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HVAC solutions in the restoration of an
historical building as museum
Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno
Soluzioni impiantistiche nel restauro di un
palazzo storico adibito a contenitore museale
il Palazzo Fulcis a Belluno
PROF. ING. MAURO STRADA1 – ING. ENRICO BABBOLIN1 – PER.IND. ANDREA CRIVELLA1
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RO – PROF. ING. FRANCESCO RUGGIERO
1
STEAM Srl Phone +39 080 596.3870, e-mail: info@steam.it
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e dell’Architettura – Politecnico di Bari
Phone +39 080 596.3870, e-mail: ruggiero@poliba.it
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SUMMARY
The approach to HVAC design in the recovery and the conversion of an historic
building requires particular care and accuracy, due to the complexity of the features and
the required uses, without forcing the nature of architectural artefact but, at the same
time, combining the architectural language with the modern technologies, through the
implementation of an integrated design.
This work present the HVAC design of Palazzo Fulcis, funded by the Fondazione
Cariverona, a fine and important historic building in Belluno turned into a museum, to
entrust the management to the City institutions, suitable to allow the exhibition of the
Museum materials and to create new spaces for temporary exhibitions.
If the first objective obligates to choose technical solutions with low-impact to the
building, the second target requires the need to insert a modern and widespread HVAC
plant able to guarantee: certainty of operation, precision of active microclimate control
system, flexibility to adapt to the different microclimate conditions that are required by
the providers of work of art, that couldn’t been installed in Climabox.
Due to a complete recovery of the building, the choice is to operate as a surgeon
for the integration of an invasive plant, the HVAC system, in a structure that originally
had an outdated and improper air conditioning system, to ensure the best thermohygrometric comfort and, at the same time, to control the air chemistry and the electromagnetic radiation that are the main causes of degradation in the conservation of works
of art.
The introduction and the choices of various special and innovative plants is, therefore, direct to the use of spaces in modern forms and integrated with issues of operational and safety, global comfort (lighting, noise, temperature) and air quality. The HVAC
systems are integrated in the architecture to create specific operating conditions by
Edifici di valore storico: progettare la riqualificazione
Una panoramica, dalle prestazioni energetiche alla qualità dell’aria interna
Historical and existing buildings: designing the retrofit
An overview from energy performances to indoor air quality
Roma, 26-27-28 febbraio 2014
Rome, 26th-27th-28th February 2014
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HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno
avoiding any invasivity that is unsuitable in the recovery of an artistic and historical
building.
Facing the complexity of these issues the work shows the technical choices designed to match each plant to the real needs and to the operating mode of the building,
offering environmentally friendly solutions with the necessary guarantees of: indoor
comfort (temperature, humidity, air quality); compliance with the current legislation and
reliability and security of systems, components and equipment.
The HVAC systems are zoned in order to safeguard: the continuity of operation in
case of mechanical failure and/or maintenance; the control system optimization and the
simplicity and economy of the centralized management and maintenance of the installations. This is done through a hierarchical BMS with remote control. The system has a
very simple controlled procedure, now indispensable in engineering management.
RIASSUNTO
L’approccio alla progettazione impiantistica per il recupero e la rifunzionalizzazione di un edificio storico e monumentale richiede una particolare prudenza ed accuratezza, legata alla complessità delle funzioni e degli usi richiesti, evitando forzature sulla natura del manufatto architettonico ma, nello stesso tempo, coniugando il linguaggio architettonico con quello impiantistico moderno, attraverso la realizzazione di un progetto integrato.
In questo lavoro sarà presentato il progetto di Palazzo Fulcis, finanziato dalla
Fondazione Cariverona, un pregevole edificio di particolare importanza storica per la
Città di Belluno trasformato in un contenitore museale da affidare alle istituzioni cittadine, adatto a consentire la esposizione dei materiali del Museo Civico nonché creare
spazi in grado di ospitare mostre temporanee.
Se il primo degli obiettivi obbliga ad operare scelte impiantistiche di basso impatto
sulla struttura, il secondo obiettivo comporta la necessità di inserire una impiantistica
moderna e diffusa tale da garantire certezza di funzionamento, precisione di controllo
delle condizioni microclimatiche interne, flessibilità di adattamento alle varie condizioni
ambientali richieste dai prestatori d’opera per le opere non installabili in Climabox.
A seguito di un recupero pressoché integrale dell’edificio si è cercato, pertanto, di
intervenire in modo “chirurgico” nell’integrazione di un impianto invasivo come quello
del condizionamento, in una struttura che originariamente presentava una tipologia impiantistica obsoleta e inadeguata, per garantire migliori condizioni di benessere termoigrometrico e, nel contempo, il controllo delle condizioni e qualità chimica dell'aria e
delle radiazioni elettromagnetiche che rappresentano i principali agenti di degrado nella
conservazione delle opere d’arte.
L’introduzione e le scelte di vari impianti anche speciali e innovativi è stata, quindi, rivolta alla fruizione degli spazi nelle forme modernamente richieste, siano esse
funzionali e di sicurezza, siano di benessere globale (termoigrometrico, illuminotecnico,
acustico) e di qualità dell’aria; gli impianti sono stati integrati all’architettura nella creazione delle specifiche condizioni funzionali interne evitando ogni forma di invasività inadeguata alla importanza storico-artistica dell’edificio.
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Affrontando la complessità di questi problemi il lavoro presenterà le scelte progettuali tese a far corrispondere ogni impianto alle effettive esigenze e modalità di esercizio offrendo soluzioni rispettose delle necessarie garanzie di: massimo comfort ambientale (temperatura, umidità, qualità dell'aria); del rispetto della normativa in vigore; della massima affidabilità e sicurezza dei sistemi, dei componenti e delle apparecchiature;
dei frazionamenti impiantistici in maniera da salvaguardare la continuità anche parziale
degli impianti in casi di avaria e/o manutenzione; dell’ottimizzazione della regolazione;
della semplicità ed economicità della manutenzione e della gestione centralizzata degli
impianti. attraverso un sistema di supervisione gerarchizzato gestibile anche da postazione remota, con una procedura estremamente semplice e controllata, ormai indispensabile nelle gestioni impiantistiche complesse
Key words: Building plant design, microclimate, rational use of energy
Parole chiave: sistema edificio impianto; microclima, uso razionale dell’energia
1. INTRODUCTION
The approach to HVAC design in the restoration of a historic building requires particular care and accuracy, due to the complexity of the features and the new uses, combining the architectural language with the modern technologies, through the implementation of an integrated design.
This paper aims to describe the HVAC design case for Palazzo Fulcis, a fine and
important historic building in Belluno, rebuilt to allow the exposition of the artworks of
the City’s Museum as well as the organization of temporary exhibitions. The restoration
works have been funded by Fondazione Cariverona.
Figure 1 – View of Belluno’ s center
The HVAC systems were designed with a minimal impact on the structure, by
planning a modern distribution network capable to guarantee secure operations, preci-
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HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno
sion and the highest control of internal environmental conditions (microclimate, IAQ,
lighting, safety and security, info-entertainment, etc..). Such a system assures the desired
flexibility to adapt to particular microclimate conditions, as required by the severe artworks conservation standards.
The choice of a "surgical” approach applied to the integration of technological services, often quite invasive, ensures the achievement of better conditions for hygrometric
comfort as well as the control of the chemical quality of the air and electromagnetic radiation, the main agents of deterioration.
2. GENERAL CRITERIA
The main design goals were:
• high level of reliability and operational safety;
• flexibility of use allowing a wide range of configurations;
• respect for the architectural restrictions;
• energy saving;
• easy maintenance and management.
More precisely, the management cost also depends on the selection of the equipment:
• low temperatures terminals to use condensation recovery;
• minimum air exchange;
• heat recovery from exhaust air;
• adoption of inverters on pumps and fans.
Also a BMS System is used to control HVAC. The system can handle :
• detection and control of physical quantities (temperature, relative humidity);
• detection and management of operating states, alarms, etc.;
• programmed swich on/off and adjusting.
3. DEFINITION OF PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS
The project has considered the contents of the Ministerial Decree of 10/05/2001
”Guideline on technical-scientific criteria and operation standards of museums”, according to the Legislative Decree n. 112/98 art . 150, paragraph 6 Ministry of National Heritage and Culture.
Generally, the workcrafts owners impose restrictions concerning the environmental
preservation conditions when loaning, according to internationally recognized standards.
According to it and on the basis of an evaluation of the performances of HVAC systems
in the host museum, the loan insurance is agreed: the higher comfort, the more security
in storage, the lower fee!
The measurement and the memorization of environmental parameters of exposure,
defined by law as mandatory, can be sent to a centralized storage data system.
4. FIRST ANALYSIS
The artwork categories listed in Table 3 of the decree (such as works made of oxidized bronze, oxidized iron, unstable historic glass and wet wood), which require far
more severe environmental conditions, haven’t been taken into account in the definition
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of the design criteria. As a matter of fact, it is very difficult to ensure thermoigrometric
controlled rooms, as well as the stability of the moisture values in the context of a historic building (Strada M., Crivellaro A., 2009; Strada M. Crivellaro A., 2007).
Inside the building, several areas have been identified and characterized by different climatic requirements:
- Conference / exhibition / multi-purpose
- Offices, control room, ticket office, bookshop
- Bar
- Storage
- Restrooms.
By balancing the directions given by the decree, it is possible to derive the performance values for the air conditioning system which shall be as proposed in Table I.
Table I – Design air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and filtration
requirements
Parameters
Air Temperature
°C
Relative Umidity
UR %
Maximum Air
Speed
Filtration
EXHIBITION
Winter
19 (+/-1)
55 (+/- 5)
0,13 m/s
Summer
24 (+/-1)
55 (+/- 5)
0,17 m/s
> 95%, <
2µm
> 95%, <
2µm
STORAGE
Winter
19 (+/-1)
50 (+/- 5)
0,17 m/s
Summer
24 (+/-1)
50 (+/- 5)
0,17 m/s
20 (+/-1)
26 (+/-1)
50 (+/- 10)
50 (+/- 10)
0,13 m/s
0,17 m/s
95%
95%
20 (+/-1)
26 (+/-1)
50 (+/- 10)
50 (+/- 10)
0,15 m/s
0,15 m/s
95%
95%
20 (+/-1)
26 (+/-1)
50 (+/- 10)
50 (+/- 10)
0,15 m/s
0,15 m/s
95%
95%
20 (+/-1)
N.C.
N.C.
N.C.
CONFERENCE
ROOM
Winter
Summer
BAR
Winter
Summer
OFFICES
Winter
Summer
RESTROOMS
Winter
Summer
N.B. Air temperature, humidity and air velocity values shall be measured near the walls too.
Filtration of Air values shall be measured according to the Standard NISO– TR01/95.
Maximum variation of Temperature’s value in the day must be 1,5 °C/gg.
Maximum variation of relative humidity in the day must be 5% UR/gg.
> 95%, <
2µm
> 95%, <
2µm
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HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno
5. THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND EQUIPMENTS
The limited budget availability has resulted in the need to constrain fully conditioned areas, the most expensive, to select the rooms where a strict humidity control was
not required, while designing a very simple and efficient air conditioning system.
The ground floor of Palazzo Fulcis will be assigned to support activities (ticket office, bookshop, bar, services, control rooms, etc.).
The above mentioned ground floor is also characterized by a fragmentation of the
property, so it was not possible to get its whole availability. This condition forced the
need to design a system with separate and flexible sub-networks in order to start operating for independent sections.
The first floor, main floor and the second floor had optimal features for hosting exhibitions but they are characterized by the presence of frescoes which compel to avoid
any distribution on walls or ceilings. In the specific case, the restoration work has required deep structural actions that returned a seismic improved building, as well as a
more efficient one, since the main floors being removed have been used to place the
main distributions, both hydraulic and electric.
Figure 2, 3, 4 – Interiors of Palazzo Fulcis
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The attic, historically used as warehouse and storage space, is free from constraints, so it is perfect for temporary exhibitions, while enjoying the wide and open
space. At the same time, the wooden covering structure gives the volume less inertial
mass compared to the lower floors.
6. CHOICE AND COMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS
Particular attention was paid to the choice of materials that will be used for the
HVAC plants to reduce or eliminate the possibility of deterioration and chemical attacks
[Cisternino M., Ruggiero F., Strada M., 2003; Strada M., Borsoi L., Crivellaro A., 2006;
Strada M. , Fochesato S., Peron F., Rossi G., 1999; Strada M., GussoA., 2004]. The use
of multilayer pipes, with presence of polymeric materials inside and outside, ensures
their protection against corrosion.
7. HVAC SYSTEMS
The use of any radiant floor panels in the exhibition rooms was avoided because,
besides the aesthetic advantages, they would be characterized by:
- unacceptable inertia,
- difficulties to control air T / RH room by room,
- the need to keep the air system working continuously to control airborne pollutants and moisture.
Eventually, the presence of a large group of visitors in the museum may request
cooling even during the winter, that’s an additional reason why the radiant floor heating
system is not the best solution and therefore could never fulfill the need.
All proposed solutions also meet the needs for local filtration (dust and gas pollutants), deodorization, heating, cooling, dehumidification and humidification.
7.1. Ticketing and bookshop
The radiant floor heating system has been adopted in other areas of the museum,
such as the ticket / bookshop on the ground floor. A particular type of radiant floor specifically designed with reduced thickness was applied.
7.2. Exhibition rooms
In these spaces precision custom designed units were provided for the museum facilites:
- dehumidification and post-heating
- flat medium efficiency air filters, high efficiency air filter 95%, active carbon filter for pollutants
- ultrasonic precision humidifier, with different sets of values in each room
- condensate collectors and check for fluid leakage
- automatic management of the temperature gradient (+ /-0.5°C) room by room
and recording in supervisory system (as required by the DM 2001).
The units are always two for each room to allow maintenance of the units without
losing performance and ensuring redundancy in case of break-down.
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HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno
The proposed units are equipped with an automatic leak detection system with control valve adduction. The solution can also assure, in special situations, temperatures
above 20°C (lenders often require to maintain artworks at 22/24°C with 50% relative
humidity both in the summer and in the winter).
The units have been sized to meet the conditions with typical crowds for temporary
exhibitions throughout the building (larger than the crowds in art galleries), extending
the flexibility of use to various configurations of the building. The variable primary air
flow is controlled by recirculation air quality sensors that only take in external air in case
of heavy crowd, by controlling CO2 as a pollutant. The HVAC system can be completely
shut down allowing a significant source saving in terms of operation and maintenance
costs, but at the same it can ensurie the recommended parameters in the rooms (temperature, humidity, VOC, gas) .
7.3. Exhibition attic
It's characterized by less massiveness and large windows. A double fan external air
unit was chosen to quickly react to changes in weather and/or crowding conditions. Air
ducts are visible, due to spaces’ height, and are provided with a perforated surface for
the distribution in the rooms.
7.4. Other spaces
Four-pipe and primary air fan coil units have been adopted only in the ticket office,
bar, bookshop, control room and administration.
8. PRODUCTION OF HEATING AND COOLING FLUIDS
Due to the lack of an electrical power supply in the center of the city of Belluno,
four gas compression heat pumps driven by a natural gas engine and two boilers were
installed. This production system has a particularly high energy efficiency and, up to 20°C outside, they don’t require defrosting, typical trouble of electric heat pumps,
caused by the heat recovery system.
A micro-computer controls the engine’s rotation speed in order to modulate the
heat output according to the needs. By comparing operating costs of a traditional electrically powered air conditioning with a gas heat pump system, the savings range from 20
up to 40%.
Three heat pumps and the two boilers can easily cover the winter heating request of
the building while the fourth heat pump is needed for covering of the cooling load.
Operating temperatures of the fluids are:
winter 50/35°C ǻT=15°C
summer 5/14°C ǻT=9°C
It can be observed that temperature’s gaps are higher than those commonly used
due to the need to limit the diameters of the distribution pipes.
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Figure 5 – Heating and cooling system
9. BMS
The advanced BMS system is extremely important for applications where the environmental parameters need to be strictly controlled. [Strada M., Gusso A., 2004; Strada
M., Gusso A., 2005]
If more than one unit in a room is working, one of them is labeled as "master".
The air handling units is provided with self regulation and the communication protocol is free and can be interfaced with the supervision network of the museum.
BMS can choose to switch off the air conditioning in some areas of the museum.
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HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno
Figure 6 – Building Management System
BMS records operation data of each heat pump, including energy consumption.
The thermohygrometric environmental data are entirely recorded, thanks to the presence
of temperature and humidity probes spread in the rooms according to the directions of
the responsible for the conservation of the museum.
The local system is expected to operate even in case of BMS default; to keep the
thermo hygrometric conditions constant inside the rooms, the control system follows the
trend of external conditions in order to create a smooth transition inside the museum
rooms from winter to summer conditions and vice versa.
CONCLUSIONS
In the plant design of an historical and monumental building is necessary to operate respectful choices of the history and the nature of the architectural work.
At the same time its characterization as an art museum imposes the need of an high
technology installation to rapidly adapt to varying environmental conditions required by
the various types of artworks exposed.
This allows the museum administration to program exhibits and different art exhibitions with loaned work of art that, thanks to the high standards of environmental quality and of safety, could lead to lower risks for the lenders and therefore reduced costs,
easily balanced by the incomes of the exhibits.
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The end result of aesthetic and functional quality is fundamental in all the enclosed
spaces because determines the pleasure of living in that environment.
In the case of a museum the performances of its plants and the flexibility to vary
the conditions of the indoor physical parameters, together to the reduction of the management costs, increase the possibilities to attract international exhibits and allow to put
the account management in the black. The role of the designer is fundamental in these
situations. He has to surgically intervene, trying to abandon standardized and invasive
solutions and looking for diversified solutions for the different rooms with technical installations able to satisfy specific demands.
In this paper, through the description of the plant designed for the recovery of
Palazzo Fulcis, we have tried to represent this philosophy of design approach that requires interdisciplinary culture.
The good result of the design has to start necessarily from the detailed knowledge
of the places and its history, of the conditions of environmental quality required by the
different types of artworks; from the knowledge of the physical and technical principles
of technology that the market offers with competitive prices. All this sum up an integrated and modern approach in the various disciplines of engineering and architecture.
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HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno
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