rh. .ril .ut ot tlrrn
Doxrg so had rh. forve, to herl l]]c sick, o brjrre Lrrmon\' ro rhe coruru[iq o
r*i.r r|e nif iill rrd the rpph of rmm1s. e|d to pror..r .ver_!o,re rioDl rh. .ril
desigrr oithe rrcestors.'r
Recert Itl,vsr suggcsrs rliat rhc rocl< tr ofrcrrhcrrAi.jcr ret,e!cn$ rli. l.sions
rchieved br ncicnr tmncc drnccrs as rlev did brtdc rnh rle s,pernrturl lo rt
(Sec ch4tcr opcnng phoro or t. ro..r ll$. rliclu/ hornsi oIthe rvcntn-th cerurv
r\er. prrti.+rirlrg i! dre lorgesr arJ mo\r.orrnruous irligrous tndirion rr rorld
l[roL1.
The lri..e dr..e $,\ i,) rrr!rr\ \1ar1 I irrir.tive na,hrr.r1 Ir did r.r \e.k.on1
nunior (i$ the n4r.rnaturrl: tro gtrs or i{r iri.e, rcrc oirired to rh. gods or
rhc aD.esro^, r,r,l fes prrlen \1crc Diade aor rli.ir issnnn.e.Vlering rhc gods ar
rh. $ur.e of dis(r5.. .ondr.t
d.adr, $e.Ju/ lio.trsi hned rt d1.n (orll! ot
retr.r.h. rb!\., rDd r.:Jc.rrotr. s..kjng to \rrJ rhenr oal-. tu .\rcl rltrr r,!,)) !.I
em lL Lr.rs, ,* onc scholar Nr n, . s3r wirh God."'+Th. icid.r. oartrA \rr, rlr.
The
cupr:n r / r
Ii.
29
uin.e dan.e , Ncrc Dot posesled br aDy upcnutural be;rg but nscd dre ra,r(e
\trte to actilarc th.ir orrn irtehr.rl ,/rrr. Nor \1.cr. drel a rlriestlv cfte. Me| and
iromcn rlike .ould be.o,r)e hcrlers, Jtliough a feartul ald errerded pror:es of
spirlluxl trcplatior) a*.rited them. Almosr hall of dre |ren ard one tljd oI rhc
\loDren s,|onr Lee er.ountercrl liad cnttrrd e tarce strrc.lt ws . nru$ nrushr
riier rcle, brLt it conre\'cd no pcrdxner)r power or.udroriry Fiixll\', hr/'hoansi
rcllgjoLrs $i.tDg locarcd thc source of eril rnd nisiorl!D. ourside ofrh. .on1
rih,!r) in dre acrivit) oithc gods ard r..esrors ntlier fiaD wirhin nr(ier\.D dre
{orni ofsorccrcrs or $.itches.l he .urjng drr.cs brought the corrrluDitv rogether.
umtcd against $e externl rrd l,pernatural cncm1.
rd
'i-v
The Clumash of Southem CaliJornia
Irdre Sa,ilu./'],ornsi peodc lro d.rv
o\\ nrto $e llfe oiat lcar one noriadic I
ard lonit-est.rblished gathcring and hu. rg so(ietI tlt Cllrmasl] ire morc rcpre
Ic. Age P.ieolrhi( peolles lrho serrled in !crnix.ent
vilhges and constructcd nrre conrpler societres.Togcrli.r the S.rr rDd dic Churr,*h
illustrate tlie urncnsc i.ar;rrior th.u $as posiblc irnhni dre limits ofa gtrtlerDg
ard huntng ltv oilili.
Lo.rted D sourh.rn Crlitornjr in dre lr.xitu ofpreserrdrv Sanm Brrtr.rr.r, the
ChuDrsh oc.upicd a ric|er .llrd,irorc vrrr.d .Nircnnrerr rhan did thc S1r. Spe!k
xrg a serles oirelated di:rlects, ther' livcd along rhe .orsr. r) rhe Dni.dirre i.re, ior,
ud on i series ofo*ihore Ahnds.Thui rhev \\ere rble ro drarv on tlie rcsources of
the sea i\ s,ell rs tho\e ofthc liDd io sr4rport I nuch norc dcnselv senled popu
laiion ofperhrls ro,ooo pcopl. {hen ey fir\t e couDrered thc SFnish u l]]c six
sentative ofdiose later posr
'
.!il
orld.
Althorgir thc arcr 1ud beer sp,rseiv occupicd 1br rbour ro.ooo vcars. rhe hjs
corr ofits peoplc comes irio rh.rper ircus o!1y ni rh. centlrie\ oithc (to r ror
Era.Th. Ur( n llernlurn c.r. lvitnesjcd a lrro{iig populrtlon, thc olcrhtrrff)ij rrd
dcpletior of deer herds D d1c ntcrior. likel! tood shortagcj and .o1\equerrlv
n,c,rasing lerels olvlolc,rcc and {ui:, e a,,,oug nvat groups. Eviderr:e ilr fir violence r lound n thc largc nunrber ofrleletons ivitli brshcd nr sklrlls or arros. md
\irerr NouDds.Ili.n. nr dre seleml .enruries altcr ro .i.r.. the CIuniash.
r.co ing ro a noied s.hohr, "crerted aD etrrucly n.\r so.ier\i''5 Whercrs
tlic listor\' of dre SD tr rn.rrked bv loDg tcrn contiruities \irh I disr.ni
pxst dre C|unr)$ enre,ietrced rn cxuaordintrry ffarllohll.toon.
A rr,rior eler)ert ofdlt traDsfornixrion lal jn a re.rjrkrble tcclinoloe-
nrnoitiol tlic crrtron of i phnke.l .rnoe, or /.rrol iD o.ean
goirg vesel soue nvcntl to diirr feet lorg rnd lvitli a crrgo caprL:il of
i.,11
mo tons. Clrllcd "d1. Dlost te.hnl.xllr sophisticated \rrcr.Efr developcd
trr dre New World " thc tomol came irto generrl usc around rooo c.r."
Btrlldi,rs or o$ ning onc ofdrese resek brorglit urulcDse tre*ige, wealihj
ud poweriqe.tinga D.s. elerrrent.,f incq!Jir] inio Churrash so(iet\.The
"..,.,
Comparison
did Chumash cuLture differ
The Chufrash ofSouthern
Y\
l-w,w,:'W&*""
lo
PARI
1/ r
Rsr
rH
NN NGs N HrsroRY.
ro 5o0 s,.,r.
bo.r$Llilders ore,r!)ized drernseh,es ilto
!,r el,re.nli guild. dre Brofie.lood ol'
Torol, shicL ,r)o,ropoljzed .r!)oe
prductioi rnd helrt thc tocns, krowlrhe
edge.
r
srcrcd nredicne rssc,c,rterl
\rth ficsc borts Tlic torol stiul]lted
r blossomug oi tmdc along thc corst
rnd thr rlands rs
prorlucc. too1s. rnLl
the b.rrs rlso nudc
and bcnvccn rhc coast
tn,rrt foo.t.
li..
beids
n. nE.J ",ilph st
.iie. r.a:. n!.ai.e. th:
t.r!L ,tr.ui h:rP . r,c l
..nrtr:.t..1 f rim r.lY..d
r tll
t-rrr. !ne rrt' i
rc!Frr. rri.iuLted
h:
d
rei.i: Leia.e! ai!ni5h
-esi!iilart5 ra!. Dr
t;ei
r ards re Lrest ig
a,r.rrs.
rr:Lrtr: r i 5trn:ar.esi.r
lE;-r reer..iirrir !!. .
lrt.'.n.fi.n i. I r5e1e
ii frnr'. ?er.ral.ri the
. r rr ,";rd lrtrd t.ns rlth!
: r. =i r h r iilr i.,r 1,
,:.r! ar!.
i
rrr
lr.irii
br
rnrul
r.N !1ord rcgll.rlv rir.lg Ch rash .orlruliles.
sca tishDg, vith nror.lfish..e,r.rl to Chuir,lslr
p$\jble deep
religiors pm.d...
rro( highlr
prizcd rnd presigLors crtch.
Li ofier !!'Ns as (.I. di. mrterirl LIe ofrhe Chunush ms
bcn,s dre
ftr uor elborrte
u ror[d, pcimnc[t. srb.tantia] liouscs covcrd br
flin icct nr dianreter rn.1 :ble to hold up to sevcnry
its o\ir s\kl|ouse, brilt prrti,rll\ llfdergro$)d xr.t
l]]rn tLrt oIt|e Sm.Thcr lircd
gras: or rccds, scrre oi rlem
pcoplc. Ivcrv vrllgc herl
cnrcrrd rlmugh ni ope,rir)e i1r r|e root. Soxpnore bo\\l\, $ooder) tlrtes, beirutifull,decorarcd rccd brskcts.;rd r !rlet) oilterrj ,rr(le tfun bone or shell ,ele.te(l l
prtrcrn oitcchnologrca) l,nro!ation a! be\.,r.1dr* ofdre Sirrl
A rciourcc ri.h cnrironrrert. r sro\r,ife 3.d \eftled fop!1.]do,). tlourjslurg
L:orruercc, rnd rcchnolopcrl in,orrtior rorrbuerl tu produ.e sofrerhi,ig drrt
scholus ror lons rgo s,ortrl hre co,tsdcrerl mrFo$nn. tr nurker e.o,,d))!
.uliorg tr qrthernrg ind hu[tng pcoplc.\irhcrcas thc econoiic lifc ofthe San \as
r.g!lrted rhrost emelr tr cu*on anJ trrdrtru. thrt olthc (lhumrsli uvolvcd
xnPort.ur el.r))errs oi:i lrirk.t b.scd slsr.nr trrdilidurls r.ting our oii froiit
n1oti1(: rh. use ollro,re\', ir dre tirrnr oisilirge.l be:dsi!egulirior oltle sulph
olmono to prsc[r ndrtio,r: \pe.i.r]j,ed rl!.lLL.ti.,r oagonls \u.h i: be,rd\. nore
(,\
.t
. , ,.
.P
..,i
..,
ptuvided br d:nce6. h.ilcrs, aDd burieNr rtrd priutc o*lcrship o{crnocs, sorcs
ol fooJ, r Jol,r. to.ls. Tlis n hor an earlv Sprnsh ohs.r\..r dcscribcd thc
All thcre Lllirn\ rre
ftrd olrnth.
rhosc oldre m,untrnrs,
tor s...ls ind nraNl\ ol
prctir, Lrrdj .ircul.tc
aDd
con!n.r...TIN,! radc ft.quc.d! \rith
.n b.. l\!rk Nli.h fi.,! .r.hrigc
tir\sl dd r km.l ol bh.Let.. .. wh.n dnr rriJ. ibr
bfurgllg dnD fijh
a.r)rs then, r\ lithe) r'ere rurer.l.errg rrurs or lorg
dncrd'.r..o rgrorhcgr*tero, smller Nerlth ofcr(h one. The.e strn,g\
.1'berLl\... Ie us.d Ln d,e mcn to adom tlrclr herdj rnd lin .0116 Tbe)
Jl make r *ror oirlr.lr ircalrh (hidr thc! il$ils (.ar
nr sight on
th.lr hQds,
Ilorv diilir[r r rll rhir fro[ r]re lll-e o[theJu ]ro.r)sil Pe,,ri,re,rl,- rertled \ilhgcs, rngDg u ue tuD, \e\e, rl hu.dled ro r drousrml pcople. r'orll hdc stLuck
rhe Sin is unaNriniabh lrrgc ccDrp,rcd to thcir ol.n mobilc crn4x oimerr inr
CHAPTER
1/ FrRsr PEOPI
PIANET, TO 1O.OOU d,(,E-
:r .t1. teople. Tne spe.iatjzed \Ltfls of rhe Chunu\tr probrbtv
-:,rd dreJu/ hmrrn, becxuse aU Sa, peopte possesert pretq rnuchwoutd hive
:iill'.Thc
\\l
San no doubr
sur
the same ser
!,r,utd hale bce. apprlcd b, ,r,.
o"Ur. a,,0,.,
of
.il,*"ii,
::,c in,pulk ros.r p, ivaie a.cunurrdor, rD.r
drc ;*q*riii", .r Ctr,"_.r,
-'\.".
'i,U
-.i.*,
r. . ^ . o , I \ .. . er,. .r
,,,:.."
:r. beginnjngs of.hss disrD.tjoDs. tts did burirts. lvt ,.f, ,*. a.
.-,.
ii:r. \calil\ a,d
"t"1"_*
dleir childrer than 1br conmonen. Members ofthe
Brothe,.hood
ridrcTonol ofrcn ucre buried s,ith pfis ol rhejr .a.ocs.
pa|rps mov oflersive to rhe
cgatitxriaD ir)d iJ,depe dc.r
rould
ac been rle o,rergen( of a rerrnrrcn, an.i hereau".y pa;,i."rJu/,ho.]Dji
a".
,,1"",t.,.
r,., r.i,. Pr.'_, ri..,.ru ,.t....,. h.
r, er -J.h-,.f.
..
:.d
I b)'
i,ur
xtlg
,;,;,"
i,e-o,,.t-.,r,.."t.
orur chiet, sorre of$hou werc lomen.Ih*. p.t"..f
1-,1"*,
.tls:
oqller! red rreir people u rv,rr, presiled o.er retigio!B"Xr1!!ats.;;
";i,;,;;;
:anie
.igularcd rhe
llourishDg trade rtixr tbltowc.t
jn,_rt""
1ts
,i.r:
rli.
i.,r.t.rf,"r'"f_
,,,,"f*,.
.nl
, ;,,; .^ .rr -- ";,
_,,r
ru
or
en, j.. (,ret..
"-.e,t,t
r.j
lpro.,
Ir/ hoxnsi. \&.]ro conrirually soughr to tcvet a,) so.irt a.d e.o,.,,,.
,t",;,,.to",
'l l, J .,",
.. .:'n re.
_.1.,,
jij.. g..i,...o
:arong thenxelres.
. Yratnn rheJn/,roansi nishr |3ve rhought. rtese tnnstormrdons_rechno
e.onor c, rcilll, antl political-reated a rn-" *,in"f.,a
-.." p..."it
,.
'i.,,ng'], ' h-. .i . p,.-"
, .f,.,,
..._
io-qral.
lred
tPl!
rnce rptrend\ Nbsiftd rs specjatized .ntr! drd
eDhx,r.cd tnde;veDed out dre
listibution of food. nuking variolrs ChuDr.]sh coDxnrnnies
d.p",,,i",, ;; .;;
rrcrher. More turnr.rI politic.rl tearlershlp enablerl
tlie p_*i t .",.1.t;or, .r it.:uie! s.hich iiurnert,! h3d beeD resolved;r bartte E*q._n
_t.t -r-., **.J ,.
iing
mrous Chumsh
:lots
vrllages iogciher \1.hitc a loctety wirlc
organlzaion o{rrrLr:n
previdcd yrt uod,er i,resririns nech.]DisJ,,.
rh.,. ,,"";".,..,,..,
,. l,lr
h
'1
,\
,.1
,r.be,,.-,h.. ,,,-,..e.r,
l,\ -i
d"r.
mnl pcoples Hoverr, thc conxng ofrhe rlLropeirns. rvrth
thcir surs.
.d ' -',,,-,.",..."..1,
The nrobjle
.".
."p;:
".r,"; ".
,,h,".,_
dneas:;s.
;...
an,i
,;,-
.n.orDter
San. D rheir reDlote tocamn. xqr abte to presene
ttr;r
savs ot lile f,u loDser tha. d1e,Dore scftte.l rrd
,r,.."r.,. ...,t,,","Ui", ir,r,,_+,,
1\ho wcre uruble ro 3void rhe posedirl ne\,.oxro!.
I
Reflections: The ljses of the paleolithic
Ererr rvlen n is about a pasr as dr&nr as the paleoltrhi.
err. the stud\ ofhisrory ;!
rlso .rbort those rvto relt ir nr rhe prcseDt.We
seara,
p", ,r,*"i f_
rurposes. For .r iorg tnne, nrodc
\yere
i"a;,r.a
to
lcoptc
ti,.. p"r.orirli.
trti.estors as p,]Dlrjlc or urperstitious. unable
*"
,i._
to exercise conrrol ovcr
*, .*lr
uarLrre, and
31
32
PART
1/
F RSI
THINGS
igno,rnr
olit\
NGS N N STORY] TO 5OO 6'''E'
11orli,rg,. Suc| r
ricri \rs, olcorrse r ]rin'l
oiseLf corgratuhoorr'
ril oisarng'
icsgreJ to l)ighliglir tle
Loot hol iar rt hrve comc."
In ,rorc rcerr dccrdes, gLor mg nuub,ers oipcol'le. '1i'il1!\iot'd lvitli uod'r
rin: hse looked to rhe I'rlroLrtlic err ior rrilPrill rrrh lrli(h ro 'rlti'lze r'rh'r
th.u (elebrar., .onr.n1po,1fl lf. Ienuns$ ]rtrle lirund ir g'tli'rirg 'rd lrldriirg
peoflcs,L nruch rrore gcrr,ler cqur) 'o cictr rr rl relignus thmkrng th rr tir !eLlrh'
rl;'uc ti,rrrinc. qullitic' tlrr cncouragDglv $ggestcd rlrrr piriarr]rr lri' rreirh'i
ncvitrblc Dor ercrn,Ll. EIIrR!rrl.nralist\ hrv. sorre u.s rlentiti'd Peopl'j u rhe
.lLs rr pr;t rho \cre uni.luelv nr nue $rh rhe nrrunl ervronmert nrhcr tlrrr
s(krrg o do,furtc n Sone turrnlorri'tr hr!. ,rdro.]r..l ! Prlcohthl' drc'' oi
oi!1odcD rnitu'rrrL\,iL.1pl, s ud 3|ruls ,I rvtll rLiLe.l to oLf ph1'siolo.g!
jn
'ritic!
rm ar,,1 con4.etitm c4.lrrhqr lrl'e bter rlellghrcd ro rtscoreroci'ric' \1tn'Lr
r:1urs ot shrrug anrt crlLLrlln freioruut.J.rer rhos. ol r"!Drul3rion ind hler
!.h1: Slill orlicr\ h r. i'led. r llglrr .irli. lorg l'rlcolithil en. s herher rht crplo
sire poful3Lion and e.onoriri. grort| oi rcccnt cenruncs $ould b"onsidtred
,rornul or nrmral. Perhrps ther shoull be rcgrrde,l xs .\rrror dnr r^. l'o\sibl-! cr'D
p,tr|oLogr(J F![]l!r ,es.ar.l, firt rhe l'rl.oLitli( ei r hri b.eri exoulelv nnpor
r,njr in.liirrr, b1 (o,rrdnpo, rl githi,trg rnil liurtnrg pcofler, or drcr Llesccn
di,rts. ro Dir$nxr or r..o!.r th.ir ol.ler tl.nrlde' !Iid rli. .'tf,i' ig f!rro1$ ot
noLlern Lfe. All oi these uss oi rht Prleoltlic Lrre heu i \rr 'i lsknig "WLrlt
hIe $c lost ir rhc m.rd ru$ o NJenritr an.1 hol crn \c recorcr rti"
Ilorh rhost {ho look riitl, di,drn ori Ptrl.oll i( "brcktrrnres rud thost
irlio |] ri.., oIie,i quite ,oonno.Jlh: r$ $IPli.i( rD,l e.Ltrillc seek r' lse tlr's'
ncirnr peoplc 1-ot rhciL oul pu4rses. In orr eitirrs to f!'z21' "Lrr the piJr' rll of
LLs hrrorim rrd srudc,rts oi hrtor-v rcr nrLl.h t1.lLrded strnd sdn'r'here'
Non. oiLLs .rn L.e errrir.h detrchtJ rlen vc vies' dr. prst. tut thb ii rrot nc"sruilv : mne, tor regrer.\irlr.rr i. Du ]os. m ol'ienr in. \\e grlr !r fr$ioNte
nro[emcor rj$ rhc Iirtoiical recorLl rrrt dre run Peop1. il ho t]hltni rt l)espr'
irs rcnu.!.$ riorr u. iI ttnr rnd Nurlcr olli\irg, rli. P.neoLrtli' err r'sonare( sdl
iithcnrersiirst.enrunrIemndirrgu'oiolrrhnrdil'ILr]rrh"crli\rintt'opleu1
prcgres oirrrodcrn hurrruknd lr ms r
r
l|eiignjlr.l!.cofthxtk!)+riplo.jjdtr]g
'lccond l hought"
What's the Slgn ficance?
AJsrr.n.r:n
m Br.rr
ors
Pil..llth.i:t
L
ng
F.:rh.rr... .ltie
:,!rr
T! n.L
CHAPTER
1 / FIRST
PEOPL
Big Pirture Qu€stions
aDg.
iRng
L l,(hirt lsih." s gi icirn.e ofihe pateoLith. era iNortd history?
2 i !r'hatlvays d d !arous Paleolith. soc e|es differfrom oie anorh..
I
and
ho dtrtihql
Wh.h slitementein th schapte.seemtob. retabteand sotdt! barerton t .ts.
ones
4
ire
more epecrLdtive
ai.trhi.h
aid !n.eraii?
Hofrm ghto!rattiLudestolvard th€ modernwortd influeiceour.ssessmentof pateo
ihi.
Next Steps: For Further Study
D;!dahisi.n fhis
rhi.h
-"et
ry ttattd:
A Shon H isto y af
H
ltniniiy (2aa]) Atolet!c5sayb!a
lea.l rgworidhsto
I
r
a
rr
rll
laga
ri.th€ftrnpari!fu,h.hproltdesasu..in.ts!toeyofthepa!oltth.!tr
n. Peop/e ofrie Eaih: An tntodu.iian ta ltatd pPh isi.ry t.2..t A gLo ba a..oLr
)
nt
ole:rLy human hislorr,.rniten bya e.dtng archeotogGt.
inrc a/(e|5, Ir, € i.tehistau ai ctaba! Cabnna.io,
x.fthe nii aLhumal ieltLem€nt otilre e.[tr
CLrre Ca m ble.
...ou
(2oo3) A b€a urifu [v Nr tten
5a L!rll.Ereatrynrd A i5on S. Brooks, Tre RevoiLrtion
IhaiW:sn,t:A N€,, nterprelartonoiihe
EvaU lior:9 trooo) AtonesdrotarLv
aftdeLa,r'ifgoutrhe.rch.oLog.ateliden.eioriheemergenceofhLrm:nkndiiAfr.a
0rgnof\/od.mHumanBeha\tat, launalaftlunar
-wh3t
a...untofaS.r
xoman s Lif-ain a rlvent eth .entury gatheins and hLlrriigso.iety
ehGtor.Art," htip:/trvit.ombe.sbc edu/ARTl.tirrei 5tori..hrmL+gener.L An arr h,torylyeb sie
u th a !.reaLti .i llnks to P:leoltlr . in;round lre Nortd
''D
:.
rI oi
l,-spi!e
.lripte
sPr MakeHi5rory
5e{lfrrdnna I
[.0m]nra!er
CHAPT!R
E=.
T\v')
E
I rrst I armers
The Revolutions of Agriculture
ro,ooo
_. Agricultu'al Re!oLrtion
in
::npa'irgABrkuLnrlal Beginrirgs
-_: Globalizatlor olAgrkult!re
'!mph aid Re5istai.E
rii
L! t!re otABri.r t!re
a V;fiaton r tre Age
re
:3ri.ultL d Vilage5o.
::'.ct
'!
er
r\
ofsrThe Legac es
de. ng tle Evlden.€
-irnrmeic: Ag .!ltLrral !llLage
. jJalsoLr.e! A i an,:lLjf€ if
:ii lr A!r:r a. E,
B. c.
E.
3OOO B. C.E.
''Alt.r de,I sufpo5e thcrc (lllbc Dorhnrg Iek."r.narled sclaltrt$o \tarclLl E\ie Ericr rl ioo\.At d1. ii,Ie, sh. r"s dre rote rcnnrrjry r$idenr otdre tirrD .or| ofl\,lorori. N.bmskr "'t herc rjust ro
emplovnrerr iorpcoplc. Fh,rlrg r hard rxt iU
jnr[ ranf\ tut
'tre
hrd to rrerue rro bigger ol.s, anLl fie \olxrg peoFtcJLNI \!nrr ro go
Nr.I to collcgc rnd I otr: Fcr ofthem .o|ri tl.k. lolnrl.d !l
r,t,rtr b\ Cz..h nn|rl{, r,ir!. Moro$ i ir the errLv n{.nriedr ..nrun
boastcd r posr ollice. two bDks, r l,ieh school, r chur.| rrd rc$ oi
(ell-buik honies. B\ dre ci 1 r{drry rit(.drrur1: the r:t,nrch las
bo.rrded up [rnv hcrues hrd colhpsed dee ,r]d rd.l elt rojDicd rhe
t()m! .npn' sp xres. ,rnLl 11ocks of birds reste,i u dii.k re.ds rto.g
rvht lud orce been Mai! Sreer.Wirh rI. deirh olher husbmct irr
.1oo.t.Ms. Ejlr. be. n. the onl\ livnr.s sdrl xi Mo,,oi1 Nti.re $re
s.n<d 1! dre towni nra\(i J]rd nD irs ornl Lrusnrels. r mrcm ltror
cusa rers crmc tmr pelsrng [iin. u,i.i trr-i r\ scrdcnurs.,
tl.
\, ,,
1
nnch hrser global pr..ss uLingplace over drc prst setral ccnrruies
ofthe ildusrriri rgc r d,,u trc dedi[e D dre llnnl,.r olteoFl(
direcd1 errmrg their 1i!r,g rs l]rme, !.Thc U.trerl Smr.s r.t,eserl$
rr ernemc casc oi this rorldw e pl,enorcnor:rt rhc begiDrng oi
dre nvetrtr llr{ .er hLn. orll about i !.rc.rr oIADl.rj.ms tired oD
trrDrj rDd nnry oadr.n 11,cre oler drc rge ofsirg. Ii\e Derprt. dr.
r
1" statu;;;i lii; ch;;;i, r,"i iii i"ig"'i t," ."'r' .;ri.ii. *tr".,",i. ,,,,ert,!:r.a ry a,cr,e,ro. ,r.
"r
"
"e'
: _?tolAnChaTal lo.are.lrrremoiern5l.r..fl.ra.n.
nhaiireaf."r.:borr/2..t!5o..r.r,tnitsoi1!
t
::10mctc:onel,coo peopL.. vrho r,"d r1utl.0med5iofeho!!.si.utti1,rr.iba.te,/,\,/trc.i.Feas,alf
.:i:andh.rd.ddome5:.atedgD.tsThese:em:.rrjiena:ue5,ar!Lndrh.eefecr..Ia:dmrdeoftii!n0].
.::?rappll€dto;..r:olb!ndr.ire.ds.uereanrorgrremosistirrrt .g U..s at rtJr site Di.tie!,,apr€!enr
.r.:glrls,godl.lse5!rlrdrnaryp..pp?No.|rrEn!kno,ri5.(r,:."iep:.j:r.lrn.LIr:.]ida-.,.apnn.
: :r .1 i'rrr.,
jJ lrLh r
( :i.t."
irn ur,,lri!
r.;lor
L,al
h :rokY. :o
5o
t..
:r.1.t.
nnall ,nnirber ofA,rrerlc,l,r l:rre,s r)o(li,,) rgri.!1rurc ms so proLluctir rltr tho;e
lh people rrre.rble to ired the e,,tlrc cornol ard to .xpot a hrge .rrohr .iiin.l
rs mll Tlu mc crn rctreat lior th. fi.n ma*.d I drrnrlri. rt\esil otlrlrh jiort
rr.icDt trft.in x1!.li.h gLrrnig ruml,cr. ol;coplc begrr to i:irr rrrd iig,,culnnr
b..im.Ibi dr. firir trmc rh. prxun o..up.rrion iir $e rrst rrrqorirv ofl,urnrrk d.
Th.l,.g!nirg, oidrir.pi. pF..s rcfrserr rhe ce,rtrrl d,euc ofthis chpter.
r
The Agricultural Revolution in lVorld Histor,v
Thr rhicltlrrurc oft]lc lorg Prleohtl,ic cra rnd thr firsr humr pmces ar oper
rtc on r globrl;rrlr rias the urtrJ srtdcmcnt oithe eanl. l|er, begmrirs
rround r-:,ooo lcrrs rgo. r;ccond globrl F.rim l,eg.r ro !ri!tLl rclj.rlkure Tl).
t.riu \.ohrlii.'iN.i1 SroD.Ag.l or"Agri.trlrunl I{eroluricrr"retirsto the dclib
er.re.ulrierion oi prrticulrr phnt, r; rel1 rs r|e nLug rnd trc.lng oiprrtrc
(ln .rirril\. lhus i (ho]. r.i! (a1 .iljli gr,,durl[ rtpnrccJ dt QLliir p,racriccs oi
grtlrerifgii,i,lhu,r iilln,ro\r prr!, oathe $uld.Al oughnroolpli.eo\er.e,llr!i* r,d ,fillef,ru. d,e co,fnrs ofreri(llftr. r.fi.scnred . eer)uir)el! ,eloli,ridrrrv
tnrsfonrrrtio, ofhruar litt rll rcros fic tLrnci ind tr.\i,led tlr( io!Ddmron tor
rlno* ei cri thDg tliat llllo\ eJ: gror mg p oprhtior (. s.rLle(l !illrgcs. I n inirL borDc
rlrc*es. hor:e ,lrrwr cho iot *o{rc. crticj. strr.s. .n1Pires, .1\ ili2rtio,r, n, ni,rg,lnir
anrt. anJ nuch morc.
Aniong l]rc nor rsohtionrrv as!cct: oithc rse oi rgri.:LLltlne \\ar res rla
ti.nship b.(rr.n humrnkr ud o!h.r limrg diniils. ior no\ n.tr ra Noncn
i!er. n.r simph usirs \rhrt d1.y iaur.l m r ln,re but rcrc acorcl,r chrngug mnuc
.s lrell. l-he! \r.ri .or,.i.usl! ".1iredrrs" rlr. pro..\i oi clolurioD Th. i.tio,r oa
11,,rer\ rr $e Arreri.is. tor eurrple. tr,urtlrmcJ corD tlon i tlmr ividr r {:ob oi
rrr j,r.h or so ro lrre rrersnire aLout ri: nchcs bl tioo. Lxrer eiio,tlrore dr.rl
dorblcd that lorgt1l. lrrnos ercrlvhcrc stmrpcLl ih. hr.l\.lpe \id) r lilnrn
nnprur u th. l;ini oiilcldj (ith Lroundlies. retrce,l hillide'. rrrierrron d]lchcs.
ard.mrli. Anln1l\ ro. irer. rr.rslilDerl 1\ \.le.a\c L]IccLlugplrduccd shccp tlur
{re\\ rrore \\ool,.o\\\ drrr g.!e rf.re ,rilt. rnJ .hickcns dut laid nrorc cg5 thar
rilJ
d,eir
cou,,ter prrts
This rr\ "doni.sti(rtio,r" d,. trnlrr. rnd thr chrng[g, oi r.ture l.r r]r.
bcncrit of hunrnhnd bur it crcrte.l r ncr kind ol nrutual defe,)de,r.e. \lnr\
Llomcsticrtcd phnr rni amuls couli no longft sur\i!e i,, the \\ild,!,d klr.d oI
hufiin i.rFD or pror.ctroD D odcr nr re1!.du.e nL..Sri,ll]: SnriLrL\,. lilnu1
be!)gs jrr rlre rgrlcrlmil en losr $e skllls oI thclr grthcring rnd huntDg nts
{5
r
p13.6
ri,l
irrr.rs md
helle,s brcurc d.}..Di.Dr oD dr.r'.lone{i.tred
i,ri,,r.rl'. I'ro,r !r .!t\ide ponrl oirrci', it mighr rell t.er] rhr! tun) ! d
trmed hunrr beugs. lrng p..,pl. to .,r\ure their o\\D mrvr'rl rnd
.orisettLLen.e.
cors |,
grolth r r
'pecics,
as
niurh
as
thc ot1lcr
s.l rood
cHAprER 2
/
FrRsr TARMERs: rHE REVoLUrloNs oF AGRrcLLruRE, lojooo B.c.E.
3ooo 8...E
A lurdrcr revolutronarv aspcct ofdrc rgriculmral rse
''inrerrificatun." It niea s gct rg more tor
tsornes
.l,rr,.
is nLhrncd trt in rlre rerm
rhis case nrore food rDd
rrcr olLnd rt,r,r tas Dorsible \irtr r
1cs,
far
kind.
n1or. &orn a nruch lnrler
1,.r,, - .h ^.1.v.r.,,1
',,-,
in
In , " f. Jr p
r
;o. , u f.
I
enurcnDenr. And \o rlxs tatr,r.Lrcd rte coDinrunig hLun.rr ejlbrt .o ,,arbd!c rte
earh" arrrl to 'hare dorni.ion o(r ir," as dre biblical sro D cencss recorded
Codi .o,Drand to Adam 3r)d Iv..
Comparing Agricultural Beginnings
I'jerhaps rhe
rrost.xbao
olthe Ncol;thi. orAgricuhurrt Rcvollrtron
inar,v leaturc
dtt it occured. sepanrel)
e.Ihc
\!as
delib
of dic rorld:
rDd i.deperdcnrt\ in mxry widcly scamered piris
thc Fertite Crescenr of SolLrtr$lst Arjr. scve.rt Lrtace! 1D sub_S;D,,
\l i ,.,.'.\-\
{"r r. .\l .o,..,
h-A. .,,t ,.r,i\,,
A.., .,
rI oiltr rook ptace t]t rcught,v
i\ee rhe SnaFshot o,) p j:). E\cD nue rcnurkablr
rh. sa re onlc (at leasr N uearred bv thc z:o,ooo
1,ea.
spin of huran
I.i t.ooo .-",
l, 1..., 1,., /.o
s.liter
i.r r .,
.o o'
nd.! g I
txs6r\
i,, r
oD
. r,.
,h-r \.',- t,,.r) ng r,-_..t \\.\
:q ,,...,,.rt..
!...r. dur ruy har bissercd or hcitirrtcd rhrs asr
l.d h-\c|r.u
tp...,,||J" t. h.p,.nr
',l:I
lirjer lo.rtions: Ilo\\' (lid jr lprerd fnnr its scverat FoDrs oforigr) ro .tre rcsr ot
.
:\,.i.n...r.
about the petrrd altcr ro,ooo
ut l'
.J.
r
t,.eo l,-
.rr-,.rnrn,
,i..
Commot Patt*ns
li
is r)o r(cident thar rhe Agricul'ui Rcvotuxon cor)cidcd
lair Ic. Age, I !rcc.s of globa1 nannDg rhar bega sorne
_ ,po. l.{s.,,....r,
ltosc oiorir
a$
:e.
dran
N{ !!
rhe.n.1 of thc
vcars aeo. Bv
oJr...i
,,-r
otn tnre gcnerrlly !rc\'.]ited.Itrtr x,rs but the tatest ofsorre nvcntv
. -r, lo pl.. ror:" J . -r r.,J.,r.r,.c,. r-FJ.\, .r.,.
., ,
:on vears ofthe eardr\ hntory and *lich are causcd bv mnor periodic ctrarges u
:he e.tth\ orbit rrornld rhe tun. Ihe cDd ofrhc l.( t.e Age, hos,e,e.,..n;
",1
\idr thc rnigrrdorl of H,,rd jdr,i.,r acro\s the plaret .rnd derted new .ondjdons
::rat Drade agrrcufture possible. Con$ined $1th a.live hrurtnrg b,v ILnun so.icries.
Jirute clange in sorrre arcis heh.d ro pu$ inio e\tincrioNarious spccie! oltaqe
,,1' ,,",,
1 tu
rr I :nJ
r[i
rlitil
;.hrl,,r.r
p
.,e t, d
o--e.. d.
o.,,,,e;....
nerr lood sclrrr.cs. rhe s.arnrer, scrier. rnd nlore stetrle cotrdhorr, pxrtjc
:larly n thc ropicat ard reDpcrxre reeioDs oithe carth a)so petr aed thc l1our
:,hDg of niore s,ild plarts, espcciatlv ccreat srrscs. s,hicli [-er. rhe ancc(ors of
ratrv donesticled oops.Yrhir clnlarc .hI)ge rook awa\.vtr]r onc ht]rd, ir rirpar_
.nt1r grve back rvrrh the ol]]cr.
I
Change
16,11110
emergeice of agricuLture
aft er countless millennia
ofhLman life withort it?
51
j",,r.s1.ot
Agricultural Breakthroughs
l.o:illii,r
SouthwestAsia
U;Llie
ti.:
t.)
9ooo-7ooo
(Fertile Crescerl)
china
6500 5ooo
,ub
looo-2ooo
New
Tooo 4ooo
Saharan and
HighLand
Andes
reglor
lo0o
piss, chid(ens,
2ooo
A4esoanrerlca looo_2ooo
sulnea pis
maize.squarh (PerhaPs
sunflower, soosefoot,
Easteri woodtands
Or.r
leniiLs, flgs
dteir loos hntor \: gsrh'inrr
i'tl
hurrurg
feotl'\ hel rlr'&lv d'!elofed
.,,
..r r-ge .nlrurls. ctrrrrg ii)rrr rrc))"logids 'r]L r "Lsrd \p"tl Lbl'
"..,r1
r'ril
ot".:i,, ,i," nnta,u" *". f.iod. l)rd 'le!.l.,fed i.k].i rar .urting rrenl {orrE
t(' rcFo" t|' husk' lrd
oliL,l g.,,,. r'.t",, tn .,u,i 't, nn urs ard prtl-
trD1
.,r r,.ir,
,,1
\
''i
.n".,, ,hel oLLIJ crprurc stoLc' ,d Lrn tsi nLge runn-'er oietl''
.i.i,.'1,."
jsr,t, r,r!.| oirhb l'ok\ lik' i kr oi preprrlion li'r
r,, f,,'.,,r.
'gti'!klLr''
\!lth
8".",,,. .r,,-.,, ,,, lutlrrlLr hrLl long 1'ro itrtD)rt'l\ us'D(r1t"1
'oLl'(iing
leliert tlrt rlre-r'rere tle lilclL mrovrors lLo ltd tlti
tl".*.
-.,,
",f,f iar,"-. 'a,a..s
t:,""",", r lth oen ptrIrp's rlkuE Lh' l'rd nr d'nresti'J$rg !ri .
.'..j,.
rsri'tl k \\''re prrl or
r,ri:. Clcrrlr rLe Lno.rleJgr :rd reihncnogr necc\rr ! iirr
l'""*" t'tloiti or'idr''lrt| \ot\'h're
.,.',r.. a.*"" --,"-g,".. ""'""
lr,''-"i,,,*
.rg, iculNrc Jr orermght rrventrrrr'
,..,, ,"4-.,.*re' u] hcreritrng 1mn thc g)obr1 Irmrlrg rt thr errd ol
to retrLc
a- i,, ,i.,r*. s,],"','u rrrJ hurmg pcofle' u rtrrio\t' fh"s \1er' ibleIrr' rnd
norrr'1rc
rlrir
rbrnrlonurg
mo.e pemuIenr ''lhgc''
l1.*,,
"',",,1t'1.
",,
rlie L!(rl rrca lhL tis fr ti'uluh rlre 'r' tr r'nntr'e
ctrflojtirlg
tr1or. irreninel!
,.-. f.i... -"'l'', ""1 'ler s Lr rerrLrrg rlor r' holcr er' rher
.t* *"...'-oirl,e.lills oirhrr rncc'to$ ard torr:Li JerB'l!e' no\ r"ltrlr'J
nr.i 1o,r !o!1e
(HApr.E 2
/ FrRsr
oo E.r.E. looo
t...i
53
to suppon gro\firg popuhrions.Ivid.rce a.,r xr*eung
hunan r)unb.^ l:roul.l
rLe s,orld dl,rxrg rhr perio.l ofstobil *arnnng has
perrrLlerl sorD. \chotrA rhrr
agrlcuhure.ms I rapome to aD jnlper dxrg ,,i-oo.t ..i i,.
rr,l" ,*-r,.. .rp""l.il
our\dpped dre l.,.at rcsourccs, or if *dden iirct!arions ;r
.1,,,,,"_p.";,,;.;
drougtrr or a cold v,rp tbr exarple dinnnishcd tnoe rr$rcs.
ttrse ncvrv rctiiea
)
'""'lrr"'",,,
D.r
o.1,v
se
.r t,.,
.
,,
lt ",.
., t.
drc food s!Lpp1l. Ctearti:nurrv ofthe breaLrhroLrg|! ro xqricutnL€
oc.LL.rcd
,Iri' sarhui.g rd hun ls peoltes hxd atradv groun suistr
tralr ;n nrnr
.,Jr.. l.',
.1":"
sonie
...o',r..
of tirc .o,rxnon
ptrtterDs rhar itci1it.ue.l thc Agri.utlurl
',:1"
..
*it1l rhe
""p-*a -,a"i.^ir,", .,,,*
:t dr errl oidrc IceAge Neu kno\r1cLtee and r".1,".1,,s....,,.,Se,t
conrnurities e\!lored iDd exptojtcd dIr .harge.l .D!ironD
^ 1,,-,;,
etrr. t-trc disippcara,rc.
oimanv lrrgr. ,urrrr)s gros.rrg populatlors, nervt! seftted
w.r 5 othft.;1,1 1t,.
Revolur;oD. New oppururuds apperrcd
'i,
,,
.u-,
,.1-
-,b
, '' o |,, '1, ,|,,',
ren cr.; + Frort ome coDblraoo! ofrh.sc o
,p,.r,
r
"
I
tj..or
iL'
ep,
I
..r
,,
:,-*
lr jp .rl
\ . l, j,]
;.
l'' ''ro'l
^,:
j-'t..-
s
r'
l.per)dxrg
oD lrhar pl.rDts lud xr)nuh w.re.Llaitablr tocrXr ror
exan4nc, potarocs
.rfte liurrd in thc Ardcs reglon, but ror jD Aitrca _
a,", ..r,*.
,i.iia p:gi
:\isted;n thc l:errile Cr.s.enr, bfr nor ni rheA|rerrcs funhunroc. ",a
of rhe sondi
:ro,ooo Flanr spc.tes. ontv jevenl hundferl h:]!e beeD doDlcsrj(ared,
ri dlse slar, .om, ricc, bar1c1: rnd sorghlurl srppl,v Dro.c rhaD",,,t.1,,,r n,.e
hitf of rhe
:rlorier ihrt nrsrri hunrn lite. Orly tolrll.e]r spe{:ies otiiarge
urlmrls
hrve bceD
,:(e\\Iullr ddnejlr:red, oI Fhich sheep, pigs, gorts. .xrt1.,
in1d horser hre beeD
:tr. nro{ in+rl 1r. Reuuse rhev are stubborr. rel.ous,
otimrr. or fiuck; nr.rq
::iua1s srmplr .rn,,or tre rcrdjty donlcsrrr:;ucd i
rn storr. thc kin,t .lag.:i"tt.,j
\.!.ollLtion thrr urtirtded in prrricutar placcs depc,d.d re
rrlctr _, i,f-, mf_
r:Dcd to be rlaihble lo.r|r: rnd that nr nrm ricporrled on
sheer 1ur I
I
ariations
rruig dre nro5t fivorcd arcrs-and ihe tirsr ro .xteri.r(e a tu11 AgricuttLtal
I Comparison
-:roluion ries dre Fertit. Ctr.s.enr, ,n t-!,r lonrerlnei t,n,u. r, i,,utt,.u.,t n what differentways
rr,r .orsrr!)g ofpres.nr{a1. rnq, Svria, rsraet,.palcstinc. aml oLuhernTLrrkcy
(sce
'lF i:. r) li dris rEion, rn cxtnordjnar v:rietv ot.",fd p1.,,,, ,,",1 ,,.,,,,,,1; .,;];1.
'-i'J
,1,
... ...r J .r h. ,, p . p,-. . tr . .. \\., ,-..-r.. .,
.,,,-.\
,
,,-J
dtd
RevoLution take shape in
various pa(s of thewortd?
panr: / r nsr
rs:ncs
N6s
N E sroRY,
ro 5oo 3.1.t
DET:|A
i,RrlnIlN
ECYPT
5/l Hn1l]1
t.
rl
ofglobrl ilnuDg. Lr.ger sett1t'd popul.tticrrs
*ere Do\\ threaren.d iirth thc los of*re lil,1 plant: rnd rmrlrls on rllch thev
hrd comc tc, .lefend. Then \.ludor1 i\as dore;dcrlor. In t1le rnllernrtruD or 50
itieryoDo r] ..r.. flg\. vhcat, Lrrrlel, r1t, !.i5,]cnah. ,heep. goa$, p1g5, 3td .itd. al
camc u,rder hunun cortLol.!tulidtrg ih. joun.latio! rin the ilorld\ rirst.Id !1osr
f rcd!.dve. :gricultllill so.ictics.
Ar(hedogi..1.!xle,r.e sullgesrs thir rhe tnDsldoD to I tu11r' rgricultur ,rl wrr ol
lil'e n tus ;.::glon rcnedrrres rook pl&:e qure quicklr: rrtLi,r rs leN rs soo leus.
SiErs oirliir trirriorlroo,r mcLudcd larye rrcrerses nr thc jize olserrlenl.ntj, \!hi.h
norv hou;r'd rs rrr,rnl rs 'evetrl rliousrnd pcofle h thcsc rgri:ultunl scttngs.
anl eologss havc io untl nr.I or lnlourions dre ure of un drieLl m url bricksr dre
rlferrlr.e of Dror\ln.nts o $tir.1ik. bu .lugs: rhpl:-r's oi cattlc slrLlk: nor
claborete lun[n bu i.ns, in.hdir]{ r|e t[o1:1 ofr]re skulli ]rd mor. loPhrld.rred
roo1s, stui as sicklcs. l.olnhcd rrcs. orJ ,rrls ' Lni rorxrctirrl deterioraiior D e(olog
icrlh.lirglle regio[s rrs -rtr another irrLlic,rricrr ol dris n.i. \\']\ oflife. Numcrors
senlcments rr theJoLdu Rjrcr (l1cr and Prlcsure \et rbrndoncd rs growing 1op
trlrtlons offeople trd gor!\ ,rtrffe.t thc ir.i oltlee' .rrrd Sourd corcr.lcrdrrg tr
l .rrwtio,r
rtr
p, hP
iir
Lr.t
l..ress.: r:arLrr.
r
t..
Lil
rE
.rttiuugh t. rg l.r.ur.
anC 1t:r
thi
d.,I.nrielt
i
ir1 thc ge,re
L
proecs'
s
(H^PrrR 2
/
flRsr
FARME
._tooo
soil ercsjon and food shorrages. which rcquired rhe; hunun ilrhabirants ro scartelT
(See the chrpter operong photogmph, p.48.tbr scutptures FoD lhe carty rsri.utturat
'tr ,r
'r\nL;L'l,1 I
1..
\4ioI. L'.
At roughly d1e sxme dlne, pcrhaps a bir hrer, aDoth( ptocess ofdomcsticrnon
rvas unfoldirg on thc Aliicrn conrlnenr iD a most unlikelv ptr.c rhe casteri parr
of rhat rs now dre Srhan in prelent day Sudii,1. Bcn(eerr ro.ooo and t,ooo
}[aN
ago, howeler, "d1c SrlataD dcsert... eficiivelv dxl nor exisr,,, accor.ting ro scholrs.
as tlie irqjon r..elved morc rarrfall dran cutrentty had extensive eraslaod vecetr_
tlo.. and was "relativelv hosprrable ro hurnm lift."s k seem likety thar cattle ivert
domestlcatcd ir this rcgior .tbout r.ooo years belore thc,v u,ere separately brouEht
Inr eV,lc I J .. .d tr,li,. \ . Lo i,...,n,crn.. hed.n
ley also rvas domcsrrcated in rofih easterr Aiiica near ih. Red Sea and sprcad 1ion1
therc into Southrcsr A!la, ern ,s $e pracdce ofraising sheep md goa$ moved in
th'o, - /,e ro.,,{ ...,rr Jum..,, .un.lru 1re..t, i,,e,t, n.-. , ,ro.
ofplanrs. \lhile clses'her in the world n r'rs thc orher \yay arouril.
In temls oflarnr;.g. rhc Africrn patrerrr rgaD sr! soncs,trat difilrent. Unlihe
thc Fertile Crcscert. {ticre a rrumbo of pi:uts rveir doncshcated nr I snul arer
.eJ i. .. r:e.,. .r -,e.,1 . rr-,. r. r.d r,, :n.
b \r
A. i J r
pract;ces Sorghu r, wlxch gro$s $€11 in arid conditiors, [.as t]rc first graii to h.
", el' j" h-
gi.n I 'l..n,st.d
^. I t,"p,....af, r,,
rion. In rhe forested reglori of W.st Alii.a,1anN. oil paLn nees, okra, and rhe kola
nut 15n11 used ax I liavornrg lor Co.a-Cola aDd pepsj) enrrged rs irnportir.ar ftops.Ihc
.., -r d o.,r. ^ -h(
or,-(.
, e,.
.\. ,q t'r re
',nr'-hr.o.
l^^ d'r....
p' '.,ie{,.,
t.ro,l,r
hu,
.J,,rL r"i,h Ci.
donresrjcatcs $rghum,.lstor bcaDs. golds,miltet. rhc do.kev subsequcntt!
rprcad to e ich the rgricultutal pncrices ofEuraslar
leoples.
Yet anodro pattern oflgdcrltural developnient took shape u the Amerj.as.
Like d1c Agriculftnl Revolution nr A1i.i.x, tte domcsric.uion of otarlrs in rh.
can
\ .r, ., ...r.C
mle
rI
rrrl .n t,...ror, -r, t,tq,rt.m
D Mesoanerici. jn rtre Mssls\ippi !elle1, and
. - ,.. .r .l,r Cm..ur. bri | .rr -tr rr .. r ,r .,i e . ,,-- ' .. -.,.
.b..."r ,'r ,,r. .,' L dor.... ro.or,.. ou Fe m,J.,.p .-.ol
:egions of ivestcm South ,{mericll
irge manmals that havc been brouglt Lrnder hurrar control. ontv ore, the lhDr/
,lpacr, cisied lD rhc WesterD Hernispherc. Wittout soah. sheep, ptEj, cairte. or
.'.. ' e ppof,, . ol n. Am.. ,., l.. l d tre.o..r...o T,u rn. , -.-., r
::ljzer. x.d powcr (ro dr.tw plora orpu[ crrs.for e.xmpte) thar i!€re wide]v irvail
.bLe ro societics in tle Afro Eurasiar [-orli. J3ecaNe they could not depemt or
roDr.sticrted annDah fbr mcat, .lgriculruml
Feoplcs in theAnfti.ir relied rnorc on
:u[ rg end lishmg than did peop]es in rhe Iasi.o Hemsphere
Furtlerniore, the Amclcas l.rcked the rich ccreal g(um thlr $erc lidety rvajl
:rLe in Alio Eufusia. lnsrcad they had m,lj?e or .orr, firsr donresticared ir south.rn
l.lc!.o b),4ooo to 3ooo 8..r.!. UIlike the cere,rt g ins ofthe Ferol. Crescenr.
. hich clo\eIy r.ser )ble n\eir Nrld prcdecessors, rhe:tncesror
ofcorn. x.lounr.rin grils
r
s.':.E.
55
PAFT
56
1i
F RsT
N F STORY, TO 5OO
TH]NGS
B'',I'
..Din,,r, look\ notlxn.q lile {l t
no$ kno( a! (or or nrize. lhou
saDds of FiF of sele.ri!. adrfrrtion
\!.rc re(tuitd io dcvelop r rfii.ienth
hqc cob end run$cr olkerncls to srts
tari r produ*ire agrculture. an achreve
nrent drt one gcDeo.rt his .rlle.t
"asuabl,v mar\ fir:t. and per'1uPs hn
gr*rest. f.rt of genctic engnrccring. '
Ilrn dren..orn $rs nutritioril,v poorer
dran the proteurjich ccrerls oi the
Fcrtii. Cresc.rlt. To ptor.idc lflicicnt
dictrn protein, corn harl ro be supplc
mentcd with squish rrd bexDr, v|ich
.rled
5.
ic
Teoslnte ann MalzeiConr
fferen.P r
The
ir!
srii.
i..5 nt., a i
!ilr e firn.
.are.
maiTe
agr15s.and
ol done!u
neartthitlie
Agli..Ltuia Re|oLtt.: to.k
liesnimer.a tra: I haC
ues.DoLam
n
lN.rLLr
i
ris.r
in flai
teLe also dorrresticatcd n the Anlcric.$.
Ihr6 \1.hr]e Nliddlc Ersrern socieder qurc rrpirtlv tplaccd theit garhcmg arrd hunt
mg econcrr,v $,irh agriL:ulturc. thit pro..s rook .l,ioo $A irr Nlesoanieri..r
jn thc
Anothcr .lif.rcrce ir drc !tuSres oI dre Agrlcultural Re\olurion h,v
mylh!
held r
no,rlr/sourh orieni.tnn, oa rli. An,eri.rs, ilich recluRd agricLlufrl practices o
nove rlxlugh, rrd adapt to, qrite divncr cLimatr: rrrd !.gctatron zon.s iI t!c,v Ner'
sxrnlar err'!.DDeDts. Ihus
+rcad rDor. raljd-v bccrse th.') $ere entcrxrg tuughlv
nr
con.berrr, rml squ:sh.stiL:h rcrc lirrt donicsticate.l M.s.rr! I eri':i. look several
tluM ,veas to trerel thc ilw hundkd riles trod dreir vler.u hdlrehDd ro rhe
sourhllrner United Sratci r)d rnothcr rlro!$and lcars or nroF to rrrive ir crsterrl
Nor.h Arrcrica.Ihc ll.nD. !arn)eii pig. rnd pot.tto, rliieh \ec Llomcsticrted ni the
Andean lxgl,lardi, De\ei r.i.hed lvleso.ncri.a "
by 13o{
Thc Globalization of Agriculture
I
Connectlon
Frorl the v.rrio!s !h.es illiere I origna terl, .rgticultu re qr erd to much oithc re*
ofthe carth.,rlrholgh for r Lonq tlmc it coexisted vi grtherhg and hurtmg trrs
olLile (s.c Mat r.:). B,.rdh spe.rkirg, tliis exte.sion oifrrnrnrg occurrert in trvcr
i rs. l'hc lirs * cJlcd diiirsion. which rcfers to the gndual spta.1 ofrgticulmnl
rccluiqres. and perhrp of thc Phrts and i nr.n\ thcmelves. but $ithour the
e{cnsive !1o!.Nen! ol agricultunl peoplc N.ighbotmg grolrp\ erchliged iLlcas
dostr the linc prttem ol comrrulication A second proccs
irr-olvcd tlre sLori colonization or nxgrador of rgrr:u1mra1 peolles xs growlrg
populatrons pusiicd thenl oln$xfd. Otlen this nr..trt dre imqucst, rbsorptioD or
distlac.nent ofthc e.r.ll.r gatlercr and hunters. rlong tith dr sprcrd ofdrc lan
erd proJucts ni
r
rnuges arld (ulrurcs
olth. Ng,!tr)g
tarnicrs. Lr
of corn based rgriculmrc
!h.e. ' Thc sperd
Snatxhot on frge il. r[$$at.s
.Lre
F..es.
rlrnl
Ti-iun.
€c ofs,
rcgion:,
ph(es. both trc(csses rook
D the Anl.ricas, ]righlighted nr
drc
rnd
ch;r
CHAPTER
$".p.1"t
2/
F
57
The History of Maize/Corn,,
Ihe earliest donrestication ofteosinte
a grass from whkh
modern nrai,e/corn subsequertly devetoped in a process of
led
adaptation and "geneik ergineering,. over thousands of
years occurs in southern /Mexico. lr may have beer used for
the sugary syrup fourd ir its stalkas weLLas the nutriijonat
, his
[,laize cultivatioi spreads to south America (Ecuado( peru).
Maize cob reaches length ofabour six ceniimeters. There is
evidence that conr was ground with srone morra6 and baked
in fLat bread.
ipl.
;hicl
Maize becomes the staple ofMesoamericar agricult!re. tts
,L' ra rpo'ra'.ewd(rele.tedi'.sp.o-1'rpnreilrar'oLs
myihs oforigir. Such stories arnongthe l!,laya, forexample,
heLd thai humankird was made firsi of mud, then ofwood,
and finally, and most suc.essfully. from maize doush.
[,1aize
spreadsto the southwestern Unired Stares as farming
rlP" J,rheavndgesizeor"md.ze.obdorbt"s.t\tdile
.Thu:
s
used for makingmai,e beer
[,laize cLltivatiof reaches the eastern woodtands ofthe
Ivlississippi Rivervalley, larsely throush diffusioi, although
people ofthis region had aheady domesticared severalminor
crops, such as sunflowers.
&rlaize farming is introduced in New Englaid ard is widespread
by 13oo, about 3oo years before the arrivaLofrhe pitg.ims.
l\4ai2e spreads to Europe, Africa, and Asia, fotlowing European
conquest of the Americas.
16th-18th
Triumph and Resistance
Sonre
(oDrbnritjol ofLlirusion ind Dignrion took thc ortsDal xsi.nhurat pack
rrJ. i
tq.r..ts\,. r,r
,: \.,r,t.\.. \ ,:..
\o,rq
1.,.-. -oo
,ltooo.. I
g.j
..,.,,."
,..,..
reijion ,..o, irpaDied rlis novenrent ofpeode and tarrrring practiccs..Ihus hcto
Europea,r Lnguages. which orjginrtcd prcLrrbh. ln lurkey and rrc {id.l\. spolcD
ivcn rodir)- 6orn lndia ro lurope, rcflec tris novenenr ofcrkrrc asociar.{ \ittr
sprli oi agmLrlrrc ii ,r srular prlces, rtre aihncsc tamrng s,vstcni nrovcd
n,ro Sou$east Asia rud clseNh(rc, in.t r\jrh ir a ruurber oi retrrcd l:ugruge tirmi
l,es derelrped. hdi; rccclled aerr.r iufut Dfluer).es 6on the Midrlle Er*.Allica.
the
rDd
Chi,u rlik.
PARTl/FRsTTHNGs
rN H sroRY.
ro 5oo 8...1.
$rnhxr Afri.i, th. Lleleloptrent olagri.ulturrl sociedcs nr rhe lorr]rlialiofrhe.or re.t is asocirtcd nith dre nnsurioD oiteoples \peuk
xrg o.e or arodrer of rhc sonc 4oo B3.t! laDguagcs. Begirrrng froni
Fhtrt ls ro\\, nmthenr Nigerr o. Calrercon rround looo E.c.r.. tsrntu
jpexknrg people ,roled ersr a[d soutl over the nc{ severa] ri)illennir, rak
nrg sjdr dreui tLren rcri(Lr1 n1, .iftle-rxADg, ud,lrrea lrorr.orlug skr]1s,
x rvell rs thcir langrurgcs.Thc Bartur gcnenlll rbsorbed,Iilled or drovc
rwrl the Ddgcnous t'il.oliihr peode\ or ca:i,osed therr to rmul borne
discascs ro irhich tley hl:l rro runumtr. A snrilar proccs broght agr
crlturrl Austron esiu sperhrg peoplc.s.ho orignrared in sourhern Chru,
ro the P|ilippjne rid L oreriaD nhnd\,
uniilar corsequerces for
"adr
dreir errlier j,rhbj .$ Lrter. Ausrmesiai sperlicrs carled rgriculture to
rhe unln]rtrtired ishids ofrhc Pr.itic a d to Madioxs.ar o1l the , otr\r ol
eudre.r\tertr Ati i(r (sce Map r.: o. p. r9).
T|e glob,rllzrtioD o{rgrrculmre \\a\ 3 prolongcd process l.tsring ro,ooo lexrs or
nrorcrtter irsfi t eDcrgcn.. ir th e Fer tile Crcs..ni. bur it did rot rake h otd e\ er,\.
Nlere.Ihc Agricultural R.voltrrion in Ne\1. currer, Ior e'an1ple. Llid n.,t sFrcr.l
rrruch bevond its core region. I1r particulrr, ir did nor lrss ro rh. .ex.by peoFtes of
Austnlt. ivlio r.mxiied srerdlesd! connnirted to grtherqa and hurtirre urvs of
llti.The peoplc oI the rvest corsr of Nortli Anrerica,.tkti. rcgioDs. ard south$est
ernAfrica also maiitamed dreir g-.uhering and Iulrrj.g lvrv oilili !rto dre rrodem
en. A vcLv fcii: uch rls the H3dzr describcd xt tle begxning of Chpter r. prac
ticc ir sti1L.
Some ofthose rvLo reused d1c s\1.e11;.g ridc oirgriculure lived ni rErs un{it
rble ro axr u e, such as hrrsh dcs.rt or Jctlc etrrironnre|tsi others liv.Ll in rgtor\
of pJiculr natrral abunLlnce,llke tlc terrrron ofrle Cthunasir so the,v lelt little
need tur agriculcure. Such $.ietie\ tlurd 1r casier'rc rcsist agricukur! ifther wcrc
nor D thc dirc.r liie of:dv,ln.e oino( poNe.iirl rgricrltunl pr-op1e. fiut the r-acr
that nrn! ol dre rer),rj,rillg githerDg ind hurtnigpeoplcs knerv abort rgricultural
pra.tices i.rr ,re,r$\ irrmDg ncighbors ugecsts rhat tliev quite cLelibcrately chosc
to relst it. Frel:errnig dre nceL lifc ofdren Palcoirthic mcesrors
Nortethel.ss by thc bcginnhg ofthe Connno. Err, the global sprerLl oi
rgr icrltrre hrd rcduccd grtht'rmg arLt huntug peoples tLr r maIl and dwindling
nurorrtv ol hunmkn d. I l rh ir tro.e$ n.aDt " progresi in c crranr Nr_vs. lt .rlso
claimcd run,v victrrs xs rhe relertleslv cxp:ncli e aericuliural lrorjrier slowlr
dcsiro\.cd grt|erirg .rrd hurtnig socicties Wheth.r dN tro.ess occlrrred
through rhe peiceful difirsion oI ncw rechr)ologics rhrough i.rermarriage,
throtrgh dise,$e, or thtuugh thc violenr disphcenldrt of e.rrlier leoplcs, rhc
steadl erosio,r ofrhl aDcicnt {r'of ljre l s bccr a pe istent drrcad olrle
Tht
crD
huDm story ovcr rhc pasr 1o,ooo veIs.The iml chrpte ofthrt lorg sror,r rre
benrq sr iren nr our o\rn ..ntLr!. Aiter thc Agr;.ultLrLl Rcvolurio| t]re tirl!re.
rhrost evervivhcrc, l]1 rith the tirners rnd lerdcn L1 Nii| rhc disriD.tiv.
so.i.ties that th.v .reared.
Bur
lile ior
whrtc L,
M
ler.pir
E.nh
2
had littlc u
CH^PTER
/
'
FIRsT FARMIRs: IHE REVOLLT ONs OT A
The Culture of Agricukure
Whrr d that iirnrre look likei tn ntDr \r)s did so.iettes bascd on ttrc dorrrestrcarion I Change
ol rn$ rnd.].mrls diller n]D diose rooted in a grrleriDg and hfnri.s e.onoDr\r: what was revotutionary
lrr dic iLrsr phce fic Agri.Lrltunl RevohtioD leJ r
jrIu oDoDrrtl- abouttheAsricultural
rkills.
rgrF
'nId.rr,.
tiotr,rsrhestxterlyod!.d!r$ofagticrrlnrrc$.s'bcr"supp,,,flr.t,tLg(,ru
berj. An erlv rgri.ultllrl setrlcnerr rncotrrl re.rrJcri.ho in prese,u da, kn.i
,,,o ,l |,
, i e ,,
pired to tru.h snalle, Prl.ollillc bands. Or i irlobal lc.vet, schohrs e*rmtc that thc
\ro,ld\ popuhdorr lvrj about o Dxllion ,lrcurd ro.ooo yeaB ago. betb.e
r, ., jJ- r . ..i .. D,.
.r. r'R.,t,.
.o .t,.-
the
Aqrj
.
. oo).
igo iDd trro rrilrcn b! rle b.gxxurg oItLre Connlor) Err. tsIere lyrs rtre r.e. bcgtrF
,rnig ol rhe Iunar donrl,r.rn(e ol.er other forms oftitt on rhe ptarcr.
But larger coununitles ard nbre peoplc did rot rreccsarilr nicar ,rrr mproved
life tbr ordrury pcople. Frrnxng nlvdved hrd *ork ard nroi:: oflr thrn in.jiulv
.rt.--
$oiv
.,I\.Lr
,
sorrre
dctcriomtio[ in hex]th-niore toodl
d..rv.r
d ancnri.]. r
.,,_r.rl
strorter.tl
i.a1si.tlne, r,1d di.rr,l\hed llfe erFe(tan.11 Lir ins close to aumts sL,b1-crea hLrimmr
to !e\\ diseas.s s|ral1por. tiu. rIerslcs, chi.ken por. Iralarr, ftrberculos]\, nbi.s
whlle lNurg n 1arge, coDxnurities g.Derated cpidcnrt.s for rhe rtrrr rrne j. huu..
hnor):'r Furihern or, rcl,urg
r
.. .. .,r
. .t
:k IirL'
on I smr11
r
lruber ofph. $ or ]nnn. s rcnliercd cart!
,.
, o,tu-Jr,.hr
r. -
.it.rstroph.s.lhe rdv.nr ofagri(ufture bore.o$ rs !!eI rs bere6ls.
Agriculmre a[o nrpored consbairt5 oD hunrx. .oDxnurities. So.]e palcotithj(
peoplc hrd setded D peimncnr vjthgcs, bur aI rgricrltu[l peoptc did so, rs tarn
ing Equrtd e scrtled ljft A goori errmple oi rn earh agrj.ulturat settlenl.nt cur.s
llom nord)ern Chnra. orc ol r|e origxial rrdependclr solr(es otrsri(u1iure. whcre
ricc, rriller. pig. x.d .lx.ke, f.]nDng gNe rLe ro settted.omnnurdes by rbour
r,ooo \caB ago. l,) rgjt llorler d]ggnrg$e lbuDdaiio. Lra fi.toNurcorercd rhe
rerruns
ofu
vi11age. [ow catled ts.rpo,.e3r rhe prese]rt diy .jry oiXtx..
hadbeen donresnc.rtcd but ctiets ia.re arlllenorted wlr1l \Uid
,rrcient
rVrlct.plgs. d do$
irlan$. arir)Js, rnLl tish. Some
fo(v tirc hou\es coted wirh rh.uctr tairi over
Mor thr. zoo srorlge pns
pcrinjfted tli. r..trlrLrlation ol:graD, xD.t six kitns aD.t poftcN (heetj cDrbted thc
lioode. bexns proljded
honres to Ferhrps soo pcoplc.
prorlrc0on ofr,rr ious pors. r:ses, and dishes. manv Lt..orJlcd wirh geom.rrjc designs
r.d hlrnin .nd rnmal nrige\. A hrge .entut spi.e sqgesis rn arer for prbli. r.t;
qious or polii.ll r.tri.in: rrrrl a rrcnch srLrrcundng rtre vilage !)dicarcs
solrre conts
a,ui ctlorr to dcfcnd fie coununry:
Earlr rgrlcu)mui vllhgcs N.| rs L]rnyr rererl rrorlier fiaftir. ol thc rge oi
rsneulture an Gliosiori ofr..hnological rho!!tio1. Mobite pateotituc peoptes
hrd little $e for pois. bur sxch leslets B.F esletrriat tor setrted so.ietics. ard rh.ir
:.crtion arlt elxborxdor) r(comta.ied agriculture elaryalhere So roo did rhe \rN
ie ofrexriles, Did. fo\sib1c t)1 cottecring the fibcrs ofdorncsri.rred plarN ((orton
Revolution?
pARr 1
/
F Rsr
r!rNcs
F Rsr: BEc NN Ncs rN HrsroRY,
ro 5oo
B.c.E.
rnd ftL\,1o. exampl.) ind um.rls sur:],
as sheep. Ev;dence for thc inkntior of
loom of sever.rl kmds datcs brck to
7.ooo
]urs rgo,.tnd
textlles, somc clab-
h PcN,
Swnzerland, Clura, and Eglpt. LLke
agriculturc rtsclf, lcavnrg clerl,v scols
to be r technolog nr wlich womcrl
werc the plilnatr inDovrton. lt $xs a
tusk thrt $.1s .onlpatblc wrth child
omtelv dccorated, shoN up
rcrrug resporslbilltles, rvliicli
virtlL.nl-v
hunan societies aslgnt'd prnriartly tcr
nomcn. a Another rechnologr' associ
ated \1.Lrh t\c AgriculflLr.rl Rerolu.ron
lrs rnetallursi Thc vorking or golL1
ard (opper, then bNnzc, aDd. hre! iro.
bccame p3ft or thc jcwelr,r-, tool . and trapon mrkn€ skill ser ol hunuDkiDd. rhe
long"store age of liunrl te.h.ologicxl lirtory rvas conirrg to an enr1. and thc age
all
Pa e.lirh. era
b.yoid the Nea! ngoi
.L!th(asraeLt regardcd
a5 ronrei's irork t5liLL 5
Duringth.
and
I man,r pLa.ee, a5this Pi.
tur. tom an earLy luenly
irst.entur!.irtel
treaY
ig
ofmctals was beginnug.
A drrther ser oi tcchnoloeical .h.rucs, bcgin ng routcl 4ooo r.r:.t., ]!s beer
labeled dre'ler:ondrq' prc,iiucts rerolution."'J Tlicse tedrrologicrl imovatiors
nrolicd new uses li,r domesti.rted atimils,btaond tlieir me.n and hides. Agricrlnrnl
people !i parts of E!n!tc,,\ir, uLl Alrica learned to mrlk tleir rnimrls. to hanrst
their sool. and to elnich dic soil ivith tleir uanurc. Ercn more irrrponant, t\cy
lcarred ro ridc horses lnd camcls rxl rc litch v,rlous rnnuls to plorvs and crts.
B.(ruse these t]'pcs of rri rls did not erst m the Ariret].as. ihis r{oluiiorrr! nes'
oibportrrion irts ava rble otny n, dre Exstern HcnnspheE.
A lind feature ofcr|lv agrlcultural socictics la,v u their gto\1'nrg impa.t oD tle
en\rronmcrt,.rs lllrnriig ind herdlng peoples dclibcratcl) altercd the na uzL c.osvs
terr by r.molilg d1e .atural grorrd covet lor thelr ficlds, by nlLlurg use olinigr
tion ri)d b,r gmzug thelr nolr domestjc.fed rtimJs. In parts ofthe N'liddle Easr
fithD a thousand vcars .nler thc bcjlnii g ofsettled agrlcultunl liti, sone llllxgcs
mrc rb.rrdoned vhcn soil erosrn and de{orestatio. led to dc.linDg crop lields,
ivhich could not slrppon rrounl1ng poprlations. "' The idven. oi nore ;rtetsive
agriculrrre ssocirred lvrth cl$ bxscd civrlizatio[s ornl he]ghtcncd dis hurlin
n urce
rnpr.i
oflo$er
and
on tlie hndscapc
Social Variation
I
Comparison
What different kifds
societiesemerged
of
o!tof
(see
Clrrprer
l).
in the Age ofAgriculture
The resources ge,rented b! the Agri.ulrLLril Re\olution opetred ut usr neN posi
bjhies for the conlruction ofhuurr socierles, but thcr']cd to no si.gle or con
rron ourcome . DiBt]etces in tlie natur,rlenvirorme r. the encouDtcrwith slranses,
rrrd somcrincs deliber.rte choices gave rise to severJ dsfir.r kinds oisociexes erl,v
oD n the aee ofiqri.!1tut, r11 oiirliicli liarc cndured into rtrodem unes.
?:-r
'HAFiER,
/ |
rojo..
1,..
i 1..,o !.i
63
F.
Pastoral Sodcties
Orc
!$
.isr.]l
\jgl,ficance gr.r orr or Lte Lliliiren.. bcnker rh. .ion1c\ti
I(L
dr. doDr.{l.rtron of.r rnit\. Ma.1.\o.jdtes Du.Le use ofbor}r.
fldrti
brtxrrtsionsqherclr,lrrugnrdrtticlttor rpo\slbte_.ti.tuxlrr.so,rrcgrir$
l,! \ ird d.q.A-sonre p.ofte (ure ro d.pe,rd tjr rrorc erren.ivetr or rtitiL au
Lion
.1hon or
iLc
l
!1d
r:llv
th.
,A,, ,
(..
I
Lro,,
r!trrxlJ - Kro\!n is herdcr. l.rrdrtj\ls. or Iom.ts. \rlcti peoptc e|ltrse.t ni Ceurral
-{siir. rli. Arlbiu I,e,uNrh rhc SahrE. o.L Dr
}rlrts olcrstcm arJ soiuhcm Aliicr
\Vhrt rhei lrll h comrorr rvrs rrobrlir\,lirr drelrLol,.d leaso.rltv is rh$ 6Io\1rd
't'.,,-:t,.rl
r|e prfii.ulrr D,r),n. .er.al ro f.bnrnt e(o!o,rrlcj .liiiiicLt ti.orr rcgiori rrrr.uglr f;rm rg cft.n geL5
ft, r.Sr,). rh. donlcjrrclunr oi hor\er t1 +ooo !.cr. rLi thc trter rl,rcn.of llp Lr int I l s.Li..s !i
ttr. N.. lir. ier.Lur!.i t,e
' I
, .1,
i r
lleDtml A5ir L\ dt. tl,rlritt.rrriiln r.c.r Atrhonsh orgui,ert pr!r..il, i,,
k;,n,it .!r: ! npn.rt,l. th.,,
l,rscd.lII or trib.s. tlres.,)onu.l( reriodj.!I! .-"-t p-,",ii,t
",,tii.-._,rii_
p.r;er rin!p.::it 4 (r:h!
:utbrr'. whlch ;lled ,L rrqor rolc ir rtrc ht*orr.otErrrsir ibL rlousirrrts
orvcu. .a
!i'.rn5 ir.rr.;,1
lD r|e LD.r Asirn. Ar!biu, erLl Slham! des.rG. don.si.a.cLt
..uliets mr.1e por arl iM
!r r i f!i
.rble rhc hu,,,an o..uf.rio,, oiiorb dxrg enrr o,,mcnrs.
Thc gnstards so"; or bJniri a !! naile p.r! I e
:L. sitriri md u, p,fG oi e.brcD A6r.r nrpporled ."r,t. .."iie p"*u."t;,,r rle
,r.re at.,/.1.p. .e r rr
:bs.r'.c ot L3rrc i|nuli .rt.rbt. ofdonre*i.ario. ,r1. r riiir Io
lisrorrli..i.rje!
.i iir !
LfPi.ri|.:til?d
:.rergc.l if tii. Arreri.i\
r rr: Egrr..t ni.:n rg di
rhe retr0ornrip benr{n rou[.]ic trcrderj Dd rheir Jjrnurg neigtrboF hr!
ofAji! Eunsiu hsrolx Frequortt,r ,t ,,^ ."t.
.ecn ore oifie eulurnrg rtr.rre\
:,oDship oicortlicr.s frrorjt
:.:j
f.opte5 unrbtc to
r,!du.ts, \r.re rrrircred ro fie r<:lnr
sophrtication ot ugrti.ri) $.ierie\
tul \oughr .r...$ to rhcn. ri.h.r Srrz
rs l.urds rs rell as ficir tLul .r.tr Dd
r.rtruJr.rLrrd prc ucr. rhe biblical
rrl oithc Llelll rll-rl,\ belNe.-n tilo
.odr., J al r. r "riller ofrhe grurri.,,
ai Abel. r "ke(!.r oii..p
r.ite.ts
r; rrrcimt corilict. r hicl terlsred rel
::tr),roder. rrnes. B!r DoL ,Lll r?s.o1
.r-r Lr.nieen pNtorrl ar,1 rgrjcuttufi]
::oplcs.Ihc nore pcrcei:l crchrngc oI
.. hDol.gri. ide$. !F.t((5 i|d p.ople
:ros rhe ccologlcrl iio,rocr ottr!.orul
::J .rlrri.llrural so.i. .\ llso serrc.i to
::ri.h xrJ ro .|rDq. borh jides ID rI.
:rfrcrs ri r follo\i: .rrd .sfer ll nl
:i.r!r.r r: ve rill er.N.rer pisror.
pr
Lrce rtrcir
"
own 1gri.uthrnl
natr
ab!!t:t3. r l i.
rLnrrFE Lea.
:hE
i
rr
r,r
i,1o
b_LLrJ
lr G : .q !. rrr.!,.
r rii.r lrtc{rt tiLh rcighborug rgricultural ud
''rr\ilizrJ p.o!les iS.c \in!rl Sour. :.1. I So. for i F'k I L p'anm'g oi an err1,t
yr.i.rie5 rep.rreJh: Prrri.uLrl\
prsroftL
co,,,[uutr !]
rlrc Srhri!
)
iarbural l'illage Societies
Thc,ro* c|r crclrtic .rrl\' lgri.Ltlftrnl lr.ierici nere tho'e ot "trled !'ilhgcbrs(1 tirmcrs. such r\ rlio'e lilng tr BinPo or Jcri.h' Su(lr so'i'tie! r'ra!1e'l
nlch oithr cqurlin Ir.1 t:c.d. 1oigtrrlr.rug .l d hrnrrrg coDrrrurrric' rs tlu
Agt
An clrnpLc oithn o;e oi!.ii] onler.lt bc
rgrir:o1rurrl rilhge ir .outh.I1 furkn: A .,feii
i
r:p rr. r ,!ioe
ir.h.!.
;rtr,,rl sii,, _e_': ;
th.:. rl:h.er!rri:. i!
i J !, a . lil tt.i'! Ir..l
lh. ?:i\, arr.L :! i 'eltL:
a.
J
irlr i Fr:i:r
Pr-i
r::
to
nd
ii
ClrLilhLiviil
i \'n etll
oi drc site rcrcrltrl
a
'\'3ririoD
;r;ulrtuoisro,nrM!r:rdpcolle\hoLirlrrlrherrLlerJrrr'lerthcirloustsrrrLi
ihi,, lillcd rl,e hor'e, iLtl, .lirt LJ hik rcr Lrocs crr top,lrrer upoD Lver' -\o
sti.et\ .]ir .tl rh. l)ol6.s. r|ich \1.re ..brru.ted rJjrcerrt ro ore lnorLrer' Peoplc
rued $our Ll. \Llllg. ori r.lionurs rcotLrli. iion ri|ni dr. etr'rd tlr'ir
ho!1e\ D.spre Lh. prtren.c oauir sl'e.iiIz..l (rrtls. ti'1r rirrr oiDlrerlt'i \o'irl
h.qnrlrtr hili {td.r.cd. Nor I Lhcrc Jrr ndi'rrirni 'l u]' or timl' doruari'e'
rlrl1!!sh n1.t1 \er Dror. .l.\il\ rso(Ixte.l \rtrI1 LLLrrLmg riiLL nruLs rnd vrurer
rlrh p,h,rc nd rtricuhtc. IloLl mcn.rrrl vomer)l''oncllldei onc s'holrr' (oltld
iroDr rrrrklrg ({ns ro gr ilrd
clnr out r scrie ol rulc. uJ errlov r rrrge olpcutirn)s,
N
rnd Lire in
nrg giau Nd brkirg tu heaLlug I house|o1d iseeVrlrl Sourc'srAft
iLe haLl' Agmril,, [ri. Ff. -. r-;. t;r ]dlliidal rrrge' fLon: (llrihiiYiik lnd iin
orl,er .uhre.tLrrl Nd rrii\rl. .\lnisioD' oierrln ign.ulruFl settlerlcnts l
Nirn1' $cl rLlLge l.i'cJ lgD(ulil!'ilso.leries dourLhe'l tell ino tli' rrrod'rn
.F. u{rilh o,sini,nrg rhcrrfelics ur rernls oI kirrship groups or lirergcs \hich
in.orpln 1t.d hrge nr,r$crs ol pcoPle $ell bciord thc rrrnc'lirrt or cxrerrrle']
i.[riL1. Su.h peo|].' trr...1 thcir Llesccnt rhough err]rer rh' rrrrl' or dre l;nule lire
r.rl or rDrtli(.rl. lrr Dnn! Arii'lD $'ieti's t'r exrnde'
,., ,"i,," .,,,,,,,,,",,
",,."',,)r' th. lilrtre\rork $idrin \ih.h laig' rrlrnb'r\ otpcoPl'
r h,rergc sisLem irrrritJ
.ofld !rL. ,!rd cnrar.. rules, rurrrLrir orJer.:rr1 scttl. dsprtei rithonr Sotig nl
r.rr. lr short. Lhr lncrge;v*etn pcr
lirD,.d th. iiir.rions oI golcrtrrcnt.
I.ur \ithout tlie ftrnrrl lptrrr(r oi
Sor.crf,ii.nri r.(L du Llll tor req(]r.
kirgi o .1tr..rs. .iridl, or l.rDlrielr
oiil.irLs r!'o.irtcd nirh i s r. org.rrri,l
io1r. (S.. 1)o.un1.,rr:
-:.!!.:r rr
lir.
r Je\.rit tio) oiaDEartAtri..r rgri.ul
nrral rillagc rLrcictrl the Giku\11.) Th.'
org]rizid clot ro
r nxlliori feopLc n, tlrl, tishlm rt dic eril
.l rh. nirrer..nth.e,ilurrTLlelrs ii' .r
,\1tenr n \hi.h pole, sr. .lrpersc'i
Iii oir:ert[l\igeLir
',lt
t,
caepr:n: / nnsr
rd1:ge
renr,rrRs: rHE REVoLUT oNs oF AoR curruRE, 1o,ooo a...E. looo
!.r
65
t|roushout the societv rarhcr than being corcenrralelt i,r Farticular teople or ins.r
tutioD\. Lr l.a.t, .Lre Tiv hrd Do {o1d hr "pol1!i$:i .* a separarc Npeff of lf. i-or
drerc rvas no statc that ge.hlire{t rr !olitl(rl nrfters.
Dcspitc their denro.nri. quilities aDd the al:se[cc of cenrraliTed a!$oriry
vrlagc bascd hrerge so.ietles s(nDeriDres dercloped modcsr so.ial rnd ecoroDric
nreqmlities. Elllel\ could etrirloit the labor oi unior rncnibers ot:t]re coDxnuDiN ard
soug|r tI :ularl! to controi ivonen's rcprodu.tivc po(€rs, whicLr wcrc .senrirl
for the grouth olthe hreage. Anong drc Igbo ofsoudre Njgerir,"ridc societies"
e,,abled Dren aDd soncn of malch rnd .hxrx..e. ro e.rn, i serics of trrcrex\n,glv
prestigrols "tidcs" that s.t them itxrt 6()rr otler nerrrbers of thc; .om|rrtrit\,,
rlthough thcsc honor cotrld ror be j,rlerired l-n)erges rlso souqht ro expirrd drerr
nunrbers, md he.ce drej, pre\tige md power, bv incorporirxrg $ar .rpti\ts or
nigrrlrs r mbordirxte fosiriors. souetimes rs shrcs.
MiN igrl.ultftrl $.ietie\, ji Aliicr ud .lselrlicrc, coDdu.ted drer rE-aus ldrh
our fomral cerfalj,ed siues or tirll time Nlcrs, cvcn lrhen riey werc r\1trc olttese
irstirrloons ard pra.ti.er froDr nca$,v pcoplcs. Givcn rhe areque,ll oppr.$ir€re\s of
.rginj,eLl politicrl power in human hntoLl. such extefunerti \rnh \rxreless sooe
:is rr:prelent 3n jnt.i$ring rftcnari\.. to strres, klngdonrs,rnd empnes,so ntquend,v
aghljg]rted j. the histoical rccord.These agr icrLltur.rl rlLlage sociccies prrrreercd rhc
ru.ra,r settleDletrr olvr{ ar.as: rdrpied ro x !.rriet,- .)f e, rvircrxncnLs i .i eued tru1cr
:rs culturl. artistic, and rcligious mdidons j nrrcrporllted new cropi. irrtiturioB. atrd
r:ople into rhcir culturs;Dd trrierr.red .o,rir)Lursl) with thcir.eighbo,\.
ChieJdonLs
othff
phces, agfidLkural i i11age socictrcs crmc to bc orginjzed
polirrcrlv
xs
.hlel-
: N, jr lrhlch i,rle,lted positio$ ofpor€r md prlljlese j,)rrod!c.d x rbre dL
:::t elerre,rt ofrLeqralin', but u ikc larcr "kirgsf'cljets coukl scldo r use tur(e
: :crrpel the obcdicncc ofihctr mbjecr\.lr)sreid thel rclied on dreir gererosiq or
::: giving. thcir rituxl {1116. or dreir Fers.,ll chrri$a to posmde their follo\1.
Ihc .arliesr u.h .|ietilorrrs serni to liar.c cmcrgcd nr dreTjgris :uphra..s riler
.:! .xlled Mesoporrru (prcseDt diy lraq), sonlcome iller 6]:11rlr !..r.r., \rhen
, ::le trjesls orgi,rizedir]grt]ons,vs..nn ai1d.o!bolled rrrde wrthDcxrb}.socjetje\.
\larv drieiilonis lillolrd in all pans ol dre rvorlrt, arrd the mo
: beer uuch studicd br rndxlpolognts. (See Do.rnr)e,rt5 r. r, pp.68 7r.rnd r.3,
: : 75.lir cramplcs oichieirlonx rr Elnlpe ind the Caribb.rn.) toi exan+ne,
.:.lonr cmcrgcd cverrv|ere n dre P.r.jfc rsluds. wlx.h had beer colonizcd
Pol,vresiarr peoples. ChieA uurlly dcrivcd 6!D tr se.i.,.lniergc irac
-ricu1mn1
::.ir
:
descei)t to fie fi.ir scD ofu uDrgDcd anccsior.Yridr borh rcligious tr.d
.rr 1in.oo.\, driels 1ed Dlportant rnuals iDd ccrcnio.ies. orguized drc conmu- ir Narlar e, dite{:ted ir\ economc liti, and sought o rerlve int.rml .onfljcls.
:. .ol..re.t tribute +on conuoncrs o rhe io r oj:tood, Duuia.nred soods
r :rr D[teri.rs.Thcse ircnN in turD \lere !€1]trtribured ro ivrrriors, cnfiylcn,
- ::is speci.nis$, rrd otlicr sxbo niates. \r.|i]e rhe .hicfkcpt cnoue| to rminrarr
I
Comparison
Howdidchiefdomsdiffer
from statetess agrlcultural
prnr r / r nsr
rr
N
P.:r.ilrEr. r ar irtst'!
igrnr
Pi
rLrrr rh elNorr
rr
Lr
l
sroRY,
ro 50. a.i:.:
rE..ns!u.tion, arh.Ia iier_Sl
ir.!r. n.. i:
Loun.[1ss.ur){i'rh..enrer.fai i]rortix
5.. ahi r_rlord:ld
L.!r ( lotrirrnill
hs pEsogious foslti.D rrd hn lrlposn1g lilist,!i..'" L) Nordr Anl.rica as \e11. !
rmLhble series oichienlrrs e dgcd u thr crsteru v,odhn.ls, irhcrc aD erte,tsiie rrrr.ofl,rrse errtircn nro!.ds tesriR. to thc orgrniTrtio,rxl .afa.in .rithe5e e.lrl\
socicocs The l.fge* oidierr,trorm as (}liokia, doui+r ed aLond lIoo ci J. t.h
igri.uklral .lrietdo$ bo$ 3rclent arld nore rc(e,,t dre distil.tior ben\€en
elue :rr1 coniuorer. bascJ dr birth r.ih.r rliaD age or .L.Iielemenr. bcgatr to tike
rcot lr \1as r iteil,l turn n rhe ogrrrizrrlor of humn \o.ieties on. tlut NA
rpli.rred..libo red. rnd asrnierl to be nrural u al11at.r \rare\ rnd.i'i1izrtlor1s.
t
'*:4'
Il.eflections: The I.,egacie s of Agriculturc
n r pr,l:rictd ururrd the ivorld rnd hi\ rclrie\ed 'irtuil1,, !tiirersll
.r..etrin... rg c!k!re. or rlonesticltru, m.l sccni to b. r rrrturxl or inclitrble
tir[rre oIt]ic hunN sLor\r ID rcDr! oI$ol,l histo11, hos.cver. rt is ,r recent rlcvel
Ile..usc
opDicur, ,rrr
Yiho.aD
:rlptatior to thc un4rc (ondLno.s of dr.' Lafus Dter.glitcirl pcriod.
loDg t]rose condrtions Nill h* or (h.rhcr rgri.LLltue \1ould
s,1) ho\1.
, l,\,
or i..
No niatter how it tLuB oLtr h thc !.ry long nrr,dLltnrg d1. hst Io,ooo
"$rs
rIe AgricultlriLl Re\oluron lras,lldi.Jh tmnslrD1e(l botlr the or-it'.toN oidre hllnD
lo,rrev rn.l rhe eroLLtion oflitt or tlre phner.Ths c!i. t].Lnsiornudon gmltcd to ote
sfe.je\. H., r. J,ti.,j. r Sro\lDg po\\'cr oler rn\.' othcr spc.ies of Plrn rs rnd auni.tls
Agr(trltfe nnd. possible m in.r.rse n) hlnrrrn run$.rs &r bqo,)d w|xt a $drcrnu
a[d hu,,tnre econor,v cotrld supr.]rt ,unl rt e,riibled hunun L.engs to L:orrrol and
nrD4rhte hoth pl.nts rrrl:Mna1s tir tlicrr our pLuposes irr morc tlia[ ever beiore
Blt it rqll.ulturc proljLlert hununhnd iritli tlc power o doDinate Dinre, jt
rl.o. uicrcrsirrglr: enabled roNe peoplc to donuutc othen.-fhir ms not irxnedi
rte1,v rpprrent, oid lilr sckrrl d)n,!rnd leirs,:nd much hrger n sc,nre phccs.
rgricukural vrllg"-s terrnrcd nuch ot
$e 5o.ial eqlnlin tlut ]r]d chrnctetizeJ
(HAPTER
'
/
FIRST
FARME
OF A6RI'ULTURE, 1OlOOO B.C,E. 3OOO B.C,E.
Paleoll]ri. lfc. Slolvly: rhough, nunv of ttre rcsour.es rctcased bl rhe Agri.utrlr l
RoolutioD ac.u|)uhred i. lhe hands otr ta\i. Rich aDd poor, chicli .rDd .o.nn.,l
cs, hndoFners lrrrl depe,)denr peasa s, mlers al1d sublects. donrjmnr nren and
mbo irutc (omer, s1,,es and lree pcoptc these dis r.riorls, so coDxnor in .he
of$brld
record
,,.
lisror,\'. rook drape nost
,,i -. 1,. r(,.,,d
cxte|strtv in htgtrty produ.ri!e .*ricul
p thr.,..r,it-.
"1...r,r <,n.,
re a nixjo. iiarLLre ofthose
socicries tDon ro us as 'ci\.itiz.rdoB..
elabontior ofsuch Ltrstindiotrs. lbr betrcr or worse,trc.:r
distincti!.e irgricukul..ll
.!..-., r, J J'h.rrql-',t.
,'/hat's the Significan.e?
l.eAge
'r'oddspectr!ndiet"
':1i€ Cres.ent
:rsi.te
r "usion
:14 orthe last
:
B.ntu migr.tior
peoplesofA!siratia
eatalhiiy!k
Binpo
!Edr..lnmJ rs.ominrve
.5e.ondaryproa!.is
reloLlrlrn..
g PlrtLtre Questjons
The
Agri.uLtulal Revo[t on markea
.
dec sive turn ng po nt
]r human h siory Wh.t
:riden.e mightyo!offertosrpp.(thGcta m. aid how
r!!\,
d d early
:isctt
agr.!lt!Ialso.ier.s
d trer from Lhose
m Shryou argueaga rnit?
ofthe patco iihic ent H or.r'.toos itre exarrpte
ed gatheri.g and hunt rS peoptes
su.h.srhe ah!mish crrmptc.te ihts.omparisof?
,,3s iheAgr.LrlhrralRevolLrron iievttab tc? Why d id it o..ui so tate n the sron/ofhumank ndl
- ieAgricult! a Revolut on prov
:r evaluat. th s narencftl
:,:
des cv dence
for'progre5t
n hurnirn affd
rs...Hor!wout.l
Steps: For Further Study
::::.:hWayLanf B.
:
:-e.
n
ber. Wo nte. s Work: Ihe ti5t 2a,aaa Ierrs 0994) trptoresth€ rote of
earlyte.hfological developm.nt. p;ri.LrtarLyierij e miktrg
uion,.orsidered of
a
glob.lbasis
, .:,har' tohen. IrdfuodarsE nl pph5tary igTi Ai ol.lerwork
-:r populai on tr ggered th€ broikrhrough to agr.utture.
a€Lljngrhat mounr
!ire!,1i
a{d I
o
r
.hrp 0. sr! Make H rtory
lr.dr! dstna i!.om/5t ayrr
.:eLuoorl,friFrrr€rs(2oo5l.Arc.eni.ndLlptodaleacco!.toftheAsri.uttlrraL
:..:
a.ruhb
it
::,.mond 6!n5 6ent andSieet(r99, Aprolocativeand mLrch plb .iu€derpanaron
: ::.na €conom. d fferen.es, based on varaions ii.rongearty agr.uttuirtrevo ut on5
: '. nen.Aftetthe lce: AGlobalHunan Histoty,2a,oaa 5.)oo s.:.l.aod An m.gnatv€
. :'.iorld!trheo oglc!LsiesduringtheAgr(utt!nL Revoturion.
-.:-:.s.rh.Hal..ene.ArEtvircnnertatHEturylt998) Exptor.sthercteoi.Limal..hanse
: --an a.t v ty ii shap ng the gtob;Lenv ronment dur ng rhe age ofagi.!Li!re
-: :- iulaLRevo ution,' hup://www.$su
ea'n mod! e5/top .grev/as -"! ndcr
_ I ,,r.b bi5ed nrto alfrom Washingroned!/CCredl
State |. versily.
THREE
CHAPTER
t::,
/-,
I rrst L
,1 ,
rvrlrzatrons
Cities, States, and tJnequal Societies
35OO B. C. E.-5 OO
iorneth rg New: The Efiergen.o ol
alvitations
itroi]!c]ng tlre
Flrst
tiv
Liznuons
Thc Q!e5l on ofOrigin5
Ai Llrban Revolution
civrlizatronl"'So gc,es anadrcrtrscmcnt lbr r r"rcition inUtih\
almvonhnds Ni ,ril Pirk. one ofrlousarcLs o1 sinrlhr itterDt\ to
lllre trpprentl! .oDstfuii.d. b.lelgu.reLl. Dd ".nili7ed" .itliwellec
nrto dre stacious fr..d.nr ol rhe \!ild rnt the nraci,red suriplicrrv of
ea,lie, res. fhn urge to es.rpe no,r L:nilizatiorr"has lorrs been
i .e,)tr.rl lexrure nr nroderD llfe. It n i D:rjor drenre i. Nli, k Tw.rnrl!
fanrous roiel th. Atb.ttrtt\ ol HukL(btrry rn,r, nr s,]ri(h dre rcstless
and rebellious Hnr:t tr:sist\.nl e$o! B to"\jyrl1zc"hirr bv llecuig to thc
liccdom o{lili on dre nver.lt is r largc prr oi r\c "corvbo " magc n
illerar.hie5ofGe.der
Pirtrar.hy n Pr..i.e
or.rd aoilErrt
Wrltirg.nd A..o! rt ng
aoerc
TheCr.nde!rofKng!
a
aid Egypi
Amcrican eulmre,andrt perneatcs crriromcntalist clibrts to lrotcct
Envlronml]it ana tullLre
nter..uon rna Er.hnnge
viL zation": Whai's
r.fledions: "I
:.is
de ing lhe
Ev
d€nce
lo.umeits: L te and Alt. ltc
Ilesop.trm a rnd Egypl
rnral50!r.es ndrsV!llev
tiv Lizatioi
"Over roo niles ol {ll.ler.e\s, .leet e\tlo..ujori j,rio p.j\ti,re
1 ids, dre soliturle oi b.tr:t.ou,rn r. crlpnrij. .+x.i treils. rml rrroeft
Am.rican lndiar tuck rrt rxl nrirr.You cani firri r bcncr rvrv to
cscapc
-h. Eroslof oftquallty
cmparing Nlesopotanr
B. C. E.
in
the rcm.nrnrg lrildcllcs arcas ofdrc courtrl: Nor hrs fis rnpulse
bee. hnired b modoD $.i.ti.s md dre\{''esreir \rorld l |. i,r.ierl
C|nrese ter.hers ofDaoiln lil<e\lse trtged dreir nrlower! to ibrrdon th. srructuted ind derr,i,)dn)g \orld ol!rlrrn irxl cmlized lrti
and to uurerse themselves in the eternal prttcrns of tlic namml
order.It n r strangc paradox tltt \1.c couni thc .r.irior of.il.iliza
tjor Irong th. malor ichicvcnicrts ollLunrnkmd tr.d 1et people
\lirlin fiese .irilizxibns hrve oirer urght to escrpe rhe .o sl]rrts,
.rtificiiljr\,, |lerarchies, xid othet dncojrterts .f.ity liv!jg
rNs that
such
rnrbirlcnt
rcspronses
hrlr genentcd
rmong thcir nrhabitrnrs? WhcD, s.hcrc,
Raherka and Mersankhr Wrlting $as among the deinlng fe.tLrres of.iv lization5 alnost even/r,here. n ar.ient
:t!:ruai.lvilrallon, the 5.ribes who possessed this sk llerjoyed both so.,rlpie5tge and pol u.rl ifllLren.e This
':'rous narue eho!,/s Raherka, ihe.h efofthe scr bes dur ig Eg./pt's Ffth Llyi.5t! labort 2l5o rr.EJ, r.n affe.
'.rateDo5e!.]Ihhi5w]fe'|.'1elsankhiRi!lo]l..:t.l!5;::Nno
a6
PARr 1
/
FrRsr
rH'NGs
NH
sroRy,
ro 5oo 8...E.
xnd hov d thev liNr rrrc in humrn h tory?\I4rat ctarges did rhcr bftrg to the
people rvho likd rithin thcm?Whv rrright sonc people .rlricize or seek to esc.rpe
ilour tlen?Tlicsc arc dic $sues rddi:ssed D rhn .hapter.
As hrtorians conimorly rse the tern, ciyilizetio,i repr.scDrs r .er .lrd prrtic
ular rypc of humrn so.ie$,, rnde Fossibl. br $e inucnsc predurrivity of thc
Agricultural Re\-ohtlo11 SLdr societlcs cnconprssed far lrrger populutions rhar
any carlicr fbmr of hLrrr.r) .olDNniry and for the flrst rime con.e.unted sonc of
tliose people nr sizrble cities, uun$cmg !) the maD). re,s oftlousu s.In these
cities.people werc orgaDzcd and conrolled by poiverful *etes whosc lcadcrs could
use lorce to compcl obcdicD.c. P$tou,rd ditrcrcnces in e.oroDc fLrn.rion. skill.
rveJdr, and stanx sharplv di\. ed $e Feodc oiclvili,rtio$, mrLing rhe r ln less
eqral, rnd subjccr ro nruch gieiter oFFrc$ior, tlar hrd bccn tlre care rr earlier
rgricultural villages. pasroral societies, and chierilous. Pyramlds. terples. palaccs,
ehboratc sculpmres. rvritten literamrc, conrplex calendars. as rvell rs ctas, s1*cr1,,
prtriNcl\ r.d laree-scaie rvrdrrc rtl ol these kr.e beerr rmong rhc culturat
products of civilization.
Li
civ;lz
No
Somerhing New: The Emergcnce of Civilizarions
I
Change
When and where did the
Llke agri.Lllnui, civfization \ris I glob.rl lheDonlenor, sirNing up iicteper)dently
jn sia ,nrior lo.rtions s.rtiered arou,)d the Eorld dutiW tli. scvcml nrilleLir after
ljoo B.c.r. aDd ir a numher olother ulallcr expressioE as vell hee Mup l.r.Ar
the trnc, thcse brexktlrougls to a Delv s,ry oflile rverc uull islrrrds oiunovarron
in a sca ofp.ople liviisnr rrru:h oldcr *,a1s.In the long rur ollulm hstory how
.'vcr, .i\.ilizatiors gr.durlv absorbcd, orcr3n. or dsph.ect peopte irracricing odrer
\ra,vs of llv g Over tlie r.1t j.ooo _\rirx. .ivilizarion. .$ .r uDllrc kiDd ol]rl1nun
comntLnityl gnduall,v cncompased erer]rgcr nunrbel1 ofircoptc aid e\te ded over
e\er lrgcr tcrritori.s. elen rs pnticulu civilizrrlor)s rosc,lcll, r.vtred..tDd ctrngcd.
Inb'oducing the Ffut Civilizations
The errliest ofthese civrlizarioDs r-mergect around jroo B.c.r. to jooo !.(j.1. ;r rhree
places. Ole was e ".mdlc ' oiMicldle Erstern civill,atio . exprescd nr dre n.rn)
rrd.on+etrry cit). stares olSu er iu southcrn MesoForrnxr (locited in presenr
day Iriq). Much srudled bv archeolog*ts and hi\torians, Sunieritr. civilizrrior galc
risc to thc vorld! e.r iest rvr tten hnguage. rvlich \ns used nririxll), by o*icials to
rccord the goor:ls rc.eiyed bv vrrious ternples. AJnosr slnrult.r.eousl]i, rhc Nile
Riu vxlle,v ii rortheaster. Afiica lvimesled fie emcrgen.e of Egypran .iviliza
tion, ixmotr! lbr lts Fharrohs ud pvranrid!. as \![ as x separ]te civilz.ridr knoNn
as Nubla. farther south along tirc Ni1e. U ilc rhe cir_v strtes ofSu,re.. Egyprial
cililizrror took shap. as a unilled territorial srare i) which ciries were ndler lcs
pronrlne.t. Latcr iI rhis chaptet rve rill crplore t]resc rNo First Civrtizarions in
Charin,
t\
Unlikc
(HAPTER 3
sLi11,
ls
uged.
i.irL\ !o
\il.
orilu:
he
/
FIRST
'IVILIZAlIONSI
TITIES, SIATEs. AND UNEQUAL SOCJEIIES. 1
Less rell krown Dd o"ly recendy investrgatcd by lc]rohA $?s a thnd cad!
civilizirion tlirt was dcrclopirg .rol1g Lhc ccnoll coasr of Pcru rioni rcughty
.looo B.c.!. ro r8oo B..i.1.. xt ibout rhc sarne time .$ dre cililizarior)s of ES.pr a|d
Suner.Ihs desot rcgion rtceiied rcn ljttlc runhll,but it w?s puncrmred bv dozens
ofrivers thrt brought dre snorvnielt ofrhe rdjrcent tu1des MorLrh;ns ro rhe pictrc
Ocean.Along. thirt\, mile srerch oithrr coast arrd in ihc nexrby j.terior, x sedes of
sorrc t\r.n$-fi\r u$J]] centeE cErnged nr rn uea Inosd .J Norrc Cht.o, the
largcsr ofrvhlcl wa\ Caral, !t rh. Supe Rlver vJler ID Norte Ctinco, trrcheotogisrs
ha\e aottrrd rorlunertal architect$e ir the Iorn olcarrhen phdbrn nro$rds, orc
ol t]ren easxrDg 6., feet tall rnd 5oo Lcr 1ong. as rell xs largc publiL: ceremonirl
sfiucturcs, stoDc buildings ritl rr:sidenrial aprrbnerts. ,irrd othcr sig ofulban 1ile.
Nortc Clii.o N$ a di*in.rire.i1- izatun in nr.]ny \r\s.Irs c;ties werc smxller
than thosc ofMesopotarrrir and shoir 1es elider)ce ofecononilc specializarior. l he
ecoromy ms based to er unusral d.grce or .rn extrencl,! rich fishnu xrdurt! in
rnchoincs &d sxrdn)es aloru thc corsr.These irems apparenth \yerc cxcharged for
.ottor1, cs..t;xl lor fisling rlcts, ,s \\'ell food .rops such rs squash. be3ns. aDd
gruala. xll of\vhich werc groslr by i,nand pcoplc nr rhe river vele,!\ uirlg nrlg.ln.D xgri.ulture UDIike Eglpr rnd N4esoporar r, Peruli.tli (ildizarioi dxl rlor rest
upon gnnrbucd f)rnungj rhe people ofNorte Chico dl(t nor derelop potterl or
\rrltlrgi .rrd lirv sculpnues, carviDgs, or drarv0gs hr\c bccn u".overcd so ta..
\r.heoloejs$ have, liorer.er. louDd a 5.ooo year old ,7,,r, (a sertes of knotred
.otds. hter uscd cxtensllelv by rli. In.x 6r ac.ountjng purposes), Nhich $ e
i.nolm halc suggested m.r,r, liat beer 3,r Jternari\.c lirnr of s,.ittq
Furthermorc. rle .ities of Nortc Chico l.rcked defensnc \{rlls, :rnd archeotosrts
:r.rve dis.ovoed litde evidencc ofsxfare. sLlch as burrcd buildings and
'nutitrrcd
]ryscs. Ii mr Jso an rnuually \elln:onmincd cili1izrtio,r. Whcreas Eg}pr
and
\lesopotx rii had lorlg inicrx.red with er.h orhcr, the only import fion thc outii. \\oid eviderlt in Norte C|ico, or in Andeen ci\iljzrnon sener irt\: Bis nrrize
:onr), whicli sxs derlred ultinutcly 6om Meso:rrerica, rhough s,ithour direcr
:Lrn!.t(t bctm.n rhe tuo rgioDs. Norie Cllco rpparend,v "llghted a culru l firc" in
:reArdcs rnd e*.rblished a parron ior tle urury,Ard can . li2rtlo rhxt fotto$.ed
ahrlin, Modre. Nlrzca, and. mucl l.uer. the lnca.'
Sor)reshat latel rhJ.e xddirionrl FiNt Civilizrrio \ rnxde rhcir rppearancc. I1l
:r. llrdus and Sara*rxrr rlver vrlevs oI$.lur is noN PJ<istaD. a rcoD.keble ciyili,.r:u arose during dre t]rird nxleDnnun B.(:.r. Bv .rooo r.c.r.. it enlra.cd I far
-:ger arca rhar Mesopotulir, Iwpq or .oirrrl PeN rd iras exprcsscd prlnr.rrrlv
:: it5 claborxtelv plar)ried citics. All a.,oss this huge arca, ibout twicc rhe size oI
iras, .onmrorr patterns prcrailed: st.rrdrrdized etights. reasLrres. xrchitect!ral
r lis, even rhe size ofbricks. As elsevhere, irrigatcd agri.ul[rre t]rclided the eco
:ruc fornrdation Ior th. .i\.ill,nior1, rnd a \rriften hngurge. rhu! tjlr uDdccF
r.ircd, provldes evxlercc oar lirer e clkurc.
Unlike its Middlc Ea{em counterprrrs, rhe I Ddus VjIey .ivillzatior apparer)tlv
..rcrated no palaces, tcnrples. ehbontc gra\.es,li,res. or \,?rrjor d.sscs.In short.
a7
PART
1/T
RST
TFIN65 F RST: SEG NN NGS N H STORY. TO 5OO B,',E'
rhe aLhcologicrl cvxlence Provides li.de indi.ation ofr folni..l lierarchl or 'e!tralized (xre.This absence of eviden.e hrs sent s.holars scruiblDg to provide ar
c\rla,niioD for the obvious specializrrion, coordlnarion. rnd complcxitv that the
IndrsV.nlev civiliz.irion cr|ibitcd.A series oisull rcpublics, le b-v pries$,3n e'rry
form of the .asre systcn-a11 ol these hilt been sugg.sted ,$ alrernaoie rnech
r isr ofhrcgrnio !r this tirst Soudr Arirn civrllzation. Aithough no one knoss
lbr mrc, rhe possibrlit,v that tIe IndusValley niav hale loused a sophisticatcd civiliza
tior \\'rthout a corresponding st3te his elcited dic imgnradorl ofs.lrolxrs' (SeeVnual
Soures: Indus Vxllc,! Clivilizrdon, tp. 1j}6 31.)
Whrt.vcr its organjzatioD, the local environmemel nrpecr ofthe lrdusValJev
civ iz.uion, as rr nranv others, tas hetrq' ard evenmallv urrdermned rts ecological
fouDdrtions. Repeired irrigirior inoeNed .,\c .nroum ofsalt ir tlic soil rnd lorv
ercd crop vicllt.The nakjns ofDud brlcks, dried in orcns, requ;red an ertormous
rniount ofsood lor fucl. gerefitn1g l.rge scalc detlrelttrtion rnd soil erosior' As a
result,these mrguficenr crties $€r. rbandoned bv about rToo r.c.r. .t1rd largelv lor
gotren there;ilter. Nonethclcss, rrn-v lcaturcs ofihis cury .ivilizxtioD-cerenlonial
b.rth ig, ntu.n burnng.rogi positions.b![s ]trd elephuts as rellgious svDlbols.sh'les
ofcloihing rrdjeilclry coD$rued to rolrAh the htcr.la\sical civilizrtion offie
lndun slbcorrili.nt arrd in fa(t perisr i o the pr€sent.r
Thc errlv clvilizrtior oI Chnra. dattug ro pernrps i:2oo r'(:.t.. !'rs very difer-
.r' t,..,.
',
ur
U .' -,11i'.'-e
r lJ'r\J(\,,,'r..
ihc &ys ofthe xia dvriasrv (2roo
1766
!.c.r'), $l1osc
""'rtlorl
lcgeodtrrv mo)rrch Y/u
organlzed f,ood conrrol pro.je.ts thrt'inas.ercd the waten and nrade diem to flor
in grerr channels." subsequent d)li.tsties thc Slrrrg (1766 rr22 B'(r'!') Dd d1c
Zhou (rr,2 :16 B.c.E.) subrtrlti \ enl,rrged the Cllinesc state, etectcd lavish
ronrbs lor their rulers. rod Lruried dlousrldr ofhuuan saoiiicirl victutts to accorr
rhcrn n) the s'orld .o cone. Bv thc Zhou dyntrsq! I distiictivc Chjrese po[tical lcieolosJ h.rd emcrged. fcaturi.g I ruler, krrorvn as the SoD ofHeave 'Tlir
monarch scrved as in iDtenn.diary betvecn he.rver rnd crdr rnd ruled bv the
Mrndme ofHerveD onlv so lorg rs he govemed rvith benevolcnce xnd manltailred
socirl harmonv arnotrg hs people.An eaiy form ofu'ritten Chinese has bccn dis
covered on rumcrous oucle bores,i'lich \ete nitcDded to prcdicr dle luture xrd
plry
Chirr'! rulc ilr tlie ta\t ofgoltrnjng. alhircse civilizition, mot thrn r!r-!
other, hrs cxperienccd ar nnpressi\e cultunl continuih liorir its cadiest exprcssion
iflro nrod.m times.
A fi.al First Civllizatio., krovrl r! th. o1ne. look shape .rround rzoo u'c'r'
Jong rhe co$t of the Cirli of Merico nerr pftsent-dav Veitcr lrz nr southern
Mexico. tsale{l on an rgric lnul ecorroo,v of mrize, beans. and squash, Oluec
cities aDSe ft)m r seies ofconrpcting chieldoms and beca e ceremdial cenrer
illled s,ltll elaboratel-v d.corated tenples, Jt.rrs. pyramds, rrd rombs olrulen'The
to
assist
nrost fanous xrtistic legrc,v o{ the Olniecs h,"'
he.rcis.
mr-v s.eL1
or
ir
some seienreen colos,rl basrlt
ore. Rcccnt discoveries suggest drat dre Ohecs
lxnguage iD theA rericis by rbout 9oo B.c.r'
lirst
vrifteii
have oeared dle
litrghin S 6\.crty tons
CHAPTER
J/
srarEs! AND UNEQLjAL soctErtES, l5oo 8...E. 5oo 8,.,E.
FIRST CIvILIz
Sonic Dcs regirded .r\ tle 'irother
cililizxdon oa Mesoa rerr(.':r, Oln1e.
.ulturrl pxtterns-uouDd buildhg,
ardstjc *)les, urLran |rlanrxng, r g.n1e
sith r rubber bal1. riru strcri
fice, ud bloodicttngbv rules spread
sidch throrghout thc rcgion trnd iluph,ved
cnccd rbscqucnr civiliz.tions, slrch
the
rologicrl
lncl Teoti]r LL.r.ri, r.
Be,\ond these six Fint Civilizadorr,
other srirller .iviluations also Hour
ished. Lying soutli ofEgr N nr rh. Nile
VaIe! NuL.irD eii rlizarion Nrs clerrl,v
distinctive Ll udcpcndcnt of
'geh i'rr
xs
Mr..
irs
uortheLn ncighbor, rl.hotrSh Nubj3
rts im-olvcd h a long rnd olter con
Th 5
b!nTerigcr,.reated around
n.o
Br
r,
iGtrates ah
ier-"5t i ii oorUngvith
tcntiorE rclationship vr]r Es\pt. Like
i.is. in Cliia. a large crt,v k[own as between heaven and thc huma yr.nd (l:.rgr P oy rriaLMHrm
Sanxingdui. rich ln bronze s(ulpturs
aDd n1u.h eke.fole sepantel) blr rt ihc sam. tinle N the,Iore \a.11 knov| ShaDs
dvnasn. As a
r r
Nir.hargi\, tlaL
eu r,.rv of living and a nc.rv fonn oi h u r3. socieq_i .ivilizrri oi wr s
toiitrd .nconrprsl.g xlnolt rll of liununkfd b! dre
begnrnjng jts lorrg marcli
The Question o;f Origins
is "Ho\r did ir get I Chanse
of.rU knxls archcologsts, rnthropologists, sociologisrs, and Whataccountsrnrrhe
htrtoria.\-hare been argug rbour rhe orl$i,\.f Lr\rllzJtroo t^r: rcrr l,ns initiaLbreakthroughs
trnie, ivith no cnd in sight.+Amid xll theconrro\ers\.!tri rhnrs \eer \r.i\,nrbl; t0'ivllizatinr,
ilear: cirilizations hrd their roots in the Agricultural RcvolLrrlor. That is rhc rea
jon dlcy ippered so lrte in the humrn storr for only m agrlculturat teclinologl,
ptmitted huu:r comrlunjrie\ rc producc Nllicicnt urplus ro support large popularlons md die spe.i.rli,ed or.lric nnrorirics who dld rot dreNch.cs prodll.e
nod. Furdremrore,.I ofthe First Civilizailons erlerged fiorn eadrcr and coftrper
i,g chie onB, xl s.11ich sornc soci,il ra.kj,,g ,rnd e.oDonnc specirliz.rdoD hrd
rlr.a& dev.lopcd. Ii {is i gndnel i,rd e\olutiorlN proccs. Horvever, not al1
.gricu1turxl so.ieties or chieldo s de\eloFed Dto .ivilizrtions. so sornerhing clse
rrr har.c been l.!oh'ed. It is the serrch iar tlxs "sonlcthing ehe" firt has pro
.okcd such great debate arrorg scholars.
Somc scholrs hxle e,rph.rsized the nccd ro orgarize lerqe s. c irr;garjor)
:dccts as , stintrlus tur the errliest civrlizaiions. bu r lr:heolog $ hr\.e f;urd thrr
:r. n1or. conrtle\ $,xter (ontrol s,vstcnr appexred long itler strtcs r.L] cl\llizario$
Thc firsr question rhxt hjstorirns rsk rbout atmosr ckr,vthi|g
r!eD.Il$
ed b! the
itrrted?
'
Scholars
91
92
p^ar
1
/
F
Rsr
rts
NN NGs rN H sroRY.
ro 5oo rr''
E'
hrd alread,t beer cs blishcd oihcn larc srggested ihar po(ediLl stitcs $'erc
iig
ureful rr protcctug the ptnrleges of ihoted grotrps'Wart-ri€ rnd trade have
!rc1] in still otlic, explaretiou fot thc rise ofcivrljatiorr'Anthropolosnt Roberr
Crrn.iro .onlbned sc\cr.n oftLere factors ir r thoughtftl rpproacli ro drc ques
tidr.j I I. rrgucd thr. i gr(trvhg derrsiq' otPopulrtio). pmduciflg nore congcsred
rr
aml ompetitlvc so.i.rics, $'rs I tundxDeDt.tl niotor of clunge. and especia v
d'sc s
arcas rrhcrc rich rgrnrncural land rves limrtcd eidlcr b,v geognlrv (occrns'
nrcenti'es
Su'h
seltings
societres
t'ovid'd
roxn x) or tN powerful conlpciins
tirr innorations. sLt.h rs irrigatiot or !los rlut could produce more food'becruse
(ircu1
opfortur)iti.s for turitorirl e\prnsoD !!erc rot rcidilv iilil]lrle But
,i,:l"a."'"."",",t,
rniong rival groups,
r;th dense pop!latiors also gencnted lnicnse 'on+redrioD
$hicl i.d to repcrted wularc A sr$rg md higlil-v orginjzed
strte {as r <lecirleLl rdr.antag. D su.h.oDrperltioD. ue'ausc losers could not ersclass
rL) flee to .e(,1ards. tlic,v r'erc rbsotbcd nto the rvnner's socretv rs a lor'er
base
enlarged
$ith
;rrr
xs
in
eljte
eDlcrged
sxle
Succeslul leader of thc $jnning
at
tlieir
dn!osrl-in
poNeriul
strre
oilarcl. r chss oltbordmated rvorkcrs rnd r
chort a.ilrlizxrioD.
bl rrorld hAtoil strndards. n tc{'}k
to erohe lr Fas' ol'oure xn
rnl]1e"""
perhrps
or
mDv ge .mdo1rs..cntltrics,
hrd
lltde sensc olthe lotrg remi
uncoDs.ious !rrdertakrrrg irl w]ri'h thc !rrri'il'rDts
ourcoNe xs the-v .oped i'i.h tle pncncal problerrrs of urvivrl on x da,! tcdr,v
b,rss.WLrrt s s!rPr is!1g, though, * drc rcugl simtrrirv of the reult u trr'rnv t elv
scpmtc.l Ph.cs tio r rbollt lroo B (r.L to rhe bcgninnrg ofdie ClonDlon Era'
HoNcver th.'1 got started (rrd rrucli rbo t fiL is ni]1 guess\\-ork) tle First
Civilizrliors. on.c c\tablisLred. rcPrcsented I !er) difiircrrt ktrid ofhrnun socicrv
,ar]tloogh such
a
process rv.rr relativelv rapid
t1u[ artling that caoe bclbte Alt olrhen lvere bxs'd on ]ri!i v lrnducrile trgri
.ultural e.oDonies.\'rrious tb $ ofirig,lrion. dr.!rrrg'. terr3'nu' at)d flood 'o11
trol cubled these.arl) .ililizations to t.rp thc food-poducng potcntial oI their
rcgions. h d1f hnds lvrth good soi1. such r\ northern ChnL arrl southern lrrq'
Ittet madc .n] thc iLrferr(e ind vastlv iicrcrsed rh' rgri'u]tum] uttut' ln il thcse
cilrlizarions. Porlcrv ljk.wre enlunced thc prorluctiviq offrrnx'g' as dxl rrrrnal
.lrmrr plor"i.rr,l nettrl$orkins in Afto luralir' Rnurl sr*ilice, otterl Dcluding
l:con4.rricil tIe grotth ofciviv.rtion, 'nd rhe ncs rulers nonulk
setmd rs ligh pr;*rs or rvcLe seen rs dlvire bcrng\. dr'i right to rule lcgitnnatcd
b) xsro.r.rtioD \\'irh tlie sr.rcd
people, usuallv
An
I
Change
Llrban Revolution
ft $as rh. r.soff.cs ftoD rgriculnrrc
tlrr
rmde possible orre oit]re rrrost disthctive
Civilizatjots .ities \xrlut wou]Ll ni rgricultrrrJ vilLager hrr
nurle olUrrk, ucicnr M.sololitLr\ l.trgest cii] ? Ur uk hd rvl11s mon thrn t\vent-r
iecr t.rll :nd r populatiorr irou,\t io,ooo i. drc tli rnillcrullm r'cE''lhc 'ir)i
fiarures oithe First
.entcr. visiblc tiir
u s
around, wls
r stcpped Nranxd or ziggrrut ropped witli
a
.qAPrER
I rF
u\:a!nl sD(.r.s
ttr]o
B.L:.:.
tilo:r.r.L
93
!horo or p. rool.Inijdi rlrc (n. lnr \illac. rL{or n oull hN iirrr.l
orh.r rcnlplcj rs ncll. s.r!lrg r, .enr.ri oinoLliLf a,rd as !L..s li)r rlr. rellinril)
ut1.r .i {or.d too.i. \un[ru cmtispropLr Lrl.orcd ]i D[n,r. .oli],.. \\.,1,','.
rt1\'e$. .1!r []n1 oth cr .p rculacs, I hiLr bunn.rar li.lt..1 rdlrjf iner Llje.it\
It \u,.,!r.h,1 \ibmni, r.nl: nn.lh, ioDr.rln.i L,cIilLlong d drigerous. Lnt
rlio e\.irirs flr-e.' H.re i\ ion rhe hri ti (,ikrrrr.jr.I,lcrlot.rnir\ arr(ri,r elrr
1-1o,,. rLetrll,et the ciLr:
t.urfl. i!..
(lo,rI
Jre
Erll.l!. rn tunflol Ur!i.
t.lhr. rre relne,rd.t,! 1).hLJ .lo'h!g,
[ih.,c .er] ,h! tr .ct tir .elet-n.,t,(!,,
\h.tr hrtr ri,l (i,trnr. rre th!.(i
r]r.,,.
\x'here
2... r
,:! r,r I. :
ihi .rr,i
Atrl rh. l,.r or! r.r). rlr.1 :,r ,ilrc't ofii,rn,
1u.lr i l..i!,1: iiill otd.lishi.
$tror n!!1.1 hNt brcn . .i,1 oi \1.Lerio
DJ..1rhi.h 8.,uffh.d rlonr dr. bUk, oidr. I1L]'r Rir.r iFurd 2..o lr.. .E.\,]lh
r f.fuLrion .t t,.rhifr r!.oo!. M.|.1rJo Dio Id rr ssr.r .iN .il Hi!r!f.r il.rt!r.l
hrge, ri.hh hik h.us.s oi nr. .,r r|ree {o!1e,. .onflere iiLh irdoor p.hml.rg
l!\ul.irs hrlhoon\, n).1fri[r. r.lli Srr.eL\ (tre ].i.1 orr ri L c,rJLikc prft.rtr,
lrJ l)ererdr L|e \r.e.ri rir r ..!nfle\ ie\,trSe sr(.nr uorter\ li\.(L r. ,01\ !f!n
',rr oii1,i(l,,rJi,i(L nro ,1rorr h.,,,r, (;n,r(l 1-.1,1ri. builtlnig\. i,rlL ,ng vhrllm:
,f b( r hug. 1.rrLrLi( b,,d). gur crl d,c citr. r'hlc rt e,i.nrou\ (itrd.l r.ri {rr\rD.l.d
r\ r br.L nrlL son. t.rrl inc itcr high i'ccvrri.l So!..e r.I. I trrl.
Ercn L.rrgcr, thorgh .onsi.l.rrbl\ htcr, rrs tht \l.sorDr.ricrn .ilr oi
Tr,rrlhurrjn, loltrd n rhc cinrml rrl1.\' oi \I.ii.., ft houscd perhrp, :oo.cor
r..fl. !r rh. Diddl. oi rh. tlrr Drill.!!ium r .t. Bro.J rLnu.(. .loze,rs oat(rrrpl(!.
:iro |trE. lnrlrrids, fr.ll.si {on. .fulirli trrd !r]D! hrighr ile,.oes. irr.rlL rlrll
re,,rs for tlre !rdi,rr,\. flhirl l)(!re.
i! tii. nc,,lrLI
,rll oirlns rr!'r trAe
.'rmcd uothcr roLlJ ti'r r D.r llsitor
rln r .inrrDr rillig.. In iliofpng ti)r
.,iidlJ l,l.L]rs, ho\ lri, s|. ro .]..id.
I.,ig L|. li. n!.kdr.f, fi rh. .i,1i
,!nU..r(lL nrrr!!,rde(l
Lr\ ,,
r,rll
ii,rd
a,rd
.urg a .lLtiircnr luQgr? AnJ riht
-rld fir mrkr oi r n.ighlrorhlod
,tr1fos.l .Dtri.lr oiNlrr'.u mcrchnts
N thc diQnr rorstrl lL\rhnrlsi
Ctri.'. rh.tr. hr rr rhi hcrLr oi rll
rh. Fii\r airilizrrion, Th.r ir.r.
r
L:rt!l
;.r'; T ; rr:i.: i:'
...r]::.r. ],:. t l]i
1i11.:g.
'i(kfigr.Ltire\.lr.r.1,r1d,he
-.r.
a.r
I
Iqurlk mpLr';rc io r
l,t r: r. i il
-" a 3:,t L rr J
/.,
ir..rr.n.q ii; r I i: ti.
i.r.._r ri i r?irrii
9 LLarii.i.r,i.,,ri
rrrtje:.Lri r.hah,
.f:ir::L.nl-r;i rpt! a
' r,r f,: rtui .rtirr.l
r:L_5Lrii'r!ir:rr:Ii
r- :r i i .!i ri r a_ri.-i
r!!s-!l r : r.r ,r.Lr 1]]i
:1 ..:! r- :.ir..l !l tle
' qIILL;.1 r-i:; i_.
..r_ r. L: :: rLori.
.ra_r,ii: r:.1 r rr:. r:r
rr
i..
irl
r
hirr rq
-!e! LrG r :r
rr
i..n.
r.r i i.il
94
pARr 1
/
F
Rsr
rH,Ncs
N HrsroRY,
ro 5o0 r'. !'
..rrrer ibr th' prc Lrcrion ofculmre'
tii'\ ser\'d rs n]!rL'rrirurl
rnd
r',llret!tLrre
rrcludrrg art' rrchrcct
'ercnlo)v:
r)rosi ilrrurrctur
houscd
thc\
ph..j ta; bodr locrl and long rh*rncc erclunge:,r'rd
(orrpir'd
to eirlier
i',g ,..',rr, E...v'"h".. thrr ger)erit.d i untrl!c tjrd ofso'ien
rg,iculturul vil]rges. ULbr. io.1e$ 1!rs nDpcrsoD,tl. for i vs no lorrger posjlLnc to
kno\r clellonc. Rehtunr*riPj of{:1s rnd o..uprtio wcre rr lcast as iltrpollr t ls
tho'e oikiuship rrcl ! l,rge 1o,uk-r: \tot rrotablrl the Llcgree oi sle(irllzatior) :nd
t o1Iri..n
, 1,r
/ a.lnr
ir
r
istmrive caprt]lsr thcl' \1'crc
rr
r', Ilr
'
..,'J.''"'
The Erosion of Equality
Anurg thc ,rosr norel fertur.s .rferlt! !rbrn lltc, rr least ro our imagrrlv vil)age
visror, vrs rhe amazrrrg ;tcclxli,ation o{$orh. In Docunr'm -r'i (pp' tzl 2i) rn
Elx.ptiirr lca(Ier tB.s o p.rturd. r iel!.rur stuJ'nt, pretarnig to b' a \'tihc (r
litente public ofll.ial). to trke hs 1cs$rrs s.riou\I,! h\.' Pointnrg olt t|' diladlD
l]gesoIl}ren.Ir}odreroccuparionsthlt:wiit1Dr)'l|.n.1entivlcsoP
rlrle
r"
r,L'',, -.,,1,
. ,l rL.. r'
r'
r r r'l
"',"
th'
tr)
nrpfott'd
d1'Y
wer'
o$D
tiro'li
gr.1'
tlreit
of.o!r\e.
No1rc olthesc Peoplc,
t]rni.r!.
highl,v prcductile ,rgrierlturc ot
Hierarchies oJ Class
L
Change
ln whatwayswassociaL
inequalityexpressed in
Aldr$xle tlr. o(.Llpatioirl iPc.iali,arlorr .i rhc Fnsr Cililizrtiorr h\ dlcir \ast
ncqullties nr r.erlth. strrus. rrd porer' Her' Ie r:onfrorr I r'Drrkiblc r'd
p".',,"., i."t.o" oi th. l)unutr lo ni.r Ar irgcnurt,' :nd technologi crcrreLl
,""- p,.,1..t1* ..o)onres. tlic grc3rer wokh oorv rrrlhblc to so']*ier ltrs
e'erwhere piled up nth.r thin sPrerd oui Eiiv sign: ofrhis crosion oiequrl
Iry N.rc evidetrr rn rhc nror. scttled aDd (onrplcr grt|ering r'd ltrntrrg socierles
qrcLr as the Chunr.rdr aDd ir agri.ultlnl .hi'lilor)\ such rs Crhokir' hrr the
llrent oi rubrn b,lsed .ilili,.tlorri llultiitied ard rrragniiierl thct nrequrlities
nuD! rin.s over, rj rlr. cg,tlitirirn lelucs olearlicr (ulttrrs vet c!cr\'\'hcre '1tr
one ofrlie nr3Jor t!rnnrg Ponrts in tlie !ocirl ]ris
pt"..a rn' t.ru,,t.",
'"presents
rory oiltrruDlind.
hie rchv ioon clle to bc
iook shaPe. jn.qurllt-v
'nd
m
reg.rrlcd as ,,orm.n rnil rr,rmrrl Uppcr chses cverYwh'r enjolcd sre!t irenrh
rnd
ol
eve'-!'lug
d1c
fir)est
phv;r,rl
hhor,
Ird
1,.,1 oL rl.rries. uer e able to avoi<l
oco4ricd the top posriot)r ln rolidcrl, niihr ,\',lnd rcligious liie' Frcquend", $er
rvcre dntDgrLnhcd b-v tlie .lotlxng th.,! wo]e. d1c hous's rhev liY'd nr' xDd dre
nm!rer oftheir butiJ. Erd! Chnre\e monrrchs bcstoferl sper:in cLotLirg brnn.rs. dr.riots, s.iporrs, inJ ornrmerrts on therr regnnll ofilcials, r!r'1 I oI th's'
As tLre First CjriLizrtioDs
:aiprER
I/
::::rj (trc
';'
F
crv[rz
Rsr
gredcd
ND
tr(od;Dg ro ttre ofl
.',"-,t-;;:''l':
I"' :;';;"':
,,: :
t,t
u|lEauAr so.iErrEs,
]5oo
.'x. Jl
"l':.,'.:,:,11,':i,l'.';,.:,
,t'
,l ,,r1r,, ,, ,t,,,,i];, .i
;
i;
t;.
;,,:,'i
i,,,i:,r,,;
I
,,"1i,:'
.1,; ..":;l: ^,:, :,"-ll ,;'": :"
"'rlt:"i,tf
I tr.gc .erst r_a.se
u,sl
fL, r ,r.rr urh ptun{
rr.un
rhr. \cr. j, ,. u.t,,.tr,,ton,t
,",
rv
ur.,:
,. l:,',.'
,ob
lnd go ro $ose happ, bord{\
Hipf), bor.leB, Lipp) Lrode^l
{ tro qiu rhere nirke
b
'
.,,1,',, l. ':l :
r :q:,:i:l:i:i
:
rhva}5 to grcan:,
:::
:: ,
I
:
l.
r:;""r ,;rr
:i;lxi;i.-il i,
t, , , .-.3 -
,.
rrrrl
i ,tt,,; ,' ,' "''',''
:, ::,.: .: :"r";- ,:ri::;-.,;i:.:j,t,r.
:",'i "t'''r "'1.';,,,';1 I i,i,,, .
-l :",^1 j.:,: :,1',,1*,.;,
1,",,,,. ,,,
iil, i '" tri ,': , ". ,:,1;,;;: J , ;1,,i ,;:
t,ti:
,1.
a..... 5oo 8.....
95
raRr 1
96
/ r Rsr rHrNcs
Iree pco$e, or1
N NrsroRY,
ro 5rio 8.i..
rllen vrs not rsocrrted
prnia, n,'
wid, bl..l,ies or lfith
Hierarchies of Gender
I
Change
historianstried to expLaln
the orlglns of patiarchy?
A.(orrfrnvnrg d1c lxe(r.hies oa chs s..rc .hosc oi gcnJcr, as civilizaro,,s ever v
sherc u,rder nnl dic errlie, r!)11 rore equrl r.hdonslipr bcnrcen mer .trtd
ioDleD. Nlost \.hohrs rgE. th]l eirl) horri.ltliunl so.i.ti.s, thosc usDg a Loc or
diggng vrck. corrrrrueLl rhc rlative gcuder cqurliti $:t h.r.l characrerizcd Palcc,
lldri. pcollcs. ln rdr $.i..ics. N.Den N.k rr!(h n)!olve.t j! isricultural hbor,
s]rich gcn.mred nlr ol drc iood for the rJhge. \l,irue,r uere also eugrgcrl rr
spmnmg.rvcring. and ponerr n:kng i.tiritics dlt nerc co.rPrdLne widr rli.ir
role rs rtth.rs.Tlicr (e,ittJ e.o.oni. tit1.trn, rogcth.r nlrh drer ul#.g .ata.
,r,r' ro 1n.1ucc ncl.Lfe, grve son,er considenblc r.+...t .nd, ir$rbhi. r smr!s ge,,enll,- eqlrl o thrt ofnen. So,re scholan h rve reen rlis reslet rnd strnrs rflccted.
at lerst ;i Eu$|e .rd rhc Nliddl. Er!r, irr r prolile,rdof oi ligur!res, nusks. iigns.
s\NLrol\. rid rr]dr, r1l 1lrnrrDll \1drc,, rud ti,r,,,me rl,e,,rer de.nine s,ith bir ,
grc\th. derth. ,rrLl regen.[rior. "
Lht rs the I'ir( Ci\.ilizaiioni tuok slupe. rhe Ln(itLrnofs r,)d lrl(es ol rnile
donrl,re. oiter rel'errcd ro rs Fatrurchl grrdull,v e,,,erec.L l-he l)ig questlon, of
cour;c,lic, u rnrrg to erphri rhr norcDtcts clirDge.!,r har rus it rboLtr cirili,tr
iion rlut scemcd to .seremtc patrnnhv?
On. rprr.,ach to r.$,er;rg d1n qu.rioD lighhghts thc ole of re\ rnd
,rore rt.1Ni!. tarn otiLsr i.ulture,;nrolliiq dr. usc olanrarl draur pl*is ,rtd
d1c keepirg ind milkng ofl.rrge lerds of arnnrls. Urlike carlicr famrng pnc
ri(es t|rt ielled on i lioe or diggi,)g sti.k. plo\\-bNed agricultrire mcnr hcalier
\1ork. wlri.h ,ner {.rc bcttcr ablc to perforu.Irki,rg ph.e rt r Llisr:n.. froni d1.
rillagc. thr nel nrru oirgricrlnrrc rias pcrhafr l.ss (on,!rtiLre wiL| wo,r.ns
primar rcspoubLllty aor .lild rcrrng. Furtli.rnorc, thc gro\\nig pofLllitj.it oi
.ivilj,.dors nlcant rhrr ronerr rvere more oiien prcgnrnt rnd crcn more deeph
riroherl ir child .rr. thor be1ir.. l|$. it tlo\t brsed conuruutrcs. uen tool
o!.r,rolt otdre lirn lg*ork.3,r.l tle {trtus oa\\,oner declincd corrcspcDdinglr.
.!.D thotr-gli rheir orhcr producrve ,r.ti!itie! ietrlilig Id food pr.pararron.
lor cran4rlc ..rrftrucd. "As womef werc nrc,ersi,rsl} relegrteLl to sccondarr
rasks .
l'*,uer :rchcologrt \4rrguct Ehrcnberg, rlrev haLl te\\€r p.rsoml
resourccs s,itli whicl to r$.rt th.ir starus."
Be.rus. patriarch,- .nso devclopcd xr civilizrtions lntou(hed by plor rgricul
tre. uch rs thosc ofMe\orreri.i rnd dre Andcs. pcrhaps 'oucthug else nrs at
rvorh rs s,e11. Ilistomn l),rriLl C|ri{irn sugge{s $rt thc dcclinug posrtron o:
roren qrs conncctcd nore gerenlL o fie gms,rlr .l$.i.1 .onitl.rih n .ivi
liz.Ltior! rs e.ononic, rcligiub..rrd foliti..tl "\Fe.iilists" be.rnre more pronulcDr.
Llc.a$e ,fe. $,ere les hportrnt D tlic horschold, rhcv nL) Lrre bee,) frore xvail
cHAprER 3
ith
/ FiRsr.rvrrrz
lble ro Astruie
rtre
pose
iLt
ND uNEauAL
socrErrEs, l5oo B.._E._rrlo
B.c.E.
rnd prcstiqious
il::::jii* ;:ilil: j:,tr ".lHl* Ili!*.:'"Hir l:i:.il:':t:l;l
, - -.,"., 0,,"..,i.,, i,il,, ,i";ili.];il:i.:l:::.Tlrfl:
I: ::::Hi
rfumen,
rnd $e rortd olpublic
1ite,
sociarerl 1r;i1 661 ,.
ji:,i,ffi :'i Htl:::H ;:H:L:i*
r.]l:icirjlizario
Blt
seerred ro tilghliqhr cuhur
jlffi
:::
::l#::r,
.l'; f, .,,;,,
l'",:,:"'",,
,N
'11
lnr
rer.
asoci*e(L sidr an inr.erior di,re,snn
. .l .. ,. <.i
orr,*,_ rnil*,..j,
,.,
l..'
"ii",,,."
'
I;'
-,
,'',']tl::
tr 'l'.',lr: l- ;". '
, ', ,; l':.
, ..1 'l;,:-;,,;r
..tr;.
:";,:
i, ..i "l
,.,1..;,,;",:
::-'
I,l'l
:
;
,',,
Patriarchy in Practice
i:,lllff
:ilJ;ffi
:.::il:i:;;;',1tj,1.1,.
.,.nri.,
Lce
pe,n,,,,eLi d,e Fi^,
iiiiiti*:, i,y:#r:[*:*i:,.T::*:ihj
i':
"
lr
ii'l
,"1
;
:-r'
,
lr ' r i,',,',-, : ,1"-;-; - ;,
.r.odd,Ditto)dr.
B...E., \?rious
rrjrter
hws tudj6..t
,"*,' -ririons \,1trr hr ri,,are 5..\urs.
.-]:i
:ro \ lj:
lte "il:,.
D;r.o,rc n.as ftr cisi.r Ior r|e |,rd
,,,,,''i,.''";.,.;l
],,
l.;,.
t.,,''
.l;;i"*;::r;il
',:
rrd ,.,,*i" ;;;,,;;.",:
""',
tholrsh no. wtrh x,torhc,
'
;i,,:fi i:f i,,:"ill :::,lt'}.:I i:::;:J:
;:,,;,::,1::::
I
Comparjson
Howdid L,lesopotamian
and Egyprian patriarchy
97
98
NAS N H STORY' TO
PARTI i F RS] THING!
5OO
b'''!'
Iiuth.,morc. {o!1e| 1r j\leroPot,Inl.n crvlllz'tioD \er' \oletime5 divtrle'l
intu rlo sl3+,h rli*ingLLishcrl c:t.'gorles Rcsl'eL:tab1c woucn' tlrosc rrder tlic
to be rciled *'hcn orrsdc
fLlte.ridi rrd s.ru,rl .onrrol olorre nrr. s'erc reqnired
tor
thc hoDc. rtrercas rrorrc'pectable {omerr. such rs rlxlc rxl prosrnLltes' rere
bi.l.lc! to \!crr (iL'.Lrd lcr'.'tbrect to sc\rre fuDsllrrent i{rl)e! prnnled to
'o\"r
oiearll.r ncs tere gradunll rclegrt''d to thc
ho,!e rnrl herrtlr 'Ihcr rr.r r.tla.td n rhc publi' arc;r'r bI dcrrrnunt nrJe doties'
as the
rvho nori lefu ileditcd witli the power ofirerrion ul iertilrtv ud ncNed
Fn llr
the poNclJul go,ldesi.s
prrrors oi unrlor, :nd lefu[rrg Tlic .ulrnxr]dor oi thi\ '..lcnrotlon oI Ac gorlics.'lrguer GcLdr L.rnet. lic' jr ihc Hebrc$ S'tiftLu!\' in \trich r srrsle nrle
i tliour:nr ptrti'iPrrio! ofl
.tiin:\rhrvch. rlone undert*.s tlie r.t of
'r'rtiorr
.1er\whcr. th. 'rnre loYever [S]pt shilc rleirl! Piitri
i*.1,1
'u..ur
mhal. rllordert irj $'on1cr) grcrter oPPorlmtri's rhrn 'lli nosr otlrcr Frt
alirilizrtions tt) [!r'$. roDer {cre re.ogrizeLl as legrl eqrrlr to merr' rblc tLr
orr prolert\ rid shv.s, ro adrnnisrer nrd icll hnd, to rrirk' rLrert oivn wills' to
.oDtu.|s. aDd m iritiirc tlirorcc' RoFl iiorneo ocL:asion
,f,"1. o.."
","*.g.
'i.*"
frrr rhcir voung srrs or'
a1i,v ercrclrerl rgrriiicur politic,rl poirer. rcurg * regcnts
nore rare]y. rs queeo: rr thcrr o\rn riglrt Cl.rrlr thougLr' thii lrar \een as rl)nor
nul- 6r Eg\,rt\ nrost ti,rrous q!'e.n. Hrsh.pjnt lreign'd r+r-r I+ji Lr c'r')' $as
jn mrlc clothurg rnd sportirg ihe
rcDerincaf orrnle.t n strruc' rs r nur..lrescd
ncrc
traJrriomL l-:ilse berr.1 oi tle phrnoli. lvloreolcr. rrirricd s'omcD rrr lgr!t
td
tornen
not \ciled as i. Nlcsolrtrn)ii. SmrLLes .ud !rnrring' orien shored nio
m rcifiionatc loscs a,rd a, erluaL prrLlt'rs, r' c,rr bc seerr in fie photo (f S+) rr !h'
prr'!t\'
Lregnurrg oi tliis .hrfrer. AlthougLr rrrtrrrirger s'crc cletlr rr!rng'd br
ot
rr
eleD'nr
r')
nrggest'
(155o-r{16+
Il'L'
rhe lovc Ncrr\' ofN*i Kxigdon Eglfr
or
his
belol'cd'
Onc loesick bor hmerrted dre i}xctrce
-u,,..jr,.1 lor)ging
"iner'l
rctirted ro ils r
1,.6,
S.1t. .li!s sin.c 1 5$ ,rr nd.r.
ud si.k..s i,trrd.d ntr'i .
Thc siglt ot ler mler nc Iell.
Her
sf.rtiiry.lL.j
.
nre {rong:
E,,,bn.us h.r crf.l! m. !rah.]) ..
Aod r roung
1
qom,r .\uhs rt
the slght
pareLl bclo,e hs housc.
I tofn.i
h
door rjar;
ll nrnher! .
I
H. lNted at nre 6 Pr Lr). . .
Ho\r ni\ h.ir! e\!Lrcn n gl.Jrres.
\lI brotber. rt }1lr slglt.'i
N,Iv
Lrodtr'r 5tood tr!
olher lore:
cHAprrR 3
t
/ flRsr crvrLrz
ND
uNEaual so.rErrEs, l5oo 8...8._5oo 8...8.
The Rise of the State
.i
har.
\e
rliighr rcrsonxbh isk.held a..icnr cj!;tizatlons
rog.ih er .tesp;re r]]e manv
r,' .
J ,, .. n.^u., -. u, i
I'
,,. it. rD., . ir r,< . n.rr,
::nrclies? The ns1.er, xr t.uge par,. tay ir
anorliL,r disin.d\e f".t... .f*"
:::r Cn rluatiors-srate !. OrgrlizcLi rrouDd ,vet
prrij.r,f* ,,,t*, ., I,,.S. rc,.,r_;",,
. ...C. j.',,,o, ....t,., l. \
,, .
' \''. li . | . - ..1 rrre ...".; . nJ..1,.-, .,
.".
n,-.J
.F.
,,.,,.
".,,,e
"
".
. ,. .
r.
I ,r,...i ..,,. r,.
'
',
'.
,..
:-r,,Dlrr.
'
l'..,
\.,,u, \.,,t,-t.ir.
q,r....1(. i.. n
''i'
'r'r'
n'
'rr
riijr ' rr'
''|'r"
'r
'
'r
'
"'i't r'|"' '|r
L"-l'
,
'. : ,,
ii..
.
' tr"
I:..::
. -,"'',,'
"
Coercion afid Co sefit
:::l\ sr cs ;u Mesopomn)ir.
:.:r. powcr lroDr \ari.,us
ti-,'\i.,..i.
I r...,i..,
,1 ,-,4,-,,
Eglpt. Chxra. Me\oaDericx, a..l .isei(here
drew
sour.es. al1 o.n.hlch xssrsre.t
1J(l ,
I..
I.b,,.-l
r,.'
u p,-iding ."h:,;";;;
,f,""1f"F .r.,et..d
,,,,^,,, ru
_r,,
',
,r,,...,i,.\.,,i..,i
,'.1... rr, . . .,, .,
r,
ti
..;1,
.,,,;
.1 , r rr. r. r
r,,
I . - rL . .,.
. o.i r' ,,,.-,,
I ,,,,i,:.::1 .nies. SorDcorrc |3d io dire(t.flbris ro detind
the citr _
outs or.The srate. j,r stD1. sotvc.l .ernj".,i,t"ty ,l_,e,j
"*,i*.*,,,,,,
--:ressir.e
p,.l,i.;,;
'] - 1,, ,., .',
,,
.,,,
tJ,,,,d\
r,r,,
.. r t\ ..- u.
The srare, hov.wer. wf DDrc uleIut rlr sone peopte
. l"or".,r l,-., ,.-.. rt... or.....-...i.,. rtan ior others, Ibr it also
tjri..r., e. oLi.
, r' , l. , u.t,' ,o ut
t
to. ] r.r,...., lr r.,.r ,"".
.:"
: i:li. prqc.is sn.h as p!ranrids
3Drl fo;iflcadons. tr dc.essrnl srare authontics
had
: :brlirr, ard rle I,iltlgres. to use lilcc to corrpct
.b",1i.,*.
.::h$ mcrtroned earlid des.rib.d to his relucr.rur strdcrr."1,,, rh" E;p;,;;
lr,+.;::';:;
:-tur
r
unabtc ro pa,v
\o' '
I
i.'
:i none.
H.
.,r.r .,
t1
.\J.
n) grin):
,or H ,,, .., l-.
\,-,.,
, 1rj,L, . . ,.
t.
ls Lr.arsr s.n?s.ry He b rDlmd,
ro"rr Hn irl;
:ardo!
hr r.lI
I
ttrrc\rr nrb
\.i1, n b;.se.r he"d
is bourd iD Ii\
!re,en.e.1] chndrcn r_,, rlm*,. u.,,"igl,l-.
a
rh.rn .nd flce.,"
)u.h lvas r|e po\yer ofdle state.rs rulcn accurllulrtertthe
rcsorrces ro pay rlr oEi_
,..oldiers, police, and rtrcnrianB.rhls caprcit,v
1b i.r.,." .,,.1..,",j.; ,"",k",1
f
Change
Whaiwerethe sources
ofstate aurhoriry in the
PrRr
L
!, r.i
i r isr rF
r!
1r
srolr' i:r !..:r.r I
oll the snt.i oa the I trr aililizrrLo,r\
rio,,r ei,ti.r .hi.nlo,i,. $h.,. 1c&lir\
hrJ ornr per,ursrn p,e!i{e and gii'
io Lrr.k r4) Lheir ruLhorr\.
i
:|ti
:::,,.'
",,
For(e. h.$e!.r. rir' roL rhmr
D...\srr-\: rar dr. Iirr Cr\ill,rdotrs
soon gelefuted idQs rrggesirg rl1]t
strrc ruthortr :r.1 rhs di,l .eerr.lcr
irequrlLtts riere ,rormrl. nrtrnl. rnd
o rrred 1r thr gcxLr. KmgshLp erc,r
\1he,e \rri r$o.irreJ sirh rh.
'tr(,!J.
Ancic,rt {ihnrsc kngs lere knorn.rs
thc So,, .l H.alcn. L(L r|.r llone
.ouL,l !c,+inn rh. rtr!ils a,,l.rliiiccs
ncccsal ro keel drc couro: ir hr1
m.e Mr'o!.ot,!rji! Nlcrs tr er.
dioug|t o b. rhe *erlLts oi ther
,rrv: 1urcn
goJs.
Tl,eir srnbol; oi
kurg:|lp dol n. r!rorre, s..pr.r.
A
Lt6.Iitan
' : r,i!! .r.:
ar
Z
lcurrt
idi.t t: nn.
.:h. 'i'. r..ila r a i.!r
!.r ll:rI .r,i! 1 tr'.-rr'
r.-o :i rfLl
d9
Th. in i,l5!..'
r. !::. ir ! lir. r-!
r;:.]:'jnr]lll]'::1
rr I ; ir,!i Lr n,,ni ii ri
I
qrJ to be oI dirinc ori
gr,.:ert o carth rihcrr rhe gods c'trblLlre,l rorar.lr: Ec\ptirrs. N;t oirll.
chimcrl rc trrrLod1' all thc
11trh
ditirre
!1r.ste(l rh.il tl rro]rs
'turliti.s. Rulers
nnlor gods ot [3'r'g. rr.1 drcrL s,pe,,rrtLurl po-rcr errueLl fic rcgulrr ]irtLlmg oi
\,
But ii religion s.r!.d rloit oticr tu l njt! uo.llurL prrer rnd piivilege, ir
rrri{lrt aLso o) o...srD Lre utd ro r.st!ri.. 'r Pr'n rrn'l'nrrirr' rfe r*rhlinred
or,ler Hrnurr.rLri chmcd rh,rr lis hr .o,1. n6 rr.pir..i b1 t4rr,l,t. rh. .li.igoJ
.,iLlJb\l.,r. uJ r!\ int.r crlto'bfurgrborrrhe,ule.triShr.o!nre\!irrli.LenJ
jholld not |funl d1.
rLr Llc,rro-r rhc \rckeJ I.1 drc erll-rlocr:;so tllr die \1.o.g
iro
dic citi oi Lrgrdr.
,,rcrrlch.
Urukrgur
itrli ' Anorh.r \leso|otani.n
chin[d ru$oriq tior tle cin ' P'rtron goJ toL rlo.Dr' rnji"l it crdnlg die 'or
rrrfrion :Il i rnI of I fr.lio!! r!ler lrr (lhx[ J!rri].g Lhc Zhor ,lvrrr',r
(r ! rr :r. B...r.l, eDipcrc: s ru]t'd bl thc Ni,1ri.lrr. oi H.r\.rr. l'Ltr rh.ir LrtrJ L'ehlr
io rould rcrri ,r rlt rtmorrl oirhrt nlrlJlr rtd th.r o\.idir.r:
[f riting and AtL:orntirtg
A t!rti)i, \rll)|]irrr ii,r nr. Ntlioritl lN u rhc rnrarkrhle irr.Door ot Nrlttrig li
(ri a po\errul uJ tl,n).rarrNrg i,ri.!lrio!. r.grLdeJ rl,rrosL :(Lr'\herc 3s I gL:i
il!!1
so.]..1\ hil. pe.,d. \iithd( nritirs oir.[ sh rt a; rorrcdurg nJgic:l or
'hr
Dsrin.ti\e aorins oirrLiti,rg errrerg.d itr rll !ftlre t'!( ai'illzra!l'
nll..rnr(r,rl
CHAPTER
3
/
nRsr
$napsh"t
gifts
CrvrLtz
ND uNEauAL
soctErtEs, 35oo s,..E.-soo s...1.
writing in Ancient Civilizations
[1ost ofthe early writifg systems were "Logophoneik,,, using symbols to designare borh whote words and
particular sounds or syllables. Chinese characiers, which indicated onty words, were an exceptior.
None ofthe
ea r{y writin g syste ms employed alphabets.
Location
Type
lnitial
Cureiform: wedge
shaped symbols on
Reio,ds
claytablets
representing
objects, abstract
Use
Example
olecoromic t y
f{I
I#f::'i:l';"
taxes
payments and
bird
ideas, sounds,
and syllables
tgypt
Comnent
Regarded as the
worldt
flrst writter languagei
other languages such as
Babylonian and
Assryian were written
with Sumerian scrjpt
carvirss'):
H,eroglyphs ('sacred
a series of
Foreveryday Lrse,less
formal systems of cursive
writirg (known as
words and consonants
"hieratic" a,rd "dernotic")
syllables)
-T.m
i:l
oi:ll.
rhe
data (possibly
og o:
rl:h::
WideLvused in the lnca
Empire; recert discoveries
place quipus in Caralsome
Sonre 4oo pictographlc
.sili
symbols represeniirg
6 fish
a Dravidian language
pictographs (stylized
lrscribed on turite
shells oraninatbores;
drawings)with no
(predictinsthe future)
ffi
contemporaryChinese
%
Shangdynastyrulers
Signs that represent
sounds (syllables) and
system using barc and
Structuralty sirnilar to Later
laguar
accurate and the basis for
later [lesoamerican caLendars
F^Rr
1/ r Rsr
ts
sloRY, ro 5oo ts.(.l.
cx.ept tlie Ardes. althougli sorre s.liolarj rr.,\! r.gard
qriprLs, rs a kinrt
$e!
knotterl *rings, or
ofrritiig'i
\,ridng \rsta i.d the First Ci\jli,rtions rld dren su..es\os D D)rr)\'1vr!s'
Litcir.v deilred eliic srr r rnd coDveved enormou! trestige to !los' \1ho !o$'$cd
ir.isec Doclnelt I.j,f.p. !21 25,ior3.el.brr rr oiirltDg)Becruse itc]nbc
lei 1.d, \titing rho fro\ided I ncrns lo. $ni. coLrnon.N to Jotr thc (h.lrined
cnclc ofthe ]trcrete.Wrtrng
as
proprgrrd,r. celcbn ng dre grcat Jeedi ofdre
lf!.,
vrs pronxnerr. cspe.i lY amorg thc Eglpti,rns nd hter imoryrhe Mx\a'A h)
to r]re phiraol. dxong to rbour r8jo r.c E., e\rrxQganrl,v pr^sc.l the rul'r:
m
<une urro us ..n11 hrs .civ.n |er.e to rhc rwo Rirc|banlr
... end lrrs ri.dc EslPt ro Ii'e: he hath Lrui+red ir n]$irnigi
.. h. has .r..d the tlro.rr otdE mbjc.6 to brexfic
He
hr
.loin lorcis. .ou![]cs
he hir d.]trer.d !lie,tr thar {eie roblled
...|e hrs cone unto u, thit it n]trv l,Nfttrt u!?]
.
r.d
ha5
troddcn
our chrldrcn rrr'l
burr our rgcd ores."
\,rliing scNerl rn rccountlng litncdo!,rc.od"E
ud ]row Duch \otk'r!
*ho had pa
calendls indi
Corrrdex
hrd errrcd.Ihus It n)!ner;clv *rengthcncd bure.ru.ncl:
cated preciseli Nhcn certari rimals $ould bc pedlr r.d \I/riting Jio gre $eighi
ird lFe.ificit\ to o e*. regulitiors, xnd h's Hrrsinrlrnrri tirtno$ lair code Gcc
Do.n e rl.r,pp. Ir8 rI),{hilc coue.ting..rtaD ubu\es.n de .rvsnl clc r thrt
iiudurerral driu)crions (lNided mcn autl $'omor rnd sepitarcd nrves, 'onxno ers'
rnd pcople oi ligher nnk.
Once lt Ird bccr) de\.cloped, $riinig,like religion, !tuled hud ro cott'ol aDd
opentcd r .r rild ca il liularr ailairs.It gave rise ro hterrttre rod p1i1otph1l to
rsoronl, and rnathcmxics. rud, u rcrne phccs,to ]ristory Ou oc.3sion, the writr'n
rvord prord thrcatdinij, tarher rhan sutPortilt, to rulers. Chra! so called Frr
En1pcrc,, Qni Slihuinsdr ireigned 22I rIo R.(r.E ), alegedl,! buried dire some +6c
s.hohr.rnd l,urncd di.ir boots \rhcr thcY chxll.nged hn brunl ellorrs to unlh
alhnu\ n,n)y \errins statcs. or so hs later L:titics clamed (se. Ch.tFter a)' Thu5
\riringbe(.r rerr iot rrcna lirr tciJ and pcnrdcrl conllict.end rulers a1s'a-r's haie
sotrqht to .orrrol it.
Ii
Mcsopotxnxa
r.d
elsci(here,
th.ir u\es. ivho owerl rthar to the templc,
'lhe Craruleu' ol' KinBs
Yet rnorher source
ofstrrc.tNhorir\ deri\ed lron the ]r'sh lifes!,lle ofelite! th'
lnrprcsrvc tituals thev rrrangecl, and dre mposing structues thcy cterted Even{h.rc, knss. hiJah o*l.ii1s. rnd their tan ies ljled n lulLrlous prlaces 'lrescd ir
rnd tere enenie'i
$nendid (lothing, bede.k.d ther,rlehes {ith ihe lorelicsrScwel v
tlic P,rr.rflri&
ofv|i.h
eLaborate
tntrials,
dcrtlis
trlggered
b\ endl.ss Jet\.Inc.Ileir
Jl
oithe lir\t
ptrhaps
mo*
osieriirriour.AlDost
Ae
ofthe Eglpti,!i phanols rtrc
-,.
cHAPTER
3
/
FrRsr crvrLrzArroNs; (rirEs.6rArEs, ANo uNEauAL soclFrrts,
l5oo s.r.L.-5oo 0.(.t.
103
Civilizrtions 3ccornpxried hlsh sritLr
rvith the hlln).llr saffilice ol:
:iurcrals
rgs.
dmg
!idi
:unerous rctaincrs, rvho rvoukl nourish
:he souls or scrrc thc needs oftheir n en
:r fie afterlife. Monumcntal palaces,
::nrples.,iggunts, p_vramids, and statues
:oiveyed the immense poser ofthc srarc
.,id ns ellte rulels.The Ol ec ci!'lll,ation
riMcsoaneri(r (rroo-+oo R.c.r.) erected
uormous human heads, nore thrn ten
ier ta11 rnd mightug ar lerst twenq tons.
::ned iiom blocks of basalt and probrblv
r:pte!e,uirg parti.ulu rulcrs. Someivhat
rrer dre MrleTenrple oI.hc GirntJagxar,
:Lrrerurg r54leet rall.ras the most irnprcs
i\e anong rsry remple!. p,vramids, md
:trh.es that g ced dre cjtv oI-flkrl.All of "h s.oo$aLnatue. sone rr leet hish and ilv.feet,de, s.re!fseveiteen
:xrs Dlusr hi]\'e seerre.l overs+rel ilrg ro su.h.afr ngs, dat igro tte irn rn Lieii unr 3.:, ttratuere d 5..!erea in the tetr
toryofihe an.lent 0Lm€. .iviL zauon ThoughtD repreeeit nd yduaLruLe6 ea.h
. onDon pcople in the.1!ies 3nd l,lllages
of th. statue5 hasa,l stin.taid rciLsti.alL! porrayed ra.e rDa
bi
!Lermaii.o
.irhe Firr (li!rlizrtions
.ighr
Comparing Mesopotamia and Eg)?t
I
productile alTicultural teclnologl. cin 1i9ng, nrurense class uequJitres, patriarchy
re orrergng pos,er ofstates all ofdrcsc tcre conmon faanrrs ofFmt Cidizaiions
.jross the Norld.ud rlso ofthose dut follored. Srjl1, t\cse cidizadons \a<re not el€ry
r aere drc s.une. tbr diferences in tollticrl o1g:nizfiion, rcligious bcliefs and pructrces,
rc rclc ofilomen, md rrn1ch Drore gave flle to d1\rin.tire ffadiiions. Nor werc the)
::ric. Like all human conuiunhes, they chryed over the ce tuies. Fl.at)! these ciy
rarions did not exlt ir1 isolarion, 1br drer pnicipated rn let\\o*r ofinte ctlo6 larlh
:::rr ilnd sonreriues more disrant neigl$os.In ioohng more closel,v at mo oI drcsc
a:sr Cia+z1t1ons-Mesopot,nnla xnd Egpi \\.. can catcli a dmpsc of $e dl$er
.:-ces, chniges,
a
connections tirat c|ancteized earh
F,ttltit'oiu ent dnd
lre
Cuk
cn'
zatrons.
re
civlllzations oi borh Mcsopotama rnd lgrpt greN uF nr rller vrleys at1d
r:fended on tleir rive$ to ustain a productrrc agriculture ir odtenvise rridlands.
lose rivers, ho\!e\.er, \{ere rdi.alh dillcrcDt.At the heart ofEgyptirn life tas thc
:',1e. 'thiu greer grsh ofteenring life," rvhich rosc predictably evcn rcar ro bring
:i: sol .u)d liiter thxt nurured r rlch E$ptian agriculturc. Ihe Tigrn xnll
!rphrfies rlvers, \\hi.h gae life io Mesopoi.mim ciriliza.ior also rose r.nuallr
: j 'LulprecLict.rblv r".t flttull\: brerkln.q mm's dikes rnd subnierging hrs dops "'"
I
Comparison
diff-"rfrom ea.h other?
PART T
/
FIR5T
THINCS
ILSTORYJ TO 5OO
$.apsLot
B,''E'
t+
Key Moments in Mesopotamian History
Beginnlng of inigated agriculture
'
Perlod of indepef dent Sumerian clty'states
Farlieri.rrneiform texls
First Sumerian
law.odes
Flrst l\lesopotamian empir€: conquest of Sumer by Sargon of Akkad
Epic oI Gilganesh
235o 8...E.
.a'r,piled
Assyrlar rule in lvlesopotamia
Assyrlaf conquest of lsmel
Babvlorian conquest ofludah by King NebLrchadrezzar
585 B.r.E.
&,lesopotamla incorporated into Persian ernplre
(See
.per enlirorDe.. r'rhout scrious obstaclcs ro orvel
morc vllherllne ro nr!,aslol than dr. Druch morc prote.r.d
Mrr'.1.-r.) FurtherDrore.D
,rude
\ie.otorl i ir
s!r.e oaEglpr, \rhi.h ras surrouuderi by rlese,ts. rnonrtrrrs. sers. r"d.arara.6. For
lolg Feriocls oi irs hstorrl Egy.pt en1o,-ed r kn)d ot "iree seclt.lt\" t. r eiierml
iim.k rhri Mesotola rixu could onlv ]ravc cnrieJ.
Docs the phvricrl eniironnrnt shpc thc human culrurcs diat d.velop rrthrr r'
Nlosr hFroriins rrc rclLr(.t.rrt to erdorse ro\' kjtLl oldeterniink!1. cspc.ial! one nrg
eestirg thrr"gcogiaphv i;,lertrl\r" bur nr rhe {:xse ol Mesototurii rnd Eg1?r. n n\
!.hol,!s hre s..n soii. r.htjo)init be!\reeir tle |ir,!\l.il serring r.d culNrc.
ID ar ler\t sorne oiits fterrilrE, thc X'Ieso!ot!rnirn outloot ot ljt!, \!hi.h .le!.]
opcd wnL L .r precuious. unprcdictable. DJ oilen vroleut eN.r1]rrrert. ieircc
hununhnJ rs .augh! ir rn inlicrcntlv disordcrlr rorkl. subject to $e s,]]nns oi
capricious rnd quauelirg gods, rnd tacrg dcatli withour nrch hopc oi,t plertrnt
llii herond A Nlcsot ot.Ifii. foer .onlphDed: I hrrc prared to tlic godt rrd t,tc
,ifi...i, bur \1.ho can rullermr.l tle goLls nr heilen: Who knors shat thcl phr
for uri u,ho has crcr beerr rble to undentirnd i god\ condu.t?"' Thc rirno!,
M.sotot,rr rEtl.,,ICi/.(,,iJ,.er,:erfted;rDocLuretrr.r page( rir rl,like
\re (leFicted r nd1.r pe$Dnlti. \ie\ ot$e .sod\ rid oi dre po$ibl1l$ for .tcr
el]te litcrate crlnrrc D Igrpt. derelopug ni r nor strble. precnrironmcnt, produccd r rr$cr morc cheernrl rml hopeiul orrlook on the world.Thc reblrth ofthe ur ererv da1' rnd ofdrc rircr clcn
rcrr sccn(l ro rs\rre E.e"lpiiars drat llie \lollld pre!,rj] oler dertl.The rarx,!r.
Il! .orurn.
tlr.trblc,
ud berieil.ent
CHAPTER
3
/F
j srArEs, AND uNEauAL so.tEr Esj 35oo s.c-E.-soo 8,...,
r.:uids, consbu.ted duri.g !.g!-pt\ O1d Kingdon (2663 2r9j !.c.r.) rene.ted
:. iirni b.lieftlut.u lerst rhe pharaohs rnd other |lgl-ranking pcople .ould su.
:::iullv rate ihe Jolrnc! ro ctemtrl life r) the I r,)d of thc W.st. llcJntltioDs
:: rhe de3d, slch as dloie illlNl,ated jn l)o(ur11cr1r j.r dcs.ribe ar riterlitt ilur
: jdnesh could only hse ervied. Over rmc, hrgcr groups oI people bclord
r-- pharaoh and h1s ertourege, crue to bclicvc tlut drey.olrld grin x.ccs to dre
:.rlifc if ther liJo\red proFer proccdurcs rnd tived a,,iol"ll) lprigh. tire (see
::unienrs .l.3 a.d l4, Fp. r.:r 2r).Thus E!$tixr .i!,llizarioD nor onl,v ifin!)red
,-\tr
,r lr l.
i , ". r, r.
' .'r ,.
la$e differnr eNxonnlolii of N.le\opotrn )i.t and Egr'pt sl pcd tlejr so(ietrcs
::: culturcs. thosc cililizrrions. \,1r]r their molurnng poprlatiors arrl growing
:.:::.urd l-or rcsources. llkesise h3d iu Dlpact or1 ihc cnrironrrent." lr Sunler
iih.rn
M.sopotanria), delirrcsurion and soil crosion de.realed crop liclds by
pcrce,t be&ee,r 2+oo and rToo r..i.!.Also.o,trlbu 19 ro rhn disasre,
-.6J
.l r. n- ln.,Lr r, tlr
1.,. L.
I . 3! 2ooo ts.(:.E.. $ere rvere reports thar "dre earr]r turned wlirc x! salt rccu
: :ied h the soll. As r re*k, r.hcat rvas largely replaced bv bar1e11 r4rich is hr
Map3.2
^4esopotamla
:lieraroutlo.o
r'err! ol
rdep.ncert an. .onpet
slat.5 of 5unc_Ner. i.or
p.ratrd rio a unr.r.'
arger mperla 5tat.5 t,.sed
ri Atkaa, 3ab,,Lor .r.l
tr.'
P^RT1/FIRSTTH
NNINGsINHsIORY,TO5OOE'{'E'
nror tole nt ofsilt\ .ondaon\"Ihn ccologj..i de..riontion .1eid1 weaken'd
Sunierid cnv-stir.s, facjlirtrtcd dleir coDq!cst bv toreigDcrs,
of lvlesopotrrlirn.ililiz,rrlon !.Irn,r!ie.t1) to rhe rrorth
arrd shilicd dre
.entcr
ig-\'pt. by cor)n'ast, created a niore rustauable agticulmral systen. rhich lasted
1or rhoosrnds oileas rnd contribured to rhe rcmrrkable .ontniur,v ofits
,r, {
'- -rn'';r'o'
'lviliza
n! Eg1'ptirn (ourterpat \! rs
nruch less inrruit, srnpr\'rcguhtDg th. retrLral llort ofthe Nile. Such a s-vserrr
avoirlcd tiie prcblem of *ltl soik, allorvrng E5prian agricufturc to erlplusizc
theat tro.luction,but jt depemled on thc genenl regularitl rld thtive gendcness
of the Nilei rrnuil flooding. On o..asion, thrlt prdcrr wir( nitcrrlpted. Fith
scnors .o$eqlLenc.s for Eglptian so.iery Ar e\terded pertud of lorv lloods
bcNeer:2sorndr95o3.c.E.1.dtosh;tpl,'redrcedagriculrunlouput,largescale
qanadon. thc loss oflnrsock. rnd. consequendr socirl rLpheaval ud poliocJ disruprioi. N onctheless,I$ptl abilit1 .o Nork 1r'rrl tri Dorc hr-orablc naturrl en ror
nent enrbled a dcgree ofstrbilitv md contnurl thar protd rrrposiblc n Sumcr'
$hcrc huna x.tion i.ttudcd rore hearilv into a 1es bc[evcnert natrral senmg
.anals alld dlkes that 1ed to tlre sJnxzatloii
ofrh.
soiL.
Cities dnd States
Po]nicrll,v as well as culmnllv rnd ei)lironnlcmelh, MesopouDj$ xnd E$Ptirn
diilerd shrphr For its titst thousand ]exrs hroo rljo B..r t'i
N{csotormxaD civilizxtion. lo.atcd n the southenlligrjs-EuPhrater region know'
rs SuDe.. 16 orga,iizcd in a dozcn or moe separatc aDd indL'pcndenr cin siates
cNili,arions
L:cli citv-s:tt'ims ruled b., r krrg,irho claured to rcprcsent the ciN\ lrrro d'16
,rrrJ nho cc,nollcd the ailairs ofrhe nallcd crt,v .ud surronndiis ruul arer' Qutr'
rernrkabh, \o re Eo percent ofihe topuLaiion oiSurner lived in ote or mother oi
rhese.it\ sntes. rnkrng N'leropoturri3 the niosr thorougll'urbenized soctctv oi
in.ien! timcs. The clicf r.:,rsoo t-or this nrssi!. !rb. ,r!ion, hoveier. laI D the
gr.at flir\\ of thir s,!rren1. lor itqucDt $afare nlong these SuDcrlrtr clry rtrre'
c.ruscd people livDg tr rural are,rs to llcc to tle (-r11.d .nies fot prorecdor'wnl:
r)o oLmrh;rg rutho)lq'. rivalry oi'er land a rv,rter oftcn led o violent conflicr'
Aiier one sLlch coDdi(t d.stroved the ciry oI Ur ard dcsccrated ns tcniplc. .t poc:
lame red rhe ciry\ srd tater
Aner 1'otr crtr lud Leer dcsrrc)ed, hov nor crn ,\\1 .nsrl
Alter rour bouse lud l.een dcsrc)ed, ho( h.j rcur helr I.d,!o
o
l
.lt] ha\ be.oii. a srug. .it-!..
vnn h.,r. hr\ be.onre I housc oftcars'l
l'(rur
lirorxrertrl devlli:oon, eventualh lcri Sunerrl
.itl$ lulneirbl. to out\idc forces,.rnd alicr about:3io B.(r.r . snonger pcoplcs lion:
norrh.rn Meioforani] conquered Srnrer's rarrn.e .1des. brxrging rn end to th;
Sunerian phrse of N4esoporuxar .lvlljz3don. Fnst the Akkxdiarr (2ljo 2oc:
r.!..r. ) xnd hrer the Bab\lorirns (I9oo Ijoo B.(r.E) ard rhe A$lrilr (9oo 6r:
These conllicts, togethcr rvrtlr e
=,:
cH^Pr[R]/FrRsrcvLzaror{sr
c
r
Es, srArEsi AND uNEquAL soctEr Es,35oo a,c.L._soo ts.(,1.
1...r.) crerted larger rerritorirl strtes or burcaucnti. errpir.s th.u eD.olrFassed xI
or most ofMcsopot.Ilia. Pcriods ofpoliricil uritv nov des.ended upo]1 rhE Fir\t
Ci\jlizaxon, but it was uniry r)rpoled Fonr outsrle. Much tarer, a slnrjtar pro.els
belil tlic Greel .rq iur.s. Nhose end.Dri. \,afare xNired Maccdorian inmsion
rnd thcir subsequent incorpon.ion inio rhe enlpircs ofAlexl .r the Great.tnd
of
then ofthe Rolians G.e Chrpter
11.
Iglpti.lr) .ivrlization. by
conrrasr, be$rr its hnror_l xround lroo u.c.r., r,ith rhe
mcrger olseveral cartiet surcs or chielilous into a unified rcrrnor) drar {rer.hed
alorjq e N .. ]:or rr ama,ing 3.ooo )cars, ESpr nranrt.urcd
!Dill rnd n)depe[derc., though wtrh oc.x!]ord Dtcrruptiol1s.A corrbination
some r,ooo nnlcs
rhat
,irh
dr;
mg.
otwiDd p.tterns thrt nudc rr easy to sarl soutl alorg thc Nile rd r curer)t flowing
north lacllitrted .onDuDj.atlo ), erchange, ( jt\: rDd srabiliry withirl rhe NrLeV.tler:
Her ilas a record ofpolit;cal longe!.iry md connruih rhafthe A4csopotanixDs Ird
ranv other !r)cicnt pcople\ niehr mll h.lve etrvicd.
Cities ir E$,pt Nere less irnporixnt than in Mesopotrulir. rtthough potitical
.apit s, ini*er ccrlrcrs, a.d ma3or buri,rl sires gave E91pt n urbar prescnce rs urt1.
\lost people Livcd nr 3griclltura1 v;lhges atong rle river radrer dran ni urbaD cer_
:crs. perlirps bccxlre E$pr\ grcxrer \ecuritt ,nide jt tess ne.essarv 1br peoplc to
$.ag"h"t
Key Moments in Nile Vattey Civitizations
small-scale states in Sudaric Africa
'{ubiar
.i
,gdon o'Ta.5eli
Unification ofEgyptas a single state
t'eor enl warlare berwFpl
rglpr.ro \uoidn ,arFc
0ld Kirgdom Egypt (hish point ofpharaohs,power
and pyramid buildifs)
2663-2195 B.LE.
\Jbidn k rgoor ofKrshe:taD <hed
lgvotian ronmen:ale\pFoitions to N rbi.
hv,(os invasion ard rule ot tqyp,
155o-io64
LnarCelLe
o_
B.c.E.
teyplidn empi.e
Quepl Hat(h"psur launche( p,pedir,or.
,robably alongthe East Aflicar coast
lrsh ororest
'
to
a ,d ot pLrr,
1473-t454 s.c.L.
of Egyp.
\ssyriar conquesl or lgvpi
r"rstanrulPirFgypi
Jonar roiquesi of rgl,pt
6tt--651 a.c.z.
525 444
8.c.E.
PARr 1
/
FrRsr
rN
NNrNcs rN HrsroRY,
ro 5oo 8...r.
garher n) turtilied ro\rns.Tlic lo.us ofdre ElxfiiaD strte rcsded irl dre phrro]r.
bclicvcrl to be ,r go.1 m |unDtr tarn1. H. rlonc cnwrcd the ddl,v rrsDg oltle sLrr
and thc annurl doodrrg oi drc Nilr. ,{1 olthc corntrr''s nuq' oEicmls scrved at hls
;1carrcl dit Lrv oithe l.rnLt was sDph thc phanoh's cdict;rnd rcccss to fie atier
life h., h prormrv ro lrrf rnd buLi.l xr or ner 1is tos.-Dg plramds.
-llu rmgc olrhe phr oh rnd hr rc1. as m eDdurnrg s1'mtrol oiEglptian crv
ili,rtior p.rsiir.d ovcr $e coure oirhree illenrir. bur dre reihiies of E$prian
Fdld.rl ljli .hang..1 orer urrre. Ui 2+oo B...rr. dre;oirer ofdre phanoh hrd
drurirl,erl. .* locrl ollicirls a noblcs, who hrd bee,, r\!.rded rhen o{n lxDd and
vcrc ab)e to p.rs their posidons on to rhelr soDs, r5$ured grceter ruthorit).When
tle sertler r.Nl.cd u l]]e Nrle\ rcf.rted
i:rilu!:: to food troperh
rrcund -::oo r.c.E., dre rudiorin of thc pharaoh s,as scrcrelv Jts(r.dited. rr)d
lglpr dsso1lcd tir serer,rl .eliLri.s iDto r i.ries oilocal principaLtrcs
Ltrn rvhcn ccntrrlizcrl r ule 1\,i, restord rFund iooo !.c.r., tlic pliaraohs [cvcr
regrircd $cii o1d porvcr arrd predlse. Kfigs $ere rof \,ar rerl $rt drev too sould
hI.e to rccount for tiicir acrio,,s ar $e Dir,- ofJ!dgre,r. NoHes ro lorger soughr
to Lre buried r.ar th. pltraohi pvramrl brt rnsterd crcrtcd their on uore moden nnrlx irr rlieir 01111 ir.xs. Osirr, tlic god oi the dcad, bccarc ncrcasuigl.
p,o,,,i,,enr. n,d "all rr.n \rho ncr. \'odr.,' .. not nicrch. rhoc wlio hrd knorn
dre fhr rol jn life .oulLl rslire to Dmortali..' n hr rcrlm.'+
clnngcs rn
Interaclion and Exrhange
I
Cornection
and distant neighborsl
Alrhoush Nlcsopotrnia riLl ]]e\'pr represerred seplrre rnd dstni.t civilizitions.
dre! ini.fi.r.d i.:cqucDtlv rnrl er.h odrer,lrd \!t]r bodr re$ anrt rrore dstrnt
.eiq|Lor. Lven D rhcsc ucicrrt tirrret, tle Frrst alivilizrtio,,s rere e,rrbedded !r
lrrgenieri.rks oi.onurcrcc. culrurc, ard poircr. Norc ofthcm stood rlo,re.
Tbc errl,- begrrn gs ofE!,1!tian cililizarxrrl rllusrratc drc pout. fts agricul-
ruicLlrcrvrporwhert,!r.1brrLc,r:rlichnclic.lE91pcfronlrlcsoprorrnia.rsvel)
rs gourd, !,rr.rn1elon, .lofre{i.rred dorke,!!. d c.rrtle. (hich derircd fronr
SLLdri. \o . scholars rrgue dr:t Es)pt'\ nef tvrinrjd\ a,ril its sr'*err ol{riring
lver e \tirn(hred br N{csof.o nirf ,,,odels. Tle p,rctj.e oi .Livine kingship'
sccnr to Lrve.lerii.e.l from rhc ccrtnl or er:tcrn SuJaD, riLrere s,rall-\.ile lgti
culnrrrl co rr!lnrirler hrrl long ncircd thcir rrlcrs rs sacrd r.d Lr!ried therr with
mrious scriurs rrrl oilicirls. Fron tlls complcr oiDHrcnccs, the EglptrDs crerteJ soorcthing drnrct :[d uniqu.. but rhit .i\.ilizrtion liad roots in both Aliica
rrrl Sourhrc:t Asia.'j
I-u rllanrorc, on.c t|e\ n.re esttrblshed. bodr Nlesopotxnria rnd lglpt.ar
ried or .\r.n.i!. long disra,,rc nr.le. Surrreri,r ,,rerch,rrts h,rd esrrblishcd
se,,L.onre .o,r..r iridl drc hrlus Vallc,- .irllizroon ri crrl,v rs :too l.c.r.. Odrer
rrede nres comecteLl rt to ADrtolir (!r.scDt dav TrLLc,v), E!,1!t, Inr, rnd
AE|Irist3f l)urr)c AkkidiaD rul. .rcr Nl.iopotama, r Sumcrirn pocc dscribed
rt' crprtal oiAgrde:
(HAETER 3
/
FIRST
I:IVILIZ
AND UNEAIAL 5OC EIIES,
I. dnn. d.ri dr. dlelhns\ oaAg.d. $tre iiled
i6 brisht slluig h.LNes icre rill..l rirh \lhcr,
trs qutry $he,c dre boe$ do.ked sere
.!l
ol .hn
Ig\ptj
r95
r\trh sold
!tro 1ls grdries r.re LrrouEllr cotper, hn, \hbr of
hps l.r,ull fx bl c se.rroD.l.1r nl.\ bulsed ar rlre sld.j
h$
.rd rroe
.aurc
rll bustle.
:5 oo h r.r.-5oo B.., r,
.
.
.."
6on iar N\-ry.
tnde l,kcusc cxrcn.led fir rlleld Llerond rs irvollenlcnr (ir| rhe
\lediterraneli and drc i\lid.tle East. Egvp.ian rradlrgjourre\\ e\reDdc.t .teep nto
\ii i(r. ni.lLrdxig Nubix, sortl ot Eglpt n th. NileVrlle\.l P!ni, xlorg rhe Easr
trii(ar.oa{ ofErhjopia a,rd Sonalia. OD. Eg}pria| otfi.irl dcs.ribed Li5 r( rD
,!n aD .xp.dirior to \ubir:"1 .ini. do{n {jrl dtree hlDdrd do)ke\s hd.n
,nti nr..nsc, ebo,r\r .. pander shns, r'leplart t$ks. rlnoy sri.ks. rid rll jors ol:
:,rod produ.n. '7 WIrt rnosr nrrigucd i|e very voung phuioh wlio scnr hrn.
:or.!cr. \11s r d.rr.r)g d\1arf thar r..orrpi,ricd d1c c\pcdnior bick ro Eglpr
Alorg {i$ nrrlc goods 11..nr .nltural !1llu.n.c llom $. cilrlizadons of
\l.sotoiarrii r)J E$!r Aniong rle \,!r11.. socico.s olrhe r esior ro Ii'et thts lrdu
::r.. irere e H.br.\ls, lrho hd r)ngrted *oni Mesofordrxa ro Pienine aDd
:j\pr eril\ nr d1.ir lxsron.'lher ucEd \lrlrings, re.orded in tli. OtdTestrncnr,
ro11,e.L $e inlluerlcc oiNlesopot,rrfia u thc L1c lorar e1e'prDciple oftherr lcgrl
{e,r a!)d jn the ston ofi flood $ar destrol.d d1c 11odd. U qlc ro r}r. Helrr..{s.
::serer,l.as cir cnrerer rg awrrencs of r ne d frJ mcl surgle d.iry Yrh weh. n ho ri hefnr1i.r:h.e
tu i
:.,,,.rndcd D .rhi.il life iion hr peoplc. Tls .or.etioD s!Lx.querid! aciiic'cd P:E rrLr i iis i
Ern.ta
:.rhrl sigDiri.xn.e \rle,r it rrs rrkcn orer hr Cllrri\arDnv anLl klarr.
rg,rptrr eIt . Tr; ra
Th. Pho.ri.jnr, \\ ho \i crc .onxnen:lally ,r(dre ir rhe M..l1ier r1l,rear Lusn rio,,l
pr ni!! Lr np rq I ft5.rf, b
:rr ho elard ir present dr Lcbrnon.,rlso ricrc inl]xcn.cd bY Nte,otonnriJr .1r
r or). lney &loptcd fic Nle$lotruD tirt it\ go.lde\! I\hur, r.nalji,rq h.r
: ,:.rr.. rl ey ,tlso adaptcd the
LlLia: rn rr.elrr' o l,lulr a
Strnrer ir1 enciionn nlcrhoLl ofnrit!1g b a lnrch.$
TIE nr! i .!ne! ln I !,rs
: rbhrlredc s1 rdn. ivhi.h liter Lrec nc rhe basis ior ClrccL rnd L:u,n wrrmg. t!mb lal t5r.illr IrLr..!
::o!s Irdo Eurpearr peopl.s, dbircrsnrg prob.rbl\ no,D rlorth c.nrljA ro[].ako
,
r+.
l-\
p.rod irtE r55.
L,erarie
En I
nr.
ir
i :i,
re!.ra
EglPt
.eni rr !s
.a r. rn, in.thtarn
ilur;.ic rclr,ra(
i-.
'SYRIAI ,
-r-<
UPPER ''1
MrritueehpiE
,,,
.,.
,
cHAPTER
3
/
FrRsr clvrLrrAr oNs: crrrEs, srarEs, AND rJNsauAL socrElEs,
35oo 8...E__5oo B.c.E.
rll-; o\r rc[sions lrl N.]1$ brcDze rreralluNl
..,,o.i. \\4i ', '.. ' . .r ,.,J i.r . ... ,.r ..-
xrcorforated Su re,iaD.lciries nrto
nuch ofEurasia, drey took these Surcrim c kurrl ardiicrs wjrh thcn.
Ig}?tiin clltural n luence like$ne sprcad ii se\erai direr:tioDs. Nubia,located
to die soadr ofllrpt in d)e Nrlcv.lie\. uor onlv t.aded {rth irs ,norc poverfut nejqtr
t. L,
....u.P .t. -j,d:
Eg1pt. Stjlled Nubian archcrs s.erc rcdrclr'recruued tor servlce xs |re(cnxrjes xr
Eg\ pti.rr irrnxcs.T|q, otler nnfled E!,1prilr \yorlicD and were burlert n Ep;rpt[n
stl.le. AI oI fin led ro rh. di*iLsioD of Egiptian cutrure rn Nuhir crpresrerl in
buildng Eglprlrn sq,lc plta,Iids, \lorshi|ping Igrpti,rr gods rnd goddesses an.l
n.tking Ne oI Egyptim hieroglr.phlc wrlrmg. Despjre rlis crtnrrrl borrc11n1g.
N!Lria rcDanred a dn r.t ciulizatlor. ricvelopng it\ own.lphrberic sijpt.rcrrjr)n1g nianv olit5 olrD god!. de\.c1opnrg I niaJor lorworking nrdu5tq, b)
Joo n.c f..
!!d rse.tlng its pollti.rl indcpcnLlerrce rvhcrerer posibte. r'he NuLt3r kiDedolr
,K i .,.. r.,,1-. l..D i ,o. I .J.t
f^ ..
In dre Medircrrareill basm. clear lgrpti.rrr liir.Dce i\ vsible iD rhe .trt of
fic Mnroan clvjlizrtlon, wli.h errerg.d or the rtmd ofCrci. ibolr:soo lC.E
Mor. co,rtrokrlal hir b.cn rhe chnr br historim Marrin Bernat ;) .r nuct_
.!blicized book, .Bld*1rtr,, (i9s7), rhrt llrci.n. Gret c!fture-iis trtl,.eligior),
philosophl: and hrreurgc drery hcaril"- upoD E$pttln as Nell as Mesoiroranrjan
prc.ederltu Hn look Tir up I passioDarc debne amorg sclolars.lb souc ofhrs criocs.
Berral ic.med to unddDirc rli. origi,ratit! oi Greek ci\.itizrdorl lr, suggcs rg
drlt jr had Alio-Asiarl orlgins. Hr supporters accLsed tlic .ritic\ ofEurocenirislr.
Vhatcw its outcomc. die (oDrrorersy nrrrourdirig B.rDrlts book served ro foc!s
r!.ntion or Es,pt\ relrtioDsiip ro bhckAtri..r rrrd to rhe rvo|td ofthe Mediter
affoss
Iidue,,.e wr not ir onc $rv \necr, ho$ever. as Egypr Jnd Mesopoia rir Like
qsc felt thc rnpact of nciglborDg peoptes. pisror,ll peodes, sp.ak ID.1o_
e
:uiopeaD langurges rnd li!.nrg rD wh,t is Do{,soD$enr Rus;r, had doriestrcrted
:re Lorsc hv perhaps 4ooo B.c.r. md luter lca ed ro oe rhxt po\r.rflll Ixmrt to
Lheclell .3rrs rnd chrriots. Ihis nes rcchro]og pro\.jded a fcxrlonc nritirrrl
rotcDt;il dlar embled *rious clarlot drivffq Feoplcs io teDiponritv o\..,Nhetm
,aciert (ivrlizaiions Based nr An.]tolia, rhe Hitnr.s o\oxn the po$erjirt Bab\lorxan
.Ipire ofMcsopofuDxa iD r\9j B.c.r. About tlie same riIe, aDodrer pasrorrt group
| 1,,-.., . H 1., ....1. j rl ,.. r t.di ..r:r.r trrr .nu\,
r.. Bur h..r wi ,,Jiv.l !a. t-,,..,
d o, t-,r.
::lpdans xnd d1c Mcsopotanians ilxroryorared;t irto rhcr.Lrirn milmn forces.
. tact, this poicrlul rilitery innovarioD, rogether wnh dre tno\,1edge ofbm,rze
:::rallurgy spread qulchlv Dd N eh., rca.hr)g ChiDr bl r2oo B.cr.r. There i.
:.ablcd the.rerrio of a srrong Chincsc srrte ,uted by the Shans d\lasill Al] of
'
l'eupr,
'-.. -,1e.. o "
f,"
" ,..,,",,
:.nrc ElLrasirn l.n.t r.tss in xncie,ll tinies. Even rlien, n., civ izarion Nrs whollv
'latcd fiom larger prtterns ofirtera.rion.
PARrl
/
rrRsr rNrNGs
F
Rsr: BEclNN NGs rN
H
sroRy,
ro too
8...E.
l,r Eil\pt. thc irrffurion oitlic .hrjot dri!nrg H!ksos strxftered th. se,se ofs.cu
rity thir thr NileVillq (ntLizirior h.rd long.,rj$ed k itso s*ruhrcd rhe ro.n1a[)
(onpla.cnr Ls1ptieis to rdopt I ru,nb.r ofr..Lrologies
.adter uAsia.
ni.hdn{
liorrecrcd
dram chariot; res krnds oI arnior. borvs, drggcs. .rd \!ords:
rrpror<d nredrods oispuung a|d ircavng;Iew nusicrl irstruDrcnrs: arrd otit and
fonrgmrete lces. Absorbnig rlese foreigr) rnlolanor)s, Egprrars e\pelled rhc
lllksos ard wenr on to .Fate their o(D e|rpirc, bodr nr Nutrir in.t nr the casi.rn
Nledner ierD rcgions oiS\ria ard PalesnDe Bl rioo r.c.r., fie trcviousiv seti:
.o,r!.tnred Eglpt be.nre fbr sevrral cernrties ar nlteirt srxr. bfulgtDgAia.r ard
Asir, ruling okr ub*r,rn3l Dumbos ofrron lq\pttxn leopt.s (see MaF r. r). lt iko
becanie part oiar j,rternrtiorul politi.irl sysr. dut ni.lLrded rtre llatrytoDjar rnd
larerAslrixn ei\rircs ofNlcsopotarria i! w.11 as rLrN odrer peofl.s oirhe region.
Eg)'ptiaD !,d u.rb\'loun rul.rs errgrgcd nr regrlar d;ptoi!)ao..oitstondercc,
r.lcucd to ore Jllodrcr rs brofier." exchaneed gii-rs. ard niarricd rheir drlgtirds
nno one .rotlreri fini1i.s. O,). Babllonlin king.oD4nrin.d ro an I$trixn
pluraoh $rt dre dclegrrior drat hd corne ro trke hr drugtit€r to Egvpr.orr.rirert
onh tive curirgcs. Yrh rl!,otrld hr .o ur d ers siy about th. dxrsh rer of i qre.t mler
tnvelmg urh uch a prkr,v escort?"
dre horse
Reflections: "Civilization":
What's in a Word?
Ef
unlit,-h
Cii!-n
In eranxrurg rhe .LrltLts oIin.iert Nlesopotllnia ud Eg_vpt. rvc are irorlds avr
liom litc n agrlcuinrnl r.rllag.s or PaLeolirlii. canls tvluch tLre sanir- hotrls for thosc
oirhc IiidusV3llelt Chxia, Nleso.rDeri.i, trrd rLrcAnder Strugch enoueh, tutori
Irve bee,) soDlci(har trrcertau as ro lorv ro rcfer to rhes. De{ li, nrr oft,Ln,, r,
connnl!)1rr Folownig co|nlon prictice, I lllr {:rltcd rtrcnr ,,.iv uarioDs,, bl,r
sclohrs havc rcsc:rrtlo,[ rbour dL- rer]rr tirr rs,o ratsoB.The tjrst L 1$ irnphulol
ofsuprriorrq. h popular usagc, .i,lli7atioD" sresej$ r.fi,ed betuyior. i..tigtrer.'
lorn of so.iet\., n lething urreservrdl,v positirc. Tlre .,urositc ot ..civ rzcd..
" barbxriar ," ' savr ge:' or " uD.illlj,ed s r ouull, un de,
srood is x. j, rlrtt xnptl
ing nrlerioritvTliar, of.oune. rs precrcly lorv ttrc inhrbitrrrs of.jrjjv cl[tizitnrrs
ans
have vlewerl drosc outsirle
]i!rrg $itho!r dr.
t|eir
orvD socienes, prrtrcuhrtv thos.
ne;glbonig
Peoptes
alleged benelit olciries rnd srares
lvloderr asesnne.rj oi rhc Fj.( Civ urdons kvcal a protoLurd ambierLiti
rhesc Der.liirger, and nior. .orrpler ioctetjes. OD rhe o,). hard, these (r.i
Lzations liare giren us inspirxrg art. prcfound rtllectnrs or the nicarirs of tif..
morc P1.d!.tive re(hnologics. rEr* 5ed .onrol over mturr:.rulthc art ofwriting
al1 ofs.hich hrle bccn ciuse for .elebratun. On thc other hand rs rrthopologtr
Mirlin Hlris Doicd lHlur)a. Lrcx{s leirncd 1ior dre firsr r;r]e hor to bou:
grovel kreel rnd ko\1.io\\."" Ntrssiv. hequahri.s, st.te oppresion. rllrni hrse
rlrolt
.l',,'.'.
.h. rlse oI (ililiziiior
,.,
r.
.f,.
r..i i.
o,..
,,.
Se.entiru din:o,rlcnr, rebetlion.Irrl sonctrnes rhe urgc
ro
/Vhat s the I
,o(eChr.o :
cHAPTER3
l_!
/
FtRsr (tvtLrzArtoNs:.trtEs, sraiEs, AND uNEQUAL SocrElESj 35oo s,c.E. 5oo
1t3
escape.Tlrjs rnllrigrit! abo!r rhe chracr.r ol.iv i,arions tas tcd so,ne hnro,ia$
to avoid dre i\ord, rclernDg o e.rrl\ Elipr. N.les.,!oranii, r,Id odler regions nrstead
xs
.oDplcr
soc;etjes
!rban b3\ed socicrie\. star. orginlzed 5ocj.rie\, or some nore
ls:
:lil
A sccond teserlarron ibo.r !sing rhe re D'-civil;zrtior1" deri\es ionr jts unplj
.3tior oisolidltv th. idei dlrr .nil;r ioDs r.prese t diitirl.t a,,d Nidet) shared
ldeDndLa {idr (lcar bour&ries dDr |,xrk dlcm otl IroD orter nrch rnii rr i(
u.l*c]]: hor.!er, rhrr ,Ian1, pcople ljynig h t,tesopo.iDria, Norte Ctico. or
an.ient Clinr lclt rlefrselvcs pfut of a slurcd drttLrre. Locrt iden0tics rletincd bv
r r,,i r r,r .
nrosr leop1c thrr rho\e ofsorre lugcr .i!ttt2.rdon. Ar best, mcnbers oiin edu
cated uppo class uho sliard i.onxnon tjterarv rraditior rrav har.r, f-elt thdrselves
prrt ofsonre Dore Dcluii\€ civilizarion, bur drar lcli orLt ,[ost oi Lte population.
Moreolcr. unllte Dlodcnr rftions. nore of ttrc cttie, .iy i,ritors liad.tefiDirc
borders. Anv llenoficatjor witli fiir ciyilizrtion surty lidcd N riisruce fron ja
.ore rcgion in..cascd. Firrll,r: rhc fure bctu{cn .ir|i,t]oons a.d orher kirlds ot
nr.ieti.s r not al$.i).s .lear. lusr {he,t docs e vtllree or rour be.ome r cin? At
\ LJt. .,.
'1,., 1.n,.r.
.r'rl. ..
Girer thesc rcsenations, shoull historiars dis:art rlie .otion of.iviti,trt;oo?
\,laybe so, Lrur dN booh conriliues to usc ir borh becausc ir t\ \o dccpt) enbcdded
x1 olr \rr,v of rhlrknril rbour rle Buld and Lle.rlsc Do atrernad\e.otrccpr hrs
rchiered Nidcspre,rd !srgc lor r.lkug dndr.tio aDoDg differ.Dr krrds ofhtrnun
:orrruunitics.Wlen dic remr .rppean ir rte rerr, tr"/ o lecF in nrj,rd .\1o poDts.
Flrst, as ucd bv hisorians, "cjvilizrtion j! t] p!rc1,! des.rjpo\'. rerr. dcsislrrtnu a
n 1..r, o
:.v lu dgi
n
, ...,t....
,, 1...,-,,;
rt or a$c$nre. r. aN s.nse ot
erpcriori$ o, inlirior;t\. Sccond, rr rs $ed
r dcline bro.rd culnLnl larterns in fjrticular geoEraplic regiors Nlesoporrnja,
:xc Peruviar coasL. or Chim. for eimple even fiough |,any peopte liriiq ur
r
er
(r.n
^,,,. I
r t P : , . , J , r lt.,
, ri, .
.!-.onJ |ho"qhts
l/hat's the Signifi€ance?
:1e Chico/tanl
. :,1
irs v.lley .ivil ziiion
Molreilo Daro/Harrppa
ES_vpt
"the gllt olthe N 1."
md!rr
nrh
be.lford!tm:
srhalrr,'Gt
irs.omrnEyer