History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging

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Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1
History of the field of
Ultra-high speed imaging
WAI CHAN - SPECIALISED IMAGING LTD Unit 32, Silk Mill Industrial Estate, Brook Street, Tring, Herts HP23 5EF England Tel +44 (0) 1442 827728
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Basics
What Our Eyes See
Motion Blur
Just Right
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Early
Years
In 1873 Eadweard
Muybridge proved that
all 4 hooves were in the
air at once when a horse
was galloping using high
speed imaging
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1
Early Images
What Our Eyes See
In 1853 Thomas Skaife was taking
photographs of Cannonball in flight at
Motion
Woolwich Arsenal,
LondonBlur
In 1888 Ernst Mach photographed shockwave
from a bullet travelling faster than the speed of
Just photography.
Right
sound, using schlieren
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Intermittent
Motion Camera
•Hand-cranked, maximum framing
speed 240 frames/second
•Exposure is set by exchanging
shutter plates
•Speed of shutter rotation is
synchronised to the speed of the
film
High Speed Debrie model F from 1928
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Prism Rotation
Rotating
Prism
Film motion
Image motion
Feed spool
Prism Rotation
Sprocket drive
•F J Tuttle’s rotating prism concept.
•Rotating prism shifts the image in
the same direction as the film so
that the film does not have to be
stopped during the exposures
•Basic arrangement of a rotating
prism camera – prism rotation
must be synchronised to the
sprocket drive
Sprocket drive
Take-up spool
Eastman Kodak model 3 rotating prism
16mm film camera - 3000 frames per
second.
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Rotating Prism
Hadland Hyspeed
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Rotating
Mirror
Rotating
Mirror camera
schematic
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Rotating Mirror – Marley Camera
Images were formed on the film by an array
of camera lenses each with a slightly different
viewpoint.
The Marley camera was used during the Manhatten
project and was used to photograph the actual trinity
test in 1945. Capable of 100,000 frames per second
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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The Rapatronic
Camera
•Capable of exposure as
short as 10ns
•Used a Kerr Cell Shutter
•Single Shot
•Developed by Harold
Edgerton in the 1940s
Nuclear explosion less than 1
millisecond after detonation
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Rotating
Prism
Harold Edgerton is generally
credited with pioneering the use
of the stroboscope to freeze
fast motion. He was professor
of Electrical Engineering at MIT
and developed the electronic
flash which used inert gas to
enhance the brightness of an
electrical spark.
A water droplet
rebounding, captured
with a fast electronic
flash.
Harold Edgerton’s
famous milk drop
picture
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Streak and Strip Cameras
Unlike normal cameras that
make photographs that have
two spatial dimensions, these
“strip” or “streak” cameras
always display time as one
of their dimensions and one
subject spatial dimension as
their other dimension.
Schematic of a rotating mirror streak camera
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Streak Cameras
Cordin
Drum Streak
Camera. Redlake 35mm
High Speed
HYTAX
rocket in flight made with synchroballistic photo c. 1990
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Streak Cameras
Typical Electrostatic
streak tube - consists of
a photocathode which
generates electrons directly
from the incident light, then
a focusing and accelerating
system guides the electron
beam through deflection
plates to a phosphor screen
where the electrons are
converted back into light.
Schematic layout of typical streak
tube.
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Streak
Cameras
Hadland Imacon675
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Framing
Camera
Hadland 790 Framing
and streak camera
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
ICCD
Cameras
•40mm gated image
intensifier allowed submicrosecond exposures
•CCD Camera
developed by Polaroid,
with 1134x488 pixel
resolution
•Single Image
The Hadland SVRII ballistic Range camera
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Ballistic
Range
Cameras
A typical single-shot
ballistic range camera
image showing Sabot
separation from a 40mm
APFSDS round
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Ballistic
Range
Cameras
•40mm gated image
intensifier allowing
minimum exposure of
20ns
•Cooled CCD Head with
resolution of 3000 x
4000 @ 12bits
•Double Images using
interline transfer on the
CCD
The Specialised Imaging SIRII ballistic range camera.
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Ballistic Range Cameras
Typical result from the SIRII camera – this image pair
taken in available light (no flash lamps) of a 120mm
projectile travelling at approximately 1500m/s with
500ns exposures
Image courtesy QinetiQ,
Shoeburyness
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Video Systems
NAC HSV1000 camera
– 1000 fps 1990 Used
Modified Video Tape
recorder
Kodak Ektapro HS4540 – 4500 fps
to 40,500 (partial frames)
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
ICCD Framing Cameras
In the early 1990’s, CCD and intensifier
technology was finally applied to the
framing camera with the launch of the
Hadland Imacon468
468 optical beamsplitter – used a
pyramid mirror to divide the incoming
light into eight separate paths.
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
ICCD Framing Cameras
DRS Hadland Imacon200
Imacon200 brochure image
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
ICCD Framing Cameras
SIM Beamsplitter
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
ICCD Framing Cameras
An innovation in the optical design of this camera is the
unique auxiliary optical port. This allows an additional
instrument such as a high-speed video, streak camera
or time resolved spectrometer to be coupled to the
framing camera, allowing even more information to be
gathered about the event being studied
Specialised Imaging SIM
Framing camera
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
ICCD Framing Cameras
Supersonic ejecta and shockwaves – image
courtesy E2V Technologies, Lincoln
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Projectile/Flight Followers
•Concept pioneered by UK and USA defense
research establishments
•Consists of a computer controlled rotating
mirror in front of a high-speed Video camera.
•Mirror programmed to rotate at the correct
speed such that the camera will “follow” the
projectile as it passes
•Motion blur removed from projectile – so
longer exposures possible to get better
images
•Disadvantages – small mirror low sensitivity
unwieldy system repeatability/accuracy?
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Trajectory Tracker
The SIT has been developed to provide consistent and
accurate tracking of projectiles in flight using a scanning
mirror and high-speed video camera. This equipment
allows observations to be made of the behaviour of
projectiles in flight for over a hundred metres. The SIT
system consists of a rugged mirror and control unit
housing, a 3-axis mount, and laptop computer.
Courtesy: ISL
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1
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Results
View Video Online
Click to see the video
in action
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Ultra High Speed Video
•By 2005 Shimadzu had
developed a 1,000,000 fps video
camera (HPV-1)
•Capable of 312x260 pixel at all
speeds
•Custom CCD sensor with 100
frames of storage on chip
•Recently this was supersede by
the HPV-2
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Ultra High Speed Video
Images from 10,000 frames per second video sequence of concrete sample test. Courtesy
Shimadzu corporation, Japan.
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1
Ultra High Speed Video
•In 2012 Specialised Imaging launched the Kirana Camera
•Capable of up to 5,000,000 fps
•924x768 resolution
•10 bits dynamic range
•180 frames of on pixel storage
•Hybrid Sensor combining both CMOS and CCD technology
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1
Ultra High Speed Video
•In 2012 Shimadzu launched the HPV-X
•Capable of up to 10,000,000 fps (HP mode)/5,000,000 –
60fps (FP mode)
•50,000 pixels (HP mode)/100,000 pixels (400x250) ( FP
mode)
•10 bits dynamic range
•256 frames (HP)/128 frames (FP)
•FTCMOS image sensor
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Results
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1
History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
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Acknowledgement
Keith Taylor
Specialised Imaging, Ltd.
Jo Honour
Specialised Imaging, Ltd
David Bowley
Specialised Imaging, Ltd
Wayne Smethurst
Specialised Imaging, Ltd
Richard Briggs
Specialised Imaging, Ltd.
Frank Kosel
Specialised Imaging, Inc.
Peter Berkenberg
Specialised Imaging, GmbH
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History of the field of Ultra-high speed imaging
Image Sensors 2014 - Workshop 1
Thank You
QUESTIONS?
Specialised Imaging, Unit 32, Silk Mill Industrial Estate, Brook Street, Tring, Herts HP23 5EF England
Tel +44 (0) 1442 827728
www.specialised-imaging.com