literaturis Teoria

literaturis
Teoria
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni
***
literaturis Teoria
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni
***
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba
Tbilisi 2010
literaturis Teoria. ganaxlebuli gamocema.
rene ueleki, ostin uoreni
Theory of Literature: New Revised Edition.
Rene Wellek, Austin Warren
kritikis klasika, romelic ikvlevs literaturis bunebas, funq­
cias, formasa da Sinaarss. `yvelaze mowesrigebuli, mravlismomcve­
li da mizandasaxuli mcdeloba... literatu­ris Seswavla erTdrou­
lad sazriani da Tavisufali gaxados~ (niu iork taimsi)
avtorebma scades daekavSirebinaT poezia (lite­ra­­tu­r­u­­li Teo­
ria) kritikasTan (literaturis Se­fa­seba), mecnierebasTan (kvle­va)
da literaturis TeoriasTan (literaturis TEeoriis dinamika da
Teoriisa da kritikis statistikuroba). avtorTa mcde­­loba warmate­
biYT dasrulda da wignma moulodneli popularoba moipova, gansa­
kuTrebiT, rogorc studentTa saxelmZRvanelom. wigni mravaljer
gamoica da mraval ena­ze iTargmna.
wigni saintereso iqneba humanitaruli fakultetebis stu­
dentebisa da farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.
wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ga­
naTlebis saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZR­
vaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigni momzadda ilias saxelmwifo univer­
sitetis mier.
ISBN 978-9941-9085-8-3
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba
qaquca ColoyaSAvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, saqarTvelo
Ilia State University Press
3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis..................................... 5
winasityvaoba meore gamocemisTvis......................................... 9
winasityvaoba mesame gamocemisTvis......................................... 10
nawili pirveli
ganmartebani da gansxvavebani................................................. 11
1. literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba......................... 13
2. literaturis buneba ................................................................ 22
3. literaturis funqcia.............................................................. 36
4. literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria........................ 51
5.zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli
literaturaTmcodneoba............................................................. 63
nawili meore
mosamzadebeli stadiebi............................................................ 75
6. faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba..................................... 77
nawili mesame
literaturis Seswavlis garegani meTodi.......................... 97
Sesavali............................................................................................. 99
7. literatura da biografia......................................................102
8. literatura da fsiqologia...................................................111
9. literatura da sazogadoeba..................................................131
10. literatura da ideebi............................................................157
11. literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi.........................180
nawili meoTxe
literaturis Sinagani Seswavla.............................................199
Sesavali . ..........................................................................................201
12. literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis
wesi......................................................................................................205
3
13. evfonia, ritmi da metri.........................................................228
14. stili da stilistika..............................................................252
15. saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi.............................................270
16. naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi.................309
17. literauruli Janrebi............................................................329
18. Sefaseba.......................................................................................347
19. literaturis istoria............................................................367
SeniSvna.....................................................................393
SeniSvna.............................................................................................395
bibliografia.......................................................453
indeqsi......................................................................511
4
winasityvaoba
pirveli gamocemisTvis
*
winamdebare naSromisTvis saTauris SerCeva sakmaod
rTuli aRmoCnda. iseTi jerovani `mokle saTauric~ ki,
rogoricaa `literaturis Teoria da litera­turaTm­cod­
neobis meTodologia~, albaT, metis­metad tlanqia. Ees wigni
mecxramete saukunemde rom daweriliyo, yvelaferi iolad
mogvardeboda, radgan maSin vrceli, analitikuri saTauri
satitulo furcels daikavebda, wignis yuaze ki, ubralod,
warwera `literatura~ aRmoCndeboda.
Cven davwereT wigni, romelsac, ramdenadac viciT,
uSualo analogi ar moeZebneba. es wigni ar gaxlavT saxelmZ­
Rvanelo, romelic axalgazrdebs pirvel bilikebs ukvalavs
literaturis gagebis gzaze, da arc (moricis `miznebisa da
meTodebis~ msgavsad) mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebis mi­
moxilvas warmoadgens. SesaZloa, is mainc yvelaze metad
enaTesavebodes `poetikas~ da `ritorikas~ (aristoteledan
moyolebuli, bleris, kempbelisa da keimis CaTvliT), anda
beletristikis Janrebisa da stilistikis sistemur gamokv­
levebs, anda iseT wignebs, rogoricaa `literaturuli kri­
tikis principebi~. SevecadeT, `poe­tika~ (anu literaturis
Teoria) da `kritika~ (literaturis Sefaseba) `mecniere­
basTan~ (anu `kvlevasTan~) da `literaturis istoriasTan~
(literaturis `dinamika” Teo­riisa da kritikis `statikuro­
bis~ sapirispirod) dag­vekavSirebina. Cveni wigni, garkveul­
wilad, uaxlovdeba zogierT germanul da rusul naSroms,
magaliTad, valcelis `Gehalt und Gestalt”, iulius peterse­
nis ‘‘Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung~, an tomaSevskis `liter­
aturis Teorias~. Tumca, germanelebisagan gansxvavebiT,
moverideT sxvaTa Tvalsazrisebis ubralo reproduqcias
da, miuxedavad imisa, rom viTvaliswinebT sxvaTa xedvasa da
meTodebs, winamdebare naSromi myarad dasabuTebul Tval­
5
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis
sazriss efuZneba. tomaSevskisagan gansxvavebiT, ar vis­
wrafviT, warmovadginoT elementaruli ganmarteba iseTi
sakiTxebisa, rogoricaa prosodia. Cven arc germanelebiviT
ekleqtikurebi varT da arc rusebiviT dogmaturni.
SedarebiT adreuli periodis amerikuli mecniere­bis
standartebis mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvle­
vis amosaval debulebaTa formulirebis yoveli mcdeloba
(amgvari kvlevisas ki uTuod unda gavcdeT `faqtebs~), pre­
tenziuli da `aramecnierulic~ kia, xolo am metad special­
izebuli gamokvlevebis mimoxilva da Sefaseba, garkveul­
wilad, sxva araferia, Tu ara kadniereba. udavoa, rom yovel
specialists rodi daakmayofilebs misi specialobis Cve­
neuli Sefaseba. magram amomwurav ganxilvas miznad sulac
ar visaxavdiT: Cven mier moyvanili literaturuli mag­
aliTebi yovelTvis mxolod magaliTebs warmoadgens da ara
raimes `dasabuTebas~; bibliografiebic `SerCeviTi~ xasi­
aTisaa. arc is gvicdia, Cven mier dasmuli yvela kiTxvisT­
vis gagveca pasuxi. migvaCnia, rom CvenTvisac da sxvisTvisac
amosavali iyo is, rom Cvens kvlevebs internacionaluri Ri­
rebuleba hqonoda, dagvesva swori kiTxvebi da SegvemuSave­
bina meTodTa garkveuli sistema.
am wignis avtorebma, romlebic pirvelad 1939 wels
aiovas universitetSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, umalve aRmoa­
Cines, rom literaturis Teoriisa da meTodologiis sfer­
oSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxvagvari aRzrda-gana­
Tleba hqondaT miRebuli, orive maTganma ganviTarebis ms­
gavsi gza ganvlo, Seiswavla istoriuli gamokvlevebi da
`ideaTa istoria~ da mivida im daskvnamde, rom literatu­
ris Seswavla mkacrad literaturuli unda iyos. orive mi­
iCnevda, rom `mecnieruloba~ da `kritika~ korelaciuri
cnebebia; orive maTganisTvis miuRebeli iyo `Tanamedrove~
da warsuli drois literaturis gamijvna.
1941 wels maT daweres ori Tavi _ `istoria~ da `kri­
tika~ _ saerTo wignisTvis `literaturuli mecniereba~.
misi iniciatori da redaqtori iyo Nnorman forsteri, rom­
6
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis
lis naazrevsa da Tanadgomasac avtorebi didad afaseben.
swored mas uZRvnian avtorebi am wigns (Tumca ar surT, rom
amiT mkiTxvels mcdari STabeWdileba Seeqmnas Tavad for­
steris doqtrinis Sesaxeb).
winamdebare wignis Tavebis dawera am sakiTxebisadmi
amJamad arsebulma interesma ganapiroba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom batonma uelekma umTavresad 1-2, 4-7, 9-14 da 19 Tavebze
imuSava, batonma uorenma ki 3, 8 da 15-18 Tavebi dawera, wig­
ni or avtoris mWidro TanamSromlobis da TvalsazrisTa
Tanxvedris namdvil magaliTs warmoadgens. imis miuxeda­
vad, rom es avtorebi iyeneben sxvadasxvagvar terminolo­
giasa da stils, da gansxvavebul sakiTxebs ikvleven, maTi az­
riT, ori gansxvavebuli midgomis arsebiTi SeTanxmeba amis
kompensirebas axdens.
Cven isRa dagvrCenia, madloba gadavuxadoT doqtor
stivenss da rokfeleris fondis humanitarul ganyofile­
bas, romelTa dauxmareblad am wignis Seqmna SeuZlebeli
iqneboda. madlobas vuxdiT aseve aiovas universitetis
prezidents, dekanebs da departamentis Tavmjdomares dax­
marebisa da imisaTvis, rom dro ar daiSures CvenTvis.; r. p.
bleqmursa da j. k. rensoms _ TanadgomisTvis; uoles fou­
lis, roman iakobsons, jon makgaliards, jon s. poups da
robert pen uorens, romlebmac zogierTi Tavi waikiTxes;
miss elison uaits, romelmac gansakuTrebuli daxmareba
gagviwia am wignze muSaobis ganmavlobaSi.
avtorebs surT, agreTve, aRniSnon zogierTi redaq­
torisa da gamomcemlis gulisxmiereba, romelTac neba
dagvrTes, Cveni adreuli naSromebidan zogierTi monakve­
Ti Segvetana winamdebare wignSi: didi madloba luizianas
universitetis gamomcemlobas da klinT bruqss, Southern
Review-s yofil redaqtors (`liter aturuli nawarmoe­
bis arsebobis modusis~ am wignSi CarTvis gamo); CrdiloeT
karolinis universitetis gamomcemlobas (imis gamo, rom
winamdebare wignSi CavrTeT mcire nawili `literaturis
istoriisa~ `literaturul mecnierebaSi~, red. forsteri,
1941); kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemlobas (romelmac
7
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis
neba dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan
`periodebi da mimdinareobebi literaturis istoriaSi~
da `paralelebi literaturasa da xelovnebas Soris~, ro­
melic gamoqveynda `inglisuri institutis matianeSi” 1940
da 1941 wlebSi); filosofiur biblioTekas (romelmac neba
dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan `am­
boxi pozitivizmis winaaRmdeg~ da `literatura da sazoga­
doeba~, romelic Tavis droze gamoqveynda `meoce saukunis
inglisurSi~, red. knikerbokeri, 1946).
niu heiveni, 1 maisi, 1948 weli
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni
8
winasityvaoba
meore gamocemisTvis
*
meore gamocema, arsebiTad, imeorebs pirvels, Tumca
teqstSi mcireodeni Sesworebebi da ganmartebebi SevitaneT.A
amas garda, moviyvaneT ramdenime damatebiTi argumenti da
mivaniSneT im axal mimdinareobebze, romlebic bolo dros
gaCnda literaturis TeoriaSi. amasTan, gadavwyviteT, wig­
nidan amogveRo pirveli gamocemis bolo Tavi (`literatu­
ris Seswavla aspiranturaSi~), radgan gamocemidan (1946) aTi
wlis Semdeg is ramdenadme moZvelda _ nawilobriv imitom,
rom am TavSi SemoTavazebuli ramdenime reforma bevrgan
ukve ganxorcielda. garda amisa, ganvaaxleT bibliografia
_ naklebad mniSvnelovani da naklebad xelmisawvdomi naS­
romebis nacvlad masSi SevitaneT garkveuli raodenoba am
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili im uamravi gamokvlevisa, romle­
bic bolo rva wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda.
Soba, 1955
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni
9
winasityvaoba
mesame gamocemisTvis
*
sasixaruloa, rom wignma ukve mesamed ixila dRis sina­
Tle amerikasa da inglisSi, agreTve is, rom igi ukve iTargm­
na espanurad, italiurad, iaponurad, koreulad, germanu­
lad, portugaliurad, ebraulad da gujaraTis enaze. Cven
amjeradac ganvaaxleT bibliografia. teqstSi SevitaneT
mcireodeni SeniSvnebi da Sesworebebi. TumcaRa, mesame ga­
mocema, mniSvnelovanwilad, meoris xelaxal gamocemas war­
moadgens. zogierT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Sevecade, Cemi
ideebi ganmexila da ganmeviTarebina ielis universitetis
presis mier `kritikis konceptebis~ saxelwodebiT 1963
wels gamocemul gazeTebSi, rac SeniSvnebSia miTiTebuli.
Cemi `Tanamedrove kritikis istoria~ warmoadgens mcdelo­
bas, gaamyaros aq Ca­moyalibebuli Teoriuli pozicia, ro­
melic, Tavis mxriv, `literaturis TeoriaSi~ wamoyenebul
kriteriumebsa da Rirebulebebs efuZneba.
niu heiveni, koneqtikuti, seqtemberi, 1962 weli
rene ueleki
10
nawili pirveli
ganmartebani
da gansxvavebani
11
12
Tavi pirveli
literatura da
literaturaTmcodneoba
*
upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba. Ees ori sxvadasxva
sferoa: pirveli maTgani SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas ukavSir­
deba, meore ki Tu mecnierebas (am sityvis zusti mniSvne­
lobiT) ara, Seswavlis an Semecnebis nairsaxeobas mainc
war­­moadgens. rasakvirvelia, istoriis manZilze berjer
sca­­des, es gansxvavebebi gaeqarwylebinaT. magali­Tad, zogi­
erTi mkvlevari amtkicebda, rom SeuZlebelia gaigo liter­
atura, Tu Tavad ar qmni mas, rom poups verafers gaugeb, Tu
Tavad ar SegiTxzavs heroikuli ortaepedebi, verc dedo­
fali elisabedis droindeli dramas gaigeb, Tuki Tavad ar
Seecdebi drama TeTri leqsiT dawero1*. TumcaRa, miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom literaturul SemoqmedebiT pro­cesze dak­
virveba mis Semswavlel mecniers sasargeblo gamocdilebas
sZens, sakuTriv am mecnieris amocana mainc sxvagvar aqtivo­
bas gulisxmobs.Mman Tavisi literaturu­li gamocdileba
inteleqtualuri terminebiT unda gadmos­ces da Tanamim­
devrul sqemaSi moaqcios, romelic auci­leb­lad racio­
naluri unda iyos, radgan codna garduvalad ukavSirdeba
racionalurobas. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom misi Seswavlis
sagani iracionaluria, an iracionalur elementebs Sei­
cavs, magram, am TvalsazrisiT, literaturis Semswavleli
mecnieris mdgomareoba didad ar gansxvavdeba mxatvrobis
istorikosis, musikaTmcodnis, TuU gnebavT, sociologis an
anatomiis specialistis mdgomareobisagan.
*SeniSvnebi ix. Ggv. 273-313
13
literaturis Teoria
rasakvirvelia, amgvari urTierTmimarTeba ramdenime
rTul problemas warmoSobs, romelTa gadasaWrelad ara­
er­Ti Tvalsazrisi iqna moxmobili.zogierTi Teoretikosi
ubralod uaryofda, rom literaturaTmcodneoba codnis
dargia da `kvlavSemoqmedebis~ ideas gvTavazobda, Tumca
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis umravlesoba dRes miiCnevs,
rom amgvarma Tvalsazrisma mniSvnelovani Sedegebi ver
mogvca. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT `mona li­
zas~ peiteriseuli daxasiaTeba, an saimondsis Tu si­monsis
maRalfardovani stiliT dawerili pasaJebi. msgavsi `Semo­
qmedebiTi kritika~ Cveulebriv gulisxmobs an usargeblo
gameorebas, an xelovnebis erTi nimuSis meore, bevrad ufro
mdare nawarmoebad gardaqmnas. roca Cven vcdilobT erTma­
neTisagan gavmijnoT literatura da misi Seswavla, zogi­
erT Teoretikoss amis safuZvelze sxvadasxvagvari skep­
tikuri daskvnebi gamoaqvs: magaliTad, isini amtkice­ben,
rom literaturis `Seswavla~ saerTod SeuZlebelia; rom
Cven mxolod misi wakiTxvis, aRqmisa da misiT tkbobis unari
Segvwevs. sxva danarCen SemTxvevebSi mxolod is SegviZlia,
rom garkveuli informacia Sevagro­voT literaturis `Sesa­
xeb~. amgvari skepticizmi bevrad ufro metadaa gavrcele­
buli, vidre Cven warmogvidgenia. praqtikaSi es gulisxmobs
aqcentis gadatanas mxolod da mxolod im garemos `faqteb­
ze~, romelSic literatura arsebobs, da ugulebelyofas
yvela mcdelobisa, gavcdeT am faqtebs. iseTi faqtorebi,
rogorebicaa mkiTxvelis mier nawarmoebis saTanadod aRqma,
gemovneba da gulmodgineba _ individualuri gemovnebis
sferos ganekuTvneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi arseboba
gardauvalia, maT araferi aqvT saerTo mkacr mecnierulo­
basTan. miuxedavad amisa, diqotomia _ `mecnieruloba~ da
`aRqma~ _ mTlianad gamoricxavs literaturis WeSmariti,
anu iseTi Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, romelic erTdroulad
iqneba `literaturulic~ da `sistematuric~.
14
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
problema isaa, Tu rogor unda ganvixiloT inteleq­
tualuri meTodebiT xelovneba, kerZod _ literatura.
saer­Tod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es? da Tu SesaZlebelia _
rogor? erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, amis ganxor­
cieleba SesaZlebelia maSin, Tuki sabunebismetyvelo mec­
nierebaTa mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi dainergeba lite­
raturaTmcodneobis sferoSi. ganasxvaveben amgvari ga­
datanis ramdenime tips. erT-erTi maTgani emyareba iseT
zogadmecnierul idealebs, rogorebicaa obieqturoba,
miukerZoebloba da sicxade, rac, TavisTavad, neitra­luri
faqtebis Segrovebas gulis­xmobs.Mmeore Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa mier SemuSave­
buli meTodebis imitireba mizezobrivi wanamZRvrebisa da
pirvelwyaroebis Seswavlis gziT aris SesaZlebeli. praq­
tikaSi es `genetikuri meTodi~ ga­mosadegia nebismieri urT­
ierTmimarTebis dadgenisas, Tuki es SesaZlebelia qro­
nologiuri TvalsazrisiT. Uufro mkacri gagebiT, kauza­
lur meTods mimarTaven imisaTvis, rom literaturuli
fenomenebi axsnan ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aq, isev da isev, saqme gvaqvs rao­
denobrivi meTodebis SemotanasTan, romelTac aqtiurad
iyenebs zogierTi mecniereba, mag., statistikaSi, agreTve,
cxrilebisa da grafikebis Sedgenis dros. dabolos, lit­
eraturis ganviTarebis procesebis Seswavlisas cdiloben
gamoiyenon biologiuri cnebebi.2
dResdReobiT, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, amgvarma mid­
gomam ar gaamarTla Tavdapirveli molodini. mTel rig Sem­
TxvevebSi mecnieruli meTodebis nayofiereba gamovlinda
mxolod mkacrad SezRudul sferoSi an mxolod garkveuli
meTodis gamoyenebisas. magaliTad, statistikas iyeneben
teqstis kritikis zogierT skolaSi an metrikis Seswavli­
sas. magram literaturaTmcodneoba­Si amgvari mecnieru­
li `SeWris~ momxreTa umravlesoba an marcxs aRiarebs da
15
literaturis Teoria
skeptikurad ganewyoba xolme, an Tavs imiT imSvidebs, rom
amgvari mecnieruli meTodi momavalSi mainc gaamarTlebs.
magaliTad, a. e. riCardsi (I. A. Richards) miiCnevda, rom mo­
mavali warmatebebi nevrologiis sferoSi ganapirobebda
literaturuli problemebis gadaWrasac.3
Cven davubrundebiT im problemebis ganxilvas,
romelTac warmoSobs literaturaTmcodneobaSi sabu­
nebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebis danergvis farTod
gavrcelebuli tendencia. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gaazrebas
saWiroebs da, rasakvirvelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, es ori me­
Todologia erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da kveTs kidec. iseTi
fundamenturi meTodebi, rogorebicaa induqcia da deduq­
cia, analizi, sinTezi da Sedareba, saerToa sistematuri
codnis yvela tipisTvis. magram aq angariSi unda gavuwioT
sxva garemoebasac: literaturaTmcodneo­bas sakuTari
mniSvnelovani meTodebi aqvs, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa,
rom yovelTvis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisgan ar aris
nasesxebi, mainc inteleqtualur meTodebs warmoadgens.
WeSmaritebis mxolod ukiduresad SezRuduli gagebisas
SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT huma­nitarul mecnierebaTa mier
codnis sferoSi Setanili wvlili. Tanamedrove mecnierebis
ganviTarebamdeBbevrad adre filosofiam, istoriam, iuris­
prudenciam, Teologiam da TviT filologiam SeimuSaves
Semecnebis nayofieri me­Todebi. SesaZloa, am mecnierebaTa
miRwevebi Tanamedro­ve fizikuri mecnierebebis Teoriulma
da praqtikulma war­matebebma daCrdila, magram, amis miuxe­
davad, es meTode­bi kvlavac inarCunebs Rirebulebas da ad­
vili SesaZlebelia _ mTel rig SemTxvevebSi garkveuli cv­
lilebebiT – maTi gacocxleba da ganaxleba. magram saWiroa
erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT sabunebismetyvelo da humanita­
rul mecnie­rebaTa meTodebi da miznebi.
am gansxvavebebis gansazRvra rTuli amocanaa. jer
kidev 1883 wels vilhelm dilTaim (Wilhelm Dilthey) erTma­
16
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
neTisagan gamijna sabunebismetyvelo da istoriul mec­ni­
erebaTa meTodebi da aRniSna, rom maT Soris arsebobs gan­
sxvaveba ganmartebisa da gagebis TvalsazrisiT.4 dilTai
amtkicebda, rom mecnieri mizezobrivi pirvel­wyaroebis
gaTvaliswinebiT ganmartavs movlenebs, istorikosi ki
cdilobs, gaigos maTi mniSvneloba. gagebis es procesi yo­
velTvis individualuri da subieqturic kia. erTi wlis
Semdeg filosofiis cnobili istorikosi, vilhelm vindel­
bandi (Wilhelm Windelband) aseve daupirispirda Tvalsazriss,
romlis mixedviTac istoriul mecnierebebSi sabunebism­
etyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebi unda iq­nes gamoyenebuli.5
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi zo­gadi kanonebis dadge­
nas cdiloben, maSin, roca istorikosebisTvis ufro mniS­
vnelovania unikaluri da ganumerebeli faqtis aRmoCena. Ees
Tvalsazrisi Semdgom ganaviTara hainrix rikertma (Heinrich
Rickert), romelmac erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava ara imdenad
ganzogadebisa da individualizaciis meTodebi, ramdenadac
_ sabu­ne­bismetyvelo da kulturis Semswavleli mecniere­
bebi.6 kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebs, misi mtkicebiT,
kerZo da individualuri faqtebi ainteresebT, individua­
luri SemTxvevebi ki SeiZleba aRmoCenili da gagebuli iqnes
mxo­lod garkveuli Rirebulebebis fonze, rac, isev da isev,
kulturas ukavSirdeba. safrangeTSi a. d. qsenopoli (A. D.
Xenopol) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebs, romlebic `ganmeorebad faqtebs~ Seiswav­lian
da istorias, romelsac `Tanmimdevruli faqtebi~ aintere­
sebs. italiaSi benedeto kroCem (Benedetto Croce) mTeli Ta­
visi filosofia daafuZna istoriul meTodze, romelic ra­
dikalurad gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
meTodisagan.7
am problemebis srulfasovani ganxilva gulisxmobs is­
eTi problemebis gadaWras, romlebic miemarTeba sabunebi­
smetyvelo mecnierebebis, istoriis filosofiisa da Seme­
17
literaturis Teoria
cnebis Teoriis klasifikaciis sferos.8 Tumca, ramdenime
konkretulma magaliTma SeiZleba cxadyos, rom arsebobs
erTi realuri problema, romelsac literatu­ris Semswav­
leli studenti awydeba. ratom SeviswavliT Seqspirs? xom
aSkaraa, rom Cven ar gvainteresebs is, Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas
mTel kacobriobasTan, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi SegveZlo
nebismieri sxva pirovneba Segveswavla; arc is gvainteresebs,
Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas TiToeul ingliselTan, Tundac rene­
sansis epoqis an elisabedis mefobis droindel adamianeb­
Tan, yvela poetTan, yvela dramaturgTan, an Tundac elisa­
bedis mefobis droindel yvela dramaturgTan, radgan, aseT
SemTxvevaSi, SegveZlo dekeri an heivudi Segveswavla. Cven
ufro imis gageba gvsurs, ra aris Seqspiris unikalurobis
mizezi, ra aqcevs mas Seq­spirad, es ki ukve individualuro­
bisa da Rirebulebis problemaa. romelime erTi periodis,
moZraobis an erovnul literaturis Seswavlis drosac
ki literaturaTmcodnes ainteresebs is individualuri,
dama­xasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi, romliTac es periodi Tu
moZraoba sxva msgavsi movlenebisgan gansxvavdeba.
individualobis sakiTxi kidev erTi argumentiT Sei­
Zleba gavamyaroT: literaturaSi zogadi kanonebis aRmoCe­
nis mcdelobebs arasodes gamouRia nayofi. luis kazamianis
(Louis Cazamian) e.w. inglisuri literaturis kanoni, romlis
mixedviTac `inglisuri erovnuli gonebis ritmi meryeobs~
or poluss, ganwyobasa da inteleqts Soris (am debulebas­
Tan erTad, miTiTebulia, rom msgavsi ryevebis tempi miT
ufro Cqardeba, rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT Tanamedrove epo­
qas) an trivialuria, an _ mcdari. viqtorianul periods is
saerTod ver esadageba.9Aam `kanonTa~ umravlesoba warmoad­
gens mxolod da mxolod iseTi regularuli fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebis gamo­xatulebas, rogorebicaa moqmedeba
da reaqcia, an tradicia da amboxi, romlebic, maSinac ki,
roca maTi ar­seboba eWvs ar iwvevs, mniSvnelovans verafers
gveubneba li­te­raturuli procesebis Sesaxeb. maSin, rode­
18
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
sac fizikaSi zogadi Teoriis umaRles miRwevad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos eleqtrobisa da siTbos, mizidulobisa da sinaT­
lis gamosaxva formulebis meSveobiT, literaturaTm­
codneobis miznebis misaRwevad ver gamoviyenebT verc erT
zogad kanons: rac ufro zoga­di iqneba es kanoni, miT ufro
abstraqtuli da amdenad, uSinaarso aRmoCndeba is; da miT
ufro gagviZneldeba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSis arsis
wvdoma.
amdenad, Cveni problemis gadasaWrelad ori ukidure­
si gamosavali arsebobs. pirveli maTgani, ro­melmac popu­
laroba moipova sabunebismetyvelo mecnie­rebebis presti­
Jis wyalobiT, aRiarebs samecniero da istoriuli meTodis
igiveobriobas, ris Sedegadac saWiro xdeba an, ubralod,
faqtebis Segroveba, an metismetad ganzogadebuli istori­
uli `kanonebis~ dadgena. meores mixedviT, literaturaTm­
codneoba saerTod ar aris mecniereba, xolo literaturis
`gageba~ subieqturi xasiaTisaa, TiToeul literaturul
nawarmoebs ki `in­dividualuroba~, ufro metic, `unika­
luroba~ axa­siaTebs. Mmagram antimecnieruli midgomis am
ukidures gamoxatulebas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. `in­
tuiciam~, SesaZloa, mxolod da mxolod emociur `aRqmamde~,
anu srul subieqturobamde migviyvanos. yoveli nawarmoebis
`individualurobis~ da Tundac `unikalurobis~ sagangebo
xazgasma (romelic sasargebloa imdenad, ramdenadac mimar­
Tulia zedapirul ganzogadebaTa winaaRmdeg) niSnavs im
faqtis ugulebelyofas, rom xelovnebis verc erTi nimuSi
ver iqneba mTlianad `unikaluri~, vinaidan, aseT SemTxveva­
Si, is mTlianad gaugebari iqneboda CvenTvis. rasakvirvelia,
arsebobs mxolod erTi `hamleti~ da jois kilmeris erTad­
erTi “xeebi”. magram, amave logikiT xom nagvis grovac uni­
kalurobiT xasiaTdeba, ramdenadac misi proporciebis, gan­
lagebis da qimiuri Semadgenlobis zusti asli samyaroSi ar
moipoveba. ufro metic, yovel literaturul nawarmoebSi
yvela sityva Tavisi arsiT `zogadia~ da ara `kerZoobiTi~.
19
literaturis Teoria
literaturaSi `universalurisa~ da “kerZos” urTierT­
dapirispireba mimdinareobs mas Semdeg, rac aristotelem
Tqva, rom poezia istoriasTan SedarebiT meti universa­
lurobiT da, amdenad, filosofiurobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo
istorias mxolod kerZo detalebi ainteresebs, da, agreTve,
mas Semdeg, rac doqtorma jonsonma (R. Johnson) ganacxada,
rom poeti `ar unda iTvlides, Tu ramdeni ZarRvia titas
furcelze~. romantikosebisa da Tanamedrove kritikosTa
umravlesobis mtkicebiT, poezia specifikuri bunebiT,
`faqturiTa~ da konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba.10 magram isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi
erTdroulad zogadicaa da kerZoc, an, ufro zustad rom
vTqvaT, individualuricaa da zogadic. individualuro­
ba SeiZleba gavmijnoT absoluturi kerZoobiTobisagan
da unikalurobisagan.11 rogorc yoveli adamiani, yoveli
literaturuli nawarmoebic individualuri Tavisebure­
bebiT gamoirCeva; magram mas aseve aerTianebs xelovnebis
sxva nawarmoebebTan zogadi Taviseburebebi, swored ise,
rogorc yovel calkeul adamians aqvs is Tvisebebi, romle­
bic saerToa mTeli kacobriobis, misi sqesis, eris, klasisa
da profesiis warmomadgenlebisTvis. Aamdenad, Cven Segvi­
Zlia ganvazogadoT is, rac exeba xelovnebis nawarmoe­
bebs, elisabedis mefobis droindel dramas, da, saerTod,
mTel dramaturgias, mTel literaturas, mTel xelovnebas.
lite­raturis kritika da literaturis istoria cdiloben
daaxasiaTon is individualuri Tvisebebi, romlebic niSan­
doblivia mo­cemuli nawarmoebis, avtoris, periodisa da
erovnuli literaturisTvis, magram es SesaZlebelia mx­
olod uni­versaluri terminebis meSveobiT, literaturis
Teoriis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneo­
bisTvis gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia literaturis Teoria,
ro­gorc mecnierul meTodTa erToblioba.
rasakvirvelia, es ideali ar akninebs nawarmoebis `sa­
kuTari~ gagebisa da aRqmis mniSvnelobas, rac literaturis
20
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba
Sesaxeb Cveni codnis da misdami Cveni mimarTebis Camoyali­
bebis winapirobas warmoadgens. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom es mxolod da mxolod winapirobaa. imis Tqma, rom lite­
raturaTmcodneoba mxolod kiTxvis xelovnebas emsaxure­
ba, mcdar warmodgenas Segviqmnis sistematizebuli codnis
idealze, Tumca mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturis
SemswavlelTaTvis. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom `kiTxva~ far­
To gagebiT kritikul gagebasa da Semecnebas gulisxmobs,
kiTxvis xelovneba mainc SeiZleba ideals warmoadgendes
mxolod im adamianisTvis, ro­melsac surs Tavisi unarebis
ganviTareba. es ideali me­­tad popularulia da ganviTarebu­
li literaturuli kulturis safuZvels warmoadgens. Tum­
caRa, igi ver Caenacvleba `literaturis kvlevas~, rogorc
zogad tradicias, rome­lic codnis, intuiciiT mignebuli
WeSmaritebebisa da Tval­sazrisTa dagrovebas gulisx­mobs.
21
Tavi meore
literaturis buneba
*
pirveli problema, romelic Cven winaSe wamoiWreba,
literaturaTmcodneobis sagans ukavSirdeba. ra aris li­
teratura? ra ar aris literatura? rogoria li­te­ra­turis
buneba? Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom es SekiTxvebi er­Ti SexedviT
SeiZleba martivad JRerdes, maTze pasuxis ga­cema arc ise
ioli saqmea.
SesaZlebelia, `literatura~ vuwodoT yvelafers,
rasac beWduri saxe aqvs. maSin SevZlebT SeviswavloT ise­
Ti nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa `medicina meToTxmete sau­
kuneSi~, `warmodgena planetebis moZraobis Sesaxeb ad­
reul Sua saukuneebSi~ an `jadoqroba Zvelsa da axal ing­
lisSi~. rogorc edvin grinlou (EEdwin Greenlaw) amtkicebda,
`yvelaferi, rac civilizaciis istorias ukavSirdeba, Cveni
Semecnebis sferoSi Sedis~; `rodesac romelime calkeuli
periodis an civilizaciis arsis wvdomas vcdilobT, Cveni
mcdeloba scildeba beletristikis, an Tundac nabeWdi an
xelnaweri matianeebis sferos~, `Cveni nawarmoebi unda gan­
vixiloT im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ra adgili SeiZleba daika­vos
man kulturis istoriaSi~1Ggrinlous Teoriisa da bev­ri sxva
mecnieris naSromebis mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneoba
ara mxolod mWidrod ukavSirdeba civilizaciis is­torias,
aramed isini identur movlenebadac ki ki miiCne­vian. am­
gvari midgoma literaturulia mxolod im az­riT, rom mas
saqme aqvs dabeWdil an xelnawer masalasTan, rac, saer­
Tod, istoriis umTavres wyaros warmoadgens. rasakvirve­
lia, amgvari Tvalsazrisis dacvis mizniT, SeiZleba imisi
mtkiceba, rom istorikosebi, umTavresad, dip­lomatiuri,
samxedro da ekonomikuri istoriiT arian dainteresebuli
da Cveulebriv, ugulebelyofen xolme am problemebs, amde­
22
literaturis buneba
nad, literaturis mkvlevars ufleba aqvs momijnave sfer­
oSi SeiWras. bunebrivia, aravis un­da aekrZalos nebismieri
sferos kvleva da, rasakvirvelia, mxolod misasalmebelia,
Tuki civilizaciis istorias farTo perspeqtivaSi Seiswav­
lian. Tumca, amgvari Seswavla literaturuli veRar iqneba.
imis mtkiceba, TiT­qos saqme aq mxolod terminologiur
davasTan gvaqvs, aradamajereblad JRers. civilizaciis
istoriis kom­pleqsuri Seswavla namdvilad gamoricxavs
mxo­lod da mxo­lod literaturul Seswavlas. aq yvelanairi
gansxvaveba qreba; literaturaSi ucxo kriteriumebi Semo­
dis, ris ga­moc literatura Rirebulad miiCneva mxolod im
SemTxveva­Si, Tu is garkveul nayofs gamoiRebs am, an momij­
nave dis­ciplinisaTvis. literaturis gaigiveba civiliza­
ciis is­toriasTan niSnavs literaturaTmcodneobis sfero­
sa da meTodebis specifikurobis ugulebelyofas.
zogierTi ganmartebis mixedviT, literatura aris
mxo­lod da mxolod `diadi~ nawarmoebebi, romlebic, Temis
miu­xedavad, gamoirCevian `maTi literaturuli formisa Tu
gamoxatvis saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT~. aA q kriteriumi an
mxolod esTetikuri Rirebulebaa, anda esTetikur Rire­
bulebasTan Serwymuli zogadi inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi.
l
L irikul poeziaSi, dramasa da mxatvrul lite­raturaSi
diad nawarmoebebs esTetikuri kriteriumebis mixedviT ga­
moarCeven; sxva SemTxvevaSi wignebs arCeven imis mixedviT, Tu
ra reputaciiT sargebloben isini, an ra inteleqtualuri
TvisebebiT gamoirCevian esTetikur RirebulebasTan (viwro
gagebiT) erTad: aq, upiratesad, gamoarCeven stils, kompozi­
cias da, zogadad, gadmocemis maneras. tradiciulad, swored
am kriteriumebis safuZ­velze saubroben xolme literatu­
ris Taobaze. rodesac romelime literaturis Sesaxeb vam­
bobT, rom `es ar aris literatura~, swored amgvari Rirebu­
lebebi gvaqvs xolme mxedvelobaSi; msgavs msjelobas miv­
marTavT ma­Si­nac, rodesac istorikosis, filosofosis, an
romelime bunebismetyvelis wignze vsaubrobT da mas `lite­
raturas~ mivakuTvnebT.
23
literaturis Teoria
unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis istoriis saxelmZ­
Rvaneloebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, garkveul adgils uTmoben
filosofosebis, istorikosebis, Teologebis, moraliste­
bis, politikosebisa da TviT bunebismetyvelebis rome­
lime specialistis Sesaxeb msjelobas. magaliTad, Zneli
warmosadgeni iqneboda meTvramete saukunis inglisis lit­
eraturis istoria berklisa (Berkeley) da iumis (Hume), epis­
kopos batlerisa (Bishop Butler) da gibonis (Gibbon), burkisa
(Burke) da adam smitis (Adam Smith) naazrevTa ganxilvis ga­
reSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom am avtorebs, poetebTan, drama­
turgebTan da romanistebTan SedarebiT, Cveulebriv, ufro
naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, maT Sesaxeb msjeloba iSviaTad
daiyvaneba maTive Txzulebebis mxolod esTetikuri Rire­
bulebis ganxilvaze. praqtikaSi amgvari msjeloba mxolod
ze­re­le da araprofesiuli mimoxilviT Semoifargleba da
saTanadod ver asaxavs am avtorTa moRvaweobas. DmarTlac,
hiumi unda ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc filosofosi, gibo­
ni – rogorc istorikosi, episkoposi batleri – rogorc
qristianobisa da zneobis damcveli, adam smiti ki - rogorc
moralisti da ekonomisti. magram literaturis istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebi am avtorebs, tradiciulad, mxolod
fragmentulad da saTanado konteqstis, maTi sagnis isto­
riis gareSe ganixilaven. aqedan gamomdinare, ar xorcield­
eba filosofiis istoriis, eTikis, isto­riografiis da eko­
nomikis Teoriis namdvili gageba. Lliteraturis istorikosi
avtomaturad rodi gardaiqmneba am disciplinaTa istor­
ikosad. is mxolod da mxolod Tavdajerebuli kompilato­
ria, romelic ucxo sferoSi iWreba.
calkeuli `diadi wignebis~ Seswavla, SesaZloa, metad
mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes pedagogiuri miznebisTvis. Cven
yvelani unda SevTanxmdeT imaze, rom studentebi, gansa­
kuTrebiT ki damwyebi studentebi, diad (an yovel SemTx­
vevaSi, karg) wignebs unda kiTxulobdnen da ara kompila­
ciebs Tu uCveulo istoriul movlenaTa aRwerebs.2 Tumca,
saeWvoa, rom es principi gamosadegi iyos sabunebismetyve­
lo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa an sxva romelime discipli­
24
literaturis buneba
naSi, romelic emyareba faqtebis Segrovebas da cnobilidan
ucnobisken moZraobas. mxatvruli literaturis istoriis
farglebSi mxolod didebuli wignebiT Tu Semovifargle­
biT, garTuldeba literaturuli tradiciis Tanmimdev­
robis, literaturul JanrTa ganviTarebis da Tavad lite­
raturuli procesebis bunebis gageba. amas garda, bundovani
gaxdeba Tanmxlebi socialuri, enobrivi, ideologiuri da
sxva ganmapirobebeli garemoebani. istoriaSi, filosofiasa
da msgavs sagnebSi, am princips, upiratesad, `esTetikuri~
Tvalsazrisi Semoaqvs. rodesac yvela inglisel mecniers
Soris mxolod Tomas haqslis (Thomas Huxley) gamovarCevT da
vityviT, rom misi nawarmoebebis wakiTxva Rirs, rasakvirve­
lia, Cvens arCevans mxolod da mxolod naTeli `stili~ da
kompozicia gansazRvravs. Tu ramdenime gamonakliss ar mi­
viRebT mxedvelobaSi, es kriteriumi gvaiZulebs, upirate­
soba mivaniWoT mecnierul aRmoCenaTa popularizatorebs
da ara mecnierebs, romelTac ganaxorcieles es aRmoCenebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, haqsli ufro mniSvnelovan moRvawed
warmogvidgeba, vidre darvini (Darwin), bergsoni (Bergson) da
kanti (Kant).
termin `literaturis~ arsi yvelaze ukeT maSin gamoi­
xateba, rodesac is mxolod mxatvrul sityvierebas, anu mx­
atvrul literaturas aRniSnavs.… Tumca, terminis amgvari
gamoyenebiT garkveul problemebs vawydebiT; magram ing­
lisur enaSi misi iseTi SesaZlo alternativebi, rogori­
caa `proza~ da `poezia~, an viwro mniSvnelobisaa, an kidev,
`mxatvruli literaturisa~ da `beletristikis~ msgav­sad,
tlanqi da bundovania. isini, vinc ewinaaRmdege­bian termins
`literatura~ (romelic momdinareobs sityvidan litera), sa­
kuTar mosazrebas asabuTeben imiT, rom es termini mxolod
da mxolod werilobiT an dabeWdil literaturas asaxavs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, nebismieri
Tanmimdevruli koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb `zepir­
sityvierebasac~ unda gulisxmobdes. Aam TvalsazrisiT,
germanuli termini Wortkunst da rusuli slo­vesnost ukeTe­
25
literaturis Teoria
sad gamoxatavs literaturis arss, vid­re ma­Ti inglisuri
Sesatyvisi.
es problema yvelaze martivad gadawydeba maSin, Tu
ganvsazRvravT, ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs enas lite­
raturaSi. ena literaturis masalaa, iseve, rogorc brin­
jao _ skulpturaSi, saRebavebi _ mxatvrobaSi an bgerebi
_ musikaSi. Mmagram saWiroa imis gacnobierebac, rom ena,
qvis msgavsad, mxolod inertuli masala ki ar aris, aramed
adamianis mieraa Seqmnili da, amdenad, romeliRac enobrivi
jgufis kulturuli memkvidreobis matarebelia.
saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT enis lite­ra­
turuli, yofiTi da mecnieruli gamoyeneba. miu­xedavad imi­
sa, rom marTebulad migvaCnia Tomas klark polokis (Thomas
Clark Pollock) mier Aam sakiTxis ganxilva wignSi `literaturis
buneba~ (The Nature of Literature),3 is mainc aradamakmayofile­
blad gveCveneba, gansakuTrebiT iq, sa­dac saubaria lite­
raturuli enisa da yofiTi metyvele­bis urTierTgansx­
vavebulobis Sesaxeb.Ees uaRresad mniSvne­lovani problemaa
da misi gadaWra sulac ar aris ioli, radgan literaturas,
xelovnebis sxva dargebisagan gans­xvavebiT, komunikaciis
sakuTari saSualebebi ar gaaCnia da udavoa, rom arsebobs
bevri Sereuli da gardamavali forma. literaturuli da
samecniero enis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna Zneli rodia.
Tumca, aq sakmarisi ar aris mxolod `azrsa~ da `emocias~ an
`grZnobas~ Soris arsebuli martivi kontrastis warmoCena.
literaturisTvis ucxo araa azri, meore mxriv ki emoci­
uri metyvelebis elementebi mxo­lod literaturaSi rodi
gvxvdeba: amis sailustraciod sakmarisia warmovidginoT,
rogoria Seyvarebulebis sau­bari, an Cveulebrivi kamaTi.
magram idealuri samecniero ena wminda `denotaturi~ xasi­
aTisaa: misi mizania miaRwios maqsimalurad zust Sesatyvi­
sobas niSansa da aRsaniSns So­ris. niSani mTlianad pirobiTi
xasiaTisaa da, amdenad, SesaZlebelia misi Canacvleba ekviva­
lenturi niSnebiT. amas garda, niSani gamWvirvalea, anu is
uSualod da erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs referentze.
aqedan gamomdinare, samecniero ena uaxlovdeba niSan­
Ta iseT sistemebs, rogorebicaa maTematika an sim­boluri
26
literaturis buneba
logika. Mmisi idealia characterististica univer­salis, anu iseTi
universaluri enis Seqmna, romelze mu­Sa­obac laibnicma
wamoiwyo jer kidev meCvidmete saukunis miwuruls. samec­
niero enasTan SedarebiT, literaturu­li ena garkveul­
wilad SeiZleba naklovani Candes. masSi di­dia bundovanebis
wili; bevri istoriuli enis msgavsad, masSi uamravi omoni­
mi, pirobiTi niSani an iseTi aralogikuri kategoriaa, ro­
goricaa, magaliTad, gramatikuli sqesi; literaturul
enaSi bevri istoriuli movlena, mogoneba da asociaciaa
Semonaxuli. erTi sityviT, literaturuli ena uaRresad
`konotatiuria~. ufro metic, literaturuli ena ar aris
niSanTa martooden referenciuli sistema. mas eqspresi­
uli mxarec aqvs da mosaubris an avtoris intonaciasa da
damokidebulebas gadmocems. is, amas garda, ubralod ki ar
ambobs da gamoxatavs saTqmels, aramed miiswrafvis, zegav­
lena moaxdinos mkiTxvelis ganwyobaze, mis Sexedulebebze
da, saboloo angariSSi, gardaqmnas is. literaturulsa da
samecniero enas Soris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
arsebobs: pirvel maTganSi yuradReba TviT niSanze, sityvis
bgeriT simbolizmzea gadatanili. Aam mizniT uamravi iseTi
saSualeba iqna gamogonebuli, rogoricaa, metri, alitera­
cia da bgerwera.
literaturuli enis gansxvaveba samecniero enis­gan
sxvadasxva xarisxiT vlindeba sxvadasxva tipis literatu­
rul nawarmoebebSi: magaliTad, romanebSi bgerweras gaci­
lebiT umniSvnelo roli ganekuTvneba, vidre lirikuli
poeziis zogierT qmnilebaSi, romelTa adekvaturi Targm­
nac Znelia. eqspresiuli elementi SedarebiT iSviaTad
gvxvdeba `obieqtur romanSi~, sadac SesaZloa SeiniRbos
da sulac ar gamovlindes avtoris damokidebuleba, e.w.
`pirovnul~ lirikaSi ki yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba. prag­
matuli elementi, rac `WeSmarit~ poeziaSi odnav Tu Sei­
niSneba, romanSi an satirulsa da didaqtikur nawarmoebebSi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli. ufro metic, enis inteleqtua­
lizaciis xarisxi sxvadasxvagvaria, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
tipis nawarmoebTan gvaqvs saqme: arsebobs filosofiuri,
27
literaturis Teoria
didaqtikuri poemebi da problemuri romanebi, romelTa
ena nawilobriv mainc uaxlovdeba mecnierul enas. rogori
Sereuli modusebic unda warmoaCinos romelime calkeuli
literaturuli nawarmoebis Seswavlam, aSkaraa gansxvaveba
enis literaturul da samecniero gamoyenebas Soris: lite­
raturuli ena bevrad ufro metad asaxavs enis istoriul
struqturas; is xazs usvams TviT niSnisadmi gacnobierebul
damokidebulebas da sakuTari eqspresiuli da pragmatuli
aspeqtebi gaaCnia, samecniero ena ki gamudmebiT cdilobs am
elementebis minimumamde dayvanas.
ufro rTulia davadginoT, riT gansxvavdeba erTma­
neTisagan literaturuli da yofiTi ena. termini `yofiTi
ena~ erTmniSvnelovani cneba rodia: masSi moiazreba enis is­
eTi mravalferovani variantebi, rogorebicaa sasaubro ena,
vaWrobisa da komerciis ena, oficialuri ena, religiis ena,
studenturi Jargoni. Mmagram sagulisxmoa, rom is, rac iTqva
literaturuli enis Sesaxeb, yofiTi enis saxesxvaobebis
mimarTac samarTliania; gamonakliss warmoadgens mxo­lod
samecniero ena. yofiT enasac aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia,
Tumca is, SesaZloa, sxvadasxvagvarad vlindebodes _ daw­
yebuli uferuli oficialuri gan­cxadebis eniT, da dam­
Tavrebuli mgznebare mowodebebiT emociuri aRgznebis
momentSi. yofiT enaSi mravlad gvxvdeba istoriuli enis
iracionaluri elementebi da mniSvnelobis konteqsturi
cvlilebebi, Tumca mTel rig SemTxvevebSi is miiswraf­
vis mecnieruli sizustisadmi. yofiT metyvelebaSi TviT
niSnebis gacnobiereba iSviaTad xdeba. Tumca, amgvari gac­
nobiereba zogjer mainc iCens Tavs, magaliTad, saxelebisa
da moqmedebebis aRmniSvnel sityvaTa bgeriT simbolizmSi
an kalamburebSi. udavoa, rom yofiTi ena yvelaze xSirad
cdilobs miaRwios garkveul Sedegebs, gavlena moaxdinos
garkveul moqmedebebsa da mimarTebebze. miuxedavad amisa,
swori ar iqneboda imis Tqma, TiTqos salaparako ena mxo­
lod komunikaciur fun­qcias asrulebdes. Tu gavixsenebT,
rom bavSvs saaTobiT SeuZlia ilaparakos, roca msmeneli
ar hyavs, srul­wlovani adamianebisaTvis ki sulac ar aris
28
literaturis buneba
ucxo TiTqmis uazro `laqlaqi~, cxadi gaxdeba, rom xSirad
enis gamoyeneba wmin­da komunikaciur mizans ar emsaxureba.
amdenad, literaturuli ena unda gavmijnoT yofi­Ti
enis saxesxvaobebisgan, upirveles yovlisa, raodenobrivi
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. enis resursebis gamoyeneba bev­
rad ufro mizanmimarTulad da sistemurad xdeba. poe­tis
`pirovneba~ mis qmnilebebSi bevrad ufro Tanamimdev­ru­lad
da srulad warmoCndeba, vidre is pirovnebebi, romelTac
yoveldRiur situaciebSi vxvdebiT. zogierTi tipis poe­
ziaSi gamiznulad gamoiyeneba paradoqsi, orazrovneba,
mniSvnelobebis konteqsturi cvlilebebi, TviT gramati­
kuli kategoriebis iseT iracionaluri asociaciebic ki,
rogorebicaa sqesi an dro. Ppoeturi ena awesrigebs yofiTi
enis resursebs da zogjer erTgvar Zaladobasac ki axor­
cielebs maTze, raTa Cveni cnobiereba da yuradReba mTli­
anad nawarmoebisa da saTqmelisaken mi­marTos. Mmwerals mra­
vali resursi ukve Camoyalibebuli xvdeba misi winamorbedi
Taobebis Cumi da anonimuri muSao­bis Sedegad. zogierT me­
tad ganviTarebul literaturaSi da, gansakuTrebiT zogi­
erT epoqaSi, poeti mxolod da mxolod ukve Camoyalibebul
tradicias misdevs: aseT SemTxvevaSi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivo­
ba ufro enis funqciaa, vidre _ TviT xelovanisa. miuxeda­
vad amisa, xelovnebis TiToeuli nawarmoebi Taviseburad
axdens masalis mowesrigebas, organizebasa da gamTlianebas.
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad bevr sketCsa da saTav­
gadasavlo moT­xrobaSi, es arc ise TvalSi sacemia, magram
zogierTi poeturi nawarmoebis struqtura imdenad myaria,
rom erTi romelime sityvis an sityvis adgilis Secvlac ki
daazia­nebda mTlianobis efeqts.
literaturul enasa da yofiT enas Soris pragmatuli
gansxvavebebis gamokveTa bevrad ufro iolia. yvela nawar­
moebs, romelic garegani moqmedebisken gvibiZgebs, Cven an
usargeblo `leqsebad~, an _ cariel ritorikad miviCnevT.
WeSmariti poeziis zemoqmedeba gacilebiT meti sifaqiziT
gamoirCeva. xelovneba garkveul CarCos gvTavazobs, rom­
lis farglebSic realuri samyaros gan­msazRvreli niSnebi
aRar moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens semantikur ana­
29
literaturis Teoria
lizSi xelaxla unda SemovitanoT zogierTi mniSvnelovani
esTetikuri principi, magaliTad, `ganyenebuli Wvreta~,
`esTetikuri distancia~ da “Car­Co”. miuxedavad amisa, ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom gan­sxvaveba xelovnebasa da araxe­
lovnebas, literaturasa da araliteraturul enobriv gam­
onaTqvams Soris metad aramdgradia da gamudmebiT ganic­
dis cvlilebebs. SesaZ­loa, esTetikuri funqcia hqondes
sxvadasxva tipis enob­riv gamonaTqvamebsac. mxolod lite­
raturis cnebis viwro mniSvnelobiT gagebisas aris Sesa­
Zlebeli misi farglebi­dan propagandistuli xelovnebis,
an kidev didaqtikuri da satiruli poeziis gamoricxva.
arsebobs iseTi gardamava­­li formebic, rogoricaa ese, bio­
grafia da, xSir SemTxveva­Si, ritorikuli literaturis
didi nawili. sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi esTetikuri
funqciis areali xan farTovdeba, xan mcirdeba: erTxans pi­
radi werili da qa­dageba mxatvrul formebad iTvleboda,
dRes ki, rodesac dauSveblad miiCneva JanrTa aRreva, es­
Tetikuri funqciis sfero Seviwrovda da xelovnebis si­
wmindeze gadaitanes aqcenti, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens
reaqcias mecxrame­te saukunis dasasruls esTetikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli panesTetizmis da misi moTxovnebis winaaR­
mdeg. albaT, umjobesi iqneba, Tu literaturad miviCnevT
mxolod iseT nawarmoebebs, romlebSic esTetikuri funqcia
war­mmarTvelia, Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom iseT sruliad
gansxvavebuli, araesTetikuri daniSnulebis mqo­ne nawar­
moebebSic ki, rogorebicaa samecniero Sromebi, filosofi­
uri disertaciebi, politikuri pamfletebi da qadagebebi,
SesaZloa monawileobdes esTetikuri ele­mentebi, magali­
Tad, stili da kompozicia.
magram literaturis buneba yvelaze ukeT mimarTebi­
Ti aspeqtebis fonze ikveTeba. literaturuli xelovnebis
arsi vlindeba iseT tradiciul JanrebSi, rogorebicaa
lirikuli, epikuri da dramatuli nawarmoebebi. yoveli
maTganis wyaros warmoadgens warmosaxva, gamonagoni. ro­
manSi, leqsSi an dramatul nawarmoebSi gamoTqmuli azrebi
sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT, radgan isini
30
literaturis buneba
ar Seesabameba simarTles _ ar warmoadgens logikur pro­
poziciebs. arsebobs Zireuli gansxvaveba im or SemTxvevas
Soris, rodesac romelime faqtobriv movlenas vecnobiT,
erTi mxriv, istoriul nawarmoebSi an balzakis (Balzac) ro­
manSi da, meore mxriv, istoriis an sociologiis saxelmZ­
RvaneloSi. subieqtur lirikaSic ki poetis `me~ warmosa­
xuli, dramatuli `subieqtia~. romanis gmiri gansxvavdeba
istoriuli figurisagan an realuri adamianisgan. romanis
gmiris saxe warmogvidgeba mxolod im winadadebebis meS­
veobiT, romlebiTac is xasiaTdeba nawarmoebSi an romleb­
sac avtori aTqmevinebs mas. amgvar gmirs arc warsuli aqvs,
arc momavali da zogjer arc misi cxovreba warmogvidgeba
srulad. Ees elementaruli dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom azrs­
moklebulia kritikosTa is naSromebi, romlebSic saubaria
vitenbergSi hamletis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, hamletze mamis
zemoqmedebis Taobaze, agrTve _ gamxdari da axalgazrda
falstafis, `Seqspiris gmiri qalTa siymawvilis~ an `ledi
makbetis Svilebis raodenobis Sesaxeb~.4 romanis dro da
sivrce ar emTxveva realuri cxovrebis drosa da sivrces.
TviT yvelaze realisturi romani an naturalisturi nawar­
moebic ki, romelic TiTqosda pirdapir cxovrebidanaa
gadmoRebuli, garkveuli mxatvruli tradiciebis mixed­
viT aigeba. Soreu­li istoriuli perspeqtividan CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba, Tu ramdenad erTgvarovania
naturalistu­ri romanebi Temebis, personaJTa daxasia­Tebis
xerxebis, movlenaTa SerCevisa da dialogTa agebis saSua­
lebebis mixedviT. zustad aseve, CvenTvis cxadi xdeba, rom
yvelaze naturalisturi dramis SemTxvevaSic ki pirobiTo­
ba Tavs iCens ara mxolod scenuri CarCos gaazrebaSi, aramed
imaSic, Tu rogor aris SerCeuli da gadmocemuli sivrce
da dro, TiTqosda yvelaze realisturi dialogebi da per­
sonaJebis gadaadgileba scenaze (rac Seexeba romanis dro­
sTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs, ix. Eedvin muiris (Edwin Muir)
wigni “romanis struqtura” (The Structure of the Novel”), lon­
doni, 1928. bolo periodSi (nawilobriv egzistencia­luri
filosofiis gavleniT), mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva
31
literaturis Teoria
literaturaSi drois problemas. ix. a. a. mendilous (A. A.
Mendilow) wigni `dro da romani (Time and the Novel), londoni,
1952; hans meierhofis (Hans Meyerhoff) “dro literaturaSi~
(Time in Literature).5 ra mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebic unda iyos
Seqspiris `qariSxalsa~ (The Tempest) da ibsenis (Ibsen) `To­
jinebis saxls~ (A Doll’s House) Soris, maT saerTo dramatuli
tradicia akavSirebs.
Tuki `mxatvrulobas~, `gamogonebas~, an `warmosax­
vas~ literaturis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebad miviCnevT,
maSin literaturas unda mivakuTvnoT homerosis (Homer),
dantes (Dante), Seqspiris (Shakespeare), balzakis, kitsis (Keats) Semoqmedeba da ara ciceronis (Cicero), montenis (Montaigne), bosiues (Bossuet) an emersonis (Emerson) Txzulebebi.
rasakvirvelia, arsebobs `zRvruli~ SemTxvevebic (maga­
liTad, platonis (Plato) `respublika~ (Republic), romlebic
udavod Seicavs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saubaria didi
miTebis Sesaxeb) `gamonagonis~ an `mxatvrulobis~ ele­
mentebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari nawarmoebebi, uwi­
naresad, filosofiuri xasiaTisaa. literaturis Sesaxeb
amgvari Tvalsazrisi aRweriTia da ara Semfasebluri. Tu
ro­melime mniSvnelovani nawarmoebis Sesaxeb vityviT, rom
igi ritorikuli an filosofiuri xasiaTisaa an politiku­ri
pamfletis Janrs ganekuTvneba, es sulac ar daakninebs mis
Rirsebebs. Mmeore mxriv, aq SesaZloa wamoiWras esTetiku­
ri analizis, stilistikis da kompoziciis problemebi, rac
literaturis mier wamoWrili problemis msgavsi an iden­
turia, Tumca am Janrebis safuZvels ar warmoadgens mxat­
vrulobis umTavresi Tviseba _ gamonagoni. amdenad, ECveni
koncefciiT, literatura moicavs yvela tipis mxatvrul
nawarmoebebs, maT Soris, yvelaze mdare ro­manebs, leqsebs
da dramatul qmnilebebs. klasifikaciis xelovneba unda
gaimijnos Sefasebisagan.
aq Tavidan unda aviciloT erTi tradiciuli gau­
gebroba. xSir SemTxvevaSi `mxatvruli literatura~ mxat­
vrul saxeebs saerTod ar mimarTavs xolme. Ppoeturi ena
mTlianad xatovania, dawyebuli umartivesi poeturi xer­
32
literaturis buneba
xebiT da damTavrebuli bleikisa (Blake) da ieitsis (Yeats)
poeziisTvis niSandoblivi monoliTuri da yovlismomcve­
li miTologiuri sistemebiT. Tumca, mxatvruli saxeebi
prozis da, amdenad, mTlianad literaturis arsebiTi Tvi­
seba ar aris. bevr karg leqsSi erT mxatvrul saxesac ki ver
naxavT; ufro metic, arsebobs e. w. `gancxadebis poe­ziac~6
amas garda, xatovaneba unda gavmijnoT uSualo, grZno­
badi da vizualuri xatqmnisagan. hegelis gavleniT, mecx­
ramete saukunis esTetikosebi, magaliTad, fiSeri (Vischer)
da eduard fon hartmani (Edward von Hartmann) amtkicebdnen,
rom nebismieri xelovneba `ideis grZnobad gamovlenas~ war­
moadgens, xolo meore skola (fidleri (Fiedler), hildebrandi
(Hildebrand), rili (Riehl)) miiCnevda, rom ne­bismieri xelovneba
`wminda mWvretelobaa~.7M miuxeda­­vad amisa, didi literatu­
ra grZnobad saxeebs ar warmoqmnis aRmqmelis cnobierebaSi
an Tu warmoqmnis, mxolod Sem­TxveviT, drodadro da gauc­
nobiereblad.8 mxatvruli per­sonaJis asaxvisas ki mweralma,
SesaZloa, saerTod ar ga­mo­iyenos vizualuri xatebi. Mmiuxe­
davad imisa, rom kar­gad vic­nobT dostoevskis an henri jeim­
sis personaJebis sulier mdgomareobas, maT motivebs, Se­
fasebebs, damokidebule­bebsa da survilebs, gagviWirdeba
maTi warmodgena vi­­zu­a­lurad.
mwerali umeteswilad gamoyofs sqematur monaxazs an
erTaderT fizikur niSans – amgvar teqnikas xSirad iyeneben
tolstoi (Tolstoy) da Tomas mani (Thomas Mann). is, rom xSirad
ar gvsurs wignSi ilustraciebis xilva, maSinac ki, rodesac
isini kargi mxatvrebis, zogjer ki Tavad avtoris mieraa
Seq­mnili (mag., Tekerei (Thackeray), cxadyofs, rom avtori mx­
olod sqematur monaxazs gvTavazobs da is bolomde ar unda
iqnes Sevsebuli detalebiT.
poeziaSi gamoyenebuli yvela metaforis vizualizacia
rom mogvexdina, sul agvebneoda Tavgza. arian mkiTxvelebi,
romlebic xSirad mimarTaven vizualizacias da zogierTi
literaturuli pasaJi amas TavisTavad iTxovs, magram es
fsiqologiuri sakiTxia, romelic poetis mier Seqmnil me­
33
literaturis Teoria
ta­foraTa analizis xerxebSi ar unda avurioT. Ees xerxebi
mniSvnelovanwilad im gonebrivi procesebis mowesrigebas
isa­xaven miznad, romlebic literaturis farglebs gare­­
Tac mimdinareobs. amdenad, metafora Cvens yofiT metyve­
le­baSi, umeteswilad, faruli saxiT monawileobs, Jargonsa
da xalxur andazebSi ki _ aSkarad iCens Tavs. metaforuli
gadatanis gziT fizikuri urTierTmimarTebebi yvelaze
abstraqtuli cnebebis (Semecneba, gansazRvra, gamoricxva,
arsi, subieqti/sagani, hipoTeza) meSveobiT gamoixateba.
poezia enis am metaforul bunebas ganaaxlebs da xelSesa­
xebs xdis CvenTvis. amas garda, poezia iyenebs Cveni civi­
lizaciis (misi klasikuri, tevtonuri, kelturi da qris­
tianuli periodebis) simboloebsa da miTebs.
yvela is gansxvaveba literaturasa da araliteratu­
ras Soris, romelic Cven ganvixileT, _ masalis orga­
nizacia, eqspresia, komunikaciis saSualebaTa gacnobiereba
da gamoyeneba, praqtikuli miznis ararseboba da, rasakvirve­
lia, gamonagoni, _ semantikuri analizis farglebSi iseTi
uZvelesi esTetikuri terminebis gameorebas warmoadgens,
rogorebicaa `erTianoba simravleSi~, `ganyenebuli Wvre­
ta~, `esTetikuri distancia~, `CarCo~ da “gamonagoni”, “war­
mosaxva” da “Semoqmedeba”. TiToeuli maTgani literatu­
ruli nawarmoebis erT romelime aspeqts, misi semantikuri
struqturis erT romelime maxasiaTebels asaxavs. Aarc erTi
maTgani TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aris. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris ara
martivi, aramed rTuli, mravalSreobrivi, maRalorganize­
buli obieqti, romelic mravali mniSvnelobiTa da mravali
mimarTebiT xasiaTdeba. tradiciuli termini `nawarmoebis
organizmi~, garkveulwilad, damabnevelia, radgan is xazs
usvams mxolod erT aspeqts, anu `erTianobas simravleSi~,
da mimarTavs usargeblo biologiur paralelebs. damab­
nevelia, agreTve, termini `Sinaarsisa da formis erTianoba~
(miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari formulireba xelovnebis
nawarmoebis SigniT arsebul mWidro urTierTkavSirze
miuTiTebs), imdenad, ramdenadac metismetad amartivebs
34
literaturis buneba
sakiTxs. is qmnis iluzias, TiTqos nawarmoebis nebismieri
elementis analizi, iqneba es Sinaarsi Tu teqnika, erTnairad
sasargeblo SeiZleba iyos da, amdenad, gvaTavisuflebs imis
aucileblobisagan, rom es nawarmoebi aRviqvaT rogorc
mTlianoba. terminebi `Sinaarsi~ da `forma~ imdenad farTo
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rom SeuZlebelia maTi ubralo
Sepirispireba nayofieri aRmoCndes. da marTlac, detaluri
ganmartebis Semdegac ki, es terminebi mxolod xelovnebis
nawarmoebis martiv diqotomias asaxaven. xelovnebis nimu­
Sis Tanamedrove analizi iseTi rTuli kiTxvebiT unda dai­
wyos, rogoricaa misi arsebobis modusi da Sinagani mraval­
Sreobrivi sistema.9
35
Tavi mesame
literaturis funqcia
*
literaturis buneba da funqcia nebismier logiku­rad
gamarTul diskursSi urTierTSesabamisi unda iyos. poe­ziis
funqcia misi bunebidan gamomdinareobs: nebismieri sagani an
saganTa klasi yvelaze efeqtianad da gonivrulad swored
maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac gaTvaliswinebulia misi buneba
an ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba. MdamatebiT fun­
qcias is mxolod maSin iZens, roca pirvelad funqcias yavli
gasdis: Zveli sarTavi jara xSirad ga­moiyeneba dekoratiu­
li daniSnulebiT, oTxkuTxa pianino ki, romelmac bgerebis
gamocemis unari dakarga, SeiZleba samuSao magidad iqces.
swored aseve, sagnis bunebac misi daniSnulebis Sesabami­
sia: sagani swored isaa, risTvisac is gankuTvnilia. adamia­
nis mier Seqmnili raime nivTi iqmneba garkveuli funqciis
realizebisTvis, agreTve _ damatebiTi funqciebisTvis,
rasac TviT masalis SesaZleblobebi da individualuri ge­
movneba ganapirobebs. nebismier lite­raturul nawarmoe­
bSi SeiZleba iyos bevri iseTi ram, rac misi literaturuli
funqciisTvis ar aris arsebiTi, Tumca saintereso da sagu­
lisxmoa sxva TvalsazrisiT.
Seicvala Tu ara Tvalsazrisi literaturis bune­bisa
da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb istoriis ganmavlobaSi? Ees ar gax­
lavT martivi SekiTxva. Tuki istorias Tvals mivadevnebT,
am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces; SeiZ­leba gavix­
senoT uZvelesi dro, roca literatura, fi­losofia da
religia ganuyofeli iyo: antikuri epoqidan SeiZleba dava­
saxeloT, magaliTad, esqile (Aeschylus) da hesiode (Hesiod).
magram platoni ukve saubrobs poetebsa da filosofosebs
Soris arsebuli uZvelesi ganxeTqilebis Sesaxeb da CvenT­
vis dRes ukve gasagebia, risi Tqma surs mas. garda amisa,
36
literaturis funqcia
gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda miva­niWoT, erTi mxriv,
mecxramete saukuneSi damkvidrebul popularul doqtri­
nas, romlis mixedviT, `xelovneba xelovnebisTvisaa~, meore
mxriv ki ufro gviandel, poésie pure-is, anu `wminda poeziis~
Tvalsazriss. edgar po “didaqtikur eress” uwodebda im
Tvalsazriss, rom poezia Segonebis instruments warmoad­
gens. es Tvalsazrisi ar unda gavaigivoT tradiciul rene­
sansul doqtrinas­Tan, romlis mixedviTac poezia tkbobisa
da Semecnebis wya­roa, an tkbobis miniWebis gziT codnas
awvdis mkiTxvels.
saerTod, Tu gadavxedavT esTetikis an poetikis is­
torias, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos literatu­ris
buneba da funqcia, Tu maT sxva adamianur moqmedebebTan
da RirebulebebTan Sedareba-Sepirispirebis mizniT far­
To konceptualuri terminebiT gamovxatavT, arsebiTad ar
Secvlila.
esTetikis istoria SeiZleba daviyvanoT dialeqtikur
dapirispirebamde, romelSic Tezissa da antiTeziss war­
moadgens horaciusis (Horace) dulce (saamuri) da utile (sasarge­
blo): poezia saamuricaa da sasargebloc. uTuod Sevcdeb­
iT, Tuki CavTvliT, rom poezia unda iyos mxolod sasarge­
blo an mxolod saamuri. iqneb, ufro martivi iyos, dulce et
utile erTmaneTs mivusadagoT poeziis funqciis da ara misi
bunebis Sesabamisad. Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia
gvaniWebs siamovnebas (romelic ar gansxvavdeba nebismieri
sxvagvari siamovnebisgan), iseve mcdaria, rogorc Tvalsaz­
risi, TiTqos poezia raRacas gvaswavlis (riTac is nebismier
saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebul miTiTebebs enaTesaveba).1 mosaz­
reba, romlis Tanaxmad, yvelanairi poezia aris an unda iyos
propaganda, analogiuria Tval­sazrisisa, romlis mixed­
viT, poezia warmoadgens an unda warmoadgendes mxolod
xatovanebas an bgerweras, anu pirobiT figuras, romelsac
araferi aqvs saerTo adamianur grZnobebTan. am ori sapir­
ispiro Tezisis niuansebi yvelaze ukeT albaT iseTi Tval­
sazrisebSi vlindeba, romelTa mixedviTac xelovneba, erTi
mxriv `TamaSia~, meore mxriv _ `Sroma~ (mxatvruli Txzvis
37
literaturis Teoria
`xeloba~, xelovnebis “nawarmoebi”). Acal-calke ganxilvi­
sas, am TvalsazrisTagan arc erTi araa misaRebi. roca am­
boben, rom poezia `TamaSi~, erTgvari spontanuri garTobaa,
vgrZnobT, rom amiT aknineben xelovanis gulmodginebas,
ostatobasa da Canafiqrs, iseve, rogorc Tavad leqsis Ri­
rebulebasa da mniSvnelobas; magram roca gveubnebian, rom
poezia `Sroma~ an `xelobaa~, vgrZnobT, rom ugulebelyofen
poeziis Tvisebas, sixaruli mianiWos mkiTxvels (anu imas,
rasac kantma `umiznoba~ (purposelessness) uwoda). xelovnebis
funqciis gansazRvrisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli dulce, ise utile.
dasawyisisTvis, SesaZloa, Tavad horaciusis formu­
lam gagviwios mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. Tu gavixsenebT, rom
kritikuli terminebis gamoyenebisas sizustis dacva bolo­
droindeli tendenciaa, SegviZlia imdenad gan­vavrcoT
horaciusis terminebi, rom maT moicvan rogorc romauli,
ise renesansis periodis poetTa SemoqmedebiTi praqtika.
Aar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos xelovnebis rogorc sasargeblo
saqmianobis gageba ewinaaRmdegeba im zneobriv princips,
romelmac, le bosius (Le Bossu) azriT, homeross `iliada~
(Iliad) daawerina, an romelic hegelma (Hegel) Tavis sayvarel
tragediaSi _`antigoneSi~_ aRmoaCina. termini `sasargeb­
lo~ miuTiTebs, rom ar xdeba `drois uqmad flangva~, `dros
tareba~, anu aq saubaria iseT rameze, rac seriozul yurad­
Rebas imsaxurebs. termini `saamuri~ ki aRniSnavs `aramosaw­
yens~, `arasavaldebulos~, “imas, rac Tavad warmoadgens sa­
kuTari Tavis gamarTlebas”.
aq Cndeba Semdegi kiTxva: SegviZlia Tu ara, rom am or­
magi kriteriumis safuZvelze ganvsazRvroT li­teratura,
Tu es ufro metad diadi literaturis kriteriumia? Zveli
drois esTetikur paeqrobebSi gan­sxvaveba didebul, karg da
`mdare~ literaturas Soris iSviaTad vlindeba. sakamaTo
araa, rom mdare literatura (anu e.w. iaffasiani Jurnalebi)
arc `sasargebloa~ da arc `didaqtikuri~. xSirad miiCneven,
amgvari literatura mxo­lod da mxolod imisaTvis iqm­
neba, rom `mowyvitos~ mkiTxveli arasasurvel sinamdviles
38
literaturis funqcia
an `gaarTos~is. mag­ram es sakiTxi ganxilul unda iqnes ara
`kargi literaturis~, aramed mdare literaturis mkiTxve­
lis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare.M mortimer adleris (Mortimer Adler) azriT, TviT yvelaze naklebad inteleqtualuri
romanis mkiTxvels Semecnebis Canasaxobrivi survili mainc
amoZravebs. rac Seexeba `gasarTob literaturas~, kenet
berkma (Kenneth Burke) Segvaxsena, rom amgvari gansazRvra Sei­
Zleba sruliad usafuZvlo aRmoCndes. amgvari literatu­
ris meSveobiT mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaicnobieros sakuTari
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Tavisi garemocvis mimarT.
maSinac ki, roca xelovani mxolod da mxolod mouwodebs
mkiTxvels, gaataros dRe mdinare misisipis napiras, man Sei­
Zleba biZgi misces amgvar procesebs.2
albaT yvelaze marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom
nebis­mieri xelovneba `saamuricaa~ da `sa­sar­geb­loc~ imaT­
Tvis, visac misi saTanadod gamoyeneba SeuZlia. is, rasac
xelovneba gamoxatavs, aRemateba calkeuli mkiTxvelisa Tu
msmenelis fiqrsa da ocnebas; xelovneba xelovanis ostato­
bis wyalobiT siamovnebas aniWebs recipients imiT, rom misi
individualuri fiqrisa da ocnebis msgavs realobas asa­
xavs, riTac Svebas hgvris mas.
literaturul nawarmoebSi, romelic srulad Seesa­
bameba Tavis funqcias, sasiamovno da sasargeblo ubralod
ki ar Tanaarseboben, aramed erTmaneTs erwymian. unda
aRiniSnos, rom literaturiT moniWebuli tkboba gansa­
kuTrebul, `maRal tkbobas~ warmoadgens _ misi wya­ro
maRali tipis qmedebaa, kerZod, Wvreta, romelic ara­vi­Tar
materialur sargebels ar ukavSirdeba.D rac Seexeba lite­
raturis gamoyenebiT aspeqts – seriozulobasa da didaqti­
kurobas, aqac iseT `saamur~ seriozulobasTan gvaqvs saqme,
romelic valdebulebaTagan Tavisufalia da esTetikuri
aRqmis seriozulobas efuZneba. xelovnebi­sadmi relativis­
turi midgomis momxres, romelsac rTuli Tanamedrove poe­
zia moswons, yovelTvis SeuZlia esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi
arafrad Caagdos da Tavisi pozicia imiT daasabuTos, rom
misi arCevani pirovnuli gemovnebis sakiTxia. ganaTlebis
39
literaturis Teoria
sferoSi moRvawe adamianma SeiZleba araswori daskvna gaake­
Tos da CaTvalos, rom romelime didi poema an romani imde­
nadaa seriozuli, ramdenadac is mkiTxvels raime Rirebul
istoriul informacias an zneobriv gakveTils awvdis.
aq unda ganvixiloT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiT­
xi: aqvs Tu ara literaturas funqcia, an funqciebi? wignSi
`kritikosTa saxelmZRvanelo~ boesi (Boas) ironiulad
acxadebs, rom arsebobs nairgvari interesebi da, Sesa­
bamisad, sxvadasxva tipis kritika; xolo elioti Tavisi naS­
romis _ `poeziis daniSnuleba da kritikis daniSnuleba~
_ bolos sevdianad askvnis, rom `poezia mravalgvaria~ da
sxvadasxva epoqaSi poeziis sxvadasxva saxeobebi nairgvar
miznebs emsaxureboda. magram es mxolod gamonaklisi SemTx­
vevebia. literaturisadmi seriozuli midgoma gu­lisxmobs
(yovel SemTxvevaSi tradiciulad mainc) imis aRiarebas, rom
mas garkveuli daniSnuleba aqvs. rac Seexeba arnoldis (Arnold) Tvalsazriss imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom poezia SeiZle­
ba religiasa da filosofias Caenacvlos, elioti wers: “...
arc amqveynad da arc im qveynad araferi arafers ar enacv­
leba”.3 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arc erTi kategoriis Ri­
rebulebas ar gaaCnia WeSmariti ekvivalen­ti. Semcvlelebi
ar arsebobs. realurad, SesaZloa, li­teratura bevr rasme
Seenacvlos – magaliTad, kiTxvis dros Cven TiTqos vmogza­
urobT da ucxo qveynebs vecno­biT, ganvicdiT imas, rac ar
gangvicdia, aRviqvamT sxva adamia­nis cxovrebas ise, TiTqos
es Cveni cxovreba iyos. amas gar­da, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi
istorikosebisTvis literatura socialur dokuments
warmoadgens. magram aqvs Tu ara literaturas sakuTari _
unikaluri _ daniSnuleba, Tu is warmoadgens filosofiis,
istoriis, musikisa da mxatvruli xerxebis naerTs, romelic
Tanamedrove pirobebSi SeiZle­ba daiSalos Semadgenel
nawilebad? swored es aris mTavari sakiTxi.
literaturis damcvelebi ityvian, rom literatura
yovelTvis aucilebeli iqneba da ar miiCneven mas uZvelesi
drois gadmonaSTad. es Tvalsazrisi misaRebia imaTTvi­
sac, vinc arc poetia, arc sityvierebis maswavlebeli. li­
40
literaturis funqcia
teraturis unikaluri Rirebulebis aRiareba auci­lebelia
yvela im TeoriisTvis, romelic ikvlevs Rirebulebis arss.
msgavsi Teoriebi sul ufro metad iTvaliswineben litera­
turis am specifikur mxares.
erT-erTi Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, poezia
sasargeblo da seriozulia imdenad, ramdenadac is garkve­
ul codnas iZleva. poezia codnis formaa. aristotele ra­
Rac amgvars amtkicebda Tavisi im cnobili gamonaTqvamiT,
rom poezia ufro filosofiuria, vidre istoria, radga­nac
istoria `momxdar movlenebs aRwers, poezia ki mogviTxrobs
im movlenebze, romlebic SeiZleboda momxdariyo~, anu _
zogadze da SesaZlebelze. Tumca amJamad, rodesac isto­
ria, literaturis msgavsad, warmoadgens Tavisufal disci­
pli­nas, romelSic ver naxavT zust definiciebs da romlis
meto­qeebs axla ukve sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi warmoa­­
dge­nen, gamoaSkaravda, rom poezia yuradRebas amaxvilebs
iseT detalebze, romlebic tradiciulad sabunebismetyve­
lo mecnierebebisa da filosofiis yuradRebis miRma rCeba
xolme. Tu neoklasicist Teoretikosss, magaliTad, doq­tor
jonsons, jer kidev SeeZlo emsjela imis Sesaxeb, rom poezia
`zogadis didebulebas~ warmoadgens, sxvadasxva skolis war­
momadgeneli Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi (magaliTad, berg­
soni, gilbi (Gilby), rensomi (Ransom) da steisi (Stace), erTx­
mad aRniSnaven, rom poezia asaxavs kerZoobiTs. magaliTad,
steisi amtkicebs, rom Seqspiris `oteloSi~(Othello) asaxulia
ara zogadad eWvianoba, aramed otelos eWviano­ba, anu iseTi
grZnoba, romelic SeiZleboda gasCenoda mxo­lod veneciel
qalze daqorwinebul mavrs.4
ra warmoadgens literaturis sagans _ zogadi Tu
kerZoobiTi? literaturis Teoria da misi damcvelebi, ro­
gorc wesi, an erT Tvalsazriss emxrobian, an meores. SeiZle­
ba iTqvas, rom literatura ufro zogadia, vidre istoria
da biografia, magram ufro kerZoobiTi xasiaTisaa, vidre
fsiqologia an sociologia. magram literaturul Teoriis
cvalebad debulebaTa garda, arsebobs sxva sagulisxmo faq­
torebic. literaturul praqtikaSi zogadisa Tu kerZos
41
literaturis Teoria
urTierTmimarTeba ama Tu im nawarmoebSi an istoriul pe­
riodSi sxvadasxvagvaria. magaliTad, piligrimi da evrime­
ni (Everyman) SeiZleba ganasaxierebdnen mTel kacobriobas.
magram jonsonis `episinis~ (Epicoene) `iumoristi~ morouzi
(Morose) metad uCveulo da Taviseburi adamiania. daxasia­
Tebis principi literaturaSi yovelTvis moiTxovda `tipi­
uris~ Serwymas `individualurTan~ _ individSi warmoaCen­
da tips, tipSi ki _ individs. am principis an mis safuZvelze
warmoSobili kanonebis ganmartebis mcdelobebi unayofo
aRmoCnda. literaturuli tipebis klasifikacia momdi­
nareobs horaciusis doqtrinidan `dekorumis~ Sesaxeb da
romauli komediis tipebidan (mag., trabaxa jariskaci, Zunwi
kaci, mflangveli da Seyvarebuli vaJiSvili, sando msaxuri).
meCvidmete saukunis qaraqterologiur wignebsa da mo­li­e­
ris komediebSi aseve vawydebiT Cveul tipebs. magram SeiZle­
ba Tu ara tipTa Teoriis farTod gamoyeneba? Aaris Tu ara
julietas gadia `romeosa da julietaSi~ (Romeo and Juliet)
tipi? da Tu asea, risi tipizacia xdeba am saxeSi? warmoad­
gens Tu ara hamleti tips? rogorc Cans asea, doqtori timo­
Ti braitis (Dr Timothy Bright) ganmartebiT, dedofali elisa­
bedis droindeli mayureblisaTvis, is melanqoliuri tipia.
Mmag­ram melanqoliis garda, mas sxva Tvisebebic axasiaTebs.
hamletis melanqolia gansakuTrebuli mizezebidan mom­
dinareobs da gansakuTrebul pirobebSi viTardeba. garkve­
uli TvalsazrisiT, xasiaTi, romelic individualuri da,
imavdroulad, tipuricaa, araerT tips moicavs Tavis TavSi:
hamleti aris mijnuri, an yofili mijnuri, swavluli, dra­
mis xelovnebaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli adamiani da kargi mo­
farikave. evrimeni sxvadasxvagvar tipebs aerTianebs Tavis
TavSi. Ee.w. saxasiaTo tipebi `erTganzomilebian~ tipebad
miiCneva, iseve, rogorc Cven “erTganzomilebian” adamia­
nebad miiCnevT imaT, visTanac mxolod erTi garkveuli saxis
urTi­erToba gvakavSirebs; `moculobiT~ xasiaTebs, rom­
lebic sxva­dasxvagvar Tvalsazrisebsa da urTierTobebs
moicaven, sxva konteqstSi gviCveneben, mag., sazogadoebriv­
sa da pirad cxovrebaSi, ucxoeTSi mogzaurobisas.5
42
literaturis funqcia
dramasa da romanebs, yvelaferTan erTad, Semecnebi­
Ti Rirebulebac aqvT. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Tval­
sazrisis mixedviT, `romanistebs meti SeuZliaT aswavlon
adamians adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, vidre fsiqologebs~.
horni (Horney) miiCnevs, rom dostoevski, Seqspiri, ibseni da
balzaki codnis amouwurav wyaros warmoadgenen. i. m. fors­
teri (E. M. Forster) (`romanis aspeqtebi~ – “Aspects of the Novel”)
saubrobs imaze, rom Cven mxolod iSviaTad Tu SegviZlia
CavwvdeT adamianTa Sinagan cxovrebasa da mo­tivaciebs.6
amdenad, misi azriT, swored romanis didi dam­saxurebaa is,
rom misi meoxebiT warmoCndeba personaJe­bis introspeqciu­
li cxovreba. SesaZloa, personaJebis Sinagani cxovrebis aR­
wera emyareba avtoris fxizel TviTdakvirve­bas. SeiZleba
imisi Tqmac, rom didi romanebi fsiqologe­bis­Tvis codnis
mniSvnelovan wya­ros warmoadgens. garda ami­sa, romanebSi
moTxrobili cal­keuli SemTxvevebi Rire­bu­li daskvnebis
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. magram aq un­da davubrundeT
im faqts, rom fsiqologebi romans mxo­­lod masSi gamokveTi­
li ganzogadebuli tipuri Rirebulebis gamo kiTxuloben.
maga­liTad, fsiqologi ganixilavs mama gorios (Pére Goriot)
xasiaTs moqmedebis saerTo adgilidan (vokes saxlidan – the
Maison Vauquer) da sxva personaJebTan misi damokidebulebe­
bidan gamomdinare.
maqs istmeni (Max Eastman), romelic Tavad poeti
(Tumca, arc ise mniSvnelovani) gaxldaT, Tvlida, rom mec­
nierebis saukuneSi `literaturul cnobierebas~ veRar
eqneba WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis pretenzia. `literaturuli
cno­­biereba~, ubralod, araspecialistis diletanturi
cnobierebaa, romelic winaremecnieruli epoqis dones See­
satyviseba, Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs da, amdenad, surs Ta­
visi enobrivi unaris wyalobiT Seqmnas iseTi STabeWdileba,
TiTqos friad Rirebul `WeSmaritebebs~ Ra­Radebdes. WeS­
mariteba literaturaSi iseTivea, rogoric WeSmariteba mis
farglebs miRma, anu _ sistematuri da sazogadod damowme­
buli codna. romanisti jadoqari araa. mas ar SeuZlia myi­
sierad moipovos socialuri mecniere­bebis mier dagrove­
43
literaturis Teoria
buli codna, romlis meSveobiTac romanistis `samyaros~,
misi warmosaxviTi sinamdvilis realuroba mowmdeba. magram
meore mxriv, istmenis azriT, didi fantaziis mqone mwerali,
gansakuTrebiT ki poeti, arasworad Seafasebs sakuTar Tavs,
Tuki CaTvlis, rom misi umTavresi daniSnulebaa codnis aR­
moCena da gadacema. sinamdvileSi misi funqciaa, dagvexma­
ros ufro Rrmad aRviqvaT is, rasac vxedavT; warmoidginos
is, rac Cven, konceptualurad an praqtikulad, ukve viciT.7
rTulia, mkveTrad gavmijnoT ori Tvalsazrisi poe­zi­
is Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviT, poezia an ukve cnobilis xe­la­ ­
xal xorcSesxmas warmoadgens, an `mxatvrul wvdomas~. xelo­
va­ni imas gvaxsenebs, rasac odesRac vxedavdiT da dRes ve­Rar
aRviqvamT, an dagvanaxvebs imas, rac, gamudmebiT Cven Tval­­
win iyo, magram ver vamCnevdiT. aq uneburad is Sav-TeTri
naxa­tebi gvaxsendeba, romlebzec gamosaxulia wertilebi­
sa da texili xazebisagan agebuli figurebi da saxeebi:
miu­xeda­­vad imisa, rom mravaljer gvinaxavs es figurebi da
xazebi, Cven ver aRviqvamdiT maT rogorc mTlianobas, ro­
gorc garkve­ul formebs. nawarmoebSi `ganzraxvani~ (Intentions) uaildi (Wilde) saubrobs imaze, rom uistlerma (Whistler)
nislSi aRmoaCina esTetikuri Rirebuleba, prerafaelitebma
(Pre-Raphaelites) ki silamaze iseTi tipis qalebSi dainaxes, rom­
lebic iqamde lamazebad ar iTvlebodnen. aq Cndeba kiTxva, ra
vlindeba msgavs SemTxvevebSi _ `codna~ Tu `WeSmariteba~.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs mkveTrad gamokveTili
Tvalsazrisi. SeiZleba aseT SemTxvevaSi vimsjeloT axali
`aRqmiTi Rirebulebebis~, axali `esTetikuri Tvisebebis~
aRmoCenis Sesaxeb.
gasagebia, ratomaa Zneli esTetikosebisTvis `WeSma­
ritebis~, rogorc xelovnebis Tvisebisa da kri­teriumis
ugulebelyofa:8 nawilobriv, es sapatio terminia, rom­
lis meSveobiTac adamiani Rrma pativiscemas gamoxatavs
xelovnebis mimarT, imas, rom xelovneba erT-erT umaRles
Rirebulebaa. garda amisa, Cven usafuZvlod vSiSobT, rom
Tuki xelovneba `araWeSmaritia~, maSin is, rogorc plato­
ni fiqrobda, is `tyuili~ yofila. mxatvruli literatu­
44
literaturis funqcia
ra aris `gamonagoni~, `cxovrebis mxatvruli, verbalu­ri
imitaciaa~. gamonagonis sapirispiro cneba ki aris ara `WeS­
mariteba~, aramed `faqti~, anu `arseboba drosa da sivrce­
Si~. `faqti~ ufro uCveuloa, vidre albaToba, ra­sac lit­
eratura asaxavs.9
xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris literatura, ker­
Zod, pretenzias acxadebs `WeSmaritebaze~ im msoflaRqmis
(Weltanschauung) safuZvelze, romelic Tavs iCens nebismier
mxatvrulad srulyofil nawarmoebSi. filosofosma an
kritikosma SeiZleba zogierTi am SexedulebaTagani uf­ro
`WeSmaritad~ miiCnios, vidre sxva mosazrebebi (maga­liTad,
eliots miaCnia, rom dantes Sexedulebebi ufro WeSmari­
tia, vidre Selis (Shelley) an Tundac Seqspirisa); magram
nebismieri filosofiuri Sexeduleba cxovrebis Sesaxeb an
garkveul WeSmaritebas unda Seicavdes, an amis pretenzia
mainc hqondes. Lliteraturis WeSmariteba, Cve­ni gagebiT,
warmoadgens WeSmaritebas literaturaSi – es aris filoso­
fia, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom sistematuri koncep­
tualuri formiT literaturis farglebs gareT arsebobs,
SesaZloa literaturas miesadagebodes an vlindebodes
masSi. am TvalsazrisiT, WeSmariteba dantes nawarmoebebSi
aris kaTolikuri RvTismetyveleba da sqolastikuri fi­
losofia. poeziis eliotiseuli xedva `WeSmaritebasTan~
mimarTebiT, arsebiTad, emTxveva Cvensas. WeSmariteba siste­
maturi moazrovneebis sferoa; xelovanebi ki amgvari tipis
moazrovneebi ar arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa, maT
scadon, aseTebad iqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver moaxerxeben
maTTvis xelsayreli filosofiuri koncefciebis aRmoCe­
nasa da SeTvisebas.10
zogadad rom vTqvaT, mTeli es winaaRmdegoba mniSv­
nelovanwilad semantikuri xasiaTisaa. mainc ras vgu­
lisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT `codnis~, `WeSmaritebis~,
`Semecnebis~, `sibrZnis~ Sesaxeb? Tu nebismieri WeSmariteba
konceptualuri da damtkicebadia, maSin xelovneba, TviT
literaturuli xelovnebac ki, SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis
formebs warmoadgendes. arsebobs kidev erTi garemoeba:
45
literaturis Teoria
Tu iseT martiv pozitivistur ganmartebebs daveyrdno­
biT, romelTa mixedviT, WeSmariteba aris is, risi Semowme­
bac yovel Cvengans SeuZlia, maSin xelovnebas ver miviCnevT
WeSmaritebis imgvar formad, romel­sac eqsperimentuli gziT
moipoveben da amowmeben. problemisadmi sapirispiro midgoma
gulisxmobs `Semec­nebis mravalgvari gzebis~ arsebobas da
imis aRiarebas rom WeSmaritebis wvdoma SesaZlebelia ori
an mravali xerxiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebobs
codnis ori ZiriTadi tipi, romelTagan TiToeuli niSanTa
sakuTar enobriv sistemas iyenebs: sabunebismetyvelo mec­
nierebani iyeneben `diskursul~ moduss, humanitaruli mec­
nierebebi ki _ `reprezentaciuls~.11 aris Tu ara codnis
orive tipi WeSmariteba? pirveli maTgani aris is, romelsac
filosofosebi tradiciulad emyarebodnen, meore ki re­
ligiur `miTsa~ da poezias efuZneba. albaT ufro upriani
iqneba, Tu meore tips `WeSmarits~ vuwodebT da ara _ `WeS­
maritebas~. zedsarTavi miuTiTebs imas, rom wonasworobis
centri unda gadavanacvloT: xelovneba arsobrivad mSve­
nieria da gansazRvrebis mixedviT _ WeSmariti (e. i. ar up­
irispirdeba WeSmaritebas). nawarmoebSi `ars poetika~ (Ars
Poetica), makleiSi (MacLeish) cdilobs, erTmaneTs SeuTavsos
literaturuli mSvenierebisa da filosofiis moTxovnebi
formuliT, romlis Tanaxmad, leqsi `WeSmaritebis tolfa­
sia da ara WeSmariti~: poezia iseTive seriozuli da mniS­
vnelovania, rogorc filosofia (mecniereba, codna, si­
brZne), da WeSmaritebis tolfasi Tvisebebi aqvs, anu is WeS­
maritebis msgavsia.
qalbatoni langeri (Mrs Langer) gamoyofs xelovnebis
plastikur saxeobebs da kidev ufro metad, musikas, romelT­
ac literaturaze maRla ayenebs, rodesac acxadebs, rom
reprezentaciuli simbolizmi codnis formaa. ro­gorc Cans,
igi miiCnevs, rom literatura, garkveulwilad, `diskursu­
li~ da `prezentaciuli~ elementebis nazavs war­moadgens.
magram, qalbatoni langeris TvalsazrisiT, reprezentaci­
uli elementi literaturis miTur ele­ments an arqetipul
saxeebs Seesatyviseba.12
46
literaturis funqcia
im or TvalsazrisTan erTad, romelTa mixedviT, xe­
lovneba an WeSmaritebis Semecneba an misi wvdomaa, arsebobs
mesame Sexedulebac. am ukanasknelis Tanaxmad, xelovneba,
kerZod ki literatura, propagandas warmoad­gens. amgvarad,
mwerali WeSmaritebas ki ar Seimecnebs, aramed cdilobs,
daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom mis mier gadmocemuli azrebi
WeSmaritebas Seesabameba. termini `propaganda~ metismetad
zogadia da ganmartebas saWiroebs. yoveldRiur situacieb­
Si `propagandas~ uwodeben yo­velive imas, rac sazogadoebi­
sTvis zianis momtania da rasac saeWvo adamianebi avrcele­
ben. es sityva gulisxmobs angariSianobas, garkveul winaswar
ganzraxvas da, Zi­riTadad, konkretul, sakmaod SezRudul
doqtrinebTan da programebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba.13
ase rom, Tu am sityvis mniSvnelobas davaviwrovebT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom zogierTi (mdare xarisxis) xelovneba propagan­
daa, magram didi xelovneba, an kargi xelovneba, an ubralod
`xelov­neba~ ar SeiZleba propaganda iyos. Tumca, Tu am
termins ganvazogadebT da vigulisxmebT, rom esaa `mkiTx­
velze gavlenis mosaxdenad gamiznuli gacnobierebuli Tu
gau­cnobierebeli mcdeloba, romlis Sedegad mkiTxvelma
unda gaiziaros garkveuli cxovrebiseuli pozicia~, maSin
isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela xelovani aris an unda iyos
propagandisti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT (Tu mTlianad
ugulebelvyofT zemoTqmuls), yvela gulwrfeli xelova­
ni, romelic pasuxismgebelia sakuTari nawarmoebebisTvis,
zneobrivad valdebulia, propagandisti iyos.
montgomeri beljionis (Montgomery Belgion) ganmarte­
biT, mwerali `upasuxismgeblo propagandistia~. `yvela mwerali garkveul
cxovrebiseul Sexedulebas an Teorias iTvisebs... nawarmoebs yovelTvis is
daniSnuleba aqvs, rom mkiTxvelmac irwmunos es Sexeduleba Tu Teoria. ma­
gram es darwmuneba yovelTvis farulia, anu avtors mkiTxveli yovelTvis
TandaTanobiT mihyavs raRacis aRiarebamde da es procesi hipnozuri xasi­
aTisaa – reprezentaciis xelovneba acdunebs mkiTxvels...~.
elioti, beljionis am azrebis citirebisas, erT­
maneTisagan ganasxvavebs `poetebs, romelTac Zali­an Znelia
propagandisti uwodo~, `upasuxismgeblo pro­pagandistebs~,
47
literaturis Teoria
da mesame jgufs, romlebic, lukreciusisa (Lucretius) da
dantes msgavsad, `Segnebul propagandistebs~ warmoadge­
nen; eliotis azriT, pasuxismgebloba damo­­kidebulia
rogorc avtoris ganzraxvaze, ise istoriul efeqtze.14
termini `Segnebuli propagandistebi~ bevr Cvengans urTi­
erTSeuTavsebeli sityvebis kombinaciad moeCveneba. seri­
ozuli xelovneba gulisxmobs iseT cxovrebiseul msof­l­
xedvas, romelic SeiZleba filosofiuri cnebebiT an sulac
saTave daudos filosofiur sistemebs.15 mxatvrul Tanmim­
devrulobasa (romelsac zogjer `mxatvrul logikas~ uwo­
deben) da filosofiur Tanamimdevrulobas Soris garkveu­
li Sesabamisoba arsebobs. Segnebuli xelovani erTmaneTSi
ar aurevs emociasa da azrs, grZnobierebasa da inteleq­
tualur Semecnebas, grZnobaTa siwrfeles, da, meore mxriv,
gamocdilebisa da azrovnebis Sesatyvisobas. msoflmxed­
veloba, romelsac amgvari xelovani Tavisi nawarmoebiT
gamoxatavs, iseTi martivi araa, rogorc `propagandad~
miCneuli zogierTi popularuli Sexedu­leba. meore mxriv,
cxovrebis rTulma xedvam ar unda gvibiZgos naCqarevi an gu­
lubryvilo qmedebisaken.
axla isRa dagvrCenia, literaturis funqciis is kon­
cefciebi ganvixiloT, romlebic sityva `kaTarsiss~ ukav­
Sirdeba. es termini, romelic aristotelem Semoitana Ta­
vis `poetikaSi~, xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. kaTarsisis ar­
istoteleseuli gageba jer kidev iwvevs polemikas. magram
amjerad gvainteresebs ara am cnebis aristoteleseuli
gaazreba, aramed is mniSvnelobebi, romlebiTac aRiWur­
va kaTarsisis cneba antikuri epoqis Semdgom. zogierTis
azriT, literaturis funqcia aris Cveni _ mwerlebis an
mkiTxvelebis _ gaTavisufleba emociaTa zemoqmedebisgan.
emociebis gamoxatva niSnavs imas, rom gavTavisufldeT am
emociebisagan, iseve, rogorc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, goeTe
gaTavisuflda Tavisi Weltschmerz-isgan, rodesac `verTeris
vnebani~ (The Sorrows of Werther) dawera. amboben, rom tragediis
mayurebeli an romanis mkiTxvelic aseve ganicdis am gaTavi­
suflebasa da Svebas. xdeba misi emociebis zustad gamoxatva
da esTetikuri gancdis Sedegad mayurebelsa da mkiTxvels
`sulieri simSvide~ eufleba.16
48
literaturis funqcia
magram aq unda daisvas kiTxva – literatura emociebi­
sagan gvaTavisuflebs Tu, piriqiT, emociebs iwvevs CvenSi?
platonis azriT, tragedia da komedia `kvebavs da asazrdoebs
Cvens emo­ciebs, Tumca umjobesi iqneboda maTi CaxSoba~.Mmeore
mx­riv, roca literatura emociebisagan gvaTavisuflebs, gana
umiz­nod ar xdeba maTi gadmoRvra poetur fantaziebSi? wmida
avgus­tine aRiarebs, rom axalgazrdobaSi is momakvdinebel
codvaSi cxovrobda; miuxedavad amisa, `ar vtirodi amis gamo,
Tumca didonas sikvdilis gamo cremlebs vRvridi...~ SeiZleba
Tu ara iTqvas, rom zogierTi tipis literatura propagandis­
tulia da zogi _ kaTarsisuli, Tu ufro mniSvnelovania, erT­
maneTisagan gavmijnoT mkiTxvelTa jgufebi da maTi reaq­ciis
buneba?17 unda iyos Tu ara yvelanairi literatura kaTarsi­
suli? am problemebs ufro detalurad ganvixilavT TavebSi
`literatura da fsiqologia~ da `literatura da sazogadoe­
ba~; amJamad ki mxolod vasaxelebT maT.
daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom sakiTxs literaturis fun­
q­ciis Sesaxeb xangrZlivi istoria aqvs dasavlur samyaroSi,
platonidan moyolebuli dRemde. es ar aris SekiTxva, ro­
melic poets an poeziis damfasebels SeiZleba uneburad dae­
bados; erT­xel emersons wamocda: `silamaze sakuTari Tavis
gamarTlebas warmoadgens~. am sakiTxs ufro xSirad wamoW­
rian xolme utilitaristebi da moralistebi an saxelmwifo
moxeleebi da filosofosebi, anu adamianebi, romelTaTvisac
ufro faseulia araesTetikuri Rirebulebebi. da maT surT
icodnen, mainc ra aris poeziis daniSnuleba? Aam problemas
arsebiTi socia­luri da humanisturi mniSvneloba aqvs. Aaqedan
gamomdinare, poe­tic da poeziis moyvarulic, rogorc zneo­
brivi da Segnebuli moqalaqeebi, iZulebuli arian, sazogadoe­
bas kargad dasabuTebuli pasuxi gascen. swored ase iqcevian
isini morigi `poetikis~ romelime pasaJSi. isini icaven an xot­
bas asxamen poezias: esaa literaturuli analogia imisa, rasac
TeologiaSi `apologia~ ewodeba.18 dasa­xelebuli miznidan ga­
momdinare da mkiTxvelis tipis Sesabamisad, isini, bunebrivia,
upiratesad saubroben literaturis `daniSnulebaze~ da ara
am literaturiT `moniWebul tkbobaze~; amdenad, semantikuri
TvalsazrisiT, dResdReo­biT iolia literaturis “funqciis”
49
literaturis Teoria
dayvana mis ga­reSe funqciebze, Tumca, romantizmidan moyole­
buli, am SekiTxvaze poeti iZleoda sxvagvar pasuxs, romelsac
a.s. bredli (A. C. Bradley) uwodebs `poezias poeziisaTvis~;19
Teoretikosebi ki marTebulad aRniSnaven, rom termini `lit­
eraturis funqcia~ imdenad farToa, rom aucilebeli aRaraa
veZeboT gamarTleba poeziis arsebobisTvis. amdenad, roca am
termins viyenebT, igulisxmeba, rom poezias bevri SesaZlo fun­
qcia aqvs. misi mTavari da umniSvnelovanesi funqcia is aris,
rom ar uRala­tos Tavis bunebas.
50
Tavi meoTxe
literaturis
Teoria, kritika da istoria
*
radgan literaturis Seswavlis miznis Sesaxeb ukve
visaubreT, axla ganvixiloT literaturis sistematuri
da integrirebuli Seswavlis SesaZlebloba. inglisuri ena
Sesatyvis termins ar gvTavazobs saamisod. albaT, yvelaze
uke­Tesi iqneboda, gamogveyenebina iseTi terminebi, ro­
gorebicaa `literaturaTmcodneoba~ da `filologia~.
am terminTagan pirveli sakamaToa mxolod imitom, rom
TiTqos gamoricxavs `kritikas~ da xazs usvams Seswavlis
akademiur bunebas. es termini, rasakvirvelia, misaRebi
gaxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sityvas `mkvlevari~ ise far­
Tod ganvixilavT, rogorc es emersonma gaakeTa. mM eore ter­
minma _ `filologiam~ _ SesaZloa, ara erTi gaugebroba
gamoiw­vi­os. istoriulad am terminSi moiazreboda ara
mxolod yvela saxis literaturuli da enaTmecnieruli
studiebi, aramed adamianis gonebis mier Seqmnili nebis­
mieri produqtis Seswavla. miuxedavad imisa, rom es termini
yvelaze metad iyo modaSi mecxramete saukunis germaniaSi,
is dRes jer kidev gvxvdeba iseTi mimoxilvebis saTaurebSi,
rogorebicaa Modern Philology, Philological Quarterly da Studies
in Philology. Bbexma (Boeckh), romelmac dawera uaRresad mniS­
vnelovani naSromi `filologiur mecnierebaTa enciklope­
dia da meTodologia~ (“Encyclopedie und Methodologie der Philologischen Wissenschaften~) (daiwera 1877 wels, Tumca, nawilobriv,
1809 wels Catarebul leqciebs eyrdnoba),1 filologia
ganmarta, rogorc `cnobilis codna~, romelic, amdenad,
moicavs enisa da literaturebis, religiisa da socialuri
tradiciebis Seswavlas. bexis filologia, faqtobrivad,
grinlous `literaturis istoriis~ (Literary History) iden­
51
literaturis Teoria
turia, da, rogorc Cans, iTvaliswinebs saWiroebebs kla­
sikuri filologiisa, romlisTvisac gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs istoriisa da arqeologiis daxmarebas.
bexisTvis literaturaTmcodneoba mxolod erTi dargia
filologiisa, romelic gagebulia, rogorc mTliani mec­
niereba civilizaciis Sesaxeb, kerZod ki civilizaciis im
aspeqtis Sesaxeb, romelsac man, germaneli romantikosebis
msgavsad, `erovnuli suli~ uwoda. amJamad, nawilobriv am
sityvis etimologiidan gamomdinare da TviT am sferos
specialistTa mecadineobis Sedegad, filologiad xSi­rad
moiazreben enaTmecnierebas, gansakuTrebiT ki is­toriul
gramatikas da enebis ganviTarebis adreuli formebis Ses­
wavlas. ramdenadac am termins mravali da sxvadasxvagvari
mniSvnelobebi aqvs, umjobesi iqneba, Tu ar SevudgebiT maT
ganxilvas.
arsebobs literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis kidev er­
Ti alternatiuli saxelwodeba `kvleva~. es sityva gansa­
kuTrebiT Seusabamoa, radgan TiTqosda xazs usvams mxolod
masalebis winaswari moZiebis mniSvnelobas da umar­Tebulod
gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba advilad mosaZiebel
da Znelad xelmisawvdom masalebs Soris. magaliTad, roca
adamiani britaneTis muzeumSi midis imisaTvis, rom iSviaTi
wigni waikiTxos, is `kvlevas~ awar­moebs. im SemTxvevaSi ki,
roca adamiani sakuTar saxl­Si, savarZelSi mokalaTebuli
kiTxulobs imave wignis asls, mis gonebaSi sul sxva gonebri­
vi procesi mimdinareobs. ter­mi­ni `kvleva~ gulisxmobs mxo­
lod da mxolod garkveul wi­nas­war operaciebs, romelTa
masStabi da buneba gansxvavebulia imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis
problemaa gadasaWreli. mag­ram literaturaTmcodneobi­
saTvis, rodesac ganixileba ise­Ti mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi,
rogorebicaa ganmarteba, daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba, is ar
aris sakmarisad zusti.
Cveni naSromis farglebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
gamovkveToT gansxvaveba literaturis Teorias, kritikasa
da istorias Soris. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos gan­
sxvaveba literaturis orgvar xedvas Soris. pirveli maTga­
52
literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
nis mixedviT, literatura aris nawarmoebTa erT­droulad
arsebuli erToblioba, meore TvalsazrisiT ki literatu­
ra, upiratesad, nawarmoebTa qronologiuri mimdevrobaa
da, amdenad, istoriuli procesis Semadgenel nawils war­
moadgens. Aamas garda, aRsaniSnavia, rom, erTi mxriv, SeiZle­
ba visaubroT literaturis principebisa da kriteriumebis,
meore mxriv ki calkeuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis Ses­
wavlis Taobaze, kerZod _ imis Sesaxeb, izolirebulad mox­
deba maTi Seswavla, Tu qronologiu­­rad. umjobesi iqneba,
Tu arsebuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvisas gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom `literaturis Teoria~ literaturis principebis, kat­
egoriebis, kriteriumebis da a. S. Seswavlas warmoadgens. amas
garda, xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlas an
`literaturis kritika~ (romelic ZiriTadad statikur
midgomas warmoadgens) unda vuwodoT, an _ `literaturis
istoria~. rasakvirvelia, xSirad, termini `literaturis
kritika~ mTlianad literaturis Teorias moicavs, Tumca am
SemTxvevaSi saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoba erT mniSvnelo­
van garemoebas; aristotele Teoretikosi iyo, sent-bevi
(Sainte-Beuve) ki upiratesad _ kritikosi. kenet berki, mniS­
vnelovanwilad, literaturuli Teoretikosia, xolo r. p.
bleqmuri (R. P. Blackmur) _ literaturis kritikosi. termi­
nma `literaturis Teoria~ Tavisuflad SeiZleba moicvas
(rogorc es am wignSia) `literaturis kritikis Teoria~ da
`literaturis istoriis Teoria~.
es gansxvavebebi aSkaraa da farTodaa miRebuli. ga­
cilebiT ufro iSviaTad aRiareben, rom ar SeiZleba lite­
raturis kvlevis zemodasaxelebuli meTodebis izo­
lirebulad gamoyeneba _ maTi urTierTkavSiri imdenad
mWidroa, rom literaturis Teoria warmoudgenelia kri­
tikisa da istoriis gareSe, kritika _ Teoriisa da isto­
riis gareSe, xolo istoria _ Teoriisa da kritikis gare­Se.
aSkaraa, rom literaturis Teoria ar arsebobs konkretu­
li literaturuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlis ga­re­Se. kri­
teriumebi, kategoriebi da sqemebi SeuZlebelia mi­Rebul
iqnes in vacuo. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes kri­
53
literaturis Teoria
tika da istoria garkveuli kiTxvebis, cnebaTa sistemis,
mimarTebebisa da ganzogadebebis gareSe. rasakvirvelia, aq
gadauWrel dilemas rodi vawydebiT: kiTxvis dros Cven mu­
dam garkveuli principebiT vxelmZRvanelobT da es princi­
pebi ganuwyvetliv icvleba da zustdeba axali literatu­
ruli nawarmoebebis gacnobisas.Ees dialeqtikuri procesia:
Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTgamsWvalva.
araerTxel ucdiaT literaturis istoriis gamijvna
Teoriisa da kritikisagan. magaliTad, rogorc f. v. beitso­
ni (F.W. Bateson)2 amtkicebda, literaturis istoria mxolod
gviCvenebs, rom `a~ momdinareobs~ `b~-sgan, maSin, rodesac
kritika amtkicebs, `a~ `b~-ze ukeTesiao. pirvel SemTxveva­
Si daskvna emyareba iseT faqtebs, romelTa gadamowmebac
SesaZlebelia, meoreSi ki _ subieqtur Sexedulebebsa da
rwmenas efuZneba. magram amgvari gamijvna marTlzomieri
araa. Lliteraturis istoriaSi ubralod ar arsebobs iseTi
monacemebi, romelTac SeiZleba absoluturad neitraluri
`faqtebi~ vuwodoT. Semfasebluri Tvalsazrisebi masalis
SerCevaSic ki monawileobs _ maSin, rodesac erTmaneTi­
sagan ganvasxvavebT, ubralod, beletristikasa da, meore
mxriv, literaturas, an rodesac ama TuU im avtors vuT­
mobT gverdebis garkveul raodenobas. saTauris an TariRis
ubralo damowmebac ki winaswar gulisxmobs Semfaseblur
midgomas, radgan am dros xdeba erTi romelime wignisa Tu
movlenis gamorCeva milionobiT sxva wignisa da movlenisa­
gan. davuSvaT, arsebobs SedarebiT neitraluri faqtebi,
magaliTad, TariRebi, saTaurebi, biografiuli monacemebi,
magram maTi meSveobiT SeiZleba mxolod literaturuli
matianis Sedgena. nebismieri ufro rTuli kiTxva, iseTic
ki, romelic teqstis kritikas, an wyaroebsa da gavlenebs
ukavSirdeba, gamudmebiT moiTxovs garkveul Sefasebas. is­
eTi gancxadebebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `poupi draidenis
gavlenas ganicdis~, pirvelad doneze, rasakvirvelia, gu­
lisxmobs, rom draidensa da poups gamovarCevT maTi epoqis
uricxvi versifikatorisgan. Semdgom, aucilebeli xdeba
imis garkveva, Tu ra gansakuTrebuli niSnebiT gamoirCeva
54
literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
am avtorebis nawarmoebebi. Aamis dasadgenad aucilebelia,
gamudmebiT mimdinareobdes Sedarebisa da SerCevis pro­
cesi, rac arsebiTad kritikul saqmianobas warmoadgens.
Tu ganvixilavT TanaavtorebisB _ bomontisa da fletCe­
ris sakiTxs, is gadauWreli darCeba, sanam ar gaviTavisebT
erT mniSvnelovan princips, romlis Tanaxmad, garkveuli
sti­listuri Tvisebebi (an xerxebi) ukavSirdeba erT-erTs
dasaxelebul mweralTagan, sxva Tvisebebi ki _ meores. Tu
ase ar moviqceviT, maSin mogvixdeba, ubralod, am Tanaav­
torebis piesebSi arsebuli stilistu­ri Seusabamobebis
miTiTeba maTi mizezis ganmartebis gareSe.
miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom xSir SemTxve­
va­Si, literaturis istoriis literaturis gancalkeveba
kritikisagan sxva kriteriumebis safuZvelze xdeba. Aaravin
uaryofs, rom literaturis kritikosma da istorikosma
unda gamoitanon TavianTi daskvnebi nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb,
magram xSirad imasac amtkiceben, rom literaturis istor­
ikoss aqvs istoriis sakuTari standartebi da kriteriume­
bi. am meTodologiis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom literatu­
ris istoriis rekonstruqcia moiTxovs warsuli periodebis
msoflaRqmisa da mimarTebebis gaTavisebas, da, amasTan, Ta­
namedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli msoflaRqmisa da
mimarTebebis ugulebelyofas. es Tvalsazrisi, romelic
`istorizmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, germaniaSi mTeli me-19
saukunis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda, Tumca iqac ki gaakri­
tikes igi istoriis iseTma gamoCenilma Teoretikosebma,
rogoric iyo Eernst troltSi (Ernst Troeltsch).3 rogorc Cans,
ukanasknel xanebSi am Tvalsazriss, romelmac pirdapir TuU
arapirdapir, SeaRwia inglissa da SeerTebul StatebSi,
bevri Cveni `literaturis istorikosi~ iziarebs. magali­
Tad, hardin kreigi (Hardin Craig) ambobda, rom Tanamedrove
mecnierebis uaxlesi da saukeTeso tendencia aris `arais­
toriuli azrovnebisagan gaTavisufleba~4. i. i. stoli (E. E.
Stall), romelic dedofali elisabedis droindeli Teatris
tradiciebsa da misi auditoriis gemovnebas swavlobs, amJa­
mad muSaobs iseT Teoriaze, romlis mixedviTac, literatu­
55
literaturis Teoria
ris istoriis mTa­vari mizania avtoris Canafiqris rekon­
struqcia.5 amgvari Teoria, garkveulwilad, safuZvlad
udevs im uamrav mcdelobas, romelTa mizani iyo elisabedis
droindeli iseTi fsiqologiuri Teoriebis Seswavla, ro­
goricaa magaliTad, iumoris doqtrina an poetebis mecni­
eruli an fsevdomecnieruli koncefciebi.6 rozmond tuvi
(Rosemond Tuve) cdilobda metafizikuri mxatvruli saxee­
bis warmoSoba da mniSvneloba aexsna ramistuli logikis
safuZvelze, romelic donisa da mis TanamedroveTa mier
iyo miRebuli.7
imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari Seswavla SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom gansxvavebul periodebSi sxva­
dasxva kritikuli Tvalsazrisi da tradicia moqmedebs, Sei­
Zleba iTqvas, rom yoveli epoqa iseT TviTkmar erTianobas
warmoadgens, romelic sakuTari tipis poezias qmnis da es
poezia sxva romelime epoqis poeziis sazRvrebSi ver Tavsde­
ba. am Tvalsazriss gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT uWerda
mxars frederik a. potli (Frederick A. Pottle).8 Tavis wignSi `poe­
ziis ena~ is sakuTar Tvalsazriss `kritikul relativizms~
uwodebs da `aRqmis sferoSi momxdar Rrma cvlilebaze~, poe­
ziis istoriaSi `uwyvetobis sru­li darRvevaze~ saubrobs.
mM isi Tvalsazrisi kidev uf­ro Rirebuli gaxdeba, Tu gaviT­
valiswinebT, rom igi darw­mu­nebulia eTikuri da religiuri
postulatebis uryevobaSi.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, `literaturis istoriis~ es
koncefcia moiTxovs warmosaxvis daZabvas, `empaTias~, war­
sulTan da gardasuli epoqis gemovnebasTan siRrmiseul
naTesaobas. iyo ramdenime warmatebuli cda imisa, rom
momxdariyo cxovrebis, sxvadasxvagvari koncefciebis, ada­
mianis mamoZravebeli motivebis Sesaxeb im SexedulebaTa
rekonstruqcia, romlebic SemuSavebul iqna civilizaciis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. Cven bevri ram viciT, ra
damokidebuleba hqondaT berZnebs RmerTebis, monebisa da
qalebis mimarT; SegviZlia detalurad davaxasiaToT Sua
saukuneebis kosmologia; unari Segvwevs, rom aRviqvaT is me­
tad gansxvavebuli xedva an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebu­
56
literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
li mxatvruli tradiciebi da wesebi, romlebic bizantiur
an Cinur mxatvrobaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. germaniaSi ganxor­
cielebul iqna uamravi kvleva (maT umravlesobazec Speng­
lerma (Spengler) moaxdina gavlena). am naSromebSi saubari iyo
gotikis an barokos epoqis adamianis Sesaxeb, amasTan, es epo­
qebi ganixileboda Tanamedroveobisgan mowyvetiT, rogorc
gansakuTrebuli, Caketili samyaro.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv literaturul kvlevebs, aq is­
toriuli rekonstruqciis meTodma xeli Seuwyo aqcen­tis
gadatanas avtoris Canafiqrze, romlis wvdoma, am meTo­dis
avtorTa TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia literaturuli kri­
tikisa da literaturuli gemovnebis istoriis Ses­wav­lis
gziT. Cveulebriv, iTvleba, rom Tu amovicnobT avtoris
Canafiqrs da gamovarkvevT imasac, ramdenad SeZlo man am
ganzraxvis xorcSesxma, amiT kritikis problemac mogvar­
deba. Aavtoris mizani gasagebia TanamedroveTaTvis da ar
arsebobs arc imis aucilebloba da arc Sesa­Zlebloba,
rom momavalSi kidev erTxel gavakritikoT misi wigni. am
meTods Sedegad mohyveba iseTi kritikuli standartis aRi­
areba, romelsac Tanamedrove mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis
aRiareba ewodeba. amdenad, arsebobs ara mxolod erTi an
ori, aramed asobiT damoukidebeli, mravalferovani da
urTierTgamomricxavi koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb,
romelTagan TiToeuli Taviseburad `marTebulia~. poeziis
ideali isea danawevrebuli, rom misgan aRaraferi rCeba,
amas ki Sedegad mosdevs zogadi anarqia an yvela Rirebu­
lebis gacamtvereba. literaturis istoriisgan calkeuli
da, saboloo angariSiT, gaugebari fragmentebis grovaRa
rCeba. ufro zomieri formulirebiT, arsebobs polaru­
lad imdenad gansxvavebuli poeturi idealebi, rom maT So­
ris saerTo Tvisebebis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia: klasicizmi
da romantizmi, poupisa da uor­dsuorTis ideali, aSkarad
gacxadebuli azris poezia da implikaciis poezia.
savaraudod, umarTebuloa Tvalsazrisi, romlis
Tanaxmad, avtoris `Canafiqri~ literaturis istoriis Ses­
wavlis sagans warmoadgens. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mniS­
57
literaturis Teoria
vneloba avtoris CanafiqriT ar amoiwureba da arc utol­
deba mas. nawarmoebi faseulobaTa garkveuli sis­temaa da
damoukideblad arsebobs. mTlianobaSi, xelov­nebis nawar­
moebis Sinaarsi ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxo­lod imiT,
Tu ras niSnavs igi misi avtorisa da Tana­medroveTaTvis. es,
ufro metad, nawarmoebis mniSvnelobis gafarToebis, anu
sxvadasxva epoqis mkiTxvelTa mier misi sxvadasxvagvari aR­
qmis Sedegia. albaT, usargeblo da SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda
istoriis rekonstruqciis momxreebis msgavsad imisi Tqma,
rom es procesi umniSvne­loa da Cven mxolod mis dasawyiss
unda mivubrundeT. maSi­nac ki, roca warsulis memkvidreo­
baze vmsjelobT, Cven meoce saukunis adamianebad vrCebiT
da SeuZlebelia, sxvagvarad iyos: SeuZlebelia daviviwyoT
Cveni sakuTari enis asociaciebi, axleburi Sefasebebi, war­
suli saukuneebis gavlena da mniSvneloba. SeuZlebelia,
davemsgavsoT ho­merosisa da Coseris Tanamedrove mkiTxve­
lebs an aTenSi dionises, londonSi ki `globusis~ Teatris
msaxiobebs an mayureblebs. yovelTvis iqneba mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba warmosaxviTi rekonstruqciis aqtsa da rome­
lime istoriuli epoqis droindel Tvalsazrisis realur
ga­ziarebas Soris. SeuZlebelia, dionisesi gvwamdes da
Tan davcinodeT mas, rogorc amas, SesaZloa, evripides
“Bacchae”-s mayurebeli akeTebda;9 mxolod zogierT Cven­
gans SeuZlia uryev WeSmaritebad miiRos dantes jo­­joxeTis
Sreebi da gansawmendelis mTa. Nnamdvilad rom SegvZleboda
aRgvedgina is Sinaarsi, romelic `hamlets~ hqonda Se­
qspiris Tanamedrove mayureblisTvis, Cven mxolod da mx­
olod gavaRaribebdiT mas, radganac amiT davakninebdiT im
aranakleb saintereso da angariSgasawev Sinaarsebs, rom­
lebic “hamletSi” momdevno Taobebma aRmoaCines. amiT ki
gamovricxavdiT am nawarmoebis axleburi interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas. es ar gaxlavT TviTneburi mowodeba nawar­
moebis subieqturi da aramarTebuli wakiTxvisken: `swori~
da `araswori~ wakiTxvis problema, yvelafris miuxedavad,
kvlav darCeba da yovel calkeulO SemTxvevaSi axleburad
unda gadaiWras. istoriuli periodis mkvlevrisTvis ar
58
literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
iqneba sakmarisi, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mxolod Cveni
drois perspeqtividan ganixilebodes – es kritikosis pri­
vilegias warmoadgens, radgan am ukanasknelis movaleobaa,
gadaafasos warsuli Tanamedrove stilisa Tu mimdinareo­
bis saWiroebebis safuZvelze. misTvis, SesaZloa, sasargeb­
lo aRmoCndes xelovnebis nawarmoebis ganxilva e. w. mesame
drois Tvalsawieridan, romelic arc misi da arc mocemuli
avtoris realuri dro ar aris. kritikosisTvis aranakleb
saintereso iqneba Sesaswavli nawarmoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
interpretaciebisa da kritikis srul istoriis gacnoba,
risi meSveobiTac is SeZlebs, srulad Caswvdes mis sazriss.
realurad, rTuli warmosadgenia istoriuli da Ta­
namedrove Tvalsazrisebis amgvari urTierTgamijvna. Cven
Tavi unda avaridoT rogorc yalb relativizms, ise yalb ab­
solutizms. faseulobaTa damkvidrebas Sefasebis istoriu­
li procesi ganapirobebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiolebs Cvens aR­
qmas. istoriuli relativizmis pasuxi `ucvleli adamianuri
bunebisa~ Tu `xelovnebis universalurobis~ Sesabamisi
doqtrineruli absolutizmi ar gaxlavT. Aamis nacvlad um­
jobesia miviRoT iseTi Tvalsazrisi, romelsac miesa­dageba
termini `perspeqtivizmi~. unda SegveZlos xelovnebis
nawarmoebi misive droisa da Semdgomi epoqebis Rirebu­
lebebs mivusadagoT. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, erTi mxriv,
`maradiulia~ (e. i. inarCunebs garkveul TviT­myofobas),
meore mxriv ki _ `istoriuli~(e. i. SesamCnevi ganviTarebis
process gadis). relativizmi akninebs li­teraturis isto­
rias da mas calkeuli, urTierTSeusabamo fragmentebis
nakrebad aqcevs, maSin, rodesac umetes SemTxvevaSi abso­
lutizmi an mxolod amJamindel war­maval situacias miesa­
dageba, an damokidebulia (axali hu­manistebis, marqsistebis
da neoTomistebis standartebis SemTxvevaSi) iseT abstraq­
tul araliteraturul idealze, romelic literaturis
istoriul mravalferovnebas ar iTvaliswinebs. `perspeq­
tivizmi~ gulisxmobs, rom va­RiarebT arsebobas erTiani
poeziis da erTiani lite­ra­turisa, romelic yvela sauku­
neSi Sedarebas eqvemdebareba, viTardeba, icvleba da uamrav
59
literaturis Teoria
SesaZleblobas moicavs. Lliteratura arc erTmaneTTan dau­
kavSirebeli calkeuli nawarmoebebis nakrebia, da arc iseTi
nawarmoebebis wyeba, romlebic romantizmis an klasicizmis,
poupis da uordsvorTis epoqebis droiTi ciklis CarCoSia
moq­ceuli. literatura, rasakvirvelia, arc igiveobisa da
ucvlelobis samyaroa, rac gviandeli klasicizmis ideals
warmoadgenda. Aabsolutizmica da relativizmic yalbia, ma­
gram dResdReobiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi inglissa da amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, ufro seriozul safrTxes warmoad­
gens iseTi relativizmi, romelic RirebulebaTa anarqias
efuZneba da kritikis amocanas Tavdayira ayenebs.
literaturis istoriis Sedgenisas, avtorebi yo­
velTvis iTvaliswineben SerCevis, daxarisxebisa da Se­
fa­sebis principebs. literaturis istorikosebi, rom­
lebic kritikis mniSvnelobas uaryofen, Tavadac gauc­
nobiereblad iqcevian xolme kritikosebad (Cveulebriv,
naklebad angariSgasawev kritikosebad), romlebic mxo­
lod da mxolod tradiciul standartebsa da Sexedulebebs
aRiareben. dRes isini, Cveulebriv, dagvianebuli roman­
tikosebi arian, romlebic ugu­le­belyofen yvela sxva ti­
pis xelovnebas, gansakuTrebiT ki Tanamedrove literatu­
ras. Mmiuxedavad amisa, rogorc marTebulad aRniSna r. g.
kolingvudma (R. G. Collingwood), is, `visac hgonia, rom icis,
Tu ratom aris Seqspiri poeti, gulis siRrmeSi fiqrobs,
rom icis isic, aris Tu ara mis staini (Miss Stein) poeti (da Tu
ara, ratom ar aris)~.10
is, rom bolo periodSi Seqmnili literatura aRar
warmoadgens seriozuli Seswavlis sagans, swored am `mec­
nieruli~ damokidebulebis uaryofiTi Sedegia. aka­demiuri
tipis mkvlevrebi termins `Tanamedrove li­teratura~ imde­
nad farTod ganmartavdnen, rom miltonis Sem­deg, faqto­
brivad, arc erTi nawarmoebi ar iTvleboda Seswavlis Sesa­
feris obieqtad. im droidan moyolebuli, li­teraturis
istoriaSi meTvramete saukune, Cveulebriv, miiCneoda
yvelaze myari reputaciis mqone periodad da misi kvleva
modadac ki iqca, radganac es saukune TiTqosda uf­ro dax­
60
literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria
vewili, stabiluri da ierarqiulad mowesrigebu­lia. roman­
tikuli periodi da, mogvianebiT, mecxramete sauku­ne aseve
TandaTanobiT ipyroben mecnierTa yuradRebas, ris Sedega­
dac akademiuri orientaciis yvelaze gabedul­ma mecniereb­
ma ganacxades Tanamedrove literaturis mec­nieruli Ses­
wavlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb da TviTonac mohkides xeli
am saqmes.
erTaderTi angariSgasawevi argumenti Tanamedrove
avtorTa Semoqmedebis Seswavlis winaaRmdeg aris Tval­
sazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, Cven ar SegviZlia vims­jeloT
am Semoqmedebis rogorc mTlianobis Sesaxeb, radgan jer­
jerobiT ar vicnobT maT mier mogvianebiT Seqmnil nawar­
moebebs, romelTa meSveobiT SevZlebdiT ufro adreuli qm­
nilebebis faruli arsis wvdomas. Tumca, uxerxuloba, ro­
melic mxolod Tanamedrove avtorebis nawarmoebTa mimarT
SeimCneva, umniSvneloa im upiratesobasTan Seda­rebiT, ro­
goricaa avtoris nawarmoebSi asaxuli moqmedebis adgilisa
da drois codna, agreTve _ avtorTan piradi, an mimoweri­
Ti nacnoboba, es ki mxolod Tanamedrove mwerle­bis SemTx­
vevaSia SesaZlebeli. Tuki warsuli periodis bevri meore­
xarisxovani an Tundac meaTexarisxovani av­to­ri Seswavlas
imsaxurebs, igive unda iTqvas Cveni drois pir­velxarisxovan
an meorexarisxovan avtorebze. akademi­ur mkvlevrebs ar
SeuZliaT saTanadod gaiazron Tanamedrove mwerlebis mem­
kvidreoba an gaubedaoba uSliT xolme xels mis gaazrebaSi.
isini acxadeben, rom `drois ganaCens~ elodebian da ver ac­
nobiereben, rom es swored sxva kri­tikosTa da mkiTxvel­
Ta, maT Soris sxva profesorebis ganaCenia. literaturis
istorikosis tradiciuli uyurad­Reboba kritikis mimarT
gaumarTlebelia erTi ubralo mizezis gamo: xelovnebis
nebismieri nawarmoebi arsebobs axlandel droSi; igi uSua­
lod eqvemdebareba dakvirvebas da warmoadgens garkveuli
mxatvruli problemebis gada­wyvetas miuxedavad imisa,
guSin Seiqmna igi Tu aTasi wlis winaT. nawarmoebis analizis,
daxasiaTebis an Sefasebis dros gamudmebiT unda vemyarebo­
deT garkveul kritikul principebs. `literaturis isto­
61
literaturis Teoria
rikosi kritikosi unda iyos Tundac imisaTvis, rom isto­
rikosi iyos~.11
meore mxriv, literaturis istorias aseve uaRresad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturuli kritikisaTvis, Tuki
es ukanaskneli gadalaxavs piradi simpaTiisa da antipaTi­
is subieqtur farglebs. kritikosi, romelic kmayofilia
imiT, rom araferi ar icis literaturaSi istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli mimarTebebis Sesaxeb, xSirad gaakeTebs
mcdar daskvnebs. mas gauWirdeba erTmaneTisagan ganasxva­
vos Moriginaluri da mimbaZvelobiTi nawarmoebi; imis gamo,
rom ar icnobs istoriul garemoebebs, is ver SeZlebs adek­
vaturad Seafasos calkeuli nawarmoebebi. Kkritikosi, ro­
melic saerTod ar icnobs istorias, an cudad icnobs mas,
gamudmebiT akeTebs zedapirul daskvnebs an kmayofildeba
`SedevrTa samyaroSi~ sakuTari mogzaurobis aRweriT, cdi­
lobs Tavidan aicilos Soreul warsulSi qeqva; warsulis
Seswavlas igi an antikurobiT gatacebul pirs gadaabarebs,
an `filologs~.
sainteresoa, aq mimovixiloT Sua saukuneebis literatu­
ra, gansakuTrebiT ki Sua saukuneebis inglisuri literatura,
romelsac, SesaZloa Coseris gamoklebiT, iSviaTad Tu Seis­
wavlian romelime esTetikuri an kritikuli Tvalsazrisis
safuZvelze. Tanamedrove esTetikuri standartis safuZvelze
SesaZlebelia anglosaqsur poeziisa da Sua saukuneebis mdi­
dari lirikis axleburi Sefaseba; meore mxriv, istoriuli
perspeqtivis kvleva da genetikuri problemebis sistematuri
Seswavla naTels mohfens Tanamedrove literaturas. lite­ra­
turis kritikisa da literaturis istoriis tradiciuli gami­
jvna orive maTganisaTvis saziano aRmoCnda.
62
Tavi mexuTe
zogadi, SedarebiTi da
erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
*
literaturaTmcodneobis farglebSi erTmane­Ti­sa­gan­
gavmijneT Teoria, istoria da kritika.A axla ki, dayofis sxva
principis safuZvelze, SegviZlia war­mo­vadginoT Sepiri­
spirebiTi, zogadi da erovnuli lite­ra­turaTmcodneobis
sistematuri gansazRvra. ter­mini `SedarebiTi~ literatu­
raTmcodneoba Zalze tlanqia, da, rogorc Cans, swored aman
ganapiroba akademiuri mecniere­bis naklebi interesi Sedar­
ebiTi kvlevebis mimarT. meTiu arnoldma, romelmac amperis
(Ampere) “histoire comparative” (SedarebiTi istoria) Targm­
na, pirvelad gamoiyena es termini inglisur enaze (1848).
frangebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen vilemenis (Villemain) mier
ufro adre gamoyene­bul termins, rodesac igi kiuvies (Cuvier) Anatomie comparee-is (SedarebiTi anatomia) (1800) analo­
giiT, Litterature comparee-s (`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcod­
neobis~) Taobaze saubrobda (1829). germanelebi “vergleichende
Literaturgeschichte”-ze msjelobdnen.1 am zedsarTavTagan verc
erTi ver aSuqebs am problemas srulad, radgan Sedareba is
meTodia, romelsac yvela mecniereba da kritikuli Teoria
iyenebs da romelic adekvaturad ver asaxavs literaturaT­
mcodneobis Taviseburebebs. sxvadasxva li­te­raturis, Tun­
dac literaturuli mimdinareobebis, xerxebisa da nawar­
moebebis formaluri Sedareba iSviaTad warmoadgens lite­
raturis istoriis centralur sagans. amasTan, iseTi wigne­
bi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, f. s. grinis (F. C. Green) `menueti~,2
romelSic Sedarebulia meTvramete saukunis franguli da
inglisuri literatu­ris damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi,
SesaZloa sasargeblo aRmoCndes, radgan masSi gamovleni­
lia ara mxolod pa­ralelebi da naTesaoba, aramed gansxvave­
bebic sxvadasxva eris literaturebs Soris.
63
literaturis Teoria
realurad, termini `SedarebiTi~ literatura yo­
velTvis gulisxmobda Seswavlis gansazRvrul sferoebs
da problemaTa jgufebs. pirvel yovlisa, is SesaZloa
moicavdes zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavlas, gansa­
kuTrebiT folklorul Temebs da maT migracias, imas, Tu
rogor da rodis miiCnies es sfero `maRal~, `mxat­vrul~
literaturad. folkloris problemebi mxo­lod nawilob­
riv warmoadgens esTetikur problemebs, vinaidan mec­
nierebis es mniSvnelovani sfero mxolod nawilobriv aris
dainteresebuli esTetikuri faqtebiT; folklorisaTvis
ufro mniSvnelovania, Seiswavlos ro­melime `xalxis~ civi­
lizacia, misi tradiciuli samosi da tradiciebi, cru­
rwmenebi da iaraRebi, iseve, rogorc misi xelovneba. Tumca,
xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom zepirsityvieri literaturis
Seswavla literaturuli mecnierebis ganuyofeli nawilia,
vinaidan ar SeiZleba misi gamijvna werilobiTi literatu­
ris Seswavlisagan, radgan yovelTvis arsebobda kavSiri
zepirsityvier da werilobiT literaturebs Soris. sulac
ar aris saWiro, folkloristi hans naumaniviT (Hans Naumann)3 (romelsac miaCnia, rom gviani periodis zepirsityv­
ieri literatu­ra xSir SemTxvevaSi “gesunkenes Kulturgut”-s
warmoadgens) ukiduresobaSi gadavvardeT da vaRiaroT,
Tu raoden di­dadaa davalebuli werilobiTi maRali lite­
ratura ze­pirsityvieri literaturisagan. meore mxriv,
savaraudoa, rom bevri ZiriTadi literaturuli Janri
da Tema folkloruli warmoSobisaa da, amgvarad, eWvs ar
iwvevs folkloruli literaturis mzardi sazogadoebrivi
ro­li. Dda mainc, udavoa, rom folklori bevri ramiT dae­
sesxa sagmiro-saraindo romansa da trubadurTa lirikas.
es Tvalsazrisi miuRebelia romantikosebisTvis, romelTa
azriT, folklori SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaa da xalxuri
xe­lovnebis fesvebi antikurobaSi unda veZioT. miuxeda­
vad amisa, cnobilia, rom popularuli baladebis, CvenTvis
nacnobi zRaprebisa da legendebis warmoSoba xSirad ukav­
Sirdeba ufro gviandel periodsa da sazogadoebis maRal
klass. da mainc, zepirsityvieri literaturis SeswavlisT­
64
zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
vis unda zrunavdes literaturis yvela is mkvlevari, vi­
sac surs Caswvdes literaturuli ganviTare­bis proce­
sebs, literaturuli Janrebisa da xerxebis warmoSobasa da
ganviTarebas. samwuxarod, zepirsityvieri literaturis
kvleva dRemde mxolod garkveuli Temebisa da sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi maTi gavrcelebis, e.i. Tanamedrove literaturis
`nedleulis~ SeswavliT Semoifargleboda.4 amasTan, bolo
dros folkloris mkvlevrebi sul ufro xSirad miapyroben
yuradRebas sxvadasxva modelis, formisa da xerxis Seswav­
las, literaturuli formebis morfologias, mTxroblis
an naratoris da zRapris msmen­lebis funqciebs, ris wyalo­
biTac maTi kvleva mWidrod daukavSirda literaturuli
kvlevis zogad koncefcias.5 Tumca, zepirsityvieri lite­
raturis Seswavlisas vawyde­biT specifikur _ magaliTad,
gadacemisa da socialuri garemos6 _ problemebs, magram
isini, rasakvirvelia, didad ar gansxvavdeba werilobiT
literaturaSi arsebuli problemebisagan; yovelTvis ar­
sebobda naTesaoba ze­pirsityviersa da werilobiT litera­
turebs Soris. Tana­medrove evropuli literaturebis mkv­
levrebi am sa­kiTxebs saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen,
ramac, sabo­loo angariSiT, maTve Seuqmna problemebi. meore
mxriv, sla­vur da skandinaviur qveynebSi, sadac folklori
xSir Sem­TxvevaSi jer kidev cocxalia, literaturis isto­
rikosebi ufro mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben am kvlevebTan.
miuxeda­vad amisa, termini `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcod­
neoba~ mainc­damainc zustad ver gadmocems zepirsityvieri
li­teraturis Seswavlis Sinaarss.
`SedarebiTi~ literaturaturaTmcodneobis meore
ga­geba mxolod or an met literaturas Soris arsebuli
urTierTmimarTebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba. am­gva­ri
gageba daamkvidra frangi `komparatistebis” popularulma
skolam, romelsac aw gardacvlili fernan baldenspergeri
(Fernand Baldensperger) xelmZRvanelobda da romelic “Revue
de Littérature comparée’’-is irgvliv iyo Semokrebili.7 am sko­
lam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo iseTi sakiTxebis
Seswavlas, rogorebicaa goeTes (Goethe) reputacia da mi­
65
literaturis Teoria
si nawarmoebebis gavrceleba, gavlena da popularoba saf­
rangeTsa da inglisSi, osianis (Ossian), karlailis (Carlyle)
da Sileris (Schiller) popularoba safrangeTSi. skolam Sei­
muSava meTodologia, romelic scildeba nawarmoebis mimo­
xilvebis, Targmanebisa da gavlenis Seswavlas, dain­teresda
ama Tu im avtoris reputaciiTa da koncefciiT romelime
mocemul periodSi da yuradReba miaqcia nawar­moebis
gavrcelebis iseT faqtorebs, rogorebicaa pe­rioduli ga­
mocemebi, mTargmnelebis moRvaweoba, salone­bi da mogzaur­
Ta Canawerebi; amas garda, gamoikveTa e. w. `aTvisebis faq­
toric~, ese igi, gansakuTrebuli ga­remo da literaturuli
situacia, romelSic ucxoeli avtoris `gadanergva~ xdeba.
sabolood, dagrovda da­savleTevropuli literaturebis
mWidro kavSiris dama­dasturebeli bevri sabuTi, ris Sede­
gadac ganuzomlad me­ti gavigeT literaturebis `eqspor­
tis~ Sesaxeb.
unda vaRiaroT, rom `SedarebiTi litera­tu­raT­
mcodneobis~ amgvari gagebac winaaRmdegobrivia, da ro­­
gorc Cans, mis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia raime das­ru­
lebuli sistemis Seqmna.8 erTi da imave meTodologiiT
Seis­wavlian `Seqspirs safrangeTSi~, `Seqspirs meTvramete
saukunis inglisSi~, pos zegavlenas bodlerze (Baudelaire) da
draidenisas (Dryden) _ poupze. rodesac ar xdeba, mT­lianad,
erovnuli literaturebis Sepirispireba, maSin litera­
turebs Soris Sedarebebi umeteswilad mxolod iseTi gare­
gani problemebiT Semoifargleba, rogoricaa wyaroebisa
da gavlenebis, reputaciisa da popularobis sakiTxebi.
amgvari kvlevebi saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, Sevis­wavloT da
ganvsajoT romelime calkeuli nawarmoebi an misi warmoSo­
bis rTuli sawyisi; amis nacvlad msgavsi naSromebi, ZiriTa­
dad, an romelime Sedevris Targmanze, an mibaZvaze (xSirad
meorexarisxovani avtorebis mier) amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
an Sedevris winaistorias, misi Temebisa da formebis moZ­
raobasa da gavrcelebas Seiswavlis. amdenad, `SedarebiT
literaturaTmcodneo­ba­Si~ aA qcenti garegan faqtorebzea
gadatanili da misi dakni­ne­ba bolo aTwleulebSi metyvelebs
66
zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
imaze, rom dRes kvleva veRar dakmayofildeba, ubralod,
faqtebis, wyaroebisa da gavlenebis SeswavliT.
Tumca, mesame koncefcia gverds uvlis yvela am kri­
tikas da `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas~ aigi­­vebs
mTlianad literaturis, `msoflio literaturis~, `zoga­di~
an `universaluri~ literaturis SeswavlasTan,. msgavsi gai­
giveba, rasakvirvelia, garkveul sirTuleebs badebs. ter­
mini `msoflio literatura~ goeTes Weltliteratur-is Targ­mans
warmoadgens.9 SesaZloa, es metismetad farTo cnebaa da gu­
lisxmobs imas, rom literaturas unda Seiswavlidnen xuTive
kontinentze, axali zelandiidan islandiamde. goeTes, faq­
tobrivad, aseTi ram arc ufiqria. terminiT `msoflio lite­
ratura~ igi im momaval droze mianiSnebda, roca sxvadasxva
xalxebis literaturebi erT literaturad iqceoda.E es
aris yvela literaturis diadi sinTezis ideali, romelSic
yoveli eri sakuTar wvlils Seitanda. magram Tavad goeTe
xvdeboda, rom es Zalian Soreuli perspeqti­vaa, radgan arc
erT ers ar surs uari Tqvas sakuTar TviTmyofobaze. dRes,
amgvari gaerTianebis perspeqtiva albaT kidev ufro Soreu­
lia da albaT, seriozulad arc ki movindomebT, rom aR­
movfxvraT arsebuli gansxvavebebi erovnul literaturebs
So­ris.­ `msoflio literatu­ris~ cnebas xSirad mesame mniS­
vnelobiTac iyeneben. aE m termi­niT, SesaZloa, aRniSnaven
klasikosebs _ homeross, dantes, servantess, Seqspirsa da
goeTes, romelTa reputacia mTel msoflioSi uryevia. amde­
nad, es termini iqca `Sedevris~ sinonimad da niSandoblivia
iseTi procesisTvis, romlis Sedegadac xdeba garkveuli
nawarmoebebis gamorCeva gar­kveuli kritikuli da pedagogi­
uri TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, msgavsi seleqcia ver daakmayofi­
lebs im mkvlevaris in­teresebs, romelsac ufro farTo su­
raTis danaxva surs, istoriuli procesebsa da cvlilebebs
akvirdeba da, am­denad, mxolod Sedevrebis SeswavliT ver
Semoifargleba.
SesaZloa, ufro misaReb termins _ `zogadi lite­
raturaTmcodneoba~ _ sxva uaryofiTi mxareebi hqon­des.
Tavdapirvelad masSi igulisxmeboda poetika an literatu­
ris Teoria da principebi; ukanasknel aT­wle­ulebSi pol van
67
literaturis Teoria
tigemi (Paul van Tieghem)10 cdi­lobda is iseTi koncefciisT­
vis daepirispirebina, ro­goricaa `SedarebiTi literatu­
raTmcodneoba~. mi­si ganmartebiT, `zogadi literaturaT­
mcodneoba~ Seis­wavlis im mimdinareobebsa da literatu­
rul modas, romlebic erovnul sazRvrebs scildeba, maSin,
rodesac `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~ Seiswavlis
urTi­erTmimarTebebs or an met literaturas Soris. Mmagram
rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, magaliTad, osianizmi “zo­gadi”
literaturaTmcodneobis Seswavlis sagania Tu `Sedare­
biTi literaturaTmcodneobisa~? SeuZlebelia, jerovnad
gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan uolter skotis (Walter Scott) gav­
lena ucxoeTSi da istoriuli romanis saerTaSoriso popu­
laroba. terminebi `SedarebiTi~ da `zo­gadi~ literatu­
raTmcodneoba erTmaneTs gadakveTs. Se­saZlebelia, ufro
upriani iyos, vilaparakoT, ubra­lod, `literaturaTmcod­
neobis Sesaxeb~, romelic ganixi­lavs mTel literaturas.
ra sirTuleebsac unda waawydes universaluri li­
teraturis istoriis koncefcia, literatura unda mo­
viazroT rogorc mTlianoba da literaturis zrda-gan­
viTareba ganvixiloT ise, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT
enobriv gansxvavebebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti
`SedarebiTi~ an `zogadi~ literaturaTmcodneobis, an ub­
ralod `literaturis~ sasargeblod aaSkaravebs im mcdar
azrs, TiTqos arsebobs TviTkmari erovnuli literatura.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri literatura erT mTliano­
bas warmoadgens. sakamaTo araa, rom literatura uwyvetad
viTardeboda berZnuli da romaul literaturebidan Sua
saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli literaturebisken da, Sem­
deg, ZiriTadi Tanamedrove literaturebisken. da Tu saTa­
nadod SevafasebT aRmosavluri gavlenis, gan­sakuTrebiT
ki bibliis, mniSvnelobas, maSin unda aRiniSnos, rom mWidro
kav­Siri aerTianebs mTlianad evropis, ruseTis, SeerTe­
buli Statebisa da laTinuri amerikis literaturebs. es
ideali literaturis istoriis Semqmnelebma mecxramete
saukunis dasawyisSi Camoayalibes (maT xelT arsebuli Sez­
Ruduli SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad): aseTi moRvaweebi
68
zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
iyvnen Slegeli (Schlegel), bouterveki (Bouterwek), sismondi
(Sismondi) da halami (Hallam).11 miuxedavad amisa, naciona­
lizmis gaZlierebam, rasac specializaciis zrdac daemata,
gamoiwvia erovnuli literaturebis sul ufro viwro pro­
vinciuli Seswavlis damkvidreba. Tumca, mecxramete sauku­
nis meore naxevris ganmavlobaSi evolucionizmis gavleniT
aRorZinda literaturis universaluri istoriis ideali.
`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis~ pirveli praq­
tikosebi fol­kloris mkvlevrebi da eTnografebi iyvnen,
romlebic, upiratesad herbert spenseris (Herbert Spencer)
gavleniT, Seiswavlidnen literaturis warmomavlobas,
imas, Tu rogor moxda misi gamravalferovneba zepirsity­
vieri literaturuli formebiT da rogor iqca is adreul
epikad, dramad da lirikad.12 Tumca, evolucionizmma mci­re
kvali datova axali literaturebis SeswavlaSi da, rogorc
Cans, marcxi ganicada biologiur evoluciasTan literatu­
ris ganviTarebis dakavSirebis mcdelobam, ise­ve, rogorc
universaluri literaturis istoriis idealma. sabedni­
erod, bolo wlebSi bevri ram migvaniSnebs imas, rom zogadi
literaturuli istoriografiis ideali kvlav aRmavlobas
ganicdis. ernst robert kurciusi (Ernst Robert Curtius) Tavis
wignSi `evropuli literatura da laTinuri Sua saukunee­
bi~ (1948) gasaocari erudiciiT asaxavs dasavlu­ri tradici­
isTvis niSandobliv zogad niSan-Tvisebebs. erix auerbaxis
(Erich Auerbach) `mimezisi~ (1946) warmoadgens realizmis is­
torias homerosidan moyolebuli _ joisam­de da calkeuli
pasaJebis faqiz stilistur analizs efuZneba;13 orive es
naSromi mecnierebis iseT miRwevebs warmoadgens, romle­
bic gadalaxavs nacionalizmis Car­Coebs da damajerebeli
argumentebiT asaxavs dasavluri civilizaciis erTianobas,
klasikuri antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis qristianobis
memkvidreobis mniSvnelobas.
xelaxla unda daiweros literaturis istoria ro­
gorc sinTezi, literaturis istoria _ zeerovnuli kuT­
xiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT, literaturaTa SedarebiTi Seswavla
mkvlevarTagan udides enobriv kompetencias moiTxovs.
69
literaturis Teoria
Aamgvari kvlevisTvis saWiroa perspeqtivis gafarToeba,
kuTxuri da provinciuli ganwyobebis daZleva, rac, Ta­
visTavad, rTulad misaRwevi amocanaa. miuxedavad amisa,
literatura erT mTlianobas warmoadgens, iseve rogorc
xelovneba da kacobrioba da swored amgvari xedviT ikveTe­
ba istoriuli literaturaTmcodneobis momavali.
am uzarmazari sferos farglebSi, rac, faqtobrivad,
mTeli literaturis istorias moicavs, rasakvirvelia,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT enobrivi qvejgufebic. uwinaresad,
arsebobs sami umTavresi evropuli enobrivi ojaxis jgufi
– germanuli, romanuli da slavuri literaturebi. roma­
nuli literaturebis urTierTkavSirs mkvlevrebi gansa­
kuTrebiT xSirad Seiswavlidnen, dawyebuli bou­tervekiT
vidre leonardo olSkimde (Leonardo Olschki),14 romelic
Seecada daewera Sua saukuneebis periodis yvela am lite­
raturis istoria. rac Seexeba germanul literaturebs,
maTi Seswavla xSir SemTxvevaSi ifargleboda adreuli Sua
saukuneebis periodiT, rodesac gansakuTrebuli simZaf­
riT aRiqmeboda maTi (saerTo tevtonuri civilizaciiT gan­
pirobebuli) naTesaoba.15 miuxedavad poloneli mec­nierebis
tradiciuli winaaRmdegobisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sla­
vuri enebis naTesaoba im saerTo saxalxo tradiciebis gaT­
valiswinebiT, romlebic metrikaSic ki vlindeba, sa­erTo
slavuri literaturis safuZvels warmoadgens.16
Temebisa da formebis, mxatvruli xerxebisa da Jan­
rebis istoria rom saerTaSoriso istorias warmoad­gens,
udavoa. marTalia, Cveni Janrebis umravlesoba berZnuli
da romauli literaturisagan momdinareobs, magram Sua
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maT mniSvnelovani modificireba
ganicades da daixvewnen. Tumca metrikis istoria calkeul
enobriv sistemebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, magram is
mainc saerTaSoriso fenomens warmoadgens. Uufro metic, Ta­
namedrove evropis ara erTi mniSvnelovani literaturuli
mimdinareoba da stili (renesansi, baroko, neoklasicizmi,
romantizmi, realizmi, simbolizmi) mniSvnelovnad scil­
deba erTi romelime eris sazRvrebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
70
zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
arsebobs angariSgasawevi erovnuli gansxvavebani am mimdin­
areobaTa individua­lur gamoxatulebebs Soris.17 SeiZleba,
gansxvavdebodes maTi geografiuli gavrcelebis masStabic.
renesansma, magaliTad, poloneTSi SeaRwia, magram ver gavr­
celda ruseTsa da bohemiaSi. Bbarokos stili farTod gavr­
celda mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi, maT Soris ukrainaSic,
magram ruseTs TiTqmis ar Sexebia. SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes
qronologiuri gansxvavebebi: barokos stili aRmosavleT
evropis e. w. `samiwaTmoqmedo~ civilizaciebSi meTvramete
saukunis bolomde SemorCa, maSin rodesac dasavleTma am pe­
riodis ganmavlobaSi ganvlo ganmanaTlebloba da a. S. saer­
Tod ki, enobrivi barierebis mniSvneloba mecxramete sauku­
nis ganmavlobaSi umarTebulod iyo gazviadebuli.
es imiT aixsneba, rom literaturis Tanamedrove
sistematuri istoria Caisaxa romantikul (ZiriTadad, eno­
briv) nacionalizmTan metad mWidro urTierTkavSir­Si. amis
Sedegebi dResac SeimCneva iseTi praqtikuli tendenciebis
gavleniT, rogoricaa (gansakuTrebiT Seer­­Tebul Stateb­
Si) literaturis Seswavlisa da enis Seswavlis faqtobrivi
gaigiveba. amis Sedegad, SeerTebul StatebSi inglisuri,
germanuli da franguli literatu­ris SemswavlelTa So­
ris TiTqmis ar aris kontaqti. am jgufebs sxvadasxvagvari
Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs da TiToeuli maTgani gansxvave­
bul meTodologiebs iyenebs. Aam gansxvavebebis arseboba,
rasakvirvelia, nawilobriv gardauvalia im ubralo mizezis
gamo, rom adamianebis umravlesoba mxolod erT enobriv
garemoSi cxovrobs. magram groteskul Sedegebs iZleva
literaturuli problemebis ganxilva mxolod erT rome­
lime enaze arsebul teqstebis an dokumentebis safuZvelze.
Tumca lingvisturi gansxvavebebi evropul literaturebs
Soris Tavs iCens mxatvruli stilis, metris, da TviT Jan­
ris zogierT sakiTxis ganxilvisas, magram aSkaraa, rom xSir
SemTxvevaSi ideebis (maT Soris, esTetikuri ideebis) isto­
riis araerTi problemis gadaWrisas amgvari gansxvavebani
araarsebiTia; manam, sanam Warb yuradRebas davuTmobT am
gansxvavebebs, Cvens literaturis istorieb­Si xelovnu­
71
literaturis Teoria
rad iqneba gaerTianebuli is movlenebi, ro­melTa bune­
brivad gaerTianeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia, da iZulebulni
viqnebiT SemovifargloT ideologiuri xasiaTis zogier­
Ti gamoxmaurebis moxseniebiT, romlebic SemTxveviT iqna
aRniSnuli inglisur, germanul an frangul literaturaSi.
gadaWarbebuli yuradReba ro­melime calkeuli erovnuli
enis mimarT gansakuTrebiT sazianoa Sua saukuneebis isto­
riis Seswavlisas, radgan Sua saukuneebSi laTinuri iyo um­
Tavresi saliteraturo ena da evropa mWidro inteleqtua­
lur aspeqtSi erT mTlianobas warmoadgenda. Sua saukunee­
bis inglisuri literaturis Sesaxeb dawerili istoria, ro­
melic xSirad gverds uvlis laTinursa da anglo-normanul
enebze daweril didi raodenobis nawarmoebebs, im periodis
inglisSi arsebuli literaturuli da zogadad, kulturu­
li viTarebis mcdar suraTs qmnis.
SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis es principi,
rasakvirvelia, ar gulisxmobs, rom ugulebelyofil un­
da iqnes erovnuli literaturebis Seswavla. marTlac,
aq, upirveles yovlisa, saqme gvaqvs swored `erovnulo­
bis~ sakiTxTan, imasTan, Tu ra wvlili Seitanes calkeulma
erebma saerTo literaturul procesSi. imis nacvlad rom
momxdariyo misi Teoriuli eqsplikacia, problema bundo­
vani gaxda nacionalisturi ganwyobebiTa da ra­sistuli
Teoriebis wyalobiT. Tuki SevecdebiT, ga­movkveToT in­
glisuri literaturis zusti wvlili zogad literatu­
raSi, rac TavisTavad mniSvnelovan sirTules warmoadgens,
SeiZleba perspeqtivis Secvla mogvixdes da gansxvavebulad
SevafasoT mniSvnelovani mwerlebis wvlilic ki. TiToeu­
li erovnuli literaturis farglebSi wamoiWreba msgavsi
problemebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenadaa warmod­
genili regionebi da qalaqebi saerTo literaturis farg­
lebSi. iozef nadlerma (Josef Nadler)18 metad gazviadebuli
Teoria wamoayena. is acxadebs, rom una­ri Seswevs, erTma­
neTisagan ganasxvavos TiToeuli germanu­li tomisa da re­
gionis niSan-Tvisebebi, da gamoavlinos am niSan-TvisebaTa
asaxva literaturaSi.A amgvarma Tval­sazrisma xeli ar unda
72
zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
SegviSalos im problemebis gan­xilvaSi, romelTac iSviaTad
ikvleven faqtebisa da Tanmimdevruli meTodis gamo­yenebiT.
bevri ram daiwera ima­ze, Tu ra roli Seasrula axalma in­
glisma, Sua dasavleTma da samxreTma amerikuli lite­
raturis istoriaSi, mag­ram regionalizmis suliskveTebiT
gamsWvaluli amgvari naS­romebis umravlesoba, saboloo an­
gariSSi, mxolod da mxolod did imedebis, adgilobrivi sia­
mayisa da cent­ralizaciis procesiT gamowveuli siZulvi­
lis nazavia. Nnebismieri obieqturi analizis dros, saWiroa
avtorTa rasobrivi warmomavlobisa da sociologiuri
sakiTxebi gai­mijnos im sakiTxebisagan, romlebic exeba
landSaftis realur gavlenas, agreTve _ literaturuli
tradiciisa da modis problemebs.
`erovnulobis~ problemebi gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba
maSin, rodesac saqme gvaqvs erT enaze Seqmnil sxvadas­xva
erovnul literaturasTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ameri­
kuli da Tanamedrove irlandiuri literaturebi. saWiroa
gairkves ratom miekuTvnebian ietsi da joisi irlandiul
literaturas, xolo goldsmiti, sterni da Seridani ki ara.
Aarsebobs Tu ara belgiuri, Sveicariuli, avstiuli Tavisu­
fali literatura? Aar aris advili imis gansazRvra Tu ra­
tom aRiqmeboda amerikaSi Seqmnili literatura `koloniur
inglisurad~ da rodis gaxda is Tavisufali, erovnuli li­
teratura. Aigulisxmeba Tu ara masSi mxolod politikuri
damoukidebloba? Aaris es mxolod erovnuli Tema da xom
ar dakravs mas `iqauri adgilobrivi elferi~? Tu es gansaz­
Rvruli erovnuli li­teraturuli stilis aRmasvlaa?
Mmxolod maSin rodesac es problemebi gadaiWreba,
Cven SevZlebT SevqmnaT da davweroT erovnuli literatu­
ris istoria, romelic ar iqneba mxolod geografiuli
da lingvisturi kategoriebiT Semofargluli, maSin Tu
SevZlebT analizs im gzebisa Tu meTodebisa romelTa meS­
veobiT TiToeuli erovnuli literatura gaiziarebs
evropul tradiciebs. Uuniversaluri da erovnuli li­
te­raturebi erTmaneTs gulisxmobs. sayovelTaod gavr­
celebeuli evropuli pirobiToba TiToeul qveyanaSi sxva­
73
literaturis Teoria
dasxva saxiT gvevlineba. Aarsebobs aseve e.w. `gamosxivebis
centrebi~ yvela qveyanaSi anu igulisxmeba eqscentriu­li
da gansakuTrebulad didi figurebi romlebic amkvidre­ben
erovnul tradiciebs sx va tradiciebidan gamomdinare. Dda
imisaTvis rom TiToeulis wvlili ganisazRvros, saWi­roa
ganisazRvros risi codnaa aucilebeli mTels literatu­
ris istoriaSi.
74
nawili meore
mosamzadebeli stadiebi
75
76
Tavi meeqvse
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba
*
kvlevis erT-erTi upirvelesi amocanaa masalis Seg­
roveba, drois uaryofiTi efeqtebis aRmofxvra, avtorobis,
avTenturobisa da TariRebis sakiTxis gadaWra. am proble­
mis mogvareba gansakuTrebul ostatobasa da gulmodgine­
bas saWiroebs; amasTan erTad, literaturis Seswavlisas
aucilebelia imis gacnobierebac, rom esaa mxolod sawyisi
etapi kvlevis saboloo miznisaken mimaval gzaze. xSirad
ganuzomlad didia am sawyisi nabijebis mniSvneloba, radgan
maT gareSe metad garTuldeboda kri­tikuli ana­lizi da
istoriuli perspeqtivis gaazreba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
iseT naxevrad daviwyebul lite­­raturul tradicias, ro­
goricaa anglosaqsuri l­iteratura; miuxedavad amisa, ar
Rirs sawyisi samuSaoebis mniSvnelobis gazviadeba Taname­
drove literaturis Seswavlisas, romlis mizans warmoad­
gens nawarmoebTa saz­risis interpretacia. Aamgvari kvleve­
bi, aucilebeli pe­dan­tizmis gamo, zogjer dacinvas iwvevs,
xan ki maT ga­nadideben moCvenebiTi an WeSmariti mecnieruli
sizustis ga­mo. aku­ratuloba da gulmodgineba, romelTa
meSveobi­Tac SeiZleba gadaiWras zogierTi problema, yo­
velTvis izidav­da iseT moazrovneebs, romelTac xiblavT
Tanmimdevru­li kvle­va, masalis saguldagulo damuSaveba
da gansakuTre­bul mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben imas, Tu sabo­
lood rogori sa­xe SeiZleba miiRos am kvlevebma. msgavsi
kvlevebis gakriti­ke­ba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca isini
gaumarTleblad ikaveben analizis sxva saxeobaTa adgils
da iqcevian nebismieri literaturaTmcodnisTvis savalde­
bulo saqmed. xSirad xdeba literaturuli nawarmoebebis
iseTi detalebis redaqtireba da imgvari pasaJebis Seswore­
ba, romlebic sulac ar imsaxurebs ganxilvas literaturu­
77
literaturis Teoria
li an Tundac istoriuli TvalsazrisiT. xolo rodesac es
detalebi ganxilvas imsaxurebs, mkvlevrebi mxolod mini­
malur interess iCenen maT mimarT. adamianis sxva moqmede­
baTa msgavsad, es kvlevebic zogjer TviTmiznad gadaiqceva
xolme.
winaswar etapebs Soris unda ganvasxvavoT ori donis
operaciebi, rogoric aris: (1) teqstis Segroveba da momza­
deba, agreTve _ (2) qronologiis, avTenturobis, avtoro­
bis, TanamSromlobis, reviziisa da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebi,
romelTac xSirad `umaRles kritikad~ miiCneven xolme.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es termini, romelic bibliismcodneo­
bis sferodan aris aRebuli, friad arazustia.
aqedan aucileblad ramdenime etapi unda gamovyoT.
uwinaresad, xdeba xelnaweri Tu nabeWdi masalebis erTad
Tavmoyra. inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi es amocana
TiTqmis zedmiwevniT Sesrulda, Tumca Cvens saukuneSi ing­
lisuri misticizmisa da inglisuri poeziis Sesaxeb codnas
daemata ramdenime iseTi friad mniSvnelovani wigni, ro­
goricaa `marjeri kempis wigni~ (The Book of Margery Kempe), me­
duolis (Medwall) “Fulgens and Lucrece” da kristofer smartis
(Christopher Smart) “Rejoice in the Lamb”.1 magram, rasakvirvelia,
amas garda aRmoCenil iqna uamravi piradi da iuridiuli
dokumenti, romelTac SesaZloa bevri ram gviTxran lite­
raturaze an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglise­­li mwerlebis
cxovrebaze. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRe­bas imsa­
xurebs bolo aTwleulebSi lesli hotsonis (Leslie Hotson)
mier aRmoCenili dokumentebi marlos Sesa­xeb da bosuelis
(Boswell) dokumentebis aRdgenis faqti.2 sxva erovnul li­
teraturebSi SesaZloa aRmoCenebis meti albaToba arse­
bobdes, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, romelTac werilobiTi
wya­roebis didi tradicia ar aqvT.
zepirsityvieri literaturis sferoSi masalebis Seg­
roveba garkveul problemebs ukavSirdeba. imi­saTvis, rom es
literatura jerovnad Sefasdes, unda moiZebnos kompeten­
turi momRerali, an mTxrobeli, maT dasayolieblad saWiroa
gansakuTrebuli taqti da simarjve. Ggarda amisa, wakiTxuli
78
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
da namReri unda Caiweros an gramofonze, an fonetikuri
simboloebis gamoyenebiT da a. S. xelnaweri masalebis mopo­
vebis dros iseT wminda praqtikul problemebsac vawyde­
biT, rogoricaa piradi nacnoboba mwerlis memkvidreebTan,
sakuTari socialuri prestiJi, finansuri SezRudvebi da
xSirad, erTgvari deteqtiuri unaric.3 amgvari Ziebis dros
xSirad specifikuri codnaa saWiro. lesli hotsons, maga­
liTad, Tavgza rom ar abneoda uamrav saarqivo dokument­
ze muSaobisas, bevri ramis Seswavla dasWirda dedofali
elisabedis droindeli sasamarTlo procedurebis Sesaxeb.
ramdenadac literaturaTmcodneebs wyaroebis moZieba
xSirad biblioTekebSi uxdebaT, maTTvis metad sasargebloa
mniSvnelovani biblioTekebisa da maT katalogebis Sesaxeb
informaciis qona.4
katalogebis Sedgenisa da bibliografiuli aRweris
teqnikuri detalebi biblioTekarebsa da profesional
bibliografebs mivandoT, magram zogjer wminda bib­lio­
grafiul faqtebs SeiZleba literaturuli mniSvneloba
da Rirebuleba hqondes. Ggamocemebis raodenobam da zomam,
SesaZloa, naTeli mofinos mwerlis warmatebasa da reputa­
ciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, gamocemebs Soris arse­
bulma gansxvavebebma ki saSualeba mogvces, davadgi­noT av­
toris xelaxali Seswavlis etapebi da, amdenad, xelovnebis
nawarmoebis warmoSobasa da evoluciasTan dakav­Sirebuli
problemebi. iseTi ostaturad redaq­tirebuli bibliogra­
fia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `ing­lisuri literaturis kem­
brijis bibliografia~ (Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature) kvlevis farTo are­als moicavs; iseTi specializebuli
bibliografiebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gregis (Greg) `ing­
lisuri dramis bibliografia~ (Bibliography of English Drama),
jonsonis (Johnson) `spenseris bibliografia~ (Spencer Bibliography), makdonaldis (Macdonald) `draidenis bibliografia~
(Dryden Bibliography), grifitis (Griffith) `poupis bibliogra­
fia~ (Pope Bibliography),5 SeiZleba saxelmZRvanelod gamodges
literaturis istoriis araerT problemaze msjelobisas.
Aamgvari bibliografiebis meoxebiT SesaZloa aucilebeli
79
literaturis Teoria
gaxdes gamomcemlobebis saqmianobis, wignis gamyidvelebi­
sa da gamomcemelTa istoriebis Seswavla; am ukanasknelT
ki sWirdebaT sabeWdi saSualebebisa da akinZvis codna. is­
eTi sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic TariRis, gamo­
cemaTa Tanmimdevrobis da sxva TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa,
mniS­vnelovani iyos literaturis istoriisTvis, erTgvari
`literaturuli mecnieruloba~ an didi erudiciaa saWiro.
amdenad, `aRweriiTi~ tipis bibliografia, romelic wig­
nis Sida struqturas emyareba, unda ganvasxvavoT `aR­
mricxveli ~bibliografiisagan, romlis mizania Sed­genil
iqnes wignebis nusxa, sadac mocemuli iqneba martivi iden­
tifikaciisaTvis saWiro aRweriiTi monacemebi.6
rogorc ki masalis mogrovebisa da katalogebis Sed­
genis pirveladi etapi dasruldeba, iwyeba redaq­tirebis
procesi. redaqtireba xSirad metad rTul sa­muSaos gu­
lisxmobs, romelic moicavs ganmartebasac da istoriul kv­
levasac. Aarsebobs gamocemebi, romelTa Se­savali da SeniS­
vnebi ukve mniSvnelovan kritikis Sem­cvelia. redaqtirebam
umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula literaturaTmcodneo­
bis istoriaSi: bolodroindeli magaliTi rom gavixsenoT,
f. n. robinsonis (F. N. Robinson) mier Coseris nawarmoebTa
redaqcia mniSvnelovan codnas iZleva am avtoris Sesaxeb.
Mmagram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom redaqtirebis mTa­
vari mizani nawarmoebis teqstis dadgenaa, am procesis
dros garkveuli problemebi Cndeba, romelTa Soris gan­
sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `teqstis kritika~, ramdenadac am
ukanasknels daxvewili meTodebi da xangrZlivi istoria
aqvs, gansakuTrebiT _ klasikur da bibliur kvlevebSi.7
erTmaneTisagan mkacrad unda gavmijnoT klasiku­
ri an Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebis redaqtirebisas wamoW­
rili problemebi da nabeWdi masala. xelnaweri masalebi,
pirvel yovlisa, paleografiis, anu im mec­nierebis codnas
moiTxovs, romelmac metad frTxili kriteriumebi daad­
gina xelnawerTa daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT da abre­
viaturebis gaSifrvas mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvaneloebi
miuZRvna.8 bevri ram gakeTda imisaTvis, rom dadgeniliyo,
80
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
zustad romel periodSi Seiqmna xelnaweri da romel mo­
nasterSi. Aaq SeiZleba wamoiWras metad rTuli sakiTxi imas­
Tan dakavSirebiT, Tu kerZod ra mimarTebebi arsebobs am
xelnawerebs Soris. kvlevis Sedegad unda miviRoT xelna­­
werTa warmomavlobis klasifikacia grafikis saxiT.9 bolo
aTwleulebSi dom henri quentinma (Dom Henri Quentin) da u.
u. gregma10 SeimuSaves detaluri teqnika, romelsac, maTi
azriT, mecnieruli sizuste axasiaTebs, Tumca, sxva mec­
nierebi, magaliTad bedie (Bedier) da Separdi (Shepard)11 amt­
kiceben, rom klasifikaciebis SemuSavebis absoluturad
obieqturi meTodi ar arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni
wignis farglebSi msgavsi sakiTxebi ver gadawydeba, ufro
meore Tvalsazrisisaken vixrebiT. migvaCnia, rom umetes
SemTxvevebSi upriania, moxdes im xelnaweris redaqtireba,
romelic yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba avtoris nawarmoebs
da aRar vecadoT, rom aRvadginoT hipoTezuri `origi­
nali~. redaqtireba, rasakvirvelia, Sejerebis Sedegebs
daemyareba da Tavad xelnaweris arCeva xelnawerTa mTeli
tradiciis Seswavlis Sedegad moxdeba. Piers Plowman-is Cve­
namde moRweuli samo­ci xelnawerisa da `kenterberiuli
moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales)12 oTxmocdasami xelnaweris
arseboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom, samwuxarod, albaT ar arse­
bobda is avtorizebuli varianti an arqetipi, romelic Ta­
namedrove nawarmoebis saboloo redaqciis analogi SeiZle­
boda yofiliyo.
nawarmoebis xelaxla gadaxedva, anu nawarmoebis war­
momavlobis an wyaros aRdgena unda ganvasxvavoT teqstis
kritikisa da Sesworebisagan, romelic, rasa­kvirvelia, am
klasifikaciebs gaiTvaliswinebs, magram, imavdroulad,
mxedvelobaSi miiRebs im Tvalsazrisebsa da kriteriumeb­
sac, romlebic xelnawerTa tradicias ar ukavSirdeba.13
teqstis Sesworeba SesaZloa `avTen­turobis~ kriteriums
daeyrdnos, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom romelime calkeuli
sityva an pasaJi yvelaze Zveli da saukeTeso (anu avto­
ritetuli) xelnaweridan aRvadginoT, magram am SemTxvevaSi
aucilebeli gaxdeba `sizustis~ iseTi sazomebis gamoyeneba,
81
literaturis Teoria
rogoricaa lingvisturi kriteriumebi, istoriuli krite­
riumebi da, bolos, aucilebeli fsiqologiuri kriteriume­
bi. sxva SemTxvevaSi metad gaZneldeboda iseTi `meqanikuri~
Secdomebis aRmofxvra, rogorebicaa araswori wakiTxva,
asociaciebi da Tavad gadamwerTa mier gaucnobiereblad
Setanili cvlilebebi. Bbolos da bolos, bevri ram unda mi­
vandoT kritikosis varauds, mis gemovnebasa da enobriv in­
tuicias. Tanamedrove redaqtorebi, Cveni azriT, sul ufro
eridebian amgvari savaraudo prognozis gakeTebas, magram
roca saqme diplomatiur teqsts exeba, imisi Tqmac ki Sei­
Zleba, rom redaqtori axdens TiToeuli Semoklebis, gad­
amweris mier daSvebuli Secdomisa da Tavdapirveli punq­
tuaciis srul rekonstruqcias. SesaZloa, zogierTi redaq­
toris an enaTmecnierisaTvis amas garkveuli mniS­vneloba
hqondes, magram literaturis mkvlevrisTvis es mxolod da
mxolod arafris momtani dabrkolebaa. Cven viTxovT ara
modernizebul, aramed iseT teqstebs, romelTa wakiTxva
SesaZlebelia. es saSualebas mogvcems, Tavidan aviridoT
usargeblo marCieloba da cvlilebebi, agreT­ve, dagvex­
mareba imaSi, rom minimumamde daviyvanoT teqstis is ele­
mentebi, romlebic mxolod gadamwerTa midrekilebe­bisa da
Cvevebis Sedegia.
Cveulebriv, dabeWdili masalis redaqtirebisas
nakleb problemebs vawydebiT, vidre xelnawerTa redaq­
tirebisas. arsebobs erTi gansxvaveba, romelsac winaT
xSirad ver amCnevdnen xolme. klasikur xelnawerTa Soris
TiTqmis yovelTvis gvxvdeba sxvadasxva drosa da adgi­las
Seqmnili dokumentebi, romelTa Seqmnis Semdeg saukunee­
bia gasuli. amitom SegviZlia Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT am
xelnawerTa umravlesoba, romelTagan TiToeuli, Sesa­
Zloa, romelime uZveles wyaros emyareba. Tumca, wignebis
SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, mxolod erTi an ori gamocema
sargeblobs xolme romelime damoukidebeli avtoritetiT.
Cveni arCevani ZiriTad gamocemaze unda SeCerdes, romelic
an pirveli gamocema iqneba, an avtoris meTvalyureobiT
Sedgenili bolo gamocema. zogjer, magaliTad, uitmenis
82
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
(Whitman) `balaxis foTlebis~ SemTxvevaSi (Leaves of Grass),
romelic araerTxel iqna gamocemuli da Sesworebuli, an
poupis ‘‘Dunciad’’-is kritikuli gamocemisas, romlis sul
mcire, ori, erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli
versia arsebobs, SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes, orive maTga­
nis an yvela versiis dabeWdva.14 mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove
redaqto­rebs xSirad ar surT, gamoscen ekleqtikuri te­
qstebi, Tumca saWiroa imis gacnobiereba, rom, magaliTad,
`hamletis~ TiTqmis yvela gamocema meore kvartosa da fo­
lios nazavs warmoadgens. dedofali elisabedis droin­
deli piesebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde, rom
zogjer ar arsebobda is saboloo versia, romlis aRdgenac
unda moxdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zepirsityvier poeziaze
(mag. baladebSi), sadac erTi arqetipis Zieba unayofo Sro­
maa. baladebis redaqtorebi mxolod gvianRa mixvdnen amas.
persi (Percy) da skoti (Scott) Tavisuflad `amaxinjebdnen~
sxvadasxva versiebs (zogjer gadawerdnen kidevac), xolo
pirveli mecnieruli gamomcemlebi, rogoric iyo, magali­
Tad, mazerueli (Motherwell), erT versias irCevdnen, ro­gorc
sxvebze upiratessa da originalurs. sabolood Caildma
(Child) gadawyvita daebeWda yvela versia.15
rac Seexeba dedofali elisabedis droindel piesebs,
garkveulwilad unikalur teqstobriv problemebs vawy­
debiT: xSirad, es piesebi ufro metad aris Secvlili, vid­re
Tanamedrove wignebis umravlesoba. es xdeboda nawilobriv
imis gamo, rom piesebs didi yuradRebis Rirsad ar miiCnevd­
nen da nawilobriv imitom, rom is xelnawerebi, romelTa
mixedviTac es piesebi ibeWdeboda, xSirad avtoris an av­
torebis `Savi piris~ metismetad gadamuSavebul variants
an zogjer sakarnaxo egzemplars warmoadgenda, romelSic
Sesuli iyo aseve Teatrebis mier Setanili SeniSvnebi da
Sesworebebi. amas garda, arsebobda cud `kvartoTa~ gansa­
kuTrebuli tipic, romelic, rogorc Cans, ibeWdebo­da an
mexsierebaSi aRdgenis gziT an msaxiobTa rolebis frag­
mentebis da, SesaZloa, primitiuli stenografiuli ver­
siis mixedviT. bolo aTwleulebSi didi yuradReba eT­moba
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literaturis Teoria
am problemebs da polardisa (Pollard) da gregis aRmoCenebis
Semdeg, Seqspiris kvartoebis reklasificireba moxda.16 ase­
Ti wminda `sagamomcemlo~codnis safuZvelze, polardma
warmoaCina, rom Seqspiris piesebis zogierTi kvarto, Tumca
realurad 1619 wels daibeWda da savaraudod mogvianebiT
avtoris krebulSi unda Sesuliyo, ganzrax iq­na ufro ad­
reuli periodiT daTariRebuli.
dedofali elisabedis droindeli xelweris Seswav­
las, romelic nawilobriv im varaudze iyo dafuZnebuli,
rom piesis `ser Tomas moris~ (Sir Thomas More) gadarCenili
xelnaweris sami gverdi Tavad Seqspiris xelweriTaa Ses­
rulebuli,17 mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyva teqstis kri­
tikis sferoSi, risi meoxebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda elisa­
bedis droindeli asoTamwyobis mier daSvebuli SesaZlo
Secdomebis daxarisxeba, maSin, rodesac stambaTa saqmiano­
bis Seswavlis Sedegad gamovlinda, Tu ra tipis Secdomebia
mosalodneli. magram zogierTi redaq­tori teqstis Ses­
worebis dros jer kidev garkveuli TavisuflebiT sarge­
blobs, rac cxadyofs, rom dRemde aravis aRmouCenia te­
qstis kritikis `obieqturi~ meTodi. rasakvirvelia, dover
uilsonis (Dover Wilson) mier kembrijis gamocemaSi Setanili
bevri Sesworeba iseTsave ucnaur da usafuZvlo varauds
warmoadgens, rogorc meTvramete saukunis redaqtorebis
marCieloba. Mmiuxedavad amisa, sainteresoa, rom Teobaldis
(Theobald) brwyinvale migneba (romlis mixedviT, falstafis
sikvdilis misis quiqliseul (Quickly) aRweraSi A ''a table of green
fields''-s Caenacvla “a babbled of green fields”) emyareba elisabe­
dis droindeli xelwerisa da marTlweris Seswavlas: ‘‘a babbled’’ Tavisuflad SeiZleboda moCvenebodaT ‘‘a table’’-ad.
damajerebelma argumentebma imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom kvartoebi (ramdenime mdare gamonaklisis garda), sa­
varaudod, an avtoris xelnaweridan iyo dabeWdili, an su­
flioris komentarebidan, meti avtoritetuloba SesZi­na
adreul gamocemebs da ramdenadme gaanela is pativiscema,
romelsac doqtori jonsonis periodidan moyolebuli,
folios (Folio) miakuTvnebdnen. teqstis ingliseli mkvlev­
84
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
rebi, romlebic SecdomiT miiCneven sakuTar Tavs `bib­
liografebad~ (McKerrow, Greg, Pollard, Dover Wilson da sxvebi),
cdilobdnen, yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi daedastu­rebi­­­
naT, romeli xelnaweri SeiZleboda miCneuliyo avtorite­
tu­lad TiToeuli kvartosaTvis. maT is Teoriebi gamoi­ye­­
nes, romlebic bibliografiuli kvlevis Sedegad nawilo­b­
riv iqna SemuSavebuli imisaTvis, raTa hipoTezebi gamoeTq­
vaT Seqspiris piesebis warmoSobasTan, gadadamuSavebas­Tan,
cvlilebebTan da sxva avtorebis mier Setanil wvlil­Tan
dakavSirebiT. maT mxolod nawilobriv ainteresebT teqs­
tis kritika; douver uilsonis nawarmoebi, SeiZleba iTq­vas,
marTebulad miekuTvneba `maRal kritikas~.
uilsoni did imedebs amyarebs am meTodze: `SegviZlia
zogjer `SevZvreT asoTamwyobis kanSi~ da misi TvaliT da­
vinaxoT, rom Seqspiris saxelosnos kari Riaa.~18 eWvs ar
iw­vevs is, rom “bibliografebma”, garkveulwilad, naTeli
mohfines elisabedis droindeli piesebis kompozicias. maT
sajarod ganacxades da, SesaZloa, daamtkices kidec, rom xe­
laxali Seswavla da cvlilebebis warmoSoba Cveuli ambavi
iyo. magram douver uilsonis uamrav hipoTezas TiTqosda
fantaziasTan ufro meti aqvs saerTo, vidre realobasTan,
radgan am hipoTezebis dasamtkiceblad argumentebi an Zal­
ze mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs. amdenad, douver uil­
sonma moaxdina `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) warmoSobis rekon­
struqcia. is amtkicebs, rom eqspoziciis xangrZlivi scena
metyvelebs adreuli versiis arsebobaze, romelSic fabu­
lis wina istoria, “The Winter’s Tale”-is msgavsad, Tavisufali
stiliT dawerili dramis formiT aris gadmocemuli. magram
strofikis mcire Seusabamobebic ki ver amarTlebs egzom
ararealistur da fuW fantazias.19
dedofali elisabedis droindeli piesebis SemTxve­
vaSi teqstis kritika metad warmatebuli iyo, magram, imav­
droulad, bundovanic; magram is aseve aucilebelia im
wignebisTvis, romlebSic avtoroba ukeTaa dadasturebuli.
Ppaskalma (Pascal) da goeTem, jein ostinma (Jane Austen) da Ta­
vad trolopmac (Trollope) ki, didad isargebles Tanamedrove
redaqtorebis detalebisadmi erTgulebiT,20 miuxedavad
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literaturis Teoria
imisa, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi es naSromebi mxolod da mx­
olod imis CamonaTvals warmoadgens, Tu kerZod ra saqmi­
anobas ewevian stambebi da asoTamwyobni.
gamocemis momzadebis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia misi
daniSnuleba da SesaZlo mkiTxveli. teqstis mkvlevarTa au­
ditoriisTvis redaqtirebis sxva standarti iqneba saWiro,
radgan mkvlevrebi, ZiriTadad, dainteresebuli arian imiT,
rom sxvadasxva versiebis umciresi detalebic ki Seadaron.
rac Seexeba mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebs, maTTvis ki saWiro
iqneba gansxvavebuli standarti imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
zemoxsenebuli sakiTxebiT farTo mkiTxveli naklebadaa
dainteresebuli.
redaqtirebisas vawydebiT ufro rTul problemebs,
vidre swori teqstis dadgenaa.21Tavs iCens nawarmoeb­Ta kre­
bulSi teqstSi Setanisa da teqstidan amoRebis, ganlagebis,
anotaciisa Tu sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic Sem­Txvevidan Sem­
Txvevamde SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gan­­­s­xva­vdebodes. Sesa­
Zloa, mkvlevrisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamocema iyos
sruli gamocema, romelic mkac­rad icavs qronologiur prin­
cips, mag­ram amgvari idealis miR­weva an rTulia, an saerTod
SeuZlebeli. qro­nologiuri ganlageba SesaZloa an mxolod
varauds em­yarebodes, an gaauqmos leqsebis mxatvruli Tval­
sazrisiT ganlageba erTi krebulis farglebSi. literatu­
ris mkiTxvels ar moewoneba didebulisa da trivialuris
Sezaveba, Tu erTmaneTis gverdiT davbeWdavT kitsis odas
da Tanamedrove werilSi CarTul saxumaro leqss. SesaZloa,
CvenTvis misaRebi iyos bodleris `borotebis yvavilebis~
(Fleurs du mal) an konrad ferdinand meieris (Conrad Ferdinand
Meyer) `leqsebis~ (Gedichte) mxatvruli ganlageba, magram sxva
sakiTxia, Rirs Tu ara SevinarCu­noT uordsuorTis (Wordsworth) msatvruli klasifikaciebi. Mmeore mxriv, Tuki da­
varRvevT uordsuorTis leqsebis avtoriseul ganlagebas
da qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT davbeWdavT maT, gagvi­
Wirdeba imisi gansazRvra, kerZod romeli versia unda dagve­
beWda. SesaZloa, ufro swori iyos arCevanis SeCereba pirvel
versiaze, radgan gviani, Sesworebuli versia rom adrindeli
86
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
TariRiT dagvebeWda, uordsuorTis mxatvruli ganviTarebis
damaxinjebul su­raTs miviRebdiT; miuxedavad amisa, albaT
marTebuli ar iqneboda, rom mTlianad uargveyo poetis sur­
vili da yu­radReba aRar migveqcia gviandeli versiebisTvis,
romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi pirvelis gaumjobesebul vari­
ants warmoadgens. amdenad, ernest de selinkurma (Ernest de
Selincourt) gadawyvita, uordsuorTis sruli poemebis gamo­
cemaSi SeenarCunebina tradiciuli Tanamimdevroba. araerTi
sruli gamocema (magaliTad, Selis nawarmoebebis krebuli)
yuradRebas ar aqcevs arsebul mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xe­
lovnebis dasrulebul nawarmoebsa da ama Tu im avtoris mier
Sesrulebul mcire fragments Soris, romelic xSirad mxo­
lod fragmentadve rCeba. bevri poetis literaturul repu­
tacias SesaZloa Crdilic ki miadges, Tu romelime Tanamed­
rove gamocemaSi warmodgenili iqneba maTi nawarmoebebis
sruli krebuli, sadac dasrulebul nawarmoebebTan erTad
yvelaze umniSvnelo, SemTxveviTi leqsebic ki Seva.
komentirebis sakiTxic gamocemis mizans unda daeqvem­
debaros:22 Seqspiris yvelaze srul gamocemaSi ko­mentari,
SesaZloa, mniSvnelovnad aRematebodes teq­sts moculobis
TvalsazrisiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ko­mentarSi Seva yvela
im adamianis mosazreba, visac ki odesme dauweria raime Seqs­
piris Sesaxeb. Ees mkvlevars sagrZnoblad gauiolebs saqmes,
radgan mas aRar mouwevs misTvis saWiro informaciis Zebna
uamrav gamoqveynebul masalas Soris. Cveulebriv mkiTxvels
bevrad naklebi dasWirdeba: misTvis sakmarisia mxolod is in­
formacia, ro­melic mas nawarmoebis aRqmaSi daexmareba. ra­
sakvirvelia, mosazrebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris
saWiro, SesaZloa didad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan:
zogierTi gamomcemeli mkiTxvels eubneba, rom dedofali
elisabedi protestanti iyo, uxsnis, Tu vin iyo devid gariki
(David Garrick) da amiT Tavidan icilebs SesaZlo gaugebrobebs.
rTulia, vimsjeloT imis Taobaze, vrceli unda iyos Tu ara
komentari, Tuki gamomcemeli bolomde ar gaerkveva, kerZod
ra tipis mkiTxvelisTvisaa gaTvlili gamocema da ra mizans
emsaxureba is.
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literaturis Teoria
komentari, am sityvis mkacri gagebiT, romelic te­
qstis ganmartebas warmoadgens (iqneba es lingvisturi,
istoriuli Tu a. S. komentari), unda gavmijnoT zogadi ko­
mentarisagan, romelmac, SesaZloa, ubralod Tavi mouyaros
masalas literaturis an enis istoriisTvis (mag., miuTiTos
wyaroebi, paralelebi, sxva mweralTa mibaZvis faqtebi) da
aseve im komentarisagan, romelic, SesaZloa, esTetikuri
bunebisa iyos, Seicavdes mcire zomis statiebs garkveuli
pasaJebis Sesaxeb da amdenad, asrulebdes an­Tologiis funq­
cias. SesaZloa, yovelTvis ioli ar iyos, am sferoebis urT­
ierTgamijvna, Tumca teqstis kritikis, literaturis isto­
riis (wyaroTSeswavlis sferoSi), enob­rivi da istoriuli
ganmartebis da esTetikuri komentaris nazavi bevr gamo­
cemaSi saeWvo xasiaTis literaturul kvle­vas ufro hgavs,
romlis ZiriTadi Rirseba mxolod isaa, rom erT wignSi Tav­
moyrilia yvelanairi informacia.
werilebis redaqtirebisas gansakuTrebuli prob­le­
mebis winaSe vdgebiT. unda moxdes Tu ara maTi sruli saxiT
redaqtireba maSinac ki, Tu es werilebi mxolod banaluri
xasiaTis saqmian mimoweras warmoadgens? iseTi mwerlebis
reputacias, rogorebicaa stivensoni (Stevenson), merediti
(Meredith), arnoldi da svinborni (Swinbourne), mniSvnelova­
ni araferi Sematebia maTi werilebis gamoqveynebiT, radgan
am werilebs literaturuli Rirebuleba arasodes hqonda.
Usxva sakiTxia, unda daibeWdos Tu ara pasuxebic, romelTa
gareSec, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoudgenelia korespon­
dencia. amgvarad, ama Tu im avtoris nawarmoebebSi bevri
araerTgvarovani masalaa CarTuli. es praqtikuli sakiTxe­
bia, romelTa gadaWrac gonivrul midgomas, gar­kveul Tana­
mimdevrulobas, gulmodginebas da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi,
iRbalsac saWiroebs.
teqstis dadgenis garda, winaswari kvlevis dros, didi
mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWras, rogoricaa
qronologia, avTenturoba, avtoroba da nawarmoebis xe­
laxali Seswavla. xSir SemTxvevaSi qronologiis dadgena
xdeba wignis satitulo furcelze TariRis gamoqveynebiT
88
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
an publikaciis Tanamedrove dasabuTebiT. magram es wya­
roebi (magaliTad, dedofali elisabedis droindeli pie­
sebi da Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebi) xSirad xelmisawvdomi
ar aris. SesaZloa, elisabedis droindeli piesa daibeWdos
misi pirveli Teatraluri warmodgenidan didi xnis gav­
lis Semdeg; Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri, xSirad warmoad­
gens asls, romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnidan mniSvnelovani
drois gasvlis Semdeg Seiqmna. maSasadame, garegani faqtebi
Ca­nacvlebul unda iqnes Tavad teqstidan aRebuli iseTi
faqtebiT, rogoricaa miniSneba Tanamedrove movlenebze da
sxva iseTi wyaroebi, romelTa daTariRebac SesaZlebelia.
Ees Sinagani faqtebi, romlebic gareSe movlenaze miuTiTebs,
mxolod im amosaval TariRze mianiSnebs, romlis Semdgo­mac
daiwera wignis es nawili.
aviRoT, magaliTad, Sinagani `mtkicebuleba~, ro­
melic SeiZleba metruli statistikis Seswavlis Sede­
gad gamoCn­­des saimisod, rom dadgindes Seqspiris pie­se­­
bis Tanamimdevro­ba. Aamgvari mtkicebulebiT mxolod far­­
dobiTi qronolo­giis dadgena SeiZleba.23 Tumca SeiZ­­leba
davuSvaT, rom Seqspiris piesebSi riTmebis raodenoba
mcirdeba ‘‘Love’s Labour Lost’’-idan (sadac maTi raodenoba
yvelaze metia) ‘‘The Winter’s Tale’’-mde (sadac riTmebi saer­
Tod ar aris), magram dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, rom The Winter’s Tale maincadamainc `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) (sadac sul
ori riTmaa) Semdeg daiwera. radganac iseTi kriteriumebi,
rogorebicaa riTmebis raodenoba, mded­robiTi daboloe­
bebi da a. S. yovelTvis erTsa da ima­ve Sedegebs ar iZleva,
amitom rTulia dadgindes myari da calsaxa mimarTeba qro­
nologiasa da metrul cxrilebs So­ris. sxva tipis mtkice­
bulebisagan gansxvavebiT, es cxri­lebi sxvagvarad SeiZleba
iyos ganmartebuli. meTvramete saukunis kritikosi jeims
hardisi (James Hurdis), 24 magaliTad, miiCnevda, rom Seq­
spirma ‘‘The Winter’s Tale’’-is arasimetriuli leqsidan “the
Comedy of Errors”-is simetriul leqsze gadainacvla. miuxe­
davad amisa, yvela am tipis mtkicebulebis (garegani, Sidagaregani da Sida) frTxili kombinaciis Sedegad miviReT
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literaturis Teoria
Seqspiris piesebis met-naklebad argumentirebuli qrono­
logia. statistikuri me­Todebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
ZiriTadad ikvleven imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba teqst­
Si esa Tu is sityva, luis kempbelma (Lewis Campbell) da, gansa­
kuTrebiT, vinsenti lutoslavskim (Wincenty Lutoslawski) (igi
sakuTar meTods `stilometrias~ uwodebs) gamoiyenes pla­
tonis dialogebis miaxloebiTi qronologiis dasadgenad.25
Tu dauTariRebeli xelnawerebi unda ganvixiloT,
SesaZloa ufro met, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi gadauWrel
qronologiur sirTuleebs wavawydeT. SeiZleba avtoris
xelweris ganviTarebis Seswavla mogvixdes. zogjer au­
cilebeli xdeba markebisa da werilebis Seswavlac, agreTve
- kalendarze dakvirveba imisaTvis, rom dadgindes avtoris
moZraobis marSruti, rac nawarmoebTa zusti da­TariRebisas
mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba. qronologiuri sakiTxebi
xSirad Zalze mniSvnelovania literaturis istorikosi­
saTvis: sanam es sakiTxebi ar gadaiWreba, is­torikosi ver
moaxerxebs, daadginos Seqspiris an Coseris mxatvruli gan­
viTarebis gza. mecxramete saukunis bolos malouni (Malone)
da tirviti (Tyrwhitt) pionerebi iyvnen, magram mas Semdeg de­
talebTan dakavSirebuli dava ar Sewyvetila.
avTenturobisa da atribuciis sakiTxebi SesaZloa
ufro mniSvnelovanic ki iyos da maT gadasaWrelad saWiro
gaxdes rTuli stilisturi da istoriuli kvlevebis war­
moeba.26 Cven zustad gvaqvs dadgenili zogierTi nawarmoe­
bis avtorobis sakiTxi Tanamedrove literaturaSi. Tumca,
arsebobs agreTve didi raodenobiT fsevdonimuri da anoni­
muri literatura, romelTa avtorebis gamxela zogjer
mainc xdeba xolme, maSinac ki, Tu es saidumlo sxva arafe­
ria, Tu ar mxolod arafrismTqmeli saxeli.
xSirad warmoiWreba avtoris nawarmoebTa avTen­tu­
robis sakiTxi meTvramete saukuneSi aRmoCnda, rom di­di
nawili imisa, rac Coseris nawarmoebebis beWdur gamocemeb­
Si iyo CarTuli (rogoricaa, mag., The Testament of Creseid da The
Flower and the Leaf), SeuZlebelia, namdvilad Coseris nawar­
moebebi iyos. dResac ki Seqspiris nawarmoebebis avTen­
90
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
turobis sakiTxi jer kidev gadauWreli rCeba. rogorc
Cans, isari meore ukiduresobisaken gadaixara im droidan
moyolebuli, rodesac avgust vilhelm Slegelma (August
Wilhelm Schlegel) Tavdajerebulad ganacxada, rom yvela
apokrifi namdvilad Seqspiris nawarmoebs warmoadgens.27
bolo dros j. m. robertsoni (J. M. Robertson) TavgamodebiT
uWerda mxars `Seqspiris dezintegracias~, anu im Tvalsaz­
riss, romlis Sedegadac Seqspirs lamisaa yvelaze popu­
laruli piesebis avtorobac ki CamoarTves. am Sexedulebis
mixedviT, `iulius keisari~(Julius Caesar) da `venecieli vaWar­
ic~ ki (The Merchant of Venice) TiTqosda mxolod marlos, gri­
nis (Greene), pilis (Peele), kidis (Kyd) da am epoqis sxva ramde­
nime dramaturgis nawarmoebTa pasaJebis Sekowiwebis Sede­
gad Seiqmna.28 robertsonis meTodi, Zi­riTadad, arsebuli
Seusabamobebisa da literaturuli paralelebis aRmoCenas
cdilobs. es meTodi metad bun­dovani da subieqturia. is
mcdar Tvalsazriss efuZneba da mankieri wreSi ketavs mkvl­
evars: Tanamedrove kvlevebis meoxebiT, Cven viciT, romelia
Seqspiris nawarmoebebi (is, rac folioSi da im droindeli
saavtoro uflebebis damcveli organizaciis CanawerebSia
moxseniebuli); mag­ram robertsoni, TviTneburi esTetikuri
msjelobis sa­fuZvelze, mxolod maRalfardovani stiliT
dawerili zogierTi pasaJis avtorobas miawers Seqspirs da
amtki­cebs, rom Seqspiri mxolod am maRali standartiT wer­
da da, amdenad, mas ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ufro dabali
donis nawarmoebebi an iseTi piesebi, romelic enaTesaveba
Seqspiris Tanamedrove dramaturgTa nawarmoebebs. Tumca,
safuZveli ar gvaqvs, vamtkicoT, TiTqos Seqspirs ar SeeZ­
lo daewera susti an naklebad Rrma nawarmoebi, an sakuTari
TanamedroveebisaTvis miebaZa da sxvadasxva stilis aRreva
moexdina. meore mxriv, sarwmuno araa Zveli Tvalsazrisic,
TiTqos folioSi yoveli sityva Seqspirs ekuTvnis.
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT rTulia saboloo pa­suxis
migneba, radgan dedofali elisabedis droindeli drama
mniSvnelovanwilad koleqtiuri xelovneba iyo da mWidro
TanamSromloba gavrcelebuli praqtika gaxl­daT. xSirad
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literaturis Teoria
metad rTuli iyo stilis mixedviT erTi avtoris meorisagan
garCeva. SeiZleba Tavad avtorebsac gaZnelebodaT nawar­
moebSi sakuTari wvlilis odenobis zus­tad gansazRvra.29 Ta­
naavtorobis Seswavla literatu­ris mkvlevrisTvis zogjer
Zalze Znelia. bomontisa da fletCeris SemTxvevebSic,
rodesac zustad viciT, rom saqme gvaqvs nawarmoebTan, ro­
melic fletCerma bomontis sikvdilis Semdeg dawera, maTi
individualuri wvlilis sakiTxi jer kidev azrTa sxvadasx­
vaobas iwvevs. saqme kidev ufro garTulebulia The Revenger’s
Tragedy-is SemTxvevaSi, romelic xan vebsters (Webster) mia­
werdnen, xan turners (Tourneur), xan midltonsa (Middleton) da
xan marstons (Marston). 30
msgavsi sirTuleebi wamoiWreba maSin, roca vcdi­lobT
davamtkicoT avtorobis sakiTxi iq, sadac gareSe monace­
mebis uqonlobis pirobebSi gansazRvruli tra­diciuli
manera da erTferovani stili ganuzomlad arTu­lebs
nawarmoebTa erTmaneTisagan gamijnvis process. amisi mag­
aliTebi uamravia trubadurebTan an meTvramete saukunis
pamfletistebTan (Znelia damtkicdes defos nawarmoebTa
avTenturobis sakiTxi)31, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT periodu­
li gamocemebis anonim avtorebze, Tumca, xSir SemTxveva­
Si, SesaZloa, am mxriv garkveul warmatebeb­sac mivaRwioT.
gamomcemlobebis Canawerebis an periodu­li gamocemebis
damuSavebuli aslebis Seswavlam SeiZleba gamoaaSkaravos
axali gareSe faqtebi; amas garda, Tu saguldagulod Se­
viswavliT imas, rogoraa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ama
Tu im avtoris statiebi (iseTi avtorebi, rogoricaa, mag­
aliTad, goldsmiti, xSirad axdenen sa­kuTari Tavis citire­
bas), SesaZloa friad Rirebuli daskvnebi gavakeToT.32 g.
adni uilma (G. Udny Yule), romelic statistikosi gaxldaT,
metad rTuli maTematikuri me­Todebi gamoiyena iseTi mwer­
lebis sityvaTa maragis Se­saswavlad, rogoricaa YToma kem­
pieli (Thomas a Kempis). mas surda daedgina, rom ramdenime
xelnaweri erTi da imave avtoris mier iyo Sesrulebuli.33
stilisturi meTodebis Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebis Sem­
TxvevaSi SesaZlebelia iseTi faqtebis moZieba, romlebic,
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
miuxedavad garkveuli naklovanebisa, gazrdis identifika­
ciis albaTobas.
literaturis istoriaSi avTenturobis da gayalbebis
sakiTxma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula da mniSvnelovnad
ganapiroba Semdgomi kvlevebis warmoeba.A amdenad, makfer­
sonis (Macpherson) `osianTan~ dakavSirebulma azrTa sxva­
dasxvaobam xeli Seuwyo Sotlandiuri xalxuri poeziis Ses­
wavlas, CetertonTan (Chatterton) dakavSirebulma azr­Ta sx­
vadasxvaobam gamoiwvia Sua saukuneebis inglisis istoriisa
da literaturis ufro siRrmiseuli Seswavla, Seqspiris
piesebisa da dokumentebis gayalbebas ki mohyva diskusiebi
Seqspirze da elisabedis droindeli Teatris istoriaze.34
Cetertonis, Tomas uartonis (Thomas Warton), Tomas tirvi­
tis da Eedmund malounis nawarmoebTa ganxil­vam wina planze
wamowia istoriuli da literaturuli argumentebi imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom roulis (Rowley) leqsebi mxolod da
mxolod Tanamedrove TaRliTobaa. ori Taobis Semdeg u. u.
skitma (W. W. Skeat sistematurad Seiswavla Sua periodis in­
glisuri gramatika da yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom dar­
Rveuli iyo elementaruli gramatikuli tradiciebi, rac
misi azriT, swored ga­yalbebis maniSnebeli unda yofiliyo.
edmund malounma mkacrad gaakritika axalgazrda irland­
ieli avtorebis uxeiro mcdeloba, sxvaTaTvis miebaZaT,
Tumca, isinic ki, Cetertonisa da osianis msgavsad, im pirTa
(magaliTad, cnobili mecnieris, Calmersis (Chalmers), mniS­
vnelovani mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen, romlebsac myari
reputacia hqondaT Seqspiris kvlevis istoriaSi.
rodesac gaCnda gayalbebis saSiSroeba, mkvlevrebi
iZulebuli gaxdnen, daezustebinaT tradiciuli daTa­
riRebisa da ama Tu im avtorisTvis mikuTvnebis argumen­
tebi, ramac nayofieri polemika gamoiwvia: sagulisxmoa,
magaliTad, hrosvitas SemTxveva: meaTe saukunis germaneli
monazvnis nawarmoebebi, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, meTxuTmete
saukunis germanelma humanistma, konrad celtesma (Conrad
Celtes) gaayalba, rusul `Слово о полку Игореве~-s tradici­
ulad meTormete saukuniT aTariRebdnen, magram, rogorc
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aR­moCnda, nawarmoebi meTvramete saukunis damlevs iqna
gayalbebuli.35 CexeTSi ori (savaraudod Sua saukuneebis
droindeli) xelnaweris _ “Zelená hora” da “Kralove dvur”_ gay­
albebis sakiTxi mwvave politikuri debatebis sakiTxi iyo
1880-ian wlebamde; da tomaS masarikma (Thomas Masaryk), ro­
melic mogvianebiT Cexoslovakiis prezidenti gaxda, far­
To popularoba nawilobriv im dapirispirebebisa da davis
dros moipova, romelic lingvisturi sakiTxebiT da­iwyo da
imdenad gafarTovda, rom erTmaneTs daupirispi­ra mecni­
eruli sizuste da romantikuli TviTmotyueba.36
zogjer avTenturobisa da avtorobis sakiTxSi Car­
Tulia `mtkicebulebis~ rTuli problemebi, romlebic iseT
gansxvavebul sferoebs SeiZleba moicavdes, rogorebicaa
paleografia, bibliografia, lingvistika da istoria. zo­
gierT bolodroindel aRmoCenebs Soris aRsaniSnavia bib­
liofil t. j. uaizis (T. J. Wise) saqme mecxramete saukunis
86 pamfletis gayalbebasTan dakavSirebiT: karterisa da
polardis37 mier Catarebuli deteqtiuri kvlevebi iseT
aspeqtebs Seexo, rogoricaa wylis niSnebi, melnis xarisxi,
calkeuli asoebis moxazuloba SriftebSi da a.S. (Tumca,
es sakiTxebi mxolod mcired aris dakavSirebuli pirdapir
literaturasTan).
ar unda dagvaviwydes is, rom maSinac ki, rodesac avto­
ris nawarmoebis TariRis Secvla xdeba, kritikuli ganxilva
Tavis aqtualurobas ar kargavs. Cetertonis leq­sebs arc
araferi akldeba da arc emateba imiT, rom isini meTvramete
saukuneSi daiwera. am garemoebas xSirad ar iTvaliswine­
ben aRSfoTebuli literaturaTmcodne­ebi, romlebic
uaryofiTad ganewyobian xolme nawarmoe­bis mimarT, Tuki
damtkicdeba, rom misi warmoSobac uf­ro gviandel periods
ukavSirdeba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom morizis (Morize), rudleris (Rudler)
da sandersis (Sanders)38 meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebi praq­
tikulad mxolod am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs exe­ba. amas
garda, es is meTodebia, romelTac aswavlian ame­rikis SeerTe­
94
faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba
buli Statebis kolejebSi. miuxedavad maTi mniSvne­lobisa,
unda vaRiaroT, rom kvlevis es tipebi mxo­lod analizis, in­
terpretaciisa da literaturis mizezobrivi axsnis sawyis
etaps warmoadgens. imas, Tu ramdenad ga­marTlebuli iqneba
amgvari kvlevebi, Sedegebi gviCvenebs.
95
96
nawili mesame
literaturis Seswavlis garegani
meTodi
97
98
Sesavali
*
literaturaTmcodneobis yvelaze ufro gavrce­
lebuli da warmatebuli meTodebi mTavar yuradRebas
amaxvilebs imaze, Tu sad da rodis xdeba moqmedeba, ra
garemoSi da viTarebaSi daiwera nawarmoebi, anu imaze, ra­
sac SeiZleba garegani mizezebi vuwodoT. garegani meTo­
debi marto warsulis SeswavliT ar Semoifargleba. maT Ta­
namedrove li­teraturis Sesaswavladac iyeneben. ase rom,
sworad mo­viqceviT, Tu termins `istoriuli” gamoviyenebT
literaturis imgvari Seswavlis mimarT, romelic, pirvel
yovlisa, ganixilavs literaturis cvlilebas droSi, anu,
ZiriTadad, Seiswavlis istoriul ganviTarebas. kvlevis
,,ga­reganma“ meTodma SeiZleba miznad daisaxos literatu­
ris interpretacia mxolod misive socialuri konteqstisa
da misive warsulis TvalsazrisiT, magram umetes SemTx­
vevaSi is mimarTavs kauzalur (mizezobriv) ganmartebebs,
cdi­lobs naTeli mohfinos yvela literaturul sakiTxs,
axsnas isini da, sabolood, daiyvanos literatura mis
pirvelwyaroebamde (`genetikuri cdomileba~). aravin uar­
yofs im faqts, rom literaturis Seswavlas exmareba imis
codna, Tu ra viTarebaSi Seiqmna esa Tu is mxatvruli teqs­
ti. udavoa, rom literaturis amgvar Seswavlas bevri ramis
axsna SeuZlia. da mainc, isic aSkaraa, rom Tu mxatvruli
nawarmoebis Seswavlas mxolod kauzaluri kuT­xiT mivudge­
biT, verasodes SevZlebT nawarmoebis ana­lizis, aRwerisa da
Sefasebis sakiTxTa gadaWras. mizezi da Sedegi araTanazo­
mieria, maT erTnairi sazomebiT ver ganvixilavT, radgan am
garegani mizezebis konkretuli Sedegi _ Cvens SemTxvevaSi
xelovnebis nimuSi _ yovel­Tvis araprognozirebadia.
istoria, garegani faqtorebi, ra Tqma unda, moqme­debs
xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnaze. es sadavo ar aris. magram namdvi­
li Tavsatexi maSin iwyeba, roca nawarmoebis ganmsazRvreli
99
literaturis Teoria
damoukidebeli faqtorebis Sefasebas, Sedarebasa da gamo­
yofas vaxdenT. mkvlevarTa umetesoba cdilobs calke ga­
nixilos SemoqmedTa sulieri moR­vaweoba da mxolod mas mia­
weros gadamwyveti gavlena literaturis nimuSze. amdenad,
mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi Tvlis, rom literatura ZiriTa­
dad individualuri Semoqmedis naRvawia da, aqedan gamomdi­
nare, askvnis, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda SeviswavloT
avtoris biografiisa da fsiqologiis safuZvelze. meore
jgufi literaturuli Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvrel faq­
torebs adamianis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi—ekonomikur,
so­cialur da politikur garemoebebSi _ eZiebs. arian ise­
Ti mkvlevrebic, romlebic cdiloben literaturis mize­
zobriv axsnas adgili gamouZebnon imgvar koleqtiur moR­
vaweobaSi, rogoricaa ideaTa, Teologiis an xelovnebis
sxva dargTa istoriebi. bolos, CvenTvis sainteresoa kidev
er­­Ti jgufi, romelic literaturis interpretacias ax­­dens
Zeitgeist–s (germ. epoqis suli) enaze, anu Seiswavlis ama Tu
im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebel suliskveTebas, mocemu­li
periodis azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garkveul in­
teleqtualur atmosferos, `klimats~, erTgvar erTian Za­
las, romliTac literatura didad gamoirCeva xelovne­bis
sxva dargTa damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisgan.
garegan meTodTa momxreebi metnaklebad gansxv­av­
debian erTmaneTisagan imiT, Tu ramdenad zedmi­wevniT da
mkacrad iyeneben literaturis kvlevisas ka­u­za­lur de­­ter­
ministul meTodebs da imiTac, Tu ramdenad dama­je­reblad
gvarwmuneben TavianTi konkretuli meTodis warmatebu­
lobaSi. maTgan yvelaze deterministulad isini arian gan­
wyobilni, visac sjera, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis axs­na
da Seswavla socialur mizezTa Seswavlis safuZvelze unda
moxdes. amgvari radikalizmi imiT SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom
isini TavianTi filosofiuri mrwamsiT Tavs me-19 s-is pozi­
tivizmisa da mecnierebis mimdevrebad moiazreben; Tum­
ca arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom Geistesgeschichte-s (germ.
humanitaruli sferos istoria) idealisti mxardamWerebi,
romlebic TavianTi filosofiuri SexedulebebiT axlos
100
Sesavali
arian hegelianizmTan Tu romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
azrovnebis sxva formebTan, aseve gvevelinebian ukidures
deterministebad da fatalistebadac ki.
im mkvlevarTa Soris, vinc zemoT naxseneb me­To­debs
iyenebs, iseTebic mravlad arian, romelnic uf­ro mokrZa­
lebul ganacxads sjerdebian. maT isic daak­mayofilebT,
mxolod garkveul kavSirs Tu gamonaxaven mxatvrul nawar­
moebsa da misi Seqmnis gare viTarebasa Tu wina pirobas So­
ris. isini imasac daeTanxmebian, rom aseT kvlevas SeuZlia
garkveuli sinaTle mohfinos kvle­­vis sagans, Tumca isic
SesaZlebelia, rom am urTi­erTdamokidebulebaTa kvlevam
ise gaitacos isini, rom nawarmoebTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani
da arsebiTi ni­Sani SeumCneveli darCeT. es SedarebiT TavSe­
kavebuli mec­nierebi ufro gonivrulad iqcevian, radgan
mxatvruli teqs­tis mizezobrivi interpretaciis roli,
cota ar iyos, gaz­via­debulia literaturaTmcodneobaSi.
isic aSkaraa, rom am meTodiT ver gadaiWreba nawarmoebis
analizisa da Sefa­se­bis problemebi. yvela im gansxvave­
bul meTodTa Soris, romle­bic literaturuli kvlevisas
mizezTa Seswavlas aniWeben prioritets, albaT, upirate­
soba ekuTvnis im meTods, ro­melic mxatvrul nawarmoebs
ikvlevs imdroindeli yofisa da garemos farTomasStabiani
Seswavlis safuZvelze. sxva­gvarad, aSkarad SeuZlebelia
lite­raturuli kvlevis dayvana mxolod erTi, romelime
calkeuli mizeziT gamo­wveuli Sedegis kvlevaze. Cven mx­
ars ar vizia­rebT ger­manuli Geistesgeschichte-s konkretul
koncefciebs, magram vaRiarebT, rom teqstis imgvari inter­
pretacia, romelic gulisxmobs mxatvruli teqstis Seqm­
nis yvela mizezis kvlevas, daculia kritikisgan, romelsac
imsaxurebs danarCeni meTodebi. Semdeg TavebSi SevecadeT
agvewon-dagvewona am gansxvavebul faqtorTa mniSvneloba
da aseve mTeli rigi meTodebis Sefaseba; aris Tu ara mizan­
Sewonili maTi gamoyeneba iseTi kvlevisaTvis, romelsac
SeiZleba wminda literaturuli an `egocentruli~ ewodos.
101
Tavi meSvide
literatura da biografia
*
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnis upirvelesi mizezi
TviTon misi Semqmneli avtoria. Aaqedan gamomdinare, li­­
te­raturuli kvlevis uZvelesi da yvelaze kargad dam­
kvidrebuli meTodi swored mwerlis pirovnebisa da mi­si
cxovrebis Seswavlazea dafuZnebuli.
biografia CvenTvis im kuTxiTaa saintereso, Tu ramde­
nad mohfens is naTels mwerlis naRvaws da gag­viadvilebs
mis gagebas. Mbiografiis gareSe nam­dvi­lad gagviWirdeboda,
kvaldakval mivyolodiT gamor­Ceuli, genialuri niWis
mqone pirovnebis moraluri, inte­leqtualuri da emociuri
ganviTarebis gzas.D bolos, biografia SeiZleba iqces damx­
mare masalad poetisa da poeturi SemoqmedebiTi procesis
fsiqologiis Se­­sas­wavlad.
Ees sami Tvalsazrisi kargad unda gavmijnoT erT­
maneTisagan. `literaturuli kvlevis~ Cveneul koncefcias
mxolod pirveli Tezisi upasuxebs. kerZod is, rom biogra­
fia naTels hfens da gviadvilebs mwerlis Semoqmedebis
gagebas. meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, yuradRebis centr­
Si TviT mwerlis pirovneba eqceva. xolo mesame Sexedulebas
Tu davujerebT, maSin gamodis, rom biografia mecnierebis­
Tvis mxolod damxmare masala yofila, Tanac ufro momava­
li mecnierebisaTvis, rogo­ricaa mxatvruli Semoqmede­­bis
fsiqologia.
biografia uZvelesi literaturuli Janria. qro­no­
logiisa da logikis kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, igi, upirveles
yov­lisa, istoriografiis Semadgeneli nawilia. biografiul
kvle­vaSi aranairi meTodologiuri gansxvaveba ar arse­bobs
imisa, Tu vin aris kvlevis obieqti _ saxelmwifo moR­vawe,
generali, arqiteqtori, veqili Tu sazogadoebrivi saqmi­
anobisgan Sors mdgomi adamiani. amis Taobaze sayuradReboa
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kolrijis azri. igi ambobs, rom arafriT gamorCeuli adamia­
nis cxovrebis istoriac ki saintereso gaxdeba mkiTxvelisT­
vis, Tu is kargad da damajereblad iqneba moTxrobili (ix. s.
t. kolrijis werili Tomas pulisadmi; S. T. Coleridge, Letters,
London, 1895).1 biografisTvis poeti rigiTi adamiania, romlis
moraluri Tu inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis gza, sazogadoe­
brivi garemocva Tu emociebi SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes qcevis
garkveuli eTikuri sistemis Tu kodeqsis safuZvelze. misi
Semoqmedeba Sedge­ba nawarmoebebis publikaciebisgan, iseve,
rogorc rome­lime sazogado moRvawis cxovreba Sedgeba sx­
vadasxvagvari movlenebisgan. Tu sakiTxs amgvarad davsvamT,
biografis sa­muSao istorikosisas uTanabrdeba. man unda
Seiswavlos da axsnas dokumentebi, werilebi, TviTmxilvelTa
monaTxrobi, mogonebebi da avtobiografiuli gancxadebebi;
gadawyvi­tos, ramdenad sandoa es wyaroebi, ramdenad Seeef­
ereba isini sinamdviles. TviT biografiis weris procesSi av­
toris winaSe ukve sxva amocana dgas _ rogor ganalagos mov­
lenebi qronologiurad, romeli maTgani imsaxurebs ufro met
yuradRebas an ramdenad gulaxdili Tu TavSekavebuli unda
iyos movlenaTa gadmocemisas. es sakiTxebi ar miekuTvneba
specifikur literaturul problemebs, magram maT gadawyve­
tas mieZRvna mravali naSromi, romlebSic ganixileba bio­
grafia, rogorc erT-erTi literaturuli Janri.2
CvenTvis literaturuli biografiis kvlevis sferoSi
ori sakiTxia gadamwyveti: gamarTlebulia Yara biografis
moqmedeba, rodesac Tavisi debulebebis dasadastureblad
is iyenebs mwerlis nawarmoebebs? gvexmareba Tu ara lite­
raturuli biografiis daskvnebi Tavad nawarmoebis ukeT
gagebaSi? rogorc wesi, orive SekiTxvas dadebiTad upa­
suxeben. swored ase upasuxebs pirvel SekiTxvas TiTqmis
yvela biografi, romelTac gansakuTrebiT poetTa cxovreba
izidavT. poetebi xom maT zRva masalas sTavazoben TavianTi
piradi cxovrebis aRsawerad, rasac ver vityviT SedarebiT
ufro gavlenian mraval istoriul pirovnebaze, romelTa
Sesaxebac mwiri informacia gvaqvs an, saerTod, aranairi sa­
buTi ar mogvepoveba. magram gamarTlebulia ki biograf­Ta
amgvari optimizmi?
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literaturis Teoria
kacobriobis istoriul ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa ori
epoqa da aqedan gamomdinare, problemis gadaWris ori Sesa­
Zlo gza. adreuli literaturis Sesaxeb TiTqmis ar gag­
vaCnia kerZo xasiaTis Canawerebi, romlebiTac bio­grafebi
isargeblebdnen. Cven xelT aris mxolod sa­zogadoebrivi
daniSnulebis dokumentacia, dabadebisa da qorwinebis mow­
mobebi, iuridiuli Canawerebi da msgavsi sabuTebi. da kidev,
ra Tqma unda, TviTon nawarmoebebi. magaliTad, Seqspiris
kvals Tu gavyvebiT, bevrs verafers aRmovaCenT, Tumca,
arsebobs garkveuli informacia misi finansuri mdgomare­
obis Sesa­xeb. amasTan, xelT ar gvaqvs Seqspiris werilebi,
dRiurebi Tu mogonebebi, garda saeWvo warmomavlobis ram­
denime saxu­maro istoriisa. literaturis sasargeblod mx­
olod ramdenime faqti mo­gvepoveba im marTlacda uzarmaz­
ari Sromis Sedegad, ro­melic Seqspiris cxovrebis Seswav­
lisTvis gaweula. is, rac viciT, metwilad misi cxovrebis
qronologiuri faqtebia da, agreTve, misi socialuri sta­
tusi da profesiuli kavSirebis CamonacnobTa wre. aqedan
gamomdi­nare, SegviZlia or jgufad davyoT isini, visac ki
odesme ucdia Seqspiris realisturi biografia daewera,
misi eTikuri da emociuri ganviTarebis gza eCvenebina.
pirvel jgufSi Sevlen isini, vinc saqmes mecnierulad miud­
ga da, kerolain sperjenis (Caroline Spurgeon) msgavsad, poe­tis
mxatvruli saxeebi, saxismetyveleba Seiswavla. am Sromis
Sedegia movlenebis ubralo, arafrismTqmeli CamonaTvali.
meore jgufis mkvlevrebma, romlebic Seqspiris piesebsa da
sonetebSi `Caeflnen~, romantikuli biografiebi SeTxzes.
am jgufs miekuTvnebian georg brandesi da frenk harisi.3
yvela es mcdeloba emyareba mcdar princips (mas
safuZveli Cauyares hezlitma da hegelma, xolo pirvelad
_ sakmaod frTxilad _ is daudenma Camoayaliba). marTe­
buli ar aris, SeTxzuli nawarmoebidan, miT ufro pie­sebidan
raime safuZvliani da myari ganacxadi gavakeToT avtoris
realuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Zalze saeWvoa is aRiarebuli
Sexedulebac, rom TiTqosda Seqspirma gadaitana depresiis
periodi, romlis drosac Seqmna tra­gediebi da tragikome­
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diebi, xolo garkveul simSvides `qa­ri­Sxlis~ weris dros
miaRwia. kategoriulad ver vit­yviT, rom tragediebis Se­
saqmnelad mwerals tragikuli ganwyoba esaWiroeba, an rom
mxolod cxovrebisagan kma­yofili iw­yebs komediebis weras.
ar arsebobs aranairi da­mam­tkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom
garkveul periodSi Seq­spirs sevda dae­ufla4 poets pasuxs
ver movTxovT misi personaJebis azrebisaTvis. unda gavmi­
jnoT Seqspirisa da misi per­so­naJebis, mag. timonisa da mak­
betis Sexedulebe­bi cxov­rebaze; aseve, ver vityviT, rom
Seqspiri eTanxmeba ia­­gos an dol terSitis (,,henri meoTxis”
personaJi, --mTargmne­lis SeniSvna) azrebs. an ra safuZveli
gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom prospero avtoris msgavsad msje­
lobs? mwerlebs ar unda miva­weroT maT mier gamogonili
gmirebis ideebi, grZnobebi, Sexedulebebi, Rirsebebi Tu
mankierebebi. es Tanabrad exe­­ba rogorc dramisa da romanis
personaJebs, aseve _ liriku­li leqsis gmirsac, romelic
lirikuli `me-s~ miRma moiazre­ba. kavSirs pirad cxovrebasa
da Semoqmedebas Soris ver davarqmevT ubralo mizezSede­
gobriv urTierTobas.
Tumca, biografiuli meTodis mxardamWerebi mainc
Seedavebian am Cvens mtkicebulebebs. ityvian, rom bevri
ram Seicvala Seqspiris epoqis Semdeg. uxvad dagrovda bio­
grafiuli masala mravali poetis Sesaxeb. poetebma (mag.,
miltonma, poupma, goeTem, uordsvorTma Tu baironma)
igrZnes pasuxismgebloba STamomavlobis winaSe. maT ar akl­
daT TanamedroveTa yuradReba da TviTonac mravali av­
tobiografiuli Canaweri datoves. biografiuli midgoma
gamartivda, radgan SegviZlia cxovreba da moRvaweoba erT­
maneTs SevadaroT da SevupirispiroT. unda iTqvas, rom Tvi­
Ton poetis mxridanac igrZnoba amgvari midgomis survili
da moTxovna. es, gansakuTrebiT, romantikos poetebs exe­
baT, romlebic ar eridebian sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb weras da
gulis siRrmeSic gvaxedeben, an baironis Tqmisa ar iyos, Ta­
vianT `sisxlmdinare guls mTels evropas Semoatareben“. es
poetebi TavianT Tavze marto kerZo werilebSi, dRiurebsa
da avtobiografiebSi ki ar gviamboben, aramed _ yvelaze
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literaturis Teoria
oficialur da formalur gancxadebebSic. uordsuor­
Tis `preludia~ aris poeturi manifestis saxiT moTxro­
bili avtobiografia. Znelia ar endo da ar daujero amgvar
gancxadebebs, romlebic zog­jer ara Tu SinaarsiT, toniTac
ki ar gansxvavdeba avtor­Ta kerZo mimoweridan. Cvenc meti
ra dagvrCenia, garda imisa, rom poeziis interepretacia
TviTon poetisave TvaliT ganvaxorcieloT. gavixsenoT
goeTes cnobili naTqvami, romelSic is sakuTar Semoqmede­
bas `didi aRsarebis frag­mentebad“ aRiqvams.
arsebobs ori saxis _ obieqturi da subieqturi _
poetebi. pirvel jgufs ekuTvnian, mag., kitsi da T. s. eli­
oti, romlebic xazs usvamen poetis `TviTuaryofas~,
e.i. mis Riaobas samyarosadmi da sakuTari individualo­
bis ugu­lebelyofas. meore tipis poeti, piriqiT, Tavisi
pirov­nebis gamomzeurebas cdilobs, avtoportretis Seq­
mna swadia da amgvarad cdilobs gamoxatos sakuTari Tavi
da guli gadagviSalos5 literaturis istoriaSi didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi gvxvdeboda mxolod pirveli saxis poe­
tebi. maT nawarmoebebSi TiTqmis miCqmalulia subieqturi
azri, miu­xedavad imisa, rom esTetikurad maT nawerebs
SeiZleba udidesi Rirebuleba hqondeT. magaliTisTvis
SeiZleba movi­yvanoT italiuri novela, saraindo romanebi,
aRorZinebis epoqis sonetebi, elisabedis xanis drama, natu­
ralisturi romanebi, TiTqmis mTeli xalxuri poezia.
magram subieqturi poetis SemTxvevaSic ki gansxvave­
ba avtobiografiuli bunebis pirad ganacxadsa da igive mo­
tivis xelovnebis nimuSSi gamoyenebas Soris ar unda da ar
SeiZ­leba waiSalos. xelovnebis nimuSi mTlianobas warmoad­
gens sul sxva doneze, sul sxva kavSirSi realobasTan, vid­
re memuarebis wigni, dRiuri an werili. mxolod biografi­
uli meTodebis damaxinjebiT SeiZleba avtoris cxovrebis
yvelaze intimuri da xSirad SemTxveviTi dokumentebi gax­
des mTavari Seswavlis sagani, maSin, roca namdvili poe­mebi
ganxiluli iqneboda dokumentebad da ganlagebuli iqne­
boda poemebis kritikuli Sefasebisgan gamoyofili an sru­
liad sapirispiro skaliT. amgvarad, brande „makbet“-s miiC­
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nevs uinteresod, radgan is yvelaze naklebad ukav­Sirdeba
Seqspiris pirovnebis Sesaxeb mis warmodgenas; am­gvarad,
kingsmili ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams arnoldis Sohrab and
Rustam-Tan dakavSirebiT.6
maSinac ki, roca xelovnebis nimuSi moicavs aSkara
bio­grafiul elementebs, isini namuSevarSi iseTi saxiT iq­
neba Secvlili, rom dakargavs specifikur pirad mniSvne­
lobas da iqceva ubralod adamianur masalad, namuSevris
ganuy­­rel nawilad. ramon fernandesi amas damajereblad
asabuTebs stendalTad kavSirSi. meierma aCvena ramdenad
gansxvav­deba aSkarad avtobiografiuli „preludia“ vords­
vorTis realuri cxovrebisgan im procesis dros, romelsac
poema aRwers.7
Sexeduleba, rom xelovneba wminda TviTgamoxatvaa,
piradi grZnobebis da gamocdilebis asli, aSkarad mcdaria.
Tundac axlo kavSiri iyos xelovnebis nimuSsa da avtoris
cxovrebas Soris, es ar unda niSnavdes, rom xelovnebis ni­
muSi ubralod cxovrebis aslia. biografiul midgomas avi­
wydeba, rom xelovnebis nimuSi ubralod gamocdilebis gan­
sxeuleba ar aris. is yvelaze boloa namuSevarTa seriaSi;
es aris dra­ma, romani, poema gansazRvruli literaturu­
li tradiciebiTa da CveulebebiT. sinamdvileSi biblio­
grafiuli midgoma bundovans xdis literaturuli proce­
sis saTanado gagebas. is arRvevs literaturuli tradi­
ciis wesrigs, raTa Caanacvlos pirovnebis sasicocxlo
cikli. bibliografiuli midgoma, aseve, ignorirebas uke­
Tebs martiv fsiqologiur faqtebs. xelovnebis nimuSi an­
sxeulebs ufro avtoris „ocnebas“, vidre misi cxovrebis
stils, an warmoadgens „niRabs“, „anti-me“-s, romlis ukanac
misi namdvili pirovneba imaleba, an im cxovrebis suraTia,
romelsac unda gaeqces. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
xelovans SeuZlia cxovreba „ganicados“ sxvadasxva saxiT
misi xelovnebidan gamomdinare: realuri gamocdilebebi
da­naxulia maTi literaturisadmi gamosadegobis mxridan.8
unda davaskvnaT, rom bibliografiuli interpreta­
cia da xelovnebis nimuSebis gamoyeneba saWiroebs yuradRe­
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biT Seswavlas TiToeulASemTxvevaSi, radgan xelovnebis
nimuSi ar warmoadgens biografiul dokuments. Cven eWvis
qveS unda davayenoT gledis i. ueldis „trahernis cxovre­
ba“, romelic misi poemis ganacxadebs biografiul simar­
Tled aRiqvams, an bronteebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb mravali
wigni, romlebSic pirdapir gadmotanilia nawyvetebi „jein
eari“-dan an „vileti“-dan. arsebobs, aseve, virjinia muris
„emili brontes sicocxle da mowadinebuli sikvdili“, ro­
melic Tvlis, rom emilim hitklifis vnebebi ganicada; sx­
vebi asabuTeben, rom qals ar SeeZlo daewera „qariSxliani
uRelte­xili“ da rom namdvili avtori Zma, patriki unda
yofiliyo.9 am tipis arguments moyva Semdegi mosazrebebi:
Seqspiri albaT ita­liaSi iyo namyofi, albaT advokati iyo,
jariskaci, maswavlebeli, fermeri. am yvelafers elen te­rim
gamanadgurebeli pasuxi gasca da ganacxada, rom igive kri­
teriumiT Seqspiri qali unda yofiliyo.
Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom maSinac ki, roca Seswavlis
sagani subieqturi poetis Semoqmedebaa, aucileblad unda
gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan avtobiografiuli xasiaTis ker­
Zo ganacxadi da zustad igive motivis gamoyeneba mxatv­rul
nawarmoebSi. mxatvruli nawarmoebi sul sxva mimarTeba­
Sia realobasTan da sul sxvagvar mxatvrul mTlianobas
qmnis, mogonebaTa wignis, dRiurisa Tu werilisagan `mil­
tonuri~ an `kitsianuri~ magram es niSan-Tvisebebi gani­
sazRvreba mxolod da mxolod maT nawarmoebebze da ara
biografiul faqtebze dayrdnobiT. Cven viciT, ras niSnavs
`virgiliusianuri~ an `Seqspiruli~, miuxedavad imisa, rom
am ori udidesi poetis Sesaxeb, faqtobrivad, sarwmuno bio­
grafiuli cnobebi ar mogvepoveba.
da mainc, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, poetis cxovre­
basa da mis qmnilebaTa Soris mainc arsebobs SemakavSirebe­
li xazebi, paralelizmebi, faruli msgavsebebi Tu mrude
sarkeebi. poetis Semoqmedeba SeiZleba hgavdes erTgvar ni­
Rabs, dramatul pirobiTobaze agebul warmodgenas, magram
ar unda gamogvrCes, rom Zalian xSirad es swored misi saku­
Tari gamocdilebisa da saerTod cxovrebis gan­­­zogadebaa. Tu
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amgvarad ganvixilavT movlenebs, ma­Sin mwerlis Semoqmedebis
Seswavlas garkveuli azri eZ­leva. pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma
unda, amas ganmartebiTi Ri­rebuleba aqvs: biografiis dax­
marebiT SeiZleba uamravi aluzia da sityva gasagebi gaxdes
CvenTvis. biografiuli midgoma gviadvilebs literaturis
istoriis anu avtoris SesaZleblobebis zrdis, momwifebis
da aseve savaraudo dak­­ninebis Seswavlas. biografia liter­
aturul kvlevas sa­Wiro masaliTac uzrunvelyofs, romlis
safuZvelze pasu­xi gaecema Semdeg sakiTxebs: ras kiTxulob­
da, ramdenad nakiTxi iyo poeti, ramdenad icnobda Tavisi
drois sxva mwerlebsa Tu literatorebs, sad umogzauria, ra
adgilebi unaxavs da sad ucxovria. pasuxebi am kiTxvebze Sei­
Zleba Zalze sasargeb­lo iyos literaturis istoriisTvis,
mag., imis dasadgenad, Tu romel literaturul mimdinareo­
bas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT esa Tu is mwerali, ram moaxdina
zegavlena misi, rogorc Semoqmedis Camoyalibebaze, ra saxis
masaliT sargeblobda an ra warmoadgenda misi Semoqmedebis
wyaros.
rogorc vnaxeT, zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis ga­
dasaWrelad biografiis Seswavlas SeiZleba marTlac mniS­
vneloba hqondes. da mainc, rac unda didi iyos es mniSv­
neloba, ar unda mivaweroT mas is roli, romelic kritikul
gansjas akisria. kvlevis procesSi, xSirad, uad­­gilod gam­
oyenebuli `gulwrfelobis~ kriteriumi Ta­vidan bolomde
mcdaria, Tu is cdilobs nawarmoebebi ganixilos biografi­
is utyuarobis niSniT, an sarwmu nod miiCnios yvela arse­
buli sabuTi Tu mogoneba avtoris gan­cdebisa Tu grZno­
bebis Sesaxeb. amgvar `gulwrfelobasa~ da nawarmoebis mxat­
vrul faseulobas Soris aranairi kav­Siri ar arsebobs. amis
kargi sabuTia mozardebis mier TiT­qos erTi amosunTqviT
dawerili sasiyvarulo poezia da aseve uRimRamo (Tundac
mgznebared gancdili) religiuri poezia, romliTac savsea
biblioTekebi. baironis leqsi `gemSvidobebi~-s (Fare Thee Well…)
Rirsebas arc arafers ma­tebs da arc aklebs is, rom masSi
asaxulia poetis realuri urTierToba colTan. verc pol
elmer mors (Paul Elmer More) daveTanxmebiT, TiTqos `sam­
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wuxaro~ iyos is faqti, rom poe­tis xelnawers ar etyoba im
cremlTa kvali, romlebic (Tu Tomas muris `Canawerebs~
vendobiT) zed unda dascemoda.10 mTavaria, rom arsebobs
leqsi. cremlebi _ Tundac marTla daRvrili _ gamqralia.
gamqralia poetis gancdebic. maT veRar gavacocxlebT da es
arc aris saWiro.
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Tavi merve
literatura da fsiqologia
*
rodesac `literaturis fsiqologiaze~ viwyebT saubars,
mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba gvqondes Semdegi: mwer­­lis, rogorc
fsiqologiuri tipisa da individis analizi; SemoqmedebiTi
procesis Seswavla; nawarmoebSi warmodgenili fsiqologi­
uri tipebisa da kanonzomierebis ganxilva, da bolos, lit­
eraturis zegavlena mkiTxvelze (mkiTxvelTa fsiqologia).
am ukanasknels ganvixilavT naSromis momdevno TavSi `lit­
eratura da sazogadoeba~. pirveli sami sakiTxis Sesaxeb ki
aqve vimsjelebT. ama­Tg
­ an literaturaTmcodneobasTan
yve­laze axlos mesame moiazreba, pirveli ori ki xelovnebis
fsiqologiis gan­Stoebas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom
maTi roli, rogorc pedagogiuri meTodebisa, SeiZleba lite­
ra­tu­raTmcodneobisaTvis zogjer metad momgebianic iyos,
mainc erTxel da samudamod uari unda vTqvaT literaturuli
na­warmoebebis Sefasebaze maTi warmoSobisa da Seqmnis Tval­
sazrisiT (vgulisxmobT genetikur cdomilebas _ ‘‘genetic
fallacy’’).
genialur mweralTa niWierebis arsi yovelTvis iwvevda
interess. jer kidev Zveli berZnebi mas erTgvar `SeSlilo­
bas~ uwodebdnen (iqidan moyolebuli, es Sefaseba meryeobs
nevrozsa da fsiqozs Soris). poeti `Sepyrobili~ arsebaa: is
sxvebs ar hgavs, igi erTdroulad aRemateba kidec maT da maT­
ze naklebic aris; misi aracnobieri aRiqmeba, rogorc udab­
lesi da, imavdroulad, umaRlesi donis cnobiereba.
meore _ odindeli da myari _ Sexedulebis Tanax­
mad, poets `niWi~ raime naklisa Tu xinjis dasafaravad
eZleva. mag. `odiseas~ mixedviT, muzam marTalia demo­
dokoss Tva­lisCini waarTva, magram, samagierod, `simRe­
ris di­debuli niWi uboZa~; dabrmavebulma tiresiasmac wi­
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naswarmetyvelebis unari SeiZina. magram, nakli da RvTiv bo­
Zebuli niWi yovelTvis aseT mimarTebaSi ar aris; sne­uleba
Tu xinji SeiZleba fsiqologiuri an socialuri bunebisa
iyos da ara fizikuri. poupi (Pope) kuziani da ju­ja kaci iyo;
baironi (Byron) _ koWli; naxevrad ebraeli prusti (Proust)
astmuri nevroziT itanjeboda. kitsi Zalze dabali yofila,
tomas vulfi (Thomas Wolfe) ki, piriqiT _ metad maRali. am
Teoriis nakli misive TvalSisacemi simartivea. anu, `roca
uremi gadabrundeba~, maSin Zalian advilia avxsnaT nebi­
smieri warmateba misive gamawonasworebeli motivaciiT,
radgan yvela adamians aqvs susti wertili, rac xelovanisT­
vis, saboloo angariSiT SeiZleba stimulad da biZgad
iqces. rasakvirvelia, saeWvoa is farTod gavrcelebuli
Sexedulebac, romlis Tanaxmad, nevrozi da misi erTgvari
`kompensacia~ xelovanT ganasxvavebs mec­nierTagan da sxva
`mWvretelTagan~. gansxvaveba is aris, rom mwerlebi TavianT
problemebze xSirad weren da sakuTar sneulebas TavianTi
nawerebis Temad aqceven xolme.1
mTavari kiTxva ki Semdegia: Tu mwerals nevrozi tanjavs,
es sneuleba misi Semoqmedebis Temad iqceva Tu mxolod misi
Semoqmedebis mizezad? Tu is mizezia, maSin mwerali ar unda
gamovarCioT sxva mWvretelTagan. axla aseTi kiTxva davsvaT:
Tu mwerlis nevrozi namdvilad ganapirobebs nawarmoebTa
Temebis SerCevas (amis udavo magaliTia kafka), maSin rogor
xdeba, rom misi Semoqmedeba mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebia? mwe­
rals imaze metis gakeTeba evaleba, vidre, ubralod, uCveu­lo
ambis Caweraa. is am problemas an arqetipuli modelis kuTxiT
unda udgebodes (rogorc amas akeTebs, mag., dostoevski ro­
manSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~) an unda irCevdes Cvens droSi far­
Tod gavrcelebul `nevrozuli pirovnebis~ sqemas.
froidis (Freud) Sexeduleba mweralis Sesaxeb mTlad
erTgvarovani ar aris. mravali Tavisi evropeli kolegis,
kerZod, iungis (Jung) da rankis (Rank) msgavsad, froidic did
kulturas naziarebi adamiani gaxldaT. rogorc es ganaTle­
bul avstriels Seefereba, isic did pativs scemda klasikur
xelovnebasa da germanul klasikur literaturas. froidi
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mraval Rrma azrs Cas­wvda ufroGgviandel literaturaSic,
rogoricaa: dos­toevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi~, Seqspiris
`hamleti~, did­­­ros `ramos Zmiswuli~, goeTes nawarmoebebi,
ramac SemdgomSi misi sakuTari mignebebis Camoyalibebasa
da ganmtkicebas Seuwyo xeli. Tumca, amasTanave, igi mwe­
rals miiCnevda nevroziT Sepyrobil adamianad, romelic
sakuTari Semoqmedebis wyalobiT Tavs aRwevda pirovnul
ga­­na­d­gurebas, magram saSualebasac ar aZlevda Tavis Tavs,
srulad gankurnebuliyo.
xelovani, ambobs froidi, aris adamiani, romelic zurgs
aqcevs realobas, radgan ver urigdeba imas, rom iZulebulia
uari Tqvas Tavisi instinqtebis myisier dakmayofilebaze, Sem­
deg ki Tavis warmosaxvasa Tu fan­taziebSi srul Tavisufle­
bas aZlevs sakuTar ero­ti­kul da gabedul survilebs. magram
is mainc poulobs gzas am fantaziebis samyarodan realobaSi
dasabruneblad; gansakuTrebuli niWis wyalobiT is Tavis fan­
taziebs sru­liad axleburi realobis yalibSi aTavsebs; adamia­
nebi ki Tanaxma arian, maTSi realuri cxovrebis metad Rire­
buli da mniSvnelovani asaxva povon. amgvarad, garkveuli gzis
gavliT mwerali iqceva imad, razec ocnebobda _ igi xdeba namd­
vili gmiri, mefe, Semoqmedi, mijnuri. mas aRar sWir­deba grZeli,
SemovliTi gza, raTa Seqmnas gare, obieq­tu­ri samyaros Secvli­
li realuri saxe.
gamodis, rom poeti meocnebea, romlis arseboba sanq­
cionirebulia sazogadoebis mier. imis nacvlad, rom Tavisi
buneba Secvalos, igi Tavis fantaziebs ukvdavyofs da aqvey­
nebs kidec.2
amgvari ganmarteba gulisxmobs, rom xelovans araferi
scxia filosofosisa da `wminda wylis mecnierisa~. mWvre­
teloba pozitivisturad `daiyvaneba~ ubralo dak­virvebaze
da saganTa saxeldebaze. aq gaTvaliswinebuli araa misi iri­
bad moqmedi efeqti _ `gare, obieqturi samyaros Secvla~,
rasac ganaxorcieleben romanebisa da filosofiuri Tx­
zulebebis mkiTxvelebi. amave dros, ar xdeba mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis, rogorc obieqturi samyaroSi SromiTi saqmi­
anobis garkveuli saxeobis aRia­reba; rodesac meocnebe
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kmayofildeba imiT, rom wers Tavisi ocnebebis Sesaxeb, WeS­
mariti Semoqmedi miiswrafvis garegnuli TviTgamovline­
bisadmi da cdilobs moergos sazogadoebas.
mweralTa umetesobisTvis miuRebelia orTodoq­
suli froidizmi da Tumca bevrma maTganma daiwyo fsiqo­
analitikuri mkurnaloba, magram ar daasrula mkur­nalobis
kursi. maTU umetesobas ar surs `gankurneba~ an `sazogadoe­
basTan morgeba~, radgan SiSoben, rom amis Se­degad weras Sew­
yveten an Segueba mouwevT filisterul Tu burJuaziuli
(maTi TqmiT) `normalur~ yofasTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
odenma (Auden) ganacxada, rom xelovanma imden nevrozs unda
gauZlos, ramdensac aitanso. bevri ki daeTanxma hornis,
fromis da kardineris (froidizmis revizionisti fsiqolo­
gebis) Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom froidistuli Sexe­
dulebebi nevrozisa Tu normaluri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb,
romlebicmarTebuli iyo venisTvis X1X-XX saukuneTa mi­
jnaze, unda gadaixedos da Seswordes marqsizmisa da anTro­
pologiur moZRvrebaTa mixedviT.3
Teoria xelovnebis rogorc nevrozis Sesaxeb wa­moWris
warmosaxvisa da rwmenis urTierTmimarTebis sa­kiTxs. Sesa­
Zloa, romanistSi unda davinaxoT mxolod romantikuli
yrma, romelic `ambebs mogviTxrobs~, anu rogorc moe­
surveba ise acocxlebs da warmosaxavs sakuTar Tavga­
dasavals. meore mxriv, SeiZleba is aris haluciiinaciebiT
datanjuli adamiani, romelic ver ga­nar­Cevs realobas sa­
kuTari imedebisa da SiSebis fan­tasmagoriuli samyarosgan.
zog romanists (maT Soris, dikenss) usaubria imis Sesaxeb,
rom cxadad xedavda da usmenda Tavisi gmirebs, romlebic
xSirad TviTon war­marTavdnen Txrobas iseTi dasasru­
lisken, romelic avtors arc ki mosvlia azrad. fsiqolo­
gebis mier moyvanil verc erT magaliTs halucinaciurs ver
vuwodebT; ubralod, zogierT romanists aqvs bavSvebisaT­
vis damaxasiaTebeli fotografiuli mexsierebis unari, ro­
melic mozrdilebSi Zalian iSviaTia (is aRqmiTi, sensoruli
xasiaTisaa). erih iaenSis (Jaensch) azriT, es unari migvaniS­
nebs xelovanis gamorCeul Tvisebaze, gaaerTianos percef­
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ciuli (aRqmiTi) da koncefciuri (gaazrebiTi). xelovani ara
marto inarCunebs, aramed aviTarebs kidec am arqaul niSans:
is grZnobs da xedavs kidec Tavis fiqrebs.4
kidev erTi unari, rasac mwerals, ufro konkretulad
ki poets miaweren, aris sinesTezi, anu grZnobaTa ori meti
orga­nos sensoruli aRqmis dakavSireba. es umetesad exeba
mxed­ve­lobiTsa da smeniT SegrZnebebs (mag., `feris xma~_
audition coloree, rodesac sayviris xma aRiqmeba, rogorc alis­
feri). rogorc fsiqologiuri Tviseba, es aSkarad hgavs wi­
Teli da mwvane ferebis ganusxvaveblobis unars, rac adrin­
deli, SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli aRqmis gadmonaSTia. Tumca,
unda iTqvas, rom ufro xSirad sinesTezia literaturuli
xerxia, metaforuli azrovnebis erTgvari forma, romelic
cxovrebis mimarT metafizikur-esTetikuri damokidebule­
bas stilizebulad gadmogvcems. istorias Tu gadavxedavT,
amgvari damokidebuleba da stili barokos da romantizmis
periodebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da Sesabamisad, ufro
racionalistur periodebSi mas metad amreziT uyurebdnen,
radgan maSin ufro mniSvnelovani iyo `aSkara, gamokveTil~
formaTa Zieba, vidre `Sesabamisobebis~, analogiebis da saer­
To niSnebis gamonaxvis mcdeloba.5
jer kidev Tavis adreul kritikul nawerebSi t. s. eli­
oti (T. S. Eliot) xazgasmiT migvaniSnebda poetis krebsiT sa­
xeze, romelic ajamebs an ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, xelux­
leblad inaxavs Tavis kuTvnil adgils kacobriobis isto­
riaSi, igi ar wyvets Ria kavSirs sakuTar da aseve poeziis
sawyisebTan da amave dros axerxebs momavalsac miawvdinos
Tvali: `xelovani,~ werda elioti 1918 wels, `Tavis Taname­
droveebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro primitiulic aris
da aseve ufro civilizebulic...~. 1932 wels is ubrundeba am
koncefcias, kerZod, `smeniTi warmosaxvis~ sakiTxs da ara
marto mas. is msjelobs poetis vizualur xatTa samyaros
da gansakuTrebiT im mxatvrul saxeebis Sesaxeb, romelTac
poeti kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. maT `SeiZleba aqvT kidec
simboluri Rirebuleba, magram Cven amas ver mivxvdebiT,
radganac Cvens winaSe isini grZnobaTa miuwvdomeli siR­
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rmeebidan warmodgebian~. Sejamebisas, elioti mowonebiT
imowmebs kaies (Cailliet) da bedes (Bédé) naSromebs, romlebic
ikvleven simbolisturi mimdinareobis mimarTebas primi­
tiuli sulis (psyche) mimarT: `civilizebul adamianSi wi­
narelogikuri mentaliteti kidev arsebobs, magram mxo­
lod poetisTvis an poetis meSveobiT xdeba is gasagebi da
misawvdomi~.6
Zneli ar aris, am naTqvamSi SevniSnoT karl iungis gav­
lena da, aseve, iungiseuli Tezisis parafrazac imasTan da­
kavSirebiT, rom individualuri `aracnobieris~ anu Cveni
warsulis _ gansakuTrebiT, yrmobisa da bavSvobis _ miRma
arsebobs `koleqtiuri aracnobieri~, Cveni warsulis(Cveni
pirvelyofili warsulisac ki) avtonomiuri mexsiereba.
iungis sakmaod rTuli fsiqologiuri tipologiis mi­
xedviT, `eqstraverti` da `introverti~ oTx arsebul
tips (imis mixedviT gamorCeuls, Tu ra sWarbobs maTSi:
azrovneba, grZnoba, intuicia Tu mgrZnobeloba) kidev
ufro akonkretebs. swori araa, rom iungi yvela mwerals
in­tuiciuri introvertis kategoriaSi miakuTvnebs. igi ki­
dev ufro rTulad warmogvidgens suraTs, roca aRniSnavs,
rom zogi mwerali Tavisi SemoqmedebiT amJRavnebs imas, Tu
romel tips miekuTvneba, zogi ki, piriqiT, SemoqmedebaSi
warmoaCens Tavis antitips, anu imas, rac TviTon aklia, rac
Tavad ar aris.7
unda vaRiaroT, rom Homo scriptor anu `mwerali adami­
ani~ ar aris erTgvarovani tipi. Tu romantikosi mwerlis
xats SevqmniT kolrijis, Selis, bodleris da pos (Poe) sax­
eebidan, aqve ar unda daviviwyoT rasini (Racine), miltoni
(Milton), goe­Te, an jein ostini da entoni trolopi. SeiZle­
ba lirikuli da romantikosi poetebis gamorCevac a dra­
matuli da epikuri poetebisgan da maTTan axlos mdgomi
romanistebisgan. erT-erTi germaneli tipologi kreCmeri
(Kretschmer) gamohyofs poetebs (leptosomaturebs _ susti, gamx­
dari agebulebis mqoneT, romlebic midrekilni arian Sizo­
freniisadmi) romanistebisgan (dabali tanis, Cafskvnili
aRnagobis, ma­niakalur-depresiuli temperamentis anu cva­
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lebadi guneba-ganwyobilebiani mqoneT _`cikloidebs~).
ueWvelia, rom arsebobs erTgvari tipologiuri wyvili:
`Sepyrobili~ e.i. avtomaturad moqmedi, poeti- winaswarm­
etyveli da `xelovani~ _ mwerali, romelic uwinaresad gan­
swavluli pro­fesionalia. aseT klasifikacias nawilobriv
istoriu­­li fesvebi aqvs: `Sepyrobilebs~ uwodeben primiti­
ul poe­tebs, Samanebs (SemdgomSi _ romantikosebs, eqspre­
sionistebs, siu­realistebs). profesionali-`xelovanni~
arian ir­lan­dieli da islandieli mgosnebi, aRorZinebisa
da neo­klasicizmis xanis poetebi. Tumca, poetTa es ur­Ti­
erTsapirispiro tipebi rodi gamoricxaven erTma­neTs.
didi mwerlebi, magaliTad, miltoni, po, jeimsi, elio­
ti, Seqspiri da dostoevski iTavseben `xelovansac~ da
`Sepyrobilsac~. maT axasiaTebT akviatebuli Sexe­du­leba
cxovrebaze da, aseve, sruliad gaazrebuli zrunva imis­
Tvis, Tu rogor unda iqnes es Sexeduleba warmodgenili.8
albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac am polarul da­
pirispirebaze dawerila, aris apolonisa da dionises nic­
Seseuli dapirispireba mis `tragediis dabadebaSi~. ber­
Znuli panTeonis es RmerTebi ganasaxiereben xelov­nebis
sxvadasxva dargebs (qandakebasa da musikas) da, Sesabamis­
ad, sxvadasxvagvar SemoqmedebiT principebs _ ocnebas da
eqstazur Trobas. maT Soris TiTqmis iseTive mimarTebaa,
rogorc klasikur `xelovansa~ da romantikul ,,Sepyrob­
ils~, `STa­gonebuls”, anu poeta vates-s Soris (laT. poeti, ro­
melic RmerTebma winaswarmetyvelebis niWiT daajildoves
_ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
frangi fsiqologi ribo (Ribot) davalebuli unda iyos
nicSesagan, Tumca TviTon amas mainc ar aRiarebs. es aSkaraa,
Tu ganvixilavT mwerlebis miseul dayofas warmosaxvis
unaris ori mTavari tipis mixedviT. pirveli maTgani, e.w.
`plastikuri~, damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri warmosaxvis mqone
SemoqmedisTvis, romlisTvisac weris upirveles stimuls
warmoadgens gare samyaroze dakvirveba, misi grZnobadi
aRqma. xolo e. w. `uformo~(smeniTi da simboluri) warmo­
saxva damaxasiaTebelia simbolisti poetis an romantikosi
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mwer­lisTvis (tiki, hofmani, po), romelic asaxavs Tavis ga­
mocdilebas da grZnobebs, ritmiTa da xatebiT Seavsebs
maT da aerTianebs sakuTari ganwyobilebiT (Stimmung).eWvs­
gareSea, rom eliotma, dantes `vizualuri warmosaxvisa
`da miltonis ,,smeniTi warmosaxvis Sepirispirebisas, gai­
Tvaliswina ribos Sexedulebebi
Tanamedrove rumineli mkvlevari l. rusu (Rusu) ga­
nasxvavebs xelovanis sam ZiriTad tips: pirveli _ ,, type sympathique’’ ,,simpaTiuri tipi” _ moiazreba, rogorc mxiaru­­li,
spontanuri, laRi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi; meore _ ,,type demoniaque anarchique “ _ demonuri, anarqiuli tipi da mesame _
,,type demoniaque equilibre’’—demonuri, gawonasworebuli. ru­
sus zogjer Seusabamo magaliTebi mohyavs, Tumca ZiriTadi
azri nayofieria: Tezisis da antiTezisis, simpaTiuri da an­
arqiuli tipebis urTierTqmedebas agvirgvinebs Se­moqmedis
uzenaesi tipis sinTezi, rodesac demonTan brZola trium­
fiT mTavrdeba, xolo daZabulobas wonasworoba enacvleba.
rusus am tipis magaliTad goeTe mohyavs. Tumca es Tviseba
ar unda davukargoT sxva did mwerlebsac _ dantes, Seqs­
pirs, balzaks, dikenss, tolstoisa da dostoevskis.9
`SemoqmedebiTi procesSi~ unda igulisxmebodes li­
teraturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis mTeli procesi, daw­­yebuli
aracnobieri impulsebiT da damTavrebuli uka­naskneli Ses­
worebebiT, romlebic zogi mwerlisTvis mu­Saobis yvelaze
SemoqmedebiTi nawilia.
aucilebelia, gavavloT gamyofi xazi poetis menta­
lur wyobasa da leqsis agebulebas Soris, STabeWdilebasa
da gamoxatvas Soris. kroCem (Croce) ver moipova verc mwe­
ralTa da verc kritikosTa mxardaWera, rodesac orive
maTgani esTetikur intuiciamde daiyvana; k. s. luisi (Clive
Staples Lewis) ki, piriqiT, damajereblad amtkicebs TiTqmis
sruliad sapirispiros. magram ,,gancdilis~, `gadatanilis”
(Erlebnis) da ,,mogonilis” (Dichtung) Sepirispirebis nebismieri
mcdeloba (dilTais (Dilthey) modelis msgavsad), damakmayo­
filebel Sedegs ar iZleva. mxatvari xedavs ise, rogorc es
mxatvars Seefereba; naxati misi xedvis TvalsaCino Sedegia.
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poeti qmnis leqsebs, romelTa Sinaarsic mis mier aRqmuli
gaazrebuli cxovrebaa. nebismier xelovans yvelanairi
STabeWdilebis formas sakuTari xelovneba karnaxobs; is
misTvis ucxo, gaurkveveeli gancdebis madevari ar aris.10
`STagoneba~ _ tradiciulad ase vuwodebT Semoq­
medebiTi procesis aracnobier stimuls. antikuri droi­
dan­ve is dakavSirebulia muzebTan, zevsisa da mexsierebis
qalRmerTs qaliSvilebTan _ muzebTan, xolo qristianul
samyaroSi _ suliwmidasTan. rogorc saxeli gviCvenebs, ST­
agonebuli mdgomareoba Samanis, winaswarmetyvelisa Tu poe­
tisa gansxvavdeba misi Cveulebrivi mdgomareobisgan. primi­
tiul sazogadoebaSi Samans SeeZlo sakuTari sur­viliT Tavi
transSi Caegdo an kidev piriqiT, Ta­visda uneburad qceuli­
yo `Sepyrobilad~ romelime mem­kvidreobiT gadmosuli Tu
totemuri spirituli Zalis mier. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, ST­
agonebis mTavari niSnebia uca­bedoba, moulodneloba (ro­
gorc erTi mdgomareobi­dan meoreSi gadasvla) da avtoris
saxis miCqmalva: igrZnoba, rom nawarmoebi dawerilia STa­
gonebiT da sul erTia vis mier.11
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom STagoneba xelovnurad gamo­
viwvioT, movixmoT? ver uarvyofT, rom STagonebis `mox­
mobaSi~ didi mniSvneloba aqvs mweralTa weris Cvevebs, ase­­
ve _ stimulatorebs da ritualebs. alkoholi, opiumi da
sxva saSualebebi aduneben gonebis cnobier nawils, am me­
tad kritikul cenzors da swored maSin iwyebs aracnobieri
Tavisuf­lad moqmedebas. kolrijma da de quinsim (De Qiuncey)
kidev ufro STambeWdavi da pretenziuli ganacxadi gaakeTes
_ TiTqos, opiumis wyalobiT, literaturuli Semoqmedebi­
sTvis STabeWdilebebisa da gancdebis mTeli axali samyaro
iSleba. magram Tanamedrove samedicino gamokvlevebi gvarw­
munebs, rom uCveulo, araordinaruli fragmentebi aseT po­
etTa SemoqmedebaSi gamowveulia maTi nevroziT datanjuli
sulieri mdgomareobiT da ara ama Tu im wamlis moqmedebis
Sedegad. elizabeT Snaideri de quin­sis Sesaxeb werda, rom
,,misi ,opiumis zmanebani’, ramac Zalze di­di gavlena moaxdina
Semdgom mwerlobaze, sinamdvileSi cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba
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1803 wlis misive dRiuris Canawerebisgan, sanam is opiumis
miRebas daiwyebda, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom weris stili
ufro CaxlarTuli, RvlarWnili xdeba...~ 12
ZvelTaganve garkveuli meTodebi arsebobda STa­­
gonebis misaRwevad. primitiul sazogadoebaSi winas­war­
metyveluri niWiT dajildoebul poetebs aswavlidnen, Tu
rogor unda mieyvanaT Tavi transis mdgomareobamde. aR­
mosavleTis sulieri disciplinis kanonebis mixedviT, re­
ligiur poetebs urCeven, rom locvisaTvis erTi da igive
dro da adgili gamonaxon, da aseve SearCion specialuri
`SeZaxilebi~ Tu mantra (sanskr. sityvebi an marcvlebi,
romelTac iyeneben koncentraciisaTvis religiuri ritu­
alis Sesrulebisas). ufro gviandeli xanis mwerlebi ki swav­
loben an hgoniaT, rom swavloben ritualebs SemoqmedebiTi
ganwyobis misaRwevad. mag., Sileri dampal vaSlebs awyobda
Tavis samuSao magidaze, balzaki ki beris mosasxamSi gax­
veuli werda. etyoba, bevri mwerali `horizontalur mdgo­
mareobaSi~ ufro kargad azrovnebs da sawolSic ki wers, maT
Soris erTmaneTisagan iseTi gansxvavebulnic ki, ro­gorebic
arian prusti da mark tveni. zog mwerals siCume da ganmar­
toeba sWirdeba; zogsac ojaxur garemoSi an kafeSi nacno­
bebs Soris urCevnia wera. aris ucnauri SemTxvevebic: zogi
mwerali dRisiT iZinebs da RamiT muSaobs. albaT es erT­
guleba Ramisadmi _ roca dgeba Jami fiqrisa, ocnebisa da
qvecnobierisa _ romantikosi poetebis mier danatovari
mTavari tradiciaa; Tumca, arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom ar­
sebobda kidev erTi sapirispiro romantikuli tradicia _
uordsuorTiseuli, romelic Sehxaris da Tayvans scems ad­
reul dilas, bavSvobis simbolos. zogi avtori gvarwmunebs,
rom wera mxolod weliwadis garkveul dros SeuZlia. mag.,
miltoni amtkicebda, rom misi poeturi ZarRvi mxolod zam­
Tris buniobidan zafxulis buniobamde Cqefda sixaruliT.
dr-i jonsoni yvela aseT Teorias amreziT uyurebda da sje­
roda, rom adamians nebismier dros SeeZlo wera, Tu sakuTar
Tavs amas jiutad mosTxovda. Tavad mas, rogorc aRiarebda,
materialuri gaWirveba aiZulebda weras. Tumca, SeiZleba
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vivaraudoT, rom zemoT CamoTvlil axirebul ritualebs
aqvs raRac saerTo, rac _ Tu CvevaSi gadaizarda da aso­
ciaciurma kav­Sirmac imoqmeda _ xelis Semwyobi aRmoCndeba
xelovanTa uwyveti SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebisaTvis.13
axla vikiTxoT: aqvs Tu ara naazrevis furcelze ga­
datanis maneras raime TvalsaCino gavlena mwerlis lite­
raturul stilze? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, pirveli
(Savi) piri kalmiT iwereba Tu pirdapir sabeWd manqanaze
ibeWdeba? hemingueis azriT, mwerals sabeWd manqanis beWd­
visas `qaRaldze gadaaqvs ukve sabolood gamzadebuli fra­
za~. aqedan gamomdinare, teqstis ga­da­keTeba rTuldeba,
arada, es weris procesis metad mniSvnelovani nawilia. sx­
vebi varaudoben, rom sabeWdi manqanis wyalobiT, mweralTa
stili Zalze sityvamravali, an Tu gnebavT, Jurnalisturic
ki gaxda. am sakiTxis Taoba­ze ara­nairi empiriuli gamokv­
leva ar Catarebula. rac Seexeba karnaxiT weras, mraval
mwerals gamouyenebia es meTodi. ukve gonebaSi SeTxzuli
`dakarguli samoTxe~ miltonma Tavis mdivans ukarnaxa Ca­
sawerad. Tumca, gacilebiT sainteresoa skotis, goeTes da
henri jeimsis (James) gviandeli Semoqmedeba. nawarmoebis
struqtura winaswar ganisazRvreboda, xolo sityvieri
masala karnaxisas Seir­Ceoda xolme. jeimsis SemTxvevaSi,
mainc SesaZlebeli Cans, rom mizezobrivi kavSiri vipovoT
karnaxsa da mis e.w. `gviandel maneras~ (‘‘later manner’’) Soris,
romelic, Tavisi sakmaod rTuli mWevrmetyvelebiT, zepiri,
sasaubro enis STabeWdilebasac ki tovebs.14
literaturis TeoriaSi arc ise bevri zogadi daskv­
na mogvepoveba SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis
cnobilia ramdenime avtoris gamonaTqvamebi, magram es
Seda­rebiT gviandeli avtorebia, romlebic bevr dros uT­
mobdnen TavianT xelovnebaze fiqrsa da analizs (vgulisx­
mobT goeTes da Silers, flobers (Flaubert), jeimss, eliotsa
da valeris (Valéry). garda amisa, arsebobs fsiqologTa Zalze
zogadi daskvnebi originalobis, gamomgoneblobis, warmo­
saxvis Sesaxeb, mecnieruli, filosofiuri da esTetikuri
Semoqmedebis `gaerTmniSvnelianebis~ mcdelbebi.
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SemoqmedebiTi procesis nebismieri Tanamedrove gamo­
kvleva mTavar yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra wvli­
li Seaqvs am procesSi aracnobiersa da cnobiers. advi­lia
literaturuli periodebis urTierdapirispirebac: ro­
man­tikuli da eqspresionistuli periodebis _ (rom­­lebic
ganadideben aracnobiers) gamijvna klasi­ku­ri da realis­
turi periodebisagan (rodesac mTa­vari aqcenti keTdeba
gonivrul moqmedebaze, saqmis gul­dasmiT gadasinjvaze,
urTierTgagebis damyarebaze). am dapirispirebis gamwvave­
bac Zalian advilad SeiZleba: klasicizmisa da romantizmis
Teoriebi ufro metad gan­sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, vidre
maTi saukeTeso war­momadgenlebis qmnilebebi.
avtorebi, romelnic did dros uTmoben TavianTi xe­
lovnebis gansjas, bunebrivia, ufro didi mondomebiT ga­
nixilaven weris procesis gacnobierebul da teqnikur
momentebs, vidre `garedan~ Tavsmoxveul, SeZenil gamo­
cdilebas, rac maTTvis masalas, sarkesa Tu prizmas war­
moadgens. Zneli ar aris imis gageba, Tu ratom msje­lobs xe­
lovani (romelsac sinamdvileSi sakuTari lite­raturuli
mowodebisa swams) sakuTari Semoqmedebis upirovnobis
Sesaxeb; TiTqosda, redaqtoris davalebam an nayofierma
esTetikurma problemam ganapiroba nawar­moe­bis Temis Ser­
Ceva. am sakiTxze dawerili yvelaze cnobili naSromi _ pos
`kompoziciis filosofia~ (‘‘Philosophy of Composition’’) _
cdilobs ganmartos, romeli meTo­dologiuri strategiis
Sedegad an romeli pirveladi esTetikuri aqsiomidan ga­
momdinare daiwera misi `yorani~. rodesac misi `saSinele­
baTa novelebi~ araoriginalur nawarmoebebad gamoacxades,
Seuracxyofilma pom upasuxa, rom am saSinelebebis wyaro
germanuli Tqmulebebi ki ara, adamianis suli iyo; Tumca,
imis aRiareba, rom saSinelebebi missave sulSi budobda, man
ver SeZlo. po acxadebda, literaturuli inJineri var, ro­
melic sxvaTa sulebis manipulirebaSi aris daostatebulio.
posTan Semzaravi srul­yofilebiT aris mocemuli ufsk­
ruli aracnobiersa da cnobierebas Soris. aracnobieridan
modis bodvis, wamebisa da sikvdilis motivebi, xolo cno­
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biereba mxatvrulad avi­Tarebs da gadmogvcems am Temebs.15
Cvens mizans rom warmoadgendes testebis Sedgena li­
teraturuli talantis gamosavlenad, isini ori saxisa iqne­
boda: 1. Tanamedrove poetebisTvis _ sityvebi da maTi kom­
binaciebi, xati da metafora, semantikuri da fonetikuri
kav­Sirebi (e.i. riTma, asonansi, aliteracia); 2. mwerlebisT­
vis (romanistebisa da dramaturgebisTvis) ZiriTadi amo­
cana iqneboda personaJebis saxeTa Seqmna da siuJetis ageba.
literatoris specialobas warmoadgens asociaciuri
(`sazrianoba~) da disociaciuri (`gansja~) azrovneba, aseve
_ rekombinacia (axali mTlianobis Seqmna im elementebisgan,
romlebic gamocdilebaSi cal-calkea mocemuli). sit­yvebi
mwerlisTvis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. igi SeiZleba bavSvobi­
danve agrovebdes sityvebs ise, rogorc misi Ta­natolebi _
Tojinebs, markebs an patara Sinaur cxovelebs. poetisaTvis
sityva, upirvelesad, `niSani~ ki ar aris, ara­med _ `simbo­
lo~, romelic TavisTavadac Rirebulia, garda imisa, rom
SeuZlia raime cneba warmoadginos. sityva SeiZleba iyos
`obieqti~ an `sagani~, romelic JReradobis anda garegnuli
niSnis mixedviTaa SemoqmedisTvis Zvirfasi. zogi mwerali
sityvebs iyenebs rogorc niSnebs (skoti), kuperi (Cooper),
draizeri (Dreiser); aseT SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba sxva enaze
iolad iTargmnon, an dagvamaxsovrdnen, rogorc miTuri
struqturebi. poetebi ki sityvebs umete­sad `simbolurad~
iyeneben.16
tradiciuli gamoTqma `ideaTa asociacia~ sizustiT ar
gamoirCeva. sityvaTa asociaciuri kavSiri (rac zogierT po­
etTan SeiniSneba) gulisxmobs im saganTa asociacias, romleb­
sac Cveni gonebis `ideebi~ miemarTeba. amgvari asocia­ciebis
mTavari kategoriebia droisa da sivrcis uwyvetoba da, aseve,
msgavsebebi an gansxvavebebi. romanisti albaT pirveli rigis
kate­goriebiT azrovnebs, poeti ki _ meore rigis kategoriebiT
(msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis kategoriebi Sei­Zleba metaforas
gavuTanabroT). isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kontrasti Za­
lian ar unda gavaRrmavoT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme
Tanamedrove literaturas exeba.
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jon l. louisi Tavis naSromSi `gza qsanadusaken~. brw­
yinvale deteqtivisaTvis Sesaferisi gamWriaxobiT aRa­dgens
im asociaciaTa jaWvs, romelTac uaRresad nakiTxi, farTo
ganaT­lebis mqone kolriji erTi literaturuli aluziidan
meorisaken mihyavda. rac Seexeba Teorias, aq avto­ri male kmay­
ofildeba: TiTo-orola wminda wylis stilistu­ri terminiT
aRwers SemoqmedebiT process; gvesaubreba `urTierTSeWide­
buli atomebis~, anu (jeimsis frazas rom davesesxoT) im xatebi­
sa da ideebis Sesaxeb, romlebic droe­biT iZirebian `aracnob­
ieri azrovnebis Rrma WaSi~, raTa iqidan, mkvlevarTa sayvareli
gamoTqmisa ar iyos, `cvlilebebis zRva­Si amovlebulni~ isev
amovidnen zedapirze. rodesac kolri­jis igavmiuwvdomel na­
kiTxobas kvlav vubrundebiT, Sedegad zogjer `xeze inkrus­
tacias~ an `mozaikas~ viRebT, zogjer ki _ `saswauls~. louisi
formalurad mainc aRiarebs, rom `SemoqmedebiTi energia Ta­
visi siZlieris zenitSi cnobieric aris da aracnobieric... igi
cnobier doneze akontrolebs mozRvavebuli xatebis nakads,
romelTac wyalsacavSi (aracnobieris `WaSi~) ara­cnobieri
metamorfoza ganicades.~
magram avtori ar uTmobs sakmaris yuradRebas imis
gansazRvras, Tu ra aris SemoqmedebiTi procesis realuri
miznobrioba da konstruqciuloba.17
roca saqme gvaqvs prozaikosTan, upirvelesad gvain­
teresebs, rogor gamoZerwa man personaJebi da ra istorie­
bi `gamoigona~. romantikuli periodidan moyo­lebuli, es
orive aspeqti metismetad martivad iyo gagebuli: es unda
yofiliyo an `originaluri~ naazrevi, an realuri adamian­
ebis asaxva (es Sexeduleba ufro adrindel literaturazec
vrceldeba), an kidev _ plagiati. da mainc, dikensis msgavs
uaRresad `originalur~ avtorTanac ki vnaxavT, rom per­
sonaJTa tipebi da Txrobis teqnika ZiriTadad tradiciu­
lia da momdinareobs profesiuli, aRiarebuli literatu­
ruli masalidan.18
personaJTa Seqmnis procesSi avtori met-naklebi do­
zebiT asaxavs tradiciul literaturul tipebsac, realur
pirovnebebsac da sakuTar Tavsac. Tu realist mweralze
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vityviT, rom igi ZiriTadad adamianTa qcevas akvirdeba an
`maT adgilas warmoidgens Tavs, raTa gaugos da TanaugrZ­
nos maT~, romantikosi mwerali yvelafers sakuTar TavSi
`gamoatarebs~. mainc, Zneli saTqmelia, rom ubralo dak­
virvebis Sedegad SeiZleba damajerebeli, cxovrebiseuli
saxe Seiqmnas. erTi fsiqologis TqmiT, goeTes personaJebi:
fausti, mefistofeli, verTeri da vil­helm maisteri `av­
toris bunebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis proecirebas, gadata­
nas axdenen nawarmoebebSi~. romanis­tis sakuTari bunebis
potenciuri mravalsaxeobidan _ aq igulisxmeba yvelaze
uaryofiTi Tvisebebic _ ibadebian misi momavali person­
aJebi. `erTi adamianis ganwyoba meoris xasiaTia~. dostoevs­
kis sulieri Tvisebebi aisaxa oTxive Zmis (`Zmeb karamazoveb­
Si)~ xasiaTSi. arc is iqneba swori, Tu vivaraudebT, rom ma­
makaci romanisti raimeTi SezRudulia qali personaJebis
Seqmnisas. `qalbatoni bovari me var~, acxadebs floberi.
avtoris mxolod is Tvisebebi ,,gacocxldeba~ mis gmirebSi,
romlebic potenciurad si­coc­xlisunarianni arian.19
ra saxis urTierToba arsebobs am `gacocxlebul~ per­
sonaJebsa da mwerlis namdvil bunebas Soris? rac ufro mra­
valricxovani da erTmaneTisagan gamorCeulia personaJebi,
TiTqos ufro naklebad gansazRvruli unda iyos Tavad av­
toris `pirovneba~. Seqspiris pirovneba uCinardeba mis pie­
sebSi. verc maTi da verc anekdotebis saSualebiT ver war­
movidgenT poetis ise mkveTrad daxatul, damaxasiaTebel
suraTs, rogoric Seqmna ben jonsonma. rodesac poetis xa­
siaTze msjelobda, kitsma erTxel dawera, poets sakuTari
buneba ar gaaCniao: ,,mas aqvs yvelaferi da araferi... iagos
saxis SeqmnaSic imdenive siamovneba miiRo, ramdenic imo­
jenisa (Seqspiris piesis ,,cimbelinis~ (Cymbeline) personaJi)...
poeti yvelaze arapoeturi arsebaa imaTgan, vinc odesme ar­
sebula, radgan mas sakuTari `me~ ar gaaCnia — is, sxvaTa sxe­
ulebSi mokalaTebuli, maradJam sxvebze mogviTxrobs~.20
Cven mier ganxiluli yvela Teoria mwerlis fsiqolo­
gias ganekuTvneba. fsiqologebs SeuZliaT Ta­vianTi mud­
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mivad maZiebeli cnobismoyvareoba avtoris Semoq­medebiTi
procesis SeswavliT daikmayofilon. am uflebas maT veravin
waarTmevs. maT SeuZliaT moaxdinon poetebis klasifikacia
fsiqologiuri tipebis mixedviT; SeuZliaT aRweron maTi
sulieri aSlilobani da maTi qvecnobieri gonebac ki gamoi­
kvlion. fsiqologisTvis sakvlev masalas SeiZleba aral­
iteraturuli, ara­mxatvruli wyaroebi warmoadgendes anda
SeiZleba man TviT nawarmoebebiT isargeblos. ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia maTi obieqturi interprtacia
dokumentur masalasTan Sejerebis gziT.
sxva sakiTxia, SeiZleba Tu ara fsiqologiis ga­moyeneba
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gasaanalizeblad da Sesafase­
blad? eWvsgareSea, rom fsiqologias SeuZlia naTeli mohfi­
nos SemoqmedebiT process. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yuradReba
iqna gamaxvilebuli kompoziciis sxva­dasxva meTodze, imaze,
Tu ra SemoqmedebiTi Cvevebi axa­siaTebT mwerlebs, rogor
amuSaveben da saboloo saxes aZleven TavianTi nawerebs.
SevexeT nawarmoebebis Seqmnis etapebsac, kerZod, ganvixi­
leT pirveli stadia, pirveli monaxazebi, dawunebuli ma­
sala. da mainc, imis Tqma, rom am informaciis did nawils _
gansakuTrebiT, mraval anekdots mweralTa Cvevebis Sesaxeb
_ mniSvneloba aqvs li­teraturuli kritikisaTvis, namd­
vilad gadaWarbebu­li iqneba. literaturisaTvis SeiZleba
ufro sasargeblo gamodges nawarmoebebis Sesworebuli,
gadamuSavebuli variantebis yuradRebiT Seswavla, radgan
maTi daxmarebiT SevamCnevT literaturuli kritikisaTvis
gamosadeg raime zads, Seusabamobebs, sxva mimarTulebiT
Sebrunebas da zogadad, siujetis damaxinjebas mxatvrul
nawarmoebebSi. prustis romanebis ciklis kompoziciis
analizisas, foiera naTels hfens bolo romanebs da Cvenc
saSualeba gveZleva teqstSi ramdenime Sre ganvasxvavoT.
nawarmoebis ramdeni­me variantis SeswavliT, SesaZlebloba
gvaqvs, mwerlis saxelosnoSi SevixedoT.21
da mainc, Tu kidev ufro meti yuradRebiT Seviswav­liT
nawarmoebTa Zvel Tu axal variantebs, uaryofil versiebsa
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Tu fragmentebs, im daskvnamde mivalT, rom sa­boloo an­
gariSiT, maT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar aqvT dasrule­
buli nawarmoebis gasagebad da mis Sesafaseblad Tu gasaa­
nalizeblad. isini SeiZleba mxolod SesaZlo alternatiul
versiebad ganvixiloT; anu maT SeiZleba saboloo varian­
tis Camoyalibebis procesi dagvanaxvon. Tumca imave mizans
SeiZleba Cveni warmosaxviTac mivaRwioT, warmo­vidginoT
SesaZlo variantebi, rac SeiZleba Tavad avtorsac mosv­
loda gonebaSi. kitsis leqsis _oda bulbuls (“Ode to a
Nightingale”) _ gagebasa da aRqmas iqneb waadges imis codna
, rom kitsi `zRvebisTvis~ sxva epiTetebsac fiqrobda,
mag. Semdegs: `umowyalo~, an `gemebisgan dacarielebuli~.
magram SemTxveviT SemorCenili es ori varianti arsebiTad
ar gansxvavdeba im zedsarTavebisgan, rogoric aris, vTq­
vaT: ,,saSiSi, ukacrieli, udaburi, sastiki~ da kidev mravali
sxva, rac SeiZleba kritikosma Tavad moifiqros. es sityvebi
nawarmoebSi ar Sevidnen, samudamod mis gareT darCnen (po­
eti xmarobs zedsarTavs `faTerakebiani~, ‘‘Perilous seas’’). mag­
ram aseTi msjeloba ar gamogvadgeba ama Tu im nawarmoebis
Sesafaseblad.22
Tavad `fsiqologiis~ Tema kvlav aqtualuria nawar­
moebisTvis. piesebi iqneba, Tu romanebi, maTi per­sonaJebi
imiT arian saintereso, fsiqologiurad ram­denad dama­
jereblad gamoiyurebian. am kuTxiT xdeba siuJetisa da
Sinaarsis Sefasebac. zogjer isec xdeba, rom romelime
fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelsac cnobierad Tu gaucno­
biereblad mihyveba avtori, TiTqosda ergeba personaJsa Tu
situacias. lili kempbeli (Lily Campbell) hamlets miiCnevda
`melanqoliiT Sepyrobili sangviniki adamianis~ tipad, ro­
melic im drois fsiqologiuri Teoriebidan gamomdinare,
kargad iyo cnobili elisabedis xanis mayureblisTvis.
aseve, oskar kempbeli cdilobs dagvarwmunos, rom Jaki pie­
sidan `rogorc geneboT~(As You Like It) `arabunebrivi melan­
qoliiT itanjeba, rac flegmis mozRvavebas gamouwvevia~.
imisi damtkicebac SeiZleba, rom uolter Sendi (lorens
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sternis romanis `jentlmen tristram Sendis cxovreba da
Sexedulebani~ (The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman) personaJi, mTargmnelis SeniSvna) daavadebulia lokis
mier aRwerili lingvisturi asociaciurobiT. stendalis
personaJs Julien sorels destiu de trasis (Destutt de Tracy)
fsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT xsnian. isic aSkaraa, rom
romanSi aRwerili gansxvavebuli sasiyvarulo urTierTo­
bebi Tavad sten­dalisave wignis _ `siyvarulis Sesaxeb~ (De
l’amour) qargazea gamoWrili. rodion raskolnikovis moti­
vacia da gancdebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom kargad Cans av­
toris ganswavluloba klinikur fsiqologiaSi. prusts,
ueW­velia, SemuSavebuli aqvs mTeli fsiqologiuri Teoria
mexsierebis Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovania nawarmoebis
organizaciisTvisac ki. froidiseul fsiqoanalizs sru­
liad Segnebulad mimarTaven romanistebi, magaliTad, kon­
rad aikeni Tu uoldo frenki.23
SeiZleba vikiTxoT: warmatebiT axerxebs Tu ara roma­
nisti fsiqologiis gamoyenebas sakuTari gmirebisa da maTi
urTierTobebis asaRwerad? fsiqologiuri Teoriebis
Se­saxeb ubralo ganacxadebi aq ar CaiTvleba. isini Seas­
ruleben mxolod `masalis~ rols, rogorc nebismieri sxva
saxis informacia, romelsac literaturaSi vxvdebiT, iqne­
ba es faqtebi istoriis, astronomiisa Tu navigaciis Sesaxeb.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis Tanamedrove Qfsiqologi­
uri Teoriebis damowmeba SeiZleba saeWvoc iyos da sasurve­
lia, isini minimumamde Semcirdes. ar aris gamarTlebuli
Hhamletis an Jakis morgeba elisabedis droindeli romelime
fsiqologiuri CarCosTvis, radgan maSindeli moZRvre­
bani winaaRmdegobrivi, damabneveli da gaurkveveli iyo.
xolo orive personaJi imaze bevrad metia, vidre ubralod
fsiqologiuri tipebi. marTalia raskolnikovi da soreli
garkveul fsiqologiur Teoriebs ergebian kidec, magram
amas Zalian arasrulyofili da wyvetili xasiaTi aqvs. sore­
lis saqcieli zogjer metad melodramatulia. raskolniko­
vis Tavdapirvel danaSauls sakmarisi motivacia aklia. ar
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unda dagvaviwydes, rom es wignebi fsiqologiuri dakvirve­
bebi an Teoriebis eqspozicia ki ar aris, aramed _ drama­
tuli an melodramatuli nawarmoebebi, sadac efeqturi
siuJeti ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realisturi fsiqolo­
giuri motivacia. Tu Sevis­wavliT `cnobierebis nakadis~
literaturas, maleve aRmo­vaCenT, rom maTSi gadmocemuli
araa subieqtis gonebaSi mimdinare `realuri~ procesebi,
cnobierebis nakadi ki uf­ro dramatul xerxia, romlis sa­
SualebiT mkiTxveli xvdeba, konkretulad ras warmoadgens
benji, gonebasusti per­sonaJi folkneris romanidan `xmauri
da mZvinvareba~ (The Sound and the Fury) an q-ni blumi (jeims joi­
sis romanis `ulise~ (Ulysses) personaJi; mTargmnelis SeniS­
vna). Tumca, am xerxs ver vuwodebT `mecnieruls~ an Tundac
`realisturs~.24
davuSvaT, mwerali warmatebiT Zerwavs `fsiqo­lo­
giurad damajerebel~ personaJebs. am SemTxve­vaSic ki
sa­­e­Wvoa, aqvs Tu ara am `damajereblobas~ mxatvruli Ri­
re­buleba. WeSmaritad didi xelovnebis mravali nimuSi ve­
rasdros ver Tavsdeba fsiqologiis Tanamedrove Tu gvi­
andel standartebSi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia daujere­
beli situaciebisa da fantastikuri motivebis gan­viTareba.
fsiqologiuri damajereblobis moTxovna (iseve, rogorc
socialuri realizmis moTxovna) naturalisturi standar­
tia, romelic sayovelTaod misaRebi ver iqneba. rasakvirve­
lia, zog SemTxvevaSi fsiqologiuri intuicia aZlierebs
nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. am dros igi ganamt­
kicebs nawarmoebis iseT mniSvnelovan mxatvrul Tvise­
bebs, rogoricaa sirTule da Tanamimdevruloba. mag­ram
aseT Rrma wvdomas SeiZleba fsiqologiis Teoriuli cod­
nis gareSec mivaRwioT. fsiqologia, rogorc cnobieri da
siste­muri mecniereba gonebisa da misi muSaobis Sesaxeb, xe­
lovnebisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris da TavisTavad mxatvru­
li Rire­bulebac ar gaaCnia.25
zogierT xelovans, romlebic gaazrebul (da ara qvec­
nobier) Semoqmedebas eweva, fsiqologiam SeiZleba rea­lobis
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SegrZneba ufro gaumZafros, dakvirvebis unari gau­maxvilos
da SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis gamouenebis axali sfe­roebi aR­
moaCeninos. Tumca, fsiqologia, TavisTavad, mxo­­lod mosamza­
debeli etapia SemoqmedebiT procesSi. rac Seexeba mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi mis rols, fsiqologiuri si­marTle mxolod maSin
CaiTvleba mxatvrul Rirebulebad, Tu is aZ­lie­rebs Tanamim­
devrulobasa da sirTules, anu, sxva sit­yve­biT rom vTqvaT, Tu
is Tavadac xelovnebas warmoadgens.
130
Tavi mecxre
literatura da sazogadoeba
*
literatura socialuri movlenaa, romelSic gamo­
saxvis saSualebaa ena _ aseve socialuri fenomeni. Ta­
vianTi bunebiT socialuria agreTve iseTi tradiciuli
literaturuli aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa simbolika da leq­
sis sazomi. isini iseT pirobiTobasa da normebs ganekuT­
vnebian, romlebic mxolod sazogadoebaSi SeiZ­leboda
warmo­So­biliyo. ufro metic, literatura `asa­xavs, war­
mogvidgens~`cxovrebas~; `cxovreba~ ki farTo masStabiT
aRebuli socialuri realobaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom bune­
ba da ada­mianis Sinagani anu subieqturi samyaroc lite­
raturuli `imitaciis~ obieqtebia. poe­ti Tavadac sazoga­
doebis wevria da konkretuli so­cialuri statusi aqvs:
sazogadoebisgan aRiarebasa da jildos iRebs; misi Semoq­
medeba, Tundac warmosaxviTi, mainc sazogadoebisTvisaa
gamiznuli. literatura xom yovelTvis axlo kavSirSia
garkveul so­ci­alur fenebTan; primitiul sazogadoebaSi
ki SeiZleba verc gavmijnoT poezia ritualisgan, magiisgan,
Sromisagan Tu Ta­ma­Sisgan. literaturas socialuri funq­
ciac akisria, anu `sargebloba~ moaqvs, romelic mTlianad
individualuri ver iqneba. ase rom, SekiTxvebis didi umrav­
lesoba, ro­melsac svams literaturaTmcodneoba, saboloo
anga­riSiT Tu sanaxevrod, mainc socialuri xasiaTisaa. isi­
ni exeba tradiciasa da pirobiTobas, normebsa da Janrebs,
simboloebsa da miTebs. SeiZleba daveTanxmoT tomarss,
rom­lis azriT, esTetikuri movlenebi ar aris dafuZnebuli
so­cialur movlenebze, maTi Semadgeneli nawilic ki ar aris:
isini socialuri movlenebis erT saxeobas warmoadgenen da
sxva danarCenTanac Zalian axlo, Zireuli kavSiri aqvT.1
Cveulebriv, sakiTxs `literatura da sazogadoeba~
ufro mcire masStabiT da garedan Seiswavlian. ZiriTadad
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literaturis Teoria
ainteresebT, Tu ra saxis kavSiria literaturasa da mo­
cemul socialur situacias _ ekonomikur, socialur da
politikur sistemebs _ Soris. aseve cdiloben aRweron da
gansazRvron sazogadoebis gavlena literaturaze da ase­­­ve
aRweron da ganixilon literaturis statusi sazoga­doe­baSi.
literaturisadmi amgvar socialur midgomas gan­sa­kuT­re­biT
emxrobian isini, vinc Tavs garkveuli socialuri filosofiis
mimdevrad Tvlis. marqsisti kritikosebi ara mxolod Seiswav­
lian literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobas,
aramedaqvTsakuTarimkveTradgamo­xatulidagansazRvruli
koncefcia imis Taobaze, Tu rogori unda iyos es urTierToba
Cvens axlandel da aseve momavlis `uklaso~ sazogadoebaSic.
maTi Semfasebluri, ,,miukerZoebeli~ kritika emyareba ara
literaturul,aramedpolitikurdazneobrivkriteriumebs.
isinigvamcnobenaramartoimas,Turogoriiyodaarisavtoris
naweris socialu­ri kavSirebi da Sefaruli miniSnebebi, ar­
amed imasac, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo an unda iyos is amJamad.
2
isini marto literaturas da sazogadoebas ki ar Seiswavlian,
aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebasac cdiloben, monito­
rings da propagandasac ewevian, da uWirT kidec am ori funq­
ciis gamijvna.
rodesac literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTi­
erTobas ganixilaven, saubars Cveulebriv de bonaldis (De
Bonald) naTqvamiT iwyeben: literatura sazogadoebis ga­mo­
xatulebaao. ki magram, ras niSnavs es aqsioma? is, rom lit­
eratura nebismier mocemul droSi sarkesaviT `uSe­cdomod~
aireklavs imdroindel viTarebas, mcdari debulebaa. metad
banaluri, dromoWmuli da gaurkvevelic iqneba, Tu vityviT,
rom literatura asaxavs socialuri realobis zog aspeqts.3
kidev ufro damabnevelia imis Tqma, rom literatura sarkesa­
viT asaxavs da gadmogvcems cxov­rebas. mwerali, ra Tqma unda,
gverds ver auvlis sakuTari gamocdilebisa da aseve cxovre­
baze mTeli Tavisi Sexedulebis gadmocemas; magram namdvilad
araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT imas, rom igi cxovrebas mTlianad
gamoxatavs, an imas, rom srulad da amomwuravad gadmogvcems
erTi konkretuli periodis cxovrebas. Tu vityviT, rom av­
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literatura da sazogadoeba
torma Tavisi drois cxovreba srulad unda gadmosces, rom is
Tavisi epoqisa da sazogadoebis `warmomadgeneli~ unda iyos,
es naTqvami Sefasebis konkretul kriteriumad unda miviRoT.
Tanac, terminebs `srulad~ da `warmomadgeneli~ safuZvliani
axsna sWirdeba: socialur kritikas Tu gadavxedavT, Zalze
xSirad am terminebis miRma igulisxmeba, rom avtors unda es­
modes konkretuli socialuri garemoebebi da grZnobdes maT
(mag., proletaria­tis mZime xvedri). garda amisa, avtors unda
hqondes kritiko­­sis Sesaferisi konkretuli Sexedulebani da
ideologia.
hegelisa Tu tenis moZRvrebaTa mixedviT, istoriuli
Tu socialuri sidiade utoldeba mxatvrul sidiades. Ta­visi
xelovnebis wyalobiT, xelovans Cvenamde moaqvs WeS­mariteba
da ra Tqma unda, is aseve gvaziarebs istoriul da socialur
WeSmaritebas. xelovnebis qmnilebebi warmoadgens ,,doku­
mentebs, radgan maT aqvs maradiuli Rirebuleba~.4 harmoniis
arseboba geniossa da epoqas Soris gar­kve­ul pos­tulatsac
warmoadgens. `warmomadgenloba~, `socialu­ri WeSmariteba~
ki aris Sedegic da mizezic mxatvruli faseulobisa. saSualo
donis, arafriT gamorCeuli xelov­ne­bis nimuSebi, romlebic
Tanamedrove sociologebs iqneb ukeTes sabuTebadac ki miaC­
niaT, tenis azriT, ar aris bevris momcemi da gamomxatveli,
da, amdenad, warmomadgenlo­bi­Tic. literatura namdvilad ar
aris socialuri procesis asaxva, igi mTeli istoriis arsis
asaxva, mTeli istoriis Semoklebuli da Sejamebuli saxiT
gadmocemaa.
jerjerobiT ki, sjobs, cota xniT gadavdoT Sefase­
biTi kritikis problemebze saubari, sanam gavarkvevdeT
literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris sinamdvileSi ra
damokidebuleba arsebobs. am TvalsaCino (normatiulisgan
gansxvavebiT) mimarTebebis klasifikacia sakmaod iolia.
pirvel yovlisa, unda SeviswavloT mwerlis socio­
logia, aseve literaturis arsi da instituti. Semdeg,
literaturuli produqciis ekonomikuri safuZvlis sa­
kiTxi mTlianad, agreTve mwerlis socialuri warmoSoba
da statusi, misi socialuri ideologia, romelic SeiZle­ba
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literaturis Teoria
aisaxos samwerlo moRvaweobis garda, sxva saqmianobasa Tu
ganacxadebSi. amas mohyveba socialuri Sinaarsis problema,
kerZod, ras warmoadgens Tavad literaturuli teqstebis
faruli azri da maTi socialuri mizani. gar­da amisa, Sesas­
wavlia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa mkiT­xveli sazogadoe­
ba da literaturis realuri socia­luri zegavlena. imas,
Tu ramdenad aris literatura da­mo­kidebuli arsebul so­
cialur viTarebaze, socialur cvlilebebsa da movlenebze,
ganvixilavT ZiriTadi sakiT­xis samive aspeqtis analizisas.
es aspeqtebia: mwerlis so­cio­logia, Tavad nawarmoebTa so­
cialuri konteqsti da li­teraturis gavlena sazogadoe­
baze. bolos, ganvixi­lavT kulturuli integraciis prob­
lemas da, saxeldobr, imas, Tu rogor aris integrirebuli
Cveni sakuTari kultura.
yoveli mwerali sazogadoebis wevria. ase rom, igi unda
SeviswavloT, rogorc socialuri piri. mTavari wyaro kv­
levisaTvis misi biografiaa, magram aseve Za­lian dagvexmareba,
mTeli im garemos, sazogadoebis Ses­wavla, romelmac igi war­
moSva da sadac cxovrobda. am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba sakma­
risi masalis Sekreba av­tor­Ta socialuri warmoSobis, ojaxi­
sa da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. aseve SegviZlia da­
vadginoT, ramde­ni mweralia aristokratiuli, burJuaziuli
Tu proletaru­li ojaxidan. amerikuli literaturis maga­
liTiT SegviZ­lia vaCvenoT, rom amerikuli literatura,
ZiriTadad, Seqmna ganaTlebuli da, aseve, saqmosanTa fene­
bidan gamosulma Taobam.5 statistikasac Tu moviSveliebT,
vnaxavT, rom Ta­namedrove evropaSi literaturiT ZiriTadad
dakavebul­­ni iyvnen saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, radgan
aristokra­tia mTlianad didebisa da garTobis ZiebaSi iyo,
xolo ufro dabali fenis ojaxis Svilebs ganaTlebis miRebis
naklebi SesaZlebloba hqondaT. amgvari ganzogadeba ingli­
sisaTvis mTlianad ar gamogvadgeba, radgan bevri gamonak­
lisis gaTvaliswineba mogviwevs. ufro adreul inglisur
lite­raturaSi iSviaTad gvxvdebian glexis an muSis ojaxidan
gamosuli mwerlebi. bernsisa (Burns) da karlailis (Carlyle)
SemTxvevebi gamonaklisia da demokratiuli Sotlandiuri
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literatura da sazogadoeba
saskolo sistemiT aixsneba. aristokratiis roli inglisur
literaturaSi uCveulod didi iyo. nawilobriv es mowmobs
imas, rom sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT (sadac saerTod ar
iyo tradicia imisa, rom mSoblebis qonebaze ufleba mxolod
ufros vaJiSvils hqonoda), inglisis aristokratia naklebad
iyo mowyvetili ganaTlebul fenebs. rac Seexeba ruseTs, ram­
denime gamonaklisis garda, yvela Tanamedrove rusi mwerali
vidre gonCarovamde da Cexovamde, aristokratTa fenas ekuT­
vnodnen. sabuTebis mixedviT, dostoevskic keTilSobilTa
klass miekuTvneboda, Tumca mamamisma, mos­kovelma eqimma,
romelic RatakTaTvis daarsebul saa­vad­myofoSi muSaobda,
miwa da ymebi mxolod gvianRa SeiZina.
aseTi informaciis Sekreba advilia, magram Znelia
Semdgom maTi axsna. ganapirobebs Tu ara socialuri war­
mo­mavloba socialur ideologiasa da romelime moZRv­
rebisadmi loialurobas? Selis, karlailisa da tolstois
cxovrebas Tu gadavxedavT, xelSi SegvrCeba aSkara maga­
liTebi imisa, Tu rogor `uRalates~ maT saku­Tar klass. sxva
qveynebSi, ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, ko­mu­nisti mwer­lebis
umetesoba warmoSobiT proletarebi ar arian. sabWoTa da
sxva marqsistma kritikosebma metad mniSvne­lovani gamokv­
levebi Caatares, raTa daezustebinaT rus mweralTa so­
cialuri warmomavloba da is, Tu romeli so­cialuri fenis
mimarT iCenen isini loialurobasa da erT­gulebas. ase rom,
p. n. sakulini bolodroindeli rusu­­li literaturis kvle­
vas iwyebs imiT, rom ganasxvavebs lite­raturas klasebisa da
sazogadoebrivi fenebis mixedviT, iqneba es glexTa, wvrili
burJuaziis, demokratiuli inte­ligenciis, deklasirebuli
inteligenciis, burJuaziis, aristokratiisa Tu revolu­
ciuri proletariatis lite­ratura.6 ufro adrindeli li­
teraturis Seswav­lisas, rusi mecnierebi cdiloben, Zalian
mkveTrad gamokveTon sxvaoba rusuli aristokratiis mra­
val jgufsa da dajgufebas Soris, romlebsac memkvidreo­
biT miRebuli qonebis wyalobiTa Tu adrindeli kavSirebiT,
SeiZleba miva­kuT­vnoT puSkini da gogoli, turgenevi Tu
tolstoi.7 Tum­ca, imis mtkicebac Znelia, TiTqos puSkini
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literaturis Teoria
gaRatakebuli memamuleebis interesTa damcveli iyo, xolo
gogoli _ uk­raineli wvrili miwaTmflobelebisa; amgvar
daskvnas Za­­la ekargeba maTi nawerebis zogadi ideologiis
da im didi gav­­le­­nis gaTvaliswinebiTac, riTac isini gascd­
nen TavianTi jgufis, klasisa Tu drois sazRvrebs.8
mwerlis socialuri statusis, socialuri loia­lu­
robisa da ideologiis Seswavlisas, mwerlis so­cia­luri
fesvebis sakiTxs mcire yuradReba eTmoba. xom cno­bilia,
rom mwerlebs xSirad umsaxuriaT sxva klasTa interesebis
gamosaxatavad da dasacavad. sakaro poetebis umetesoba
ufro dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, vidre maTi
feodali patronebi, visi ideologiac da gemovnebac poe­
tebma SeiTvises da miiRes.
mwerlis Sexedulebebi, ideologia da is, Tu romeli
socialuri moZRvrebis mimdevrad Tvlis Tavs, SeiZleba
SevityoT ara marto misi nawerebiT, aramed xSir SemTxveva­
Si biografiuli cnobebidanac. mweralic xom erTi rigiTi
moqalaqea, romelic gamoTqvams Tavis Sexedulebebs po­
litikur Tu socialur sakiTxebze da monawileobas iRebs
mimdinare movlenebSi.
konkretuli mwerlebis politikuri Tu socialuri
Sexedulebebis Sesaswavlad bevri Sromaa gaweuli; bolo
dros ki gansakuTrebiT didi yuradRebiT Seiswavlian am
Sexedulebebis ekonomikur aspeqtebsac. magaliTad, l. s.
naiTsi (Knights) amtkicebs, rom ben jonsonis ekonomikuri
Sexedulebani Zirfesvianad Sua saukuneebis droindeli iyo,
gviCvenebs, Tu rogori satiriT umaspinZldeba igi zogierTi
Tavisi Tanamedrove dramaturgis msgavsad mevaxSeebis, mo­
nopolistebis, gadamyidvelebisa da `mewarmeebis~ axalaR­
zevebul klass.9 bevri mxatvruli na­war­moebi, mag. Seqspiris
`istoriuli qronikebi~ da svif­tis `guliveris mogzauroba~ (Gulliver’s Travels) ga­da­sinjuli iqna imdroindeli politi­
kuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.10 mweralTa oficialuri
gancxadebebi, gadawyvetilebebi da moRvaweoba arasodes
ar unda avurioT maTi nawerebis realur socialur mniSv­
nelobaSi. balzaki TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor
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literatura da sazogadoeba
SeiZleba moxdes amgvari gamijvna; Tumca misi garegnuli
simpaTiebi Zveli politikuri wesrigis, aristokratiisa da
eklesiis mxares iyo, mis SemoqmedebiT instinqtsa da warmo­
saxvas ufro metad momxveWeli tipi, gadamyidveli, burJua­
ziis axali Zli­eri adamiani ainteresebda. ase rom, SeiZleba
arsebob­­des mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba Teoriasa da praqti­
kas, rwme­nis aRiarebasa da SemoqmedebiT unars Soris.
Tu sistemurad ganvixilavT socialuri warmoSobis,
romelime moZRvrebisadmi erTgulebisa Tu ideologiis
sa­kiTxebs, es yvelaferi migviyvans mwerlis, rogorc kon­
kretul drosa da sivrceSi arsebuli tipis so­ciologiamde.
mwerlebi SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT imisda mi­xedviT, Tu ram­
denad arian socialur procesSi integ­rirebulni. po­
pularul literaturaSi es gansxvaveba umniSvneloa, mag­ram
SeiZleba `socialuri distanciis~ ukidures zRvars miaR­
wios bohemis warmomadgenlebTan, roca saqme gvaqvs e.w poète
maudit –Tan (frang. `dawyevlili poeti~) da Tavisufal Semo­
qmedebiT geniasTan. mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove da­savleTSi
mweralTa Soris klasobrivi gansxvaveba Sem­cirda. gaCnda
`inteligencia~ _ profesionalTa Seda­re­biT damoukide­
beli Sualeduri klasi. literaturis so­cio­logiam unda
gansazRvros am klasis zusti socialu­ri sta­tusi, Tu ram­
denad aris igi damokidebuli mmarTvel klasze, saidan mo­
dis misi mxardaWeris zusti ekonomikuri saTave, da, aseve,
mwerlis prestiJi TiToeul sazogadoe­ba­­Si.
am istoriis zogadi konturebi ukve kargad aris ga­
mo­kveTili. xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi SesaZlebelia mom­
Rerlis an saxalxo mTqmelis rolis Seswavla, romlis be­
dic mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia msmenelis keTil­
ganwyobaze; sul erTia, es antikuri samyaros aedosi iqneba,
skopi uZveles tevtonur xanaSi, Tu profesionali mez­Rap­
re ruseTsa da aRmosavleTSi. tragikosebi da pindares
msgavs mexotbeebi Tu himnebis mTxzvelebi Zveli saberZne­
Tis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi qurumebs utoldebodnen. Tu
evri­pides SevadarebT esqiles, gamovlindeba am profesiis
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literaturis Teoria
TandaTanobiTi sekularizacia. romis imperiis sakaro po­
etebi _ virgiliusi (Virgil), horaciusi Tu ovidiusi (Ovid) _
damokidebulni iyvnen avgustusisa da mecenatis keTilgan­
wyobasa da xelgaSlilobaze.
sxva suraTia Sua saukuneebSi. beri Tavis sakanSia,
trubaduri da minezingeri _ mefis karsa Tu Bbaronis cixekoSkSi, moxetiale swavlulebi ki sxvadasxva gzebze mimofan­
tulan. imdroindeli mwerali an saeklesio piria, an swavlu­
li, an momRerali _ saxalxo gamrTobi, menestreli. Tundac
moyvarulebi, magram mainc poetebi, ukve mefeTa Sorisac
gvxvdebian. mag., CexeTis mefe vaclav meore an Sotlandiis
mefe jeims pirveli. germanul `ostatis simReraSi~ (Meistersang) xelosnebi gaerTianebuli arian poetur gildiebad. es
arian biurgerebi, romlebic ise misdeven poezias, rogorc
xelobas. aRorZinebis epoqaSi gamoCnda mweralTa SedarebiT
damoukidebeli jgufi _ humanistebi, romlebic moxetiale
cxovrebas eweodnen, zogjer sxva qveynebSic, da TavianT
samsaxurs sxvadasxva patrons sTavazobdnen. petrarka (Petrarch) aris pirveli Tanamedrove poeti laureati (poeta laureatus), romelic TiTqmis Sepyrobilia Tavisi poeturi misiis
sidiadiT, aretino (Aretino) ki prototipia im literaturu­
li Jur­nalistisa, romelic SantaJiT cxovrobs; misi ufro
eSi­ni­aT, vidre afaseben da pativs miageben.
ufro mogvianebiT mwerlebis patronaJi iTaves uk­ve
Tavad gamomcemlebma, romelnic icnobdnen mkiT­xvelTa ge­
movnebas. Tumca, unda aristokratiuli mfar­velobis siste­
ma yvela sferos ar moicavda. eklesia da sul male Teatric
literaturis gansazRvrul JanrTa mxardamWerebad mogvev­
lina. inglisSi patronaJis sistemis aSkara daRmavloba me18 s-is dasawyisSi SeimCneva. gar­kve­uli drois ganmavlobaSi
literaturas Semoecalnen Zve­li keTilismyofelebi. eko­
nomiurad mas cudi dRe daudga, radgan jer kidev ar Sesw­
evda unari, mTlianad mkiTx­velTa xarjze earseba. dr. sam­
uel jonsonis adreuli cxovreba grab stritze (Grub Street,
cnobili quCa london­Si, sadac ZiriTadad Raribi mwerlebi
138
literatura da sazogadoeba
cxovrobdnen. aqe­dan gamomdinare, am saxels mdare nawar­
moebis aRsaniSnavadac xmaroben. es quCa amJamad miltonis
saxels atarebs. mTargmnelis SeniSvna) da mis mier lord
Cesterfildis gamowveva am cvlilebebs simbolurad gamo­
xatavs. Tumca­Ra, erTi TaobiT adre poupma moaxerxa didi
qonebis dagroveba _ keTilSobili didgvarovnebi da gana­
Tlebuli adamianebi fuls ar iSurebda homerosis miseuli
Targmanis SesaZenad.
namdvili finansuri warmateba mwerlebma mxolod me19 saukuneSi igemes. skotma da baironma uzarmazari gavlena
moaxdines mkiTxveli sazogadoebis gemovnebasa da Sexed­
ulebebze. volteris da goeTes damsaxureba iyo, rom kon­
tinentze uCveulod gaizarda mwerlis prestiJi da misi da­
moukideblobis xarisxi. mkiTxvelTa ricxvma ima­ta, daarsda
iseTi mniSvnelovani perioduli mimomxilve­li gamoce­
mebi, rogorebicaa `edinburgi~ (Edinburgh) da `quorTerli~
(Quarterly), ris Sedegadac literaturam TiT­qmis sruli da­
moukidebloba moipova. Tumca, prosper de baranti (Prosper
de Barante) 1822 wels werda, aseTi viTa­re­ba ukve me-18 sauku­
neSi arsebobdao.11
rogorc eSli Tordnaiki (Ashley Thordnike) amtkicebda,
me-19 s-Si gamosuli beWdviTi produqciis yvelaze Tval­saCino
niSania ara vulgaruloba da uferuleba, aramed _ specia­
lizacia. beWduri produqcia amieridan aRar aris gamiznuli
erTgvarovani mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis. is ukve izidavs
sxvadasxva tipis mkiTxvelebs da, Sesabamisad, interesis mra­
val sferos, sakiTxsa da mizans akmayofilebs.12
analogiur Tvalsazriss aviTarebs q. d. livisi Tavis
gamokvlevaSi `mwerloba da mkiTxveli sazogadoeba~:13 me-18
s-is glexs, romelmac kiTxva iswavla, ukve imis wakiTxva See­
Zlo, rasac Tavadaznauroba da ganaTlebuli sazoga­doeba
kiTxulobda; meore mxriv, me-19 s-is mkiTxvel sazo­gadoebas
ukve damsaxurebulad uwode­bden ara `mkiTxvel sazogadoe­
bas~ aramed `mkiTxvel sazo­ga­do­ebebs~. Cvens droSi saga­
momcemlo anotaciebSi da Jur­na­lebis ydebze gamudmebiT
vkiTxulobT: `9-10 wlis bavSve­bisaTvis~, `ufrosklaseli
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literaturis Teoria
vaJebisaTvis~, `martoxela ada­mia­ne­bi­sTvis~; gamodis dar­
gobrivi Jurnalebi, calkeul fir­maTa sakuTari perioduli
gamocemebi, sakvirao skolis yo­vel­kvireulebi, vesternebi,
saTavgadasavlo romanebi. ase rom, specializacia mimdi­
nareobs yvela doneze; es exeba gamomcemlobebsac, Jurna­
listebsac da mwerlebsac.
amrigad, literaturis ekonomikuri bazisisa da mwe­r­
lis socialuri statusis Seswavla ganuyofelia mkiT­xveli
sazogadoebis Seswavlisgan. swored maT mimarTavs mwerali
Tavisi nawerebiT da maTzea damokidebuli misi finansuri
warmateba (ix. Alfred A. Harbage, Shakespeare’s Audience, New York
1941).14 aristokrati mfarvelic ki mkiTxveli sazogadoebis
nawilia da, xSirad, metismetad momTxovnic. mwerlisagan igi
ara marto misadmi qedmodrekas moiTxovs, aramed konformi­
zmsac misi klasis pirobiTobebis mi­marT. kidev ufro adrin­
del sazogadoebaSi, xalxuri poeziis epoqaSi, avtori mTli­
anad damokidebuli iyo mkiT­xvelisgan: misi Semoqmedeba ver
damkvidrdeboda, ver gavrceldeboda, Tu is auditoriisT­
vis Tavidanve maamebluri ar iqneba. aseTive sagrZnobia au­
ditoriis roli TeatrSi. ramdenime gamokvlevac ki Catarda
imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad imoqmeda Seqspiris Semoq­
medebiTi periodebisa da sti­lis cvlilebebma mayurebel­
Ta Soris cvlilebaze; mayurebelic ar iyo erTgvarovani:
`globusSi~, Ria cis qveS, TiTqmis yvela fenis warmomad­
geneli dadioda, xo­lo `bleqfraiers~-is daxurul darbazs
ufro maRali wreebis warmomadgenlebi stumrobdnen. rac
ufro izrde­ba mkiTxvelTa raodenoba, rac ufro araerT­
gvarovani xdeba igi, avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris urT­
ierTobis gamokvleva Zneldeba. amave dros izrdeba maT
Sua­mavalTa ricxvi. SesaZlebelia imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra
socialuri datvirTva da roli hqondaT literaturul
salons, kafes, klubs, akademiasa Tu universitets. ase­ve
SesaZlebelia, Tvali mivadevnoT kritikuli gamo­cemebisa
da Jurnalebis, gamomcemlobebis istorias. kri­tikosi xde­
ba angariSgasawevi Suamavali; literaturis moyvarulebi,
bibliofilebi Tu koleqcionerebi SeiZleba literaturis
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literatura da sazogadoeba
garkveuli Janrebis mfarvelebadac mo­viazroT. mkiTxvelTa
kidev erT gansakuTrebul fenas qmnis TviT literatorTa
sazogadoebebic, romelTa wev­rebic isev momavali Tu xel­
mocaruli mwerlebi arian. veblenis (Veblen) TqmiT, amerikaSi
mandilosnebi asruleben gansakuTrebiT aqtiur rols li­
teraturuli gemovnebis gansazRvra-damkvidrebaSi.
da mainc, jer kidev moqmedebs literaturis gavrce­le­
bis Zveli meTodebi. met-naklebad yvela Tanamedrove mTav­
roba mxars uWers da mfarvelobs literaturas. mfarvelo­
baSi, rasakvirvelia kontroli da zedamxedvelo­ba igulisx­
meba.15 namdvilad gagviWirdeboda bolo aT­wleulebis to­
talitaruli saxel­mwifos gaazrebuli ga­v­lenis gadaWarbe­
biT Sefaseba. amas uaryofiTi Sede­gic hqonda da dadebiTic.
cudi is iyo, rom mwerals devnidnen, aiZulebdnen araferi
ewera, uwvavdnen wignebs, cenzura gasaqans ar aZlevda. kargi
is iyo, rom sabWoTa `socialistur realizms~, agreTve _ e.w.
,,sisxlis da miwis” regionalizms mxardaWera hqonda. saxelm­
wifom ver SeZlo misi ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisi
literaturis Seqmna, romelic didi xelovnebad darCeboda,
magram is mainc axerxebs literaturis marTvas, rodesac
mwerlebi sakuTari nebiT Tu iZulebiT emorCilebian ofi­
cialur direqtivebs. ase rom, sabWoTa ruseTSi, Teoriulad
mainc, literatura kvlav iqca sazogadoebriv xelovnebad,
xolo xe­lovani kvlav sazogadoebaSi iqna integrirebuli.
wignis warmatebis amsaxveli diagrama, maCvenebeli imi­
sa, Tu ramdenad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda wigni, an xom
ar SeiZina man `meore sococxle~ gamoqveynebidan garkveuli
periodis gavlis Semdeg, socialuri movlenaa iseve, ro­
gorc mwerlis mier moxveWili saxeli da dideba. nawilo­
briv, is rasakvirvelia ekuTvnis literaturis `istoria­
sac~, radgan saxeli da dideba izomeba imiT, Tu ra arsebiT
gavlenas axdens erTi mwerali meoreze, aseve _ imiT, Tu
ramdenad Seswevs Zala konkretul mwerals, literaturuli
tradicia Secvalos da mas Tavisi kvali daaCnios. mwerlis
saxeli, misi reputacia nawilobriv kritikosTa gamoxmau­
rebis Sedegia: dRemde ise xdeboda, rom mas ZiriTadad ad­
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literaturis Teoria
gendnen ama Tu im periodis e. w. `sa­Sualo mkiTxvelis~ metnaklebad oficialuri gancxa­de­bebis safuZvelze. aqedan
gamomdinare, maSin, roca `gemov­ne­baTa karuselis~sakiTxi
`socialuria~, mas SeiZleba ga­mo­vunaxoT ufro TvalsaCino
sociologiuri safuZveli: saguldagulo muSaobis Sedegad
SeiZleba gamovikvlioT, Tu ra realuri Sesabamisoba arse­
bobs, erTi mxriv, nawarmoeb­­sa da, meore mxriv, mkiTxvels
Soris, romelzec damokidebu­lia wignis warmateba. gamokv­
levaSi dagvexmareba gayi­dul calTa raodenoba, aseve _ ga­
mocemaTa ricxvi.
ramdeni fenac arsebobs TiToeul sazogadoebaSi, im­
denive fenad SeiZleba daiyos am sazogadoebis gemovne­bac.
maRali klasi, miuxedavad Tavisi aRmatebulebisa, zogjer
dabali klasis xelovnebiTac interesdeba. amis nimuSia in­
teresi folklorisa da primitiuli xelovnebis mimarT.
politikuri da socialuri winsvla yovelTvis ar gulisx­
mobs esTetikur winsvlasac: burJuaziam manamde igdo xel­
Si literaturuli asparezi, sanam politikaSi warmatebas
miaRwevda. sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas SeiZleba xeli
SeuSalos an sulac ugulebelyos gemovne­bis sakiTxze ka­
maTma, roca saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebuli asa­kis an sqesis
jgufTan, an garkveul jgufebTan Tu asociaciebTan. modac
angariSgasawevi faqtoria Tana­medrove literaturaSi,
radgan mudmivad cvalebad, kon­kurentunarian sazogadoe­
baSi Zalian swrafad xdeba maRa­li sazogadoebis normebis
mibaZva da amitom maT mudmivad `axali sisxli~ sWirdebaT.
cxadia, rom Cvens droSi ge­movnebis amgvari swrafi cvlile­
bebi bolo aTwleulebis swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis da
aseve, zogadad, xelovansa da sazogadoebas Soris aramyari
urTierTobis anarekli unda iyos.
sociologiur Seswavlas moiTxovs Tanamedrove mwer­
lis sazogadoebisagan izolaciis problema. rus so­cialist
giorgi plexanovs swamda, rom doqtrina `xelovneba xe­
lovnebisaTvis~ yalibdeba maSin, roca mwer­lebi grZnoben
`gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas Tavis miznebsa da im sazoga­
doebis miznebs Soris, romelsac isini ekuTvnian. mwerlebi
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literatura da sazogadoeba
am dros metad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni sazogadoebis
mimarT da misi Secvlis imedi ara aqvT~.16
levin l. Sukingma (Levin L. Schücking) Tavis `lite­
raturuli gemovnebis sociologiaSi~ gamokveTa ram­denime
amgvari problema; sxva gamokvlevebSi mas Zalian dawvrile­
biT aqvs Seswavlili ojaxisa da qalis, rogorc mkiTxveli
sazogadoebis roli me-18 s-Si.17
Tumca bevri masala iqna moZiebuli da Segrovebuli,
magram kargad dasabuTebuli daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu zus­
tad ra damokidebuleba arsebobs literaturis Seq­mnasa da
mis ekonomikur safuZvlebs Soris, an raSi vlindeba sazoga­
doebis zegavlena mweralze, mainc iSviaTad gv­xvdeba. cxa­
dia, es araa pirdapiri damokidebuleba da arc mfarvelisa
Tu mkiTxveli sazogadoebis mier dadge­nili direqtivebi­
sadmi pasiuri morCileba. mwerlebma SeiZleba moaxerxon da
Seqmnan TavianTi gansakuTrebuli mkiTxvelTa wre, es icoda
kolrijmac: yovelma axalma mwe­ralma unda Camoayalibos ge­
movneba, romelsac igi Tavad daakmayofilebs.
ara marto sazogadoeba axdens gavlenas mweralze, ara­
med sapirispiro procesic SeiniSneba; xelovneba ub­ra­lod
ki ar asaxavs cxovrebas, aramed ayalibebs, for­mas aZlevs
mas. adamianebma SeiZleba sakuTari cxovreba warmarTon
nawarmoebTa gmirebis msgavsad _ sasiyvarulo Tavgadasav­
lebi iqneba es Tu borotmoqmedebebi. TviT­mkvlelobac ki
CaudeniaT wignSi aRwerilis msgav­sad. ni­muSad SegviZlia
movixmoT diumas romanebi muSketerebze an goeTes `axal­
gazrda verTeris vnebani~. mag­­ram nuTu SesaZlebelia zus­
tad ganvsazRvroT wignis gavlena mkiT­xvelze? SevZlebT
ki odesme satiris gavlenis dadgenas? marTlac SeZlo adi­
sonma (Addison) Tavisi sazogadoebis qcevis Secvla? an moax­
dina Tu ara dikensma raime gav­lena mevaleTa cixeebis, vaJTa
skolebisa Tu RatakTa Tav­Sesafrebis reformebze?18 marT­
la iyo hariet biCer stou (Harriet Beecher Stowe) is `patara
qali, romelmac didi omi wamoiwyo~? Secvala Tu ara roman­
ma `qarwaRebulni~ (Gone with the Wind) CrdiloeTis Statebis
mkiTxvelis damokidebuleba q-n stous omis mimarT? ro­
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gori zemoqmedeba moaxdines hemingueim da folknerma Tavi­
anT mkiTxvelze? ramdenad didi iyo literaturis gavlena
Tanamedrove nacionaliz­mis aRzevebaze? ueWvelia, rom
TavianTi romanebiT uol­ter skotma SotlandiaSi, henrik
senkeviCma (Henryk Sienkiewicz) poloneTSi, alois irasekma (Alois Jirásek) CexoslovakiaSi didi wvlili Seitanes erovnuli
siamayis grZnobis gaZ­lierebasa da istoriuli movlenebis
saerTo mexsierebis ganviTarebaSi.
savaraudoa, rom axalgazrda mkiTxvelze litera­tu­
ra gacilebiT ufro uSualo da Zlier zemoqmedebas ax­dens,
vidre _ xandazmulze. udavoa isic, rom gamouc­deli mkiTx­
veli literaturas SedarebiT gulubryvilod aRiqvams;
wignebi maTTvis ufro cxovrebis aRweraaa, vidre misi inter­
pretacia. garda amisa, naklebad nakiTxi adamianebi wignebs
gacilebiT ufro seriozulad aRiqva­men, vidre kargad na­
kiTxi, profesionali mkiTxvelebi. Seg­viZlia am varaudebs
gavcdeT da gza gavagrZeloT? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
dasaxmareblad mivmarToT kiTxvarebs an sxva saxis socio­
logiur gamokiTxvebs? da maSinac ki ver miviRebT zust,
obieqtur suraTs, radganac aseTi gamokvlevebi emyareba
gamokiTxulTa mexsierebasa da analitikuri azrovnebis
unars, xolo gamokiTxulTa pasuxebis Seswavlisas da Se­
fasebisas gamoricxuli ar aris Secdomis daSveba. magram
Cveni SekiTxva, Tu ramdenad axdens literatura zegavle­
nas mkiTxvelze, empiriulia, romelsac pasuxi mxolod eqs­
perimentis Semdeg gaecema; Cven ki, radganac literaturas
da sazogadoebas yve­laze farTo gagebiT aRviqvamT, unda
daveyrdnoT ara marto specialistisa Tu profesionalis,
aramed mTeli kacobriobis gamocdilebas. aseTi sakiTxebis
Seswavla ki Cven jer TiTqmis arc dagviwyia.19
literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis da­
sa­dgenad yvelaze miRebuli meTodi aris is, rom lite­
raturul nawarmoebebs miviCnevT sazogadoebriv doku­
mentebad, rogorc socialuri realobis damadas­tu­rebul
su­­raTebs; ueWvelia, rom literaturidan SegviZlia mi­vi­­­
RoT gar­kveuli warmodgena socialuri si­nam­dvilis Sesa­
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literatura da sazogadoeba
xeb ama Tu im periodSi. uZvelesi droidan swored am miz­­niT
iye­nebd­nen mkvlevrebi literaturul teqs­tebs. to­mas uor­
tonma, romelic samarTlianad iTvleba inglisu­ri poeziis
pir­vel namdvil istorikosad, daamtkica, rom lite­raturas
aqvs `ama Tu im epoqis erTguli mematianea, romelic xato­
vnad, cocxlad warmogvidgens adamianTa manerebs, maT qce­
vas.~20 misTvis da siZveleebiT dainteresebuli mom­devno
TaobebisTvis, literatura, upirveles yovlisa, warmoad­
genda kostiumebisa da tradiciebis sacavs, ci­vilizaciis
istoriis, gansakuTrebiT, raindobis epoqisa da misi dasas­
rulis erTgvar JamTaaRmwerels. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove
mkiTxvels, bevri maTgani ucxo qveynebis mosaxleobas
swored mxatvruli nawarmoebebis meSveobiT ecnoba, sin­
kler liuisis (Sinclair Lewis) romani iqneba es, golzuorTis,
balzakisa Tu turgenevis Txzulebebi.
rogorc socialuri dokumenti, literatura sasar­
geblo unda gavxadoT socialuri istoriis Tvalsazrisi­
Tac. Coseri (Chaucer) da lenglendi (Langland) me-14 s-is
orgvar suraTs gvTavazoben. adreul wlebSi miiCneoda, rom
`kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales) prologi
imdroindeli socialuri tipebis srulyofil galereas
gvTavazobda. Seqspiri Tavisi `uinZoreli mxiaruli qale­
biT~ (Merry Wives of Windsor), ben jonsoni (Ben Jonson) ramdenime
piesiTa da tomas deloni (Thomas Deloney) warmodgenas gviqm­
nian elisabedis xanis sazogadoebriobis saSualo fenaze.
adisoni, fildingi (Fielding) da smoleti (Smollett) me-18 s-is
axal burJuazias aRweren; jein ostini umetesad me-19 s-is
soflis Tavadaznaurobis da samRvdeloebis cxovrebiT in­
teresdeba; xolo trolopi, Tekerei (Thackeray) da dikensi
_ viqtorianuli xaniT. XIX_XX saukuneebis mijnaze gol­
zuorTi (Galsworthy) gvacnobs inglisis saSualo fenis maRal
sazogadoebas, xolo uelsi (Wells)—imave sazogadoebis da­
bal fenas; beneti (Bennett) ki provinciis patara qalaqebze
mogviTxrobs.
msgavsi suraTebi SeiZleba moviZioT amerikuli cxov­
rebis Sesaxebac, dawyebuli hariet biCer stous (Harriet Beecher Stowe) da houelsis (Howells) romanebiT, vidre farelamde
145
literaturis Teoria
(Farrell) da steinbekamde (Steinbeck). restavraciis Semdgomi
parizi da safrangeTi samudamod Semogvinaxa balzakis `adamianuri komediis~ asobiT personaJma. prustma ki, SeiZleba
iTqvas, amomwuravad warmogvidgina dakninebis gza­­ze dam­
dgari franguli aristokratiis socialuri fe­nebi. tur­
genevisa da tolstois romanebSi aRwerilia me-19 s-is rusi
memamuleebis cxovreba. Cexovis moTxrobebisa da piesebis
wyalobiT maSindel vaWarTa da inteleqtualTa fenebs vec­
nobiT, Soloxovi ki koleqtiur meurneobaSi Sesul gle­
xebze gviambobs.
magaliTebi SeiZleba usasrulod moviyvanoT. Sesa­
Zlebelia Tavi movuyaroT da vaCvenoT sxvadasxva `samyaro~,
isic, Tu ra adgili ukavia iq siyvarulsa da qorwinebas, biz­
ness, ama Tu im xelobasa Tu profesias, sasuliero wodebis
dadebiT Tu uaryofiT aRweras; Sesa­Z­lebelia, calke jgu­
fad gamovyoT da SeviswavloT jein ostinis is gmirebi,
romlebic sazRvao samsaxurSi im­yofebian, aseve prustis arrivistes (`fr. `axalbedebi~, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), gaTxo­
vili qalebi houelsis roma­nebSi. amgvari saxis dayofebiT
SeiZleba Semdegi monog­rafiebi SegvrCes xelSi: `memam­
ulesa da moijares Soris urTierToba me-19 s-is amerikul
prozaSi~, `mezRvauris sa­xe inglisur prozasa da dramaSi~,
`irlandiel-amerikel­Ta saxeebi me-20 s-is mwerlobaSi~.
magram amgvar gamokvlevebs ara aqvT didi mniSvnelo­
ba, radgan maT Tu davujerebT, literatura, ubralod,
cxovrebis sarkea, cxovrebis asli da, amdenad, ra Tqma unda,
socialuri dokumentia. aseT gamokvlevebs mxolod maSin
aqvT fasi, Tu viciT Sesaswavli mwerlis mxatvruli meTo­
di da SegviZlia ara zogadad, aramed konkretulad gan­
vacxadoT, ramdenad Seesabameba wignSi aRwerili suraTi so­
cialur realobas. aqvs Tu ara ganzraxuli mwerals realis­
turi suraTis Seqmna? mimarTavs Tu ara is xandaxan satiras,
karikaturas an romantikul idealizacias? kon-bramsteti
(Kohn-Bramstedt) Tavis kargad gaazrebul mo­nografiaSi
`aristokratia da saSualo klasebi ger­maniaSi~ samar­
Tlianad gvafrTxilebs: `mxolod imas, vi­sac sazogadoe­
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literatura da sazogadoeba
bis struqtura ara wignebidan, aramed sxva wyaroebidan
Seuswavlia, SeuZlia daadginos, aris Tu ara gadmocemuli
nawarmoebSi konkretuli tipebi an maTi saqcieli... unda ga­
varkvioT, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba avtoris warmosaxva,
rea­listuri dakvirvebani an subi­eqturi fiqrebi da sur­
vilebi nawarmoebSi.~ 21
igive mkvlevari emyareba maqs veberis koncefcias ide­
aluri `socialuri tipebis~ Sesaxeb, rodesac Seiswavlis
iseT socialur gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa klasobrivi si­
Zulvili, axlad aRzevebuli pirovnebis qceva, snobizmi,
ebraelTa mimarT damokidebuleba. igi amtkicebs, rom ms­
gavsi gamovlinebebi imdenad obieqturi faqtebi da qcevis
wesebi ki ar aris, ramdenadac _ araerTgvarovani pozicie­
bi da Sexedulebebi da isini yvelaze TvalsaCinod swored
prozaSia warmodgenili. literaturuli masa­la Zalian
gamoadgeba imaT, visac gadawyvetili aqvs soci­a­luri Sexe­
dulebebisa da miswrafebebis Seswavla, ra Tqma unda, Tu
maT teqstis swori interpretacia SeuZliaT. ufro ad­
reuli periodebis Sesaswavlad, faqtobrivad, sxva gza arc
aqvT: romelime epoqis damaxasiaTebeli sa­Wiro informa­
ciis mosapoveblad maT mouwevT mxatvruli nawarmoebebis
gamoyeneba an naxevrad mxatvrulisa mainc.
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gmirebi _ aramzadebi da
TavgadasavalTa maZiebelni, qalebic da mamakacebic, sa­
in­tereso miniSnebebs gvTavazoben amgvar socialur urT­
ierTmimarTebebze.22 msgavs gamokvlevebs yovelTvis miv­
yavarT eTikuri da religiuri ideebis istoriisken. Cve­
nTvis cnobilia, rogori damokidebuleba iyo moRala­tis
mimarT Sua saukuneebSi, aseve _ mevaxSeobis mimarTac, ra­
mac aRorZinebis epoqamdec gastana da mogvca Seilokis saxe
(Seqspiris `venecieli vaWris~ personaJi, mTargmnelis
SeniSvna), mogvianebiT ki molieris `Zunwi~ (L’ Avare). gva­
interesebs sxva sakiTxebic: ZiriTadad, ra iTvleba aramza­
da personaJis `momakvdinebel codvad~ Semdegi saukuneeb­
Si? ra TvalsazrisiT xdeba misi aramzadobis Se­faseba, indi­
vidualuri Tu sazogadoebrivi moralis gaTvaliswinebiT?
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literaturis Teoria
am mxriv klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens restavraci­
is periodis inglisuri komedia. romel avtors davujeroT?
lems (Lamb), romelic Tvlida, rom es iyo ubralod colqmruli Ralatisa da fiqciuri qorwinebebis zRapruli qve­
yana, sadac meuRleebi mudmivad Ralatoben erTmaneTs, Tu
rogorc makolei (Macaulay) gvarwmunebs, es gaxldaT sura­Ti
imisa, Tu rogori dacemuli, fuqsavati da daundobeli iyo
imdroindeli aristokratia?23 iqneb gvmarTebs orive Tval­
sazrisi uarv­yoT da is veZioT, Tu konkretulad romelma
socialurma jguf­ma Seqmna es xelovneba da romeli sazoga­
doebisaTvis iyo is gamiznuli? aseve saWiroa davadginoT,
naturalistur xelovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu stilizeb­
ulTan. mxedvelobidan arc satira da iro­nia, avtoironia da
fantazia unda gamogvrCes. rogorc saer­Tod literatura,
ise es piesebic ar aris ubralod imdroinde­li dokumentebi;
Cvens winaSea piesebi TavianTi tradiciu­li personaJebiT,
tradiciuli situaciebiT, gaTamaSebuli qorwinebebiTa da
saqorwino garigebebis pirobebiT. e. e. stoli amgvarad aja­
mebs Tavis msjelobas am sakiTxebze: `aSkaraa, rom es ar aris
`realuri sazogadoeba~, da arc `feSenebeluri cxovrebis~
obieqturi asaxva; aSkaraa, rom inglisic _ Tundac sti­
uartebis mefobis droindeli _ ar aris moqmedebis ad­
gili, es ar aris revoluciamdeli an didi ajanyebiswina da
arc Semdgomi periodi.~ 24
misasalmebelia, rom stoli Tavis nawerebSi xazs us­
vams pirobiTobasa da tradicias, magram es mTlianad mainc
ver wyvets literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis
sakiTxs. TviT yvelaze Znelad misaxvedr alegorias, yvelaze
ararealur pastorals Tu yvelaze aRmaSfoTebel farssac
ki _ Tu mas Sesaferisad SeviswavliT _ SeuZlia garkveuli
informacia mogvawodos imdroindel sazogadoebaze.
literatura sazogadoebis gareSe ver iarsebebs; is
saerTo kulturis nawilia da adamianur garemoSi iqmne­
ba. tenis (Taine) cnobilma triadam _ rasa, garemo da dro
(momenti) _ imis aucilebloba Seqmna, rom literaturuli
garemo yvela kuTxiT Segveswavla. rasa, rogorc aseTi,
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literatura da sazogadoeba
ucnobi ucvleli integralia, romelsac teni metad Tavi­
suflad iyenebs. xSirad is SeiZleba inglisur `erov­nul
xa­siaTs~ an frangul `suls~ gulisxmobdes. dro SeiZleba
garemos cnebasTan erTianobaSi ganvixiloT. gansxvavebu­li
dro ubralod gansxvavebul fons, garemocvas niSna­vs. Tum­
ca, namdvili analizis aucilebloba maSin iCens Tavs, Tu
termin `garemo~-s danawevrebas gadavwyvetT. ma­­Sin mogvix­
deba imis aRiareba, rom literaturuli nawarmoe­bis up­
irvelesi foni misi lingvisturi da literaturu­li tradi­
ciaa, xolo am tradicias, Tavis mxriv, saerTo kulturuli
`klimati~ moicavs. rac Seexeba konkretul ekonomikur,
politikur da socialur viTarebas, lite­raturas SeiZleba
masTan mxolod gacilebiT naklebi kav­Siri hqondes. rasak­
virvelia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT urTierTdamokidebuleba
adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferos Soris. bolos, Segvi­
Zlia davadginoT garkveuli kavSiri warmoebis pirobebsa
da literaturas Soris, rad­ganac ekonomikur sistemas Ta­
visTavad aqvs Zalauflebis sistema da man erTgvarad unda
gaakontrolos ojaxuri cxovrebis formebic. ojaxi ki Ta­
vis mxriv mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ganaTlebis sfero­
Si; umetes SemTxvevaSi ojaxSi iRebs mozardi pirvelad in­
formacias siyvarulisa da seqsualuri sferos Sesaxeb, imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor icvleboda an viTardeboda adamianuri
grZnobebi istoriis ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli
xdeba, aRmovaCinoT kavSiri, erTi mxriv, lirikuli poeziasa
da, meore mxriv, siyvarulis tradiciul gagebas, religiur
crurwmenebsa da bunebis aRqmas Soris. magram es mimarTebe­
bi SeiZleba damabneveli da arapirdapiri aRmoCndes.
miuxedavad amisa, Znelia daveTanxmoT azrs, TiTqos
adamianis romelime konkretuli saqmianoba yvela sxva da­
narCenis pirvelmizezi iyos: magaliTad, teni, adamianis
Semoqmedebas klimaturi, biologiuri da socialuri faq­
torebis erTobliobiT xsnis; hegelis da misi mimde­vrebis
azriT, `suli~ erTaderTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa istoriaSi;
verc marqsistebs daveTanxmebiT, romlebic yvelafers
warmoebis wesebis sazomiT sazRvraven. mravali saukunis
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literaturis Teoria
manZilze, dawyebuli adreuli Sua saukuneebidan vid­re
kapitalizmis ganviTarebamde, aranairi radikaluri teq­
nologiuri cvlileba ar momxdara, im dros, rodesac kul­
turulma cxovrebam da, kerZod, literaturam metad Rrma
cvlilebebi ganicada. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom epoqis te­
qnologiur Zvrebs yovelTvis arc literatura ireklavs,
miT umetes _ maSinve. industriulma revoluciam inglisur
romanSi mxolod me-19 s-is 40-ian wlebSi SeaR­wia elisabed
gaskelis (Elizabeth Gaskell), kingslisa (Kingsley) da Sarlota
brontes (Charlotte Bronte) romanebis saSualebiT, Tumca man
didi xniT adre daaCnia aSkara kvali ekonomistTa da socio­
logTa naazrevs.
unda vaRiaroT, rom socialuri situacia gana­pi­ro­­
bebs garkveuli esTetikuri faseulobebis realiza­ciis
Sesa­Zleblobas, magram ara Tavad faseulobebis arsebobas.
zogadad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT mo­cemul sazoga­
doebaSi xelovnebis romel formebs SeuZ­liaT arseboba da
romels ara, magram namdvilad ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT,
realurad gaCndeba Tu ara xe­lovnebis es formebi konkre­
tul sazogadoebaSi. mravali marqsisti da ara mxolod mar­
qsisti, cdilobs, bevrad uf­ro zereled da naCqarevad gada­
vides ekonomikidan lite­raturaze. magaliTad, jon meinard
keinsma (Keynes) – romlisTvisac literatura namdvilad
araa ucxo xili _ Seqspiris arseboba miawera im faqts, rom:
`Cven zustad iseTi materialuri mdgomareoba gvqon­
da im dros, rom Tavisuflad SegveZlo Seqspiri gvyoloda.
didi poetebi ibadebodnen sicocxlisunarian, mxiarul,
ekonomikuri SeWirvebisagan Tavisufal atmosferoSi, rac
esmoda mmarTvel klassac~.25
Tumca, sxvagan didi poetebi ar dabadebulan. gavix­
senoT, mag., 20-iani wlebis samrewvelo bumi aSS-Si, da arc
Seqspiris optimizmiT savse xatia mainc maincdamainc da­
majerebeli. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ver daveTanxmebiT am
mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego versias, romelsac erT-erTi
rusi marqsisti gvTavazobs: `Seqspiris tragikuli Sexed­
uleba samyaroze gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom igi Tavad
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literatura da sazogadoeba
gaxldaT dramatuli simbolo feodaluri aris­tokratiisa,
romelsac elisabedis xanaSi adrindeli gaba­to­nebuli md­
gomareoba ukve dakarguli hqonda.~26
bundovani kategoriebi _ optimizmi da pesimizmin _
da maTTan dakavSirebuli urTierTgamomricxavi mosazre­
bebi konkretulad bevrs verafers gvauwyebs Seqspiris pie­
sebis jer socialur Sinaarsze, didi dramaturgis politi­
kur Sexedulebebze (romlebic aSkarad vlindeba mis isto­
riul piesebSi) da misi, rogorc mwerlis statusze.
amasTan, msgavsi citatebi Zirs sulac ar urRvevs li­
teraturisadmi Seswavlisadmi ekonomikur midgomas. Tavad
marqssac, miuxedavad imisa, rom drodadro metad ucnauri
msjeloba sCveoda, zogadad Zalze kargad esmoda, rom li­
teraturasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli damokidebu­
leba arapirdapiri xasiaTisaa. `politikuri ekonomiis kri­
tikis~ (The Critique of Political Economy) SesavalSi is aRiarebs:
`xelovnebis ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexu­re­bi zogierT
periodSi aranair kavSirSi ar aris sazogadoe­bis zogad gan­
viTarebasTan, materialur bazisTan da sazogadoebis Sina­
gan struqturasTan. amas adasturebs ber­Z­nebis magaliTic,
Tu maT Tanamedrove erebs an Tun­dac Seqspirs SevadarebT.~27
marqss, aseve, kargad esmoda, rom Sromis Tanamedrove
ganawilebas mivyavarT sam faqtors (anu `momentebs~, Tu
Cvenc, mis msgavsad, hegelis terminologias moviSve­liebT)
Soris arsebul garkveul winaaRmdegobamde. ese­nia: `sawar­
moo Zalebi~, `socialuri urTierTobebi~ da `cnobiereba~.
is moeloda (da mis molodins aSkarad uto­­piuri elferi
dahkravs), rom momavlis uklaso sazo­gadoebaSi Sromis
amgvari ganawileba kvlav gaqreboda da rom xelovani kvlav
integrirebuli gaxdeboda sazo­gado­ebaSi. marqsi fiqrob­
da, rom yvelas SeeZlo yofi­liyo brwyinvale, TviTmyofadi
mxatvari. `komunistur sa­zogadoebaSi ubralod mxatvrebi
ki ar iqnebian, aramed, ume­­tesad, iseTi adamianebi, romel­
Tac sxva unarebis garda, xatvis unaric eqnebaT~.28
`vulgaruli marqsistebis~ azriT, burJuad CaiTvleba
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is mwerali, romelmac gaaJRera reaqciuli an progresuli
ideebi eklesiisa Tu saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. sakvirveli da­
pirispireba SeimCneva am aRiarebul determinizmsa (rom­
lis Tanaxmad, `yofiereba~ gansazRvravs `cnobierebas~ da,
maSasadame, `burJuas ubralod ar ZaluZs ar iyos burJua~)
da Cveulebriv eTikur msjelobas Soris (ro­melic bur­
Juas misi ideebis gamo amxels da kicxavs). ru­seTSi Semdegi
tendencia SeiniSneboda _ burJuaziuli warmoSobis mwer­
lebs, romlebic proletariatis rigebSi erTiandebodnen,
mudmivad eWvis TvaliT da undoblad uyurebdnen, ar sje­
rodaT maTi gulwrfelobis da maT ne­bismier SemoqmedebiT
Tu sazogadoebriv marcxs maTsave klasobriv warmoSobas
ukavSirebdnen. da mainc, Tu marqsistebs davujerebT da
virwmunebT, rom progress feo­dalizmidan burJuaziuli
kapitalizmis gavliT pir­­dapir `proletariatis diqtatu­
risken~ mivyavarT, ma­Sin nebismieri marqsistis logikuri da
Tanamimdevruli saqcieli unda yofiliyo xotbis Sesxma am
gzis progresu­li etapebisTvis. ase rom, wesiT, man qeba ar
unda daiSuros im BburJuasTvis, romelic kapitalizmis ad­
reul periodSi feodalizmis naSTebs ebrZoda. Tumca, xSi­
rad isec xdeba, rom marqsistebi mwerlebs XX s-is Tvalsawi­
eridan akritike­ben an kidev (smirnovisa da gribis msgavsad,
romlebic `vulga­ruli sociologiis~ mimarT Zalze kri­
tikulad arian ganwyobilni) indoben burJuaziul mwerals,
radgan masac kacobriobis nawilad aRiareben. amgvarad,
smirnovi midis im daskvnamde, rom Seqspiri yofila `burJua­
ziis humanisti ideo­logi, am klasis ideebisa da programis
gamomxatveli im dros, roca kacobriobam humanizmis sa­
xeliT pirvelad Seitana eWvi feodalur wyobaSi.~29 magram
xelovnebis humanizmis, misi universalurobis koncefcia
eqvemdebareba marqsizmis centralur doqtrinas, romelic
Tavisi arsiT relativisturi xasiaTisaa.
marqsistuli kritika saukeTesod avlens sakuTar
arss, roca is aaSkaravebs nawarmoebSi Cadebul, xSirad Se­
farul miniSnebebs. am kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, davinaxavT,
rom es gaxlavT teqstis interpretaciis teqnika, romelic
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analogiuria im meTodisa, romelic eyrdnoba froidis, nic­
Sesa Tu paretos (Pareto) mignebebs, an Seler-manhaimis (SchelerMannheim) `codnis sociologias~. yvela zemoT naxsenebi in­
teleqtuali undoblad ekideba inteleqts, mkafiod Camoya­
libebul doqtrinas, arsebiT azrs. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT
Soris is aris, rom nicSe da froidi fsiqologiuri meTo­
debiT sargebloben, xolo paretoseuli `narCenebisa~ da
`warmonaqmnebis~, agreTve _ Seler-man­haimis `ideologiis~
analizis teqnika sociologiuri xasiaTisaa.
`codnis sociologia~, Tu davimowmebT maqs Seleris,
maqs veberisa da karl manhaimis nawerebs, detalurad iq­­ na
SemuSavebuli da Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT gar­
kveuli upiratesoba aqvs.30 is mkiTxvelis yuradRe­bas amax­
vilebs ara marto konkretuli ideologiuri Tvalsazrisis
winapirobebsa da miniSnebebze, aramed xazs usvams Tavad
mkvlevris farul varaudebsa da miker­Zoebul msjelobas,
imdenad, rom misi TviTkritika da TviTkontroli TiTqmis
arajansaR iers iZens. garda amisa, `codnis sociologiaSi~,
marqsizmTan da fsiqoanalizTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT
naklebad gvxvdeba tendencia imisa, rom cvlilebaTa gan­
mapirobeblad erTi romelime faqtori miviCnioT. maqs ve­
beris gamokvlevis udavo xarvezi is aris, rom igi am rols
reli­giur faqtors miawers, magram misi naSromi religiis
sociologiaSi mainc metad Rirebulia, radgan avtori cdi­
lobs asaxos ideo­logiuri faqtorebis gavlena ekonomi­
kur qce­vasa da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebze; arada,
manamde mTeli yuradReba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom
SeeswavlaT, ra gavlenas axdenda ekonomika ideologiaze.31
metad drouli da misasalmebeli iqneboda msgavsi gamokv­
levis Catareba imis dasadgenad, Tu rogoria literaturis
gav­lena socialur cvlilebebze, Tumca iqac analogiur
sirTuleebs wavawydebodiT. literaturuli faqtoris ga­
mo­yofa iseTive rTuli saqmea, rogorc religiurisa, da
Zalze Znelia pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze: aris Tu ara es gav­
lena gamowveuli TviTon am konkretuli faqtoriT, Tu am
procesSi sxva Zalebic arian CarTuli da Tavad es faqtori
mxolod `arxis~ anu SemakavSireblis rols asrulebs?32
153
literaturis Teoria
`codnis sociologias~ Zalze azaralebs misi ga­da­
metebuli istorizmi; im Tezisis miuxedavad, rom `obi­
eqturobas~ SeiZleba sinTezirebis gziT mivaRwioT da,
amdenad, movaxdinoT konfliqturi Sexedulebebis neit­
ralizaciac, mainc saqme gvaqvs ukiduresad skeptikur
daskvnebTan. `codnis sociologia~ aseve zaraldeba li­
teraturasTan mimarTebiT, radganac ver axerxebs `Si­
naarsis~ dakavSirebas `formasTan~. marqsizmis msgavsad,
ro­­melic saWiroze met yuradRebas uTmobs iracionalur
axsna-ganmartebebs, `codnis sociologiac~ ver gvTavazobs
racionalur safuZvels esTetikisaTvis da aqedan ga­
momdinare, verc kritikisa da SefasebisaTvis. cxadia, es
Seexeba literaturis Seswavlis yvela garegan meTods. Tu
literaturul nawarmoebs kauzaluri (mizezobrivi) kuT­
xiT SeviswavliT, jerovnad ver movaxdenT teqstis analizs,
aRwerasa da Sefasebas.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom sakiTxi `literatura da
sazogadoeba~ SeiZleba sxvagvaradac ganvixiloT, maT So­ris
_ simboluri, mravalmniSvnelovani terminebis meSveo­biT.
mag.: Tanmimdevruloba, harmonia, simwyobre, Sesabami­so­­ba,
struqturuli identuroba, stilisturi analogia an sxva
romelime termini, riTac gvinda aRvniSnoT kul­tu­ri­sa da
adamianis sxvadasxva moRvaweobas Soris damokidebule­bis
integracia. sorokinma (Sorokin) gaaanaliza Sesa­Zlo varian­
tebi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom integraciis xarisxi sx­
vadasxvagvaria sazogadoebrivi cxovre­bis istoriaSi.33
marqsizmis moZRvrebaSi ver vipoviT pasuxs kiT­
xvaze, Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli literatura sazo­
gadoebisgan. ase rom, mravali umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis
Seswavla jer dawyebulic ar aris. xandaxan SeiZleba mog­
veCvenos, rom Janrebi socialuradaa ganpirobebuli, mag.,
rodesac saubaria romanis burJuaziuli warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb, an kidev _ Janrebis formebisa da maTi ur­Ti­
erTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. amis nimuSia e. b. bergamis
(Burgum) arcTu damajerebeli Sexeduleba, TiTqos tra­
gikomedia`im gavlenis Sedegia, romelic saSualo klasis
154
literatura da sazogadoeba
seriozulobam moaxdina aristokratiis fuqsavatobaze.~
(ix. Edwin Berry Burgum, ‘Literary Form: Social Forces and Innovations’, The Novel and the World’s Dilemma, New York 1947).34 arse­
bobs ki konkretuli socialuri winapirobebi iseTi farTo
literaturuli stilisa, rogoric romantizmia? Tumca
igi burJuaziasTan asocirdeboda, magram Tavidanve anti­
burJuaziuli iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, germaniaSi mainc.35
aSkaraa, rom literaturuli ideologiebi da Temebi gar­
kveuli saxiT damokidebulia socialur garemoebebze,
magram ver vityviT, rom jerovnad iyos dadgenili li­
teraturul nawarmoebTa formebisa da stilis, Janrebi­sa
da realur literaturul normaTa socialuri sawyisebi.
amgvari kvlevis mcdelobis yvelaze konkretuli Se­
degi literaturis socialuri sawyisebis Seswavlam mogv­ca.
nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT biuheris (Bücher) calmxri­vi
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia warmoiSva Sromis simRere­
bidan, aseve, anTropologebis mravali gamokvleva adreuli
xelovnebis magiuri rolis Sesaxeb; jorj tomso­nis (George
Thomson) metad akademiuri mcdeloba, gamoenaxa konkre­
tuli kavSiri, erTi mxriv, berZnul tragediasa da, meore
mxriv, kultsa da ritualebsa da demokratiul socialur
revolucias Soris esqiles epoqaSi; sakmaod gulubryviloa
qristofer koduelis (Christopher Caudwell) mcdeloba, poe­
ziis sawyisebi daeZebna pirvelyofili Temis emociebsa da
burJuaziis indnvidualuri Tavisuflebis `iluziaSi~.36
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu udavod damtkicdeba liter­
aturuli normebis ganpirobebuloba socialuri faqtore­
biT, SevZlebT davsvaT kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
socialuri damokidebulebebi iqces xelovnebis nawarmoe­
bis `Semadgenel nawilad~ da keTilismyofeli roli Seasru­
los misi mxatvruli faseulobis ganmtkicebaSic? SeiZleba
Semogvedavon da imis mtkiceba daiwyon, rom, marTalia, `so­
cialuri WeSmariteba~, rogorc aseTi, ar warmoadgens mx­
atvrul Rirebulebas, magram mainc ganamtkicebs iseT mxat­
vrul Rirebulebebs, rogorebicaa sirTule da simwyobre.
magram es namdvilad ar aris saWiro. arsebobs marTlac dide­
155
literaturis Teoria
buli literatura, romelsac aqvs umniSvnelo socialuri
datvirTva an saerTod araviTari socialuri datvirTva ara
aqvs. socialuri literatura literaturis mxolod erTerTi nairsaxeobaa da arc literaturis TeoriaSi ukavia gad­
amwyveti adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda, ar gaviziarebT im Tval­
sazriss, rom literatura, upirveles yovlisa cxovrebis,
kerZod ki, socialuri cxovrebis `imitaciaa~ (rogorc aris
kidec sinamdvileSi). magram literaturiT xom verc socio­
logias CavanacvlebT da verc politikas. mas sakuTari daniS­
nuleba da mizani aqvs.
156
Tavi meaTe
literatura da ideebi
*
literaturisa da ideebis urTierTmimarTebas Sei­
Zleba ramdenime mkveTrad gansxvavebuli axsna moe­Ze­bnos.
xSirad literaturas miiCneven filosofiis erT-erT for­
mad, anu formaSi `SefuTul~ ideebad da misi analizis miza­
nia `mowinave ideebis~ gamovlena. lite­raturaTmcodneebic
swored amgvarad ganazogade­ben da ajameben nawarmoebebs.
es meTodi absurdul ukidu­re­sobamde miiyvana mkvle­
varTa gacilebiT adreulma sko­lam. amis kargi magaliTia
Seqspiris germaneli mkvlevari ul­rici (Ulrici), romelmac
`venecieli vaWris~ (The Merchant of Venice) centraluri idea
Semdeg gamonaTqvamamde daiyvana: summum jus summa injuria1
(laT. upirobod aRsrulebuli samarTali (zogjer) udide­
si usamarTlobis tolfasia, mTargmnelis SeniSvna);
miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba Cveni Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebisa sifrTxiliT ekideba amgvar metismet in­
teleqtualizacias, mainc SemorCa tradicia, romlis mixed­
viTac literaturuli nawarmoebi filosofiur traqtatad
unda miviCnioT.
amis sapirispiro Sexeduleba literaturas aTa­
visuflebs yovelgvari filosofiuri datvirTvisagan. Ta­
vis moxsenebaSi `filosofia da poezia~, jorj boasi pirda­
pir acxadebs:
`poeziaSi gamoxatuli ideebi, Cveulebisamebr, mo­
Z­velebulia da arcTu iSviaTad _ mcdaric. 16 wels ga­
dacilebuli arc erTi adamiani ar daxarjavs dros mxolod
imis gasagebad, Tu ra azria masSi Cadebuli.~2
Tu davujerebT t. s. eliots, `Seqspiri da dante didi
moazrovneebi rodi gaxldnen.~3 SeiZleba daveTanx­moT
boessac, romlis azriT, TiTqmis mTeli poeziis inteleq­
157
literaturis Teoria
tualuri Sinaarsi (boesi ki ZiriTadad lirikul poezias
gulisxmobs), rogorc wesi, Zalze gazviadebulia. Tu ga­
vaanalizebT bevr cnobil leqss, romlebsac swo­red Tavi­
anTi Rrma filosofiuri azrisTvis aqeben, xSirad xelSi
SegvrCeba adamianis cxovrebis warmavlobaze an bedisweris
Temaze Seqmnili Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli nawar­
moebebi. Tu yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT viqtorianuli epoqis
lamis misnad Seracxuli poetis, brauningis gamonaTqvamebs,
xSir SemTxvevaSi vnaxavT, rom isini sxva araferia, Tu ara
moarul WeSmaritebaTa gamartivebuli versiebi.4 maSinac ki,
Tu mogvwons iseTi zogadi debuleba, rogoricaa kitsis `si­
lamazea WeSmariteba, WeSmariteba ki _ silamaze~ (fragmen­
ti kit­sis leqsidan `oda berZnul urnas~, Ode to a Grecian Urn,
mTargmnelis SeniSvna), mainc mogviwevs bevri fiqri imaze,
Tu rogor unda gavigoT es urTierTSeqcevadi debulebe­
bi, sanam ar gaviazrebT maT, rogorc leqsis Semajame­bel
frazas xelovnebis maradiulobisa, bunebis silamazisa
da adamianuri gancdebisa da warmavlobis Sesaxeb. rode­
sac mxat­vruli nawarmoebi dagvyavs ubralo dogmatur ga­
nacxadamde, an izolirebulad ganvixilavT nawarmoebis
nawyvetebs, amiT ispoba nawarmoebis unikalurobas, irRveva
misi struqtura da SefasebisTvis gamoiyeneba sruliad Seu­
sabamo kriteriumebi.
ueWvelia, rom literatura erTgvar sabuTs war­mo­
adgens ideebisa da filosofiis istoriaSi, radgan li­
teraturuli istoria inteleqtualuri istoriis pa­
ralelurad mimdinareobs da ireklavs kidec mas. poetis
mier gakeTebuli pirdapiri ganacxadebebi Tu miniSnebebi
xSirad imis maCvenebelia, rom is iziarebda, kargad icnob­
da, an zogadi warmodgena hqonda ama Tu im konkretuli fi­
losofiuri skolis Sexedulebebze.
bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi amerikeli swav­
lulebis mTelma jgufma am sakiTxebis Seswavlas Tav­
dauzogavi Sroma Sealia. TavianT meTods maT uwodes `ideaTa
istoria~, cota ar iyos damabneveli termini iseTi konkre­
tuli da gansazRvruli meTodisaTvis, romelic ganaviTara
a. o. lavjoim (A. O. Lovejoy) da xelic Seuwyo mis gavrcele­
158
literatura da ideebi
bas.5 man brwyinvaled warmoaCina am meTodis efeqtianoba Ta­
vis wignSi `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~ (The Great Chain of Being).
lavjoi Seiswavlis bunebis gradaciis ideas platonidan
Selingamde (Schelling) da ganixilavs mas azrovnebis yvela
sistemaSi, rogoricaa filosofia yvelaze zusti gagebiT,
samecniero swavleba, Teologia da Tavad literatura. es
meTodi filosofiis istoriisgan ori aspeqtiT gansxvavde­
ba. lavjoi filosofiis isto­ri­is Seswavlisas didi moaz­
rovneebiT ifargleba da sakuTar `ideaTa istoriaSi~ aer­
Tianebs ufro mcire masStabis moazrovneT, maT Soris _ po­
etebsac, romlebic, misi SexedulebiT, moazrovneTa klasi­
dan warmosdgebian. la­vjoi kidev ufro xazgasmiT aRniSnavs
gansxvavebas, rodesac acxadebs, rom filosofiis istoria
did sis­temebs Seiswavlis, ideaTa istoria ki calkeul idee­
bs, anu igi anawevrebs filosofiur sistemebs da Seiswavlis
individualur motivebs.
lavjois mier SemoTavazebuli sazRvrebi, miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom sruliad Sesaferisi safuZvelia iseTi kerZo
gamokvlevisaTvis, rogoricaa `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~,
ganzogadebuli saxiT damajereblad ar gamoiyureba. fi­
lo­so­fiur cnebaTa istoria samarTlianad ekuTvnis fi­­
losofiis istorias da didi xnis winaT hegelic da vin­
delbandic mas ase moiazrebdnen. ra Tqma unda, calmxri­vi
iqneboda erTeuli ideebis Seswavla da sistemebis gamor­
icxva. es igivea, rom literaturis Seswavlisas mxo­lod ver­
sifikaciis, diqciisa Tu saxismetyvelebis istoriiT Semov­
ifargloT, uari vTqvaT mxatvruli na­warmoebebis mTliano­
baSi Seswavlaze da ar vcnoT maTi mTlianoba. `ideaTa is­
toria~ azrovnebis zogadi istoriis Seswavlis mxolod
erTi konkretuli meTodia, romelic literaturas iyenebs
mxo­lod rogorc sabuTsa da ganmartebas. es Tvalsazrisi
naTlad Cans, rodesac lavjoi seriozul, Rrmaazrovan
lite­raturaSi gaSlil ideaTa umravlesobas moixseniebs,
rogorc `filosofiur ideebs ganzavebul mdgomareobaSi~.6
miuxedavad amisa, `ideaTa istorias~ mainc keTil­
mosurned unda moekidon literaturis mkvlevarni, da ara
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literaturis Teoria
marto imitom, rom filosofiis istoriis ukeT gaazreba
literaturas mxolod da mxolod gamoadgeba. lavjois
meTodi mimarTulia azrovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa um­
ravlesobis Warbi inteleqtualizaciis winaaRmdeg. igi
aRiarebs im faqts, rom azrovneba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
azrovnebis sistemebs Soris gakeTebuli arCevani xSirad
ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva SexedulebebiT da varaudebiT,
met-naklebad gaucnobierebeli mentaluri CvevebiTa Tu
qceviT. es meTodi aseve eTanxmeba im azrs, rom, rodesac ada­
mianebi raime ideis mimdevarni xdebian, amaSi did rols as­
rulebs maTi midrekileba metafizikuri paTosis sxvadasxva
formebis mimarT da isic, rom ideebi, xSirad, gansakuTre­
buli datvirTvis mqone sityvebi, xelSeuxebe­li frazebia,
romlebic semantikurad aris Seswavlili. leo Spicerma (Leo
Spitzer), romelmac lavjois `ideaTa istorias~ mravali nakli
gamounaxa, Tavad SemogvTavaza saucxooo magaliTebi imisa,
Tu rogor unda SevuxamoT erTmaneTs inteleqtualuri da
semantikuri istoria iseTi sityvebis kvlevisas, rogore­
bicaa ‘‘milieu’’(garemo), ‘‘ambience’’(garemocva) da ‘‘Stimmung’’
(germ. ganwyoba, at­mosfero), enis istoriaSi maTi yvela aso­
ciaciisa da cvli­lebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.7 bolos, lavjois
sqemas aqvs erTi metad mimzidveli Tviseba. igi aSkarad ar
eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom literaturuli da istoriuli
kvlevebi daiyos erovnebisa da enebis mixedviT.
poeturi teqstis interpretaciisaTvis filosofiisa
da zogadad, azrovnebis istoriis codna namdvilad ar aris
zedmeti. amas rom Tavi davaneboT, literaturis istorias
mudmivad uxdeba azrovnebis istoriis problemebis gan­
xilva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs iseT mwer­
lebTan, rogoric aris paskali, emersoni, nicSe. marTlac,
kritikis istoria, ubralod, erT-erTi nawilia esTetikuri
azrovnebis istoriisa, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tu mas calke, gan­
yenebulad ganvixilavT da ara mis Tanamedrove mxatvrul
nimuSebTan erTad.
eWvi aravis Seepareba imaSi, rom Tavisuflad SegviZ­
lia vaCvenoT, Tu rogor aisaxa inglisur literaturaSi
fi­losofia. elisabedis xanis poezia gamsWvalulia aRor­
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literatura da ideebi
Zinebis droindeli platonizmis ideebiT: spenserma (Spe­n­ser)
dawera oTxi himni, romlebSic aRwerilia aRmasvla mate­
riidan RvTiur silamazemde neoplatonizmis moZRvrebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. xolo Tavis `feriaTa dedofalSi“ (Fa­erie
Queene) poeti cvalebadobasa da bunebas Soris ka­maTs mara­
diuli, ucvleli wesrigis sasargeblod wyve­ts. marlosTan
imdroindeli italiuri aTeizmisa da skepticizmis gamo­
Zaxils vxvdebiT. renesansuli pla­tonizmis mraval niSans
SeqspirTanac ki wavawydebiT. mag., `troilusSi“ (Troilus),
ulises cnobil sityvaSi, sadac mon­tenis azrebis eqoc ismis
da stoikosTa gacveTili frazebic. donis (Donne) poeziaSi
Cans, rom mas Seswavlili hqonda wminda mamaTa da sqolas­
tikosTa nawerebi, da rom masze gavlena moaxdina axalma
mecnierebam. miltonma Tavad Seqmna metad damoukidebeli
sakuTari Teologia da kosmogonia, romelic, erTi inter­
pretaciis mixed­viT, Tavis TavSi aerTianebs materialis­
tur da platonistur elementebs da, amasTan erTad, kavSiri
aqvs rogorc aRmosavlur azrovnebasTan, ise maSindel seq­
tebTan, mag., mortalistebTan.
draidenma dagvitova filosofiuri poezia, romelic
imdroindel Teologiur da politikur winaaRmdegobebs
gadmogvcems da gvidasturebs, rom avtori icnobda fide­
izms, Tanamedrove mecnierebas, skepticizmsa da deizms. rac
Seexeba tomsons (Thomson), man aRwera sistema, romelSic
gaerTianebulia niutonianizmi da Saftsberis (Shaftesbury)
ideebi. poupis `ese adamianze~ savsea eqoebiT mravali fi­
losofiuri Teoriidan; rac Seexeba greis, man laTinuri heg­
zametrebiT warmogvidgina lokis Teoriebi. lorens ster­
nic lokis mxurvale Tayvanismcemeli gaxldaT da misi idee­
bi asociaciebisa da xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb, uxvad gamoiyena
(xSirad komikuri efeqtisaTvis) `tristram SendiSi~.
did romantikos poetebs Tu gadavxedavT, kolriji
(Coleridge) Tavad gaxldaT sakmao gaqanebis da reputaciis
mqone naswavli filosofosi. man dawvrilebiT Seiswavla
kanti da Selingi da gadmogvca maTi Sexedulebebi, Tumca
161
literaturis Teoria
ver vityviT, rom yovelTvis kritikulad. kolrijis poe­
zia, cota ar iyos, daazarala misma mudmivma CaZirvam fi­
losofiaSi, magram, swored misi wyalobiT SeaRwia inglisur
poeziaSi mravalma germanulma, ufro zogadad ki neopla­
tonurma filosofiurma ideam. zogi maTgani manamdec ar­
sebobda inglisuri poeziis tradiciaSi, magram kolrijma
ufro aqtualuri gaxada. kantis kvali atyvia uordsuor­
Tis poezias. isic Tqmula, rom igi Zalian kargad icnobda
hartlis (Hartley) fsiqologiur Teoriebs. Tavdapirvelad
Selim me-18 s-is frangi filosofosebisa da, aseve, maTi in­
gliseli mowafis, godvinis didi gavlena ganicada; Tumca,
mogvianebiT igi ufro metad spinozas, berklisa da plato­
nis mimdevari gaxda.
viqtorianuli xanis winaaRmdegoba mecnierebasa da re­
ligias Soris kargad aisaxa tenisonisa (Tennyson) da braunin­
gis (Browning) poeziaSi. suinberni (Swinburne) da hardi (Hardy)
asaxaven TavianTi drois pesimistur aTeizms. hofkinsi (Hop­
kins) ki gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina masze dans skotu­
sis (Duns Scotus) ideebma. jorj eliotma (George Eliot) Targmna
foierbaxi (Feuerbach) da Strausi (Strauss), Sou (Shaw) ki kar­
gad icnobda semuel batlerisa (Samuel Butler) da nicSes naS­
romebs. Tanamedrove poetebis umetesobas wakiTxuli aqvT
froidis Sromebi an masze dawerili wignebi da gamokvlevebi.
joisi (Joyce) kargad iyo ganswavluli ara marto froidisa
da iungis moZRvrebebSi, aramed aseve kargad icnobda vikos
(Vico), jordano brunosa (Giordano Bruno) da, ra Tqma unda,
Toma aqvinelis (Thomas Aquinas) naazrevs; ieitsi Rrmad gaita­
ca Teosofiam, misticizmma da berklimac ki.
sxva qveynebis literaturasac Tu mimovixilavT,
amgvar magaliTebs kidev ufro uxvad vnaxavT. arsebobs
dantes Teologiis uricxvi interpretacia. safrangeTSi e.
Jilsonma (Gilson) Tavisi ganswavluloba Sua saukuneebis fi­
losofiaSi gamoiyena rablesa (Rabelais) da paskalis (Pascal)
teqstebis gasarCevad.8 pol azarma (Paul Hazard) didi profe­
sionalizmiT dawera `evropuli azrovnebis krizisi~ me-17
s.-is bolosken (Crise de la conscience europeenne), sadac is aR­
162
literatura da ideebi
wers ganmanaTleblobis ideebis gavrcelebas da ufro gvi­
andel naSromSi _ am ideaTa damkvidrebas mTels evropaSi.9
germaniaSi arsebobs uamravi gamokvleva, romlebic Seiswav­
lian Silers, rogorc kantis ideebis mimdevars, goeTes kav­
Sirs plotinTan da spinozasTan, klaistisas _ kantTan, he­
belisas _ hegelTan da msgavs sakiTxebs. germaniaSi, filo­
sofosebsa da poetebs, xSirad, marTlac uaRresad mWidro
TanamSromloba akavSirebdaT, gansakuTrebiT _ romantiz­
mis periodSi, rodesac fixte, Selingi da hegeli poetebTan
cxovrobdnen da maSin, roca holderlinisTana wminda wylis
poetic ki Tavs erTgvarad movaled Tvlida, rom sistematu­
rad efiqra gnoseologiisa da metafizikis sakiTxebze. Tu
ruseTs gadavxedavT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom dostoevskis
da tolstois Zalze xSirad ise moixsenieben, rogorc mx­
olod filosofosebsa da religiur moazrovneebs; puSkin­
Tanac ki eZeben raRac, cota ar iyos, Znelad mosaxelTebel
sibrZnes.10 simbolisturi moZraobis periodSi, ruseTSi
asparezze `metafizikuri kritikosebis~ mTeli skola ga­
moCnda, romlebic literaturas TavianTi sakuTari fi­
losofiuri mrwamsis mixedviT aanalizebdnen. isini yvelani
_ rozanovi, mereJkovski, Sestovi, berdiaevi da viaCeslav
ivanovi _ werdnen dostoevskize da dostoevskis Sesaxeb.11
zogjer mas iyenebdnen rogorc ubralod teqsts, ra­­Ta eqa­
dagaT sakuTari doqtrinebi. xdeboda, rosdesac mwe­rals
raRac filosofiur sistemis CarCoebSi aqcevdnen da mxo­
lod Zalian iSviaTad axsendebodaT, rom masSi tragikosi
romanisti daenaxaT.
amgvari Sromebis bolos, an umjobesia Tavidanve, unda
davsvaT ramdenime kiTxva, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, yo­
velTvis gasagebad ar upasuxeben. ramdenad SesaZlebelia,
rom filosofosTa naazrevis ubralo gamoZaxilma poetis
SemoqmedebaSi gansazRvros avtoris msoflmxedveloba,
gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi dramatuli avtorisa, rogoric
Seqspiria? iyvnen ki poetebi da saerTod mwerlebi aSkarad
gamoxatuli da sistematuri mimdevrebi ama Tu im filoso­
fiuri moZRvrebisa? gana dRes gamarTlebulia imis mtkice­
ba, rom gasul saukuneebSi mwerals unda hqonoda sakuTari
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literaturis Teoria
filosofia, amis moTxovnilebac ki unda egrZno an iseTi
xalxis garemocvaSi unda ecxovra, romelnic ubiZgebdnen
da­mo­ukidebeli azrovnebis sistemis Seqmnisaken, an gnebavT,
dainteresebuli iqnebodnen amiT? gana xSirad metismetad
gadaWarbebulad ar warmogvidgenen literaturis isto­
rikosebi mweralTa (es Tanamedrove avtorebsac exebaT) fi­
losofiuri mrwamsis erTianobas, sicxadesa Tu masStabs?
maSinac ki, Tu saubaria ganviTarebuli TviT­cno­
bierebis mqone mwerlebze, zogjer ki _ filoso­fosebze,
rom­lebsac mWvretelobisadmi midreki­leba axasiaTebT da
TviTonac qmnian `filosofiur~ poezias, mainc mogviwevs
Semdegi kiTxvebis dasma: aris Tu ara poezia miT ukeTesi,
rac ufro filosofiuria igi? SegviZlia Tu ara poezia Se­
vafasoT im filosofiis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelic masSia gadmocemuli an imis mixedviT, Tu ramde­­­nad
kar­gad da Rrmad aris gagebuli im filosofiuri moZRvre­­
bis arsi, romelsac is poeturad gamoxatavs? an iqneb im
kuTxiT unda SevafasoT poezia, Tu ramdenad axali, origi­
naluri saxiT gvawvdis tradiciul, ukve arsebul naazrevs?
cnobilia, rom t. s. elioti dantes Seqspirze maRla ayeneb­
da, radgan dantes filosofia uf­ro jansaRad da logiku­
rad miaCnda. germaneli filo­sofosi herman glokneri (Hermann Glockner) amtkicebs, rom poezia da filosofia arasodes
ise daSorebuli ar yofila erTmaneTisagan, rogorc dantes
SemoqmedebaSi, radganac misi azriT, dantem ukve arsebuli,
dasrulebuli filosofiuri sistema Caibara da axali ara
miumata ra.12 ideaTa namdvili urTierTgaziareba filoso­
fiasa da poezias Soris moxda moazrovne poetTa xa­naSi.
aseTebi iyvnen _ empedokle (Empedocles) sokratemdel sa­
berZneTSi, aRorZinebis epoqaSi fiCino (Ficino) da jordano
bruno, romlebic poeziasac qmnidnen da filosofiasac,
anu poetur filosofias da filosofiur poezias. mogvi­
anebiT iyo goeTe germaniaSi, romelic poetic gaxldaT da
TviTmyofi filosofosic.
sakiTxavi isaa, SevafasebT ki amgvari filosofiuri
standartebiT literaturul nawarmoebebs? imis gamo xom
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literatura da ideebi
ar unda daviwunoT poupis `ese adamianze~, rom poetma mra­
vali gansxvavebuli wyaro gamoiyena da, mTlianobaSi, teq­
s­tis erTianoba darRveulia? Selim Tavisi cxovrebis erT
etapze zurgi aqcia godvinis Camouyalibebel materializms
da platonis idealizms miapyro Tvali. es TavisTavad prog­
resuli nabiji Selis kargi poetobis maCvenebelia Tu cu­
dis? ramdenad aqvs amas kavSiri Selis poeziasTan? Taname­
drove mkiTxvelTa TaobaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom Selis
poezia bundovani, monotonuri da mosawyenia. SesaZlebelia
Tu ara, uarvyoT es azri, Tu davamtkicebT, rom Selis fi­
losofias Tavis droze garkveuli Rirebuleba hqonda da
esa Tu is adgili mis nawarmoebebSi bundovani da uazro ki
araa, aramed imdroindel mecnierul Tu fsevdomecnierul
ideebze migvaniSnebs.13 yvela es kri­teriumi ueWvelad da­
fuZnebulia inteleqtualistur gaugebrobaze, radganac
filosofiisa da xelovnebis funqciebi arasworad aris
gagebuli. isic arasworad aris gagebuli, Tu rogor SeaR­
wevs sinamdvileSi ideebi literaturaSi.
literaturis filosofiuri kuTxiT Seswavlas, ro­
gorc aRvniSneT, gadametebuli inteleqtualizmi axa­
siaTebs. am faqtis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
gamovlinda zogierT meTodSi, romlebic sxvadasxva qve­
yanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki germaniaSi SeimuSaves. rudolf
ungerma (Unger) _ dilTais ideebis daxmarebiT _ mtkiced
dauWira mxari im meTods, romelsac didi xnis istoria ki
hqonda, magram sistematurad ar gamoiyeneboda.14 is samar­
Tlianad acxadebs, rom literatura ar aris leqsTwyobiTa
da mxatvruli saxeebiT gadmocemuli fi­losofiuri ideebi,
aramed gamoxatavs cxovrebisadmi zogad damokidebulebas;
poetebi Cveulebisamebr pasuxs uZebnian, iqneb arasiste­
muradac, im SekiTxvebs, romlebic Sinaar­siT SeiZleba fi­
losofiuric iyos, magram maTi poeturi reaqcia amgvari
SekiTxvebze sxvadasxvagvaria droisa da viTarebis cvaleba­
dobis mixedviT. ungeri am `sakiTxebis~, cota ar iyos, TviT­
nebur klasifikacias gvTavazobs, ese­nia: bedisweris sakiTxi,
romlis miRmac igi Tavisuflebisa da garduvalobis, sulisa
165
literaturis Teoria
da bunebis urTierTobas gulisxmobs; religiuri `sakiTxi~,
romelic moicavs qristes saxis interpretacias, aseve damo­
ki­debulebas codvisa da xsnis, gadarCenis mimarT; bunebis
sakiTxi, romelic ara marto bunebisadmi damokidebulebaa,
aramed moicavs miTosisa da magiis sakiTxebs. problemaTa
sxva jgufs ungeri adamianis problemebs uwodebs: ra aris
adamiani? rogoria misi damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT?
rogor esmis siyvaruli? bolo jgufSi ki Sedis sazogadoe­
bis, ojaxisa da saxelmwifos problemebi. ungeris mixedviT,
mweralTa Sexedulebebi unda Seswavlil iqnes am sakiTxeb­
Tan kavSirSi. iseTi SemTxvevebic iyo, rom gamovida wignebi,
romlebic cdiloben am problemaTa istoriis Seswavlas maT­
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT midgo­
modnen. valter remma (Walther Rehm) dawera mozrdili wigni,
romelic germanul poeziaSi sikvdilis problemas ikvlevs.
paul klukhonma (Paul Kluckhohn) ki gamoikvlia, Tu rogor
aisaxa siyvarulis Tema me-18 s.-isa da romantizmis epoqaSi.15
msgavsi Sromebi sxva enebzec Seiqmna. mario pracis (Mario Praz) `romantikul agonias~ (Romantic Agony) SeiZleba vu­
wodoT gamokvleva seqsisa da sikvdilis Temaze, rogorc amas
misi italiuri saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs: `sxeuli, sikvdili
da eSmaki romantikul literaturaSi~16 k. s. luisis `siyvar­
ulis alegoria~ (Alegory of Love), garda imisa, rom alegoriis
Janris istorias warmoadgens, aseve bevrs mogviTxrobs, Tu
rogor Seicvala da icvleba Ddamokidebulebebi siyvaruli­
sa da qorwinebis mimarT. Teodor spensers (Theodore Spencer)
ekuTvnis wigni `sikvdilis Tema elisabedis xanis tragedi­
aSi“ (Death and Elizabethan Tragedy), romelic Sesaval nawilSi
erTmaneTs upirispirebs sikvdilisadmi damokidebulebas
Sua saukuneebsa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi.17 moviyvanT erT
magaliTs: Sua saukuneebSi adamians yvelaze metad uecari
sikvdilisa eSinoda, radgan es xels SeuSlida erTgvar
momzadebasa da codvaTa monaniebaSi. monteni ki fiqrobs,
rom uecari sikvdili yvelaze advilia. mas ukve aRar sjera
im qristianuli Sexedulebisa, romlis mixedviT, sicocxle
sikvdilisaTvis mzadebaa. h. n. fearCaildma gamoikvlia re­
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literatura da ideebi
ligiuri Temebi me-18-19 ss. inglisur poeziaSi da mwerlebi
daajgufa maTi religiuri gancdebis sicxovelis mixedviT18
safrangeTSi gamocemuli abat bremonis (Abbé Bremond) didi
moculobis `franguli reli­giuri grZnobis istoria me-17
saukuneSi~ (History of French Religious Sentiment in the Seventeenth
Century) metwilad mxatvrul literaturas emyareba; mon­
glonma (Monglond) da trarma (Trahard) dagvitoves mSvenieri
gamokvlevebi, romlebic exeba sentimentalizms, romantiz­
mis epoqamdel damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT da, aseve,
frangi revolucionerebis mier gamomJRavnebul uCveulo
mgrZnobiarobas.19
ungeris siaSi CamoTvlili zogi problema wminda fi­
losofiuri, ideologiuri xasiaTisaa da Tu sidnis (Sidney) citatas moviSveliebT, poeti maT mimarT mxolod da
mxolod `ubralod, popularuli filosofosis~ rols as­
rulebda. danarCeni problemebi ufro mgrZnobiarobisa da
grZnobis istorias ganekuTvnebian, vidre azrovnebis isto­
riisas. xandaxan isec xdeba, rom sazRvari ide­o­logiursa
da emociur problemas Soris Znelad gasavlebia. adamianis
damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT Za­lian Rrma kvals aCnevs
kosmologiuri da religiuri mo­sazrebebi, magram masze,
aseve, uSualo zegavlenas axdens esTetikuri Sexedule­
bebi, literaturuli pirobiTobebi da, SesaZloa, iseTi
fiziologiuri momentic, rogoricaa misi mxedvelobis una­
ris cvlileba, mag., mxedvelobis daqveiTeba.20 imas, Tu ro­
gor SevigrZnobT peizaJs, garkveulwilad gansazRvraven
ara marto mogzaurebi, mxatvrebi da baRis dizainerebi, ara­
med iseTi poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorebic arian miltoni,
tomsoni, Satobriani (Chateaubriand) da reskini (Ruskin).
grZnobis istoriis kvleva garkveul siZneleebs ukav­
Sirdeba: grZnoba warmavalia, mouxelTebeli da imavdrou­
lad mudmivi, ucvleli. ra Tqma unda, germanelma mkvleva­
rebma gazviadebuli formiT warmogvidgines is cvlilebani,
romlebic adamianTa Sexedulebebma ganicada da sqematura­
dac warmogvidgines maTi ganviTarebis stadiebi, romelTa
mowesrigebuloba, cota ar iyos, eWvs iwvevs. da mainc, sada­
167
literaturis Teoria
vo aRar unda iyos is faqti, rom grZnobebi icvleba; yovel
SemTxvevaSi, Seicvala maTi gamoxatvis xerxebi da formebi.
balzaki xumrobanarevi kiloTi aRniS­navs, Tu rogor gansx­
vavdeba siyvarulis mimarT b-ni iulos (Hulot) me-18 saukuni­
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli fuqsavaturi damokidebuleba q-ni
marnefis damokidebulebisagan, romelic restavraciis pe­
riodis tipur sust qals _ `mowyalebis das~ warmoadgens.21
literaturis istoriisTvis uCveulo ar aris crem­
lis niaRvrebi, raSic erTmaneTs tols ar udebdnen XVIII
s-is mkiTxvelica da mweralic. gelertma (Gellert), inteleq­
tualurma da maRali socialuri mdgomareobis mqone ger­
manelma poetma, imdeni itira grandisonisa da klementinas
ganSorebis scenis kiTxvisas (igulisxmeba samuel riCardsonis (Samuel Richardson) romani `ser Carlz grandisonis
istoria~ – The History of Sir Charles Grandison; mTargmnelis
SeniSvna), sanam Tavisi cxvirsaxoci, wigni, magida da TviT
iatakic ki cremliT ar daasvela. am faqtiT is Tavsac ki
iwonebda erT-erT werilSi;22 dr-i jonsonic ki, romelic
maincdamainc ar iyo cnobili Tavisi gulCvilo­biT, Tavs
uf­lebas aZlevda, gacilebiT ufro daurideblad efrqvia
cremlebica da emociebic, gansxvavebiT Cveni Tanamedrovee­
bisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imaTgan vinc in­teleqtualTa So­
ris moiazreba.23
ungeris Tvalsazriss, romelic ar gamoirCeva maRali
inteleqtualuri doniT, upiratesoba aqvs konkretuli
mwe­rlis kvlevis drosac, radganac is cdilobs arcTu ise
gasagebad da naTlad Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebisa da
ideebis gansazRvras. amdenad, imis saSiSroebac naklebia,
rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis Semadgeneli nawilebi izoli­
rebulad ganvixiloT da ubralo prozauli ganacxadis Tu
formulis mniSvneloba vakmaroT.
am Sexedulebebis Seswavlam zogierTi germaneli fi­
losofosi miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom SesaZlebeli iyo maTi
dayvana ramdenime saxis msoflmxedvelobamde (Weltanschauung). es termini farTod gamoiyeneba da moicavs rogorc
filosofiur ideebs, ise damokidebulebebs, romlebic emo­
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literatura da ideebi
ciur sferos ganekuTvneba. yvelaze metad cnobilia mcd­
eloba dilTaisa, romelic Tavis naSromebSi, rogorc li­
teraturis istorikosi, yovelTvis xazs usvamda gansxvave­
bas ideasa da gancdas (Erlebnis) Soris. az­rovnebis istoriaSi
avtori sam ZiriTad tips gamohyofs:24 pirvelia pozitivizmi,
romlis warmoSobac dakav­Si­rebulia demokrites da lukre­
ciusis saxelebTan da aerTianebs hobss, frang enciklope­
distebs, Tanamedrove materialistebsa da pozitivistebs;
Semdeg _ obieqturi idealizmi, romelic, dilTais azriT,
moicavs heraklites, spinozas, laibnics, Selingsa da he­
gels, da, bolos dualisturi idealizmi anu `Tavisuflebis
idea­lizmi“, romelsac miekuTvnebian platoni, qristiani
Teologebi, kanti da fixte. pirveli jgufis moazrovneni
sulier samyaros fizikuri samyaroTi xsnian; meoreni rea­
lobas aRiqvamen rogorc Sinagani realobis gamoxatule­
bas da Tvlian, rom ar arsebobs konfliqti yofierebasa da
sargeblianobas Soris; mesameni ki amtkiceben, rom suli
bunebisgan damoukideblad arsebobso. Semdeg dilTai
konkretul avtorebs azrovnebis am sam tipTan akavSirebs.
mag., balzaki da stendali pirvel jgufSi Sehyavs, goeTe _
meoreSi, Sileri _ mesameSi. es klasifikacia ar emyareba,
ubralod, mweralTa mier gakeTebul ganacxadebs, anu imas,
Tu romeli filosofiuri moZRvrebaa maTTvis yvelaze
metad misaRebi. igulisxmeba, rom is SeiZleba iyo TviT
yvelaze arainteleqtualuri xelovnebis analizis Sedegi.
xsenebuli sami ZiriTadi tipi, aseve, asocirdeba zogad
fsiqologiur midrekilebebTan: magaliTad, realizmSi War­
bobs inteleqti, obieqtur realizmSi _ grZnoba, xolo du­
alisturi idealizmis mTavari niSania neba, nebisyofa.
herman noli (Herman Nohl) Seecada eCvenebina msgavsi kav­
Siri mxatvrobasa da musikasTan mimarTebaSic.25 rem­branti da
rubensi man miakuTvna obieqtur idealistebs, panTeistebs;
velaskesi da halsi _ realistebs; miqe­lanjelo ki _ subi­
eqtur idealistad miiCnia. rac See­xeba musikosebs, berliozi
moazrovneTa pirvel tips mie­kuTvneba, Suberti _ meores,
beThoveni _ mesames. mxat­vrobasTan da musikasTan dakavSire­
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literaturis Teoria
buli es argumenti Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan igulisx­
meba, rom am tipebis arseboba SesaZlebelia literaturaSic,
Tundac mas mkveTrad ga­mo­xatuli inteleqtualuri Sinaarsi
arc gaaCndes. ungerma imis damtkicebac scada, rom gansxvave­
bebi azrovnebis am sam tips Soris eCvenebina mcire moculobis
nawarmoebebSic ki. mag., morikes (Mörike), s. f. maieris, lilien­
kronis leqsebSi;26 man da nolma imis Cvenebac scades, rom av­
toris msoflmxedvelo­ba (Weltanschauung) SeiZleba aR­movaCinoT
nawarmoebis stil­Sic an romanis iseT scenebSic, romelTac
ara­­nairi pirdapiri inteleqtualuri datvirTva ar gaaC­niaT.
aq ukve es Teoria gadadis umniSvnelovanes mxatvrul stil­
Ta TeoriaSi. val­celi (Walzel) Seecada es ukanaskneli Teoria
daekavSirebina volflinis `xelovnebis isto­riis principeb­
Tan~ da aseve msgavs tipologiebTan.27
aseTi varaudebi did interess iwvevs. germaniaSi Cven
mier ganxiluli Teoriis mravali variacia Seiqmna. isini
literaturis istoriis Sesaswavladac gamoiyeneba. mag.
valcelma me-19 s-is germanul da saerTod evropul lit­
eraturaSi SeamCnia Zalian mkafio evolucia, romelic
azrovnebis meore tipidan (goeTesa da romantikosTa
obieqturi idealizmi) pirvel tipis (realizmi) gavliT
_ romelic Tavis mxriv impresionizmis saSualebiT Tan­
daTanobiT acnobierebs samyaros fenomenalurobas _ gada­
izrdeba mesame tipSi, romelic warmodgenilia eqspresio­
nizmiT gamoxatuli subieqturi, dualisturi idealizmiT.
valcelis sqema ubralod imas ki ar acxadebs, rom aseT cv­
lileba marTlac xdeboda, aramed imasac, rom es cvlileba
ramdenadme erTi meorisgan gamomdinarea da logikuri.
ganviTarebis garkveul etapze panTeizmi gadadis natura­
lizmSi, naturalizmi ki, Tavis mxriv, impresionizmSi, xolo
impresionizmis subieqtiuroba sabolood erwymeba axal
idealizms. es sqema dialeqturia da saboloo angariSiT _
hegelianuri.
fxizel Tvals am sqemebis mowesrigebuloba da si­
zuste eWvis safuZvels gauCens. aradamajereblad moe­
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literatura da ideebi
Cveneba mesame tipis xelSeuxebloba Tu gamorCeuloba. un­
geri TviTonac obieqturi realizmis or tips ganasxvavebs:
harmoniuls, romlis warmomadgenladac goeTes miiCnevs
da dialeqtikurs _ boemes (Boehme), Selingisa da hegelis
saxiT; kritikas imsaxurebs `pozitivizmic“, romlebic,
TiTqosda, mraval (umetes SemTxvevaSi Zalian gansxvavebul)
Sexedulebas moicavs. Tumca, am klasifikaciis detalebis
dawunebaze ufro mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba imis garkveva,
Tu ra igulisxmeba mTeli am msjelobis miRma.
amgvar tipologiis Sedegia mTeli literaturis Zal­
ze miaxloebiTi daxarisxeba sam (an ara umetes xuT-eqvs)
dajgufebad. Tu am gzas gavyvebiT, poetTa gamokveTili indi­
vidualoba minimumamde iqneba Semcirebuli an sulac uaryo­
fili. literaturis kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, bevrs verafers
mivaRwevT, Tu iseT gansxvavebul poetebs, ro­gorebic blei­
ki, uordsuorTi da Seli arian, erT jgufSi movaqcevT da
`obieqtur idealistebs~ vuwodebT. arc isaa mizanSewonili,
Tu poeziis istorias msoflmxedvelobis (Weltanschauung)
sami an meti tipis modifikaciiT Semov­farglavT. da, bo­
los, amgvari damokidebuleba gulisxmobs radikalur da
gadaWarbebul relativizms. amiT iseTi STabeWdileba unda
Seiqmnas, rom am samive tips Tanaswori Rirebuleba aqvT da
poets isRa darCenia, amoirCios erTi maTgani, romelic
yvelaze metad Seefereba mis temperaments an raime Rrmad
iracionalur, winaswar mocemul damokidebulebas samyaros
mimarT. igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs tipebis mxolod gansaz­
Rvruli raodenoba da yoveli poeti erTi romelime maTga­nis
gamomxatvelia. ra Tqma unda, mTeli es Teoria damyarebu­
lia istoriis zogad filosofiaze, romlis mixedviTac fi­
losofiasa da xelovnebas Soris arsebobs Zalze mWidro da
aucilebeli urTierTdamokidebuleba ara mxolod individ­
ualur doneze, aramed aseve garkveul periodSi da zogadad,
istoriaSi. msgavs msjelobas humanitaruli sferos isto­
riis (Geistesgeschichte) hipoTezebis ganxilvisken miv­ya­­varT.
Geistesgeschichte SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT, ro­
gorc alternatiuli termini inteleqtualuri is­to­riis,
171
literaturis Teoria
ideaTa istoriis aRsaniSnavad, ise, rogorc es lav­jois esmo­
da; mas is upiratesobac aqvs, rom germanul ena­ze, inglisur­
Tan SedarebiT, naklebad inteleqtualurad JRers. Geist _
(`suli~) bevris momcveli terminia, romelic moicavs grZnobis
istoriis problemebs. Geist-s arcTu sasurveli asociaciebi
aqvs `obieqturi sulis“ cnebasTan. Tumca, germaniaSi Geistesgeschichte, rogorc wesi, kidev ufro specifikur mniSvnelobas
iZens, romlis mixedviTac yovel periods Tavisi `epoqis suli,
suliskveTeba“ aqvs da misi mizania, aRadginos epoqis suli am
ukanasknelis sxvadasxvagvari obieqtivaciebis safuZvelze,
dawyebuli religiiT da damTavrebuli im­droindeli samo­
siT. Cven veZiebT simrTeles, mTlianobas calkeuli sagnebis
miRma da yvela faqtis axsnas epoqis suliT, suliskveTebiT
vcdilobT.28
zemoxsenebuli termini gulisxmobs adamianis saq­
mianobis yvela (kulturuli an, saerTod, nebismieri)
sfe­ros metad mWidro urTierTSeTanxmebulobas, anu xe­
lovnebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis srul pa­ra­lelizms.
es meTodi kvlav gvabrunebs Slegelebis mier SemoTavaze­
bul varaudebTan. mis yvelaze saukeTeso da, aseve, yvelaze
ucnaur mimdevrad ki Spengleri gvevlineba. Tumca am meTods
akademiuri mimdevrebic hyavs literaturis istorikosebis
saxiT, romlebic am meTods aqtiurad iyenebdnen litera­
turuli kvlevebis dros. mas iyeneben iseTi sakmaod zomieri
dialeqtikose­bi, rogoric aris korfi (Korff), (romelmac
Seiswavla 1750-1830 wlebis germanuli literaturis isto­
ria da aCvena literaturis dialeqtikuri gadasvla racio­
nalurobidan iracionalurobamde, Semdeg ki sinTezamde,
hegelianuri gagebiT), agreTve cisarJi (Cysarz), doiCbaini
(Deutschbein), Stefanski (Stefansky) da maisneri (Meissner) Tavi­
anT fantas­tikur, sityvaTa TamaSze agebul, fsevdomisti­
kur nawerebSi.29 es meTodi mniSvnelovanwilad warmoadgens
analogiis meTods, rogoric aris negatiuri analogia, ram­
denadac, rogorc wesi, is xazs usvams gansxvavebebs romeli­
me konkretul epoqaSi da ugulebelyofs msgavsebebs, da
aseve pozitiuri analogia, ramdenadac, aqac, rogorc wesi,
172
literatura da ideebi
is xazs usvams konkretuli periodSi momxdari movlenebis
Tu Seqmnili nawarmoebebis msgavsebas da iviwyebs sxvao­
bebs. romantizmisa da barokos periodebi gansakuTrebiT
xelsayreli niadagi aRmoCnda ideaTa gamomgoneblobaSi
savarjiSod.
amis mSvenier magaliTs warmoadgens maisneris naSromi
`inglisuri barokos periodis literaturis humanitaruli
safuZvlebi~ (Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des englischen
Literaturbarocks“) (1934), romelic erTmaneTisadmi sruliad
dapirispirebul tendenciebs Soris konfliqts epoqis su­
lad naTlavs da Seupovrad, daucxromlad ganixilavs am
formulas adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi _ teqno­
logia iqneba es Tu gamokvlevebi, mogzauroba Tu religia.
mTeli masala Zalian mowesrigebulad da saguldagulod
aris daxarisxebuli Semdeg kategoriebad: eqspansia da kon­
centracia, makrokosmosi da mikrokosmosi, codva da xsna,
rwmena da goneba, absolutizmi da demokratia, `ateqtonika~
da `teqtonika~. amgvari universaluri analogiebis warmod­
genis Semdeg, maisneri gamoaqvs sazeimo daskvna, rom baroko,
nebismieri formiT gamovlinebisas, konfliqtis, winaaRmde­
gobisa da daZabulobis maCvenebeli iyo. Tavisi kolegebis
msgavsad, maisneri arasodes svams arsebiT kiTxvas: gana ar
SeiZleba, rom dapirispirebaTa igive sqema TiTqmis nebis­
mieri sxva epoqidanac miviRoT? avtori arc imas kiTxu­
lobs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom dapirispirebaTa sruliad
sxva sqema gamovZebnoT XVII s-sTvis, Tundac imave citatebis
safuZvelze, romlebic moy­vanilia mis mier wakiTxuli
uamravi wignidan.
zustad igivenairad, korfis sqeltanian wignebs
yvela da yvelaferi dahyavT `racionalizmis~ Tezisamde,
`ira­cionalizmis~ antiTezamde da `romantizmSi~ maT
sin­Tezamde. korfTan racionalizmi xSirad iZens `kla­
sicizmis~ formalur mniSvnelobasac, xolo iracionalizmi
_ `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ gaurkvevel formas, germanul
romantizms ki sinTezis roli ekisreba. germanul enaze
daiwera bevri wigni, romlebic am da­pi­rispirebas ikvleven.
173
literaturis Teoria
mag. kasireris bevrad ufro saRi `Ta­visufleba da forma~
(Freiheit und Form), cisarJis bundovani naSromi `gamoc­
dileba da idea~ (Erfahrung und Idee).30 zog germanel mwe­
ralTan es ideuri tipebi an mWidro kavSirSia erT­maneTTan
an ubralod gadaizrdebian rasobriv tipebad: germaneli
(yovel SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti tevtoni) grZno­bis karnaxiT
moqmedebs, xolo laTinuri rasis warmomadgeneli gonebis
TvaliT Wvrets; tipebi SeiZleba, ZiriTadad, fsiqologiuri
niSniT gansxvavdebodnen, iseve, rogorc arsebobs tradi­
ciuli kontrastuli tipebi: demonuri da racionaluri.
da, bolos, iTvleba, rom ideologiur tipebs stilisturi
cnebebis datvirTva eZlevaT; isini erwymian klasicizmsa
da romantizms, barokosa da gotikas, ramac saTave daudo
uzarmazar literaturas, sadac eTnologia, fsi­qologia,
ideo­logia da xelovnebis istoria erTmaneTSi isea gadax­
larTuli, rom adamians Tavgza aebneva.
Sexeduleba drois, rasis, xelovnebis nawarmoebis
sruli integraciis Sesaxeb metad saeWvoa. Tvalsazrisi,
romlis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis formebi paralelurad vi­
Tardeba, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSia misaRebi.
kidev ufro saeWvoa paralelizmi filosofiasa da poezias
Soris. magaliTisTvis mxolod inglisuri romantikuli
poeziac ki gveyofa, romelmac ayvavebas im dros miaRwia,
roca inglisur da Sotlandiur filosofiaSi gabatonebu­
li mdgomareoba ekava e. w. `jansaRi azris~ filosofias
(common-sense philosophy) da utilitarizms. maSinac ki, roca
filosofias TiTqosda erTi SexedviT axlo kavSiri aqvs
literaturasTan, maTi realuri integracia gacilebiT
naklebad sarwmunoa, vidre amas germanuli humanitaruli
sferos istoria (Geistesgeschichte) varaudobs. romantizms
germanul literaturaSi umetesad Seiswavlian im fi­lo­
sofiis fonze, romelic ganaviTares da Camoayalibes pro­
fesionalma filosofosebma _ fixtem da Selingma, aseve,
mwerlebma _ Slegelma, novalisma da sxvebma, romelTac
germanul literaturaSi centralur adgils namdvilad
ver mivuCenT: maTma nawarmoebebma didi kvali ver datoves
174
literatura da ideebi
da verc mxatvruli RirsebebiT gamoirCevian. germanuli
romantizmis udides poetebsa da dramaturgebs, xSir Sem­
TxvevaSi, mxolod da mxolod umniSvnelo urTierToba
hqondaT imdroindel filosofiasTan (mag. e. T. a. hofmani
da ai­xendorfi (Eichendorff), romelic tradiciuli kaTolike
gaxldaT), an aviTarebdnen iseT filosofiur Tvalsazriss,
romelic gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli, sadavo iyo romantiz­
mis filosofosebisTvis. gavixsenoT Tundac Jan-pol rix­
teri (Jean Paul Richter), romelic gamudmebiT Tavs esxmoda
fixtes, an klaisti, romelic kantis ideebis zegavlenas
ganicdida. TviT germanuli romantizmis periodSic ki fi­
losofiisa da literaturis mtkice kavSirs mxolod maSin
davasabuTebT, Tu gamovikvlevT fixtes aRiarebuli mowa­
feebis, novalisisa da fridrih Slegelis fragmentebs da
Teoriul naSromebs. maT mosazrebebs ki, romelTac isini
iSviaTad aqveynebdnen, konkretul literaturul nawar­
moebebTan Zalian cota ram hqondaT saerTo.
Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofiasa da li­
teraturas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs, xSirad Sec­
domaSi SevyavarT. am kavSiris damadasturebeli ar­gu­
mentebi gazviadebulia, radgan isini emyareba li­teraturis
ideologiis, sxvadasxva mrwamsisa da Tval­sazrisis Seswav­
las da, aseve, iseT programebsac, rom­lebic, rogorc Cans,
sazrdooben arsebuli, mza esTetikuri formulirebebiT
da realur mxatvrul praqtikasTan mxolod mciredi Sexeba
aqvT. Tumca, aseTi skepticizmi fi­losofiasa da literatu­
ras Soris arsebul mWidro in­tegraciis mimarT, rasakvirve­
lia, ar gamoricxavs maT So­ris garkveul urTierTobas.
isic SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom zogierT epoqaSi paralelu­
rad viTardeboda filosofiu­ri da literaturuli mimdi­
nareobebi, rasac, albaT, metwi­lad xels uwyobda Tavad epo­
qaTa socialuri foni, sxvada­sxva movlena, romlebic lite­
raturaSic da filosofiaSic garkveul kvals tovebdnen.
Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki, bolomde ar unda daveyrdnoT
zemoT aRniSnul saerTo, socialur fons. filosofiis esa
Tu is mimdinareoba xSirad warmoiSoboda da viTardeboda
175
literaturis Teoria
sazogadoebis im garkveul klasSi, romelic SeiZleba Zalian
gansxvavebuli yofiliyo poeziis SemqmnelTagan, ara marto
sazogadoebrivi kavSirebiT, aramed socialuri warmomav­
lobiTac. lite­raturasTan SedarebiT, filosofia Tavisi
arsiT kidev ufro metad aris dakavSirebuli eklesiasTan
da akademi­ur swavlebasTan. iseve, rogorc adamianis moR­
vaweobis yvela sxva sferos, masac aqvs sakuTari istoria,
sa­kuTari dialeqtika: mis qvejgufebsa da mimdinareobebs,
Cveni azriT, ara aqvT imdeni saerTo literaturul mimdi­
nareobebTan, rogorc amas humanitaruli sferos istoriis
(Geistesgeschichte) mravali mkvlevari miiCnevs.
literaturuli cvlilebebis axsna `epoqis sulis~
meSveobiT namdvilad yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulad
gveCveneba maSin, roca es suli gadaiqceva raRac miTur in­
tegralad da absolutad. arada, yvelaze didi funqcia, rac
mas akisria, aris is, rom migvaniSnebs rTul da miCqma­lul
problemaze. germanuli Geistesgeschichte aqamde, Cveulebriv,
mxolod imas axerxebda, rom erTi rigis (xelovnebis an fi­
losofiis) kriteriumebs avrcelebda mTeli kulturuli
Semoqmedebis sferoze. Semdeg epoqasac da calkeul li­
teraturul nawarmoebsac axasiaTebda iseTi gaurkveve­li
da sapirispiro cnebebis saSualebiT, rogorebicaa: kla­
sicizmi da romantizmi, racionalizmi da iracionalizmi.
`epoqis sulis“ ideas xSirad damRupveli Sedegi moutania
dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetobis ideisTvis: miiCneoda,
rom yoveli epoqa imdenad Taviseburi da izolirebulia,
xolo maT mier asaxuli cvlilebebi imdenad radikaluria,
rom Geisteswissenschaftler sabolood sruldeboda ara marto
srul istoriuli relativizmiT (yvela epoqa Taviseburad
kargia), aramed individualobisa da originalobis mcdari
koncefciiTac, romelic ugulebelyofs adamianuri bu­
nebis, civilizaciisa Tu xelovnebis fundamentur, yvela
droi­saTvis damaxasiaTebel, maradiul Rirebulebebs. Spen­
gleris azriT, arsebobs Caketili kulturuli cikle­bi,
romelTa warmoSoba TiTqos fataluri movlenaa. esaa Tavis
TavSi Caketili, magram mainc auxsnelad paraleluri perio­
176
literatura da ideebi
debi. gamodis, rom antikuroba ar grZeldeba Sua saukunee­
bSi, xolo dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetoba mTlianad
uaryofilia an miviwyebuli.
am fantastikurma mosazrebebma, ra Tqma unda, ar unda
miCqmalos kacobriobis zogadi istoriis problema, yov­
el SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri civilizaciis problema mainc.
Cven sruliad darwmunebuli varT, rom gamosavali, rasac
tradiciuli Geistesgeschichte gvTavazobs, naCqarevi da moum­
wifebelia; is metismetad did mniSvnelobas ani­Webs kon­
trastebsa da analogiebs; stilTa da azrovnebis for­maTa
cvalebadobas kritikis gareSe tovebs da mtkiced sw­ams ada­
mianis yvela saxis moRvaweobis sruli integraciisa.
literaturis mkvlevarma Tavi unda daanebos iseT
masStabur problemebze fiqrs, rogoricaa istoriis fi­
losofia da civilizaciis umTavresi integrali da yu­
radReba unda miaqcios im sakiTxs, romelic araTu araa
gadawyvetili, aramed jer wesierad arc ki ganxilula. es
gaxlavT Semdegi: mainc rogor xdeba ideebis SeRweva li­
teraturaSi? raTqma unda, es ar exeba ideebs romelTac
teqstSi mxolod, ase vTqvaT, `saSeni masalis~ informaciis
fun­qcia akisria. Cven mxolod is SemTxvevebi gvainteresebs,
roca es ideebi bunebrivad, Zaldautaneblad iqceva teqs­
tis qsovilis nawilad, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini
ubralod ideebi ki aRar arian Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed
simbolod, miTadac ki gadaiqcevian. arsebobs didaqtikuri
poeziis sakmaod didi nawili, romelSic ideebi, ubralod,
gadmocemulia da versifikaciis, metaforis an alegoriis
saSualebiT aris gaformebuli. arsebobs ideaTa romanebic,
mag. JorJ sandis da jorj eliotis, sadac msjeloben so­
cialur, moralur Tu filosofiur `problemebze“. in­
tegracia ufro maRal safexurs aRwevs iseT romanSi, ro­
goricaa melvilis `mobi diki“ (Moby Dick), romlis mTeli Si­
naarssac miTuri datvirTva aqvs. an aviRoT robert brije­
sis (Bridges) `silamazis anderZi~ (Testament of Beauty), romlis
ideac gadmocemulia erTi filosofiuri metaforiT. da, ra
Tqma unda, arsebobs dostoevskic, romlis romanebSic ide­
aTa drama TamaSdeba konkretul personaJTa da movlenaTa
177
literaturis Teoria
enaze, maTi saSualebiT. romanSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~ oT­
xive Zma simbolurad ganasaxierebs ideologiur kamaTs,
romelic imavdroulad pirovnuli dramac aris. kamaTis
ideologiuri daskvna mTavari gmi­rebis piradi ubedurebis
ganuyofeli nawilia.
sakiTxavi is aris, CaiTvleba Tu ara xelovnebis diad ni­
muSebad es filosofiuri romanebi da poemebi _ vTqvaT, dos­
toevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi“ Tu goeTes `fausti“ _ mxolod
TavianTi filosofiuri Sinaarsis gamo? xom ar sjobs, SevTanx­
mdeT imaze, rom `filosofiur simarTles“, rogorc aseTs, ar
gaaCnia mxatvruli Rirebuleba, zustad iseve, rogorc veca­
deT dagvemtkicebina, rom arc fsiqologiur da arc socialur
simarTles ara aqvs aranairi mxatvruli Rirebuleba? filoso­
fia, ideologiuri Sinaarsi, Tu is gadmocemulia Sesaferis
konteqstiT, ufro mkveTrad war­moaCens nawarmoebis mxat­
vrul Rirebulebas, radganac igi aZlierebs ramdenime mniS­
vnelovan mxatvrul Tvisebas: sir­Tules da simwyobres. Teo­
riuli codna xelovans exmareba, ufro met siRrmeebsa da masS­
tabebs SeeWidos. magram es sulac araa aucilebeli. xelovans
xels SeuSlis zomagadasuli ideologia, Tu igi bunebrivad ar
gaiSleba nawarmoebis qsovilSi, Tu is misi erTiani nawili ar
gaxdeba. kroCe amtkicebs, rom `RvTaebriv komediaSi“ poeziis
strofebs enacvleba ga­riTmuli Teologiisa da fsevdomec­
nierebis strofebi.31 aSkaraa, rom `faustis“ meore nawili Za­
lze daazarala zedmetma inteleqtualizmma da igi mudmivad
daufaravi alegoriis zRvarze imyofeba; dostoevskisTan ki
xSirad igrZnoba SeuTanxmebloba mwerlis mxatvrul ostato­
basa da azris simZimes Soris. zosime, romelic dostoevskis
azrebs gadmogvcems, ivan karamazovTan SedarebiT naklebad
damajerebeli saxea. imave winaaRmdegobas, oRond ufro dabali
registriT, gamoxatavs Tomas manis `jadosnuri mTa“: pirveli
Tavebi, sadac gacocxlebulia sanatoriumis samyaro, mxatvru­
li ostatobiT bevrad aRemateba momdevno Tavebs, romlebic
sxva araferia, Tu ara vrceli filosofiuri msjeloba. lite­
raturis istorias iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic axsovs, rode­
sac ideebi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZenen, rodesac moq­
178
literatura da ideebi
medi pirebi da TviT moqmedebac ubralod ki ar warmoadgenen
ideebs, aramed Tavad xdebian xorcSesxmuli ideebi; rodesac
xdeba filosofiisa da xelovnebis garkveuli integracia.
xati iqceva idead da idea iqceva xatad. magram gana es imas niS­
navs, rom am dros xelovneba Tavis mwvervals aRwevs, rogorc
miiCnevs mravali filosofiurad ganwyobili kritikosi? al­
baT, marTalia kroCes Tvalsazrisi `faustis“ meore nawilis
Sesaxeb: `rodesac poezia imgvarad aRmatebuli xdeba, rom
Tavis Tavsac ki aRemateba, is kargavs Tavis raobas da albaT
arasrulfasovnadac unda miviCnioT, radgan, rac mas aklia,
es swored poeziaa“.32 yovel SemTxvevaSi, is mainc udavod unda
vaRiaroT, rom filosofiuri poezia, rac unda integrirebuli
iyos, is mainc poeziis mxolod erT-erT saxeobas warmoadgens
da arc li­teraturaSi ukavia mTavari adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda,
im azrs ar viziarebT, rom poezia Tavisi arsiT mistikuri, ga­
mocxadebis msgavsi unda iyos. filosofiis Canacvleba poeziiT
ar moxdeba; poezias Tavisi daniSnuleba da mizani aqvs. ideaTa
poezia ki poeziis erT-erTi saxeobaa da fasdeba ara imiT, Tu ra
ideebisgan Sedgeba, aramed teqstSi maTi integraciis xarisxisa
da mxatvruli ostatobis siZlieris mixedviT.
179
Tavi meTerTmete
literatura da xelovnebis sxva
dargebi
*
literaturisa da xelovnebis sxva dargebis ur­
TierTmimarTeba (natifi xelovneba, musika) metad mra­
valferovani da rTulia. poetebs TavianTi STagonebis wya­
ro zogjer mxatvrobaSi, qandakebasa da musikaSi upoviaT.
adamianebisa da bunebis sxva cocxal SvilTa garda, poeziis
Temad SeiZleba xelovnebis nimuSebic iqces. literaturis
Teorias aranair problemas ar uqmnis is faqti, rom poe­
tebs xSirad aRuweriaT qandakebebi, mxatvruli tiloebi,
musikaluri nawarmoebebi. zogi kritikosi varaudobs, rom
spenserma isargebla zogierT gobelenze gamosaxuli Tu
moZrav scenebze warmodgenili istoriis amsaxveli coc­
xali suraTebiT da isini Tavis leqsebSi gamoiyena. klod
lorenisa (Claude Lorrain) da salvatore rosas (Salvatore Rosa)
ferwerulma tiloebma gavlena moaxdines me-18 s-is land­
Saftur poeziaze; kitsma klod lorenis erT-erTi suraTi
gamoiyena Tavisi leqsisTvis `oda berZnul urnas“.1 stiven a.
larabi ganixilavs aluziebs berZnul skulpturaze da amave
rigis motivebs inglisur poeziaSi.2 alber tibodem (Thibaudet) daasabuTa, rom malarmes `favnis SuadRis“ Seqmna STa­
agona londonis erovnul galereaSi nanaxma buSes (Boucher)
tilom.3 mravalma poetma, gansakuTrebiT, me-18 s-is iseTma
poetebma, rogorebic arian hiugo, gotie, parnaselebi da
tiki, Seqmnes leqsebi ama Tu im mxatvruli tilos Sesaxeb.
poetebs, ra Tqma unda, TavianTi Teoriebi aqvT ferweris
Taobaze da sayvareli mxatvrebic hyavT. saWiroa am sakiTxis
Seswavla imis dasasabuTeblad, rom zemoxsenebuli Teo­
riebi garkveulwilad, ukavSirdeba poetebis Sexedulebebs
literaturis Sesaxeb da maT literaturul gemovnebas. es
180
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
namdvilad didi, TiTqmis Seuswavleli sferoa, romelTa kv­
leva mxolod bolo aTwleulebSi daiwyo.4
Tavis mxriv, rasakvirvelia, literaturac SeiZ­leba
iqces naxatis an musikaluri nawarmoebis Temad, gansa­
kuTrebiT vokaluri da programuli musikisa. li­teratura,
yvelaze metad ki lirikuli poezia da drama Zalze mWidrod
TanamSromlobdnen musikasTan. sul ufro matulobs im
gamokvlevaTa ricxvi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben Sua
saukuneebis himnebisa da elisabedis xanis lirikuli poe­
ziis axlo kavSirze musikasTan _ TiTqosda isini musikisT­
vis aris dawerili.5 xelovnebis istoriis sferoSi gamoCnda
mTeli rigi swavlulebisa (ervin panofski, fric saqsli da
sxvebi), romlebic Seiswavlian xelovnebis nimuSTa koncef­
ciur da simbolur mniSvnelobas (`ikonologias“) da, amasTan
erTad, xSirad ikvleven maT kavSirs literaturasTan, imas,
Tu ra iqca maTi avtorebis STagonebis wyarod.6
wyaroebisa da urTierTzegavlenis, TanamSromlobisa
da STagonebis sakiTxebTan erTad, wamoiWreba gacilebiT
ufro rTuli problema. kerZod, literaturis istorias
axsovs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca literaturulma nawarmoeb­
ma scada mieRwia ferweruli an musikaluri efeqtisaTvis da
qceuliyo sityvebSi gacocxlebul naxatad an musikad. iseTi
SemTxvevebic gvaxsovs, roca poeziam scada qandakebis gancda
aReZra mkiTxvelSi. kritikosisgan ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu
is mkacrad dagmobs JanrTa aseT aRrevas. asec moiqca lesingi
Tavis `laokoonSi“ (Laokoön) da irving bebiti (Irving Babbitt)
`axal laokoonSi“ (The New Laokoön), magram vervin uaryofs,
rom xelovnebis dargebi erTmaneTs dasesxebian maTTvis
damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs da Sedegic warmatebuli yofila.
rasakvirvelia, aravin apirebs imis mtkicebas, rom SesaZle­
belia metamorfoza pirdapiri gagebiT: poeziis gadaqceva
qandakebad, musikad an ferwerul tilod. rodesac termins
`skulpturuli“ viyenebT poeziis mimarT, Tundac es lando­
ris (Landor), goties (Gautier) an heredias (Heredia) poezia iyos,
es mxolod da mxolod arazusti metaforaa, romelic gulisx­
mobs, rom konkretuli poeturi nawarmoebi garkveulwilad
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berZnuli qandakebis msgavs SegrZnebas gvitovebs, iqneba es
TeTri marmarilosTan Tu TabaSirTan dakavSirebuli sigri­
lis SegrZneba, an garindebis, siCumis gancda, sicxade, mkveTri
konturebi. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom sigrilis gancda poe­
ziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba im gancdisagan, rasac marmarilo
aRZravs CvenSi. es exeba TeTri feris warmosaxviT gancdasac;
garindebis SegrZneba poeziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba qanda­
kebiseuli garindebisagan. rodesac uiliam kolinzis nawar­
moebs `oda saRamosadmi“ (Ode to Evening) uwodeben `skulptu­
rul leqss“, amiT imisi Tqma rodi undaT, rom mas raime kavSiri
aqvs qandakebasTan.7 erTaderTi, risi gaanalizebac obieqtu­
rad SeiZleba, es aris neli, sazeimo metri da poeturi ena,
romelic imdenad uCveuloa, rom iZulebuli vxdebiT mTeli
yuradReba calkeul sityvebs mivapyroT da es kidev ufro
anelebs kiTxvis temps.
magram imaze mainc ver davxuWavT Tvals, Tu rogori
warmatebiT sargeblobs horaciusis formula ut pictura poesis (laT. sityva-sityviT `rac mxatvrobaa, isaa poe­ziac~;
rogorc mxatvrul tilos sWirdeba yoveli kuT­xidan Ses­
wavla, ise sWirdeba poetur nawarmoebsac. _ mTargmnelis
SeniSvna).8 albaT, kiTxvis procesSi mkiT­xvelis gonebaSi
namdvilad ar xdeba scenebisa Tu suraTebis warmodgena im
intensiurobiT, rogorc amas am­tkiceben. magram xom arse­
bobdnen poetebica da epoqebic, romlebic mkiTxvels go­
nebis Tvals uxeldnen da TavianT poezias mxatvruli ti­
losaviT uSlidnen. SeiZleba, lesingi samarTlianad akri­
tikebda ariostos imis gamo rom es ukanaskneli CamoTvlida
qalis silamazis atributebs, rac mkiTx­velis gonebaSi ver
warmoqmnida wakiTxulis STambeW­dav vizualur xats (Tumca,
es ar niSnavs, rom ariostos striqonebi poeturobis kuTxi­
Tac moikoWlebs). miuxedavad amisa, me-18 s-is xatovani weris
ideiT SepyrobilT, ase, erTi xelis mosmiT, ver uarvyofT.
Tanamedrove literaturaSi, Satobrianidan moyolebuli
vidre prustamde, mravlad vnaxavT iseT scenas, romelTa
efeqti ferweruli tilos efeqts utoldeba da mkiTx­
vels Zalauneburad im­droindeli mxatvrobis nimuSebi
182
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
war­moudgeba Tvalwin. warmovidginoT iseTi mkiTxveli,
romelic saerTod ver erkveva mxatvrobaSi. aseTi mkiTx­
velis SemTxvevaSi ukve saeWvoa, SeZlebs Tu ara poeti, rom
Tavisi poeziiT ferwerul efeqts miaRwios. da mainc, unda
vaRia­roT, rom kulturis istoriis ganmavlobaSi mwerleb­
ma marTlac moaxerxes is, rom maT nawarmoebTa kiTxvisas
mkiTxvelis gonebaSi cocxldeba erTgvari ferweruli sim­
bolo, mimaniSnebeli me-18 s-is landSafturi ferwerisa Tu
im impresionistuli mxatvrobis efeqtisa, romliTac cno­
bilia jeims uistleri, Tu misi msgavsi sxva mxatvrebi.
Seswevs Tu ara poezias imis unari, rom moaxdinos Cven­
ze iseTive zemoqmedeba, rogorsac axdens musika? es ufro
saeWvod gveCveneba, Tumca farTodaa gavrcelebuli mosaz­
reba, rom poezias es ZaluZs. Tu guldasmiT gavaa­nalizebT
imas, Tu ras vgulisxmobT leqsis `musi­ka­lu­robaSi~, aR­
moCndeba, rom mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs musikis
`melodiasTan~; `musikaluroba~ gulisxmobs fo­netikuri
erTeulebis ganlagebas, Tavis aridebas Tan­xmovanTa
dajgufebisaTvis an, ubralod, garkveuli rit­muli efeqtis
arsebobas. iseTi romantikosi poetebi, rogoricaa tiki,
mogvianebiT ki verleni, musikaluri efeq­tis Seqmnis mizniT
ugulebelyofdnen leqsis azrobriv simwyobresa da logi­
kur konstruqciebs, da yuradRebas denotaciaze metad ko­
notaciaze amaxvilebdnen. Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom aramka­
fio konturebi, azris bundova­neba da alogikuroba, pirda­
piri gagebiT, sulac ar gaxlavT `musikaluri~ xelovnebis
niSan-Tviseba. musikis struq­turis literaturuli imi­
taciebi, magaliTad, laitmotivi, sonata an simfonia ufro
konkretul suraTs warmogvidgens. magram ratom ar Sei­
Zleba, musikis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebad aRiarebul
ganmeorebad motivebSi, an ganwyobaTa kontrastulobasa Tu
harmoniaSi amovicnoT iseTi nacnobi literaturuli sti­
listuri xerxebi, rogorebicaa ganmeorebadoba, kontrasti
da sxv., romlebic damaxasiaTebelia xelovnebis yvela dar­
gisTvis.9 im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas,
rodesac poezia marTlac mogvagonebs garkveul musikalur
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literaturis Teoria
bgerebs, mag., verlenis `qviTini grZeli violinoTa~ (‘Les sanglots longs des violons‘ ) an pos `zarebi“ (‘Bells’), unda vaRiaroT,
rom musikaluri instrumentis tembris Tu zarebis metad
ganzogadebuli xmebis efeqti miRweulia sxva arafris, Tu
ara bgeraTmibaZvis xarjze.
leqsebi iwereboda, ra Tqma unda, musikaluri nawar­
moebebisTvisac. nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT elisabe­
dis xanis simRerebi da yvela saopero libreto. istorias
axsovs iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic, roca poetica da kom­
pozitoric erTi da igive pirovneba yofila; Tumca, gagvi­
Wirdeba imis damtkiceba, rom musikisa da leqsis Seqmna
odesme sinqronul process warmoadgenda. zogjer vagneric
ki Tavis `dramebs~ mravali wliT ufro adre qmnida, vidre
maT sasurvel musikas moargebda; isic cnobilia, rom mrava­
li leqsi ukve mza melodiisTvis dauweriaT. da mainc, urT­
ierTdamokidebuleba musikasa da marTlac didebul poezi­
as Soris sakmaod umniSvnelo Cans, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT im
mcirericxovan warmatebul SemTxvevebsac, rodesac kargi
musika da aseve kargi teqsti erTmaneTs harmoniulad es­
adageba. kompoziciurad da ideurad srulyofili, kargad
Sekruli leqsebi advilad ar emorCilebian musikis enas, im
dros, roca arafriT gamorCeul Tu uxeiro poeziaze (mag.
haines Tu vilhelm miuleris mravali adreuli leqsi) Su­
bertisa Tu Sumanis umSvenieresi simRerebi Seiqmna. Tu saqme
marTlac maRalmxatvrul poeziasTan gvaqvs, musikis enaze
mis Targmnas xSirad ziani moaqvs misTvis. radganac, am dros
xSiria poeturi nawilis damaxinjeba an sulac miCq­malva, im
SemTxvevaSic ki, roca musika TavisTavad marTlac Rire­
bulia. amisTvis bevri magaliTis moyvana arc aris saWiro.
gavixsenoT Tundac verdis musikiT gadmocemuli Seqspiris
`otelo~. Cvens Tvalsazriss adasturebs aseve musika, ro­
melic daiwera goeTes mravali leqsisTvis da fsalmu­
nisTvis. mtkiceba aRar sWirdeba imas, rom musika da poezia
urTierTmoqmedeben, magram poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi
musikisadmi didi midrekilebiT ar gamoirCeva, zustad ise­
ve, rogorc yvelaze didebul musikas namdvilad ar sWird­
eba sityvebi.
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
rodesac msjeloben natif xelovnebasa da lite­
raturas Soris arsebuli paralelebis Sesaxeb, xSirad
gavigonebT aseT frazas: mavani suraTi da mavani leqsi erT­
sa da imave ganwyobas iwvevs; mag., mxiarulad da uzrunve­lad
vgrZnob Tavs, rodesac mocartis menuets vusmen, vatos
peizaJs vumzer an anakreonul leqss vkiTxulobo. Cveni
mizani ki zusti analizia, romelsac amgvari saxis para­
lelizmebi didad ver waadgeba: musikaluri nawarmoebiT
mogvrili sixaruli gansxvavdeba, zogadad, sixarulisgan
da mas verc raime konkretuli mizeziT aRZrul sixaruls
SevadarebT, Tumca, es mainc musikiT gamowveuli emociaa
da misi aRqma konkretuli musikis SinaarsTan aris da­
kavSirebuli. musikiT gamowveul da cxovrebiseul emociebs
mxolod saerToBbuneba akavSirebT. Tu Cven mainc vecdebiT
da SeZlebisdagvarad ganvsazRvravT am emociebs, mainc
sruliad daSorebulni aRmovCndebiT im konkretuli sag­
nisgan, romelmac es SegrZneba gamoiwvia. paralelebi
xelovnebis or romelime dargs Soris, sanam isini emyare­
ba mxolod mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis individualur
reaqciebis, agreTve _ xelovnebis am ori dargis msgavsi
aRqmis aRweras, arasdros daeqvemdebareba Semowmebasa da
dazustebas da, amdenad, am ori dargis Cveneuli gagebac
Tanazomierad ar ganviTardeba.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis mimarT kidev erTi
saerTo midgoma gulisxmobs xelovanTa Canafiqrisa da maTi
Teoriebis Seswavlas. cxadia, SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs miRma arsebul Teoriebsa
da formulebs, aseve _ klasicizmisa Tu romantizmis mim­
dinareobebs, garkveuli msgavseba akavSirebs. sxvadasxva
dargis xelovanTa gancxadebebSic mravali ram SeiZleba ms­
gavsad da identurad mogveCvenos. TumcaRa, `klasicizmi~
musikaSi literaturuli `klasicizmisagan~ gansxvavebiT
sul sxva rames unda niSnavdes ubralo mizezis gamo: Tu ar
CavTvliT mcirericxovan fragmentebs, namdvilad araferi
viciT antikuri musikis Sesaxeb, romelic iseve daudebda
saTaves musikis ganviTarebas, rogorc Camoayaliba da ga­
185
literaturis Teoria
naviTara literatura antikuri xanis nimuSebma da mxat­
vrulma normebma. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mxatvrobis Sesaxeb.
pompeisa da herkulanumis freskebis aRmoCenamde saxviT
xelovnebaze did gavlenas rodi axdenda klasikuri mxat­
vroba, miuxedavad imisa, rom masTan mimarTebaSi xSirad
axsenebdnen klasikur Teoriebsa da berZen mxatvrebs, mag­
aliTad, apeless, aseve _ uZveles ferwerul tradiciebs,
romelTac antikuri xanidan Cvenamde Sua saukuneebis gav­
liT unda moeRwia. Tumca, qandakebisa da arqiteqturisT­
vis klasikuri modelebi da gacilebiT ufro Rirebuli
iyo, vidre xelovnebis sxva romelime dargisTvis (lite­
raturis CaTvliT). gamodis, rom Teoriebi da gaazrebuli
Canafiqrebi sxvadasxvagvaria xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi
da, saboloo angariSSi. Zalian cotas, an saerTod arafers
gvauwyebs xelovanis Semoqmedebis realuri Sedegebis, anu
misi qmnilebisa da am qmnilebis konkretuli Sinaarsisa da
formis Sesaxeb.
avtoris Canafiqris codna didad ver gvexmare­
ba konkretuli teqstis ganmartebaSi. amaSi is mcire­
ricxovani SemTxvevebi dagvarwmunebs, rodesac mxa­t­va­ric
da poetic erTi da igive pirovnebaa. mag., Tu Se­va­darebT
uiliam bleikis poezias missave mxatvrobas an imaves movi­
moqmedebT dante gabriel rose­tis (Rossetti) mimarT, davi­
naxavT, rom maTi mxatvroba da poe­zia buneba Zalze gansx­
vavdeba erTmaneTisagan, xSirad ki urTi­erTsapirispiro
xasiaTisaa, Tanac ara marto teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT.
bleiki xatavs groteskul patara cxovels da esaa ilus­
tracia misi cnobili leqsisTvis: `vefxvo, uRranSi daZ­
rwi euli,/ nislad gexveva Rame grZneuli,/ dauokebel Za­
lad qceuli/ vin gamoZerwa Seni sxeuli?~ (leqsis Targmani
ekuTvnis maia jijeiSvils –mTargmnelis SeniSvna). Tekereim
TviTon daasuraTa sakuTari `amaoebis bazari~ (Vanity Fair),
magram miseul Tavmomwoned, sulelurad momRimari beki
Sarpis karikaturul saxes saerTo araferi aqvs romanis
rTul personaJTan. miqelanjelos `soneteb­sa“ da mis qanda­
kebebsa Tu naxatebs Soris mcireodeni msgav­seba SeiniSneba
186
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
struqturisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca, misi yvela
qmnilebaSi igrZnoba neoplatonuri ideebis zegavlena da
erTgvari fsiqologiuri msgavseba.10 es imis maCvenebelia,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis `mediumi~ (Seuferebeli, cudad
SerCeuli termini, ro­melic dazustebas saWi­roebs), mxo­
lod xelovanis mier gadasalaxavi teqni­kuri dabrkoleba
rodia, igi tra­diciebis Sedegad winaswar Camoyalibebu­
li faqtoricaa da Tavisi mZlavri ganmsazRvreli bunebiT
individualu­ri xelovanis damokidebulebasa da gamoxat­
vis saSualebebs ayalibebs da for­mas ucvlis. xelovani az­
rovnebs kon­kretuli masalidan gamomdinare da ar mimar­
Tavs zogad ideebs. konkretul mediums ki Tavisi sakuTari
istoria aqvs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zalian gansxvavdeba sxva
mediumis istoriisgan.
ufro nayofieri Sedegis misaRebad sasargebloa xe­
lovnebis dargebis Sedareba (xelovanTa Canafiqrebisa da
Teoriebis Sedarebis nacvlad) maTi saerTo socialuri da
kulturuli fonis safuZvelze. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba
aRvweroT xelovnebisa da literaturis masazrdoebeli
niadagi: drois, adgilisa da socialuri viTarebis saerTo
foni da amiT mivaniSnoT im mTel rig saerTo gavlenebze,
romlebic maT ganicades. xelovnebis dargebs Soris mra­
vali paralelis gavleba mxolod imitom SeiZleba, rom
mkvlevrebi ar iTvaliswineben sruliad gansxvavebul so­
cialur fons, romelmac gansazRvra xelovnebis konkre­
tuli nawarmoebis xasiaTi an misi Semoqmedis amocana. so­
cialuri klasebi, romlebic xelovnebis garkveuli ti­
pis Semqmnelebad moiazrebian an Tavad aqvT masze moT­
xovnileba, SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavdebodnen erT
romelime mocemul drosa da sivrceSi. gotikuri taZrebis
ageba da, meore mxriv, franguli eposis Seqmna ganapiroba
sxvadasxvagvarma socialurma moTxovnilebebma; qandake­
bisa da romanis Semfaseblebi (da maTi myidvelebi), rogorc
wesi, sazogadoebis urTierTgansxvavebul wreebs ganekuTv­
nebian. Sexeduleba, TiTqos garkveul drosa da sivrceSi
xelovnebis dargebs saerTo socialuri foni aqvT, iseTive
187
literaturis Teoria
mcdaria, rogorc meore aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, romlis
Tanaxmad, inteleqtualuri garemo, foni xelovnebis yvela
dargisTvis aucileblad identuri da qmediTia. metad saxi­
faToa mxatvrobis interpretacia imdroindeli filoso­
fiis kuTxiT. Carlz de tolneis.11 magaliTic sakmarisia: man
panTeisturi monizmis gamovlinebad miiCnia ufrosi breige­
lis Semoqmedeba, romelic nikolaus kuzanelisa (Cusanus) da
paracelsis (Paracelsus) moRvaweobas gauTanabra, da spinozasa
da goeTes moRvaweobis wanamZRvrad aRiara. kidev ufro saxi­
faToa xelovnebis dargebis `axsna~ `epoqis suliskveTebis~
meSveobiT, rasac germanuli Geistesgeschichte-s skola mimar­
Tavs. es tendencia Cven zemoT gavakritikeT.12
WeSmariti paralelizmebi, romlebic momdinareobs
identuri an msgavsi socialuri Tu inteleqtualuri fo­
nidan, TiTqmis arasodes ar yofila konkretuli ter­mi­
nologiiT gaanalizebuli. Cvens xelT ar aris gamokvlevebi,
romlebic konkretulad gviCveneben, mag., imas, Tu rogor
xdeba, rom mocemul drosa da viTarebaSi xelovnebis yvela
dargi afarToebs an piriqiT amcirebs TavianT sferoebs,
roca saqme `bunebis~ movlenebs exeba; rogor ukavSird­
eba xelovnebis normebi konkretuli socialuri klasebis
moTxovnebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad eqvemdebare­
bian es normebi erTgvarovan cvlilebebs; rogor icvle­
ba esTetikuri Rirebulebebi socialuri revoluciebis
zegavleniT. yvelaferi es gaxlavT karga mozrdili auT­
visebeli sivrce, romlis Seswavla TiTqmis arc dawyebula,
magram damajerebel Sedegebs mogvcems xelovnebis dargTa
SedarebiTi kvlevisas. rasakvirvelia, am meTodiT SegviZlia
gamovavlinoT mxolod erTgvarovani zegavlena, romelsac
ganicdis xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi da ara am dargebis
aucilebeli siaxlove.
aSkaraa, rom xelovnebis dargTa Sedarebis erT-erTi
mTavari meTodi efuZneba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSebis
da maTi struqturuli urTierTmimarTebebis analizs.
xelovnebis WeSmariti istoria (rom araferi vTqvaT xe­
lovnebis dargTa SedarebiT istoriaze) verasodes Seiqm­
188
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
neba, Tu mTel Cvens yuradRebas ar mivapyrobT Tavad nawar­
moebTa analizs da ukana planze ar gadavwevT gamokvlevebs,
romlebic Seiswavlian mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis, an av­
torisa Tu xelovanis fsiqologias. aseve unda moveqceT im
gamokvlevebs, romlebic literaturis da xelovnebis nawar­
moebTa kulturul da socialur garemos Seiswavlian; ase
unda moviqceT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gveCveneba, rom Tavi­
anTi kuTxidan maT SeuZliaT naTeli mohfinon Cveni kvlevis
sagans. samwuxarod, dRemde TiTqmis ar gagvaCnda Sesaferisi
saSualebani xelovnebis dargTa amgvari SedarebisTvis. aq ki
erTi metad rTuli SekiTxva ibadeba: ra SeiZleba miviCnioT
xelovnebis dargTa saerTo da Sesadarebel safuZvlebad?
ras unda emyarebodes xe­lovnebis dargTa Soris saerTos,
msgavsebis povna? am kiTxvaze pasuxs ver gagvcems kroCes, an
romelime sxva msgavsi Teoria, romelic yvela esTetikuri
problemis gadaWras intuiciis unars akisrebs da, CvenTvis
auxsneli mizniT, mas gamomxatvelobasTan aigivebs. kroCe
amtkicebs, gamoxatvis formebi ar arsebobso, `xelovnebis
dargTa esTetikuri klasifikaciis nebismier mcdelobas
absurdulad~ miiCnevs da, aqedan gamomdinare, uwinares yov­
lisa, ar cnobs aranair gansxvavebas xelovnebis Janrebsa Tu
tipebs Soris.13 Cvens problemas maincdamainc verc jon diui
(Dewey) exmareba Tavisi naSromiT `xelovneba, rogorc gamoc­
dileba“ (1934). is amtkicebs, rom xelovnebis dargebs udavod
aqvT saerTo safuZveli, radganac aris iseTi `zogadi gare­
moebani, romelTa gareSec gamocdileba ver iarsebebda~.14
ueWvelia, rom aris raRac saerTo, rac axasiaTebs nebismieri
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis aqts, adamianis yvelanairi moR­
vaweobasa da gamocdilebas, magram es daskvna xelovnebis
dargebis Sesadareblad ar gamogvadgeba. Teodor meier gri­
ni (Meyer Greene) ufro konkretulad ayalibebs Tavis Sexe­
dulebas da acxadebs, rom xelovnebis dargebis Sedarebis
safuZvlad kompleqsuroba, integracia da ritmi unda iqces
da, rogorc jon diui manamde, meier grinic mWermetyvelu­
rad amtkicebs, rom plastikuri xelovnebis dasaxasiaTeb­lad
metad marTebulia termin `ritmis gamoyeneba~.15 TumcaRa,
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literaturis Teoria
SeuZleblad migvaCnia im absoluturi sxvaobis daZ­leva, ro­
melic arsebobs, erTi mxriv, musikaluri nawarmoebis ritmsa
da meo­re mxriv, kolonadis ritms Soris;ukanasknel SemTx­
vevaSi qmnilebis struqtura ar gansazRvravs am qmnilebis
nawilTa wyobasa da maTi urTierTmonacvleobis temps.
kompleqsuroba da integracia ubralod sxva terminebia
`mravalferovnebisa~da `erTianobis~ aRsaniSnad da amde­
nad, maT farTo masStabiT ver gamoviyenebT. xelovnebis
dargTa konkretuli urTierTSesabamisi elementebis dad­
genis mcdelobebi (am dargTa struqturidan gamom­di­
nare),iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, arasaimedo Sedegebs
iZleva. harvardis universitetis maTematikosma jorj de­
vid birkhofma (Birkhoff) Tavis naSromSi `esTetikuri sazomi”
(The Esthetic Measure)16 warmatebiT gamonaxa xelovnebis mar­
tivi formebisaTvis da musikisaTvis saer­To maTemati­ku­ri
safuZveli. xsenebul naSromSi man, agreTve, gamoikvlia leq­
sis `musikaluroba~, romelic aseve gansazRvrulia maTema­
tikuri gantolebebisa da koeficientebis sa­Su­al
­ ebiT. mag­
ram keTilxmovanebis problema poeziaSi ver gadawydeba, Tu
mas azrisgan izolirebulad ganvixilavT. is faqtic, rom
birkhofi edgar alan pos leqsebs maRal Sefasebas aZlevs,
am Sexedulebis dasturia. Tu birkhofis maxvilgonivrul
cdebs daafaseben, maSin mosalodnelia, rom kidev ufro ga­
farTovdeba naprali poeziis principulad `literaturul~
Tvisebebsa da xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris, romlebsac
literaturasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro metad miesa­
dageba `esTetikuri sazomi~.
didi xania, rac warmodgenam xelovnebis dargebis
paralelizmis Sesaxeb ganapiroba xelovnebaTmcodneobis
mier SemuSavebuli stilTa koncefciebis meSveobiT lite­
raturis kvlevis tendencia. me-18 s-Si bolo ar uCanda
uTvalav Sedarebas spenseris `feriaTa dedofalsa~ da go­
tikuri stilis taZris didebul qaosurobas Soris.17 Spen­
gleri Tavis `dasavleTis mzis CasvenebaSi“ analogiebs eZebs
kulturis yvela sferoSi da saubrobs TiTqosda `xiluli
kameruli musikis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac is Seig­rZnobs `me-18
190
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
s. RvlarWnil avejSi, sarkeebian oTaxebSi, pas­toralebsa
da faifuris figurebSi~. igi, agreTve, migva­niSnebs `mad­
rigalis ticianisebur bunebaze~, ,`franc hal­sis naxatebis
cocxal da van deikis zomier, dinj tempze”.18 xelovnebis
dargTa amgvari interpretaciis Sedegad germaniaSi uamravi
gamokvleva daiwera gotikuri xanis adamianze da barokos
epoqis atmosferoze. aman ki iqamde migviyvana, rom termi­
nebs `rokokos“ da `bidermaiers~ uk­ve literaturaSic mou­
Zebnes adgili. xelovnebis dar­gebis mkveTrad gamokveTilma
mimdinareobebma, rogo­ricaa gotika, renesansi, baroko,
rokoko, romantizmi, bidermaieri, realizmi, impresion­
izmi, eqspresionizmi, gulgrili arc literaturis isto­
rikosebi datova, da literaturis periodizaciis dros
maT es cnebebi TavianT dargSic Semoitanes. es mimdinareo­
bebi or mTavar jgufad nawildeba da gamoxatavs maradiul,
fundamentur kontrasts klasikursa da romantikuls So­
ris; goti­ka, baroko, romantizmi, eqspresionizmi erT mxa­
res aRmoCndnen, renesansi, neoklasicizmi, realizmi _
meore mxares. rokoko da bidermaieri SeiZleba gavigoT,
rogorc maTi wi­namorbedi mimdinareobebis _ Sesabamisad,
barokos da romantizmis _ gviani, dekadenturi, gadat­
virTuli variaciebi. xSirad aseTi paralelizmebi, cota ar
iyos, arasaxarbielod da naZaladevad gamoiyureba da bevr
uazro gamonaTqvamsac vawydebiT im (TviT yvelaze pativsa­
cem) swavlulTa na­werebSic, romlebic, rogorc Cans, metad
gatacebuli unda iyvnen am meTodiT.19
literaturisaTvis xelovnebis istoriis katego­rie­
bis morgeba yvelaze konkretulad scada oskar valcelma,
romelmac saamisod volflinis (Wölfflin) kriteriumebi
gamoiyena. velflinma Tavis `xelovnebis istoriis prin­
cipebSi~ (Principles of Art History)20 renesansul da barokos xe­
lovnebebs Soris zRvari wminda struqturul safuZvelze
gaavlo. man Seqmna dapirispirebaTa sqema, romelsac moar­
gebda mocemuli periodis nebismieri saxis ferwerul qm­
nilebas, qandakebas Tu arqiteqturul nimuSs. is amtkiceb­
da, rom renesansuli xelovneba aris `xazovani~, xolo baro­
191
literaturis Teoria
kosi _ `xatovani~. termini `xazovani~ imis maCvenebelia, rom
figuraTa da saganTa formebi mkveTrad aris gamokveTili,
xolo `xatovani~ gulisxmobs, rom sinaTle da feri, rac
saganTa konturebs simkveTres ukargavs, Tavad aris kom­
poziciis safuZveli. renesansuli mxatvroba da qandakeba
iyenebs `daxurul~ formas, figuraTa simetriul, gawonas­
worebul ganlagebas, baroko ki upiratesobas aniWebs `Ria~
formas, aseve _ asimetriul kompozicias, romelic aq­
cents naxatis kuTxeze ufro akeTebs, vidre mis centralur
nawilze da SeiZleba mayureblis yuradReba CarCos miRmac
ki gadaitanos. renesansuli naxatebi `brtyelia~, an yovel
SemTxvevaSi, Sesrulebulia sxvadasxva sibrtyeze, romle­
bic TiTqosda ukan ixeven, ikargebian. barokos periodis
suraTebi ki `Rrmaa~ da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos
Cvens mzeras Soreuli da gaurkveveli fonisaken warmar­
Taven. renesansuli naxatebi `mravalplaniania~, im gagebiT,
rom ramdenime aSkarad gamokveTili nawilisagan Sedgeba;
barokos stili ki ufro `erTiania~, integrirebuli da Sek­
ruli. renesansuli xelovnebis nimuSebi `gasagebia~ baro­
kos nimuSebTan Seda­rebiT, romlebic `gaugebari~, bundo­
vani, aramkafioa.
velflinma Tavisi daskvnebi xelovnebis konkretul ni­
muSTa uCveulod faqizi analizis safuZvelze gamoitana da
migviTiTa, Tu ramdenad gardauvali iyo winsvla renesansi­
dan barokosken. rasakvirvelia, maTi Tanamimdevrobis Secv­
la SeuZlebelia. velflini ar gvTavazobs am procesis mize­
zob­riv axsnas, igi mxolod varaudobs, rom `xedvis stili~
unda Secvliliyo, rasac namdvilad ver CavTvliT wminda
wylis fiziologiur mov­lenad. es Sexeduleba, romelic aq­
cents `xedvis stilis~ Secvlaze akeTebs, anu xazs usvams
wminda struqturul, kompoziciur cvlilebebs, momdin­
areobs fidlerisa da hildebrandis Teoriebidan, saTaves
ki iRebs cimermanidan (Zimmermann), romelic herbertis
(Herbert) mim­devari esTetikosi gaxldaT.21 Tumca, velflini
(gansakuTrebiT ki gviandel gancxadebebSi) Tavad aRiareb­
da am meTodis naklovanebebs da namdvilad ar miaCnda, rom
192
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
misma formaTa istoriam xelovnebis istoriis yvela prob­
lema amowura.22 igi adrec ar uaryofda `personalur~ da
`lokalur~ stilTa arsebobas da esmoda, rom miseuli tipe­
bi SeiZleboda yvelgan Segvxvedroda da ara marto me-16 da
me-17 saukuneebSi, TumcaRa _ ufro naklebad gamokveTili
formiT.
1916 wels valcelma, axlad wakiTxuli ,,xelovnebis
istoriis principebis“ zegavleniT, scada velfliniseuli
kategoriebi literaturisTvisac moergo.23 Seqspiris pie­
sebis Seswavlis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom Seqspiri baro­
kos periods ekuTvnis. radganac misi piesebi ar aris age­
buli im simetriuli wyobiT, romelic, vel­flinis azriT,
renesansis suraTebs axasiaTebs. yvela danarCeni damaxasi­
aTebeli Tviseba Seqspiris piesebisa: meorexarisxovan per­
sonaJTa raodenoba, maTi asimetriuli dajgufeba, aqcentis
ganawileba piesis sxvadasxva aqtze maCvenebelia imisa, rom
avtoris teqnika barokos teqnikas enaTesaveba, xolo ko­
rneli da rasini, romlebic TavianT tragediebs erTi cen­
traluri figuris garSemo agebdnen da aqcentsac aqtebs
Soris tradiciuli aristoteleseuli modelis mixedviT
anawilebdnen, renesansul tips ganasaxiereben. jer erT
patara wignSi da Semdeg ukve mraval gviandel nawerSic24
valceli ganmartavda da asabuTebda imas, Tu ratom moargo
velflinis kriteriumebi literaturas. Tavdapirvelad am
mtkicebebs sakmaod mokrZalebuli xasiaTi hqonda, Semdeg
ki ufro da ufro Seuferebeli da pretenziuli toni mieca.
velflinis zogierTi kategoria SeiZleba sakmaod
advilad da cxadad CamovayaliboT literaturis enaze.
aSkaraa, rom arsebobs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, erTi
mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic Tavisi arsis gamo­
saxatavad mkveTr konturebsa da gamokveTil nawilebs am­
jobinebs da meore mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic
upiratesobas kompoziciis ufro Tavisufal formasa da
gaurkvevel konturebs aniWebs. franc Strixi (Strich) See­
cada germanul klasicizmsa da romantizms Soris arse­
buli gansxvaveba aRewera im velfliniseuli kategoriebis
gamoyenebiT, romlebic SemuSavebuli iyo renesansisa da
193
literaturis Teoria
barokos periodebisTvis. am kategoriaTa Tavisufali in­
terpretaciis Sedegad Strixma axleburad gaaSuqa Zveli
dapirispireba klasicizmis xanis srulyofil leqssa da
dausrulebel, fragmentul Tu gaugebar romantikul poe­
zias Soris.25 magram xelT SegvrCa dapirispirebaTa erTad­
erTi modeli literaturis mTeli istoriisTvis. velfli­
nis kategoriebi Tundac wminda literaturul enaze rom
CamovayaliboT, isini mainc mxolod imaSi dagvexmarebian,
rom SevZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebebi ori kategoriis
mixedviT davajgufoT, da Tu amasac detalurad ganvixi­
lavT, mivalT isev Zvel dayofamde mkacrsa da Tavisufal
stilebs, klasikursa da romantikul, plastikursa da fer­
werul xelovnebas Soris, anu im dualizmamde, romelsac
Slegelebic, Selingic da kolri­jic icnobdnen da romlis
SecnobaSic maT ideologiu­ri da literaturuli paeqroba
daexmara. velfliniseul dapirispirebaTa modeli saSua­
lebas iZleva, erT jgufSi gaerTiandes mTeli klasikuri
da fsevdoklasiku­ri xelovneba, meore jgufSi ki _ iseTi
Zalze gansxvavebuli mimdinareobebi, rogorebicaa: go­
tika, baroko da ro­mantizmi. am Teorias Tu mivyvebiT, da­
iCrdileba udavo da uaRresad mniSvnelovani uwyveti kav­
Siri renesanssa da barokos Soris. xolo rodesac Strixi
iyenebs mas germanul literaturis mimarT, warmoiqmneba xe­
lovnuri kontrasti Silerisa da goeTes ganviTarebis fsev­
doklasikur perio­dsa da me-19 s. dasawyisis romantikul
mimdinareobas Soris, xolo `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ moZ­
raoba saerTod auxsneli da gaugebari rCeba. sinamdvileSi
me-18 da me-19 saukuneTa mijnaze germanuli literaturas
aqvs gamorCeulad erTiani saxe da SeuZlebelia misi dayvana
SeuTavsebel antiTezamde. amdenad, velflinis Teoria Sei­
Zleba dagvexmaros mxatvrul nawarmoebTa klasifikaciaSi
da Camoayalibos, an ufro sworad, daadasturos dualistu­
ri ganviTarebis sqemis ukve arsebuli, Zveli aqcia-reaqcia,
tradicia-amboxi an aiwona-daiwona buneba, magram, rodesac
mas upirispirdeba literaturis kompleqsuri ganviTarebis
realoba, igi veRar axerxebs gaumklavdes literaturis WeS­
mariti gan­viTarebis mTel mravalferovnebas.
194
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
literaturisaTvis velflinis koncefciebis morge­bis
Sedegad gadauWreli rCeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sru­
liad problema. veranairad ver avxsniT im ueWvel faqts, Tu
ratom viTardeboda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi erTsa da
imave droiT monakveTSi sxvadasxva tempiT. xandaxan ise Cans,
TiTqos literatura CamorCeba xelovnebis sxva dargebs.
mag., gana arsebobda inglisuri literatura im periodSi,
rodesac didebuli inglisuri taZrebi Sendeboda? zogjer
musika CamorCeboda literaturas da xelovnebis sxva dar­
gebs. mag., 1800 wlamde `romantikul~ musikaze saTqmeli
araferia, Tumca romantikuli poeziis didi nawili Seqmnili
iyo am TariRamdec. Znelia im faqtis axsna, Tu rogor moxda,
rom `ferweruli~ poezia, sul mcire, samoc wels iTvlida,
sanam ferweruloba (xatovaneba) arqiteqturis sferos26
daipyrobda. an riTi avxsnaT burkhardtis.27 mier naxsenebi
SemTxveva, rom lorenco magnifikos (Lorenzo il Magnifico,
lo­renco brwyinvale, igive lorenco de mediCi, floren­
ciis respublikis mmarTveli renesansis dros; mTargmnelis
SeniSvna) leqsi `nenCa~ (Nencia), sadac mwyemsTa cxovrebis
sce­naa asaxuli, oTxmociode wliT uswrebda jakopo basa­nos
(Jacopo Bassano) da misi skolis pirvel Janrul suraTebs. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es magaliTebi arasworad iqna SerCeuli
da SeiZleba maTze uaris Tqma mogviwios, mainc Cndeba kiTx­
va, romelzec pasuxs ver gavcemT am gadametebulad martivi
TeoriiT, iseve, rogorc ver vupasuxebT kiTxvas, ratomaa,
rom musika poezias yovelTvis mTeli erTi TaobiT CamorCe­
ba.28 aSkaraa, rom unda davadginoT urTierTmimarTeba so­
cialur faqtorebTan, es faqtorebi ki gansxvavebuli iqneba
yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi.
bolos, aSkaraa garkveuli erebisa Tu periodebis gan­
sakuTrebuli warmatebuloba xelovnebis erT, Tu gnebavT,
or dargSi, im dros, roca danarCen dargebSi an sruliad
araviTari miRweva ar SeiniSneboda, an fons ubralod miba­
ZviT da arsebulis odnav Secvlis gziT gadiodnen. amisi
TvalsaCino magaliTia dedofal elisabedis droindeli
literaturis ayvaveba, roca ganviTarebiT mas namdvilad
195
literaturis Teoria
ver Seedrebodnen natifi xelovnebis sxva dargebi. arc imis
varaudi SeiZleba, TiTqos mTelma `erovnulma sulma~ ro­
gorRac xelovnebis mxolod erT dargSi moiyara Tavi. an
kidev, rogorc emil legua (Emile Legouis) ityoda Tavis `inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi~: `spenseri rom italiaSi
dabadebuliyo, an ticiani iqneboda an veroneze, xolo Tu
niderlandSi gaCndeboda, namdvilad rembrandtis an ru­
bensis didebas miaRwevda“.29 inglisuri literaturis Sem­
TxvevaSi advilia imis gancxadeba, rom puritanizmis gamo
moxda natifi xelovnebis ugulebelyofa, magram am gziT
bolomde ver avxsniT, Tu erTi da imave drois monakveTSi
rogor da ratom arsebobda uaRresad nayofieri saero li­
teraturis gverdiT TiTqmis sruliad uRimRamo mxatvroba.
Tumca, am yvelafers Tu gavyeviT, Cvens ZiriTad saTqmels
ga­davuxvevT da mogviwevs konkretul istoriul viTareba­
Ta gaTvaliswineba.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs, sul erTia, plastiku­ri
(anu gamomsaxvelobiTi, vizualuri _ mxatvroba, qandakeba,
kino) xelovneba iqneba es, literatura Tu mu­sika, ganviTa­
rebis sakuTari gza aqvs, individualuri tempiTa da indivi­
dualuri Sinagani struqturiT. maT Soris arsebuli mudmivi
kavSiri ueWveli faqtia, magram is ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc
zegavlena, romelic mxolod erTi mxridan momdinareobs da
ganapirobebs xelovnebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebas; Cven
gvmarTebs maTi ganxilva, rogorc dialeqtikuri urTier­
Tobis rTuli sistemisa, romlis moqmedebac ormxrivia: xe­
lovnebis erTi dargidan meoreze, da piriqiT _ meoridan
pirvelze. ar saqme ar daiyvaneba `epoqis sulze~, romelic
ganapirobebs da msWvalavs xelovnebis TiToeul dargs. ada­
mianis mTeli Semoq­medebiTi moRvaweoba unda moviazroT,
rogorc erTiani sistema, romelic sxvadasxva safexurisgan
Sedgeba da TviTganviTarebadia. TiToeul safexurs Ta­
visi sakuTari normaTa krebuli aqvs da sruliadac ar aris
saWiro, rom isini momijnave safexuris msgavsi iyos. yvelaze
farTo gagebiT, xelovnebis _ (aseve _ literaturis da
musikis) istorikosis amocanaa, SeimuSavos aRweriTi termi­
196
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
nebis Sesabamisi sistema xelovnebis TiToeuli dargisTvis,
romelic gaiTvaliswinebs xelovnebis am dargis konkre­
tul niSan-Tvisebebs. amdenad, dRes poezias esaWiroeba
axali poe­tika, analizis iseTi saSualeba, romelsac ver mo­
vipovebT poeziaSi natifi xelovnebis terminebis ubralo
gadmotanis gziT. SemTxvevaSi literaturuli periodebis
sazRvrebis dadgenas SevZlebT mxolod maSin, rodesac maT
ar ganvixilavT rogorc metafizikur raobebs, romleb­zec
`epoqis suli~ mbrZaneblobs, rodesac SevimuSavebT termi­
nebis vargisian da qmediT sistemas literaturuli nawar­
moebebis gasaanalizeblad. Tu literaturis gan­viTarebis
gzas amgvari sqemis mixedviT davadgenT, Sem­deg ukve Sev­
ZlebT aseTi kiTxvis dasmas: literaturis evolucia raime
niSniT xom ar waagavs xelovnebis sxva dargebis aseTive
sqemiT dadgenil evolucias? aSkaraa, rom pasuxi erTmniS­
vnelovani `ki~ an `ara~ ver iqneba. pasuxis gacemisas davina­
xavT, rom saqme gveqneba metad rTul suraTTan; xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebis gzebis Sedarebisas aRmova­
CenT bevr damTxvevas da bevr gadaxvevas; savaraudoa isic,
rom evoluciis paraleluri xazebis raodenoba Zalze um­
niSvnelo iqneba.
197
198
nawili meoTxe
literaturis siRrmiseuli Seswavla
199
200
Sesavali
*
literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis sawyis etapad da, amas­
Tanave, gamarTlebul nabijad unda miviCnioT Tavad liter­
aturuli produqciis interpretacia da analizi. sxvas rom
Tavi davaneboT, TviT am nawarmoebebiT aris gamarTlebuli
Cveni interesi avtoris cxovrebisadmi – vgulisxmobT mwer­
lis sazogadoebriv garemocvas da mTlianad literaturul
process. magram aRsaniSnavia Semdegi momenti: literatu­
ris istoria imden adgils uTmobs mxatvruli nawarmoe­
bebis Seqmnis pirobebis Seswavlas, rom TviT nawarmoebTa
analizis mcdelobebi ver Seedreba uzarmazar Zalisxme­
vas, romelic moxmarda nawarmoebTa Seqmnis Tanmxlebi vi­
Tarebis garkvevas. didxans ar dagvWirdeba im mizezTa Zeb­
na, romlebmac ganapirobes ganmsazRvrel pirobebisadmi
aseTi gadametebuli yuradReba – gacilebiT meti, vidre
gamoiCines TviT nawarmoebTa Seswavlisadmi. Tanamedrove
literaturis istoria Caisaxa mWidro kavSirSi romantiz­
mis mimdinareobasTan, romelsac SeeZlo daepirispirebina
neoklasicizmis kritikuli sistemisaTvis mxolod is rela­
tivisturi argumenti, rom sxvadasxva epoqa sxvadasxvagvar
standartebs moiTxovs. Sedegad, aqcentma literaturidan
gadainacvla istoriul fonze. amis meSveobiT cdilobdnen
gaemarTlebinaT Zveli literaturisadmi iseTi midgoma,
romlis mizans warmoadgenda am ukanasknelSi axali faseu­
lobebis aRmoCena. amitomac XIX saukuneSi lamis lozungad
ga­moacxades kauzalurobis principis gamoyeneba, rac gana­
piroba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebisadmi
mibaZvis tendenciam. amasTan erTad, Zveli yaidis poe­
tikis rRvevam, rac daemTxva mkiTxvelis individualur
ge­movnebaze interesis gadanacvlebas, ganamtkica rwmena,
rom vinaidan xelovneba iracionaluria Tavisi arsiT, ami­
tom misi ganmarteba `SefasebiT~ unda Semoifarglos. Tavis
sainauguracio leqciaSi ser sidni lim Camoayaliba akade­
201
literaturis Teoria
miuri mimarTulebis literaturaTmcodneTa umrav­lesobis
Tvalsazrisi: `literaturis istoriaSi vcdilobT gamovav­
linoT garegani _ politikuri, so­cialuri da ekonomikuri
_ pirobebi, romlebSic iqmneboda literatura.~1 imis gamo,
rom poetikis prob­lemebi daumuSavebeli iyo, mkvlevrebi
saocrad usu­surni aRmoCndnen mxatvruli nawarmoebis wi­
naSe, ro­melic unda gaeanalizebinaT da SeefasebinaT.
bolo wlebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa Zalze saRi reaqcia,
romelic cxadyofs, rom literaturis kvleva, upirveles
yovlisa, ufro metad unda iyos koncentrirebuli uSua­
lod mxatvrul nawarmoebebze. rac Seexeba klasikuri rito­
rikis meTodebs, aseve _ poetikas an metrikas, saWiroa maTi
gadaxedva da gadamowmeba Tanamedrove koncefciebis Ses­
abamisad. da aki xdeba kidec ase: inergeba axali meTode­bi,
romlebic efuZneba Tanamedrove literaturis formaTa
ufro farTo speqtris Sefasebas. safrangeTSi mxatvru­li
nawarmoebis kvlevas axali stimuli misca teqstis eqsplika­
ciis meTodma,2 germaniaSi – oskar valcelis mier damkvidre­
bulma formalisturma analizma, romelic emya­reba saxviT
xelovnebasTan paralelebs;3 gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos
rusi formalistebis, agreTve _ maTi Cexi da poloneli
mimdevrebis4 brwyinvale gamokvlevebi. Cven ki mxolod axla
veuflebiT literaturuli nawarmoebis saTanado gagebisa
da Sesatyvisi analizis meTodebs. inglisSi a. riCardsis zo­
gierTma mimdevarma sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo poetu­
ri teqstis analizs;5 aseve, kri­tikosTa jgufi SeerTebul
StatebSi ikvlevs TviT mxat­vrul qmnilebebs.6 amave mimar­
Tulebas exmianeba dramis ramdenime gamokvleva,7 romleb­
Sic aqcenti gadatanilia xelovnebasa da cxovrebas Soris
arsebul sxvaobaze da xazgasmulia dramatuli da empiri­
uli realobis aRrevis dauSvebloba. Sesabamisad, romanis
problemebisadmi miZRvnil mraval naSromSi8 gaanalizebu­
lia ara marto romanisa da masSi aRwerili sazogadoebrivi
pirobebis urTierTmimarTebebi, aramed _ gamoyenebuli
mxatvruli xerxebic: Tvalsazrisebi, Txrobis warmarTvis
meTodebi.
202
Sesavali
rusi formalistebi Zalze energiulad ewinaaRm­
degebodnen `Sinaarsisa da formis~ ZvelisZvel diqoto­
mias, romelic anawevrebs xelovnebis nimuSs: erT naxevars
Seadgens nedli Sinaarsi, xolo meore naxevars _ mxo­lod da
mxolod garegnuli forma.9 cxadia, xelovnebis nimuSis es­
Tetikuri efeqti ar ganisazRvreba imiT, rasac, Cveulebriv,
`Sinaarss~ uwodeben. saerTod, xelovnebis ni­muSTa umete­
soba sasacilo an uazro Cans martooden maTSi gadmocemuli
ambis Txrobisas (rac SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas mxolod
da mxolod pedagogiuri miznebiT);10 magram gadaulaxav
siZneleebs warmoqmnis warmodgena formis, rogorc esTeti­
kurad aqtiuri elementis, xolo meore mxriv, Sinaarsis, ro­
gorc esTetikurad indiferentuli elementis Sesaxeb. erTi
SexedviT, maTi urTierTgamijvna Zalze advilia. Tu Sinaar­
sis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT romeli­me literaturul nawar­
moebSi warmoCenil ideebs an emociebs, maSin forma unda
gulisxmobdes yvela im lingvistur elements, romliTac
gamoixateba Sinaarsi. magram, Tu ufro kargad davakvird­
ebiT am sxvaobas, vnaxavT, rom Sinaarsi moicavs formis zo­
gierT elements: ase, magaliTad, romanSi aRwerili movle­
nebi warmoadgens am romanis Sinaarss, xolo am movlenebis
`siuJeturi~ wyoba Seadgens formas. TavisTavad, es movle­
nebi ar xasiaTdeba aranairi mxatvruli TvisebebiT. amitom
germanelebma danerges termini `Sinagani forma~ (romlis
saTaveebi plotinTan da SeftsberisTan unda veZioT), ma­
gram es cneba ufro arTulebs viTarebas, radgan Sinagan da
garegan formas Soris arsebuli gamyofi xazi kvlav sruli­
ad gaurkveveli da bundovani rCeba. Tu tradiciuli gansaz­
RvrebiT SemovifarglebiT, problemas ver gadavWriT da
iZulebulni viqnebiT vaRiaroT, rom TviT enac, romelic,
rogorc wesi, formis elementebs ganekuTvneba, klasifi­
kacias saWiroebs: sityvebi, Ta­visTavad, esTetikurad in­
diferentulia, xolo xerxi, romlis meSveobiTac calkeuli
sityvebi warmoqmnian bge­riT da esTetikur jgufebs, esTe­
tikuri Rirebulebisaa. albaT, umjobesi iqneba, `masalad~
movixsenioT esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT indiferentuli
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literaturis Teoria
elementebi, xolo im xerxs, romliTac isini iZenen esTeti­
kur Rirebulebas, `struqtura” davarqvaT. cxadia, Cven ar
vcdilobT, axali saxeli SevarqvaT ZvelTaganve cnobil
Sinaarsisa da formis wyvils, aramed miznad visaxavT Zve­
li gamyofi xazebis rRvevas. `masala~ moicavs elementebs,
romlebsac adre Sinaarss an formas miakuTvnebdnen. rac
Seexeba `struqturas~, es cneba moicavs rogorc Sinaarss,
ise formasac, Tu maTi organizacia esTetikur miznebs iT­
valiswinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebis produqtad
unda miviCnioT niSanTa sistema anda niSanTa struqtura,
ro­melic emsaxureba specifikur esTetikur mizans.
204
Tavi meTormete
literaturuli xelovnebis
nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
*
sanam SevudgebodeT xelovnebis nimuSis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis analizs, ganvixiloT uaRresad rTuli episte­mo­
logiuri sakiTxi, romelic exeba literaturuli xelov­nebis
nimuSis (SemdegSi sjobs, Tu mas ufro mokle saxels – `leqss~
vuwodebT) `arsebobis wess~, anu mis `ontologiur ares~.1 ras
warmoadgens `WeSmariti” leqsi, sad unda veZioT da rogor
myofobs is? am kiTxvebze sworad gacemuli pasuxi ramde­
nime kritikul problemas gadawyvets da gzas gauxsnis lite­
raturuli nawarmoebis saTanado analizs.
ramdenime tradiciuli pasuxi gaeca kiTxvas, Tu ras
warmoadgens leqsi an sad unda viguloT igi (da, saerTod _
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi); amitom, sanam am kiTxvas
gavcemT pasuxs, jer ukve arsebuli pasuxebi unda gavakri­
tikoT. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da Zveli pasuxi
ukavSirdeba im Tvalsazriss, rom leqsi warmoadgens `ar­
tefaqts~, anu iseTive sagans, rogoric aris qandakeba an
ferwe­ruli tilo. am logikiT, xelovnebis nimuSi gaigive­
bulia TeTr qaRaldze an gragnilze Savi melniT gamosaxul
klaknileb­Tan da xazebTan, anda, Tu vigulisxmebT babilonis
kulturis droindel poemas _ Tixis firfitebze amokveTil
RarebTan. cxadia, aseTi pasuxi ver dagvakmayofilebs. jer
erTi, imitom, rom arsebobs uzarmazari odenobis zepir­
sityvieri `literatura~. arsebobs leqsebi da ambebi, rom­
lebic dRemde ar dadasturebula werilobiT, magram, amis
miuxedavad, kvlavac arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, Savi mel­
niT gamosaxuli klaknili xazebi mxolod da mxolod leqsis
Caweris meTodia da ara TviT leqsi. xelnaweri an Tundac da­
beWdili wignis yvela egzemplari rom gavanad­guroT, mainc
205
literaturis Teoria
ver movspobT leqss, romelic SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnas
zepirsityvierebaSi anda iseTi adamianis mexsierebaSi, ro­
goric iyo makolei _ am ukanasknels Tavi mohqonda imiT, rom
zepirad axsovda `dakarguli samoTxe~ da `savali gza pili­
grimisa~. meore mxriv, Tu davxevT tilos, gavanadgurebT qan­
dakebas an raime nagebobas, amiT Cven mas mT­lia­nad movspobT,
Tumca SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnes aRwera an daxasiaTeba, rom­
lis mixedviT SevZlebT mis aRdgenas. mag­ram, yvela SemTxveva­
Si, Cven SevqmniT xelovnebis gansxvavebul nimuSs (raoden ms­
gavsic unda iyos is originalisa), maSin, rodesac erTi wignis
an misi yvela egzemplaris mospoba saerTod verafers avnebs
xelovnebis nawarmoebs.
is, rom leqsis Canaweri qaRaldze ar aris `WeSmari­ti~
mxatvruli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba sxva argumentiTac dava­
sabuToT. nabeWdi gverdi Seicavs uamrav iseT elements,
romlebsac araferi aqvT saerTo leqsTan, iqneba es Sriftis
zoma an tipi (gamarTuli, damreci), gverdis zoma Tu kidev
mravali sxva faqtori. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tvalsazriss,
romlis Tanaxmad, poema artefaqts warmoadgens, maSin isic
unda vaRiaroT, rom wignis yoveli egzemplari anda gansx­
vavebulad dabeWdili gamocema warmoadgens xelovnebis
calkeul, sagangebo nawarmoebs. aRar iqneba aranairi apri­
oruli safuZveli imisa, rom sxvadasxva gamocemis egzem­
plarebi vaRiaroT erTi da imave wignis egzemplarebad. gar­
da amisa, Cven, mkiTxvelebs, ar migvaC­nia, rom yoveli gamoce­
ma warmoadgens poemis swor da marTe­bul gamocemas. TviT is
faqti, rom SegviZlia Cavaswo­roT tipografiuli Secdome­
bi (Tumca teqsts pirvelad vecnobiT) an, zogjer, aRvadgi­
noT kidec teqstis WeSmariti mniSvneloba, adasturebs, rom
nabeWd striqonebs ar miviC­nevT WeSmarit poemad. amrigad,
davasabuTeT, rom leqsi (anda nebismieri sxva literatu­
ruli nawarmoebi) SeiZleba arsebobdes misi dabeWdili ver­
siisgan damoukideblad, da rom dabeWdili teqsti Seicavs
mraval iseT elements, romelTac, Cveni azriT, ar Seicavda
WeSmariti leqsi.
206
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
da mainc, aseTi negatiuri daskvnis miuxedavad, Tvali
ar unda davxuWoT imaze, rom udidesi praqtikuli mniS­
vneloba aqvs weris da beWdvis gamogonebas, anu poeziis
Caweris Cveneul meTodebs. eWvsgareSea, rom literaturis
didi nawili daikarga, radgan gaqra misi Canawerebi da ar
gaamarTla zepirsityvieri tradiciis Teoriulad SesaZle­
belma saSualebam, romelic dairRva an Sewyda. damwerlo­
bam, da gansakuTrebiT beWdvam, ganapiroba lite­raturuli
tradiciis uwyvetoba da didi wvlili Sei­tana xelovnebis
nawarmoebis erTianobisa da mTlianobis SenarCunebaSi. gar­
da amisa, grafikuli elementi iqca zogierTi literaturu­
li nawarmoebis nawilad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, poeziis isto­
riis garkveul etapebze.
rogorc aCvena ernest fenolozam, Cinur poeziaSi
suraTovani ideograma qmnis poemis sruli mniSvnelobis
nawils. magram dasavlur tradiciaSic arsebobs grafi­
kuli leqsebi: gavixsenoT `berZnuli anTologia~, agreTve
– jorj herbertis `sakurTxeveli~ an `eklesiis iataki~,
agreTve _ ingliseli metafizikosi poetebis sxva leqsebi,
ro­melTa paralelebad kontinentze SeiZleba davasaxeloT
espanuri gongorizmi, italiuri marinizmi, germanuli baro­
kos poezia da sxva. amasve SeiZleba davamatoT Ta­namedrove
poezia amerikaSi (e.e. kamingsi), germaniaSi (arno holci),
safrangeTSi (malarme, apolineri) da sxvagan, sadac mimar­
Tavdnen iseT grafikul xerxebs, rogorebicaa striqonebis
sxvadasxvagvari ganlageba, an Tundac gverdis mxolod
qveda nawilis gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva feris Srif­ti da a.S.2
jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi sternma Tavis `tristram SendiSi”
gamoiyena carieli gverdebi da marmarisebri SemonaWeri.
yvela aseTi xerxi warmoadgens am konkretuli nawarmoe­
bebis arsebiT nawils. marTalia, poezia iSviaTad mimarTavs
amgvar xerxebs, magram maT uyuradRebod mainc ver dav­
tovebT da arc unda davtovoT.
amas garda, Sriftis roli poeziaSi namdvilad ar
Semoifargleba im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebiT, rodesac
avtori Segnebulad iyenebs zemoaRweril xerxebs; nawarmoe­
207
literaturis Teoria
bTa organul elementebs miekuTvneba leqsebis taepTa da­
boloebebis gaformeba, strofebad dajgufeba, prozauli
teqstebis abzacebi, omonimuri riTma, anda sityvaTa TamaSi
da kalamburi, romlis gageba SeiZleba mxolod marTl­weris
gaTvaliswinebiT, da kidev bevri sxva msgavsi xerxi. yove­
live es literaturuli xelovnebis arsebiT faqtorad unda
miviCnioT. mxolod zepirsityvierebaze agebuli Teoria
gamoricxavs nebismier miniSnebas amgvar xerxebze, magram ma­
Sin maTi ugulebel­yofa dauSvebelia samwerlo xelovnebis
bevri nimuSis analizisas. amgvari nawarmoebebis arseboba
amtkicebs, rom dResdReobiT poeziis praqtikaSi Srifti
iqca Zalze mniSvnelovan elementad, radgan poezia iqmneba
ara mxolod yurisTvis, aramed _ TvalisTvisac. miuxedavad
imisa, rom grafikuli xerxebis gamoyeneba ar aris aucile­
beli, isini gacilebiT ufro xSirad gvxvdeba literatur­
aSi, vidre musikaSi, sadac dabeWdili partitura iseTive
rols asrulebs, rasac _ nabeWdi gverdi poeziaSi. musi­
kaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba grafikuli xerxebi, Tumca verc
imas vityviT, rom isini saerTod ar gvxvdeba. XVI saukunis
italiuri madrigalebis partiturebSi naxavT bevr ucnaur
optikur xerxs (ferebi da sxv.). `wminda~ da `srulqmnil~
kompozitoris, hendelis sagundo nawarmoebSi sadac gundi
mReris wiTeli zRvis adidebaze, rodesac `wyali kedlisebr
wamoimarTa~. partituris dabeWdil gverdze gamosaxuli
notebi qmnian mtkice rigs, sadac Tanabari distanciiTaa Cam­
wkrivebuli wertilebi falangas an kedels mogvagoneben.3
Cven daviwyeT im TeoriiT, romelsac axla, albaT,
bevri seriozuli mimdevari rodi hyavs. meore pasuxi Cvens
kiT­xvaze gulisxmobs, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris
deklamatoris an mkiTxvelis mier warmoTqmul bgeraTa Tan­
mimdevroba. esaa farTod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, ro­
melic gansakuTrebiT popularulia deklamatorTa Soris.
magram verc es pasuxi iqneba damakmayofilebeli, radgan
nebismieri xmamaRla warmoTqmuli leqsi warmoadgens am
nawarmoebis Sesrulebas da ara TviT am poemas. es igivea, rac
musikosis mier musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesruleba. arse­
208
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
bobs didZali werilobiTi literatura, romelic SeiZleba
arasodes gaJRerdes. ver daveTanxmebiT bihevioristTa ab­
surdul Teorias, romlis mixedviTac, uxmod wakiTxvas mu­
dam Tan sdevs saxmo simebis moZraoba. sinamdvileSi gamoc­
dileba cxadyofs, rom garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac ada­
mians kiTxva axalSeswavlili aqvs an kiTxulobs ucxoenovan
teqsts, an sulac ganzrax cdilobs, rom bgera CurCuliT
warmosTqvas, kiTxvis procesi ZiriTadad `globaluria~,
anu dabeWdil sityvebs erTianad, mTlianobaSi aRviqvamT
ise, rom ar vcdilobT, davanawevroT isini fonemebad da
Cumad mainc warmovTqvaT. rodesac swrafad vkiTxulobT,
imisi droc ki ara gvrCeba, rom saxmo simebiT gavaxmianoT
bgerebi. garda amisa, Tu da­vuSvebT, rom leqsi arsebobs
mxolo misi xmamaRla kiT­xvis dros, cota ar iyos, ucnaur
daskvnamde mivalT – TiTqos im momentSi, rodesac poema `ar
gaismis~, is arc arsebobs da yoveli wakiTxvis dros axlidan
iqmneba.
magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmoa isaa, rom leqsis
yoveli wakiTxva ufro metia, vidre TviT leqsi: yoveli Ses­
ruleba Seicavs im elementebs, romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian
leqss da, ase vTqvaT, asaxaven iseT in­dividualur Tavise­
burebebs, rogorebicaa gamoTqma, tonaloba, tempi da max­
vilebis ganawileba, anu is ele­mentebi, romelTac gansaz­
Rvravs an deklamatoris pirov­neba, anda leqsis miseuli
interpretaciis simptomebi da saSualebebi. metic: leqsis
wakiTxvas masSi Seaqvs ara mxolod individualuri element­
ebi, aramed yovelTvis ganapirobebs teqstis komponentTa
SerCevas: amaSi Sedis xmis toni, tempi, maxvilebis ganawile­
ba da intensiuroba; yovelive es SeiZleba iyos mcdari an
marTebuli, magram maSinac ki, rodesac sworia, esaa leqsis
wakiTxvis mxolod erTi versia. unda vaRiaroT, rom arse­
bobs leqsis wakiTxvis ramdenime SesaZlebloba, romlebic
SeiZleba mcdarad miviCnioT, Tu gvgonia, rom isini arRvevs
da amaxinjebs leqsis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas, anda miviCnioT,
rom isini swo­­ri da misaRebia, magram idealuri mainc araa.
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literaturis Teoria
leqsis xmamaRla wakiTxva ar warmoadgens TviT leqss,
radgan Cven Sinaganad SeiZleba gagviCndes masSi Sesworebebis
Setanis survili. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT iseT deklama­
cias, romelsac saukeTesod miviCnevT, mainc ver gamovric­
xavT, rom SeiZleba sxva vinme – Tundac igive deklamatori,
oRond sxva dros – mogvawvdis sruliad gansxvavebul in­
terpretacias, romelic aseve kargad gamoaCens poemis sxva
elementebs. kvlav gamogvadgeba analogia musikis Sesrule­
basTan: simfonia, Tundac mas toskanini asrulebdes, mainc
ar aris TviT simfonia, rad­gan individualur Semsruleb­
els aucileblad Seaqvs nawarmoebSi sagangebo niuansebi; aq
vgulisxmobT temps, rubatos [rubato – tempis monacvleo­
ba musikalur frazaSi, rac Cveulebriv _ kontrasts qmnis
akompanementis myar ritmTan – mTargmn.], tembrs, da a.S., rac
SeiZleba Sei­cvalos momdevno Sesrulebisas, Tumca, ver vi­
tyviT, rom igive nawarmoebi meored Sesrulda. amrigad, Cven
vaCveneT, rom leqsi SeiZleba arsebobdes misi Sesrulebis­
gan da­moukideblad, gaxmovanebisas ki iZens bevr iseT ele­
ments, romlebic, Cveni azriT, ar aris CarTuli poemaSi.
da mainc, zogierT literaturul nawarmoebSi (es gan­
sakuTrebiT iTqmis lirikul poeziaze) SeiZleba poe­ziis
xmovani aspeqti qmnides saerTo struqturis mniSvnelovan
faqtors. misken yuradRebis mizidva SeiZleba iseTi saSua­
lebebiT, rogorebicaa metri, xmovanTa an TanxmovanTa
Tanamimdevrobis wesi, aliteracia, asonansi, riTma da sxv.
es faqti ganmartavs, an ufro sworad, gvexmareba avxsnaT
mizezi, Tu ratom ar Seesatyviseba originals li­rikuli
poeziis Targmanis umetesi nawili, anu ratom ver gadadis
bgerwera sxva lingvistur sistemaSi, Tumc ki daxelovnebu­
li mTargmneli mainc moaxerxebs, SeinarCunos am bgerweris
saerTo efeqti Tavis mSobliur enaSi. asea Tu ise, arsebobs
didZali literatura, romlisTvisac bgeriTi mxare nak­
lebmniSvnelovania. amas adasturebs bevri iseTi nawarmoe­
bis istoriuli mniSvneloba, romelTac veraferi daaklo
uxeiro Targmanma. bgera SeiZleba warmoadgendes mniS­
vnelovan faqtors poemis struqturaSi, magram imis Tqma,
rom leqsi warmoadgens bgeraTa rigs, iseve arasworia, ro­
gorc Sriftisadmi gadamwyveti rolis miniWeba.
210
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalze
gavrcelebulia mesame pasuxi, romlis mixedviT, leqsi war­
moadgens mkiTxvelis gamocdilebas. amtkiceben, rom leqsi
calke, mkiTxvelis saazrovno procesebisgan damoukide­
blad, arc arsebobs. amgvarad, leqsi SeiZleba gavaigivoT
im mentalur mdgomareobasTan an procesTan, romelsac
ganvicdiT poeturi nawarmoebis kiTxvisas an mosmenisas.
Tumca, rogorc Cans, amgvari `fsiqologiuri~ axsna mainc
ar aris damakmayofilebeli. rasakvirvelia, sworia, rom
leqsis wvdoma xdeba mxolod piradi gancdiT, magram mas
ver gavaigivebT am procesTan. leqsis kiTxvisas yoveli
Cvenganis individualuri gamocdileba Seicavs raRac Ta­
viseburs, pirovnuls, raSic aisaxeba Cveni gan­wyobileba
poeziis aRqmisas da individualuri mzadyof­na misi kiTx­
visTvis. mkiTxvelis ganaTleba, misi pirovnu­li Tavisebure­
bani, iseve, rogorc saerTo kulturuli klimati, yoveli
mkiTxvelis religiuri, filosofiuri, an profesiuli Sexe­
dulebebi da Cvevebi raRac axals Sematebs leqss yoveli
wakiTxvisas. erTma da imave mkiTxvelma SeiZleba sxvadasxva
dros sxvadasxvanairad waikiTxos erTi da igive teqsti,
ris mizezsac SeiZleba warmoadgendes mkiTxvelis sulieri
ganviTarebis donis zrda an, piriqiT misi daRliloba, mS­
foTvareba anda yuradRebis gafantva. amrigad, yovel ga­
mocdilebas raRac Seaqvs leqsSi an raRacisgan ganZarcvavs
mas, radgan esaa individualuri gamocdileba. gamocdileba
ver CaiTvleba poemis tolfas movlenad: gamocdili mkiTx­
velic ki aRmoaCens leqsebSi axal detalebs, romlebic ar
SeumCnevia wina wakiTxvisas, amitom, ra Tqma unda, naklebad
gaTviTcnobierebuli an mTlad uwignuri mkiTxveli teqsts
zedapirulad an arasworad waikiTxavs.
absurdul daskvnamde mivyavarT im Tvalsazriss, TiTqos
mkiTxvelis sulieri gamocdileba ukve TavisTavad aris leqsi.
gamodis, rom Tu leqsi ar aris gancdili, igi arc arsebobs,
xolo yovel gancdasTan erTad Tavidan iqmneba. am logikiT,
Cven gveqneboda ara erTi `RvTaebrivi komedia~, aramed imdeni,
ramdeni mkiTxvelic hyavda mas aqamde da SemdgomSic eyoleba.
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literaturis Teoria
ase mivalT srul skepticizmamde, anarqiamde da iZulebulni
viqnebiT, daveTanxmoT mavne maqsimas – de gustibus non est disputandum (gemovnebaze ar davoben). Tu seriozulad movekidebiT
am Tvalsazriss, maSin ver avxsniT, ratom unda miviCnioT, rom
erTi mkiTxvelis gamocdileba ukeTesia, vidre vinme sxva mkiTx­
velisa da ratom aris SesaZlebeli, rom SevasworoT sxva mkiTx­
velis interpretacia. aseTi ram moaswavebs, rom namdvilad
SeuZlebeli iqneba literaturis yovelgvari swavleba teqstis
gagebisa da aRqmis gaRrmavebis mizniT. a. riCardsis Txzulebe­
bi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi wigni `praqtikuli kritikis Sesaxeb~
imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdeni ram SeiZleba gakeTdes mkiTxvel­
Ta individualuri Taviseburebebis analizis meSveobiT, da ras
SeuZlia miaRwios kargma maswavlebelma nawarmoebTa mcdari
gagebis koreqciisas. sainteresoa, rom riCardsi, romelic
mudam akritikebs Tavisi mowafeebis _ mkiTxvelebis _ ga­
mocdilebas, ixreba im ukiduresi fsiqologiuri Teoriisken,
romelic mTlianad upirispirdeba mis brwyinvale kritikul
praqtikas. im azrma, rom poezia, savaraudod, awesrigebs Cvens
JestiT iseve, rogorc sonatiT.4 amrigad, savaraudo Cvens cno­
bierebaSi mimdinare reaqciebi uSualod ar ukavSirdeba leqss,
romelic mas iwvevs.
rogori saintereso da pedagogiuri miznebisaT­
vis gamosadegic unda iyos mkiTxvelis fsiqologia, misi
sfero mainc literaturaTmcodneobis, anu konkretuli
xelovnebis nawarmoebis analizis miRma Zevs da ver gamodge­
ba xelovnebis nawarmoebis struqturisa Tu Ri­rebulebis
gansazRvrisTvis. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi gan­­martaven ara
literaturas, aramed _ mis zemoqmedebas ada­mianze. uki­
dures SemTxvevebSi isini gvTavazoben poe­zi­is Ri­rebulebis
iseT kriteriums, rogoric warmodgenilia a.e. hausmenis
leqciaSi `poeziis arsi da buneba~ (1933). hausmeni faruli
ironiiT gvakvalianebs, karg poezias amovicnobT JrJoliT,
romelsac ganvicdiT misi mosmenisaso. amasve qadagebdnen
XVIII saukunis Teoriebi, romelTa mixed­viT, tragediis Ri­
rebuleba ganizomeba mayureblis mier daRvrili cremlis
raodenobiT, Tanamedrove kinoSi ki komediis warmateba
212
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
xSirad ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramden­jer gaicina mayure­
belma. amrigad, yovel fsiqologiur Teo­­rias Sedegad mos­
devs anarqia, skepticizmi da Ri­rebulebaTa sruli aRreva,
radgan is ar ukavSirdeba arc poemis struqturas da arc mis
xarisxs.
i.a. riCardsma mxolod odnav gaaumjobesa fsiqo­
logiuri Teoria, rodesac poema gansazRvra rogorc `Rir­
seuli mkiTxvelis gamocdileba~.5 aSkaraa, rom mTelma
problemam gadainacvla Rirseuli mkiTxvelis kate­goriaze
da am zedsarTavis mniSvnelobaze. magram kidec rom warmo­
vidginoT daxvewili kulturiT aRWurvili da saukeTesod
momzadebuli idealuri mkiTxveli, aseTi gan­sazRvra mainc
ar iqneba damakamyofilebeli, radgan mis mimarT SeiZleba
gamoiTqvas igive kritikuli SeniSvnebi, rac _ fsiqologi­
uri meTodis mimarT. saqme isaa, rom leqsis arsi aq daiyvane­
ba garkveuli momentiT ganpirobebul gancdamde, romelsac
ucvlelad ver gaimeorebs nebismieri mkiTxveli, ragind
Rirseulic ar unda iyos is. is yovelTvis ufro naklebia,
vidre poemis sruli mniSvneloba nebismier mocemul mo­
mentSi da yovel wakiTxvaSi aucileblad Seaqvs piraduli
elementebi.
meoTxe pasuxis meSveobiT cdiloben zemoxsenebuli
siZneleebis gadalaxvas. amboben, rom poema aris TviT av­
toris gamocdileba. SevniSnavT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi leq­
si wyvets arsebobas misi dawerisTanave. rodesac avtori
gadaikiTxavs Tavis qmnilebas, es ukve aRaraa poema. cxa­
dia, rom avtori gadaiqceva Tavis nawarmoebis Cveulebriv
mkiTxvelad, romelic SeiZleba Secdes da sworad ver axs­
nas Tavisive naweri, iseve, rogorc es SeiZleba daemarTos
nebismier sxva mkiTxvels. mravladaa cnobili aseTi aSkara
gaugebrobis magaliTebi, rodesac Tavad avtors uWirs sa­
kuTari qmnilebis ganmarteba. magaliTad, Zveli anekdotis
mixedviT, brauningma ganacxada, rom TviTonac ar esmoda
sakuTari leqsebi. albaT yvelas emarTeba ase: an sworad
ver aRviqvamT adre dawerils, an is srulad ar gvesmis. aqe­
dan gamomdinare, Cveni varaudiT, `avtoris gamocdileba~
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literaturis Teoria
SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod rogorc misi gamocdileba na­
warmoebis weris dros. Semdgom, `avtoris gamocdilebaSi~
SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli ram vigulisxmoT: erTi iqneba
Segnebuli gamocdileba, Canafiqri, romlis xorcSesxmac
surda avtors, xolo meore – mTlianad misi gacnobierebuli
Tu gaucnobierebeli gamocdilebaSemoqmedebiTi muSaobis
dros. farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba (Tumca amas Yy­
ovelTvis ar acxadeben), TiTqos poema SeiZleba ganvmar­toT
avtoris Canafiqridan gamomdinare.6 ase amarTleben nawar­
moebis istoriuli komentirebis aucileblobas da nawar­
moebis izolirebulad, amave avtoris sxva nawarmoebTagan
damoukideblad kvlevis saWiroebas. mag­ram saqme isaa, rom
nawarmoebTa didi umravlesobis SemTxvevaSi Canafiqris
aRdgena SeuZlebelia, radgan Cvens xelT araa araferi, das­
rulebuli teqstis garda. ma­Sinac ki, rodesac arsebobs av­
toris Tanamedrove epoqiT daTariRebuli sabuTebi, aseTma
sabuTebma mainc ar unda Se­­bo­Wo­s Tanamedrove mkvlevari.
avtoris `Canafiqri~ mu­dam aris nawarmoebis sazrisis `ra­
cionalizacia~ da komenta­ri, romelic yovelTvis unda
gaviTvaliswinoT da, amave dros, kritikulad gavaana­lizoT
dasrulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebidan gamomdi­nare. saqme
isaa, rom avtoris `Ca­nafiqri~ SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro
farTo iyos, vidre amas gvafiqrebinebs xelovnebis das­
rulebuli qmnileba an SeiZleba, ubralod, asaxavdes mis
gegmas. rom SegvZleboda gasaubreba SeqspirTan `hamle­
tis~ dawerasTan dakavSire­biT, Cven ver dagvakmayofilebda
Canafiqris avtoriseuli axsna. da marTebuli iqneboda am
piesaSi Cadebuli im sazrisis Zieba (da ara misi gamogoneba),
romelic, SesaZloa, Seqspirs gacnobierebuli arc hqonda.
rodesac xelovani cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi sur­
vilebi, is SeiZleba misi Tanamedrove literaturuli situ­
aciisa da esTetikuri cnebebis mniSvnelovan gavlenas ga­
nicdides; magram saqme isaa, rom TviT es esTetikuri cnebebi,
SesaZloa, ar Seesatyvisebodes mis WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi
miRwevebs. barokos xana aSkarad epasuxeba am sakiTxs, radgan
es axali SemoqmedebiTi manera srulad ar gamo­xatula arc
214
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
xelovanTa gancxadebebSi, arc _ kritikosTa SeniSvnebSi.
iseTi moqandake, rogoric iyo bernini, parizis akademiaSi
leqciebis kiTxvisas acxadebda, rom misi praqtika savsebiT
Seesatyviseba antikur nimu­Sebs, xolo daniel adam pepvel­
manma, romelmac aago cvingeri drezdenSi _ rokokos sti­
lis nimuSi arqiteqturaSi _ mTeli broSura miuZRvna imis
damtkicebas, rom misi qmnile­ba mTlianad akmayofilebs vit­
ruviusis yvelaze mkacr principebs.7 poeti-metafizikose­
bi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen esTetikur terminebs (magaliTad,
`zustad gaTvlil striqonebze~ saubrisas), magram aseTi
terminologiis gamoyenebisas praqtikulad verc ki gamo­
xatavdnen maTi Semoqmedebis arsebiT siaxles; Sua sauku­
neebSi Semoqmedebs xSirad euflebodaT wminda religiuri
anda didaqtikuri `ganwyobebi~, romlebsac arc ki `das­
caldaT~, gamoxatuli yofiliyvnen maTi praqtikis Semoq­
medebiTs principebSi. sxvaoba Segnebul gegma-ganwyobasa da
uSualo Sesrule­bas Soris Cveulebrivi ram aris mwerlo­
bis istoriaSi. zolas marTlac swamda eqsperimentuli ro­
manis mec­nieruli Teoriisa, Tavad ki, sinamdvileSi, Seqmna
Zalze melodramatuli da simboluri romanebi. gogols
Tavi socialur reformistad, ruseTis `aRmwer-geogra­
fad~ miaCnda, maSin, rodesac misi romanebi da moTxrobebi
savsea warmosaxuli fantastikuri da groteskuli arsebe­
biT. SeuZlebelia SemovizRudoT avtoris Canafiqris kv­
leviT, vinaidan es, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, aris nawarmoe­
bis komentari, xSirad ki aseTi komentari saimedo sulac
araa. SeiZleba arc ki gvqondes raime sawinaaRmdego amgvari
`Canafiqris~ Seswavlis mimarT, Tuki `CanafiqrSi~ vigulisx­
mebT nawarmoebis erT-erT komponents, romlis meSveobiT
SesaZlebelia mTlianad nawarmoebis sazrisis wvdoma.8 mag­
ram aq termini `Canafiqri~ gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisaa
da, SesaZloa, arcTu zustic.
aseve miuRebelia is alternatiuli varaudi, rom­
lis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti leqsi unda veZioT avtoris gac­
nobierebul da gaucnobierebel gamocdilebaSi nawarmoe­
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literaturis Teoria
bze muSaobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. es daskvnac
warmoqmnis siZneleebs, vinaidan mas gadahyavs problema
savsebiT miuwvdomeli, wminda hipoTezuri x-is kategoria­
Si, romlis gansazRvra an Tundac Seswavla SeuZlebelia.
sakiTxis gadawyveta agreTve ar aris da­makmayofilebeli,
radgan Semoqmedeba aseT SemTxvevaSi damokidebulia subi­
eqturi gamocdilebisgan, romelic, TavisTavad, warsulis
kuTvnilebaa. gamocdileba, ro­melic hqonda avtors Semo­
qmedebis procesSi, warsulSi gadainacvlebs nawarmoebis
dasrulebisTanave. es war­modgena swori rom iyos, maSin
verasodes SevZlebdiT uSualo kontaqtis damyarebas TviT
xelovnebis qmni­lebasTan da mogviwevda Tavis damSvideba im
varaudiT, rom Cveni gancda poemis wakiTxvisas identuria
imisa, rac didi xnis winaT Tavad avtorma ganicada. wignSi
`miltoni~ e.m. tiliardi SeniSnavs, rom `dakarguli samo­
Txe~ asaxavs avtoris mdgomareobas am poemis Seqmnis mo­
mentSi; k.s. luisTan xangrZlivi da uTavbolo davis dros
man mainc ar aRiara, rom `dakarguli samoTxe~, upirveles
yovlisa exeba satanas, adams da evas, agreTve asobiT da aTa­
sobiT sxvadasxva ideas, azrsa da cnebas, da ara miltonis
sulier gancdebs poemis Seqmnis periodSi.9 is, rom odesRac
poemis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreboda miltonis gonebaSi mimdi­
nare cnobieri da gaucnobierebeli procesebiT, savsebiT
sworia, magram am procesebis wvdoma CvenTvis SeuZlebe­
lia, miT umetes, rom SemoqmedebiT momentebSi mis gonebaSi
xdeboda gadamuSave­ba auracxeli gamocdilebisa, romelTa
kvals poemaSi ver mivagnebT. es idea migviyvans umizno
varaudebamde imis Taobaze xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi md­
gomareobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb – Semoqmedebis momentSi
mwerlis emociaTa Taobaze, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes im
momentSi gancdil kbilis tkivilsac.10 saerTod, fsiqolo­
giuri midgoma, romlis amosavali punqtia mkiTxvelisa Tu
msmenlis, mTxroblisa Tu avtoris sulieri mdgomareo­
ba, warmoqmnis gacilebiT ufro met problemas, vidre im
sakiTxTa raodenoba, romelTa gadawyveta mas ZaluZs.
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
aSkarad ukeTesi iqneba, Tu xelovnebis nimuSs gan­
vsazRvravT socialuri da koleqtiuri gamocdilebis kon­
teqstiT. arsebobs sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori Sesa­Zlebloba,
Tumca, arc erTi maTgani ar gamogvadgeba saimisod, rom
problema damakmayofileblad gadaiWras. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom xelovnebis nimuSi warmoadgens poemis warsulisa da
SesaZlebel gamocdilebaTa jams. ase­Ti axsna auracxeli
piradi usargeblo gamocdilebis, uxeiro, yalbi wakiTxvisa
da damaxinjebis tolfasi iqneba. mokled rom vTqvaT, mxat­
vruli nawarmoebi aris mkiTxvelis sulieri mdgomareoba,
gamravlebuli usasrulobaze. meo­re pasuxis Tanaxmad, WeS­
mariti leqsi aris poemis yvela mkiTxvelis gamocdileba.11
magram faqtia, rom aseT pasu­xs dahyavs mxatvruli nawar­
moebi saerTo mniSvnelamde. es ki iqneba yvelaze dabali,
yvelaze umniSvnelo, zedapiruli da trivialuri saerTo
mniSvneli, romelic xelmisawvdomia nebismieri gamoc­
dilebisTvis. garda imisa, rom am saerTo mniSvnelis gamo­
yofa Znelia, amgvari midgoma Zalze aRaribebs xelovnebis
nimuSis sazriss.
individualuri Tu socialuri fsiqologiis me­
TodebiT ver vipoviT pasuxs Cvens kiTxvaze. amitom unda
davaskvnaT, rom poema pirovnul gamocdilebas an aseT ga­
mocdilebaTa jams ki ar warmoadgens, aramed _ gamocdile­
baTa potenciur wyaros. gansazRvreba, ro­melic emyareba
sulier mdgomareobaTa analizs, dama­kmayofilebeli araa,
radgan is ver ganmartavs WeSmariti poeziis normatiul xa­
siaTs da im martiv faqts, rom misi aRqmis gamocdileba Sei­
Zleba iyo marTebuli an mcdari. nebismieri pirovnuli ganc­
dis SemTxvevaSi WeSmariti poeziis Sesatyvisad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos am gancdis mxo­lod garkveuli nawili. amrigad,
WeSmariti poezia unda gaviazroT, rogorc im normaTa
struqtura, romlebic mxolod nawilobriv realizdeba mis
mravalricxovan mkiTxvelTa gamocdilebaSi. yoveli calke
aRebuli gamocdileba (kiTxva, deklamacia da a. S.) aris mxo­
lod met-naklebad warmatebuli mcdeloba, Caswvdes norma­
Ta Tu kriteriumTa am erTobliobas da gamoxatos is.
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literaturis Teoria
aq naxsenebi termini `norma~, rasakvirvelia, ar unda
avurioT eTikur Tu politikur, anda _ klasicistur Tu
romantikuli xelovnebis normebSi. sityva `norma~ aq gu­
lisxmobs implicitur normebs, romlebic unda ga­mo­iyos
xelovnebis nimuSis aRqmis yoveli individualuri gamocdi­
lebidan da romelTa erTobliobac qmnis xelovne­bis WeS­
marit nimuSs. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xelovnebis nimuSebs,
maSin gamovlindeba rogorc msgavseba am normaTa Soris, ise
_ maTi sxvaobac, da, msgavsebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli
iqneba xelovnebis nawarmoebTa klasifikacia nor­maTa im ti­
pis Sesabamisad, romlebic maTSia xorcSesxmu­li. am gziT SeiZ­
lebaGJanrebis Teoriis da, saboloo angariSSi, literatu­ris
Teoriebis SemuSaveba. kritikosebi uaryofen msgavs SesaZle­
blobas da, arcTu usafuZvlod, aRniSnaven, rom xelovnebis
yoveli nawarmoebi unikaluri bunebisaa; magram aseT SemTx­
vevaSi Sexeduleba individualurobis Sesaxeb imdenad domi­
nanturia, rom nawarmoebi mTlianad swydeba tradicias da,
Sedegad, iqceva miuwvdomel da gaugebar fenomenad. Tuki
davuSvebT, rom unda daviwyoT xelovnebis calkeuli nawar­
moebis analiziT, maSinac ki ver uarvyofT masSi garkveuli
msgavsebis, saerTo elementebis an faqtorebis arsebobas,
romlebic aaxloebs mocemul nawarmoebs sxva qmnilebebT­
an. magram es saSualebas mogvcems, calkeuli nawarmoebis
analizidan gadavideTxelovnebis im tipis daxasiaTebaze,
romelic xorcSesxmulia berZnul tragediaSi, Semdeg _
zogadad, tragediaze, literaturaze, da, bolos, im yovlis­
momcvel struqturaze, romelic saerToaxelovnebis yvela
dargisaTvis.
magram esaa Soreuli perspeqtivis amocana. CvenTvis
ki aucilebelia gavarkvioT am normebis arsi da maT ga­
movlinebaTa xasiaTi. nawarmoebTa detaluri analizi gvar­
wmunebs, rom arsebobs ara ubralod normaTa erTgvari
sistema, aramed _ ramdenime qvedanayofic am sistemaSi,
ise, rom TiToeul qvedanayofs aqvs misdami daqvemdebare­
bul elementTa jgufi. polonelma filosofosma roman in­
gardenma, literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSis virtuozuli
218
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
da maRalprofesionaluri analizisas, am mizniT gamoiyena
huserlis `fenomenologiis~ meTodi.12 saWiro araa misi ms­
jelobis detalurad gadmocema imaSi dasarwmuneblad,
rom ingardeniseuli midgoma gamarTlebulia da gamosade­
gi: pirvel yovlisa, gamoiyofa bgeriTi Sre, romelic, cxa­
dia, ar unda gavaigivoT TavisTavad sityvaTa JReradobas­
Tan, raSic zemoT. mxolod bgeraTa bazaze vlindeba meore
Sre _ azrobrivi erTeulebi. yovel calkeul sityvas aqvs
sakuTari sazrisi da konteqstSi, sxva sityvebTan erTad,
warmoqmnis azrobriv erTeulebs, sintagmebs da winadade­
bebs. am­gva­ri sintaqsuri struqturebis safuZvelze Cndeba
mesame Sre _ reprezentatiuli plani, romelic moicavs
mwerlis `samyaros”, moqmed pirebs, fonsa da garemos. amas
ingardeni amatebs kidev or sxva Sres, romelTa gamoyofa,
SesaZloa, saWiro araa. mwerlis `samyaro~ mas danaxuli aqvs
gansakuTrebuli TvalsazrisiT, romelic yovelTvis rodi
gamoixateba uSu­alod, magram aucileblad SeigrZnoba. mag­
aliTad, raime movlena (vTqvaT, karis mijaxuneba) SeiZleba
literaturaSi aRwerili iyos, rogorc mavani piris mier
`danaxuli~ anda `gagonili~. personaJi SeiZleba warmodge­
nili iyos misi `Sinagani~ an `garegnuli~ damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebiT. da, bolos, ingardeni axsenebs `metafizikuri
Tvisebebis~ (amaRlebuli, tragikuli, Tavzardamcemi, wmin­
da) Sres romelic aucilebeli araa da zogierT nawarmoebSi
SeiZleba arc Segvxvdes. es ori ukanaskneli Sre SeiZleba Se­
viyvanoT `samyaros~ kategoriaSi, anu warmodgenil saganTa
arealSi. magram, isini, amave dros, gvikarnaxeben, rom arse­
bobs literaturul analizSi Zalze realuri problemebi.
`Tvalsazrisis~ cnebam, yovel SemTxvevaSi, romanTan dakav­
SirebiT, didi yuradReba miipyro jer ki­dev henri jeimsis
moRvaweobis droidan, im periodidan, rodesac labokma
warmoadgina literaturis Sesaxeb jeimsis Sexedulebebisa
da misi mxatvruli praqtikis sis­tematizebuli eqspozi­
cia. xsenebuli `metafizikuri Tvi­sebebis~ Sre saSualebas
aZlevs ingardens, daubrundes `filosofiuri mniSvnelo­
bis~ sakiTxebs xelovnebis na­warmoebSi, ise, rom Tavi aari­
dos metad sarisko da xSir inteleqtualur Secdomebs.
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literaturis Teoria
kargi iqneba, Tuki am azrs davasabuTebT paraleliT,
romelsac lingvistika gvawvdis. ferdinand de sosiuric
da praRis lingvisturi wris warmomadgenlebic mkafiod
asxvavebdnen erTmaneTisgan langue-s da parole-s,13 e.i. enis
sistemasa da individualuri metyvelebis aqts; analogiuri
gansxvaveba arsebobs Tavad leqssa da misi aRqmis indi­vi­
dualur gamocdilebas Soris. enis sistema (anu langue) war­
moadgens pirobiTobebisa da normebis krebuls, romel­Ta
urTierTmimarTebebsa da moqmedebas Cven vxedavT da aRvwe­
rT am sistemis erTianobisa da simwyobris daurRvevlad,
Tumca calkeul mosaubreTa metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba Zalze
specifikuri, uxeiro da arasruli gamoTqmebi. yovel Sem­
TxvevaSi, am mxriv mainc, literaturuli xelovnebis sagani
zustad imave mdgimareobaSia, rogorSic _ enobrivi siste­
ma. Cven, rogorc individebi, verasodes SevZlebT am siste­
mis srulad gamoxatvas, iseve, rogorc verasodes SevZlebT
Cvenive enis mTlianad da srulad gamoyenebas. faqtobrivad,
zustad igive situacia warmogvidgeba Semecnebis yovel
calkeul aqtSi. Cven verasodes ver SevimecnebT sagans misi
yvela TvisebiT da, amis miu­xedavad, mainc ver uarvyofT
saganTa identurobas, Tun­dac maT aRviqvamdeT sxvadasx­
vagvari kuTxiT. Cven mudam vwvdebiT sagnis `aucilebel
struqturas~, rac Se­mecnebis aqts aqcevs im normaTa aRi­
arebad, sinamdvilem Tavs rom mogvaxvia, da ara _ saeWvo
mosazrebis an kidev subieqturi Tvisebis gamovlinebad. Se­
sabamisad, mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturas aqvs Tvise­
ba, romelic SeiZleba ase gamoixatos: `gasaTvaliswinebeli
movaleoba~. me mas yo­velTvis arasrulad warmovidgen, ma­
gram, am warmodge­nis SefardebiTi arasisrulis miuxedavad,
mainc rCeba erTgvari `aucilebeli struqtura~, iseve, ro­
gorc Semecnebis nebismier sxva saganSi Tu obieqtSi.14
Tanamedrove lingvistebi ganixilaven potenciur
bgerebs rogorc fonemebs; maT SeuZliaT agreTve gaa­
nalizon morfemebi da sintagmebi. magaliTad, winadadeba
SeiZleba aRvweroT ara ubralod rogorc ad hoc gamoTqma,
aramed rogorc sintaqsuri wyoba da modeli. Tanamedro­
220
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
ve funqciurma lingvistikam warmatebebs miaRwia mxolod
fonemaTa kvlevis mimarTulebiT; magram raoden rTulic
unda iyos problemebi, maTi gadawyveta mainc SesaZlebe­
lia. amasTan, esaa ara sruliad axali problemebi, aramed
_ axleburi formiT Camoyalibebuli is morfologiu­ri da
sintaqsuri sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileboda jer kidev
gramatikis Zvel saxelmZRvaneloebSi. lite­ra­­turuli
nawarmoebis analizis dros vawydebiT ana­logiur (azrobri­
vi erTeulebisa da maTi specifikuri organizaciis) prob­
lemebs, romelTac ganapirobebs esTe­tikuri daniSnuleba
da amocanebi. poeturi semantikis, stilis da saxeobriobis
problemebi axleburad, ufro zusti formiT daismis. az­
robrivi erTeulebi, winadadebebi da winadadebaTa struq­
turebi ukavSirdebian sagnebs da qmnian warmosaxviT re­
alobebs, magaliTad, peizaJs, interiers, personaJebs, mov­
lenebs da ideebs. SesaZlebelia am realobebis gaanalizeba
ise, rom ar moxdes maTi aRreva empiriul realobasTan, da
im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom lingvistur struqtureb­
Si isini ganuyofelni arian. romanis gmiri iqmneba mxolod
azrobrivi erTeulebis safuZvelze da `iSleba~ personaJis
mier warmoTqmul, an mis Sesaxeb naTqvam winadadebebad. bi­
ologiur individTan SedarebiT, romelsac aqvs mkafiod
gamoxatuli warsuli, personaJis struqtura ganusazRvre­
lia.15 nawarmoebis dayofas erTimeoris qveS ganlagebul
Sreebad is upi­ratesoba aqvs, rom mas SeuZlia Seenacvlos
tradiciul da mcdar dayofas Sinaarsad da formad. Sinaar­
si mWidro kon­taqtSia lingvistur qveSresTan, romelic mas
Seicavs da romelzec aris damokidebuli.
magram aseTi warmodgena literaturul nawarmoebze
rogorc Sreebad dalagebul normaTa sistemaze mainc ver
ganmartavs TviT am sistemis arsebobis wessa da formas. mar­
Tebuli gadawyvetilebis mosaZebnad SeiZleboda gan­gvexila
nominalizmisa da realizmis, mentalizmisa da bihevio­
rizmis polemika – erTi sityviT, epistemologiis ZiriTadi
problemebi. amasTan, Cveni miznebisaTvis sakmarisia, Tavi
avaridoT or ukiduresobas _ ukidures platonizms da
ukidures nominalizms. saWiro ar aris am normebis miCneva
221
literaturis Teoria
obieqtur realobad, misi `materiali­zeba~ da, Sesabamisad,
Camoyalibeba erTgvari arqetipuli cnebisa, romelic gveg­
uleba arsTa zedrouli samyaros miR­ma. literaturuli
nawarmoebis ontologiuri arsi gansxvavdeba samkuTxedis
an ricxvis cnebisgan, an iseTi Tvisebisgan, rogoricaa Tun­
dac `siwiTle~. amgvar `ucvlel arsTagan~ gansxvavebiT,
literaturuli nawarmoebi Seq­mnilia, pirvel yovlisa,
drois garkveul momentSi, xolo meore mxriv, is eqvemde­
bareba cvlilebas, rac SeiZleba dasruldes misi sruli ga­
nadgurebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, SeimCneva garkveuli msgavse­
ba enis sistemasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelis
Seqmnis an gaqrobis zusti momentis amocnoba gacilebiT
ufro Znelia, vidre maSin, rodesac saqme exeba literatu­
rul nawarmoebs (romelic, rogorc wesi, individualuri
Semoqmedebis nayofia). amave dros, isic unda vaRiaroT, rom
ukiduresi nominalizmi, romelic uaryofs `enis sistemis~
cnebas (da aqedan ga­momdinare, mxatvrul nawarmoebsac, ro­
gorc Cven is war­mogvidgenia) anda miiCnevs mas mxolod ga­
mosadeg fiq­ciad da `mecnieruli aRweris~ erT-erT xerxad,
aseT SemTxvevaSi uars ambobs am problemis gadawyvetaze.
yvelaferi, rac ar Seesatyviseba empiriuli realobis Zalze
SezRudul cnebas, biheviorizmis viwro warmodgenebiT gan­
isazRvreba, rogorc `mistikuri~anda `metafizikuri~. da
mainc, Tuki `fonemas~ fiqciad SevracxavT, xolo enis siste­
mas – ubralod, `sametyvelo aqtis mecnierul aRwerad~,
es niSnavs WeSmaritebis problemis ugulebelyofas.16 Cven
vaRiarebT rogorc normebs, ise _ gadaxrebs am normebisa­
gan, da ar vigonebT raRac aRweriT da pirobiT kategoriebs.
am TvalsazrisiT, bihevioristTa xedva mTlianad efuZneba
abstrahirebis cudad gagebul Teorias. imisda miuxeda­
vad, SevadgenT ricxvebsa da normebs Tu ara, isini rCebian
normebad da ricxvebad. rasakvirvelia, me kidec vTvli da
kidec vkiTxulob, magram ricxvis gamovlena anda normis
aRiareba sulac ar aris igive, rac _ Tavad ricxvi Tu norma.
`b~ bgeris warmoTqma ar aris `b~ fonema. Cven vavlenT realo­
baSi normaTa struqturas, magram ar vigonebT verbalur
222
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
konstruqcias. argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, am normebs Cven
vwvdebiT mxolod da mxolod Semecnebis individualuri
aqtis meSveobiT da ver `gadavabijebT~ am aqtis sazRvrebs
– mxolod erTi SexedviTaa STambeWdavi. es aris swored is
argumenti, romelic mimarTuli iyo Semecnebis kantiseuli
kritikis winaaRmdeg, magram is SeiZleba ugulebelyofil
iqnas TviT kantis argumentebiT.
cxadia, normebis dadgenisas Cven TviTonac SeiZleba
SevcdeT da raime ver gavigoT, magram es ar niSnavs, rom kri­
tikoss ganmkiTxavis zeadamianuri roli ekisreba, raTa, ase
vTqvaT, `garedan” gaakritikos Cveni Semecneba, da arc imas,
rom is gansakuTrebuli intuiciis meoxebiT srulad Seimec­
nebs normaTa mTel sistemas. ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu vi­
tyviT, rom Cveni codnis nawils Cvenve vakritikebT im ufro
maRali standartis mixedviT, romelsac mivaRwieT sxva
sferoSi. Tavi ar unda CaviyenoT im kacis mdgomareoba­Si,
vinc Tavisi mxedvelobis Sesamowmeblad cdilobs sakuTar
TvalebSi Caixedos; Cven vgavarT iseT kacs, vinc erTmaneTs
adarebs sagnebs, romlebsac cxadad xedavs, da imaT, rom­
lebsac bundovnad xedavs. am urTierTSejerebis safuZvel­
ze igi erTgvarad ganazogadebs nanaxs, yofs sagnebs or jgu­
fad da sxvaobas xsnis xedvis erTgvari TeoriiT, romelic
iTvaliswinebs manZils, dros da a. S.
analogiurad, Cven advilad gavarCevT poemis swor
Tu mcdar wakiTxvas, nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli norme­bis
marTebul Tu araswor Semecnebas; amisTvis saWiroa Sevada­
roT da SeviswavloT sxvadasxvagvari mcdari an arasruli
`realizaciebi~ an interpretaciebi. am normebis uSualo
moqmedeba, urTierTmimarTebebi da kombinaciebi SegviZlia
iseve SeviswavloT, rogorc es xdeba fonemis Ses­wavlis
dros. literaturuli nawarmoebi ar warmoadgens empiriul
faqts da nebismieri piris an individTa jgufis sulier md­
gomareobas; is arc idealuri da ucvleli sagania, samkuTxe­
dis msgavsad. mxatvruli nawarmoebi Se­iZ­leba iqces gamoc­
dilebis obieqtad; unda vaRiaroT, rom Tumca nawarmoebis
wvdoma SeiZleba martooden in­di­vidualuri gamocdilebis
223
literaturis Teoria
meSveobiT, magram mas mainc ver gavaigivebT raime gamoc­
dilebasTan. is gansxvavdeba idealuri obieqtisagan (mag­
aliTad, ricxvisgan) swored misi struqturis empiriuli
(fizikuri, an potenciurad fizikuri) aspeqtis _ bgeriTi
sistemis _ wyalobiT, maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia sam­
kuTxedis an ricxvis uSualo, in­tui­ciuri wvdoma. idealuri
obieqtisgan mxatvrul nawar­mo­ebs ganasxvavebs kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani momenti: mas aqvs raRac, rasac SeiZleba `si­
cocxle~ vuwodoT. nawarmoebi iqmneba drois garkveul mo­
mentSi, ganicdis cvlilebebs Ta­visi istoriuli arsebobis
ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg SeiZleba gaqres. mxatvruli nawar­
moebi `zedroulia~ mxolod im gagebiT, rom mas aqvs ucvle­
li (misi Seqmnis momentidan) struqtura; magram nawarmoebi
`istoriulad cvalebadic~ aris. is `gaivlis~ erTgvar gan­
viTarebis process, romlis axsnac SeiZleba da aRwerac. es
ganviTareba sxva araferia, Tu nawarmoebis konkretizaci­
aTa rigi istoriis manZilze; garkveulwilad, SesaZlebe­
lia am konkretizaciaTa aRdgena im axsna-ganmartebebis me­
oxebiT, romlebSic aRwerilia kritikosTa da mkiTxvelTa
mier nawarmoebis aRqma da Sefaseba, agreTve _ nawarmoe­
bis zegavlena sxva mxatvrul qmnilebebze. ufro adreuli
konkretizaciebis codna (es exeba wakiTxvasac, kritikasac
da mcdar interpretacia­sac), gavlenas iqoniebs nawarmoe­
bis Cveneul aRqmaze: ufro adreuli wakiTxvebis meSveo­
biT SeiZleba gacilebiT Rrmad CavwvdeT nawarmoebis arss,
Tumca, isini xSirad iwveven mZafr protests amave qmnilebis
Zveli Sefasebebis winaaRmdeg. yovelive es metyvelebs kri­
tikis istoriis mniSvnelobaze da gvaiZulebs CavfiqrdeT
im rTul sakiTxebze, romlebic exeba individualobis zR­
varsa da bunebas. rogor xdeba, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi
ganicdis evolucias da mainc Seulaxavad inarCunebs Tavis
arsebiT struqturas? xelovnebis nimuSis istoriuli `si­
cocxlis~ Sesaxeb SeiZ­leba vimsjeloT imave gagebiT, rom­
liTac gvixdeba saubari cxovelze an adamianze, romelic
pirovnulad igive darCa cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis
miuxedavad. `iliada~ jerac arsebobs, anu mas kvlav gaaCnia
224
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
zemoqmedebis unari, maSin, rodesac iseTi istoriuli mov­
lena, rogoric iyo brZola vaterloosTan, aSkarad warsu­
lis kuTvnilebaa, imis miuxedavad, rom kvlavac SeiZleba
aRvadginoT am brZolis mimdinareoba da davaxasiaToT misi
Sedegebi. da mainc, ra gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `iliada~,
romelsac homerosis Tanamedrove berZnebi kiTxulobdnen,
identuria `iliadasi~, romelsac Cven dRes vkiTxulobT?
davuSvaT, teqstma Cvenamde ucvleli saxiT moaRwia; misi
Cveneuli aRqma mainc gansxvavdeba homerosis Tanamedrove
berZenTa mier an poemis aRqmisgan. Cven ar SegviZlia Sevaje­
roT originalis ena Zveli saberZneTis yofiT, salaparako
enasTan, da amis gamo verc im gadaxrebs SevigrZnobT, razec
damokidebulia homerosis poetika. Cven ver gavigebT bevr
bundovan sityvier miniSnebasac, romelic yovelTvis Sead­
gens nawarmoebis mxatvruli mniSvnelobis arsebiT nawils.
cxadia, mainc saWiroa damatebiTi mcdeloba, raTa warmo­
saxvis (romelic yovlisSemZle sulac araa) meSveobiT war­
movidginoT Ta­vi antikur xanaSi, rodesac berZnebs swamdaT
TavianTi RmerTebisa da hqondaT zneobrivi Rirebulebebis
sakuTari skala da ganzomileba. da mainc, SeuZlebelia
imis uaryofa, rom `iliadam~ mniSvnelovanwilad ucvle­
lad SeinarCuna `struqturis~ ZiriTadi elementebi mTeli
am saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amave dros, es `struqtura~
dinamikuria: igi icvleba istoriis procesSi, radgan axle­
burad aRiqmeba mis mkiTxvelTa, kritikosTa da xelovanTa
axali Taobebis mier.17 amrigad, normaTa sistema izrdeba,
icvleba da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, misi srulad wvdoma
da gaazre­ba yovelTvis SeuZlebeli iqneba. magram struq­
turis di­namikuroba ar amarTlebs problemis subieqtiv­
istur da relativistur ganmartebebs. cxadia, rom yvela
es gansxvavebuli xedva da Tvalsazrisi Tanabrad swori da
marTebuli rodia. yovelTvis SeiZleba davadginoT, ro­meli
Tvalsazrisi swvdeba sakiTxs ufro Rrmad. TviT interpre­
taciis adekvaturobis moTxovna gulisxmobs ganmartebaTa
garkveul ierarqias, stimuls aZlevs kri­tikas, romelic
mimarTulia nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli normebis maqsi­
malur gamovlenisken. yvelanair relati­vizms abaTilebs
225
literaturis Teoria
debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, `absolutu­­ri mdgomareobs re­
latiurSi, Tumca _ ara mTlianad da ara bolomde.~18
amgvarad, mxatvruli nawarmoebi warmogvidgeba, ro­
gorc codnis obieqti sui generis, romelsac aqvs gansa­kuT­
rebuli ontologiuri statusi. is arc realuria (anu fi­
zikuri, qandakebis darad), arc mentaluri (fsiqologiuri,
msgavsad sinaTlis SegrZnebis an tkivilis gancdisa), da arc
idealuri (rogorc samkuTxedi). mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris
normaTa sistema, romelSic aRbeWdilia intersubieqturi
xasiaTis mqone idealuri cnebebi~. es cnebebi, rogorc Cans,
arseboben sazogadoebrivi ideebis erTobliobaSi da masTan
erTad icvlebian; maTi wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod indi­
vidualuri sulieri gamocdilebis meSveobiT da emyareba im
lingvisturi erTeulebis bgeriT struqturas, romelTaga­
nac Sedgeba teqsti.
Cven ar gvimsjelia mxatvrul RirebulebaTa sa­kiTxze.
Tumca, zemoTqmulidan aSkara unda iyos, rom normaTa da
RirebulebaTa gareSe ar arsebobs struqtura. Cven ver Sev­
ZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebis gaazrebasa da gaanalizebas
am RirebulebaTa gauTvaliswineblad.. TviT is faqti, rom
garkveul struqturas `mxatvrul nawarmoebad~ vaRiareb,
TavisTavad RirebulebiTi msje­lobaa. wminda fenomenolo­
giis mcdari Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Rirebulebebi gami­
jnulia struqturisgan, anu Rirebulebebs Tavs axveven
struqturas, amateben mas anda SeaqvT masSi. es Secdoma
SeimCneva roman ingardenis SesaniSnav naSromSi, romelSic
mxatvruli nawarmoebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom Rireb­
ulebebi moxseniebulic ki araa. amis mizezi, cxadia, aris
feno­menologebis warmodgena imgvar `arsTa~ maradiuli,
zedrouli wyebis Sesaxeb, romelTa individualuri (empir­
iuli gamocdilebis safuZ­velze Seqmnili) interpretacia
mxolod mogvianebiT Seiqmna. RirebulebaTa absoluturi
skalis aRiarebiT Cven aucileblad vkargavT kontaqts
individualuri gansjasTan, romelic, Tavisi arsiT, Se­
fardebiTia. erT poluszea umoZrao absoluti, meoreze ki
_ Rirebulebis armqone individualur gansjaTa nakadi.
absolutizaciis mcdari Tezisi da relativizmis ase­
226
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
ve mcdari antiTezisi saWiroeben Secvlas da harmonizacias
axlebur sinTezSi, romelic dinamikurs gaxdis Tavad Ri­
rebulebaTa skalas, magram dinamikis miRma amCnevs raRac
maradiulsac. amgvar warmodgenas Cven vuwodeT `perspeq­
tivis SegrZneba~;19 igi ar moaswavebs RirebulebaTa anarqiis,
anda individualuri gemovnebis prioritetulo­bis aRiare­
bas; esaa sagnis gaRrmavebuli da mravalmxrivi Semecnebis
procesi, romlis dazusteba da gakritikeba SesaZlebelia.
struqtura, niSani da Rirebuleba qmnian er­Ti da igive prob­
lemis sam aspeqts, da maTi xelovnuri ur­TierTgamijvna
dauSvebelia.
magram, pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia aRwerisa da ana­
lizis im meTodebis gaanalizeba, romelTa meSveobi­Tac av­
lenen mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxvadasxva Sres. maT ricxvs
miekuTvneba: (1) bgeraTa Sre, evfonia, rit­mi da metri; (2)
is azrobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic gansazRvraven liter­
aturuli nawarmoebis formalur lin­gvistur struqturasa
da stils (am ukanasknels ikvlevs sagangebo disciplina _
stilistika); (3) saxe da metafora, romlebic, arsebiTad,
centraluri poetikuri xerxebia da sagangebo msjelobis
sagnad unda iqcnen Tundac imis gamo, rom isini erwymian
poeziis specifikur (4) `samyaros” – im simboloebiT da sim­
boloTa sistemebiT, rasac Cven vuwodebT poetur `miTs~.
TxrobiTi literaturis ganxilvisas Cven winaSe wamoiWreba
(5) Txrobis xerxebisa da teqnikis gansakuTrebuli prob­
lema, rasac Cven vuZRvniT sagangebo Tavs. mxatvruli nawar­
moebebis analizis meTodTa analizis Semdgom ganvixilavT
(6) literaturuli Janrebis arss da gavaSuqebT kritikis
centralur problemas – (7) Sefasebis sakiTxs. dabolos,
kidev erTxel davubrundebiT literaturis evoluciis
ideas da vimsjelebT (8) mwerlobis istoriis bunebasa da im
SesaZleblobaze, ro­melic gulisxmobs literaturis isto­
riis evolucias da ganvsazRvravT literaturuli istori­
is rogorc sagangebo disciplinis xasiaTs, da im SesaZle­
blobas, rom literaturis istoria ganxilul iqnes rogorc
xelovnebis erT-erTi dargis istoria.
227
Tavi mecamete
evfonia, ritmi da metri
*
yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi, upirveles yovli­
sa, warmoadgens bgeraTa wyebas, romelTagan ya­libdeba mniS­
vneloba. zogierT literaturul nawar­moeb­Si bgeriTi Sris
mniSvneloba minimaluria da TiTqmis ar SeigrZnoba (magali­
Tad, romanTa umravlesobaSi). mag­ram aseT SemTxvevebSic ki
fonetikuri Sre warmoadgens mniSvnelobis aucilebel wina­
pirobas. am mxriv, gansxvave­ba draizeris romansa da pos iseT
leqss Soris, rogoricaa `zarebi~, mxolod raodenobrivia
da amitom ver gamodge­ba saimisod, rom SevafasoT mwerlo­
bis ori kontrastuli tipi – proza da poezia. xelovnebis
bevr nawarmoebSi, romelTa Soris, rasakvirvelia, prozauli
qmnilebebic igulisxmeba, yuradRebas iqcevs bgeriTi Sre,
romelic Sea­dgens esTetikuri zemoqmedebis arsebiT kom­
ponents. es marTebulia, upiratesad, ornamentuli prozisa
da yvela poeturi nawarmoebis mimarT, romlebic, Tavisi ar­
siT, sxva araferia, Tu ara enis bgeriTi sistemis garkveuli
organizacia.
aseTi bgeriTi efeqtebis analizis dros unda
gvaxsovdes mniSvnelovani, magram mainc xSirad miviwyebuli
ori principi. upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviTva­liswinoT
sxvaoba teqstis bgeriTi organizebis formasa da mis war­
moTqmas Soris. xelovnebis nawarmoebis xmamaRla wakiTxva
aris Sesruleba, anu realizacia teqstis bgeriTi orga­
nizaciisa, romelic matebs mas raRac individua­lursa
da pirovnuls, da, amasTanave, aqvs unari, daamaxinjos
anda saerTod ugulebelyos es organizacia. Sesabamisad,
ritmikisa da metrikis WeSmariti kvleva ver daemyareba
deklamaciis calkeul magaliTebs. meore, aseve xSiri da
gavrcelebuli, magram yalbi warmodgenis mixedviT, bgera
228
evfonia, ritmi da metri
unda gaanalizdes mniSvnelobisgan mowyvetiT. nebismieri
mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTlianobis Sesaxeb Cveni koncef­
ciis Sesabamisad, aseTi gancalkeveba umarTebuloa; amaSi
gvarwmunebs is faqtic, rom TavisTavad bgeras ar axdens
esTetikur efeqts, an Tu axdens, Zalze umniSvnelos. ar
moiZebneba aranairi `musikaluri~ leqsi, romelsac ara
aqvs garkveuli zogadi sazrisi an Tundac emociuri elf­
eri. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT metyvelebas ucnob enaze,
`wminda bgerebi~ ki ar Cagvesmis, aramed vakavSirebT gago­
nils Cvens sakuTar fonetikur CvevebTan da, ra Tqma unda,
SevigrZnobT molaparakis azrobriv intonacias. poeziaSi
wminda bgera an fiqciaa, anda urTierTmimarTeba­Ta uaRre­
sad martivi da elementaruli seriebi, iseTebi, romelTac
Seiswavlis birkhofi Tavis `esTetikur sazomSi~;1 es sistema
ver amowuravs mravalferovnebasa da mniSvnelobas bgeriTi
Srisa, rodesac mas ganvixilavT leqsis, rogorc mTliano­
bis, Semadgenel nawilad.
Tavidanve unda gamovyoT problemis ori gansxvave­
buli aspeqti: bgeris arsebiTi da relatiuri Tvisebebi.
pirvelSi vgulisxmobT im individualurs, rac ganasxvavebs
a-s o-sgan an l-s p-sgan, raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis­
gan damoukideblad (radgan a-s an p-s ver davaxasiaTebT
metobiT an naklebobiT). bgerebis Sinagani xarisxobrivi
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi warmoadgenen im efeqtis safuZv­
els, romelsac uwodeben `musikalurobas~ anda `evfonias”.
meore mxriv, bgeraTa sxvaoba relatiuri Tvisebebis mixed­
viT SeiZleba iqces ritmisa da metris safuZvlad: es aris
tonaloba, bgeris xangrZlivoba, maxvili, ganmeorebaTa
sixSire da yvela is elementi, romelic warmoqmnis raode­
nobriv gansxvavebebs. tonaloba SeiZleba iyos maRali an
dabali, xangrZlivoba _ mokle an piriqiT, grZeli, xolo
ganmeorebis sixSire – meti an naklebi. es met-naklebad
martivi ganmasxvavebeli niSani mniSvnelovania _ is gamo­
yofs lingvisturi movlenebis garkveul jgufs (rusebma
maT `orkestrireba~ (инструментовка) uwodes) da yuradRebas
amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom bgeris xarisxi aq warmoadgens im
229
literaturis Teoria
elements, romliTac manipulirebs mwerali.2 rac Seexeba
leqss, aq saerTod unda ugulebelvyoT termini `musika­
luroba~ (an `melo­diuroba~), radgan man SeiZleba mcdarad
warmarTos Cveni msjeloba. movlena, romlis amocnobasac
vcdilobT, srulebiTac ar aris erTgvari paraleli musi­
kaluri `melodiisa~: aSkaraa, rom musikaSi melodia gan­
isazRvreba tonalobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, is erTgvari
paralelia im rolisa, romelic enaSi akisria intonacias.
sinamdvileSi TvalsaCino sxvaobaa naTqvami winadadebis in­
tonaciis xazsa (tonis rxeviTi da swrafad monacvle simaR­
liT) da musikalur melodias Soris, romelic xasiaTdeba
tonis myari simaRliT da gansazRvruli intervalebiT.3 rac
Seexeba meore termins _ `evfonias~ _ arc is aris sakmarisi,
radgan brauningisa da hopkinsis poeziis Sesaxeb saubrisas
sityva `orkestrireba~ `kakofoniis~ tolfasia, radgan es
poetebi ganzrax lamobdnen uxeSi da eqspresiuli bgeriTi
efeqtebis miRwevas.
`orkestrirebis~ sxvadasxva xerxs Soris erTmaneTis­
gan unda gavarCioT bgeriTi figura, Tvisebrivad identur
an msgavs bgeraTa jgufebis ganmeorebebi da eqspresiuli
bgerebis an bgeraTmibaZvis gamoyeneba. gansa­kuTrebuli
warmatebiT Seiswavles bgeriTi figurebi rusma formali­
stebma; rac Seexeba inglisel mecnierTa gamokvlevebs,
v.j. beitsma gaaanaliza daxvewili bgeriTi xerxebi kit­
sis leqsebSi, maSin rodesac Tavad kitsma dagvitova sak­
maod ucnauri SeniSvnebi sakuTari praqti­kis Sesaxeb.4 osip
brikma5 moaxdina bgeriTi figurebis SesaZlo formebis
klasifikacia sariTmo erTeulebSi ganmeorebul bgeraTa
ricxvis, ganmeorebaTa raodenobis, bgeraTa adgilis da
ganlagebis safuZvelze. es uaRresad sasargeblo klasifi­
kacia saWiroebs Semdgom dazustebas. ganmeorebadi bgerebi
SeiZleba ganlagebuli iyos: stri­qonSi, erTmaneTTan axlos;
bgeraTa erTi jgufis TavSi da meore jgufis boloSi; erTi
romelime striqonis bolos da momdevno striqonis dasawy­
isSi; striqonebis dasawyisSi; striqonebis bolos, ukanask­
nel poziciaze. bolodan meo­re jgufi enaTesaveba anaforis
230
evfonia, ritmi da metri
stilistur movlenas. rac Seexeba ukanasknels, is moicavs
iseT gavrcelebul movle­nas, rogoricaa riTma. am klasifi­
kaciis Sesabamisad, riTma aris bgeris ganmeorebis mxolod
erT-erTi magaliTi, romelic unda ganvixiloT iseT movle­
nebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa aliteracia da asonansi.
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sxvadasxva enaSi bgeriTi fi­
gurebi aucileblad sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgeba; isic
unda gvaxsovdes, rom yovel enaSi aris fonemaTa sakuTari
sistema da aqedan gamomdinare, xmovanTa opoziciebisa da
paralelebis, agreTve _ TanxmovanTa Tvisebebis specifi­
kuri sistema; bolos, Znelia ga­moh­yo aseTi bgeriTi efeqte­
bi leqsis an striqonis saerTo mniSvnelobisgan da tonis­
gan. romantikosebisa da simbolistebis cdebi, simRerasTan
da musikasTan gae­igivebinaT poezia, TiTqmis metaforaa,
radgan poezia ver Seedreba musikas wminda bgerebis mra­
valferovnebis, sic­xadisa da organizebis formebis mxriv.
imisaTvis, rom lingvisturi bgerebi gadaiqces xelovnebis
faqtad, saWi­roa mniSvneloba, konteqsti da `toni~.
es SeiZleba naTlad warmovadginoT riTmis analizis
safuZvelze. riTma uaRresad rTuli fenomenia. mas aqvs Ta­
visi martivi evfoniuri funqcia, rac gamoixateba bge­raTa
ganmeorebiT (an maTi msgavsebiT). henri lancma aCve­na Tavis
naSromSi – `riTmis fizikuri safuZveli~,6 _ rom xmovanTa
gariTmva ganisazRvreba maTi obertonebis ganmeorebiT. mag­
ram imis miuxedavad, rom bgeriTi aspeqti, albaT, ZiriTadia,
aSkaraa, rom is riTmis mxolod erT-erT as­peqts warmoad­gens.
esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania
misi metruli funqcia: riTma gvamcnobs leqsis striqonis das­
rulebis Sesaxeb, anda warmogvidgeba rogorc strofis maorga­
nizebeli, zogjer _ misi erTaderTi maorganizebeli faqtori.
magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmo sakiTxi is aris, rom riTmas
aqvs Tavisi azri da mniSvneloba, da amis gamo igi mniSvnelovan­
wilad aris CarTuli mTlianad poeturi nawarmoebis struqtu­
raSi. riTma awyvilebs sityvebs, akavSirebs maT – Tundac kon­
trastiT. SeiZleba gamovyoT riTmis aseTi semantikuri funq­
ciis ramdenime aspeqti. SesaZlebelia vikiTxoT, ra semantikuri
231
literaturis Teoria
funqcia aqvs im marcvlebs, romlebsac riTma akavSirebs da aer­
Tianebs: sad SeiZleba amovicnoT riTma – sufiqsSi (character - register), fuZeSi (drink - think), Tu oriveSi (passion-fashion). SeiZleba vi­
kiTxoT, romel semantikuri sferodan aris SerCeuli sariTmo
sityvebi: davuSvaT, rom isini miekuTvnebian erT an ramdenime
lingvistur kategorias (es SeiZleba iyos metyvelebis nawili
an gansxvavebuli brunvebi). SeiZleba davinteresdeT imiT, Tu
rogoria semantikuri urTierToba sariTmo sityvebs Soris _
ganekuTvnebian isini imave semantikur konteqsts, romelsac
ekuTvnis bevri Cveulebrivi wyvili (vTqvaT, heart-part, fears-tears),
Tu gvaoceben swored sruliad gansxvavebuli semantikuri
sferoebis asociaciiTa da SefardebiT. Tavis SesaniSnav stati­
aSi7 v.k. uimseti swavlobs aseT efeqtebs poupTan da baironTan,
romlebic miznad isaxaven mkiTxvel­ze gamaognebeli STabeW­
dilebis moxdenas iseTi sityvebis kontrastuli Sepirispire­
biT, dawyvilebiT, rogorebicaa Qeens – screens, elope – Pope, mahogany – philogeny. bolos, SeiZleba davadginoT is zRvari, sadamdec
riTmas `ufleba eZleva~, Tavisi roli Seasrulos leqsis srul
konteqstSi. ramdenad gamarTlebulia, rom sariTmo sityvebi
aRviqvaT, rogorc martooden `leqsis Semavsebeli erTeuli~,
anda piriqiT: SegviZlia Tu ara davadginoT leqsis an strofis
mniSvneloba martooden mis sariTmo sityvebze dayrdnobiT?
riTmebma SeiZleba Seadginon strofis ConCxi an xerxemali,
anda maTi roli SeiZleba imdenad umniSvnelo iyos, rom maTi
arseboba Znelad Tu SeimCneva (magaliTad, brauningis `ukanask­
nel hercoginiaSi~).
SesaZlebelia riTmis kvleva da Seswavla – h.k. uaildis
kvalobaze8 – enis istoriisa da gamoTqmis TvalsazrisiT
(poupma gariTma join da shrine); rac Seexeba literatu­
rul miznebsa da amocanebs, unda gvaxsovdes, rom `sizus­
tis~ standartebi sxvadasxvagvaria poetikis sxvadasxva
skola­Si, da cxadia, sxvadasxva erSi. raki inglisurSi War­
bobs `vaJuri” riTma, amitom `qaluri~ an sammarcvliani
riTma Cveulebriv gamoiyeneboda burleskSi, an kidev komi­
kuri efeqtis misaRwevad, maSin rodesac Sua saukuneebis
laTinurSi, italiurSi da polonurSi `qaluri~ riTmebi
232
evfonia, ritmi da metri
aucilebelia yvelaze seriozul konteqstSi. inglisur
enaSi saqme gvaqvs gansakuTrebul TaviseburebasTan: es aris
`mxedvelobiTi riTma~, sadac kavSiri emyareba ara JRerado­
bas, aramed marTlweraSi Tanxvedras. aq gvxvdeba omonimuri
riTma, rogorc kalamburis erTgvari forma, gamoiyeneba
sxvaoba ama Tu im epoqisa da sxvadaxva regionis gamoTqmis
normebSi, calkeuli poetebi mimarTaven spe­cifikur sariT­
mo modelebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yve­la problema jer arc
gvixsenebia. inglisur enaze ar arsebobs aranairi gamokv­
leva, romelic Seedreba viqtor Jirmunskis wigns riTmis
Sesaxeb,9 romelSic riTmis efeqtebi ga­ci­lebiT ufro deta­
lurad aris klasificirebuli, vidre winamdebare naSromSi
da asaxulia riTmis istoria ruse­Ti­­sa da evropis mTavari
qveynebis poeziaSi.
unda ganvasxvavoT es bgeriTi figurebi, romlebSic
gadamwyvetia xmovnis an Tanxmovnis xarisxi (rogorc es xde­
ba aliteraciaSi) da, meore mxriv, bgeraTmibaZva. am sakiTxs
didi yuradRebiT ekidebian, radgan swored aseT imitacias
emyareba zogierTi cnobili virtuozuli pasaJi poezia­
Si, meore mxriv ki es bgeraTmibaZva mWidrod ukav­Sirdeba
ufro adrindel mistikur koncefcias, rom­lis Tanaxmad
bgera Seesatyviseba aRsaniSn sagans. sakmarisia gavixsenoT
poupis an sauTis ramdenime pasaJi, an kidev is, Tu rogor
cdilobdnen meCvidmete saukuneSi, marTlac ganexorciele­
binaT samyaros musikis intonireba (mag., harSderferi ger­
maniaSi)10. saerTod ugulebelyofil iq­na warmodgena, rom
sityvas `sworad~ SeuZlia gamoxatos sagani an moqmedeba:
Tanamedrove lingvistika ufro ixre­ba im poziciisken, rom
sagangebo klasad gamohyos sityvaTa gansakuTrebuli jgu­
fi, romelsac `onomatopoeturi~ ewodeba. es is sityvebia,
romlebic, garkveulwilad, un­da vigulisxmoT enis Cveuli
bgeriTi sistemis miRma da romlebic aSkarad cdiloben
gagonili bgerebis imitacias (cuckoo, buzz, bang, miaow). Zneli
ar aris imis Cveneba, rom sxvadasxva enaSi identur bgeraTa
kombinacias SeiZleba aRmoaCndes gansxvavebuli mniSvnelo­
ba (mag. Rock ger­manulad `pijaks~ niSnavs, xolo inglisurad
233
literaturis Teoria
– `did qvas~; amave dros, igive sityva rusulad рок - `beds~
aRniSnavs, xolo Cexurad – `weliwads~); zogierTi bunebrivi
bgera sxvadasxvagvarad gamoixateba sxvadasxva enaSi (mag.,
ring, sonner, lauten, звонит). jon krou rensomma gvaCvena, rom
iseTi striqonis bgeriTi efeqti, rogoric aris ‘‘murdering
of innumerable bees’’, marTlac damokidebulia mis mniSvnelo­
baze. sakmarisia, odnavi cvlileba SevitanoT am striqonSi
da es fraza vaqcioT ‘‘murdering of innumerable beeves’’-ad, rom
umal gaqreba imitaciis efeqti.11
da mainc, iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom Tanamedrove
lingvistebma tyuilubralod daaknines am problemis mniSv­
neloba; garda amisa, es problema saerTod ugulebelyves
iseTma kritikosebma, rogorebic aris riCardsi da rensomi.
saWiroa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT sami sxvadasxva done.
pirveli: arsebobs fizikuri bgerebis faqtobrivi imitacia,
romelic cxadia warmatebulia (`gu-gu”-s msgavs magaliT­
ze), Tumc ki aq bevri ramaa damokidebuli enis lingvistur
sistemaze. garda amisa, aseTi bgeriTi imitacia aucileblad
unda ganvasxvavoT rTuli da daxvewili `bgerwerisgan~ _ aq
vgulisxmobT bunebriv bgeraTa reproduqcias sametyvelo
bgerebiT iseT konteqstSi, sadac sityvebi, romlebsac Ta­vad
araferi aqvT saerTo onomatopoetur efeqtTan, Car­Tulebi
aRmoCndebian iseT bgeriT figurebSi, rogoricaa ‘‘innumerable’’ tenisonis citataSi, an bevri sityva homero­si­sa da vir­
giliusis poemaTa pasaJebSi. dabolos, arsebobs kidev bger­
iTi simbolizmis anda bgeriTi metaforis done, romelmac
yovel enaSi Camoayaliba normebi da moTxivnebi. gamoxatvis
eqspresiulobis TvalsazrisiT, moris gramonma uaRresad
srulyofilad da maxvilgonivrulad gamoikvlia franguli
leqsi, moaxdina yvela franguli Tanxmovnisa da xmovnis kla­
sifikacia da Seiswavla am bgeraTa gamomsaxvelobiTi efeqti
sxvadasxva poetTan.12 magaliTad, wminda xmovnebs ZaluZT
gamoxaton simcire, siswrafe, gatacebuloba, sifaqize da
misT.
gramonis gamokvlevas SeiZleba bralad davdoT su­
bieqturoba, magram yoveli enobrivi sistemis SigniT mainc
234
evfonia, ritmi da metri
arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba movixsenioT rogorc sity­
vaTa `fiziognomika~, anu gacilebiT ufro gavrcelebuli
bgeriTi simbolizmi, vidre ubralo onomatopea. eWvsgareSea,
rom yvela ena gajerebulia sinesTeziuri, anu Tanmdevi kom­
binaciebiT da asociaciebiT. poetebmac aqtiurad gamoiyenes
aseTi Sesatyvisobebi, rac maTi mxriv savsebiT swori nabiji
iyo. iseTi leqsSi, rogoricaa rembos cnobili `xmovnebi~,
calkeul xmovanTa da ferTa urTierTkavSirebi, SeiZleba su­
lac axirebas hgavdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom efuZnebian far­
Tod cnobil tradicias.13 amasTan, faqtia, rom akustikuli
eqsperimentebiT damtkicda myari asociacia wina xmovnebsa (e
da i) da wvril, Txel, swraf, naTel da mbzinav sagnebs Soris,
agreTve, ukana xmovnebsa (o da u) da tlanq, nel, uRimRamo da
muqi feris sagnebs Soris.14 karl Stumpfma da volfgang ke­
lerma, agreTve, aCvenes, rom Tanxmovnebi SeiZleba daiyos
muqad (labilurad da velarulad, anu ukanasasismierad) da
naTlad (dentalurad/ kbilismierad da palatalurad). maT
ver miviCnevT Cveulebriv metaforebad, radgan esaa aso­
ciaciebi, romlebic efuZneba bgeras da fers Soris aSkara ms­
gavsebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva Sesabamisi sisteme­bis
struqturebSi.15 arsebobs `bgerisa da mniSvnelobis~ zoga­di
enobrivi problema16 da, calke, literaturul nawarmoebSi
maTi urTierTmimarTebebis gamoyenebis problema. rac Seexe­
ba am ukanasknels, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aqamde mis Seswavlas
naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda.
ritmsa da metrTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
gansxvavdeba im sakiTxebisgan, romlebic vaxseneT `or­
kestrirebis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. am problemebs mieZRvna
uamravi gamokvleva. cxadia, rom ritmis problema araa spe­
cifikuri arc literaturisaTvis, da arc, saerTod, eni­
saTvis. arsebobs bunebisa da Sromis ritmi, sinaTlis sig­
nalebis, musikis ritmi, da, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, plas­
tikuri xelovnebis ritmic. garda amisa, ritmi, agreTve,
warmoadgens saerToenobriv fenomens. aq ar SevCerdebiT im
uamrav Teoriaze, romlebic mis realur bunebas ikvlevs.17
rac Seexeba Cvens uSualo miznebs da saWiroebebs, sakma­
235
literaturis Teoria
risia, Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviT, `perioduloba~ aris
ritmis sine qua non, ganvasxvavoT im Teoriebisgan, romleb­
Sic ritmis cnebas ufro farTod ganixilaven da mas ara­
ganmeorebad moZraobebsac ki miakuTvneben. pirveli Tval­
sazrisis mixedviT, ritmi gaigivebulia metrTan da amitom
unda ugulebelvyoT `prozis ritmis~ cneba, romelic
ubralo metaforad warmogvidgeba.18 meore Tvalsazri­
si ufro farToa. mas aS­karad ganamtkicebs siversis mier
Catarebuli kvlevebi individualuri metyvelebis ritmis
sferoSi, agreTve _ mravalricxovani musikaluri movle­
nebi, magaliTad, xalxuri simRerebi da ekzotikuri musika,
romlebSic ar SeiniSneba perioduloba, mainc ritmuloba
ueWvelad sagrZnobia. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmi saSua­
lebas gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT individualuri metyvelebis
da, saerTod, prozis ritmi. Zneli ar aris imis danaxva, rom
prozas aqvs garkveuli ritmi, da SeiZleba nebismieri pro­
zauli winadadebis skandireba, danawevreba, anu dayofa
grZel da mokle, maxvilian da uma­xvilo marcvlebad. am
xerxis SesaZleblobebi jer kidev meTvramete saukuneSi
gamoavlina mweralma joSua stilma;19 amJamad ki arsebobs
didZali literatura, romelic eZRv­ne­ba vrceli prozau­li
nawyvetebis analizs. ritmi uSua­lod ukavSirdeba `melo­
dias~, intonaciis im xazs, romelsac gansazRvravs da gana­
pirobebs tonebis Tanamimdevroba; termini `ritmi~ im­denad
farTod gamoiyeneba, rom moicavs ritmsac da melodiasac.
saxelganTqmuli germaneli filologi eduard siversi
saubrobda individualur metyvelebaSi ritmisa da intona­
ciis gansxvavebis Sesa­Zleblobis Sesaxeb; otmar rutci
akavSirebda maT sunT­qvasTan da sxeulis pozebis specifi­
kur fiziologiur tipebTan.20 imis miuxedavad, rom bevrma
scada gamoeyenebi­na es kvlevebi mxolod literaturuli
miznebisaTvis, raTa daedgina Sesabamisobebi literatu­
rul stilTa da rucis tipebs Soris,21 mainc migvaCnia, rom es
sakiTxi lite­raturaTmcodneobis sferos ar ganekuTvneba.
literaturaTmcodneobis sferos ganekuTvneba ise­Ti
problemebi, rogorebicaa prozis ritmis buneba, rit­mu­li
236
evfonia, ritmi da metri
prozis Tavisebureba da gamoyeneba _ magaliTad, zogier­Ti
pasaJisa bibliis inglisur TargmanSi, an ser tomas braunis,
reskinis da de kvinsis nawerebisa, sadac ritmi da zogjer
melodiac `ZaliT agrZnobinebs Tavs~ Tundac uyuradRebo
mkiTxvels. mxatvruli prozis ritmis kvleva mniSvnelo­
van siZneleebs ukavSirdeba. Tavis cnobil wignSi `pro­zis
ritmi~ v.m. patersoni 22 cdilobs ganmartos prozis ritmi,
rogorc rTuli sinkopirebis sistema. jorj sentsberis
Zalze solidur `inglisuri prozis ritmis istoriaSi~23
ganuwyvetliv meordeba azri, rom prozis ritmi efuZneba
`arCevans da sxvadasxvaobas~, magram gansazRvruli araa
misi xasiaTi da buneba. sentsberiseuli `axsna-ganmarte­
ba~ rom swori yofiliyo, maSin cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqne­
boda sauba­ri raime ritmze. magram faqtia, rom sentsberi
yuradRe­bas amaxvilebda mxolod im safrTxeze, rom prozis
ritmi ar gaigivebuliyo metrul sqemebTan. yovel SemTx­
vevaSi, dRes dikensis bevri pasaJi, romlebic dawerilia
rit­mu­li pro­ziT, ulazaTo da sentimentalur gadaxrebad
war­mogvidgeba.
prozis ritmis sxva mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian mxolod
erT sakmaod gamokveTil aspeqts `kadenciisa~, rome­lic wi­
nadadebaTa daboloebebis ritms aRniSnavs; esaa tradiciuli
xerxi, romelsac saTave daedo jer kidev ro­mauli orator­
uli prozis tradiciaSi. romaelebs hqondaT sagangebo rit­
mebi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis da sa­gangebo saxel­
wodebebic amgvari ritmebisTvis. `kaden­cia~, gansakuTrebiT
kiTxviTsa da Zaxilis winadadebebSi, nawi­lobriv warmoadgens
melo­diis problemasac. Tanamedrove mkiTxvels gauZnel­
deba ganasxvavos laTinuri cursus-is daxvewili ritmebi,
rodesac laTinur nimuSebs baZaven ingliseli avtorebi
_ inglisur enaSi maxvilTa ganawileba ar gamorCeva iseTi
mkacri TanazomierebiT, romelic dama­xasiaTebelia grZeli
da mokle xmovnebisTvis laTinurSi. Tum­ca, mravladaa imis
magaliTebic, rom inglisel avtorebs araerTxel ucdiaT
laTinuris analogiuri efeqtis miRwe­va da es mcdelo­
bebi zogjer warmatebuli iyo, gansakuTre­­biT meCvidmete
saukuneSi.24
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literaturis Teoria
saerTod, prozis mxatvruli ritmi yvelaze ukeT ma­
Sin ganixileba, Tu gvexsomeba, rom is aucileblad unda gan­
vasxvavoT saerTo ritmisagan, sul erTia, prozis iqneba is,
Tu poeziis. prozis mxatvruli ritmi SeiZleba aRiweros,
rogorc yofiTi sametyvelo ritmebis organizacia. Cveu­
lebrivi prozisagan is gansxvavdeba maxvilis ganawilebis
uf­ro meti regularulobiT, magram aman ar unda miaRwios
aS­kara izoqronizms (anu drois intervalis regularulobas
ritmul aqcentebs Soris). saerTod, Cveulebriv winadadeba­Si
SeimCneva mniSvnelovani sxvaoba intensivobasa da tonalobas
Soris, maSin, rodesac ritmul prozaSi SeimCneva, rom moxdes
maxvilisa da tonalobis sxvaobis gaTanabrebis gamokveTili
tendencia. am problemaTa erT-erTma yvelaze warmatebulma
rusma mkvlevarma, boris tomaSevskim, romelmac es sakiTxebi
puSkinis `pikis qalis~ mixedviT gaaanaliza, statistikuri
meTodis safuZvelze aCvena,25 rom winadadebebis Tavsa da
bolos atyvia ritmuli regularulobis ufro meti ten­
dencia, vidre winadadebis Sua nawils. regularulobisa
da periodulobis saerTo STabeWdilebas ufro aZlierebs
fonetikuri da sintaqsuri xerxebi, iqneba es bgeriTi fi­
gurebi, sintaqsuri paralelizmi Tu azrobriv antiTezaTa
gaTanabreba, sadac Sinaarsis mTel struqturas ganamtki­cebs
ritmuli saSualebebi. arsebobs yvelanairi gradacia, dawye­
buli TiTqmis araritmuli proziT (teqstSi gabneuli wina­
dadebebiT, romlebSic sagangebodaa gamoyofili max­viliani
elementebi), da damTavrebuli ritmuli proziT, romelic
saleqso metyvelebis regularulobas aRwevs. leqsisken
gardamaval mTavar formas frangebi uwodeben verset-s. is
gvxvdeba inglisur fsalmunebSi da iseT mwer­lebTan, romle­
bic iswrafvodnen bibliuri mxatvruli reminiscenciebisken.
aseTebi iyvnen osiani da klodeli. verset-is yoveli meore aq­
centirebuli marcvali ufro mkveTrad aris gamoyofili da,
amrigad iqmneba ormaxviliani jgufebi dipodiuri [prosodi­
uli `ori nabijis~ gamomxatveli erTeuli - mTargmn. SeniSvna]
leqsis msgavsad.
238
evfonia, ritmi da metri
zedmetia am xerxebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi. maT
marTlac aqvT xangrZlivi istoria, romelzec didi gavle­
na moaxdina laTinurma oratorulma prozam.26 inglisur
literaturaSi ritmulma prozam Tavis mwvervals miaRwia
meCvidmete saukuneSi iseT mwerlebTan, rogorebic arian
ser tomas brauni an jeremi teilori. is gzas uxsnis ufro
martiv sasaubro stilsa da diqcias meTvramete saukuneSi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom saukunis dasasrulisTvis gaCnda
jonsonis, gibonis da biorkis axali `amaRlebuli stili~.27
mecxramete saukuneSi is sxvadasxvanairad `gaacocxles”
de kvinsim, reskinma, emersonma da melvilma da Semdeg isev
– Tumc ki gansxvavebuli principebidan gamomdinare – her­
truda stainma da jeims joisma. safrangeTSi vxedavT bo­
siues da Satobrianis didebul prozas, germaniaSi – nicSes
ritmul prozas, ruseTSi vxvdebiT cnobil pasaJebs go­
golTan da turgenevTan, xolo mogvianebiT _ andrei belis
`ornamentul~ prozas.
ritmuli prozis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb dava
axlac grZeldeba, es Tema kvlav msjelobis sagania. Taname­
drove tendenciis Sesabamisad, raTa daculi iyos siwminde
xelovnebasa da JanrebSi. dRevandel mkiTxvelTa umete­
sobas urCevnia, rom poezia poeziad darCes, xolo proza
prozas hgavdes. igrZnoba, rom ritmuli proza aRiqmeba
narev formad da ar miiCneva arc prozad, arc poeziad. ma­
gram, es albaT ufro Cveni drois kritikuli `crurwme­
naa”. unda vifiqroT, rom ritmuli proza iseve imsaxurebs
dacvas, rogorc leqsi. WeSmaritad maRal­mxatvruli rit­
muli proza gvexmareba, ufro srulad aRviqvaT teqsti: is
gamoyofs garkveul elementebs da, amasTan, aerTianebs te­
qsts, gvagrZnobinebs gradaciebs, avlens paralelizmebs;
asrulebs maorganizebel funq­cias, xolo organizacia _
xelovnebaa.
prosodiis anu metrikis kvleva saukuneTa manZilze
udidesi rudunebiT mimdinareobda. sadReisod SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, rom saWiroa mxolod axali metrikuli ni­
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literaturis Teoria
muSebis mimoxilva da rom, saerTod, isRa dagvrCenia, gan­
vixiloT metrikis problemebi martooden uaxles poezias­
Tan mimarTebaSi, romelic gamoirCeva leqsis novatoruli
organizaciiT. sinamdvileSi ki jerac daudgenelia TviT
metrikis principebi da mTavari kri­teriumebi; garda amisa,
sanimuSo traqtatebSic ki jer kidev vxvdebiT bundovani
mosazrebebisa da msjelobis magaliTebs da Sem­Txvevebs,
rodesac gamoyenebuli terminologia mcdari da arazus­
tia. sentsberis naSromi `inglisuri prosodiis istoria”,
romlis sadari, araTu ukeTesi, arasodes araferi Seqmnila
arc doniT da arc diapazoniT, mTlianad emyareba Camouy­
alibebel da bun­dovan Teoriul safuZvlebs. sentsberi,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ucnauri empirizmi, kidec
amayobs imiT, rom ar surs gansazRvros an aRweros mainc
Tavisive terminebi. magaliTad, igi axsenebs grZliobasa da
simokles, magram ver gadauwyvetia, ra sxvaobas gulisxmobs
es misi termini – warmoTqmis xangrZlivobas Tu maxvils.28
Tavis `poeziis kvlevaSi~ blis peri cota ar iyos, areulad
da gaugebrad wers sityvaTa `wonis~ Sesaxeb, axsenebs `Se­
darebiT xmamaRal JReradobas da tonalobas, romliTac
gamoxatulia maTi azri da mniSvneloba~.29 mcdari warmod­
genis da bun­do­vanebis magaliTebi advilad moiZebneba bevr
sxva fun­damentur naSromSi. maSinac ki, rodesac ganmasx­
vavebeli niSnebi sworad aris Camoyalibebuli, isini Sei­
Zleba verc ki gaviazroT winaaRmdegobrivi terminologiis
gamo. amitom misasalmebelia t.s. omondis daxvewili naSro­
mi inglisuri metrikuli Teoriebis istoriaze da palister
barkasis sasargeblo mimoxilva bolo xanebSi Camoyalibe­
buli Teo­riebis Sesaxeb,30 radgan aseTi gamokvlevebi war­
moadgens cdebs, ganmarton gadauwyveteli sakiTxebi, Tumca
ki, meore mxriv, Znelia skeptikurad ar movekidoT avtorTa
daskv­ne­bs. rodesac saqme exeba evropis kontinentze, gan­
sakuTrebiT germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da ruseTSi Seqmnili
Teoriebis veeba speqtrs, maTi Seusabamobis SegrZneba kidev
ufro gvimZafrdeba.
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evfonia, ritmi da metri
Cveni miznebisaTvis ukeTesi iqneba, ganvixiloT metri­
kis TeoriaTa mxolod ZiriTadi tipebi da dawvri­lebiT
aRar ganvixiloT maTsa da Sereul Teorias Soris arse­
buli sxvaoba. uZveles Teorias SeiZleba vuwodoT `grafi­
kuli~ prosodia, romelic warmoiSva rene­sansis xanis sax­
elmZRvaneloebidan. es Teoria emyareba grZeli da mokle
grafikuli niSnebis gamoyenebas, romlebic inglisurSi,
Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba maxviliani da uma­xvilo marcv­
lebis saCveneblad. grafikuli prosodiis mimdevrebi saer­
Tod cdiloben, moxazon metruli sqemebi an sazomebi, rom­
lebsac, savaraudod, zustad misdevs poeti. maTi termino­
logia yvelas gviswavlia skolaSi, gagonili gvaqvs iambis,
troqes, anapestis da spondes Sesaxeb. es terminebi kvlavac
farTodaa cnobili da aRiarebuli, da uaRresad gamosade­
gia Cveulebrivi aRwerisa da msjelobisTvis, rodesac saqme
exeba metrul sqemebs. da ma­inc, es sistema, MmTlianad, sakma­
risi araa, rac dRes far­Tod aris aRiarebuli. am Teoriam,
ZiriTadad, fexi moikida saklaso oTaxebSi da ar scildeba
dawyebiTi swavlebis saxelmZRvaneloebs. Tumca, mas aqvs
Tavisi Rirsebebic. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs uSualod
metrul sazomebze, magram ar iTvaliswinebs umniSvnelo
gadaxrebs da poetis pirad kaprizebs, es ki is siZnelea,
romelsac ver aarida Tavi Tanamedrove sistemaTa umete­
sobam. grafikuli metrikis mimdevrebma ician, rom metri
ubralod JReradobis sakiTxi ki ar aris, aramed, arsebobs
metruli sazomi da miiCneven, rom is `nagulisxmevia~ , xorc­
Sesxmulia konkretul leqsSi.
meore tips warmoadgens `musikaluri~ Teoria, ro­
melic efuZneba im warmodgenas (TavisTavad, is sworia), rom
metri poeziaSi aris musikaluri ritmis analogi da amitom
mas yvelaze ukeT musikaluri notebiT gamovxatavT. adrin­
deli inglisuri sanimuSo sistema Camoyalibebulia sidni
lenieris wignSi `swavleba inglisuri leqsisa~ (1880); ufro
gviandeli periodis mkvlevrebma kidev ufro daxvewes es
Teoria da Tanamedrove xedvas miusadages.31 amerikaSi mas
ganixilaven, rogorc aRiarebul Teorias, yovel SemTxveva­
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Si, amis Tqma SeiZleba inglisuris mas­wavlebelTa poziciisa
da damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. am sistemis Tanaxmad, yoveli
marcvali ganekuTvneba erT mu­sikalur nots, romlis simaR­
le ar aris gansazRvruli. notis xangrZlivobis gansazRvra
sakmaod saorWofoa: mok­le marcvals miakuTvneben naxevar­
nots, xolo naxevrad mokle marcvals – meoTxed nots; Se­
sabamisad, mokle mar­cvals Seesabameba mervedi noti da a.S.
sazomebis daTvla xdeba erTi aqcentirebuli marcvlidan
meoreze, xolo wakiTxvis siCqare sakmaod bundovnad aris
gamoxatuli, radgan sazomad SerCeulia 3/4 an 3/8, an kidev –
ufro iSviaT SemTxvevaSi – 3/2. aseTi sistemiT SesaZlebelia
nebismie­ri inglisuri teqstis warmodgena sanoto Canaweris
saxiT, mag., Cveulebrivi inglisuri pentametris striqoni­
sa, rogo­ric gvxvdeba xolme poupTan.
Lo, the poor Indian whose untutored mind
SeiZleba amoviweroT rogorc sami mervedi, da amrigad:
Lo, the poor In – di - an whose un – tu - tored mind
am Teoriis Tanaxmad, iambisa da troqes ganmasxvavebe­
li niSnebi sruliad axleburad unda gaviazroT: iambis da­
ma­xasiaTebel niSnad warmogvidgeba anakruza, romelic aRi­
qmeba rogorc arametruli elementi, an mas aerTianeben wina
striqonTan. yvelaze ufro rTuli metric ki SeiZleba gad­
moices aseTi notebiT, pauzebis saTanado ganawilebiT da
grZeli da mokle marcvlebis gamoyenebiT.33
am Teorias is upiratesoba aqvs, rom xazs usvams leq­sis
tendencias izoqronizmisadmi da im xerxebs, romlebsac vi­
yenebT kiTxvisas Senelebis an daCqarebisTvis, interval­Ta
gazrdis an SemcirebisTvis. notebis gamoyeneba warmate­bu­
li iqneba `sasimRero~ leqsis SemTxvevaSi, magram sasaubro
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evfonia, ritmi da metri
an oratoruli tipis leqsisTvis is aSkarad Seuferebeli
iqneba; rac Seexeba Tavisufal an araizoqronul leqss, aq
notacia saerTod ar gamodgeba. am Teoriis zogierTi mxar­
damWeri ubralod uaryofs Tavisufali leqsis `leq­sobas~.34
musikis Teoretikosebi axasiaTeben baladis metrs, rogorc
`orterfians~ da warmatebiT aormageben rTul sazomebs,35
rodesac garkveuli metruli movle­nis ganmartebis mizniT
SemoaqvT termini `sinkopireba~. brauningis leqsSi:
The gray sea and the long black land
And the yellow half-moon large and low
‘‘sea’’ da ‘‘black’’ pirvel striqonSi, agreTve _ ‘‘half’’
meore striqonSi, sinkopirebulia. aSkaraa musikaluri
Teoriis upiratesoba. man didi roli Seasrula dog­matizmis
damarcxebaSi, gaaadvila im sazomTa kvleva da Cawera, rom­
lebic saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli ar iyo. magaliTisTvis
SeiZleba gavixsenoT ramdenime rTuli sa­zomi suinbernTan,
mereditTan da brauningTan. magram am Teorias aqvs serio­
zuli xarvezebic: masSi individualuri interpretacia da
sadavo wakiTxva absoluturad ar izRu­deba; garda amisa, es
Teoria mTlianad spobs ga­nmas­xva­vebel niSnebs poetebsa da
poetur skolebs Soris, radgan dahyavs yvela leqsi monot­
onuri taqtis ramdenime tipamde. es Teoria amarTlebs da
xels uwyobs, zogadad, sruliad sxva­dasxvagvari leqsebis
sasimRero tipis dekla­macias. am gziT miRweuli izoqroniz­
mi odnav Warbobs subieqturobas. am sistemaSi erTmaneTs
enacvlebian bgerebi da pauzebi, romlebmac erTmaneTi unda
gaawonasworon...
metrikis mesame sistema _ akustikuri metrika _ sad­
Reisod farTod aris aRiarebuli. igi efuZneba obieqtur
kvlevas da xSirad iyenebs iseT samecniero instruments,
rogoric aris oscilografi, romelic realuri faqtebisa
da movlenebis Cawerisa da gadaRebis saSualebas iZleva.,
metrikis kvlevis mizniT siversma da saranma germaniaSi,
fran­gma veriem (romelic, ZiriTadad, inglisur masalas
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literaturis Teoria
ik­vlevda) da amerikelma e.v. skripCerma36 gamoiyenes bgeris
analizis mecnieruli teqnika. ZiriTadi Sedegebi mokled
aris Camoyalibebuli uilber l. Sramis wignSi `inglisuri
leqsmcodneobis Sesavali~.37 akustikulma metrikam mka­fiod
gansazRvra sxvaoba metris warmomqmnel elementebs Soris.
aqedan gamomdinare, dRes aRar arsebobs mizezi, raTa ar
SevafasoT toni, xmis simaRle, tembri da warmoTqmis dro,
radgan isini ganpirobebulia iseT fizikuri da gazomvadi
faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa sixSire, amplituda, forma da
molaparakis mier warmoTqmuli bgeriTi talRebis sixSire,
amplituda, forma da grZlioba. Cven ise mkafiod SegviZlia
gadaviRoT an grafikulad gamovsaxoT fizikuri xelsaw­
yoebiT aRmoCenili momentebi, rom sirTules ar warmoad­
gens nebismieri deklamaciis umciresi detalis Seswavlac
ki. oscilografs SeuZlia gviCvenos, raoden xmamaRla war­
mosTqva ama Tu im mkiTxvelma esa Tu is poeturi striqoni,
ra dro dasWirda saamisod da rogor icvleboda tonalo­
ba deklamaciis procesSi. `dakarguli samoTxis~ pirveli
striqoni iZleva rxevebis iseT suraTs, romelic waagavs
seismografis saSinel oscilacias miwisZvris dros.38 rasak­
virvelia, es didi miRwevaa, da zusti mecnieruli meTodebis
gamoyenebis mravali momxre (romelTa Soris, rasakvirve­
lia, aris bevri amerikeli) askvnis, rom es sizuste sworu­
povaria. meore mxriv, aSkaraa, rom laboratoriuli metrika
ar iTvaliswinebs teqstis mniSvnelobas (da kidec moeTxove­
ba aseTi damokidebulebis gamomJRavneba): is askvnis, rom ar
arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac marcvlad moixsenieben, vinaidan
arsebobs xmis kontinuumi; rom ar arsebobs cneba sityvisa,
vinaidan oscilografi ver warmoaCens mis zRvars; da rom
melodiac ar arsebobs, am sityvis mkacri mniSvnelobiT,
radgan tons, romlis `gaxmovaneba~ mxolod xmovnebs Seu­
ZliaT, mudam arRvevs sxvadasxva kategoriis xmauri. akusti­
kuri metrika, agreTve, yovelTvis aCvenebs, rom ar arsebobs
mkveTri izoqronizmi, vinaidan TvalsaCinoa zomaTa praqti­
kuli xangrZlivobis cvalebadoba. ar arsebobs arc dafiq­
sirebuli `grZeli da mokle~ marcvlebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
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evfonia, ritmi da metri
inglisurSi mainc, vinaidan fizikurad `mokle~ marcvalma
SeiZleba sigrZiT gadaaWarbos `grZel~ marcvals.
akustikuri metrikis sargeblianobis aRiarebasTan
erTad, am `mecnierebis~ uSualo safuZvlebTan dapi­ris­
pi­reba imdenad advilia, rom es momenti Zalze akninebs mis
Rirebulebas literaturaTmcodneTa TvalSi. mcdaria
TviT is varaudi, rom oscilografiT dadgenili aRmoCenebi
uSualod ukavSirdeba metrikis Seswavlas. taepis warmo­
Tq­mis dro dro warmoadgens molodinis dros.39 garkveuli
drois monakveTis Semdeg, Cven veliT ritmul signals, ma­
gram aseTi perioduloba aucileblad rodi unda iyos im­
denad zusti, da arc signali unda iyos imdenad Zlieri,
rogorc moveliT. eWvsgareSea, rom musikaluri metrikais
Tvalsazrisi drois, maxvilisa da tonis ganmasxvavebel
niSanTa SefardebiTobisa da subieqturobis Taobaze swo­
ria da marTebuli. magram saqme isaa, rom akustikuri da
musikaluri metrika xasiaTdeba erTi zogadi defeqtiT, an
ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, `SezRudulobiT~. rogorc we­­si,
isini emyarebian mxolod JReradobas, deklamatoris mier
teqstis erTjerad an mravaljerad wakiTxvas. akustikuri
da musikaluri metrikis Sedegebi damajerebelia mxolod
erTi romelime konkretuli deklamaciis mimarT. aq gaT­
valiswinebuli araa is faqti, rom deklamatorma Sei­Zleba
leqsi waikiTxos sworad an SecdomiT, SeuZlia daa­matos
garkveuli elementebi, daamaxinjos, anda saerTod ugule­
belyos sazomi.
iseTi striqoni, rogoricaa
Silent upon a peak in Darien
SeiZleba wavikiTxoT marTebuli metruli formiT:
Silént upón a péak in Dárien, an rogorc proza: Sílent upón a péak
in Dárien, an sulac sxvanairad, ise, rom erTmaneTs SevuwyoT
metruli sqema da prozis ritmi. sityva sílent -is nacvlad
silént-is gagonebaze, Cven rogorc inglisurad mosaubreni,
SevigrZnobT bunebrivi metyvelebis normaTa darRvevas da
amas wina striqonebis metruli sqemis zemoqmedebiT avxsniT.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom esaa `moZravi maxvili~ _ kompro­
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misuli gadawyvetileba or ukidures ganmartebas Soris;
magram aseT SemTxvevaSic taepis wakiTxvis, specifi­kuri Ses­
rulebis safuZvelze mainc ver gavaanalizebT prosodias,
romlis arss warmoadgens daZabuloba, `kontrapunqti~ me­
trul sqemasa da prozis ritms Soris.
martooden akustikuri Tu musikaluri meTodebiT
leqsis metruli organizaciis Seswavla SeuZlebelia. ma­
ga­liTad, `musikaluri~ metrikis erT-erTi saukeTeso
specialistis, jorj r. stiuartis azriT, `SeiZleba arse­
bob­des leqsi azris gareSe~, da raki `metri arsebiTad da­
mo­ukidebelia azrisagan, amitom marTebulia, vcadoT da
warmovadginoT nebismieri striqonis metruli struqtura
am striqonis mniSvnelobisgan izolirebulad~.40 ve­ries da
saranis SexedulebiT, unda davemsgavsoT ucxoels, rome­­
lic ise usmens leqss, rom ar esmis misi ena.41 es idea, rome­
lic praqtikulad savsebiT ganuxorcielebelia da romel­
sac ugulebelyofs TviT stiuartic,42 sabediswero Sede­
gebs moutanda metrikis literaturul kvlevas. Tu ar
mivaqcevT yuradRebas mniSvnelobas, maSin, faqtobri­vad,
ugulebelvyofT sityvis da frazis cnebas da, Sesabamisad,
xels viRebT im sxvaobaTa gaanalizebis SesaZleblobaze,
romlebic arsebobs sxvadasxva avtoris leqsebs Soris.
inglisuri leqsi mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba sin­
taqsuri struqturis, ritmuli impulsisa da TviT met­
yvelebis realuri ritmis (romelsac ganapirobebs fra­
zebad dayofa) SepirispirebiT. meore mxriv, es frazebad
dayofa xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac gavecnobiT leqsis az­
rsa da mniSvnelobas.
amitom rusi formalistebi43 cdilobdnen moeZeb­naT
sruliad axali safuZveli metrikisTvis. maT Seusaba­mod
CaTvales termini `terfi~, vinaidan arsebobs bevri leqsi,
romelTac saerTod ara aqvs aseTi `terfebi~. Tumca subi­
eqturad SesaZlebelia, rom izoqronizmi mivusadagoT bev­
ri tipis leqss, magram is mainc SezRudulia leqsTwyobis
cnobili tipebiT da ar eqvemdebareba obieqtur analizs.
rus formalistebs miaCniaT (da kidec davoben am Temaze),
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evfonia, ritmi da metri
rom terfis cnebasa da izoqronulobis principze damya­
rebuli Teo­riebi arasworad gansazRvravs poeturi rit­
mis fundamentur erTeuls. Tu leqss ganvsazRvravT ro­
gorc, ubralod, romelime maxviliani marcvalis irgvliv
(an grZeli marcvalis garSemo, kvantitatur sistemebSi)
dajgufebul segmentebs, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom arse­
bobs imave tipis dajgufebebi (ufro metic, dajgufebaTa
mimdevrobebi) iseTi tipis lingvistur gamoTqmebSi, romle­
bic ar miekuTvneba poezias. amrigad, ritmis fun­damentur
erTianobas warmoadgens ara terfi, aramed mTeli taepi –
es aris daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamoitano rusebis mier
esoden atacebuli da gaziarebuli Gestalt–is saerTo Teori­
idan. `terfebi~ ar arsebobs damoukideblad, maTi arsebobis
SemCneva SeiZleba mxolod mTel leqsTan mimarTebaSi. yovel
maxvils aqvs sakuTari Taviseburebebi, rasac gansazRvravs
misi mdgomareoba da adgili leqsSi – iqneba es pirveli,
meore Tu mesame terfi, da a.S. leqsis maorganizebeli er­
Teuli sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva enaSi da metrul sistemebSi.
es SeiZleba iyos `melodia~, anu tonTa Tanamimdevroba, ro­
melic zogierT Tavisufal leqsSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes is
erTa­derTi niSani, romelic mas prozisagan ganasxvavebs.44
Tu ver varkvevT konteqstiT an taepis grafikuli formiT
(rac Taviseburi mimaniSnebeli signalis rols asrulebs),
rom Tavisufali leqsis pasaJi swored leqss warmoadgens,
SeiZleba is wavikiTxoT, rogorc Cveulebrivi proza da verc
gavarCioT prozisgan. da mainc, SesaZlebelia misi wakiTxva
rogorc leqsisa, Tu marTlac gansxvavebulad, gansxvavebu­
li intonaciiT wavikiTxavT. rusma formalistebma mravali
magaliTis ganxilvis safuZvelze daasabuTes, rom es in­
tonacia mudam ornawiliania, anu dipodiuri; da Tu ugule­
belvyofT am intonacias, leqsi aRar iqneba leqsi da mxolod
ritmul prozad gadaiqceva.
Cveulebrivi metruli leqsis Seswavlisas rusi mkvle­
vrebi avlenen mimarTebebs metrsa da metyvelebis rit­ms
Soris statistikuri meTodebis meSveobiT. leqsi gaaz­
rebulia rogorc rTuli kontrapunqtuli organizacia,
rom­lis erT-erT elements warmoadgens metyvelebis maor­
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ganizebeli metri, meores ki _ metyvelebis Cveulebrivi
ritmi; formalistTa moulodneli da STambeWdavi gan­
martebis Tanaxmad, leqsi warmoadgens `organizebul Za­
ladobas~, rac xorcieldeba yoveldRiuri sasaubro enis
mimarT. metruli sqemisgan isini ganasxvaveben `ritmul
impulss~. metruli sqema statikuria, grafikuli. `rit­
muli impulsi~ dinamikuria, ganviTarebadi. Cven winaswar
moveliT signalebs, romlebic aucileblad iCenen Tavs.
xdeba ara marto drois, aramed mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxva
elementebis organizebac. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmuli
impulsi zemoqmedebs ara mxolod sityvaTa SerCevaze, ara­
med sintaqsur struqturaze, da aqedan gamomdinare, leqsis
saerTo azrsa da mniSvnelobaze.
formalistTa mier gamoyenebuli statistikuri me­
Todi Zalze martivia. rodesac vaanalizebT nebismier leqss
an leqsis nawils, xdeba _ ama Tu im marcvalTan mimarTebaSi
_ im SemTxvevebis procentis daTvla, sadac maxvili ecema
am marcvals. Tu pentametris iambur taepSi metri abso­
luturad sworia, maSin pirvel marcvalTan dakavSirebiT,
statistika aCvenebs nul procents, meore marcvalze – as
procents, mesameze – nuls, meoTxeze – ass, da a.S. es Segvi­
Zlia grafikulad gamovsaxoT, Tu horizontalur xazze
aRvniSnavT marcvalTa raodenobas, xolo vertikalurze _
maxvilianobis procents. cxadia, aseTi regularuli leq­
si iSviaTia, Tundac im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is Zalze
monotonuri iqneba. leqsTa umravlesobaSi SeimCneva sazo­
misa da misi realuri ganxor­cielebis urTierTdaumTxvev­
loba; mag., TeTr leqsSi SeiZleba mravlad Segvxvdes iseTi
SemTxvevebi, rodesac maxvili ecema pirvel marcvals, da es
cnobili movlena moixsenieba rogorc `troqeuli terfi~,
an `moZravi maxvili~, anda `Senacvleba~. grafikze vertika­
luri xazebi erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad dauaxlovdeba, mag­
ram Tu es mainc pentametria, Tu poets pentametriT wera
surda, am grafikSi vertikaluri xazebi ufro maRali iqne­
ba 2, 4, 6 da 8 marcvlebze. rasakvirvelia, am statistikur
meTods TavisTavadi Rirebuleba ara aqvs, magram is moicavs
mTel leqss da avlens im tendenciebs, romlebic sakmarisad
248
evfonia, ritmi da metri
mkafiod araa gamoxatuli ama Tu im fragmentSi. am meTodis
meore upiratesoba isaa, rom misi meSveobiT TvalsaCinod
ikveTeba gansxvavebebi poetur skolebsa da calkeul poe­
tebs Soris. is gansakuTrebiT nayofieria rusul poezias­
Tan mimarTebaSi, radgan rusulSi yovel sityvas mxolod
erTi maxvili aqvs (damatebiTi intonaciuri niuansebi max­
vilebi ki araa, aramed mxolod sunTqvis gziT warmoqmnili
erTgvari aqcentebi). inglisurSi amgvari statistikuri
gamoTvlebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea, radgan
masSi mravladaa damatebiTi maxvilebi, agreTve _ enkli­
tikebi da proklitikebi.
metrikis rusi specialistebi sagangebo yuradRebas
uTmoben im faqts, rom idealuri metruli sazomebi sxva­
dasxvagvaradaa xorcSesxmuli sxvadasxva skolaSi da sx­
vadasxva avtorTan; amasTan, yovel skolas, zogjer ki av­
tors, aqvs sakuTari metruli kanoni, da gamarTlebuli ar
aris msjeloba maT Sesaxeb erTi konkretuli dogmis safuZ­
velze. versifikaciis istoria warmogvidgeba, ro­gorc
maradiuli konfliqti sxvadasxva normas Soris da erTi uki­
duresobas swrafad enacvleba meore. rusi mkvle­vrebi xa­
zgasmiT aRniSnaven im faqtsac, rom SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba versifikaciis im sistemebs Soris, romlebic
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva xalxis poeziaSi. leqsTw­yobis sis­
temebis Cveuli klasificireba silabur, tonur da kvanti­
tatur kategoriebad ara marto ar aris sakmarisi, ara­med
arasworicaa. magaliTad, serbul-xorvatul da finur epos­
Si Tavs iCens samive principi: silaburi, tonuri da kvanti­
taturi. Tanamedrove kvle­vebma cxadyo, rom laTinurma
prosodiam, romelic wminda kvantitatur prosodiad iTv­
leboda, sinamdvileSi mniSvnelovani modifikacia ganicada
im yuradRebis zegav­leniT, romliTac ekidebodnen maxvils
da sityvaTa daboloebebs.45
enebi gansxvavdebian im elementebis Sesabamisad, rom­
lebic warmoadgenen maTi ritmis baziss. aSkaraa, rom ing­
lisur enaSi aseTi elementia maxvili, kvantitaturoba ki
am enaSi maxvilianobas eqvemdebareba; mniSvnelovani rit­mu­
li funqcia ekisreba sityvaTa daboloebebsac. gasaoca­ria
249
literaturis Teoria
ritmuli sxvaoba im striqonebs Soris, romelTagan erTi
Sedgeba mxolod monosilaburi sityvebisgan, meore ki mxo­
lod polisilaburi sityvebisagan. Cexur enaSi sit­yvaTa
daboloebebi warmoadgens ritmis baziss, rasac ema­teba
aucilebeli maxvili; kvantitaturoba aq, ubralod, mraval­
ferovnebis Semomtani erT-erTi elementia. Ci­nurSi ritmis
bazisi aris tonaloba, Zvel berZnulSi ki kvan­titaturoba,
xolo toni da sityvaTa daboloebebi Zveli berZnebisTvis
mxolod mravalferovnebis ganmapirobebel elementebs
warmoadgenda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom poeziis istoriaSi versifika­
ciis garkveuli sistemebs enacvleboda sxva sistemebi, ar
SeiZleba vimsjeloT `progresze~ an davgmoT Zveli siste­
mebi, rogorc ufro gviandeli sistemebis ubralo winare­
safexuri. didi xnis manZilze rusulSi gabatonebuli iyo
silabizmi, xolo CexurSi – kvantitaturi prosodia. savse­
biT SesaZlebeli iyo sruli revolucia moexdinaT ingli­
suri leqsTwyobis istoriis (Coseridan sereimde) kvleva­
Si, Tu gaiazrebdnen, rom iseTi poetebi, rogorebic iyvnen
lidgeiti, housi da skeltoni, uvargis leqsebs ki ar werd­
nen, aramed sakuTar metrul normebs iyenebdnen.46 SesaZle­
belia agreTve reabilitacia gamoCenili poetebis _ sid­
nis, spenserisa da gebriel harvis mravalgzis gakritike­
buli mcdelobebisa, inglisurSi SemoetanaT kvan­titaturi
sazomebi. es moZraoba warumatebeli aRmoCnda, magram isto­
riulad mniSvnelovani gamodga. misi meS­veobiT moxerxda
silabikis im gaqvavebuli normebis damsxvreva, romlebic
gabatonebuli iyo ufro adreul inglisur poeziaSi.
SesaZlebelia metrikis SedarebiTi istoriac. cno­
bilma frangma lingvistma, antuan meiem Tavis wignSi: ‘‘Les
Origines indo-europeenes des metres grecs’’, Seadara Zveli berZnu­
li da veduri metrebi imisaTvis, rom moexdina indoevro­
puli metrikis sistemis rekonstruqcia;47 roman iakobsonma
aCvena, rom iugoslavuri epikuri leqsi Zalian axlosaa am
uZveles metrTan, romelic iTavsebs silabur striqonsac
da mkacrad kvantitatur klauzulasac.48 Sesa­Zlebelia
davakvirdeT folkloruli leqsis sxvadasxva tipebis is­
250
evfonia, ritmi da metri
torias da maT gansxvavebebsac. saWiroa mkveTrad ganvasx­
vavoT erTmaneTisgan epikuri reCitativi da `me­lodiuri~
leqsi, romelsac iyeneben lirikaSi. yovel enaSi epikuri
leqsi ufro konservatiuli Cans, vidre sa­simRero leqsi;
es ukanaskneli mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis fonetikur Ta­
viseburebebs da gacilebiT metad gamoirCe­va nacionaluri
specifikiT, vidre eposi. maSinac ki, rode­sac saqme exeba
Tanamedrove poezias, unda gvaxsovdes sxvaoba oratorul,
sasaubro da `melodiur~ leqss Soris, is sxvaoba, romelsac
ugulebelyofs metrikis inglisel mkvlevarTa umetesi
nawili, radgan musikaluri Teoriis gavleniT, mTlianad
arian dakavebuli sasimRero leqsis kvleviT da problemiT.49
Zalze mniSvnelovan naSromSi, romelic mieZRvna mec­
xramete saukunis rusul lirikas,50 boris eixenbaumma scada
gaeanalizebina leqsis intonaciis roli `melodiur~, `sa­
simRero~ leqsSi. man uaRresad damajereblad gviCvena, rom
rusulma romantikulma lirikam gamoiyena tripodiuli
sazomi, agreTve _ iseTi intonaciuri sqemebi, rogorebi­
caa Zaxilis da kiTxviTi winadadebebi da iseTi sintaqsuri
Targebi, rogoric aris paralelizmi, magram, Cveni azriT,
man ver daasabuTa Tavisi centraluri Tezisi `sasimRero~
leqsSi intonaciis maformirebeli rolis Taobaze.51
SeiZleba eWviT SevxedoT rusuli Teoriebis bevr ele­
ments, magram ver uarvyofT imas, rom erTi mxriv, maT SeZ­les
Tavi daeRwiaT leqsTmcodneobaSi Seqmnili Cixis­­gan, xolo
meore mxriv – gaTavisuflebuliyvnen musikaluri metris
`mimdevrebis~ subieqtivizmisagan. bevri ram axlac bundova­
nia da winaaRmdegobrivi, magram sadReisod met­rikam aRid­
gina aucilebeli kontaqti lingvistikasTan da literatu­
ris semantikasTan. aSkaraa, rom bgera da metri mxatvruli
nawarmoebis rogorc mTlianobis elementebia. Sesabamisad,
dauSvebelia maTi Seswavla nawarmoebis mniS­vnelobisagan
izolirebulad.
251
Tavi meToTxmete
stili da stilistika
*
ena marTlac warmoadgens literaturis masalas.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi
ubralo `amonakrebia~ garkveuli enidan. daaxloebiT ase­
ve aRweren skulpturas: `marmarilos bloki, romelsac
CamoT­lili aqvs ramdenime natexi~. wignSi `inglisuri poe­
zia da inglisuri ena~, f.v. beitsoni acxadebda, rom lit­
eratura, zogadad, aris enis istoriis nawili da mTlianad
maszea damokidebuli: `Cemi Tezisis arsi isaa, rom epoqis
ze­moqmedeba nawarmoebze unda ganisazRvros am nawarmo­ebis
enidan, da ara poetis pirovnuli Taviseburebebidan gamom­
dinare. vfiqrob, poeziis WeSmariti istoria warmoadgens
im enobrivi Sris cvlilebaTa istorias, ro­melsac ganekuT­
vneba droiTi TanmimdevrobiT dawerili nawarmoebebi. da
swored es enobrivi cvlilebebi ganicdian socialuri da
inteleqtualuri tendenciebis wnexs.~ 1
beitsoni damajereblad asabuTebs, rom poeziis is­
to­­ria mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis istorias. eWvsgareSea,
rom inglisuri poeziis evoluciis garkveul etapze masSi
aisaxa elisabedis xanis metyvelebis Tavisufali sixali­
sec, meTvramete saukunis `mowesrigebuloba da gamWvirva­
lebac~, da sityvis mniSvnelobis bundovanebac, romelic
viqtorianuli xanis inglisurisTvis iyo da­maxasiaTebeli.
poeziis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols as­rulebs lingvis­
turi Teoriebi, mag., hobsis racionaliz­mi, misTvis Cveuli
maxviliT denotaciaze, azrisa da stilis gamWvirvalebaze
da mecnierul sizusteze – yvelaferma aman Zlieri gavlena
iqonia inglisur poeziaze, Tumca es gavlena xSirad arapir­
dapiri gziT xorcieldeboda.
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stili da stilistika
amitom unda daveTanxmoT karl foslers imaSi, rom
`zogierTi periodis mwerlobis ganxilva ufro na­yofierad
ganxorcieldeba, Tu gavaanalizebT Sesabamis enobriv gare­
mosac, rac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aranakleb mniSvnelovania,
vidre epoqis politikuri, socialuri, religiuri tenden­
ciebis, an kidev _ qveynis geografiuli mdebareobisa da
klimatis analizi~.2
poetis enobrivi Cvevebi, damokidebulebebi da mid­
rekilebebi SeiZleba fasobdes ara mxolod enobrivi sis­
temis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavad misive xe­
lovnebis SecnobisTvis. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im pe­rio­
debsa da qveynebs, sadac upiratesobisaTvis ibrZvis ramde­
nime lingvisturi norma. italiaSi literaturis istoriis
mkvlevrebi ar dauSveben `enis sakiTxis” ugu­lebelyofas.
literaturis sferoSi fosleris gamokvleva Frankreichs Kultur im Spiegel seiner Sprachentwicklung-Si, iqca uwyveti interesis
da gamoyenebis sagnad. ruseTSi viq­tor vinogradovma sa­
guldagulod gaaanaliza rusuli enis sxvadasxva elementi,
romlebsac iyenebda puSkini – sae­klesio slavuri, sala­
parako ena, agreTve galicizmebi da tevtonizmebi.3
da mainc, cxadia, rom beitsonis daskvna gazviadebu­
lia; ver vityviT, rom enobriv cvlilebebs poezia pasiu­
rad aireklavs. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom enasa da literatu­
ras Soris dialeqtikuri damokidebulebaa: literaturam
Zalze didi gavlena iqonia enis ganviTarebaze. verc Ta­
namedrove franguli da verc Tanamedrove inglisuri ver
gadaiqceoda im enad, rogoric dResaa, rom ara neoklasi­
kuri literatura; Tanamedrove germanulic sxvagvari iq­
neboda, rar SeiZleba literaturaze inteleqtualuri an
socialuri tendenciebis zegavlenis ugulebelyofac. be­
itsonis azriT, meTvramete saukunis poezia gamWvirvale da
naTeli iyo, radgan TviT ena iyo gamWvirvale da naTeli. ase
rom, poeti valdebulia gamoiyenos mza masala da ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, racionalistia is Tu ara. magram bleikis da
kristofer smartis magaliTebi aaSkaravebs, rom iraciona­
luri an antiracionaluri msoflaRqmisken mid­rekili po­
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literaturis Teoria
etebi gardasaxavden maT Tanamedrove poetur enas an aRad­
gendnen mis adreul formebs.
TviT is Cveulebrivi faqti, rom SeiZleba davweroT
istoria, ara mxolod ideaTa, aramed Janrebis istoriac,
metruli sazomebisa da Temebis istoria, romelic moicavs
mwerlobas sxvadasxva enaze Seqmnil literaturas, cxad­
yofs, rom literatura ver iqneba mTlianad damokidebuli
enaze. aSkaraa, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT, erTi
mxriv, poezia, xolo meore mxriv – drama da romani. beit­
soni, pirvel yovlisa, emyareba poezias; da marTlac, Znelia
imis uaryofa, rom poezia, rodesac is sagangebod aris orga­
nizebuli, Zalze mWidrod ukavSirdeba enas _ mis JRerado­
bas da mniSvnelobas.
mizezebi met-naklebad TvalsaCinoa. metri gana­
xorcielebs enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis organizacias. is
aregulirebs prozis ritms, aaxloebs mas izoqronizm­
Tan da amrigad amartivebs urTierTmimarTebebs silabur
erTeulebs Soris. imisaTvis, rom warmoaCinos xmovnebis
ober­tonebi an emociuri Seferiloba (tembri), is anelebs
temps da `agrZelebs~ xmovnebs; amartivebs da aregulirebs
intonacias _ metyvelebis melodias.4 maSasadame, metris
daniSnuleba yofila sityvaTa aqtualizacia, miTiTeba maT­
ze da yuradRebis mipyroba teqstis bgeriT aspeqtze. WeS­
marit poeziaSi sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebebi mkveT­radaa
xazgasmuli.
poeziaSi mniSvneloba
konteqstiT ganisazRvreba;
Cven aRviqvamT ara marto sityvis saleqsikono mniSvnelo­
bas, aramed _ mis sinonimTa da omonimTa erTgvar aurasac.
sityvebs ara marto sakuTari mniSvnelobebi aqvT, aramed
_ maT Tan sdevs sxva sityvaTa mniSvnelobebic, romelTac
isini ukavSirdebian fonetikurad, azrobrivad an etimolo­
giurad; metic, am ukanasknelTa ricxvs mie­kuTvnebian TviT
iseTi sityvebic, romlebic, TavianTi mniSvnelobiT, upi­
rispirdebian an saerTod gamoricxaven mo­cemuli sityviT
gamoxatul mniSvnelobas.
amrigad, poeziis kvlevisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSv­
254
stili da stilistika
neloba aqvs enis Seswavlas. rasakvirvelia, enis SeswavlaSi
Cven vgulisxmobT im sakiTxebs, romlebsac profesionali
enaTmecnierebi, Cveulebriv, an aknineben, anda saerTod ar
aqceven yuradRebas. garda im iSviaTi SemTxvevebisa, rodesac
metris da riTmis mkvlevars sWirdeba garkveuli lingvistu­
ri monacemebis Seswavla, Tanamedrove literaturaTm­
codnes ve­raviTar sargeblobas ver mou­tans istoriuli
morfologia an fonologia, an Tundac eqsperimentuli fon­
etika. magram mas aucileblad dasWirdeba specifikuri tipis
lingvistika, upirveles yovlisa, leqsikologia, romelic
Seiswavlis sityvis mniSvnelobas da mis cvlilebebs. Zveli in­
glisuri poeziis mkvlevars, romelsac surs sworad Caswvdes
bevri Zveli sityvis mniSvnelobas, aucileblad dasWirdeba
inglisuri enis leqsikoni. mas etimologiac ki daexmareba,
raTa gaigos miltoniseuli leqsikonis laTinizebuli sit­
yvebi, an kidev sityvaTwarmoeba hopkinsisa, romelic germa­
nuli nimuSebiT sargeblobda.
lingvisturi kvlevis mniSvneloba, rasakvirvelia,
ar Semoifargleba calkeuli sityvebis an frazebis mniSv­
nelobaTa dadgeniT. literatura ukavSirdeba enis yvela
aspeqts. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, uwinaresad, bgeraTa siste­
maa da, ese igi, SenarCevic mocemuli enis bgeraTa sistemidan.
Cvenma msjelobam evfoniaze, ritmze da metrze gamoavlina,
raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs lingvistur varaudebs bevri
aseTi problemisaTvis. magaliTad, fo­netikur analizs uaR­
resad mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba Se­da­rebiTi metrikis
sferosaTvis da sazomTa marTebuli gansazRvrisTvis.
rasakvirvelia, literaturaTmcodnes ufleba ara
aqvs, gamijnos fonetikuri done azrobrivisgan. magram
meore mxriv, azrobrivi donec eqvemdebareba lingvistur
analizs. SeiZleba aRvweroT literaturuli nawarmoebis,
an Tundac nawarmoebTa nebismieri jgufis gramatika, da­
viwyoT fonologiiT da morfologiiT, Semdeg gadavideT
leqsikaze (barbarizmebi, provincializmebi, arqaizmebi da
neologizmebi), bolos ki mivadgeT sintaqss (mag., inversia,
antiTeza da paralelizmi).
255
literaturis Teoria
arsebobs ori Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
rogor unda mivudgeT samwerlo enis Seswavlas. lingvis­
tikis istoriis kvlevisas literaturuli na­war­moebi Sei­
Zleba gamoviyenoT mxolod rogorc do­kumenti. magaliTad,
`bu da bulbuli~ an `ser gaveini da mwvane raindi~ gamodgeba
saimisod, raTa gamovavlinoT Sua saukuneebis inglisuris
zogierTi dialeqtis Taviseburebani. skeltonis, neSis da
ben jonsonis tipis mwerlebis Semoqmedeba Seicavs mdidar
masalas inglisuri enis istoriisTvis; bolo xanebSi Svedma
mkvlevarma a.h. kingma gaaanaliza ben jonsonis ‘‘Poetaster’’i im periodis inglisuri enis socialuri da klasobrivi
dialeqtebis gamosavlenad. francma Seqmna Zalze skrupu­
lozuri `Seqspiriseuli gramatika~. lazar seneanma ori
tomi miuZRvna rables enas.5 amisda miuxedavad, xsenebul
gamokvlevebSi literaturuli nawarmoebebi warmoadgens
wyaros lingvistur problemebis gadasawyvetad. magram
saqme isaa, rom lingvisturi kvleva mxolod maSin iqceva
literaturul analizad, rodesac is eqvemdebareba li­
teraturaTmcodneobis moTxovnebs da miznad isaxavs enis
esTetikuri efeqtis kvlevas – erTi sityviT, rodesac is
stilistikad iqceva (yovel SemTxvevaSi, am terminis erTi
garkveuli mniSvnelobiT).6
cxadia, stilistikis kvleva warmatebuli ver iqneba,
Tu vrceli sabazo codniT ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili zo­
gadi lingvistikis dargSi, radgan misi erT-erTi centra­
luri problema exeba kontrasts literaturuli nawarmoe­
bis enasa da Sesabamisi epoqis yofiT enas Soris. Tu ar gve­
codineba, ras warmoadgens sasaubro met­yveleba, Tundac
araliteraturuli metyveleba da im pe­riodis sxvadasxva
sazogadoebrivi jgufebis ena, maSin stilistika, albaT,
impresionistuli xasiaTisa iqneba. sam­wu­xarod, saerTod
ar gaamarTla varaudma, TiTqos Cven erTmaneTisgan ganvas­
xvavebT (es gansakuTrebiT bolo xanebs exeba) Cveulebriv
yofiT metyvelebasa da mxatvrul stils war­sul epoqaTa
literaturaSi. sanam SevudgebiT romeli­me avtoris, ama Tu
im literaturuli mimdinareobis an stilis Sesaxeb msje­
256
stili da stilistika
lobas, yovelmxriv unda SeviswavloT Zveli drois mraval­
Sreobrivi metyveleba.
sinamdvileSi, Cven, ubralod, instinqturad vi­yenebT
im standartebs, romlebic gviyalibdeba saku­Tari yovel­
dRiuri metyvelebis safuZvelze, magram ase­Ti standarte­
bi SeiZleba Zalze mcdari gamodges. dro­dadro, rodesac
vkiTxulobT Zvel poezias, saWiro xde­ba Cveni Tanamedrove
lingvisturi cnobierebis sruli ugu­lebelyofa. amgvarad
unda moviqceT iseTi striqonebis kiT­xvisas, rogoricaa
TviT tenisonis:
And this is well
To have a dame indoors, who trims us up
And keeps us tight.7
magram Tuki vaRiarebT sazrisis istoriuli rekon­
struqciis aucileblobas aseT aSkara SemTxvevebSi, maSin
ratom ar SegviZlia yvela SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelvyoT misi
SesaZlebloba? gana odesme SevZlebT, ise kargad viswavloT
anglosaqsuri an saSualoinglisuri (rom aRaraferi vT­qvaT
Zvel berZnulze) imdenad kargad, rom dagvaviwydes dRevan­
deli sakuTari ena? da Tundac SevZloT, gana es aucile­
blad imas niSnavs, rom ukeTesi kritikosebi varT mxolod
imis gamo, rom, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, av­toris `Ta­
namedroveebad~ viqeciT? nuTu ar SeiZleba iseT leqsebis
kiTxvisas, rogoricaa marvelis
My vegetable love would grow
Vaster than empires and more slow8
SevinarCunoT Tanamedrove asociaciebi, rogorc leq­
sis mniSvnelobis gamamdidrebeli elementi? lui titeris
SeniSvniT, is groteskuli warmodgena, rom xangrZlivobisa
da saWiroebis aspeqtSi `erotikuli kombosto~ piramidebs
`gadawonis~ da gadaaWarbebs, etyoba, gacnobierebuli, os­
taturi xerxia. miuxedavad amisa, unda gvjerodes, rom Ta­
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vad marveli ar miiswrafvoda zustad aseTi efeqtisken.
meSvide saukuneSi vegetable anu bostneuli, niSnavda vegetatives, anu vegetaciurs, da poetma, rogorc Cans, gamoiyena es
sityva cxovelmyofelis mniSvnelobiT; yovel SemTxveva­
Si, bostneulis dRevandeli konotacia mainc ar eqneboda
nagulisxmevi.9
amitom SeiZleba mxari avubaT titers da vikiTxoT:
xom ar aris sasurveli, ugulebelvyoT dRevandeli kono­
tacia da, saerTod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es Tundac amgvar
ukidures SemTxvevebSi? aq kvlav vubrundebiT istoriu­
li `rekonstruirebis~ sakiTxs, mis SesaZleblobebs da
saWiroebas.
Sarl balis Zalisxmevis10 msgavsad, iyo ramdenime cda,
gadaeqciaT stilistika enaTmecnierebis damxmare discip­
linad, magram saqme isaa, rom stilistikas aqvs sakuTari,
sruliad gansazRvruli problemebi, imisda miuxedavad, gan­
vixilavT mas, rogorc damoukidebel mec­nierebas Tu ara.
SeiZleba ise gamoCndes, rom zogierTi am problemaTagani
saerTod axasiaTebs, an praqtikulad mTlianad axasiaTebs
adamianis metyvelebas. aseTnairad farTod gagebuli stil­
istika swavlobs yvela im saSualebas da xerxs, romlebic
mimarTulia raime specifikuri eqspresiuli miznisken, da
amitom scildeba literaturis an Tundac ritorikis saz­
Rvrebs. yvela xerxi, romlebic gamoiyeneba emfatikisTvis an
simkveTrisaTvis, SeiZleba stilistikad iyos klasificire­
buli. maT ricxvSia met­a­forebi, romlebiTac gajerebulia
yvela ena, Tundac Zalze primitiuli; yvela ritorikuli
xerxi da sintaqsuri figura. TiTqmis yoveli enobrivi ga­
moTqma SeiZleba SeviswavloT misi eqspresiuli Rirebulebis
TvalsazrisiT. SeuZlebelia am problemis ugulebelyofa,
rogorc amas Zalze Segnebu­lad akeTebs `bihevioristuli~
skola amerikaSi.
tradiciuli stilistika am problemebs araTa­n­
mimdevrulad da TviTneburad wyvets. gamoyofilia xer­xebis
ori (intensifikaciis an minimizebis) kategoria: intensifika­
ciis gamomxatveli saxeebi _ gameoreba, akumulacia, hiper­
258
stili da stilistika
bola da kulminacia _ asocirebulia `amaRlebul~ stilTan,
rac sakmaod detaluradaa aR­werili cnobil ‘‘Peri hipsoys’’-Si,
romlis avtorobas mia­we­ren longinuss. msjelobas `dide­
buli stilis~ Sesaxeb ho­merosTan, SeqspirTan, miltonTan,
dantesTan mimarTebaSi vxv­debiT metiu arnoldTan da sents­
berisTan, romlebic Zal­ze moxdenilad ureven erTmaneTSi
fsiqologiur problemeb­sa da literaturuli nawarmoebis
Sefasebis sakiTxebs.11
amis miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, mainc SeuZlebelia imis
damtkiceba, rom specifikur saxeebsa da xerxebs, yvela Sem­
TxvevaSi, aucileblad ukavSirdeba specifikuri efeqti
an `eqspresiuli Rirebuleba~. winadadebaTa koordinire­
buli konstruqciebi (`da.. da.. da..~) bibliasa da matianee­
bSi saWiroa imisTvis, raTa Txrobas sidinje mieniWos; amave
dros, romantikul poemaSi amgvari `da” kavSirebi SeiZleba
aRniSnavdes SekiTxvebis serias, romlebic sunTqvaSekrul­
ma adamianma SeiZleba nawyvet-nawyvetad wamoiZaxos. hiper­
bola SeiZleba iyos tragiku­li an paTetikuri, magram iyos
groteskulic da komikuric. garda amisa, zogierTi xerxi
an sintaqsuri figura ise xSirad da imdenad gansxvavebul
konteqstSi meordeba, rom SeuZlebelia maT raime specifi­
kuri eqspresiuli mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. Cven vamCnevT, rom
ciceroni ramdenime gverdze ramdenjerme xmarobs litot­
ess an gazviadebas; aseve, jonsonis ‘‘Ramblers’’-Si SeiZleba
aR­movaCinoT gamawonasworebeli konstruqciebis ramdenime
aseuli magaliTi. orive SemTxvevaSi Cven winaSea sityvaTa
TamaSi, maTi mniSvnelobisgan damoukideblad.12
Tumca Cven uarvyofT atomistur warmodgenas imis
Sesaxeb, rom ama
Tu im xerxs uSualod Seesabameba spe­
cifikuri eqspresiuli amocana, magram mainc dasaSvebia
garkveuli kavSiris arseboba stilis Taviseburebebsa
da nawarmoebis Sinaarsobriv amocanebs Soris. am kavSirs
adasturebs isic, rom aSkarad gamoxatuli Sinaarsobrivi
tonalobis (amaRlebuli, komikuri, daxvewili an naivu­ri)
mqone nawarmoebSi gamudmebiT meordeba garkveuli xerxe­
bi, Tanac, maT, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs erTi da igive kon­
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struqciebi. v.k. uimsetis kvalobaze SeiZleba vamtkicoT,
rom raime xerxis gameoreba azrs ar arTmevs am xerxs: `sin­
taqsuri konstruqciebi meordeba, brunvebsa da uRlebis
msgavsad, magram isini mainc eqspresiuli formebia~.13 ar
SeiZleba, antikuri epoqis esTetikosTa msgavsad, davkmayo­
fildeT stilTa iseTi klasifikaciiT, rogorebicaa maRali
da dabali, aziuri da atikuri da misT. aucilebelia gaviaz­
roT iseTi rTuli sqemebi, rogorsac gvTavazobs vilhelm
Snaideri Tavis ‘‘Ausdruckswerte der deutschen Sprache”-Si (1931).
obieqtis mimarT sityvis mimarTebidan gamomdinare, stili
SeiZleba daiyos sxvadasxva tipad, romelTa Soris iqneba
cnebiTi da mgrZnobelobiTi, uSualo da aRweriTi, damak­
ninebeli an ga­mazviadebeli, mkafio da bundovani, wynari da
aRgznebuli, dabali da maRali, martivi da xatovani; sity­
vaTa Soris mimarTebaTa Sesabamisad, stili SeiZleba iyos
daZabuli da dune, plastikuri da musikaluri, daxvewili da
uxeSi, erTferovani da xatovani; Tu daveyrdnobiT sityvisa
da avtoris urTierTmimarTebaTa princips, maSin stili Sei­
Zleba iyos obieqturi da subieqturi.14 aseTi kla­sifikacia
praqtikulad SeiZleba mivusadagoT yvela enob­riv feno­
mens, magram Cveni magaliTebis umravlesoba literaturuli
nawarmoebebidan aris aRebuli da ga­moyenebulia literatu­
ruli stilis analizisaTvis. Tu am­gvarad CamovayalibebT
sti­listikis sakvlev principebs, is, albaT, Tavs aaridebs
xarvezebs ritorikis cnebebze damyarebuli midgomisa,
romelic cal-calke aanalizebda sxvadasxva xerxs, meore
mxriv ki _ mocemuli epoqis stilis (gotika, baroko da a.S.)
Teoriebs, romlebic masStaburi iyo, magram konkretulo­
biT ar gamoirCeoda.
samwuxarod, amgvar naSromTa didi nawili STagonebu­
li iyo viwro aRweriTi miznebiT, – aseT SemTxvevebSi
stilisti­ka emgvaneba erTgvar rekomendacias `saSualo~
stilisTvis, rom­lis idealia sizuste da gamWvirvaloba;
esaa `sanimuSo~ stili, romelsac Seiswavlian univer­
sitetebSi. garda ami­sa, stilistika gamoiyeneba romelime
enis gandidebis miz­niT. rac Seexeba mTavar evropul enebs
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stili da stilistika
Soris arsebul sxvao­baTa ucnaur da axirebul gazviadebas,
amaSi gansakuTrebiT germanelebi scodaven. iseTi gamoCe­
nili mecnierebic ki, rogoric arian veqsleri, fosleri
da doiCbaini,15 iseT daskvnebs akeTeben, romelTa dadas­
tureba sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia da enobriv gansxvave­
bebs xalxebis erovnul fsiqologias ukavSireben. Cven ar
uarvyofT problemis arsebobas: Tu im enas, romelsac ara
aqvs Camoyalibebuli literatura, SevadarebT ama Tu im
ZiriTad evropul enas, maSin aSkara warmoCndeba absurdu­
loba, `bihe­vio­ristuli~Tvalsazris imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom yve­la ena Tanabaria. nebismierma mTargmnelma icis, rom
ZiriTadi evropuli enebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan sintaqsuri konstruqciebiT, `idiomebiT~
da sxva pirobiTobiT. zogjer inglisuri, franguli an ger­
manuli SeiZleba naklebad gamosadegi aRmoCndes, vidre mci­
red ganviTarebuli enebi. eWvsgareSea, rom es gansxvaveba
gamowveulia socialuri, istoriuli da literaturuli
mizezebiT, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi aRwera
SeiZleba, jer mainc ar yofila srulad aRwerili imde­nad,
rom gaamarTlon sakiTxis dayvana erovnul fsiqologiam­de.
`SedarebiTi~ stilistika warmogvidgeba rogorc Soreuli
momavlis mecniereba.
wminda literaturuli da esTetikuri midgoma zRu­
davs stilistikas da utovebs mxolod xelovnebis raime
nawarmoebis, a­n nawarmoebTa jgufis Seswavlis funqcias,
romelTa aRwera saWiroa maTi esTetikuri funqciisa da
mniSvnelobis konteqstSi. mxolod maSin iqceva stilistika
literaturis akademiuri codnis nawilad, Tu sakiTxis cen­
trSi iqneba es esTetikuri interesi, amasTanave, es iqneba
friad mniSvnelovani nawili, vinaidan mxolod stilisturi
meTodis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli literaturuli nawar­
moebis specifikur Tavisebureba­Ta gansazRvra. am tipis
stilisturi analizi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori xerxiT:
pirveli gvikarnaxebs, rom Tanmimdevrulad gavaanalizoT
nawarmoebis lingvisturi sis­tema da avxsnaT misi ele­
mentebi nawarmoebis esTetiku­ri mizanmimarTulebis, anu
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`mTliani mniSvnelobis~ safuZ­velze. stili am SemTxvevaSi
warmogvidgeba rogorc nawarmoebis an nawarmoebTa jgufis
individualuri lingvisturi sistema. meore midgoma, ro­
melic ar upirispirdeba pirvels, gulisxmobs im individua­
luri Taviseburebebis Seswavlas, romlebiTac es sistema
gansxvavdeba sxva Sesadarebeli sistemebisagan. xsenebuli
me­Todi kontrasts efuZneba: Cven ganvixilavT normaluri
sityvaTxmarebis darRvevis an misgan gadaxrebis SemTxvevebs
da vcdilobT avxsnaT maTi esTetikuri daniSnuleba. Cveu­
lebriv, sakomunikacio metyvelebaSi yuradReba ar eqceva
arc sityvaTa JReradobas da arc maT wyobas (rac, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, inglisur enaSi, gulisxmobs moqmedisagan
moqmedebaze gadasvlas), an winadadebis struqturas (rac
CamoTvliTi da koordinirebuli unda iyos). stilisturi
analizis pirvel nabijad miviCnevT iseTi gadaxrebis mimo­
xilvas, rogorebicaa bgeraTa gameoreba, inversia, rTuli
Tanwyobili da rTuli qvewyobili winadadebebis gamoyeneba
azrobrivi ierarqiis principiT; yvelaferi es unda emsa­
xurebodes garkveul esTetikur funqcias _ xazgasmas da
gamoyofas, anda, piriqiT, esTetikurad gamarTlebul bun­
dovanebas an gaurkvevlobas.
aseTi amocana SedarebiT martivia zogierTi nawarmoe­
bisa da zogi avtoris SemTxvevaSi. Seucdomlad SeiZleba
amovicnoT bgeriTi sqemebi da Sedarebebi, romlebic gvxvde­
ba lilis `eufeusis~ bestiariumebSi.16 spenseri, romelsac,
jonsonis TqmiT, `ena ar hqonda~, iye­nebs garkveuli saxis
arqaizmebs, neologizmebs da pro­vincializmebs,17 romelTa
analizi Zalze advilia. mil­to­ni ara mxolod iyenebs laTi­
nizebul leqsikons, romel­Sic inglisur sityvebs maTive
arqetipebis mniSvneloba aqvT, aramed qmnis winadadebebis
Tavisebur struqtu­rebs. jerard menli hopkinsis stilisT­
vis damaxasiaTebelia saqsonuri sityvebi, agreTve dialeq­
turi leqsika, is Segnebulad uvlis gverds laTinuridan
omdinare leqsikas, rasac ganapirobebs im lingvistebis­
Teoriebi, romlebic upiratesobas aniWebdnen germanuli
enis nor­mebs, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sityvaTwarmoebiTa
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stili da stilistika
da Sedgenili sityvebiT.18 Zneli ar aris iseTi mkveTri `ma­
neris~ mqone avtorTa stilis analizi, rogorebic arian
karlaili, merediti, peiteri an henri jeimsi; igive iTqmis
im meorexarisxovan mwerlebze, romlebic daesesxnen zemox­
senebul avtorebs maT stilistur Taviseburebebs.
amis miuxedavad, bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT uf­
ro Zneli iqneba, gamovyoT da ganvsazRvroT avtoriseuli
stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi. imisaTvis, rom amovicnoT gan­
meorebadi niSan-Tvisebebi, saWiroa daxvewili smena da dak­
virvebis unari; es gansakuTrebiT im mwerlebs exeba, romle­
bic elisabedis xanis dramaturgebis, anda meTvramete sau­
kunis eseistebis msgavsad, erTgvarovan stils iye­nebden.
Znelia gaviziaroT j.m. robertsonis Sexeduleba imis
Taobaze, rom garkveuli sityvebi an `idiomebi~ gva­uwyeben
mxolod iseTi pirovnebebis `xelweras~, rogorebic arian
pili, grini, marlo da kidi.19 bevr aseT gamokvlevaSi sti­
listuri analizi mWidrod ukavSirdeba Sinagani Sinaarsob­
rivi struqturis Seswavlas, agreTve _ wyaroebisa da sxva
elementebis kvlevas, rogoric aris ganmeorebuli aluzie­
bi. amgvar SemTxvevebSi stilistika gvexmareba mxolod ro­
gorc gansxvavebuli miznebisaTvis gamosayenebeli iaraRi:
aseTia avtoris identifikacia, avTenturobis dadgena, anu
iseTi Sroma, romelic gar­kveulwilad deduqcias emyareba
da moicavs erTgvar mo­samzadebel Sromas literaturuli
kvlevisaTvis.
rTul praqtikul problemebs vawydebiT iseT SemT­
x­vevebSi, rodesac ganvixilavT ama Tu im epoqisTvis da­
maxasiaTebel gabatonebul stils, calkeuli mwerlebis
mier literaturuli modis Seqmnas da mimbaZvelTa gamo­
Cenas. uwin stilistur tradiciaze didi gavlena hqon­da
Janris ideas. magaliTad, CoserTan (`kenterberiuli moT­
xrobebis~calkeul novelebSi) gvxvdeba sxvadasxvagvari
stilebis farTo speqtri da diferenciacia. zogadad, es
miesadageba mis mier sxvadasxva periodSi Seqmnil da sxva­
dasxva tipis nawarmoebebs. meTvramete saukuneSi, pindare­
seul odas, satiras da baladas hqonda sakuTari leqsika
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da stili. `poeturi stili~ dayvanili iyo specifikur Jan­
rebamde, maSin, rodesac dabali JanrisTvis araTu daSvebu­
lad, aramed aucilebladac ki iTvleboda `yofiTi leqsi­
ka~. TviT vordsvortic, miuxedavad imisa rom `Serisxa~ sa­
gangebo poeturi stilis idea, mainc sxvadasxvagvarad wer­
da, rodesac qmnida odas, `tinternis saabatos~ msgavs aRwe­
riT da meditaciur leqsebs, mil­tonis stilis sonets, anda
`lirikul baladas~. Tu Cven ugulebelvyofT aseT Tvise­
bebs, maSin azri ar eqneba im av­torTa stilis daxasiaTebas,
romlebmac daxvewes mravali Janri da ganicades xangrZlivi
mxatvruli evolucia. albaT, sjobs, vilaparakoT goeTes
`stilebze~, vinaidan sxvagvarad ver ganvmartavT im uzarma­
zar sxvaobas, romelic arsebobs adrindeli, klasikuri pe­
riodis ‘‘Sturm und drang’’-is stilsa da mogvianebiT dawerili
‘‘Elective Affinities’’-is pompezur da rTul maneras Soris.
stilisturi analizis am meTods, romelic kon­
centrirebulia stilis Taviseburebebze, im Tvisebebze,
rom­lebic mas ganasxvaveben irgvliv arsebul lingvistu­
ri sistemebisagan, aSkara xarvezebi aqvs. savsebiT Sesa­
Zlebelia, davagrovoT `izolirebuli~ dakvirvebebi, Cven
mier SeniSnuli niSan-Tvisebebis nimuSebi, da daviviwyoT,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianobas warmoadgens. Sei­
Zleba, agreTve, aqcenti gavakeToT `originalurobaze~, in­
dividualurobaze, imaze, rac subieqturi midre­kilebebiT
aixsneba. umjobesia meore midgoma _ stilis ganxilva
mTlianobaSi, sistemurad, lingvisturi principebis Sesa­
bamisad. ruseTSi viqtor vinogradovma detalurad gamoi­
kvlia puSkinisa da tolstois ena. sistemurma stilistikam
bevri niWieri praqtikosis yu­radReba miiqcia poloneTsa
da CexoslovakiaSi; espaneTSi damaso alonsom saTave daudo
gongoras poeziis sistemur analizs, xolo amado alonsom
Rrmad gaaanaliza pablo nerudas poezia.20 magram am meTods
avnebs `mecnieruli~ sisrulis ideali. analitikoss Sei­
Zleba gamorCes mxedvelobidan, rom mxatvruli efeqtis
ganmarteba Seu­Zlebelia raime xerxis Cveulebrivi sixSiris
gamoTvlis meSveobiT. magaliTad, jozefin mailsi Secdoma­
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stili da stilistika
Si Seiyvana statistikurma monacemebma, ris gamoc gamoitana
mcdari daskvna prerafaelizmTan hopkinsis poeturi sti­
lis siaxlovis Sesaxeb.21
literaturuli kvlevisaTvis stilisturi anali­
zi ­yve­laze ufro nayofieri iqneba maSin, rodesac misi
meSveo­biT davadgenT gamaerTianebel princips, zogad
esTetikur mizans, romelsac eqvemdebareba nawarmoebis
yvela elementi. magaliTad, Tu ganvixilavT meTvramete
saukunis `aRweriTi~ poeziis warmomadgenlis, jeims tom­
sonis Semoqmedebas, SevZlebT imis Cvenebas, rom mwerlis
stilisturi niSan-Tvisebebigarkveul mTlianobas warmo­
qmnis. miltoniseuli TeTri leqsi winaswar gansazRvravs
SerCevas leqsikuri saSualebebisa, romelTagan zogierTi
aucilebelia, sxvebi ki _ dauSvebeli. leqsikuri saSuale­
bebi moiTxovs perifrazs, xolo es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs
sagangebo urTierTmimarTebas sityvasa da sagans Soris:
anu sagani ar aris dasaxelebuli, magram misi Tvisebebi ki
miTiTebulia. aRsaniSni sagnis Tvisebebisa da maTi CamoTv­
lis aqcentireba TavisTavad ganapirobebs aRweras; rac Se­
exeba meTvramete saukuneSi gavrcelebul bunebis aRweris
gansakuTrebul tips, is gulisxmobda Tavisebur filoso­
fias: konstruqcia badebs azrs. poupze daweril wignSi da
statiebSi meTvramete saukunis poeturi stilis Sesaxeb
jefri tilotsons mohyavs am tipis bevri saintereso maga­
liTi, ese igi, poeturi stilis Taviseburi, ideologiuri
xasiaTis damadasturebeli nimuSebi – misive TqmiT, stilis
`fizikur-Teologiuri nomenklatura~. magram, amasTanave,
man ver SeZlo maTi integrireba stilis mTlian analizTan.22
aseTi procedura, romelic, metrikiT dawyebuli, gadadis
Sinaarsis problemebze da filosofiasac ki exeba, ar unda
miviCnioT iseT procesad, romelic prioritets – logi­
kuri iqneba is Tu qronologiuri _ mianiWebs romelime am
zemoaRniSnul elements. idealuri iqneba iseTi analizi,
rodesac daviwyebT nebismieri SerCeuli elementiT da mi­
valT imave daskvnamde.
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stilistur analizs swrafad mivyavarT Sinaarsis
problemasTan. didi xania, rac kritikosebi intuiciurad,
usistemod ganixilaven stils, rogorc garkveuli filo­
sofiuri Tvalsazrisis gamoxatulebas. wignSi `goeTe”
gundolfi Zalze faqizad aanalizebs adreul leqsebs da
aCvenebs, ra gziT aireklavs poetis dinamikuri metyveleba
missave swrafvas bunebis dinamikuri Semecnebisadmi.23 her­
man nolma scada daesabuTebina, rom stilisturi niSanTvisebebi SeiZleba miemarTebodes filosofiis im sam tips,
romlebic dilTaim warmoaCina.24
germanelma swavlulebma, agreTve, Camoayalibes ufro
sistemuri midgoma _ e.w. Motiv und Wort, romelic efuZneba
warmodgenas lingvistur niSan-Tvisebebisa da Sinaarsis
ele­mentebis urTierTSesabamisobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi
pirveli naSromi, romelSic gamoyenebul iqna amgvari mid­
goma, iyo leo Spitceris gamokvleva anri barbiusis Semoq­
medebaSi sisxlisa da Wrilobis motivTa ganmeorebadobis
Sesa­xeb. iozef kiornerma yovelmxriv Seiswavla aseTi mo­
tivebi artur Snicleris SemoqmedebaSi.25 ufro gvian, Spit­
cerma scada, daedgina kavSiri ganmeorebad stilistur
xer­xebsa da avtoris filosofias Soris; misi azriT, gan­
meorebebi Sarl pegis poeziaSi ukavSirdeba poetis gatace­
bas bergsonizmiT, xolo Jiul romenis stili _ mis unani­
mizms. kristian morgenSternis (nonsensuri leqsebis avto­
ri, romelic, garkveulwilad, mogvagonebs luis kerolis
leqsebs) sityva-miTebis analizi avlens, rom mas wakiTxuli
unda hqondes mautneris nominalisturi ‘‘Kritik der Schprache’’,
romelsac is daesesxa ZiriTad azrs: poetis ena kidev ufro
Seucnobels xdis CvenTvis isedac miuwvdomel samyaros.26
leo Spitcers zogierT statiaSi gamoaqvs zomagada­
suli daskvnebi, rodesac mwerlis stilistur niSan-Tvise­
baTa ganxilvis safuZvelze adgens avtoris fsiqo­logiur
Tvisebebs. ase axasiaTebs Spitceri prusts; Sarl lui fi­
lipTan gvxdeba xSirad ganmeorebuli kons­truqcia á cause
de. mas ewodeba pseudo-objektive Motivierung, rac gulisxmobs
melanqolias, erTgvar fatalizms; rables SemoqmedebaSi
266
stili da stilistika
Spitceri aanalizebs sityvaTwarmoebas iseTi cnobili
Ziridan, rogoricaa Sorbonne. rable qmnis mis mravalnair
kombinaciebs savsebiT Seusabamo sufiqsebiT, raTa Seiqmnas
mravalgvari usiamovno metsaxeli (mag.: Sorbonnagre = Sorbonne
+ onagre, anu `gadareuli viri~). Spitceris azriT, rablesTan
SeimCneva konfliqti rea­lursa da ararealurs, komizmsa da
SiSs, utopiasa da naturalizms Soris.27 Spitceris TqmiT, `is
mentaluri aRgzneba, romelic warmoadgens gadaxras Cveni
normaluri gonebrivi mdgomareobidan, unda warmoSobdes
Sesabamis enob­riv gadaxras normaluri metyvelebidan~.28
mogvianebiT TviT Spitcerma aRiara, rom fsiqologi­uri
stilistikis meTodi miesadageba `mxolod im mwerlebs, romelTa
azriT, isini `individualuri geniosebia~, maTi stili ki _ individua­
luri. aseTebia meTvramete saukunis da ufro gviandeli xanis mwer­
lebi; wina periodebSi mwerlebi (dantec ki) cdilobdnen obieqturi
stiliT aesaxaT obieqturi sagnebi. swored imis gacnobierebam, rom
`fsiqologiuri stilistika~ ar gamodgeba ufro adre­uli perio­debis
mwerlaTa Semoqmedebis gansaxilvelad (erTaderTi Tval­saCino gam­
onaklisia monteni), xeli Seuwyo kidev erTi tendenciis ganviTarebas,
romelic Tavidanve warmodgenili iyo Cems naSromebSi _ esaa lite­
raturis analizisas struqturuli meTodis gamoyeneba, rac avlens
gansxvavebul mweralTa miznebis erTianobas, ise, rom ugulebelyofs
romelime maTganis pirovnebas.~29
da marTlac, rogori gonivrulic unda iyos fsiqolo­
giuri stilistikis zogierTi varaudi, mas SeiZleba davu­
pirispiroT ori kontrargumenti. jer erTi, am gziT dadge­
nili stilisturi Taviseburebebi, ar­sebiTad, emyareba ara
dakvirvebebs enobriv masalaze, aramed _ ufro fsiqolo­
giursa da ideologiur analizs, romlis daskvnebma unda
gaamyaros enis analizi. es ar CaiTvleboda gamonaklisad,
rom ara praqtika, romelSic lingvisturi dadastureba
TavisTavad xSirad naZaladevia anda efuZneba Zalze ara­
myar sabuTebs. am tipis naSromebSi xSirad ivaraudeba, rom
WeSmaritad didi xelovneba unda emyarebodes gamocdile­
bas, Erlebnis-s, xolo es termini gulisxmobs biografiuli
Teoriis odnav Sesworebul versias. garda amisa, mcdaria
warmodgenac, romlis Tanaxmad, zogierT stilisturi xerxi
aucileblad Seesabameba garkveul gonebriv mdgomareobas.
267
literaturis Teoria
magaliTad, barokos problemebisadmi miZRvnil diskusiaSi
germanel mkvlevarTa umravlesoba aRiarebda aucilebel
Sesabamisobas, erTi mxriv, uRimRamo, bundovan da `Rvlar­
Wnil~ enasa da meores mxriv – Semoqmedis mgznebare, gaore­
bul da gatanjul suls Soris.30 magram saqme isaa, rom bundo­
vani da `RvlarWnili~ stili SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos
winaswar gaTvlili mizniT da garkveuli teqnikiT. saerTod
ki, fsiqesa da sityvis urTierTmimarTeba gacilebiT ufro
rTulia da gacilebiT naklebad eqvemdebareba raime wesebs,
vidre es, Cveulebriv, hgoniaT.
amrigad, fsiqologiuri Stilforschung-is germanul
skolas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. xSirad mis warmomad­
genelTa Sromebi SeiZleba gveCvenos erTgvarad kamufli­
rebul genetikur fsiqologiad, da Tumca mis filosofiur
safuZvlad iTvleba kroCes esTetika, magram am skolis prin­
cipebi, arsebiTad, sxvagvaria. kroCes sistema, romelic,
mTlianobaSi, monisturia, ar iZleva saSualebas, gavavloT
mijna gonebis mdgomareobasa da mis enobriv gamoxatule­
bas Soris. kroCe gamudmebiT uaryofs yvela stilisturi
da ritorikuli kategoriis Rirebulebas, sxvaobas stilsa
da formas, formasa da Sinaarss, gamoxatulebasa da intui­
cias Soris. am tipis identifikaciaTa serias mivyavarT Teo­
riuli analizis SeuZleblobamde: swori amosavali azri
poeturi Se­moq­medebis Semadgenel elementTa erTianobis
Sesaxeb im zRvramdea miyvanili, rom ukve SeuZlebelia am
elementTa gamonawevreba. cxadia, rom saWiroa erTmaneTis­
gan gamovyoT SemoqmedebiTi procesi da nawarmoebi, forma
da Sinaarsi, azris gamoxatva da stili; Cven erTmaneTisgan
gamovyofT am elementebs mxolod maTi analizis mizniT,
ise, rom ar viviwyebT maTi ganuyoflobisa da saboloo er­
Tianobis Sesaxeb; magram elementTa am gamoyofis gareSe ver
gan­xorcieldeba SemoqmedebiTi procesis racionalizacia,
rac Seadgens kritikis arss.
Tu SegviZlia aRvweroT nawarmoebis an avtoris stili,
maSin namdvilad SevZlebT nawarmoebTa jgufis an rome­
li­­me Janris aRwerasac. es exeba iseT Janrebs, rogorebi­
caa: goTu­ri romani, elisabedis xanis drama, metafizi­
kuri poezia; Cven SevZlebT gavaanalizoT iseTi stilis­
268
stili da stilistika
turi tipebic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, meCvidmete saukunis
barokos sti­li.31 Cveni ganzogadeba SeiZleba kidev ufro
ganvavrcoT da aRvweroT periodisaTvis an mimdinareo­
bisaTvis da­maxasiaTebeli stili. sinamdvileSi amis Ses­
ruleba em­piriuli sizustiT Zalze Znelia. iseT wignebSi,
ro­gorebicaa e. baras Le Style poetique et la revolution romantique,
anda luiz tonis Die Sprache des deutschen Impressionismus, mikv­
leulia bevri stilisturi xerxi, sintaqsuri da leqsi­kuri
Tavisebureba, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mTeli skolisa
Tu mimdinareobisTvis. bevri ram aris gakeTebu­li Zveli te­
vtonuri poeziis stilis aRwerisTvis. magram am naSromeb­
Si gaanalizebulia is stilebi, romlebic saer­Toa skolis
yvela (stilis TvalsazrisiT, metwilad erTgvarovani)
warmomadgenlisTvis _ isini SeiZleba gan­vixiloT iseve,
rogorc ganvixilavT calkeuli mwer­lebis stilebs. mTeli
literaturuli epoqebisa da lite­raturuli mimdinareo­
bebis _ klasicizmis, roman­tiz­mis _ aRwera, TiTqmis dauZ­
leveli winaaRmdegobebs waaw­ydeba, radgan aucilebelia
CamovayaliboT uaRresad gansxva­vebuli mwerlebis (rom­
lebic xSirad sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi arian)
stilTa erTiani modeli.
vinaidan xelovnebaTmcodneobam SeimuSava stilTa
(mag., antikuris, goTuris, renesansulis da barokos) mona­
cvleobis farTod aRiarebuli koncefcia, Zalze mimzidve­
lia literaturis istoriaze misi gadatanis idea. magram aq
Cven kvlav vubrundebiTY im problemas, romelsac ewodeba
paralelizmi xelovnebaTa dargebSi da, agreTve, urTierT­
mimarTeba xelovnebasa da literaturas, ufro farTod ki,
Cveni civilizaciis diad periodebs Soris.
269
Tavi meTxuTmete
saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
*
mas Semdeg, rac ganvaxorcieleT poeturi na­war­
moebebis klasifikacia Sinaarsisa da Temebis mixed­viT (imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli tipis diskurss ganekuTvneba
poezia); mas Semdeg, rac davuSviT, rom poeturi qmnilebis
sazrisi ar gadmoicema misi prozauli parafraziT, aramed
gamoixateba mis struqturaTa erTian kompleqsSi, ganvixi­
lavT _ ZiriTadi poeturi struqturis saxiT _ oTx kate­
gorias, romlebic saTaurSia dasaxelebuli.
Cvens erT-erT Tanamedroves uTqvams, rom poeziis
ori mTavari maorganizebeli principi aris metri da meta­
fora; metic, ganagrZobs is, `metri da metafora `wyviluri
cnebebia~, xolo poeziis Cveneuli gansazRvra sakmarisad
zogadi unda iyos, raTa moicvas orive cneba da ganmartos
maTi urTierTkavSiri~.1 poeziis zogadi Teoria, romelic am
moTxovnaSia nagulisxmevi, brwyinvaled Camoayaliba kol­
rijma Tavis ‘‘Biographia Literaria’’-Si.
magram aqvs Tu ara am oTx cnebas saerTo aRsaniSni
obieqti? es terminebi semantikurad nawilobriv gadafara­
vs erTimeores da maTi moqmedebis sferoc erTi da igivea.
albaT, terminTa am Cveni Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb _ saxe,
metafora, simbolo da miTi _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored
am mimarTulebiT xdeba poeziis im ori aspeqtis Serwyma, rom­
lebic esoden mniSvnelovania literaturis TeoriisTvis.
pirveli aspeqtSi poezia warmogvidgeba, rogorc gr­Zn
­ obadindividualuris ga­moxatuleba, grZnobadi da esTetikuri
mocemuloba, romelic poezias akavSirebs musikasTan, fer­
werasTan, magram mijnavs filosofiisgan da sabunebis­
metyvelo mecnierebaTagan; rac Seexeba meore aspeqts – es
aris `figuracia~ an `tropologia~, anu `arapirdapiri,
270
saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
iribi~ diskursi, romelic mimarTavs metonimiebs da meta­
forebs, da nawilobriv erTmaneTs adarebs sxvadasxva sa­
myaros, azustebs Tavis sagans sxva sistemaTa enebze Targm­
nis saSualebiT.2 gansxvavebiT mecnieruli diskursisagan, es
orive SemTxveva asaxavs swored literaturis differentiae-s,
mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. nacvlad imisa, rom Seqmnas ab­
straqciaTa sistema, rac mudam gamoixateba erTmniSvnelo­
van sityvier SesabamisobaTa Tanmimdevruli sistemiT, poe­
zia agebs imgvar sityvaTa erTaderT ganumeorebel wyobas,
romlebic erTdroulad sagnebicaa da niSnebic, ise, rom
SeuZlebelia azris gamotana nebismieri sistemidan, moce­
muli nawarmoebis mxatvruli sistemis garda.3
sakiTxis semantikuri siZneleebi marTlac dama­
fiqrebelia, da aranairi mza `Sveba-wamali~ ar Cans, garda
imisa, rom mudam yuradRebiT movekidoT terminTa konteqs­
tualur gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi polaruli da­
pirispirebis SemTxvevebSi.
saxiereba aris Tema, romelic Tanabrad miemarTeba ro­
gorc fsiqologias, ise literaturaTmcodneobas. fsiqo­
logiaSi sityva `saxe~ gulisxmobs SegrZnebebSi an aRqmaSi
aRbeWdili (araaucileblad vizualuri) gamocdilebis
mentalur reproduqcias. frensis galtonis (1880) pirveli
kvlevebi miznad isaxavda imis dadgenas, Tu ramdenad Ses­
wevs adamians unari, vizualurad aRidginos warsuli. man
am kvlevebiT daadgina, raoden didad gansxvavdebian erT­
maneTisgan adamianebi TavianTi warmosaxvis unariT. magram
saxiereba ar aris mxolod vizualuri xasiaTisa. fsiqolo­
gebma da esTetikis dargSi momuSave mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves
saxeTa mravalgvari tipis klasifikacia. saxeebi arsebobs
ara marto `gemos~ da `ynosvis~ sferoSi, aramed Termulic,
proprioceptulic (`kinesTeturi~, `haptikuri~, `emfati­
kuri~). statikursa da kinetikur (an `dinamikur~) saxierebas
Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba. feriTi saxiereba
SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes tradiciuli anda individualur
simbo­likiT, Tumca SeiZleba arc hqondes amgvari datvirT­
va. kinesTeturi saxeebi (ganurCevlad imisa, gamowveulia
271
literaturis Teoria
Tu ara is poetis aranormaluri fizikuri konstituciiT,
Tu literaturul pirobiTobas warmoadgens) xasiaTdebian
una­riT, gadaerTvnen grZnobaTa erTi sferodan meoreSi,
mag., bgeriTidan feriTSi. bolos, poeziis moyvarulisTvis
sasargebloa icodes, rom arsebobs sxvaoba `bmul~ da `Tavi­
sufal~ saxierebas Soris. pirveli aris smeniTi da kunTovani
saxiereba (rac aucileblad amoqmeddeba, Tundac adamiani
TavisTvis kiTxulobdes, e.i. ar axmovanebdes wakiTxuls);
amgvari saxeebi erTnairia yvela mkiTxvelTan. meore exeba
vizualur da sxvagvar saxeebs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvaria
sxvadasxva adamianTan.4
jer kidev aqtualuria a.a. riCardsis debulebebi, rom­
lebic Camoyalibebulia 1924 wels gamocemul `prin­cipebSi:
`yovelTvis zomaze meti mniSvneloba eni­Weboda saxeTa
grZnobad aspeqts. saxis qmediToba mis sicxoveles ki ar
unda mivaweroT, aramed ufro mis unars, iyos cnobierebis
faq­ti, rac specifikurad ukavSirdeba grZnobad aRqmas~.
saxis qmediTobas ganapirobebs misi `reliqturoba~ da,
agreTve, is, rom saxe grZnobadi gamocdilebis reproduq­
cias axorcielebs.5
bunebrivia, rom saxidan, rogorc SegrZnebis rep­
roduqciidan, unda gadavideTpoeziis meore aspeqtze, ro­
melic warmoadgens kvlevis CvenTvis saintereso sferos, anu
analogiis da Sedarebis Temas. aRweriT poeziaSic ki ar arse­
bobs mxolod vizualuri saxeebi; im avtorTa Soris, vinc sca­
da Seeqmna `imaJinisturi~ Tu `fizikuri~ poezia, sabolood
mxolod ramdenimem moaxerxa Semoifargluliyo mxolod da
mxolod gare samyaros suraTebis asaxviT. arsebiTad, isini
amisken arc ki iswrafvodnen. ezra paundma, ramdenime poe­
turi mimdinareobis Teoretikosma, `saxe~ gansazRvra ara
rogorc xatovani reprezentacia, aramed rogorc `inteleq­
tualur da emociuri kompleqsis asaxva drois garkveul
momentSi~, rogorc `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~. imaJi­
nistebis kredoSi naTqvamia:, `Cven gvjera, rom poeziam de­
talebi zustad unda asaxos da Tavi aaridos zogads da bun­
dovans, ragind tkbilxmovanic unda iyos is”. maSin, rodesac
272
saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
elioti adidebs dantes da Tavs esxmis miltons, igi ufro
dogmaturi Cans Tavisi aqcentiT Bildlichkeit-ze. misi sityve­
biT, `danteseuli warmosaxva vizualuria~. is alegoristia,
`xolo gaTviTcnobierebuli poe­tisaTvis alegoria niSnavs
`vizualur saxes~. meore mx­riv, samwuxarod, miltoniseuli
`warmosaxva smeniTia~. vi­zualuri saxeebi ‘‘LÁllegro’’-Si da
‘‘Il Penseroso’’-Si `mTlianad zogadia.. miltoni ver xedavs
konkretul mxvnels, merZeve qa­ls an mwyemss. am leqsebis
grZnobadi efeqti mTlianad yur­ze da smenazea gaTvlili da
Seesabameba zogad warmodge­nas mxvnelis, merZeve qalis da
mwyemsis Sesaxeb.”6
yvela am gamoTqmaSi aqcenti keTdeba ufro particularity-ze,
`gansakuTrebulze~, da `samyaroTa kavSirze~ (amaSia analogiis,
mag., alegoriis arsi: `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~), vidre
grZnobad elementze. …vizualuri saxe warmoadgens SegrZne­bas
an aRqmas, magram amasTanave is, ase vTqvaT, `warmogvidgens~ da
mimarTavs raRac uxilavs da `Sinagans~. is SeiZleba iyos erT­
droulad prezentaciac da reprezentaciac (‘‘the black bat night
has flown”.. ‘‘Yonder all before us lie Desarts of vast eternity”). saxe SeiZle­
ba iyos `aRweriTi” (asea Cvens magaliTebSic), an warmoadgendes
metaforas. magram SeiZleba Tu ara, rom saxe, romelic ar iyo
Cafiqrebuli rogorc metafora, anu ar iyo danaxuli `gonebis
TvaliT”, iqces simbolod? gana yovelgva­ri aRqma SerCeviTi ar
aris?7
ase, midlton meri miakuTvnebs `simbolos~ da `metafo­
ras~ ritorikis `formalur klasifikacias~ da gvTavazobs,
rom `saxe~ gamoviyenoT rogorc orive maTganis momcveli
termini. amasTan erTad, is gvafrTxilebs: `kate­goriulad
unda ugulebelvyoT is varaudi, rom saxe aucileblad (an
umeteswilad) vizualuri unda iyos~. saxe `SeiZleba iyos
vizualuri, smeniTic, anda mTlianad fsiqologiuri~.8 ise­
Ti gansxvavebuli mwerlebis Semoq­medebaSi, rogorebic
arian Seqspiri, emili bronte da po, SegviZlia davrwmun­
deT, rom foni (`monacemTa~ sistema) xSirad metaforaa anda
simbolo: aboboqrebuli zRva, qariSxali, veluri tramali,
nestSi, mTis mrume tbasTan mdgomi, nangrevebad qceuli
cixe-darbazi.
273
literaturis Teoria
iseve rogorc `saxem”, `simbolomac~ misca Tavisi saxe­
li cnobil literaturul mimdinareobas.9 `saxis~ msgavsad,
`simbolo” kvlav Cndeba sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstSi
da sxvadasxvagvari mizniT. mas, rogorc termins, iyeneben
logikaSi, maTematikaSi, semantikaSi, semiotikasa da epis­
temologiaSi; mas aqvs, agreTve, xangrZlivi istoria iseT
sferoebSi, rogoric aris Teologia (`simbolo~ warmoad­
gens `sarwmunoebis~ erT-erT sinonims), liturgia, saxviTi
xelovneba da poezia. sityvis yvela am Tanamedrove mniSv­
nelobisTvis saerToa maTi Tviseba, aRniSnon raRac ufro
meti, mianiSnon raRacis uTqmelobaze. magram berZnu­li sit­
yva, rac niSnavs gaerTianebas, Sedarebas, gvkarna­xobs, rom
analogia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris imTaviTve arsebobda.
is jerac aris nawilobriv SemorCenili am terminis Taname­
drove mniSvnelobaSi. `simbolo~ algebrasa da logikaSi pi­
robiTi, SeTanxmebis Sedegad SerCeuli niSania; rac Seexeba
religiur simboloebs, isini efuZnebi­an raRac Sinagan kav­
Sirs `niSansa~ da `aRsaniSns~, metonimiasa Tu metaforas So­
ris: jvari, kravi da mwyemsi keTili. sasurvelia, rom sityva
`simbolo~ amave mniSvnelobiT iqnas gamoyenebuli lite­
raturis TeoriaSi: rogorc obieqti, romelic gamoxatavs
sruliad sxva raimes, magram, amasTan, TavisTavadac ipyrobs
yuradRebas, radgan axdens, agreTve, sakuTari mniSvnelobis
prezentacias.10
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, `wminda sim­
bolizmi” religiasa da poeziaSi daiyvaneba garkveuli we­
sebis mixedviT gaformebul grZnobad saxeebamde, anda unac­
vlebs `niSnebis~ an `saxeebis~ mocemul sistemas moraluri
an filosofiuri transcendentuli realobiT, rac maT
miRma arsebobs. meore TvalsazrisiT, simbolizmi, aris
ideebis mizanmimarTuli xorcSesxma TvalsaCino, konkre­
tul-grZnobad cnebebSi, romelTac SemecnebiTi mniSvnelo­
ba aqvs. magram, kolrijis SexedulebiT, `alegoria warmoad­
gens `abstraqtuli cnebebis ubralo Targmans TvalsaCinod
warmodgenili suraTebis enaze, imgvarad, rom es ukanaskne­
li TviTonac warmoadgens grZnobebiT aRqmuli sagnebis
274
saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
abs­traqcias~; `simbolo ki yovelTvis ganisazRvreba zogad­
gvareobrivis gamovleniT kerZoobiTSi, an sayovelTaosi _
calkeulSi; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,SesaZlebeli xdeba
maradisobis (`sinaTlis~) ganWvreta drois miRma.~11
ra ganasxvavebs `simbolos~ `saxisgan~ da `meta­
forisgan”? Cveni azriT, es, upirveles yovlisa, aris `sim­
bolos” ganmeorebadoba da mdgradoba. `saxe~ SeiZleba
erTxel iyos gamoyenebuli rogorc metafora, magram Tu
kvlavac meordeba, rogorc prezentacia da reprezentacia,
igi simbolod iqceva da SeiZleba simboluri (an miTuri)
sistemis nawiladac iqces. bleikis `ubiwoebis~ da `gancdis
sagaloblebze~, j.h. uikstidi wers: `simbolizmi wminda sa­
xiT aq SedarebiT naklebadaa, magram simboluri metaforebi
Warbad gvxvdeba~. Tavis adreul eseSi _ `warmmarTveli sim­
boloebis Sesaxeb~ _ romelic Selis poezias exeba, ieitsi
aRniSnavs: `garda uamravi saxisa, romelTaTvisac ar aris
niSandoblivi simbolosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansazRvru­
loba [fiqsirebuloba?], mis poeziaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT
bevri saxe, romlebic namdvilad simboloebs warmoadgenen,
da ramdenime wlis Semdeg igi am simboloebs sul ufro metad
iyenebda sagangebo simboluri mniSvnelo­biT~, _ magaliTad,
mRvimeebisa da koSkebis saxeebs.12
es xSiri movlenaa: mwerlis adreul SemoqmedebaSi aR­
werili `garemo~ gviandeli periodis nawarmoebebSi trans­
formacias ganicdis da `simbolod~ gadaiqceva. Tavis ad­
reul romanebSi henri jeimsi skrupulozurad warmoaCens
pirovnebebsa da maT garemos, maSin rodesac gviandeli
periodis romanebSi yvela saxe metaforad da simbolod
gvevlineba.
rodesac vmsjelobT poeturi simbolizmis Sesaxeb, Ta­
namedrove poetis `individualuri simbolizmi~ unda ganvasx­
vavoT warsuli xanis poetebis savsebiT gasagebi simbolizmis­
gan. es Tvalsazrisi Tavidan, sul cota, braldebad JRerda;
magram amJamad Cveni damokidebuleba poeturi simbolizmi­
sadmi kvlav uaRresad winaaRmdegob­rivia. `individualuris~
alternativis formulireba Zne­lia: Tu `Cveulebrivsa~ da
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`tradiciuls~ gamoviyenebT, ma­Sin davupirispirdebiT Cven­
save survils, rom poezia axali unda iyos, unda gangvacvif­
ros. `individualuri simboliz­mi~ gulisxmobs sistemas, da
gulisyuriani mkvlevari SeZ­lebs igi ise ganmartos, rogorc
amas axerxebs kriptografi ucxo teqstis gaSifrvisas. mrava­
li individualuri sistema (mag., Tundac bleikisa da ieitsis)
mniSvnelovanwilad moicavs tradiciul simboloebs, Tumca
Tavs aridebs mis yvelaze `popularul~ formebs.13
`individualuri~ da `tradiciuli~ simbolizmis gan­
xilvis Semdeg sapirispiro polusze aRmovaCenT erTgvar
xalxur `bunebriv~ simbolizms, romelic aseve rTuli mov­
lenaa. frostis zogierT saukeTeso poe­maSi gamoyenebulia
bunebrivi simboloebi, romelTa mniSvnelobis dadgena Zne­
lia: `gza, romelsac ar dava­deqi~, `kedlebi~, `mTa~. poemaSi
`SevCerdi tyis piras~ sityvebi _ `daZinebamde Sori gzaa
gasavleli~ – Cveni azriT, mgzavrisTvis bunebrivi frazaa;
magram buneb­rivi simbolizmis enaze `Zili~ xom `kvdomas~
niSnavs; davaw­yviloT kontrastis safuZvelze `tye mSve­
nieri, bneli, uRrani~ (samive zedsarTavi dadebiTi mniS­
vnelobisaa) zneobriv-sazogadoebrivi datvirTvis mqone
sityvebTan: `erTguli viyo danapirebis~. aucileblad
SevigrZnobT, rom garkveul momentSi esTetikuri Wvre­ta
iwvevs Sinagani Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas. albaT, ar arse­
bobs poeziis moy­varuli adamiani, romelsac ar miizidavs
frosti; mag­ram, nawilobriv Tavisi bunebrivi simbolizmis
gamo, frostma miipyro mkiTxvelTa Zalze farTo wreebis
yuradReba. bevrma mkiTxvelma, raki erTxel ukve gaiazra
simboloTa SesaZleblobebi, SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli mniS­
vneloba mianiWos maT (sul erTia, es `bunebrivi~ simboloe­
bia, Tu maTi Tanmdevi simboloebi) da frostis polisemanti­
kur gamoTqmebs miaweros iseTi gansazRvruloba da sicxade,
rac ucxoa poeturi enis bunebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT _ Ta­
namedrove poeturi enisTvis.14
Cveni meoTxe terminia `miTi~, romelic aristoteles
`poetikaSi~ aRniSnavs siuJets, naratiul struqturas da
`fabulas~. misi antonimi da sapirispiro cneba `logosia~.
`miTi~ aris narativi, ambavi, Txroba _ dialeqtikuri dis­
kursis sapirispirod. `miTi~ iracionaluria, intui­ci­
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
uri, da amiT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri sistemurobisgan:
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris sokrates dialeqtikasTan
dapiris­pirebuli esqiles tragedia.15
`miTi~ gamorCeuli terminia Tanamedrove kritikaSi.
igi dominirebs Semecnebis mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rome­­­lic
moicavs religias, folklors, sociologias, fsiqoana­lizs
da saxviT xelovnebas. misi oponentebia `istoria~, `mec­
niereba~, `filosofia~, `alegoria~, `WeSmariteba~.16
meCvidmete-meTvramete saukuneebSi, ganmanaTle­blo­
bis xanaSi, am termins Cveulebriv hqonda damakninebeli ko­
notacia: miTi iyo gamonagoni, `fiqcia~, romelsac ar hqonda
araviTari mecnieruli Tu istoriuli safuZveli. magram
ukve vikos `Scienza nuova~-Si aqcenti gadatanilia imaze, rac
germaneli romantikosebidan, agreTve _ kolri­jidan, em­
ersonidan da nicSedan moyolebuli, Tan­da­ TanobiT wamyvan
elementad gadaiqca: es iyo `miTosis” cneba, romelic, poe­
ziis msgavsad, aRiqmeboda rogorc WeSmaritebis kategoria
an misi ekvivalenti, rac ar upi­rispirdeba istoriul da
mecnierul WeSmaritebas da mis danamats warmoadgens.17
istoriulad miTs win uswrebs rituali, romelsac is
Seesabameba; miTi aris `ritualis sityvieri nawili, ambavi,
romelic gaTamaSebulia ritualSi~. rituali sruldeba
qurumis mier mier, raTa Tavidan iSoros ubedureba an moi­
zidos iRbali; rituali iseTsave aucileblobas warmoad­
genda, rogorc mosavali da adamianis nayofiereba, rogorc
iniciacia axalgazrdisa Tavisi sazogadoebis kulturaSi
da, samomavlod, micva­lebulTa saTanado uzrunvelyofa.
miTi, ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, niSnavs nebismier ano­
nimurad SeTxzul ambavs, romelic mogviTxrobs warmoSo­
basa da bedze: sazogadoeba ganumartavs axalgazrdebs, ro­
gor warmoiSva samyaro da ratom viqceviT Cven ise, rogorc
viqceviT. da am ganmartebebSi aisaxeba bunebisa da adamianis
bedis STambeWdavi saxeebi.18
rogorc Cans, literaturis TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelo­
van motivebs warmoadgens saxe (an suraTi), socialuri, ze­
bunebrivi (arabunebrivi, iracionaluri), narativi (ambavi),
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arqetipuli (universaluri), maradiuli idealebis simbo­
luri asaxva konkretuli droiT gan­pirobebuli movlenebis
meSveobiT, saprogramo (an es­qa­tologiuri), da, bolos,
mistikuri. Tanamedrove az­rov­neba, miTologizmisadmi
swrafvisas, SeiZleba dae­fuZ­nos CamoTvlilTagan nebismier
motivs, Semdeg ki sxvebsac. amasTan dakavSirebiT, soreli
acxadebs, rom mTeli msoflios muSaTa `saerTo gaficva~
aris `miTi~; aseTi ideali arasodes iqceva istoriul faq­
tad, magram is warmodgenili un­da iyos, rogorc samomav­
lo movlena; mxolod am gziT hpoveben muSebi aucilebel
Zalebsa da rwmenas; miTi aris prog­­rama. qristianul esqa­
tologiaze saubrisas, niburi mas miTurs uwodebs: meored
mosvla da gankiTxvis dRe momav­lis saxeebSi warmogvidgens
im zneobriv, sulier Sefasebebs, romlebic arsebobs amJa­
mad (da yovelTvis).19 Tu miTs upirispirdeba mecniereba an
filosofia, aseT SemTxvevaSi warmosaxul, intuiciurad
Semecnebul konkretulobas upirispirdeba ganyenebuli ra­
cionaluri cneba. saerTod, literaturis Teoretikosebi­
sa da apologetebis winaSe miTi avlens Tavis bunebas: miTi
aris socialuri, anonimuri da sazogadoebrivi movlena.
Cven SeiZleba vicodeT, vinaa Tanamedrove miTebis avtori
an avtorebi. magram aseT qmnilebas mainc SeiZleba hqondes
miTis Tvisebrivi statusi – Tundac daviwyebuli iyos misi
avtori, an is saerTod ar iyos cnobili. mTavaria, rom miTi
aRiarebuli iyos koleqtivis mier, Seesatyvisebodes mis
moTxovnebs.
am terminis sazRvrebis dadgena advili ar aris; Tana­
medrove warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, is miiswrafvis `Semecnebis
sferosken~. Cven gvsmenia mxatvrebze da poetebze, romle­
bic gatacebuli arian miTologiis ZiebiT; gagebuli gvaqvs
`miTebi~ progressa da demokratiaze. Cven gveubnebian, rom
`miTi dabrunda msoflio mwerlobaSi~. amasTanave, isic gvs­
menia, rom erTi vinme miTs ver Seqmnis, verc gadawyvets, rom
irwmunos is, da verc aqcevs mas rea­lobad Tavisi nebiT: miTi
wignma Secvala, iseve, ro­­gorc kosmopoliturma qalaqma
Secvala qalaq-saxelmwifos ho­mogenuri sazogadoeba.20
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
sWirdeba Tu ara Tanamedrove adamians miTi, an saer­
Tod, miTologia, urTierTdakavSirebuli miTebis sistema?
nicSes Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, sokratem da sofistebma,
anu `inteleqtualebma~ Ziri gamouTxares berZenTa `kul­
turas~. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom ganmanaTleb­
lobam daangria qristianuli `miTologia~, anda Seudga mis
dangrevas. magram sxva mwerlebis azriT, Tanamedrove ada­
mians aqvs zerele, araadekvaturi da iqneb, sulac `yalbi~
miTebi: aseTia miTi `progresze~ da `Tanasworobaze~, an
kidev sayovelTao ganaTlebaze, an im higienur da modur
keTildReobaze, romelsac ase gvawonebs reklama. albaT,
am ori Tvalsazrisis Serigeba SesaZlebelia mxolod imis
aRia­rebiT, rom rodesac `Tanamedroveoba~ Tu `moderniz­
mi” arRvevs Zvel, Cveul cxovrebiseul wesebs (ritualebs,
maTi Tanmxlebi miTebiTurT), maSin adamianTa umravlesoba
(an saerTod, yvela) sulier sicarieles ganicdis _ maT ar
akmayofilebs abstraqciebi da amitom cdiloben Seavson
sicariele umwifari, saxeldaxelod SeTxzuli, fragmen­
tuli miTebiT (im suraTebiT, rac SeiZleba momxdariyo,
anda rac maTTvis sasurvelia). saubari miTis saWiroebaze,
roca saqme exeba fantaziisa da warmosaxvis mqone mwerals,
imaze migvaniSnebs, rom is miiswrafvis sazogadoebisken,
surs, daimsaxuros sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli statusi xe­
lovanisa. frangma simbolistebma miaRwies nebayoflobiT
izolacias sazogadoebisgan. am `hermetul~ poetebs mi­
aCndaT, rom maT winaSe iyo arCevani: erTi mxriv, xelovnebis
komerciuli prostituireba, meore mxriv ki, wminda xe­
lovnebis msaxureba. magram ieitsi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
aRmerTebda malarmes, mainc grZnob­da saWiroebas, kavSiri
hqonoda irlandiasTan. amitom tradiciuli kelturi mi­
Tologia man ganaaxla Tanamedrove irlandiis sakuTari
miTologizebuli versiiT, romelSic SesaZlebelia ang­
lo-irlandiuri neoklasicistebis (e.w. avgustinelebis _
sviftis, berklis da biorkis) iseTive Tavisufali inter­
pretacia, rogorc veiCel lindzis amerikeli gmirebisa.21
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bevr mwerals miTi warmoudgenia poeziisa da religiis
saerTo mniSvnelad. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs Ta­namedrove
xedvac _ metiu arnoldi da a.a. riCardsi (ad­reul naS­
romebSi) acxadebdnen, rom poezia sul ufro aqtiurad ika­
vebs religiis adgils, romlisac aRar sjeraT Ta­namedrove
inteleqtualebs. magram gacilebiT ufro da­ma­fiqrebelia
is warmodgena, rom religiis adgils poezia xangrZlivad
ver daisakuTrebs, vinaidan misi arseboba di­dad ver gadaame­
tebs religiisas. religia unda vaRiaroT ufro maRali ran­
gis misteriad, poezia ki – naklebisa. religiuri miTi war­
moadgens farTo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil poetur meta­
foras. ase, magaliTad, filip uilraiti, romelic gamoxa­
tavs protests imis mimarT, rom pozitivistTa `religiuri
WeSmariteba da poeturi WeSmariteba uaryofilia rogorc
fiqcia~, amave dros aRiarebs `miTur-religiuri perspeqti­
vis~ aucileblobas. am Tvalsazrisis ufro adrindeli ing­
liseli momxre da war­momadgeneli aris jon denisi, xolo
SedarebiT gviandeli xanisa – artur meiCeni.22
Zveli literaturuli gamokvlevebi zereled, gareg­
nuli monacemebis mixedviT msjeloben saxis, metafo­ris,
simbolosa da miTis Sesaxeb; metwilad ganixilavdnen maT,
rogorc samSvenisebs, ritorikul ornamentebs da ami­tom
Seiswavlidnen, rogorc nawarmoebebis izolirebul ele­
mentebs. Cveni azriT, literaturis mniSvneloba da funq­
cia ZiriTadad warmoCenili aris metaforasa da miTSi. ar­
sebobs iseTi procesebi, romlebsac hqvia metaforuli da
miTologiuri azrovneba, azrovneba metaforebis saSuale­
biT, azrovneba poeturi narativis an xedvis saSualebiT.
yvela es termini Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs literaturu­
li nawarmoebis im aspeqtebs, sadac Zveli antagonistebi _
`forma~ da `Sinaarsi~ _ ganuyofel mTlianobas warmoqm­nis.
es terminebi or urTierTsapirispiro tendencias asaxavs:
erTi mxriv, isini gamoxataven poeziis swrafvas `suraTisa~
da `sam­yarosken~, xolo meore mxriv – religiisa da Weltanschauung-isken. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT maT Semswavlel Ta­
namedrove meTodebs, kidec vigrZnobT am swrafvas. maSin,
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
rodesac Zveli meTodologia ganixilavda maT, rogorc
mxatvrul (Tumc ki, ubralod, dekoratiuli daniSnulebis
mqone) xerxebs, amJamad Warbi yuradReba eTmoba (rac aseve
arasasurvelia) Weltanschauung-s. bunebrivia, rom neoklasi­
kuri periodis dasasruls Sotlandieli ritoris azriT,
saWiroa simboloebisa da metaforebis zustad gaTvlili
SerCeva; froidis Tanamedrove mimdevrebi, piriqiT, fiqro­
ben, rom yvela saxe qvecnobieris gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
saWiroa davicvaT harmoniuli wonasworoba ritorikasa da
fsiqologiur biografizms Soris, romelic garduvalad
ukavSirdeba `ideur Sinaarss~.
ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi wlis manZilze ganuxrelad vi­
Tardeboda rogorc literaturis Teoria, ise praqtika.
xorcieldeboda mxatvruli gaformebis da, kerZod, poe­
tikis tipologiis gansazRvris mcdelobebi. arsebobs mo­
nog­rafiebi da eseebi, romlebic eZRvneba saxierebis prob­
lemas konkretuli poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, konkretul
nawarmoebebSi (pirvel rigSi, SeqspirTan). `praqtikuli
kritikis~ gansakuTrebuli sicxovlis fonze, Cvens xelTaa
ramdenime SesaniSnavi naSromi, romlebic gamoirCeva ma­Rali
Teoriuli da meTodologiuri doniT. maTSi Zalze kriti­
kulad ganixileba praqtikosTa zerele varaudebic.
mravaljer scades, or an sam kategoriad daeyoT mra­
val­ricxovani ritorikuli figurebi, romelTa saerTo
rao­denoba oras ormocdaaTs aRwevs. `sqemebi~ da `tropebi~
TavisTavad maT ricxvSi Sedis, da dayofa xdeba `bgeriT~ da
`azrobriv figurebad~. kidev erTi mcdelobaa `metyvelebis
figurebis~ an `verbaluri figurebis~ gamoyofa `azris
figurebisagan~. miuxedavad amisa, orive diqotomias aqvs
Tavisi nakli imis gamo, rom gvTavazobs gareSe struqtu­
ras, romelsac ara aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia. marTlac, ne­
bismieri tradiciuli sistemidan gamomdinare, riTmac da
aliteraciac warmoadgens fonetikur `sqemas~ da akusti­
kur ornaments. miuxedavad amisa, viciT, rom rogorc sawyis
riTmas, aseve boloriTmas SeuZliaT Seasrulon Semakav­
Sirebeli azrobrivi komponentis roli, rogorc semanti­
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kur wyvils. mecxramete saukuneSi kalamburs miiC­nevdnen
`sityvaTa TamaSad~, `maxvilgonierebis udables formad~;
meTvramete saukuneSi adisonma kalamburs `yalbi maxvil­
goniereba” uwoda. magram barokos xanaSi, iseve ro­gorc
Tanamedrove poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, kalamburi farTod
gavrcelda: `omofonis~ an `omonimis~ saSualebiT ideebi
erTgvari `orazrovnebiT~ aRiWurveboda.23
aRar gavagrZelebT sityvas sqemebze. savsebiT rele­
vanturia SegviZlia poeturi tropebis dayofa momijnaveo­
bis figurebad da msgavsebis figurebad.
momijnaveobis tradiciul figurebad iTvleba meto­
nimia da sinekdoqe. SesaZlebelia maTSi gamoxatu­li urTi­
erTmimarTebebis logikuri da raodenobrivi gaanalizeba:
mizezi enacvleba Sedegs (anda piriqiT); WurWeli enacvleba
SigTavss; msazRvruli enacvleba Tavis sazRvruls (`sof­
lis simwvane~, `zRvis mlaSe siRrme~). iTvleba, rom sinekdo­
qeSi mimarTeba figurebsa da referents Soris Sinagani xa­
siaTisaa: esaa raRac ufro didis warmomadgeneli _ nawili
mTelis nacvlad, rogorc gvaris warmomadgeneli, Sinaarsi,
romelic gansazRvravs formasac da funqciasac.
Sirlis cnobil striqonebSi, sadac metonimia
tradiciuli formiT gamoiyeneba, socialur klasebs gana­
saxierebs Cveulebrivi piradi aRWurviloba, instrumenti
an iaraRi:
Sceptre and crown must tumble down
And in the dust be equal made
With the poor crooked scythe and spade.
ufro STambeWdavia metonimiuri `gadanacvlebuli zed­
sarTavi~ _ stilisturi niSani, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
iseTi poetebisTvis, rogorebic iyvnen vergiliusi, spenseri,
miltoni da grei; `senfois usulo, mkvdari mziTevi~: aq epiTeti
mflobelisgan gadadis saganze, romelsac floben. greis `mTv­
lemare wkarunSi~ da miltonis `xalisian zarebSi~, epiTetebi
Sesabamisad miekuTvneba mflobel-matarebels da mnaTes. rode­
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
sac miltoniseuli ruxi mweri `Caberavs Tavis mxurvale say­
virs~, es epiTeti gvaxsenebs cxel zafxulis saRamos, romelic
asociaciiT ukavSirdeba am mweris bzuils. yvela es SemTxveva,
ukonteqstod citirebuli, SeiZleba wavikiTxoT gansxvavebu­
li, animisturi gagebiT. mTavaria, gadavwyvitoT, operatiuli
asociaciuri logikaa es, Tu nacvlad amisa, is mkveTrad aris
personalizebuli myari gapirovneba.
religiuri poezia, iqneba es kaTolikuri Tu evan­
gelisturi, TiTqos aucileblad metaforuli unda iyos,
da ZiraTadad, es marTlac asea. magram doqtori ua­tsi,
neo­klasikuri himnebis avtori, metonimiis wyalobiT aR­
wevs STam­beWdav, gulSiCamwvdom da amave dros, didebul
efeqts:
When I survey the wondrous cross
On which the Prince of Glory died,
My richest gain I count but loss
And pour contempt on all my pride.
See, from his head, his hands, his side
Sorrow and lowve frow mingled down;
Did eér such love and sorrow meet
Or thorns compose so rich a crown?
sxva epoqis stils naCvevi mkiTxveli am himnis mosmeni­­
sas ver Caswvdeba imas, rom `sevda~ da `siyvaruli~ uTanabr­
de­ba `wyals~ da `sisxls~. is siyvaruls Seewira: siyvaru­li
mizezia, xolo sisxli – efeqti, Sedegi. meCvidmete sauku­
nis poetis, frensis qvorelzis poeziaSi `zizRis Rvra~ sax­
ieri metaforaa, misi axsnac SeiZleba _ siamayis cecxli,
romelsac zizRiT savse kasri gadaesxmeba da Caaqrobs; mag­
ram `sxma~ Tu `Rvra~ aq semantikurad SemWidroebulia: rao­
den Zlier mezizReba mediduroba.
saboloo angariSiT, es magaliTebi warmoadgenen si­
tyvis viwro mniSvnelobiT xmarebas. bolo dros Semo­Ta­
vazebuli iyo ramdenime gabeduli koncefcia me­tonimiis
rogorc literaturuli modis Sesaxeb. isic ki dauSves,
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rom metonimia da metafora SeiZleba iyos ori poeturi ti­
pis damaxasiaTebeli struqturebi; pirveli maTgania poe­
zia, romelic iwvevs asociaciebs momijnaveobis mixedviT,
moZraobas Txrobis Caketil samyaroSi; meore tipis poezia
emyareba asociacias msgavsebis mixedviT, moi­cavs mravali
samyaros da, biuleris maxvilgonieri gamoTqmiT, `sfero­Ta
koqteils~ Tqvefs.24
SesaniSnav naSromSi uitmenis Sesaxeb d.s. mirski
acxadebs: `culis simReris~ mravlobiTi saxeebi aris
metonimiuri saxeebis dausrulebeli nakadi, magaliTe­
bi da egzemplarebi, romelTac emyareba demokratiuli
konstruqciuloba~.25
uitmenis Cveulebrivi poeturi meTodi SeiZleba da­
vaxasiaToT, rogorc gansazRvruli msxvili paraleluri
kategoriebis analitikuri, sagnobriv-saxeldebiTi gaSla.
simRerebSi, romlebic agebulia paralelizmis principiT
(`simRera Cemze~), poeti gatacebiT axvavebs detalebs da in­
dividualobebs, rogorc mTlianobis nawilebs. imis miuxe­
davad, rom Zalian uyvars CamonaTvali, uitmeni arc plu­
ralistia da arc personalisti: is paTetikuri monis­tia da
misi `katalogebis~ Sedegia ara sirTule, aramed si­martive.
Tavidan is jer gaSlis Tavis kategoriebs, xolo Semdeg ki
mimarTavs maT ilustrirebas magaliTebiT.
metafora poetikebis avtorebisa da ritorebis yu­
radRebas ipyrobda aristoteles (romelsac miemarTeba
es orive gansazRvreba) droidan moyolebuli. ukanaskne­li
wlebis manZilze man ukve lingvistebis yuradRebac miiqcia.
riCardsi gadaWriT gmobda metaforis mowyvetas normal­
uri lingvisturi praqtikidan, vinaidan metafora warmoad­
gens daxasiaTebis Seucvlel wyaros. skamis `fexi~, mTis
`Ziri~ da boTlis `yeli~ analogiis safuZvelze akavSirebs
sxeulis nawilebs usulo sagnebis nawilebTan. magram am ti­
pis kavSirebi imdenad aris asimilirebuli enaSi, rom maT
metaforulad aRar aRiqvamen TviT yvelaze mgrZnobiare
literaturaTmcodneebi da lingvistebi. esaa `gaxunebu­
li~, `gacveTili~ an `mkvdari~ metaforebi.26
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Cven valdebulni varT, specifikuri poeturi me­
taforisagan ganvasxvavoT is metafora, romelic, riCard­
sis termini rom vixmaroT, `enis marad arsebul princips”
ganasaxierebs. pirvels jorj kempbeli `ritorikuls” mia­
kuTvnebs, xolo meores – `gramatikuls~. gramatikosi sit­
yvebs ganixilavs maTi etimologiis TvalsazrisiT, xolo
ritori sityvebs udgeba im kuTxiT, axdenen Tu ara isini
`msmenelze metaforis efeqts~. vund­ti, albaT, metafore­
bad ar miiCnevda iseT lingvistur `moRalateebs~, ro­
gorebicaa magidis `fexi~ da mTis `Ziri~, vinaidan WeSmariti
me­taforizmis kriteriumad aRiarebda emociuri efeqtis
moxdenis gaazrebul da Segnebul survils. h. konradi
`lingvistur~ metaforas upirispirebs `esTetikurs~ da
miuTiTebs, rom pirveli (mag., magidis `fexi”) gamoyofs
sagnis warmmarTvel niSans, maSin, rodesac meoris mizania,
Seqmnas axali warmodgena saganze, `axal wyalSi amoavlos
is~.27
im SemTxvevebidan, romelTa klasifikaciac Zne­
lia, albaT, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania romelime li­
teraturuli skolis an TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `sa­
zia­­ro~ poeturi metaforebi. magaliTebad gamodgeba `bonehouse~, `swan-road~, `word-hoard~ da Zveli ingliseli poete­bis
sxva saxe-metaforebi; homerosiseuli `fiqsirebuli meta­
forebi~, magaliTad, `vardisferTiTeba riJraJi” (rac
`iliadas~ pirvel wignSi ocdaSvidjer aris gameorebuli);
elisabedis xanis `margalitis kbilebi~, `lalisferi bage­
ni~, `spilos Zvlis feri kiseri~, da `oqros simis dari Tma”;
an kidev inglisuri neoklasicizmis xanaSi gavrcelebuli:
`wylis veli~, `vercxlad daRvrili nakadulebi~, `minan­
qris mindvrebi~.28 Tanamedrove mkiTxvels SeiZleba moeCve­
nos, rom zogierTi maTgani (gansakuTrebiT is magaliTebi,
romlebic anglosaqsonuridan aris aRebuli) gabedulia
da `poeturi~, maSin, rodesac danarCen magaliTTa umrav­
lesoba `gaxunebulia~ da ucnauri. unda gvaxsovdes, rom
umecrebas ZaluZs daumsaxureblad miiCnios ori­gi­nalur
saxed gaugebari warmoSobis pirvelive magaliTi. da marT­
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literaturis Teoria
lac, etimologiuri metaforebi, romel­Ta `rea­lizacia~
xdeba ara im pirTa mier, visTvisac es ena mSob­liuria, ara­
med ucxoelebis mier (aq vgulisxmobT maT `ana­litikur
mgrZnobelobas), romlebic am magali­Tebs indi­­vidualur
poetur miRwevad miiCneven.29 meore mxriv, marTlac kargad
unda vicnobdeT enasac da literaturul pirobiTobasac,
raTa saTanadod SevafasoT konkretuli poetis meta­
foristuli ganwyoba-survilebi. Zveli inglisuri poe­
ziis `bone-house~ da `swan-road~ cxadia, exmianeba homero­
siseuli `frTiani sityvebis~ tipsa da kategorias. isini
warmoadgenden poetTa ostatoba-ganswavlulobis nawils
da siamovnebas aniWeben msmenlebs Tavisi tradiciulobiT,
imiT, rom ganekuTvnebian poeziis profesiul, ritualur
enas. metaforuli elementi maTSi ar aris mTlianad rea­
lizebuli, magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom is mTlianad
`aorTqlebulia~: saeklesio simbolizmis udidesi nawilis
msgavsad, maTzec SeiZ­leba iTqvas, rom isini ritualuri
tipisani arian.30
bunebrivia, rom Cvens xanaSi, rodesac yvelaferi ge­
netikis TvalsazrisiT ganixileba, didi yuradReba daeT­mo
metaforaTa warmoSobas, da amaSi igulisxmeba sinamdvilis
aRqmisa da gaazrebis rogorc lingvisturi principi, ise
literaturuli xerxi. `ontogenezi imeorebs filogenezs~,
da piriqiT: Cven gvjera, rom Tu analitikurad davakvir­
debiT primitiul sazogadoebebsa da bavSvebs, SevZlebT pre­
istoriuli kulturis istoriis rekonstruqcias. hainc ver­
neris TvalsazrisiT, metafora aqtiuria mxolod iseT pri­
mitiul xalxebSi, romlebsac aqvT tabu, anu sagnebi, romelTa
namdvili saxelis xseneba dauSvebelia.31 umalve gvaxsendeba
ebraelTa midrekileba metaforizaciisadmi, ris gamoc maT
uSualod arasodes dausaxelebiaT `ieRova~, romelsac isini
metaforulad uwodebdnen kldes, mzes, loms, da a.S.; Semdeg
ki gagvaxsendeba evfemizmebi Cvens sakuTar yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. magram etyoba, ganwyobas marto SiSis momgvre­li
aucilebloba ar aCens. Cven metaforas viyenebT imis mimarT,
rac gviyvars, rasac Cveni azri da fiqri siamovnebiT das­
286
saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
trialebs, raTa yoveli kuTxidan davaTvalieroT nebismier
`Suqsa da naTelSi~, rodesac is airekleba sagangebo fokusSi
yvelanairi msgavsi sagnebis daxmarebiT.
Tuki enobrivi da ritualuri metaforidan gadaverT­
vebiT poeturi metaforis teleologiaze, maSin mogvixde­ba
gacilebiT ufro msxvili sidideebis CarTva, anu mogviwevs
srulad gaviTvaliswinoT mxatvruli literaturis funq­
cia. metaforis Cveneuli koncefciis oTxi sabazo elementi
SeiZleba aRmoCndes analogia, ormagi xedva, grZnobadi saxe,
rasac ZaluZs wiaRsvla SeucnobelSi, da meoTxe – animis­
turi proeqcia. es oTxi elementi Tanabrad arasodes ar
aris warmodgenili, da damokidebuleba icvleba yoveli
erisa da esTetikuri situaciis Sesabamisad. erT-erTi Teo­
retikosis TvalsazrisiT, berZnul-romauli metafora
TiTqmis analogiis kategoriamdea SezRuduli (e.w. yalbi
paralelizmi), maSin rodesac das Bild (saxe-simbolo) aSkarad
germanul (tev­tonur) saxes warmoadgens.32 magram amgvari
kulturuli kontrasti TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebs italiur
da frangul poezias, gansakuTrebiT _ im monakveTs, ro­
melic arsebobs bodleridan da rembodan moyolebuli, pol
valerimde. rogorc Cans, ufro sasargeblo iqneba im perio­
debis, ideuri kompleqsebis Sepirispireba, romlebsac aer­
Tianebs sicocxlis filosofiis cneba.
yoveli periodis stili xasiaTdeba aqvs misTvis niSan­
doblivi figurebiT, romlebic gamoxataven swored mis Weltanschauung-s; im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme exeba iseT sayr­
den figuras, rogoricaa metafora, yovel periods aqvs
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis metaforizmi. magaliTad,
neoklasikuri poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebelia simbolo, pe­
rifrazi, ornamentuli epiTeti, epigrama, formis erTiano­
ba da antiTeza. SesaZlebeli inteleqtualuri poziciebis
raodenoba ori-samiT ganisazRvreba, pluralizmi ar Sei­
niSneba. xSirad xdeba, rom mesame pozicia warmoadgens cen­
tralur, mediatorul pozicias polarulad dapirispire­
bul eresebs Soris:
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literaturis Teoria
Some foreign writers, some our own despise,
The ancients only, or the modern prize.
barokos periodSi damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs
warmoadgens paradoqsi, oqsimoroni da kataqreza. eseni
ganasaxiereben qristianul _ mistikur da pluralistur
niSnebs. WeSmariteba rTulia. codnis forma-saSualeba bev­
ria, da yovel maTgans aqvs sakuTari uflebamosileba. WeS­
maritebis zogierTi tipi unda gacxaddes an misi uaryofiT,
anda misi Segnebuli damaxinjebiT. RmerTze SeiZleba vims­
jeloT anTropomorfuli kategoriebiT, radgan adamiani
man Seqmna sakuTari saxis Sesabamisad; magram, amave dros, is
warmoadgens transcendentalur sxvas. aqedan gamomdinare,
barokos maneriT warmodgenil religiur TemebSi WeSmarite­
ba RmerTis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gamoixatos analogiebiT (kravi,
anda nefe), agreTve _ urTierTsawinaaRmdego wyvilebiT,
voenis msgavsad : `bneli ukuni, amave dros TvalismomWre­
li~. neoklasikosTa gone­bas moswons aSkara ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi da racionalu­ri progresia: metonimiuri moZraoba
gvaridan saxemde, anda konkretulidan – saxemde. barokos
epoqaSi adamianis cnobiereba warmosaxavs samyaros rogorc
samyaroTa sim­ravles da erTobliobas, da Tanac yvela es
samyaro isea erTmaneTTan SekavSirebuli, rom SeuZlebelia
winaswar gan­vW
­ vritoT maTi urTierTmimarTebebis logika.
neoklasikuri poetikis TvalsazrisiT, barokos da­
maxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rasakvirvelia, ugemovnebod unda
SevracxoT, `yalb gansjad~ aRviqvaT. igulisxmeba, rom esaa
bu­nebrivisa da racionaluris Segnebuli damaxinjeba, yal­
bi akrobatika, maSin, rodesac istoriulad isini warmoadge­
nen pluralisturi epistemologiis da zebunebrivis onto­
logiis ritorikul da poetur gamoxatulebas.
karg magaliTad gamodgeba kataqreza. 1599 wels, jon
hos­kinsma daamkvidra es termini inglisur enaSi da ganmar­
ta, rogorc `daknineba, borotad gamoyeneba~, Tan sinanuli
gamoTqva, rom aseTi ram `amJamad sul ufro da ufro vrcel­
deba~. man ganixila kataqreza, rogorc daZabuli gamoTqma,
288
saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
`ufro uimedo, vidre metafora~ da gaixsena `xma saamo
misi yurisTvis~ sidnis `arkadiiidan~, rogorc magaliTi
vizualuri terminisa, romelic SecdomiT `miuyenes da
miusadages~ smenas. 1728 wels, Tavis `CaZirvis xelovne­
baSi~, poupma kataqrezis magaliTad moitana ori gamoTqma:
`wveri gaTiba~ da `balaxi gaparsa~. 1776 wels, jorj kempbe­
lis mier daweril `ritorikis filosofiaSi~, ka­ta­qrezul
wyvilebad aris moxseniebuli `lamazi xma~ da `tk­bili su­
raTi~; Tumca, is agreTve aRiarebs, rom `tkbi­­li, rac Tavi­
dan gemos SegrZnebas ukavSirdeboda, axla SeiZ­­le­ba axasi­
aTebdes surnels, melodias da peizaJs~. empbels sjera,
rom WeSmariti metafora `SegrZnebaTa saxeebs~ iyenebs
`wminda inteleqtis saxeebis~ dasaxasiaTeblad. amitom is
kicxavs analogiebs TviT SegrZnebaTa saxeebs Soris. meore
mxriv, baroko-romantikuli orientaciis erTma kaTo­
like ritorma bolo xanebSi gansazRvra ka­taqreza rogorc
metafora, romlis safuZvelia ori ma­te­rialuri movlenis
msgav­seba. is dabejiTebiT moiTxovs tropis upiratesobebis
Seswavlas da am moTxovnas asabu­Te­bs viqtor hiugos Semoq­
medebidan moyvanili magaliTe­biT : `les perles de la rosee~-sa da
`il neige des feuilles~-Si.33
meore tipis metaforas, romelsac barokos mg­
rZnobeloba misaRebad miiCnevs, xolo neoklasikuri –
uge­movnod, SeiZleba vuwodoT Semamcirebeli, anda ga­ma­
Sinaurebeli metafora. barokos poezias yvelaze metad
sCvevia garkveuli `sferoebis~ _ bunebis samyarosa da
adamianis samyaros (Tavisi xeloba-ostatobiT da codnaxe­lovnebiT) aRreva. magram klasicistebi – raki kargad
moexsenebaT, rom xelovneba warmoadgens bunebis imita­
cias _ Tvlian, rom bunebis asimilireba xelovnebasTan
pa­Tologiuria da avadmyofuri. ase magaliTad, 1776 wels
Tomas gibonsi ilaSqrebda erTgvari afeqtirebuli da `fan­
tastikuri~ tropebis winaaRmdeg: `ai samyaros ram­denime
aRwera _ tvifruli mTebi, Txelwyala zRvebis mi­nanqari,
ukidegano okeanis maqmani da nakveTi kldeTa CuqurTmebi~.34
rasakvirvelia, neoklasikur poeziaSic gvxvdeba
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zogierTi metafora, romlebic mimarTulia bunebidan
xelovnebisken, magram isini dayvanilia damatebiTi da­
zustebis funqciamde. magaliTebs vnaxavT poupis `pastora­
lebSi~ da `uinZoris tyeSi~: `morcxvad Sevar­disferebuli
lioni aferadebs wylis sarkes~; `miwis minanqars wiTlad
daeca floras almuri~. magram zogadi tendencia mudam na­
Teli iyo; amitom draidens ufleba hqonda, eRiarebina 1681
wels, rom balRobisas misi fiqrebi bavSvuri iyo: `maxsovs,
TviT Seudarebel spensersac ki miviCnevdi uxeiro poet­
ad, romlis leqsebze metad silvesteris mier Targmnili
diu bartasis qmnilebebi mom­wonda. eqstazSi movyavdi aseT
striqonebs:
Now when the winter~s keen breath began
To chrystallize the Baltic ocean,
To glaze the lakes, to bridle up the Floods,
And periwig with snow the baldpate woods.35
axalgazrda miltonma, diu bartasis kidev erTma
mkiTxvelma, Tavisi `dabadebis oda~ aseTive gaSlili meta­
foriT daasrula. elioti kvlav ubrundeba am tradicias
Tavisi `prufrokis~ cnobil SesavalSi:
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table...
barokos poezia, pirvel rigSi, xasiaTdeba klasiciz­
mis kanonTa ugulebelyofis tendenciiT _ xelovnebis
Sinaarsobrivi gamdidrebis mizniT isini cdilobdnen aR­
moeCinaT simdidre da mravalxmianoba iq, sadac klasicizmi
icavda puristul erTmniSvnelovnebasa da erTxmianobas.
ufro specifikuri motivebia: midrekileba gamaognebe­
li efeqtebisadmi; qristianuli inkarnacionizmi; ucxos,
Soreulis pedagogiuri gaTaviseba maxlobeli, `yofiTi~
analogiebis gziT.
amgvarad, Cven ganvixileT figuraciis buneba da sa­
gangebo yuradReba davuTmeT metaforasa da metonimias.
290
saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
vivaaudeT, rom aseT metyvelebis figurebs SeiZleba hqon­
deT garkveuli droiTi da stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi.
axla ki gadavalT metaforuli saxierebis kvlevaze, rasac
ufro meti ram akavSirebs literaturul kritikasTan, vi­
dre literaturis istoriasTan.
sagangebod unda gamovyoT metaforuli saxierebis
ori ZiriTadi gamokvleva: erTia – amerikuli, xolo meore
– germanuli.
1924 wels henri uelsma gamosca Sroma `poeturi saxi­
ereba~, romelSic scada Camoeyalibebina am movlenis tipo­
logia, xolo Sesabamisi tipebis ilustrirebisTvis ga­
moiyena, ZiriTadad, elisabedis xanis mwerloba. marTalia,
am wignSi igrZnoba sakiTxis Rrma wvdoma da SemoTavazebu­lia
saintereso ganzogadebebi, magram, sistemuri konstruq­ci­
is TvalsazrisiT, is naklebad warmatebulia. uelsis azriT,
misi sqema aqronistulia da amitom miesadageba ara mxolod
elisabedis xanas, aramed _ literaturis ganviTarebis yve­
la periods. uelss agreTve miaCnia, rom es naSromi aRweri­
Tia, da ara Semfasebluri. misi kvleva-Ziebis safuZvlad
iTvle­ba metyvelebis figuraTa jgufebis klasifikacia,
`rogorc isini warmogvidgebian aRmaval skalaze – dawye­
buli yvela­ze dabali, anu TiTqmis `sityvasityviTi~ tipiT,
dasrule­bu­li yvelaze ufro warmosaxviTi, anu impresio­
nistuli tipiT~. magram saqme isaa, rom es skala, romelic
TiTqosda ganasaxierebs `warmosaxviTi aqtiurobis xasiaTsa
da xa­risxs~, sinamdvileSi ver asaxavs maTTan raime pirdapir
kavSirs an maT Sefasebas. uelsma daasaxela saxierebis Svidi
tipi, romlebic TviTonve ase ganalaga: dekoratiuli, siR­
rmiseuli, damTrgunveli (an maRalfardovani), Ffesvuri,
SemWidroebuli, ganvrcobiTi da cxovelmyofeli. Tavad
uelss miaCnia, rom es tipebi SeiZleba kidev ufro meti
warmatebiT gadalagdes an gadaewyos im istoriuli da Se­
fasebiTi miTiTebebis safuZvelze, romelTac igi TviTonve
gvTavazobs.
esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze tlanqi forme­
bia damTrgunveli da dekoratiuli, anu `masaTa metafora~
291
literaturis Teoria
da ostatobis metafora. dekoraciuli saxe, romelic ase
Warbadaa warmodgenili sidnis `arkadia~-Si, ganixileba ro­
gorc `elisabedis xanisaTvis tipuri~. kidisa da sxva elisa­
bedis xanis adrindeli avtorebis masaliT war­modgenili
damTrgunveli saxiereba axasiaTebs kulturis adreul pe­
riods, magram vinaidan mosaxleobis umetesoba rCeba sub­
literaturul doneze, amitom is miemarTeba `nebismier
periods~. sociologiis TvalsazrisiT, `maRal­fardovani
qmnis metaforis did da sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan
kategorias~. am orive tipis Sefaseba aaSka­ra­vebs, rom maT
`aklia saWiro subieqturi elementi~ da isini ufro xSirad,
vidre es gamarTlebulia, akavSireben erT fizikur saxes
meoresTan (rogorc es xdeba kataqrezaSi), imis nacvlad,
rom `bunebis gare samyaro daukavSiron ada­mianis Sinagan
sam­yaros~. da kvlav, rogorc dekoraciul, ise damTrgunvel
metaforebSi, urTierTkavSiris pirobebi da­SoriSorebuli,
calke fiqsirebuli rCeba, es gamoric­xavs maT `eqspansias
erTurTis mimarT~. rac Seexeba metaforis umaRles for­
mas, uelss miaCnia, rom yoveli elementi moqmedebs meoreze,
cvlis mas ise, rom am urTierTobiT iqm­neba mesame wevri da
axali gaazreba.
avyveT skalas, sadac Semdegia cxovelmyofeli da Sem­
Widroebuli saxeebi: pirveli warmoadgens dam­Trgunvelis
srulyofil versias, xolo meore – de­koraciulis srul­
yofil versias. Cven gamovtoveT de­monstraciis aSkara
formebi, es exeba energias da ostatobas. rac Seexeba
cxovelmyofelis saxierebas, is­toriulad Cven vxvdebiT
marlosTan, romelic pirvelia elisabedis xanis avtorTa
Soris, agreTve _ bernssa da smarts, preromantikosebs;
uelsis TqmiT, `es saxe gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTeba adrin­
deli xanis poeziis udides nawilSi~. aq erTmaneTTan Se­
jerebulia `or farTo da, warmosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, Ri­
rebuli cneba~, myardeba uSualo kontaqti gluv zedapirebs
Soris. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es kategoria moicavs Tavisu­
fal Sedarebebs da urTierTobebs, romlebic efuZneba Ri­
rebulebis martiv kategoriebs. bernsi wers:
292
saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
vards wiTel-wiTels hgavs Cemi satrfo. . .
trfoba Cemi hangad Camesmis
tkbil melodiad.
saerTo, rac akavSirebs mSvenier qals, cocxal wiTel
vards da tkbilad aJRerebul melodias – es aris maTi si­
lamaze da sasurveloba; isini yvelanairad sworupovarni
arian. qali vards Tavisi vardisferi RawvebiT, an melodias
Tavisi tkbili xmiT rodi hgavs (aseTi analogia dekoraciul
saxes Seqmnida); qalis msgavseba vardTan fe­riT, faqturiT an
struqturiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed faseulobiT.36
uelsiseuli SemWidroebuli saxe aris Zalze advilad
wamosadgeni saxe iseTi tipisa, romelic asocirdeba Sua
saukuneebis moxatul manuskriptebTan da sakarnavalo ms­
vlelobebTan. poeziaSi esaa dantes saxiereba, inglisur
poeziaSi ki _ spenserisa. saxe aq ara mxolod mkveTri da na­
Telia (SesaZlebelia, es amis Sedegic ki iyos) – is agreT­ve
Semcirebul masStabSi da sqematurad warmogvidgens mov­
lenas mTlianad: esaa dantes da ara miltonis jojoxeTi.
`aseTi metaforebi sxvebze ufro xSiradaa moxseniebuli
rogorc emblema an simbolo~. SemWidroebul saxeebad unda
CavTvaloT agreTve samaskarado figurebi damaxasiaTebeli
bewviani mosasaxamiT da islis `TavsaburaviT~ kamoensis
`lusidasSi”, iseve rogorc wminda petre Tavisi mitriT da
ori gasaRebiT. isini ganasaxiereben `gildiis~ saxes: mil­
tonis dros orives _ `pastoralsac~ da `elegiasac~ Tan
sdevda motivebisa da saxeebis mTeli nusxa. SeiZleba ar­
sebobdes mTeli wyeba saxeebisa, iseve rogorc `poeturi
kanonis~ CamonaTvali da maragi. am momentis tradiciulma
da institucionalurma Tvisebebma, maT siaxlovem saxviT
xelovnebasTan, aiZula uelsi, romelic azrovnebda kul­
turis istoriis kategoriebiT, rom SemWidroebuli saxe
`miekuTvnebina~ konservatiuli religiisTvis, Sua­sau­ku­
novani, kaTolikuri, sakulto kategoriisaTvis.
Ffesvuri, siRrmiseuli da ganvrcobiTi warmoadgens
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literaturis Teoria
sam umaRles kategorias (SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es Ca­mo­
naTvali aRmavali rigiT aris warmodgenili). mokled rom
davaxasiaToT, siRrmiseuli ekuTvnis klasikuri poeziis sa­
xes, Ffesvuri – metafizikos poetebs, ZiriTadad, dons, xo­lo
ganvrcobiTi, umeteswilad, miesadageba Seqspirs, iseve, ro­
gorc bekons, brauns da berks. am sami saxelis saerTo msa­z­
Rvrels, maTi saerTo maRali donis niSnebs warmoad­gens, jer
erTi, maTi specifikuri literaturuli xasiaTi (suraTo­
vani aRqmis ugulebelyofa), maTi mimarTuloba Sinaganisken
(metaforul azrovnebis unari), da, bolos, cne­baTa urTi­
erTSeRwevadoba (nayofieri `Sewyvileba~).
`siRrmiseuli~ saxe, rac unda agverios gaxunebulTan
an banalurTan, `mudam xilvadobis doneze dablaa~. is im­g­
varad migvaniSnebs grZnobad-konkretulze, rom ar ax­dens
mis mkveTr proecirebas da warmoCenas. am saxisTvis damaxa­
siaTebeli obertonebis nakleboba esadageba ise­Ti tipis
mwer­lobas, sadac win aris wamoweuli gansja: elisabedis
xanis warmomadgenlad gamodgeba semiuel de­nieli, romlis
leqsebic moswondaT uordsvorts da Toros:
Tuki ver SeZlebs Tavis Tavs zemoT wamoimarTos,
fuWi yofila kacis saxeli!
xolo Seqspiri amis ostatad gvevlineba. `mefe lirSi”
edgari ambobs:
Men must endure
Their going hence, even as their coming hither;
Ripeness is all.
‘‘Ripeness’’ (`simwife~) aris `siRrmiseuli~ saxe, romelic,
albaT, baRebiT da velebiT aris nakarnaxevi. analogia gatare­
bulia vegetaciis bunebriv ciklebsa da adamianis sicocxlis
ciklebs Soris. klasicistebis Taobas SeeZlo, Seqspiris zogi­
erTi siRrmiseuli saxe CaeTvala`narev~ saxed:
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O O, how can summer’s honey breath hold out
Against the wreckful siege of battering days.
es winadadeba moiTxovs daxvewil analitikur ganmar­
tebas, radgan is gajerebulia saxeebiT: `dReebi~ dro­is
metonimiuri figuraa, rac Semdeg metaforizebulia, ro­
gorc alyaSemortymuli qalaqi, romlis garSemo aRu­mar­TavT
galavnis sangrevi danadgarebi. ras upirispirebs es `viTom
qalaqi~ an misi mmarTveli amgvar Setevebs? es xom sinorCea,
romelic metaforizebulia zafxulad, an ufro zus­tad rom
vTqvaT, zafxulis tkbil surnelad: zafxulis yvavilTa sur­
neli dedamiwisTvis da surnelovani sunTqva adamianisTvis
warmoadgens mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebas. Tu vinme ecde­
ba, SeaerTos damangreveli alya da surnelovani sunTqva,
aucileblad CixSi aRmoCndeba. moZraoba figura­­Si Zalze
swrafia da aqedan gamomdinare _ elifsuri.37
fesvuri saxis saxelwodeba, albaT, ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom mas saqme aqvs movlenaTa saTaveebTan, uxilav lo­
gikur safuZvelTan. misi moqmedeba SeiZleba SevadaroT
ufro movlenaTa faruli pirvelmizezis moqmedebas, vidre
Ria sibrtyeebis Sejerebas. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom fes­
vuri saxis meore wevri `arapoeturia~; es aixsneba an imiT,
rom es cneba zedmetad Cveulia da yofiTi, anda imiT, rom is
zedmetad teqnikuria, mecnieruli da `aTvisebuli”. maSasa­
dame, fesvuri saxis metaforuloba emyareba imas, rasac ara
aqvs aSkara emociuri asociaciebi, da rac miekuTvneba pro­
zaul diskurss _ an abstraqtuls, an praqtikuls. Tavis
religiur poeziaSi doni mravlad iyenebs figurebs `aale­
buli geometriidan~. da kvlav, Tavis `pirvel wlisTavSi~
is iyenebs fsevdosamedicino figuras misi pir­dapiri mniS­
vnelobiT, ris Sedegadac metafor sruliad moulodneli,
sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT aRiWurveba:
but as some serpents’ poison hurteth not
Except it be from the live serpent shot,
So doth her virtue need her here , to fit
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That unto us; she working ore than it.
rogorc Cans, esaa fesvuri saxis damaxasiaTebeli tipi:
amaze ufro martiv, naklebad perversiul magaliTad ga­
modgeba kompasis saxe jon donis leqsSi `sevdis amkrZala­
vi ganSoreba~. meore mxriv, uelsis Rrmaazrovani SeniSvnis
mixedviT, fesvuri saxeebis wyarod SeiZleba gaxdes iseTi
_ romantikuli saxeebiT mdidari _ sferoc, rogoricaa
mTebi, mdinareebi da zRvebi, _ ra Tqma unda, `analitikuri
midgomis~ pirobiT.38
dabolos, arsebobs kidev ganvrcobiTi saxe, romelic,
saxelwodebaSi asaxuli kontrastis Sesabamisad, uka­v­Sir­
deba SemWidroebuls. Tu SemWidroebulis warmoSoba gana­
piroba Sua saukuneebma, kultma, ganvrcobiTi ga­nekuTvneba
winaswarmetyvelur da mowinave azrovnebas. is gulisxmobs
`Zlier vnebas da originalur medita­cias~, romlis umaR­
lesi gamoxatulebaa berklis, bekonis, braunis da, ra Tqma
unda, Seqspiris mravalganzomilebiani filosofiuri da
religiuri metaforizmi. gansazRvris Sesabamisad ganvr­
cobiTi saxe gzas uxsnis warmosaxvas, da misi yoveli elemen­
ti mkveTrad zemoqmedebs meoreze; Tanamedrove poetikis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, `urTierTzemoqmedeba~ da `urTierT­
gamsWvalva~ war­moadgens poeturi moqmedebis centralur
formebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro Warbad gvxdeba ganvrco­
biT me­taforaSi. ai magaliTebi `romeo da julietadan~
Yet, wert thou as far
As that vast shore washt with the farthest sea,
I should adventure for such merchandise.
da, agreTve, `makbetidan~:
Light thickens, and the crow
Makes wing to the rooky wood:
Good things of day begin to droop and drowse.
am ukanasknel striqonebSi, Seqspiri gvaZlevs `dana­
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Saulis metaforul fons, viTarebas~, romelic ga­daiqceva
ganvrcobiT metaforad, sadac paralelia gav­lebuli Rames,
demonur borotebas da, meore mxriv, na­Tel­sa da sikeTes
Soris; magram es mowodebulia ara aSka­ra an alegoriuli
formiT, aramed STambeWdavi detalurobiT da grZnobieri
konkretulobiT: `naTeli mZimdeba~, sagnebi `moeSvnen, Tv­
lemen~. qvemdebare da Semasmeneli ur­TierTmoqmedeben:
viwyebT ra zmniT, vkiTxulobT, ra sagnebia, romlebic
moeSvnen da Tvlemen – frinvelebi, cxovelebi, adamianebi,
yvavilebi? sagnis ganyenebuli da­saxeleba gvafiqrebinebs,
rom zmnebi aris metaforuli aR­niSvna iseTi mdgomareo­
bebisa, rogorebicaa `sifxizlis da­kargva~ da `SiSi boroti
Zalis winaSe~.39
kvintilianes msgavsi ritorebi yuradRebas amaxvile­
ben sxvaobaze imgvar metaforebs Soris, romelTagan erTi
warmoaCens usulos rogorc suliers, xolo meore _ su­
liers rogorc usulos. magram orive SemTxvevaSi, sxvaoba
am metaforebs Soris miewereboda sxvaobas ritorikul xer­
xebs Soris. am ori polaruli movlenis mkveTri gamijv­na gan­
axorciela Cvenma meore mkvlevarma tipologiis sferoSi _
pongsma: erTi mxriv, es aris miTuri warmosaxva, ro­me­lic ax­
dens pirovnebis proecirebas saganTa samyaro­ze, _ am dros
xorcieldeba bunebis gasuliereba, animizacia, da, meore
mxriv – warmosaxvis sapirispiro tipi, romelic garedan Sig­
niTaa mimarTuli da pirovnuli sawyisis deanimizacias, obi­
eqtivirebas axdens. es ori elementi _ su­bieqturi da obi­
eqturi polusebi _ amowuraven xatovani eqspresiis yvela
SesaZlebel saSualebas.40
am pirvel formas reskinma uwoda `bunebis ga­su­
liereba~. Tu mas ise gaviazrebT, TiTqos SeiZleba Sevu­
sabamoT maRla – RmerTs, dabla – xes, anda qvas, maSin aseT
warmosaxvas unda davarqvaT anTropomorfuli.41 mistikuri
simbolizmis Semswavleli mecnieri SeamCnevs, rom arsebobs
sami saerTo tipis miwieri kavSiri, romelic gamodgeba umaR­
lesi mistikuri gamocdilebis simboluri gamoxatvisTvis:
1. kavSiri usulo sagnebs Soris (fizikuri narevebi da qi­
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miuri SenaerTebi); suli, rogorc RvTiuri cecxlis naper­
wkali, rogorc xe, cvili da rkina; RmerTi, rogorc wyali
sulis niadagisTvis, an rogorc okeane, romelSic Caedineba
sulis mdinare); 2. im saSualebaTa Sesabamisad warmodgenili
kavSirebi, romlebiTac sxeuli iTvisebs Tavis sicocxlis
arsebiT elementebs: saRvTo werilSi RmerTi warmoCenilia
iseTi konkretuli sagnebis saSualebiT, romlebic aucile­
belia sicocxlisTvis. es aris Suqi da haeri, yoveli WuWru­
tanidan rom Semodis, da wyali, romelsac yoveldRe raRac
formiT viRebT~.42
ase rom, RmerTi mTeli msoflios mistikosebisaTvis
warmoadgens sulis sakvebs da sasmels, mis purs, Tevzs,
wyals, rZes da Rvinos; 3. adamianTa urTierTkavSiri – mamaSvilisa iqneba is, Tu col-qmrisa.
Tavad pongi amaTgan pirvel ors miakuTvnebs meta­
fo­ruli intuiciis meore umaRles tips, anu Einfühlung-s,
rac Tavis mxriv, dayofilia `mistikur~ da `magiur~ saxe­
obebad. mistikuri metaforis sailustraciod mistikosebi
ufro gamogvadga, vidre poetebi. araorganuli elemen­
tebi simbolurad ganixileba ara rogorc ubralo cnebebi
an abstraqtuli analogiebi, aramed rogorc movlenisa da
gamovlenis ganuyofeli kavSiri.
rac Seexeba magiur metaforas, is, xelovnebis is­
torikosis, uoringeris meTodologiis Tanaxmad aris bu­
nebis samyarosgan abstrahirebis Sedegi. uoringers Ses­
wavlili aqvs egviptis, bizantiis da sparseTis xelovneba,
romelic `organul bunebas, adamianis CaTvliT, xazob­rivgeometruli formiT gamosaxavs, da xSirad saerTod ugule­
belyofs organul sicocxles im samyarosTvis, romelic
wminda xazebis, wminda formebis da ferebis samflobeloa..
ornamenti axla gamoiyofa.. rogorc raRac, rac cxovrebis
nakads ki ar mihyveba, aramed medgrad upi­rispirdeba mas..
pirferobis nacvlad, amjerad is magias mi­marTavs... orna­
menti... aris is, rac amoglijes droidan; is ganvrcobiTobis
wminda formaa, myari da ucvleli.~43
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primitiul kulturebSi anTropologebi xedaven ro­
gorc animizms, ise magias. pirvelis mizania kavSiris dam­
yareba personalizebul sulebTan _ mkvdrebTan da Rmer­
TebTan, maTi daSoSmineba, maTi keTilganwyobis mo­poveba.
rac Seexeba meores _ magias, romelic win uswrebs mecniere­
bas, is swavlobs faruli Zalebis moqmedebis kanonzomiere­
bebs. misi atributebia _ Selocvebi, amu­letebi, joxebi da
kverTxebi, xatebi, wminda nawilebi. arsebobs TeTri magia,
romelsac misdevden qristiani kabalistebi, magaliTad,
kornelius agripa da paracelsusi. arsebobs agreTve boro­
ti, avi adamianebis Savi magia. magram am orive magiis umniS­
vnelovanesi elementia faruli Zalebis rwmena. magias xe­
lovnebasTan anaTesavebs xatovaneba. dasavluri tradicia
mxatvarsa da moqandakes akavSirebs xelosnis ostatobas­
Tan, hefestosTan da dedalosTan, pigmalionTan, romelsac
ZaluZs, sicocxle STaberos saxes. folkloris esTetikaSi
saxeTa Semqmneli jadoqaria an grZneuli, maSin, rodesac
poeti aris Sep­yrobili, STagonebuli, Slegi Semoqmedi.44 da
rogorc pir­velyofili poeti mimarTavda Cxibvas da Selo­
cvas, aseve Tanamedrove poeti, ieitsis msgavsad, magiurad
iyenebs sa­xeebs _ `zust~ saxeebs _ saxeobriobis magiursimboluri sistemis Sesaqmnelad.45 misticizmi sawinaaRm­
dego xazs mis­devs: aq saxe warmoadgens simbolos, romelsac
warmoSobs garkveuli sulieri mdgomareoba; esaa ara kauza­
luri, aramed eqspresiuli saxe, da mocemuli mdgomareobi­
saTvis is erTaderTi SesaZlebeli rodia: igive sulieri md­
gomareoba SeiZleba gamoixatos sxva simboloebiT.46
orive – rogorc mistikuri metafora, ise magia _ emya­
re­­­ba deanimizacias; isini upirispirdebian adamianis sur­­­­vi­
ls, moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis proecireba garesamyaroze;
isi­ni `iZaxeben~ im `sxvas~ – impersonaluri sagnebis samyaros,
mo­numentur xelovnebas da fizikur kanonebs. bleikis `vefx­
vi~ mistikuri metaforaa; vefxvi aris RmerTi, an RmerTis
erT-erTi gamovlineba (adamianze naklebi, magram, amave dros,
adamianze metic); Tavis mxriv, vefxvic (xolo am vefxvis sa­
SualebiT misi Semoqmedic) daxasiaTebulia liTonis dno­bis
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terminebiT. vefxvi ar aris cocxali nadiri zooparkidan,
is vefxvi, romelic bleikma dainaxa londonis tauerSi. ara,
esaa gonebaWvretiTi arseba, da imdenadve simboloa, ramde­
nadac cxovelTa samyaros warmomadgeneli.
magiur metaforas aklia es gamWvirvaloba. is waagavs
meduzas niRabs, romelic qvad aqcevs cocxal arsebebs. ni­
muSad magiuri metaforizmisa, romelsac surs, qvad aqci­os
yvelaferi cocxali, pongsi miiCnevs stefan georges: `for­
maTwarmomqmneli spiritualizaciisken mid­rekilebis kar­
na­xiT, stefan Ggeorge iTvaliswinebs ara adamianis bunebriv
midrekilebas, sakuTari Tavis proecireba moaxdinos ga­
resamyaroze, aramed biologiuri sicocxlis ganadgurebis
survils, Segnebul `gaucxoebas~ (`alienacias~), rogorc
Sida, magiuri samyaros agebis safuZvels.47
inglisur poeziaSi dikinsoni da ieitsi sxva­da­s­xva­
nairad aRweven aseT deanimizaciur, antimistikur me­ta­
foras: rodesac emili dikinsons surs, sikvdilis Seg­rZne­
basTan erTad, gadmosces gacocxlebis, aRorZinebis gan­
c­­dac, is xSirad iSveliebs kvdomis, gaxevebis da gaqvavebis
SegrZnebas. `es ar yofila sikvdili~, magram
As if my life were shaven
And fitted to a frame,
And could not breath without a key...
How many times these low feet staggered,
Only the soldered mouth can tell;
Try! can you stir the awful rivet?
Try! can you lift the haps of steel?48
poeziis magiad warmoCenis ideals ieitsi yvelaze
ufro miuaxlovda Tavis `bizantiumSi~ (1930). 1927 wels,
poemaSi `zRviT bizantiumisken~, man ukve Camoayaliba bi­
ologiuri sicocxlis samyaroSi arsebuli winaaRmdego­ba:
`erTurTis mklavze misvenebuli yrmebi.. zRva, gav­sebuli
skumbriis gundiT~, da bizantiuri xelovnebis samyaro, sa­
dac yvelaferi dafiqsirebulia _ gaxevebuli da arabuneb­
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
rivi, `oqros mozaikis~ da `oqros minanqris~ samyaro.
bio­logiuri aspeqtiT, adamiani `mokvdavi cxo­velia~, da
imedi gadarCenisa imas efuZneba, rom `elis eziaros naxe­
lavs maradiulobisas~ ara kvlav im gziT, rom isev `ar­
gunon sxeulis forma sxva ram bunebriv sagniT naboZebi~,
aramed imiT, rom gadaiqces xelovnebis nimu­Sad, oqros
buCqze Semomjdar oqros Citad. erTi mxriv, `bizantiumi~
warmogvidgeba rogorc ieitsis `sistemis~ sa­guldagulod
dawerili ilustracia, Teologiuri poema, magram amave
dros, Tu sxva kuTxiT, specifikuri li­teraturuli Tval­
sazrisiT ganvsjiT, is warmogvidgeba rogorc urTierT­
mopasuxe xelovnuri saxeebisagan Sed­genili struqtura,
xolo mTlianobaSi iqmneba raRac, rac waagavs daniSnuli
liturgiis rituals.49
pongsis im kategoriebs, romlebic Cven sakmaod Tavi­
suflad vaxseneT, axasiaTebs erTgvari Tavisebureba, rom
poeturi stili daukavSiron cxovrebis Sefasebas da xed­
vas.50 miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli periodisaTvis damaxa­
siaTebeli stili isea danaxuli, rogorc sakuTari gansxvave­
buli xedva-versiebis matarebeli, arsebiTad, isi­ni drois
miRmaa gaazrebuli da warmoCenilia, rogorc cxovrebis xe­
dvis da pasuxis gacemis alternatiuli gzebi. amave dros, es
samive kategoria ganekuTvneba im generalur xazs, romelsac
xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc Tanamedrove azrovnebas, e.i.
racionalizms, naturalizms, pozitivizms da mecnierebas.
metaforaTa aseTi klasifikacia imas gvikarnaxebs, rom poe­
zia mecnierebamdeli azrovnebis sti­lis erTguli rCeba.
poeti inarCunebs bavSvis da primitiu­li adamianis, bavSvis
arqetipis animistur xedvas.51
ukanasknel wlebSi bevri kvleva Catarda calkeuli
poetebis Semoqmedebis da garkveuli poemebisa Tu piese­bis
simboluri saxierebis kuTxiT da TvalsazrisiT. aseT `praq­
tikul kritikaSi~ mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kri­tikosis
varauds. ras eZebs is? vis, an ras aanalizebs – TviT poets
Tu mxolod poemas?
is sferoebi, saidanac aRebulia saxeebi (maknisis sityve­
biT, es `ufro exeba nawarmoebis Sinaarsis Seswavlas~)52 unda
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ganvasxvavoT im kvlevisagan, romelic Seiswavlis, `Tu ra gze­
biTa da formiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes es saxeebi~ da ra
xasiaTis urTierToba Camoyalibda `Sinaarssa~ da `formas~
(metaforas) Soris. im monografiaTa umetesoba, romlebic eZ­
Rvneba ama Tu im poets (mag., rugofis naSromi `saxiereba jon
donTan~), miekuTvneba pirvel kategorias. aseT monografieb­
Si moxazuli da awon-dawonilia poetis interesebi. amisaTvis
Tavmoyrili da klasificirebulia metaforebi, romlebic
moicaven bunebas, xelovnebas, in­dustrias, sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebs, humanitarul dargebs, qalaqs da sofels. magram,
amave dros, SesaZlebelia im Temebis Tu sagnebis klasifika­
cia, romlebic ubiZgeben poets metaforisken, mag., qalebi,
religia, sikvdili, TviTmfrinavebi. amasTan erTad, klasifi­
kaciaze ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs farTo masSta­bis ekviva­
lentebis da fsiqikuri korelatebis aRmoCenas. ori sfero _
poezia da cxovreba _ gamudmebiT urTierTmoqme­debs, amitom
SesaZlebelia warmovaCinoT poetis fsiqikaSi maTi WeSmariti
urTierTSeRweviTobis xarisxi: ase, magaliTad, donis `sim­
Rerebsa da sonetebSi~ miwieri siyvarulis gancda gadmocemu­
lia imgvari metaforikiT, romelic gamoiyeneba ka­Tolikur
literaturaSi wminda siyvarulis daxasiaTebisas. xorcieli
siyvarulis mimarT poeti iyenebs eqstazis, kanonizaciis, mar­
tvilobisa da wminda nawilebis cnebebs, maSin, rodesac zogi­
erT `wminda sonetSi~ is RmerTs mimarTavs erotikuli vnebis
gamomxatveli metaforuli gamoTqmebiT:
Yet dearly I love you, and would be be loved fain
But am betrothed unto your enemy.
Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again,
Take me to you, imprison me, for I
Except you enthrall me, never shall be free,
Nor even chaste, except you ravish me.
xorcieli siyvarulisa da religiis sferoTa urTi­
erTSenacvleba mowmobs, rom siyvaruli igive religiaa,
xolo religia _ siyvaruli.
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garkveuli tipis gamokvlevebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia
TviTgamoxatvaze, rodesac poetis sulieri mdgomareo­ba
warmoCenilia misi saxierebis analizis meSveobiT. am Tval­
sazrisis Tanaxmad, poetis saxeebi SeiZleba mivam­sgavsoT
zmanebiseul saxeebs, romlebic araa kont­rolirebuli
sircxvilis an zneobriobis gancdebiT; es sa­xeebi araa gac­
nobierebuli, magram, rogorc iTvleba, maT­Si vlindeba av­
toris WeSmariti ganwyobilebebi. Tumca, mainc sakiTxavia,
yovelTvis esoden arakritikulia Tu ara poeti Tavis saxe­
Ta mimarT.53
meore, ukve aSkarad mcdari varaudi is aris, rom poe­
tma, cxovrebaSi ganicada yvelaferi is, rac asaxa Tavis qmni­
lebebSi (amis safuZvelze gledis i. ueidma ganaxorciela
trahernis cxovrebis adrindeli etapis rekonstruqcia).54
doqtor jonsons miekuTvneba moTxroba tomsonis erTerTi Tayvanismcemeli qalis Sesaxeb, romelsac egona, rom
tomsonis nawarmoebTa safuZvelze SeZlebda emsjela mis
gemovnebaze: `nawerebis mixedviT qalma daadgina misi xa­
siaTis sami Tviseba, kerZod, is, rom igi didebuli mijnuri,
didebuli mocurave da Zalze TavSekavebuli adamiani iyo,
magram, (misi axloblis) sevijis sityvebiT, siyvaruli mas
mxolod seqsi egona, curviTac, iqneb, saerTod ar ugemia
civ wyalSi curva, da, bolos, aranair fufunebaze ar ityo­
da uars, Tu amis SesaZlebloba miecemoda~.
gledis i. ueids metad mcdari warmodgena aqvs poetis
pirad Cvevebsa da Tvisebebze. albaT, metaforul saxeTa
ararsebobac ar niSnavs, rom poets ar hqonda Sesabamisi in­
teresebi. magaliTad, uoltoniseul wignSi jon donis Se­saxeb
iq moyvanil TerTmet figuras Soris ver vnaxavT Tevzis gamo­
saxulebas, xolo meToTxmete saukunis kompozitor ma­SosTan
ver SevxvdebiT musikidan aRebul saxeebs.55
Tavis mxriv, varauds, rom poetis saxieri samyaro ar­
is misi aracnobieris gamoxatuleba da rom, Sesabamisad,
esaa `xma kacisa~ da ara xelovanis xma – mivyavarT saeWvo
da araTanmimdevrul warmodgenasTan poeziaSi `gul­wr­
felobis~ amocnobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. gavrcele­
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buli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, STambeWdavi saxis Seqmna
moiTxovs garkveul Cvevebs, ostatobas da amitom amgvari
saxe gulwrfeli ver iqneba: uSualo gancdis gadmocemisas
adamiani martivad saubrobs da aranair saxeebs ar iyenebs.
an mimarTavs Zalze gacveTil metaforebs. amave dros, arse­
bobs sawinaaRmdego azric: banalur saxes, romelic axdens
Cveul STabeWdilebas, ar ZaluZs gancdis gulwrfelad gad­
mocema _ is ver aRZravs CvenSi garkveul grZnobas mTeli
Tavisi sirTuliT, aramed _ mxolod mis uxeS anarekls. aseT
SemTxvevaSi Cven erTmaneTSi gvereva, ubralod, adamiani da,
meOore mxriv, literatori _ anu adamiani, romelic Cveu­
lebrivad metyvelebs da, meore mxriv, mwerali, romelsac
mxatvruli metyvelebis unari aqvs. Cveulebrivi pirovnuli
gulaxdiloba da trivialuri saxiereba mSvenivrad esadage­
ba erTmaneTs. rac Seexeba leqsis `gulwrfelobas~, es ter­
mini TiTqmis uazroa. ris gulwrfel gamoxatvazea saubari?
im savaraudo emociur mdgomareobaze, ramac is warmoSva?
Tu im mdgomareobaze, romlis gancdisas daiwera poema? an
iqneb poemis gulwrfeli gamosaxvaa nagulisxmevi, anu is
enobrivi konstruqcia, romelic avtoris gonebaSi yalibde­
ba weris procesSi? eWvi ar aris, rom swored es ukanaskneli
varaudia swori, radgan leqsi, diaxac, gulwrfeli gamoxa­
tulebaa TviT leqsisa.
poetis saxiereba sakuTriv mas, mis `me~-s warmoaCens.
rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT es `misi `me~? mario pracis da
lilian h. hornstainis azriT, sakmaod komikuria Seqs­piris
rogorc `XX saukunis universaluri ingliselis~ interpre­
tacia, romelic qerolain sperjenma Camoayaliba. Sesaba­
misad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom didi poeti nazia­rebi iyo
Cveneul `zogadsakacobrio Tvisebebs~.56 amis gasagebad ar
gvWirdeba Seqspiris qmnilebebis faruli saz­risis Zieba.
magram Tu nawarmoebis saxeobrivi struqturis Seswavlis
daniSnulebaa raRac gansakuTrebulis amocnoba, ma­Sin aseTi
ram SegvaZlebinebs amovikiTxoT mwerlis pira­di `xelwera~
da CavixedoT Seqspiris gulSi.
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
imis nacvlad, rom Seqspiris saxierebaSi aRmovaCinoT
zogadsakacobrio niSnebi, Cven SeiZleba davinaxoT raRac
ieroglifebiT Cawerili erTgvari angariSi, romelic metyve­
lebs avtoris fsiqikur mdgomareobaze im momentSi, rodesac
is qmnida ama Tu im konkretul piesas. ase magaliTad, `troi­
lussa da kresidasTan~, agreTve, `hamletTan~ dakav­SirebiT,
qerolain sperjeni wers: `rom ar gvcodnoda sxva mizezebi,
isedac davrwmundebodiT im ori piesis simbolizmis msgavse­
bidan da xangrZlivobidan gamomdinare, rom isini dawerilia
daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periodSi da am dros avtori ga­
nicdida imdenad mZafr ganxiblvas, zizRs da SeSfoTebas, rom
msgavss verafers naxavT mis sxva piesebSi~.
am pasaJidan gamomdinare, qerolain sperjenis varau­
di imas ki ar exeba, rom dadgindes Seqspiris ganxiblvis
specifikuri mizezi, aramed imas, rom `hamleti~ ganxiblvas
ga­moxatavs da rom es grZnoba sakuTriv Seqspirma ganica­da.57
aseT didebul piesas Seqspiri ver dawerda, gulwrfeli rom
ar yofiliyo; maSasadame, is sakuTar ganwyobas gamo­xatavda.
aseTi doqtrina upirispirdeba im Tvalsazriss Seqspirze,
romelsac e.e. stoli da sxvebi iziareben, ake­Te­ben ra aq­
cents mis xelovnebaze, dramaturgiaze, misi Se­moqmedebiTi
SesaZleblobebis swraf ganvTarebaze – Tanac wina nawarmoe­
bTa warmatebebis gaazrebuli ganviTarebis gziT: mag., `ham­
leti~ mohyva `espanur tragedias~, xolo `zamTris zRapa­
ri~ da `qariSxali~ bomontisa da fletCeris nawarmoebebs
metoqeobas uwevdnen.
miuxedavad amisa, poeturi saxierebis yvela kvleva
rodi warmoadgens mcdelobas, maSin gaxsnas poetis saxe,
rodesac is `mobilizebuli~ ar aris, an kidev daakvirdes
poetis biografias. isini ufro imisken ixrebian, rom foku­
sireba moaxdinon piesis Sinaarsobrivad wamyvan elementze,
anu imaze, rasac elioti uwodebs `siuJetisa da xasiaTis do­
nis qveS arsebul monaxazs~.58 Tavis eseSi `Seqspiris trage­
diebis wamyvani motivebi~, romelic qerolain sperjenma
1930 wels gamoaqveyna, is upiratesad dainteresebulia im
saxis Tu saxeTa jgufis dadgeniT, romelic dominirebs
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literaturis Teoria
konkretul piesaSi da gansazRvravs mis tonalobas. misi
analizis magaliTad unda movixsenioT sneulebaTa _ wylu­
lis da kibos saxeebi `hamletSi~; `troi­lussa da kresidaSi~
– sakvebi da saWmlis momnelebeli aparati, `oteloSi~ –
`erTimeoris mdevni nadirni~. qero­lain sperjeni sakmaod
ecada eCvenebina, rogor zemoqme­de­bs piesis Sinaarsze es
xsenebuli substruqtura; is SeniSnavs, rom avadmyofo­
bis motivi `hamletSi~ imas migvaniSnebs, rom princi udana­
Sauloa, radgan mTlianad dania, saxelmwifo aris sneuli.
sperjenis naSroms is dadebiTi mxare aqvs, rom igi cdilobs
miagnos nawarmoebis Sinaarsis ufro ufro faqiz gamovline­
bebs, vidre ideologiuri ganzogadeba da siuJetis aSkara
struqturaa.
gamokvlevebi, romlebsac nawarmoebis saxeobrivi
struqturis ufro Rrma analizis pretenzia aqvT (maT
ricxvs miekuTvneba uilson naitis naSromebi), upirveles
yovlisa, eyrdnoba midlton meris mSvenier naSroms, rome­
lic man miuZRvna Seqspiris saxierebis sakiTxs (`stilis
problema~, 1922). naitis adreuli gamokvlevebi (mag., `miTi
da saocreba~. 1929, da `cecxlis borbali~, 1930) mxolod Se­
qspirs exeba; magram mogvianebiT man Tavisi meTodi gamoiy­
ena sxva poetebis – miltonis, poupis, baironisa da uords­
vorTis mimarT.59 misi adrindeli naSromi, romelic aSkarad
yvelaze ukeTesia, ifargleba calkeuli piesebis SeswavliT,
amasTan, TiToeuli nawarmoebi ganixileba misi­ve simbol­
uri saxierebis konteqstSi da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eTmoba iseT saxeobriv dapirispirebebs, ro­goricaa, mag­
aliTad, `qariSxali~ da `musika~; gamov­lenilia Zalze fa­
qizi stilisturi sxvaobebi piesebs Soris da TviT piesebis
farglebSi. ufro gviandel wignebSi Sei­niSneba midrekileba
ukiduresobebisadmi. rodesac naiti ganmartavs poupis es­
eebs `kritikis Sesaxeb~ da `adamianis Sesaxeb~, is ugulebe­
lyofs kiTxvas, Tu ras niSnavda, is­toriuli TvalsazrisiT,
im poemebSi gamoTqmuli `ideebi~ po­u­pisTvis da misi Ta­
namedroveebisaTvis. garda imisa, rom naiti ver daikvexnis
istoriuli perspeqtivis SegrZnebiT, is amasTanave zed­
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi
metad iWreba `filosofiuri msjelobis~ sferoSi. magram
`filosofia~, romelsac is poulobs SeqspirTan an sxva
poetebTan, arc originaluria, arc naTeli da arc rTuli;
saboloo angariSiT, is ifargleba im mizniT, rom `Searigos~
erTmaneTTan erosi da agape, wyoba-wesrigi da energia, iZ­
leva kidev sxva msgavs Sepirispirebul wyvilTa magaliTebs.
vinaidan yvela WeSmariti poeti, arsebiTad, erTsa da imaves
qadagebs, mkiTxvels, mas Semdeg, rac is moaxerxebs poetis
`dekodirebas~, uCndeba amao molodinis da gawbilebis Seg­
rZneba. poezia marTlac ganasaxierebs `aRmoCenas~, magram
ra aris is, rasac poezia aRmoaCens?
Aaranakleb Rrmaa da amasTanave gacilebiT mrav­
lismTqmelia volgang klementis naSromi Shakespeares Bilder60,
romelic amarTlebs mis qvesaTaurs. MmasSi Seswavlilia
saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi prin­cipebi da
misi funqciebi. Llirikisa Tu epikis saxismetyvelebis Se­
darebisas, is xazs usvams Seqspiris pie­sebis dramatul bu­
nebas: Tavis adreul namuSevarSi is aRniSnavs rom Seqspiri
rogorc `adamiani~ ki ar mimarTavda `damyayebuli saWmlis~
metaforebs da saxeebs aramed troilusi. piesaSi TiToeuli
saxe, metafora TiToeul adamians gamoxatavs. Kklemenma zus­
tad icis rogor dasvas meTodologiuri SekiTxva. titus
andronikusis analizisas is svams kiTxvas `ra SemTxvevaSi
mimarTavs Seqspiri saxeebs/metaforebs?~ arsebobs Tu ara
kavSiri saxeobrivi struqturasa da garemoebas Soris? Dda ra
funqcia ekisreba metaforebs/saxeebs razedac mas mxo­lod
uaryofiTi pasuxi aqvs. `titusis~ analizSi saxismetyvele­
ba spazmuri da ornamentulia, magram Seqs­piriseuli meta­
forebis ganviTarebas Cven SeiZleba wavawydeT.... (germanu­
li teqsti). is SesaniSnav komentarebs akeTebs Seqspiris Sua
periodze. (uels sankenisa Tanaxmad, saxismetyvelebis ra­
dikaluri da eqspansiuri tipebi). Mmagram konkretuli mwer­
lis momografaSi is warmogvidgens sakuTar tips, mxolod
maSin rodesac Seqpiris `ganviTarebisas~ es konkretuli
tipi warmoCindeba. Mmiuxedavad imisa rom misi monografia
saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebas Seiswvlis, da aseve Seiswav­
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literaturis Teoria
lis Seqs­piris Semoqmedebis periodebs, klemens axsovs rom
is aseve swavlobs poeziis periodikas, da ara maincdaminc
avtoris mier ganvlil hipotezur sicocxles.
rogorc zoma leqsTawyobaSi, aseve saxeobrivi struq­
tura poemaSi, misi erT-erTi komponentia. Cveni sqemis
Tanaxmad es aris sintaqsis, stilistikisa da stratumisa
(donis) Semadgeneli nawili, romelic unda Seiswavlon ara
rogorc calke aRebuli da gamijnuli konkretuli jgufi­
dan, aramed rogorc literatulii nawarmoebisa rogorc
erTiani, mTlianis Semadgeneli komponenti.
308
Tavi meTeqvsmete
naratiuli literaturis buneba da
modusebi
*
literaturis Teoria da romanis kritika poeziis Teo­
ria­sa da kritikas raodenobrivad da xarisxobrivadac bev­
rad CamorCeba. amis mizezad, Cveulebriv, miCneulia is, rom
poezia uZveles xanaSi Caisaxa, xolo romani SedarebiT axal
dros ganekuTvneba. magram amgvari ganmarteba damajere­
be­li araa. romani, rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTi forma
aris is, rasac germanelebi uwodeben Dichtung-s; is eposisa
da dramis, am o­ri didebuli formis erTaderTi Taname­
drove memkvid­rea. savaraudod, es mizezi mdgomareobs far­
Tod gavrcelebul SexedulebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad romans
ukavSireben ufro garTobas, TavSeqcevas, vidre _ serio­
zul xelovnebas, ver asxvaveben erTmaneTisgan saukeTeso
romanebsa da im mdare nacodvilars, romelic bazris viw­
ro miznebs emsaxureba. amerikaSi karga xnis winaT dam­
kvidrebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelsac pedago­ge­bi
qadageben, aramxatvruli prozis kiTxva Wkuis sasawavle­
blad gamodgeba da mosawonia, xolo beletristika _ zia­
nis momtani, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, araseriozuli saqmiano­
baa. romanis mi­marT amgvari damokidebulebis mxardaWera
igrZnoba iseT TvalsaCino kri­tikosebTan, rogorebic arian
loueli da arnoldi.
arsebobs sapirispiro xasiaTis saSiSroebac. romani
SeiZleba mcdarad iqnes gagebuli, rogorc dokumenti an
naRdi istoria, radganac damajereblobis iluziis Seqmnis
mizniT, zogjer romani moCvenebiTad warmogvidgeba, ro­go­
rc aRsareba, namdvili ambavi, gmiris cxovreba da misi dro­is
istoria. literatura yovelTvis unda iyos saintereso; mas
yovelTvis unda hqondes struqtura da esTetikuri mizani;
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literaturis Teoria
unda iyos logikurad Sekruli da STambeWdavi. cxadia, is
aSkarad unda ukavSirdebodes cxovrebas, magram kavSirebic
didad gansxvavebulia: cxovreba SeiZleba iyos gadmocemu­
li amaRlebulad, komikurad, antiTezurad; yovelgvar vi­
TarebaSi arCevani damokidebulia imaze, ra gansakuTrebu­
li cxovrebiseuli movlenis gadmocemaa ganzraxuli. unda
gvqondes araliteraturuli codna, raTa davadginoT, ra
kavSiri aqvs ama Tu im nawarmoebs `cxovrebasTan~.
aristoteles ganmartebiT, poezia (igulisxmeba eposi
da drama) ufro uaxlovdeba filosofias, vidre istorias.
es Sexeduleba, rogorc Cans, dResac samarTliania. ar­sebobs
droiTa da adgiliT SemosazRvruli faqtobrivi sinamdvile
_ es aris istoriuli sinamdvile viwro gagebiT. arsebobs
filosofiuri sinamdvilec _ konceptualuri, Teoriuli,
ganzogadebuli. `istoriisa~ da filosofiis amgvari gagebis
fonze, warmosaxviTi literatura aris `fiqcia~, sicrue.
sity­vaSi `fiqcia~ kvlav SemorCenilia literaturis winaaR­
mdeg mimarTuli platoniseuli Zveli gageba, razec filip
sindi da doqtor jonsoni pasuxobd­nen, rom literatura
arasodes TvalTmaqcobda, TiTqos amgvari gagebiT iyo rea­
listuri1. da mainc, jer kidev aris SemorCenili sicruis
ZvelTaZveli gageba, misi gadmonaSTebi; es, albaT, axlac
gaaRizianebs nebismier gulwrfel ro­manists, romelsac kar­
gad esmis, rom fiqcia gacilebiT uf­ro Cveulia CvenTvis da
ufro azriania, vidre sinamdvile.
marTebulia uilson folitis SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor aRwers defo misis vilsa da misis bargreivs:
`Txro­ba damajerebelia, mTlianad moTxrobas Tu ar CavT­
vliT. zogadad, nawarmoebis sazrissac verafers dauwuneb.
ambavs hyveba mesame qali, misis bargreivis ganuyreli me­
gobari, romelic zustad iseTivea, rogorc danarCeni ori
personaJi...~2
merien muri ambobs, rom poezia niSnavs imis gadmoce­
mas, `rac Sesacnobia. warmosaxviT baRnarebSi iq namdvili
gombeSoebic arseboben.~
beletristuli nawarmoebis realoba, e. i. realo­
310
naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
bis iluzia, mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom igi ecnoba WeSmarit
cxovrebas, rodi niSnavs, rom nawarmoebSi usaTuod gad­
mocemuli unda iyos, pirvel yovelisa, realuri garemo, an
detalebi, anda Cveulebrivi rutina. yvela amgvari standar­
tis mixedviT, houelsisa da gotfrid kelerisnair mwerlebs
upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT `oidipos mefis~, `hamletis~ an
`mobi dikis~ avtorTa winaSe. detalis damajerebloba em­
saxureba iluziis Seqmnas, rasac xSirad iyeneben dauSvebel
da daujerebel situaciaSi mkiTxvelis Sesatyueblad ise,
rogorc `guliveris mogzaurobaSia~, sadac cxovrebiseul
garemoebebTan SedarebiT, ufro Rrmadaa gadmocemuli `re­
alobis WeSmariteba~.
realizmi da naturalizmi dramasa Tu romanSi aris
literaturuli an literaturul-filosofiuri mimdi­
nareoba, konvencia, stili, iseve, rogorc romantizmi da
siurealizmi. gansxvaveba arsebobs ara realobasa da warmo­
saxvas Soris, aramed realobis koncefciebsa da anu iluzi­
is Seqmnis meTodTa Soris.3
ra kavSirSia cxovrebasTan naratiuli literatura?
klasikosebisa da klasicistebis pasuxi iqnebodaa is, rom
mxatv­rul prozaSi gadmocemulia tipobrivi, universalu­ri
xasiaTebi _ Zunwi (molierTan, balzakTan), mamis moRalate
qaliSvilebi (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~). magram amgvari
klasobrivi koncefcia sociologias xom ar ganekuTvneba?
an iqneb xelovnebis mizania cxovrebis gakeTilSobileba,
misi amaRlebulad warmoCena, gaidealeba? cxadia, arse­
bobs xelovnebis amgvari mimarTulebac, magram es mxolod
mimarTulebaa da ara xelovnebis arsi. eWvgareSea, rom
yovelgvari xelovneba gamoxatviTa da metyvelebiT qmnis
esTetikur distancias, aRgviZravs fiqrebs, gangvawyobs
gansjisTvis; Tumca, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi asaxuli ambebi,
romlebic siamovnebas gvaniWebs, albaT, tkivils mogva­
yenebda, piradad rom gamogvecada, an Tundac cxov­rebaSi
misi mowmeni gavmxdariyaviT. isev unda iTqvas, rom proza­
uli nawarmoebi gvTavazobs `SemTxveviT ambavs~ zo­gadi mo­
delisa Tu sindromis an magaliTis sailustraciod. amgvar
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literaturis Teoria
`SemTxveviT ambavs~ uaxlovdeba zogi calkeuli momenti
keTeris moTxrobebSi `polis saqme~ an `moqandakis sikvdi­
li~. magram romanisti naklebad aRwers SemTxvevas, SemTxve­
viT xasiaTsa da movlenas, igi warmogvidgens mTel samyaros.
yvela didi romanisti qmnis imgvar samyaros, romelic
nawilobriv emTxveva empiriuls, magram gamoirCeva TviTkma­
robiT da ganumeoreblobiT. zogjer SeiZleba globusze,
am samyaros gegmac ki movxazoT, magaliTad, Trolopis sa­
grafoebi da qalaqebi sakaTedro taZrebiT, hardis ueseqsi;
magram zogjer, rogorc pos SemTxvevaSi, es SeuZlebelia:
pos SiSismomgvreli sasaxleebi germaniasa da virjiniaSi ki
ar aris agebuli, aramed avtoris sulSi. dikensis samyaro
SeiZleba gavaigivoT londonTan, kafkasi _ Zvel praRasTan:
magram orive samyaro imdenad TviTmyofi da originaluria,
rom isini gadadian empiriul samyaroSi, rogorc `dikensis
gmirebi~ da kafkas situaciebi~. ase rom, maTi Sefardeba
sinamdvilesTan azrs kargavs.
esmond makarTi ambobs, rom merediTma, konradma,
henri jeimzma da hardim `didi, kargad gaazrebuli buStebi
gauSves, maTSi is adamianuri arsebani moaTavses, romleb­
sac isini aRweren, Tumca, cxadia, realur adamianebs Sesa­
mCnevad ki hgvanan, oRond mxolod im samyaroSi SeuZliaT
arseboba~.
warmoidgineT, ambobs makarTi, rom `gmiri gadayvani­
lia erTi warmosaxviTi samyarodan meoreSi. peksnifi rom
gadainergos `oqros TasSi~, is gaqreba... romanistis upa­
tiebel naklad unda CaiTvalos zogadi atmosferos Se­
narCunebis uunaroba~4.
romanistis samyaro, anu kosmosi aris modeli, anu
struqtura, organizmi, romelic Seicavs siuJets, xasi­
aTebs, garemocvas, msoflmxedvelobas, `saerTo atmosfe­
ros~ _ yvelaferi es warmoadgens imas, rac kritikulad da
dawvrilebiT unda SeviswavloT, roca vcdilobT romani Se­
vadaroT cxovrebas an romanistis qmnileba SevafasoT eTi­
kuri an socialuri TvalsazrisiT. ama Tu im detalis faq­
tobrivi sizustis mixedviT Zneli dasadgenia, asaxavs Tu
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
ara romani cxovrebiseul simarTles, anu `realobas~, iseve,
rogorc Znelia, bostonel cenzorTa msgavsad, moraluro­
bis dadgena imis mixedviT, gvxvdeba Tu ara romanSi gineba an
RvTis gmoba. saRi kritika mowodebulia Seufardos nawar­
moebis warmosaxviTi samyaro Cvens sakuTar realur an warmo­
saxul samyaros, romelic, bunebrivia, naklebad mwyob­ri da
erTiania, vidre romanistis samyaro. Cven siamovnebiT vuwo­
debT romanists dids, roca mis samyaroSi, romelic ar aris
ise agebuli rogorc Cveni, magram Seicavs yvela ele­ments,
romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro farTo TvalsazrisiT
ganvixiloT samyaro; an, Tu mwerlis Tvalsazrisi SedarebiT
viwroa, warmodgenil suraTi unda Seicavdes raRac mniS­
vnelovans, principuls, xolo RirebulebaTa skala, ierarqia
Rrmad unda iyos gaazrebuli.
termini `samyaro~ sivrcis gamomxatveli cnebaa. magram
naratiul mxatvrul prozaSi umjobesia vixmaroT `ambis~
msgavsi termini, radganac `ambavSi~ Cvens yuradRebas iq­
cevs dro da Tanmimdevroba droSi. `ambavi~ momdinareobs
`istoriidan~: amis nimuSia entoni Trolopis `barsetSiris
qro­nikebi~. literatura droiTi xelovnebaa (mxatvrobisa
da qandakebisgan, anu sivrcobrivi xelovnebisgan gansxvave­­
biT); Tumca, Tanamedrove poezia (araTxrobiTi poezia)
cdilobs Tavi aaridos amas _ mieces Wvretas, iqces `TviT­
arekvlis~ modelad; da, rogorc damajereblad gviCvena
jozef frankma, Tanamedrove romanebSi (`ulise~, `tye
RamiT~, `mi­sis dalouei~) SeimCneva poeturad organizebis,
`Tvi­T­arekvlis~ tendencia.5 es niSnavs, rom yuradReba un­
da mivaqcioT mniSvnelovan kulturul fenomens: Zvelad
Txroba an ambavi (epossa Tu romanSi) mimdinareobda droSi
_ tradiciulad drois xangrZlivoba eposSi erT wels
Seadgenda. bevr did romanSi adamianebi ibadebian, berde­bian
da kvdebian; xasiaTebi viTardeba, icvleba; zogjer SeiZleba
davinaxoT, rom mTeli sazogadoeba icvleba (`forsaite­bis
saga~, `omi da mSvidoba~) an ojaxis aRmavloba da dakninebaa
warmoCenili (`budenbrokebi~). romani, tradiciulad, se­
riozulad ekideba drois problemas.
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pikareskul romanSi qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba
yvelgan aseTia: axla es moxdeba da mere is. Tavgadasavlebs,
yovel incidents, romelic SeiZleboda damoukidebeli am­
bavic yofiliyo, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs gmiris figura.
ufro filosofiur romanSi qronologias emateba mi­ze­
zobriobis struqtura. garkveul mizezTa zegavleniT da
dro­­is garkveul monakveTSi gmiris cxovreba an umjobesde­
ba, an uaresdeba. guldasmiT mofiqrebul siuJetSi dro
cvlilebebs ganapirobebs: romanis bolos asaxuli situacia
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sawyisi situaciigan.
Txrobisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT ambis ganvi­
Tareba da ara mxolod misi dasasruli. yovelTvis iyo da
axlac aris mkiTxveli, romelic lamobs winaswar gaigos,
riT `dasrulda~ ambavi; imas, vinc kiTxulobs mecxramete
saukunis romanis mxolod `daskvniT Tavs~, ar ainteresebs
siuJeti, misi ganviTareba droSi, xolo is, rom yvelaferi
raRaciT mTavrdeba, isedac viciT. albaT, arseboben emer­
sonis msgavsi filosofosebi da moralistebi, rom­lebic,
ZiriTadad, romans seriozulad ver aRiqvamen, rad­ganac
moqmedeba, anu moqmedeba droSi, maT ararealurad miaC­
niaT. maTi azriT, istorias azri ara aqvs: istoria meordeba,
araferi axali ar xdeba, xolo romani igive istoriaa, oRond
- gamogonili.
oriode sityva unda iTqvas terminze `naratiuli lit­
eratura~, romelsac upirispireben dramatul prozas, e. i.
dramas. ambavi, igavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos pan­tomimis
meSveobiT, an mTxroblis mier, romelic epikuri mTqmelis
an axali drois mwerlis saxiT gvevlineba. epikuri poe­ti
Txrobisas pirvel pirs iyenebs, magram es SeiZleba iyos ni­
Rabic, lirikuli gmiris pirveli piri, miltonis msgavsad.
mecxramete saukunis romanisti pirvel pirSi ar werda, ma­
gram iyenebda eposis upiratesobas _ komentirebasa da
ganzogadebas, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `eseisturi~ (liri­
kulisgan gansxvavebiT) pirveli piri. amitom na­ratiuli
literaturis mTavari niSania moculobiToba: dialogebs
(romelTa scenaze dadgmac SeiZleba) enacvleba ko­­mentarebi,
romlebSic Sejamebulia asaxuli movlenebi6.
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
naratiuli mxatvruli prozis or mTavar saxeobas in­
glisSi ewoda ‘‘romance’’ (romantikuli romani) da ‘‘novel’’
(yofiTi, realisturi romani). 1785 wels klara rivi maT Sem­
degnairad asxvavebda: `romani~ warmoadgens Tanamedrove
cxovrebisa da adaT-wesebis realur suraTs. `realistur
romanSi~ maRalfardovani da daxvewili eniT aRwerilia is,
rac ar momxdara da, savaraudoa, arc moxdeba~7.
romani realisturia, romantikuli romani _ poetu­
ri an epikuri: dRes mas, albaT, `miTurs~ vuwodebdiT. en
redklifi, ser uolter skoti, hoTorni `romantikuli ro­
manebis~ avtorebi arian, fani bernei, jein ostini, enToni
Trolopi, jorj gisingi _ realisturi romanebis avtorebi.
es ori polaruli tipi warmoadgens naratiuli prozis gan­
viTarebis or gzas. romani ganviTarda aramxatvruli pro­
zidan (werili, dRiuri, memuarebi an biografia, matiane an
istoria), anu dokumentebidan. stilisturad masSi ZiriTa­
dia e.w. damaxasiaTebeli detali _ `mimezisi~, viwro ga­
gebiT. da, piriqiT, romantikulma romanma, romelic eposi­sa
da Sua saukuneebis rainduli sagmiro eposis, ganmgrZo­bia,
SeiZleba ugulebelyos detalis damajerebloba (maga­
liTad, individualizebuli metyvelebis reproduqcia
dialogSi); is miiswrafvis ufro amaRlebuli realobisken,
ufro Rrma fsiqologiisken. `rodesac mwerali Tavis Tx­
zulebas `romantikul romans~ uwodebs, _ wers hoTorni,
_ is uflebas itovebs, Tavisuflad moepyras nawarmoebis
formasa da masalas~... Tu amgvar nawarmoebSi moqmedeba
warsul droSi mimdinareobs, romantikuli romani miznad
ar isaxavs, zedmiwevniT zustad warmoadginos es warsuli
dro. man unda Seqmnas, _ rogorc hoTorni sxva naSromSi
acxadebs, _ erTgvari `poeturi teritoria, sadac realuri
sinamdvilis...asaxva aucilebeli araa~... 8
analizuri kvlevisas romanSi, Cveulebriv, gamoyo­fen
sam Semadgenel nawils: siuJets, xasiaTebis gamoxatvas da
garemos. es ukanaskneli, ase aSkarad mravalmniSvnelova­
ni, zog Tanamedrove TeoriaSi gadaiqca `atmosferod~ an
`saerTo tonad~. cxadia, TiToeuli elementi danarCenis
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ganmsazRvrelia. henri jeimzi Tavis eseSi `prozis xelovne­
ba~ svams kiTxvas, `ra aris xasiaTi, Tu ara moqmedebis gansaz­
Rvra? ra aris moqmedeba, Tu ara xasiaTis ilustracia?~ (ix.
`eseebi. inglisuridan Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma.
Tb. `merani~, 1989. gv. 279. redaqtoris SeniSvna).
piesis, moTxrobis an romanis naratiul, anu TxrobiT
struqturas tradiciulad ewodeba `siuJeti~ da albaT, es
termini unda SevinarCunoT, magram is sakmaod farTod unda
gaviazroT, vinaidan siuJeturia Cexovis, floberis, henri
jeim­zis qmnilebebi, iseve, rogorc hardis, uilki kolinzis
da pos nawarmoebebi: siuJeti ar unda daviyvanoT Caxlar­
Tul intrigamde, godvinis `kaleb uiliamsis~ msgavsad9. unda
ganvasxvavoT siuJetTa tipebi, SedarebiT martivi da ufro
rTuli, `romantikuli~ da `realisturi~ siuJetebi. lite­
raturuli gardaqmnebis dros romanisti iZulebuli xdeba,
gaiTvaliswinos siuJetis ori saxeoba, romelTagan erT-erTi
Jamgadasul formas miekuTvneba. `Zowisferi asom­Tavrulis~
Semdeg hoTornis romanebSi SemoTavazebulia Zveleburi yai­
dis idumali siuJetebi, Tumca sinamdvileSi maTi siuJetebi
sxvagvaria, Tavisufa­li, SedarebiT `rea­listuri~. Tavis
gviandeli periodis romanebSi dikensi did gamomgoneblur
unars iCens saidumloebiT moculi siuJetebis TxzvaSi, rom­
lebic xan SeiZleba Seesatyviseba romanis mniSvnelobis
realur centrs, xan _ ara. `heklberi finis~ bolo mesamedi
aSkarad Camouvardeba danarCens; es, al­baT, nakarnaxevi iyo
movaleobis mcdari gagebiT, romelic aiZulebda avtors
usaTuod Seeqmna raRac `siuJeti~, Tumca, WeSmariti siuJeti
ukve warmatebiT iyo Camoyalibebuli _ es gaxlavT miTuri
siuJeti: sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo Cveulebrivi sazogadoe­
bidan gandevnili oTxi adamiani erTmaneTs xvdeba da tiviT
micuravs did mdinareze dinebis mimarTulebiT. erT-erT
uZveles da yvelaze universalur siuJetad iTvleba mog­
zauroba wyalsa da xmeleTze: `hekl­beri fini~, `mobi diki~,
`piligrimis gza~, `don kixoti~, `pikvikis klubis Canawere­
bi~, `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~. Cve­ulebriv, amboben, rom yvela
siuJeti Seicavs konfliqts (adamianebi bunebis winaaRmdeg,
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
adamianebi sxva adamianebis winaaRmdeg an sakuTari TavTan me­
brZoli adamiani). aseT SemTxvevaSi `konfliqti~, iseve, ro­
gorc `siuJeti~, ufro farTod unda gaviazroT. konfliqti
`dramatulia~, gulisxmobs daaxloebiT Tanabar ZalTa Se­
takebas, varaudobs moqmedebasa da winaaRmdegobis gawevas.
da mainc, arsebobs xazovani `siuJetebi~, dadevneba, gakideba:
`kaleb uiliamsi~, `Zowisferi asomTavruli~, `danaSauli da
sasjeli~, kafkas `procesi~.
siuJeti (an TxrobiTi struqtura) TavisTavad Sedgeba
ufro mcire TxrobiTi struqturebisgan (epizodebisagan,
SemTxvevebisagan). SedarebiT farTo da moculobiTi lite­
raturuli struqturebi (tragedia, eposi, romani) ganvi­
Tarda istoriulad ufro adreuli rudimentuli formebis­
gan, rogorebicaa saxumaro ambavi, andazuri Tqma, anegdoti,
werili. amgvarad, piesisa Tu romanis siuJeti struq­turis
struqturaa. rusi formalistebi da formalu­ri analizis
momxreebi (magaliTad, dibeliusi _ Dibelius), gvTavazo­
ben termins `motivi~ (frang., motif, germ., motiv) siuJetis
ZiriTadi elementebis gadmosacemad10. `motivi~, romelsac
amgvarad iyeneben literaturis istorikosebi, nasesxebia
fineli folkloristebisgan, romlebic TavianT SromebSi
ikvleven zRaprebsa da xalxur Tqmulebebs11. damwerlobiTi
literaturaSi amis aSkara nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sem­
TxveviTi gaigiveba (`SemecnebaTa komedia~), axalgazrdisa da
xandazmulis daqorwineba (`ianvari da maisi~), mamis umaduri
Svili (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~), vaJiSvilis mier mamis Zebna
(`ulise~ da `odisea~)12.
imas, rasac Cven vuwodebT romanis `kompozicias~, ger­
manelebi da rusebi uwodeben romanis `motivirebas~. es ter­
mini SeiZleba warmatebiT isesxos inglisurmac, radganac
SesaniSnavi sizustiT gamoxatavs im ori mxaris mniSvnelo­
bas, romelTagan erTia struqtura anu Txrobis kompozicia,
meore _ qcevis fsiqologiuri, socialuri, filosofiuri
Teoriis Sinagani struqtura _ saboloo angariSiT, kauza­
lobis zogierTi Teoria, romelic naTelyofs, ratom iqce­
vian adamianebi ise, rogorc iqcevian. ser uolter skoti
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literaturis Teoria
werda: `yvelaze mkveTri sxvaoba realursa da gamogonil
monaTxrobs Soris isaa, rom realur cxovrebaSi movlenebis
Soreuli mizezebi bundovania... xolo meore SemTxvevaSi...
avtoris movaleobaa, axsnas yvelaferi~.13.
kompozicia anu motivireba (farTo gagebiT) moicavs
Txrobis meTods: `mozomilobas~, `nabijebs~ ese igi, sce­
nebisa (dramatuli mdgomareobebis) da da asaxvis (uSua­lo
Txrobis) urTierTmimarTebas (romelic garkveuli xerxe­
biT regulirdeba) da, Semdgom, am rTuli mTlianobis mi­
marTebas naratiuli reziumesadmi, daskvnisadmi.
motivebsa da xerxebs perioduli xasiaTi aqvs. gotikur
romans _ Tavisi, realistur romans _ Tavisi. di­beliusi
xSirad imeorebs, rom dikensis `realizmi~ araa naturalis­
turi romanis realizmi _ esaa `zRapruli~ realizmi, ro­
melic iyenebs melodramatuli motivirebebis xerxebs:: kaci
mkvdari rom egonaT, cocxali aRmoCndeba; dgindeba, vin
arian bavSvis namdvili mSoblebi; aRmoCndeba, rom idumali
qvelmoqmedi katorRelia14.
literaturul nawarmoebSi `motivirebam~ unda gaam­
Zafros `realobis iluzia~: es aris misi esTetikuri funqcia.
`realisturi~ motivireba xelovnebis xerxia. xelovnebaSi moC­
venebiTi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realuri.
rusi formalistebi ganasxvaveben `fabulas~ (ese
igi, droiT-mizezobriv kavSirs, romelic aris `istoria~
an realuri masala) `siuJetisagan~ (anu Txrobis struq­
turisgan). `fabula~ aris yvela motivis jami, xolo `siu­
Jeti~ warmoadgens motivTa mxatvrulad mowesrige­bul
Tanmimdevrobas (romelic SeiZleba nebismieri iyos). drois
gadanacvlebis magaliTebia: gakvanZva in medias res (`odi­
sea~, `barnebi raji~); ambis ukusvlasa da winsvla (folk­
neris `abesalom, abesalom!~). folkneris `momakvdavi rom
vesvene~-s siuJeti Sedgeba ambisgan, romelsac rig­rigobiT
yvebian ojaxis wevrebi, rodesac dedis cxedars miasveneben
Sors, sasaflaoze. `siuJeti~ aris Sinaarsi, romlis `Txro­
bis fokusTan~ Suamavlobs `Tvalsazrisi~. Tu `fabula~,
ase vTqvaT, aris SerCeuli nedli masala (avtoris gamoc­
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
dilebis, kiTxvis Sedegad mopovebuli da a. S.), `siuJeti~
abstrahirdeba fabulisgan da ufro mkveTrad avlens nara­
tiul pozicias15.
fabulis dro aris mTeli periodi, romelic moicavs
ambavs, magram `naratiuli~ (`TxrobiTi~) dro Seesabameba
`siuJets~; es aris wakiTxvis dro, anu `gamocdilebis~ dro;
cxadia, is kontrolirebulia avtoris mier, ro­melmac Sei­
Zleba ramdenime winadadeba dauTmos wlebis gan­mavlobaSi
mimdinare movlenebis aRweras, magram cekvisa Tu Cais smis
aRweras ori grZeli Tavi miuZRvnas16.
daxasiaTebis yvelaze martivi formaa saxeldeba.
yovelgvari saxeldebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba per­
sonaJis gacocxleba, individualizeba. alegoriuli an kva­
zialegoriuli saxeli gaCnda meTvramete saukunis komedia­
Si: fildingis oluorTi da Tvekumi, uitvudi, misis mala­
propi, ser benjamin bekbaiti. isini gvagoneben jonsonis,
benianis, spenseris da `evrimenis~ gmirebs. kidev ufro dax­
vewil movlenad unda CaiTvalos xmabaZviTi, anu onomato­
peuri saxelebi, romlebsac Tanabari ostatobiT igonebdnen
iseTi gansxvavebuli romanistebi, rogorebic iyvnen di­
kensi da henri jeimzi, balzaki da gogoli: peksnifi, pambl­
Cuki, roza dartli (dart; startle), mister da mis merdstounebi
(murder + stony heart). melvilis `aqabi~ da `ismaili~ mowmobs,
rom literaturuli (am SemTxvevaSi, bibliuri) aluzia Sei­
Zleba gamoyenebul iqnes daxasiaTebis ekonomiuri formis
funqciiT17.
daxasiaTebis bevrnairi meTodi arsebobs, Zveli ro­
manistebi (magaliTad, skoti) erT abzacSi detalurad aR­
werdnen mTavar gmirebis garegnobas, meoreSi ki _ xasiaTs.
magram sruli daxasiaTebis es forma SeiZleba dayvanil
erTgvar iarliyamde, romelic win uZRvis gmiris gamoCenas
nawarmoebSi. amgvar iarliys xSirad warmoadgens raime mimi­
kuri an plastikuri gamoxatuleba _ saxis manWva, Jesti an
gamoTqma, romlebic _ magaliTad, dikensTan _ meordeba
gmiris yoveli gamoCenisas. esaa gmiris Tanmxlebi emblema.
misis gamiji ganuwyvetliv fiqrobs Tavisi `moxuci qmris~
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Sesaxeb, iuraia hips imeorebs sityvas ’’umble’’(`mokrZaleba~)
da isress xelebs. hoTorni zogjer zusti emblemis meSveo­
biT axasiaTebs zinoubias wiTeli yvaviliT, uestervelts _
kbilis SesaniSnavi proteziT. jeimzis Semoqmedebis bolo
periodis nawarmoebSi `oqros TasSi~ gmirebi erTmaneTs sim­
bolurad aRiqvamen.
arsebobs statikuri da dinamikuri (anu ganviTarebadi)
daxasiaTebebi. es ukanaskneli, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT
damaxasiaTebelia iseTi vrceli romanebisTvis, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `omi da mSvidoba~, xolo dramaSi, romelSic mx­
atvruli dro SezRudulia, ganviTarebadi daxasiaTebe­bis
meTodi naklebad gamoiyeneba. drama (magaliTad ibsenTan)
gviCvenebs gmiris TandaTanobiTi Secvlis process. ro­
manebSi aRwerilia TviT cvlilebis procesi. `brtyeli~
daxasiaTebiT, rac, Cveulebriv, `statikurs~ emTxveva, war­
modgenilia martooden erTi Tviseba, rogorc ZiriTadi
anu socialurad yvelaze naTlad gamokveTili Tviseba.
SeiZleba es iyos karikatura an abstraqtuli idealizacia.
klasicisturi drama (magaliTad, rasini) mimarTavs am xerxs
mTavari gmirebis dasaxasiaTeblad. `moculobiTi~ daxasia­
Teba, iseve, rogorc `dinamikuri~, moiTxovs sivrcesa da
aqcents; `moculobiTi~ daxasiaTeba namdvilad saWiroa
Tvalsazrisisa da miswrafebis ga­momxatveli ZiriTadi
gmirebis asaxvisas. aqedan ga­momdinare, Cveulebriv, isini
SeTavsebuli arian fonur, meorexarisxovan figurebTan _
`qorosTan~18.
aSkarad arsebobs erTgvari kavSiri daxasiaTebasa (li­
teraturuli meTodi) da qaraqterologias (xasiaTis Teo­
ria, personaluri tipebi) Soris. arseboben tipuri xasiaTe­
bi, rac nawilobriv momdinareobs literaturuli tradici­
idan, nawilobriv _ xalxuri gamocdilebidan, maT iyeneben
romanistebi. mecxramete saukunis inglisur da amerikul
prozaSi gvxvdebian Savgvremani mamakacebica da qalebic
(hiTklifi, mister roCesteri, beki Sarpi, megi taliveri, zi­
noubia, miriemi, ligea) da qeraTmianebi (magaliTad, qalebi
_ amelia sedli, liusi dini, hilda, prisila, fibi hoTorn­
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
Tan, ledi rouena _ skotTan. qeraTmiani qali meojaxea,
TavSekavebuli, patiosani da saTno. Savgvremani _ vnebiani,
mZvinvare, saidumloebiT moculi, macduri da daundobe­
li. aseTi iyo `anglosaqsuri~ Tvalsazrisi aRmosavleTis,
ebraelTa, espanelTa da italielTa Sesaxeb19.
romanSi, iseve, rogorc dramaSi, mocemulia re­
pertuaruli ansamblis msgavsi ram: gmiri mamakaci, gmi­ri
qali, borotmoqmedi, `saxasiaTo msaxiobebi~ (anu `ko­mikuri
personaJebi~, romlebic ganmuxtaven situacias). gvx­­vdebian
mozardebi, inJeniuebi (miamitebi) da xandazmu­li adamia­
nebi (deda, mama, gauTxovari mamida an deida, duenia anu
kompanioni qali, ZiZa). laTinuri tradiciis (igulixmeba
plavte, terenciusi, commedia dell’arte, jonsoni, molieri)
dramatul xelovnebaSi gavrcelebulia gansakuTrebiT
niSandoblivi da tradiciuli tipebi, magaliTad, trabaxa
meomari _ miles gloriosus, Zunwi mama, gaiZvera mosamsaxure.
iseTi didi mweralic ki, rogoric iyo dikensi, xSirad iye­
nebda meTvramete saukunis dramatul da romanul tipebs
da Taviseburad cvlida maT; dikensma `gamoigona~ mxolod
ori axali tipi _ umweo moxuci da axalgazrda, agreTve _
ocnebiT Sepyrobili an fantaziori (magaliTad, tom pinCi
`martin Cezluitidan~)20.
raoden Rrmadac ar unda hqondes fesvebi gamjdari so­
ciologiasa da anTropologiaSi literaturul tipebs _
magaliTad, qeraTmian an Savgvreman qals _ TviT literatu­
ra `badebs~ emociur tipebs, romelTac SeiZleba moeZebnos
istoriul-literaturuli winaprebi; sworad am aspeqtSia
ganxiluli sabediswero qali (femme fatale) da bneli satanuri
gmiri mario pracis wignSi `The Romantic Agony~ (`romantiku­
li agonia~).21
erTi SexedviT, garemo (aRwera da ara DTxroba) aris
is, rac ganasxvavebs `mxatvrul prozas~ dramisagan. si­
namdvileSi garemo literaturuli periodis kategoriaa.
misi detaluri suraTi dramasa da romanSi araa `garemo,
zogadad~, aramed _ romantikuli an realisturi garemoa
(mag., mecxramete saukuneSi). dramaSi garemo SeiZleba moniS­
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nuli iyos piesis teqstSi (rogorc SeqspirTan), an speqtak­
lis reJisoris miTiTebebSi, romlebic deko­ratorisa da
butaforisTvisaa gankuTvnili. zogi `scena~ SeqspirTan
sulac araa miniSnebuli, lokalizebuli22. mag­ram garemos
aRwera romanebSic mniSvnelovanwilad sxva­dasxvagvaria.
jein ostini, fildingivisa da smoletivis msgavsad, iS­
viaTad aRwers interiersa da eqsteriers. jeimzis adreul
romanebSi, romlebSic balzakis gavlena SeiniSneba, deta­
luradaa aRwerili saxlic da landSaftic. gviandeli pe­
riodis romanebSi garemos aRweras enacvleba zogadi at­
mosferos simboluri asaxva.
romantikuli aRwera miznad isaxavs, Seqmnas garkveuli
ganwyobileba: aseT SemTxvevebSi atmosfero da yovelgvari
efeqtebi iqvemdebareben siuJetsa da xasiaTebs _ amis
magaliTebia en redklifi da po. naturalisturi aRwera
gamoirCeva dokumenturi sizustiT da warmoqmnis obieqtu­
ri Txrobis iluzias (defo, svifti, zola).
garemo igive garemocvaa; da garemocva, gansa­kuT­
rebiT, ojaxis interieri SeiZleba gagebul iqnes rogorc
gmiris xasiaTis metonimiuri an metaforuli gamoxatule­ba.
adamianis saxli misive anareklia. Tu aRwerT saxls, Tqven
aRwerT TviT am adamians. gulmodgineba, romliTac balzaki
aRwers Zunwi grandes saxls Tu vokes pansions, Seusabamo
sruliadac araa23. es saxlebi gamoxataven maTi mepatronee­
bis xasiaTs; am saxlebis atmosfero zemoqmedebas axdens
maTzec, vinc iZulebulia arian maTSi icxovros. amazrzeni
wvrilburJuaziuli pansioni imTaviTve iwvevs rastiniakis,
iseve rogorc votrenis garkveul reaqcias; pansioni Tval­
saCinod gviCvenebs gorios dacemis mizezebs da gamudmebiT
upirispirdeba fufunebas, romelic aseve asaxulia balza­
kis nawarmoebSi.
garemo SeiZleba adamianis sulieri mdgomareo­bis
gamoxatuleba iyos. Tu garemo _ bunebaa, masSi aisaxeba ada­
mianis ganwyobileba. landSafti sulieri ganwyobaao, ambob­
da amieli, romelic kargad icnobda adamianis Sinagan sam­
yaros. adamiani da buneba aSkarad ur­TierTdakavSirebulia,
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
yvelaze mZafrad amas grZnobdnen romantikosebi (ara mxo­
lod da ara gansakuTrebiT romantikosebi). boboqari, Smagi
gmiri iswrafvis qariSx­lisken. uSfoTvel gmirs mzis Suqi
xiblavs.
da kidev, garemo SeiZleba determinanti iyos _ rode­
sac garemocva gagebulia, rogorc fizikuri an socialuri
mizezobrioba, rasac individi ver akontrolebs. aseTebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos igdon hiTi tomas hardisTan an zeniti
sinkler luisTan. realurad, amgvari garemo yvelaze ufro
damaxasiaTebelia didi qalaqebisTvis (parizi, londoni,
niu-iorki), romlebic aRwerilia bevr Tanamedrove romanSi.
ambavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos werilebis an dRiu­
ris saxiT, an emyarebodes anekdots. moTxroba-CarCo is­
toriulad warmoadgens xids anekdotsa da romans So­ris.
`dekameronSi~ novelebi Tematuradaa dajgufebuli. `ken­
terberiul moTxrobebSi~ Temebis (magaliTad, qorwi­neba)
amgvar dajgufebas emateba daxasiaTeba Txrobis meSveo­
biT, rac yovelTvis Seesabameba mTxroblis xasiaTs, agreTve
_ mogzaurTa fsiqologiur da socialur kon­taqtebs. iseT
mxatvrul formas, rogoricaa `moTxroba moTxrobaSi~, iy­
enebdnen romantikosebic: irvingis `mogzauris naambobi~
da hofmanis `serapionis Zmebi~. go­tikuri romani `moxe­
tiale melmoTi~ warmoadgens uc­naur, magram ueWvelad
STambeWdav, damoukidebeli am­bebisagan Semdgar krebuls,
romelSic Tavisuflad Sekav­Sirebul ambebs mxolod SiSis
atmosfero aerTianebs.
kidev erTi xerxi, romelic amJamad iSviaTad gamoi­
yeneba, aris novelis CarTva romanSi (magaliTad, `tom jons­
Si~ _ `kaci zRapris gorakze~, `lamazi sulis aRsareba~ _
`vilhelm maisterSi~). rogorc Cans, es xerxi gamoiyeneboda
nawarmoebis CarCoebis gafarToebisa da TxrobisTvis meti
mravalferovnebis miniWebis mizniT. masStaburobisa da
mravalferovnebis gadmocema yvelaze ukeT xelewifebodaT
viqtorianuli epoqis trilogiebs, rom­lebSic monacvleo­
biT viTardeboda erTdroulad ori-sami siuJeturi xazi
(mbrunavi scenis principiT),
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literaturis Teoria
sabolood ki isini erT xazad erTiandeboda; erTsa da
imave nawarmoebSi sxvadasxva siuJeturi xazis Serwyma adre ukve
gamoiyeneboda elisabedis droindel mwerlobaSi da xSirad
brwyinvaledac xorcieldeboda. siuJeturi xazebi viTarde­
boda paralelurad (mag., `lirSi~) an erTi maTgani emsaxureboda
meoris `komikur xazgasmas~, an kidev _ parodirebas.
ambis Txroba pirvel pirSi (Ich Erzȁhlung) iseTi meTo­
dia, romelic sagangebod unda ganvixiloT. cxadia, amgvari
mTxro­beli ar unda agverios avtorSi. amgvar Txrobis miza­
ni da efeqti sxvadasxvagvaria. zogjer es keT­deboda imisT­
vis, raTa mTxrobeli, sxva personaJebTan SedarebiT, nak­
lebad gamoyofili yofiliyo (`devid koperfildi~). meore
mxriv, mol flenderss da hek fins centraluri adgili
ukaviaT TavianT `monaTxrobebSi~. `aSerebis saxlis dace­
maSi~, pirvel pirSi Txrobisas, po mkiTxvels SesaZleblobas
aZlevs, gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi aSeris megobarTan (ro­
melsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs aSeris bed-iRbalTan) da
masTan erTad ganeridos katastroful finals. `lige­ias~,
`berenaisis~, `mamxilebeli gulis~ nervuli da fsiqikurad
aSlili centraluri personaJebi ki Tavad mogviTxroben
TavianT Tavgadasavlebs. Cven ver gavaigivebT sakuTar Tavs
im mTxrobelTan, romlis aRsarebasac vecnobiT; CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania, ras hyve­­ba da rogorc hyveba is.
sainteresoa, ra saSualebebiT icavs ambavi Tavisi
`myofobis~ uflebas. zog nawarmoebs Tavidanve efeqturad
gvacnoben (`otrantos cixe-simagre~, `xraxnis motrialeba~,
`Zowisferi asomTavruli~). avtori da mkiTxveli TiTqos ar
monawileoben ambavSi: ubralod, mavanma a-m mouTxro is b-s,
an a-m gadasca b-s mindobili xelnaweri, sadac aRwerilia g-s
tragikuli cxovreba. posTan, zogjer, pirvel pirSia war­
modgenili dramatuli monologi (`amontiliado~), zogjer
ki _ aRsareba, romelic dawera pirovnebam im mtanjveli
fiqrebis mosaSoreblad, mZime tvirTad rom daswolia mis
aforiaqebul suls (`mamxilebeli guli~). xSirad (maga­
liTad, `ligeiaSi~) avtoris mizani gaurkvevelia: iqneb
mTxrobeli Tavis Tavs esaubreba? SesaZloa, imis gamo hyve­
ba xelmeored Tavis ambavs, rom xelaxla ganicados SiSi?
324
naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
naratiuli meTodis centraluri problemaa mwerlis
damokidebuleba sakuTar nawarmoebisadmi. piesaSi avto­
ri ar Cans, is piesis miRmaa mimaluli, magram eposSi poeti
hyveba ambavs, rogorc profesionali mTxrobeli. nawarmoe­
bis teqstSi gvxvdeba misi axsna-ganmartebebi da sakuTriv
TxrobiT nawilSi (e.i. dialogebs garda, yvelgan) icavs Ta­
vis individualur stils.
romanists SeuZlia, aseve, mogviyves ambavi; ufleba
aqvs ganacxados, rasac giambobT, imis arc mowme vyofilvar
da arc monawileo. mas SeuZlia weros mesame pirSi, rogorc
`yovlismcodne avtorma~. es, ueWvelad, Txrobis tradici­
uli da `bunebrivi~ wesia. nawarmoebis gverdiT avtori ar­
sebobs ise, rogorc leqtori, romelic komentars urTavs
diapozitivebis Cvenebas an dokumentur films.
epikuri Txrobis amgvari Sereuli meTodidan gadax­
veva ori mimarTulebiT warimarTeba xolme: pirvel maTgans
SeiZleba ewodos romantikul-ironiuli; masSi ganzrax aris
gazviadebuli mTxroblis roli, sagangebod ganidevneba
yovelgvari iluzia imisa, rom Cven winaSea `cxovreba~ da
ara `xelovneba~; xazgasmulia nawarmoebis literaturu­
li xasiaTi. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebelia sterni, gansa­
kuTrebiT _ `tristram SendiSi~, misi mim­devaria Jan- pol
rixteri da tiki germaniaSi, veltmani da gogoli ruseTSi.
`tristrams~ SeiZleba ewodos romani ro­manis daweris Ses­
axeb, iseve rogorc Jidis `yalbi fulis mWrelebsa~ da mis
memkvidres, haqslis `kontrapunqts~. Teke­reim mravaljer
Seamowma da Seaswora `amaoebis bazari~, mu­dam imeorebda, es
xasiaTebi Cem mier Seqmnili Tojine­­bi­ao. es sityvebi, ueWve­
lad, lite­raturuli ironiis Tavisebu­ri gamoxatulebaa:
literatura gamudmebiT Seaxsenebs sakiTar Tavs, rom is
mxolod da mxolod literaturaa.
romanis meore, sapirispiro mizania `obieqturi~, anu `dra­
matuli~ meTodi, romelic dasabuTebuli da xorc­Sesxmulia
oto ludvigis mier germaniaSi, floberisa da mopasanis mier
safrangeTSi, henri jeimzis mier inglisSi24. am meTodis mim­
devrebi _ kritikosebi, mwerlebi _ amtkicebdnen, rom esaa
325
literaturis Teoria
erTaderTi mxatvruli meTodi (rac WeSmaritebas ar Seesaba­
meba). persi labokma `mxatvruli prozis ostatobaSi~ Cinebulad
ganixila romanis poetika jeimzis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da
Teoriuli Sromebis safuZvelze.
umjobesia, am mimarTulebas vuwodoT `obieqturi~,
radganac `dramatuli~ SeiZleba niSnavdes `dialogs~ an
`moqmedebas, saqciels~ (azrebisa da grZnobebis Sinagani sam­
yarosgan gansxvavebiT), magram savsebiT naTelia, rom swored
dramam, Teatrma misces biZgi am mimdinareobis gan­viTarebas.
oto ludvigma Tavisi Teoriebi, umetesad, di­ken­sis Semoq­
medebis safuZvelze Camoayaliba. pantomimi­sa da metyvele­
biTi daxasiaTebis xerxebi dikensma isesxa Zve­­li, meTvramete
saukunis komediidan da melodramidan. Txro­bis nacvlad
dikensis miiswrafvis yovelTvis dialogisa da pantomimis
saSualebiT warmoadginos. is ki ar gviambobs raimes, aramed
gviCvenebs. mogvianebiT romanma bevri ram gadmoiRo ufro
daxvewili Teatraluri formebisgan (magaliTad, jeimzma _
ibsenisagan)25.
obieqturi meTodi ar daiyvaneba dialogze da qcevis aR­
weraze (jeimzis `gardatexis asaki~, hemingueis `mkvlelebi~).
es uTuod gamoiwvevda konkurencias prozasa da Teatrs So­
ris, da aseT SemTxvevaSi Teatri ufro momge­bian poziciaSi
aRmoCndeba. obieqturi meTodis warmateba aixsneba sulieri
cxovrebis asaxviT, risi SesaZleblobac Teatrs ara aqvs. obieq­
turi meTodis aucilebeli pirobaa romanidan `yovlismcodne
avtoris~ gaqroba, anu dauswrebloba da sanacvlod, `Tval­
sazrisis~ Tan­mimdevrulad gamoyeneba. jeimzis da labokis
SexedulebiT, romanSi urTierTs enacvleba `suraTi~ da `dra­
ma~: igulisxmeba sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis suraTebi,
romlebic ganSualebulia ama Tu im personaJis cnobierebiT,
magram es araa `scena~, Tumca Txrobas SeiZleba Seenacvlos
dialogi, xolo mniSvnelovani epizodebisa Tu Sex­vedrebis
aRwerisas SeiZleba miTiTebul iqnes mxolod zogierTi de­
tali26. `suraTi~ iseTive `obieqturia~, rogorc `drama~,
oRond `suraTSi~ obieqturadaa gad­mocemuli specifikuri
subieqturoba, xasiaTebi (madam bovari an streTeri), maSin,
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi
rodesac `drama~ obieqturad gadmogvcems saubarsa da qcevas.
am Teoriis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia `Tvalsazrisis~ Se­nacvleba
(magaliTad, `oqros Tasis~ meore nawilSi princis Tvalsaz­
riss enacvleba princesas Tvalsazrisi) im pirobiT, Tu siste­
maturoba iqneba uzrunvelyofili. obieqturi meTodisaTvis
dasaSvebia, agreTve, romanSi avtoris mier iseTi personaJis
gamoyeneba, romelic hgavs avtors _ is megobrebs uyveba am­
bavs (marlou konradis `iungaSi~) an yvelaferi warmoCenilia
misi cnobierebis meSveobiT (streTeri `elCebSi~); orive Sem­
TxvevaSi xazgasmulia is, rom romani icnobierebs Tavis obi­
eqturobas. Tu avtori araa `ganzavebuli~ teqstSi, maSin is
an misi Semcvleli personaJi monawileoben nawarmoebSi misi
mdgomareobiTa da statusiT, rogorc _ sxva personaJebi27.
obieqturi meTodi arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs gadmo­
cemis dros: mkiTxveli da personaJebi erTian droSi cocx­
loben. `suraTsa~ da `dramas~ garkveulwilad yovelTvis
unda erTvodes `reziume~ (piesaSi is SeiZleba amgvarad gamoi­
yurebodes: `pirvel da meore moqmedebas Soris xuTi dRe
gavida~), magram reziumeTa raodenoba minimaluri unda iyos.
viqtorianuli periodis romanebi, Cveulebriv, mTavrdeboda
TaviT, romelSic mokled gvamcnobda mniSvnelovan personaJ­
Ta Semdgomi cxovrebis, qorwinebebisa Tu sikvdilis Sesaxeb;
jeimzma, houelsma da maTma Tanamedroveebma bolo mouRes am
tradicias, romelsac, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, arasrul­
fasovnad Tvlidnen. obieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, mw­
eralma winaswar rodi unda gvamcnos, ra moxdeba momavalSi;
man TandaTanobiT unda gaSalos Tavisi daxveuli etrati,
ise, rom mxolod TiTo-TiTo striqoni vixiloT da amgvarad
wavikiTxoT teqsti. ramon fernandezi ganasxvavebs Txrobis
or saxeobas _ erTia recit, anu Txroba imis Sesaxeb, rac ukve
moxda da ris Sesaxebac axla hyvebian eqspoziciisa da aR­
weris kanonTa Sesabamisad; meorea sakuTriv romani (novel),
anu Txroba im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic jer kidev xdeba
droSi28.
obieqturi romanis teqnikuri xerxia is, rasac ger­
manelebi uwodeben ‘‘erlebte Rede’’, frangebi _ ''le style indirect
libre'' (tibode) an ''la monologue interieur'' (diuJardeni). mas Za­
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literaturis Teoria
lze miaxloebiT Seesabameba inglisuri termini `cnobierebis
nakadi~, romelic uiliam jeimzidan mom­dinareobs29. diu­
Jardenis gansazRvriT, `Sinagani mo­nologi~ miznad isaxavs,
mkiTxvels uSualod gaacnos personaJis Sinagani cxovreba
avtoris axsna-ganmartebebi­sa da yovelgvari komentaris ga­
reSe~. da `aris yvelaze ufro intimuri fiqrebis gamovlena,
fiqrebisa _ TiTqmis aracnobieris doneze~... `elCebSi~, am­
bobs laboki, jeimzi `ar mogviTxrobs streTeris sulieri
ganwyobis Sesaxeb; mwerali Tavad sulier ganwyobilebas
aambobinebs sakuTa­ri Tavis Sesaxeb, amiT jeimzi aRwevs mis
dramatizebas~30. am xerxTa istoriisa da mTels Tanamedrove
literaturaSi maTi mniSvnelobis Seswavla mxolod axlaxan
daiwyo; isini momdinareobs Seqspiris monologebidan; ster­
nisgan, romelmac gamoiyena ideaTa lokiseuli Tavisufali
aso­ciacia da `siRrmiseuli analizidan~, e. i. avtoris mier
gmiris Sinagani samyaros gadmocema _ mesame31.
Cveni mesame debuleba exeboda mxatvruli prozis
`samyaros~ (siuJeti, xasiaTebi, garemo) da umetesad ilus­
trirebuli iyo romanebis magaliTze. magram aS­karaa, rom
is gamodgeba agreTve dramisTvisac, Tu ga­viTvaliswi­nebT,
rom dramac literaturuli nawarmoebia. meoTxe da bolo de­
buleba `metafizikuri Taviseburebebis~ Sesaxeb ganxiluli
iyo mWidro kavSirSi `samyarosTan~, rogorc `cxovrebasTan
mimarTebis an damokidebulebis~, anda sam­yaros `atmosfe­
ros~ ekvivalenti; magram am Tvisebebs davubrundebiT da de­
talurad ganvixilavT im TavSi, romelic Sefasebas eZRvneba.
328
Tavi meCvidmete
literaturuli Janrebi
*
ra aris literatura? poemebis, piesebis da romanebis
erToblioba, romlebsac saerTo saxeli aerTianebs? ase­Ti
nominalisturi pasuxi gasca am kiTxvas Cvens droSi, kerZod,
kroCem.1 es Tvalsazrisi, erTi mxriv, reaqciaa kla­sikuri av­
toritarizmis ukiduresobebze; meore mxriv, is jerovnad
ver afasebs literaturis istoriis faqtebs.
literaturuli Janri araa, ubralod, fiqcia, radgan
esTetikuri pirobiToba, romelic xorcSexmulia nawarmoeb­
Si, ayalibebs mis Janrs. literaturuli Janre­bi SeiZleba
`ganvixiloT rogorc institucionaluri imperativi, ro­
melic gansazRvravs mwerlis maneras da TviTonac ganisaz­
Rvreba am maneriT~.2 miltoni, romelic esoden progresuli
iyo politikisa da rwmenis sakiTxeb­Si, poeziaSi tradicio­
nalisti gaxldaT, da, v.p. keris moxdenili gamoTqmiT, `ver
uRalata eposis Janrs~; man Tavadac icoda, `romelia WeSma­
ritad epikuri poemis kanonebi, romeli – dramatuli poemi­
sa, da romeli – lirikulis~.3 magram, amasTanave, isic icoda,
rogor unda SeirCes, ganivrcos, anda gadakeTdes klasikuri
forma; icoda, ra gziT SeiZleboda `eneidas~ `gaqristiane­
ba~ anda `miltonizeba~, xolo sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb
Txrobisas SeZlo Camoeyalibebina ebrauli legenda sam­
sonis Sesaxeb berZnuli tragediis formiT.
literaturuli Janri _ esaa instituti, iseve, ro­
gorc institutebia eklesia, universiteti anda saxelmwi­
fo. Janri arsebobs, magram ara ise, rogorc arsebobs cxove­
li, samlocvelo, biblioTeka an kapitoliumi, aramed _ ro­
gorc dawesebuleba. adamians SeuZlia imoqmedos, sakuTari
Tavi gamoxatos arsebuli institutebis meSveobiT, axlebic
Seqmnas, anda maqsimalur warmatebas ise miaRwios, rom ar
329
literaturis Teoria
gaiziaros institutis politika an ritualebi; amas garda,
pirovnebas kidev SeuZlia jer Caebas aseTi institutebis
saqmianobaSi, Semdeg ki gardaqmnas isini.4
Janrebis Teoria aris garkveuli mowesrigebuloba. mi­
si meSveobiT SesaZlebelia literaturisa da literaturis
istoriis klasificireba ara droisa da adgilis (pe­riodis
an erovnuli enis) mixedviT, aramed specifikuri literatu­
ruli tipebis organizaciisa Tu struqturis Sesabamisad.5
nebismieri kritikuli anda SefasebiTi kvleva (istoriu­
lisgan gansxvavebiT), garkveulwilad, operirebs amgvari
struqturebiT. magaliTad, leqsis analizi damokidebulia
gamocdilebaze, sul erTia, iqneba es aRweriTi Tu norma­
tiuli gamocdileba (Tumca, rasakvirvelia, pirovnebis war­
modgena poeziis Sesaxeb gamudmebiT icvleba, da es xdeba
misi im gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelic emyareba mis
Sexedulebebs ama Tu im poeturi nawarmoebis Sesaxeb).
xom ar unda vivaraudoT, rom yoveli nawarmoebi romeli­
me gansazRvrul Janrs ekuTvnis? ramdenadac viciT, es prob­
lema ar wamoWrila arc erT diskusiaSi. Cven rom gvevalebodes
pasuxis gacema bunebrivi samyaros wes-kanonTa analogiurad,
cxadia, dadebiT pasuxs gavcemdiT, radgan adgili yvelas moe­
Zebneba – gind veSapi iyos da gind _ Ramura; amave dros, Cven
vaRiarebT im arsebaTa realobas, romlebic CaiTvlebian erTi
samyarodan meoreSi gardamaval elementebad. amitom sakiTxi
sxvagvarad unda davsvaT, anu kidev ufro unda davakonkre­
toT Cveni kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom yoveli nawar­
moebi sakmaod axlo literaturul kavSirSia sxva nawarmoeb­
Tan, imdenad axlos, rom mis Seswavlas exmareba sxva nawar­
moebTa kvleva? da Tu asea, rogor gansazRvravs `Canafiqri~
Janrs? miekuTvneba Tu ara iniciativa novatorebs? an, iqneb,
is veteranTa mxriv momdinareobs?6
gansazRvrulia Tu ara Janrebi erTxel da samudamod?
vfiqrobT, rom ara. axali nawarmoebebi afarToeben Janris
sazRvrebs. aba, davakvirdeT `tristram Sendis~ da `ulises”
zemoqmedebas romanis Teoriaze. rodesac miltoni werda
`dakargul samoTxes~, misi warmodgeniT, es poema Janruli
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literaturuli HJAanrebi
niSan-Tvisebebis mxriv emTxveoda `iliadasa~ da `eneidas~;
magram Cven umal ganvasxvavebT zepirsityvier eposs lite­
raturulisagan da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, miviCnevT `ilia­
das~ zepir eposad Tu ara. unda vifiqroT, rom miltoni ar
ecdeboda imis mtkicebas, rom `feriaTa dedofali~ eposi
iyo, Tumc ki dawerili im periodSi, rodesac jer kidev ar
acalkeveben erTmaneTisagan epossa da satrfialo romances, xolo eposis alegoriul personaJs dominantu­ri roli
ekisreboda; amis miuxedavad, spensers, cxadia, mainc miaCnda,
rom poemas homerosis stiliT werda.
ueWvelia, rom yovelgvari kritikuli midgomis Se­
degia axali gvareobrivi rgolis, axali Janruli modelis
aRmoCena: ase magaliTad, empsoni pastoralebad miiCnevs
Semdeg nawarmoebebs: `rogor mogewonebaT~, `samgroSiani
opera~ da `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi~, xolo `Zmebi karama­
zovebi~ gatolebulia deteqtiur nawarmoebebTan.
aristotelem da horaciusma safuZveli Cauyares Jan­
ris Teorias. swored maT davesesxeT gvarebad (tragedia da
eposi) dayofas. magram, aristotelem ganaxorciela litera­
turis ufro fundamenturi dayofac _ dramad, eposad da
lirikad. Tanamedrove literaturuli Teoriebis umeteso­
ba ufro saimisod aris momarTuli, rom gaaqarwylos pro­
za-poeziis sxvaoba, beletristika (Dichtung) warmoadginos
prozis (romani, moTxroba, eposi), dramis (prozad an leqsad
nawerad) da poeziis (aqcenti keTdeba iseT tipze, romelic
Seesatyviseba antikuri `lirikuli poeziis~ cnebas) saxiT.
vietori samarTlianad gvTavazobs, termini `Janri~
ar gamoviyenoT am sami met-naklebad ZiriTadi kategoriisa
da istoriulad ganviTarebuli saxeobebis (tragedia an ko­
media) mimarT;7 am ukanasknelTa mimarT, anu istoriulad
ganviTarebuli saxeobebis SemTxvevaSi, misi azri misaRe­
bia. rac Seexeba ZiriTaf kategoriebs, maTi aRsaniSnavi
ter­minis gansazRvra rTulia da, albaT, arc aris saWiro.8
platonma da aristotelem ukve gamoyves es sami mTavari
kategoria `baZvis saxeobis~ (anu reprezentaciis maneris)
Sesabamisad: lirikuli poezia _ esaa TviT poetis `xma~;
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literaturis Teoria
epikur poeziaSi (anda romanSi) avtori nawilobriv metyve­
lebs TviTon, rogorc mTxrobeli, nawilobriv ki uSualod
alaparakebs sakuTar personaJebs (esaa Sereuli narativi):
rac Seexeba dramas, aq poeti imaleba moqmed pirTa miRma.9
araerTxel ucdiaT, eCvenebinaT am sami gvareobrivi
kategoriis fundamenturi buneba, gamoevlinaT, rogor
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan proza, drama da poezia drois
TvalsazrisiT, lingvisturi morfologiis TvalsazrisiT.
msgavsi debulebebi Camoayaliba jer kidev hobsma Tavis
werilSi davenantisadmi; man samyaro dayo samefo karad, qa­
laqad, soflad da, Sesabamisad aRmoaCina poeziis Sesatyvisi
sami ZiriTadi tipi: sagmiro (eposi da tragedia), sqomaturi
(satira da komedia), da pastoraluri.10 niWieri ingliseli
kritikosi, e.s. dalasi, romelic icnobda Slegelis da kol­
rijis11 kritikul naSromebs, asaxelebs poeziis sam Ziri­
Tad tips: esenia `piesa, zRapari, simRera~ da gvTavazobs
ufro germanuli, vidre inglisuri tradiciebis Tanaxmad
SemuSavebul sqemaTa seriebs. dalasis azriT, drama meore
piria, awmyo dro; eposi mesame piria, namyo; xolo lirikuli
poezia mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piria, momavali. aRsa­
niSnavia, rom jon erskinma, romelmac 1912 wels gamoaqveyna
poeturi `temperamentis” ZiriTadi literaturuli ti­
pebis interpretaciisadmi miZRvnili naSromi, daaskvna, rom
lirika awmyos gamoxatavs, magram tragediaSi warmoCndeba
adamianis (romlis bedi misi xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs)
mier warsulSi Cadenili codvebis gamosyidva, xolo eposi
_ esaa erebis Tu rasebis xvedri. mcdaria erskinis daskvna
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom drama gamoxatavs warsuls, xolo
eposi – momavals.12
Tavisi formiT da SinaarsiT, erskinis eTikur-fsi­
qologiuri interpretacia ramdenadme waagavs rusi for­
malistebis cdebs, romlebsac – rogorc amas akeTeb­da ro­
man iakobsoni _ surT aCvenon Sesabamisoba enis dafiqsire­
bul gramatikul struqturasa, da literaturul saxeobebs
Soris. iakobsoni acxadebs, rom lirikuli poezia `aris
mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piri, awmyo dro, maSin rodesac
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eposi – warsuli drois mesame piria~ (epikuri mTxroblis
`me” mocemul SemTxvevaSi Seesabameba mesame pirs _ ‘‘dieses
objektivierte Ich’’)13.
ZiriTadi literaturuli kategoriebis amgvari kvle­
vebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, akavSireben maT lingvistur
morfologiasTan, xolo meore mxriv – msoflmxedvelobriv
sferoebTan, miuxedavad maTi mimzidvelobisa, iSviaTad
ganapirobebs obieqtur Sedegebs. kvlavindeburad gaur­
kvevelia, marTlac fundamenturia Tu ara es sami katego­
ria, Tundac Semadgeneli nawilebis sxvagvari kombinirebis
SemTxvevaSi.
erT-erTi sirTule ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom amJamad
drama sxva mdgomareobaSia, vidre eposi (romani) da lirika.
aristotelesTvis da berZnebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi, an
Tundac zepiri Sesruleba ukve niSnavda eposs: homerosis
poezias warmosTqvamda rafsodi, magaliTad, ioni. elegiur
da iambikur poezias akompanements fleita uwevda, xolo me­
likur poezias – qnari. dResdReobiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi,
mkiTxveli TvaliT kiTxulobs poezias da romanebs.14 mag­
ram drama axlac, iseve, rogorc es iyo berZenTa epoqaSi,
warmoadgens Sereul xelovnebas, romlis safuZvels ra­
sakvirvelia, mainc literatura warmoadgens, magram amave
dros, is moicavs, agreTve, `speqtakls~, radgan iyenebs msa­
xiobTa ostatobas, piesis reJisoris unars, kostiumeris da
eleqtrikosis xelobas.15
Tuki aseTi sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad sa­
mive ZiriTad kategorias daviyvanT Cveulebriv li­te­
raturulobamde, maSin rogor unda ganvasxvavoT erT­
maneTisgan piesa da moTxroba? bolo xanebSi amerikuli
moTxroba (mag. hemingueis `mkvlelebi~) cdilobs iyos obi­
eqturi da, rogorc piesa-moTxroba _ TiTqmis mT­li­a­­nad
dialogizebuli. magram rodesac saqme gvaqvs tra­diciul
romanTan, masSi, eposis msgavsad, Txrobis gar­da, Sereulia
kidev dialogi anda uSualo prezentacia; Janris proble­
mis sxva mkvlevrebTan erTad, skaligerma umaRles Janrad
aRiara eposi, nawilobriv imis gamo, rom is yvela danar­
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literaturis Teoria
Cens moicavs. vinaidan eposi da romani warmoadgenen rTul
formebs, amitom pirveladi saxeobebis dasadge­nad unda
`gavaTavisufloT~ maTi Semadgeneli nawilebi da davar­
qvaT maT `pirdapiri Txroba~ da `dialogiT mowodebuli
Txroba~ (anu sakiTxavad gankuTvnili drama); am SemTxveva­
Si, Cveni sami ZiriTadi elementi iqneba Txro­ba, dialogi
da simRera. SesaZloa, amgvarad ganwmendili, gamartive­
buli saxiT, isini ufro `pirveladia~, vidre, magaliTad,
`aRwera, eqspozicia da Txroba~?16
ganvixileT ra `pirveladi~ formebi, anu poezia,
romani da drama, mivubrundeT maT amosaval saxeobebs:
meTvra­mete saukunis kritikosi Tomas henkinsi wers, rom
inglisuri dramis nairsaxeobebi iyo `misteria, moralite,
tragedia da komedia~. meTvramete saukuneSi proza warmod­
genili iyo romaniT da romance-iT (satrfialo romani). Cve­
ni azriT, meore kategoriis jgufebis swored aseT nairsa­
xeobebs unda vuwodoT Janrebi.
meCvidmete da meTvramete saukuneebi is xanaa, rode­
sac Janrebs seriozulad ganixilavdnen; kritikosebs eWvi
ar SeaqvT Janris cnebaSi, maTTvis Janri _ realobaa.17 is,
rom arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari Janrebi da ar SeiZleba maTi
aRreva, klasicisturi rwmenis dogmati gaxlavT. magram
Tu gadavxedavT klasicistur kritikas, raTa gaverkveT,
rogor gansazRvraven Janrs am kategoriis kritikosebi, ra
meTodiT xelmZRvaneloben, roca undaT ga­nasxvavon Jan­
rebi erTimeorisagan, davrwmundebiT, rom Zalze cota ram
aris maT msjelobaSi Tanmimdevruli da saerTod, raciona­
luri gansazRvris saWiroebac ki cudad aqvT gaazrebuli.
magaliTad, bualos kanoni moicavs pastorals, elegias,
odas, epigramas, satiras, tragedias, komedias da eposs;
magram bualo ar gansazRvravs am tipologiis safuZvels
(iqneb imitom, rom, misi azriT, esaa istoriuli tipologia
da ara racionalisturi konstruqcia). riT gansxvavdebian
es Janrebi _ SinaarsiT, struqturiT, saleqso sazomiT,
sididiT, emociuri toniT, Weltanschauung-iT, Tu auditori­
iT? amaze pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia. Tumca, bevri klasi­
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cistisTvis Janrebis mTe­li cneba, TavisTavad, imdenad
aSkaraa, rom gamoricxavs raime problemis arsebobas. hiu
bleri (`ritorika da beletristika~, 1793) ramdenime Tavs
uZRvnis ZiriTad Janrebs, magram maTSi ar moiZebna adgili,
zogadad, JanrTa Teoriis, araa gansazRvruli literatu­
ruli klasifika­ciis principebi. Janrebis SerCevac araa
dasabuTebuli meTodologiuri an sxva romelime Tvalsaz­
risiT. maTi umetesoba kvlav berZnebs ukavSirdeba, Tumca,
es yvelaze ar iTqmis: avtori msjelobs `aRweriT poeziaze~,
romelSic `SeiZleba warmoCndes geniis ukiduresi dinami­
kuroba~; aq is ar gulisxmobs `raime konkretul kategorias
anda kompoziciis formas~, Tumca, arsebobda `didaqti­
kuri poemis~ iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebicaa ’’De rerum natura’’
anda `esse adamianze”. `aRweriTi poeziidan~ bleri gadadis
`ebraul poeziaze~, romelic, misi azriT, warmoaCens `gar­
dasul droTa da pirisagan miwisa aRgvili xalxis gemovne­
bas~; amasTan, bleri TiTqos verc amCnevs imas, rom esaa aR­
mosavluri poeziis nimuSi, im poeziisa, sruliad rom ar
hgavs gabatonebul berZnul-romaul-frangul tra­dicias.
Semdgom bleri iwyebs msjelobas imaze, rasac is savsebiT
orTodoqsulad uwodebs `epikuri da dramatuli poeziis
umaRles saxeobebs~; Tumca, ufro marTebuli iqneboda, am
ukanasknelisTvis `tragedia~ ewodebina.
klasicisturi Teoria ar ganmartavs, ar aviTarebs da arc
icavs Janrebis doqtrinas, aseTivea misi damokidebuleba lite­
raturis diferenciaciis safuZvlis mimarT. misi yurad­Re­bis
centrSia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa Janris siwminde, misi
arsebobis xangrZlivoba da axali Janrebis gamovlena.
vinaidan istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, klasicizmi iyo
avtoritarizmisa da racionalizmis narevi, is konserva­
tiulobas iCenda lieraturuli klasifikaciis sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas. klasicisturi Sexedulebebi ume­teswilad
emyareboda antikur esTetikas da, ZiriTadad, exeboda poe­
turi Janrebis klasifikacias. magram ukve bualo aRiarebs
sonets da madrigals, xolo jonsoni xotbas asxams denhems,
romelmac Tavis nawarmoebSi - `kuperis mTa~, Semoitana `poe­
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literaturis Teoria
ziis axali sistema~, ` poezia, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos re­
gionaluri~; mas, agreTve, miaCnia, rom tomsonis `weliwadis
droni~ aris `axali tipis poezia~ da rom aq `msjelobisa da
azrebis gamoxatvis mane­ra originalurobiT gamoirCeva~.
klasikuri franguli tragediis momxreebi qadagebd­
nen Janris siwmindes da upirispirebdnen mas elisabedis
xanis tragediebs, sadac daSvebuli iyo komikuri scenebi
(mesaflaveni `hamletSi~, mTvrali msaxuri `makbetSi~). esaa
horaciusiseuli Tvalsazrisis `mimdevari~ Teoria, Tu is
dogmaturia, xolo rodesac masSi gaismis mowodeba gamoc­
dilebisa da ganaTlebuli hedonizmisaken, maSin is aris­
toteleseuli Sexedulebis damadasturebel doq­tri­nas
warmoadgens. arsitoteles sityvebiT, `tragediam unda
gamoiwvios ara SemTxveviTi siamovneba, aramed siamovneba,
romelic Seesabameba mas.~18
Janrebis ierarqia nawilobriv ganisazRvreba hedo­
nisturi TvalsazrisiT: magram klasikur nimuSebSi nawar­
moebiT gamowveuli siamovneba ar unda gaviazroT raode­
nobrivad, anu emociis intensivobis mxriv an mkiTxvelTa Tu
msmenelTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT; ierarqiuli struq­
turis principi erTdroulad ga­nisazRvreba ramdenime faq­
toriT. esenia: socialuri, moraluri, esTetikuri, hedo­
nisturi da tradiciuli faqtorebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia
literaturuli nawar­moebis zomac: mcire Janrebi, magali­
Tad, soneti an oda, ver gautoldeba eposs anda tragedias.
miltonis `mcire zomis~ leqsebi ganekuTvneba dabal Jan­
rebs (soneti, kancona Tu maska); misi `umTavresi~ nawarmoe­
bebidan erTi `WeSmariti~ tragediaa, ori ki _ epikuri poe­
mebi. raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, am ori `maRali~ Janri­
dan `umaRlesia~ eposi. amasTan, yoymanis Semdeg da sakuTari
Sexedulebebis sapirispirod, aristotelem pirveli adgi­
li miakuTvna tragedias. aRorZinebis xanis kritikosebma
meti Tanmimdevruloba gamoiCines, da upiratesoba eposs
mianiWes. klasicizmis epoqaSi es sakiTxi kvlav sakamaTod
rCeboda, Tumca, hobsi, draideni da bleri aRiarebdnen, rom
eposic da tragediac umaRles Janrebad unda CaiTvalos.
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literaturuli HJAanrebi
axla ganvixiloT sxva literaturuli nawarmoebebi,
romlebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan mxolod strofu­li
formiT da saleqso sazomiT. rogor unda movaxerxoT sone­
tis, rondos an baladis klasifikacia? ras warmoadge­nen
isini – Janrebs, Tu qveJanrebs? ukanasknel xanebSi frangi
da germaneli mwerlebi maT `fiqsirebul formebad~ moix­
senieben da ar miakuTvneben Janrebs. amis miuxedavad,
vietori uSvebs gamonakliss, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sone­
tisTvis mainc; Cveni azriT, gamarTlebuli iqneboda meti
gamonaklisis daSveba. magram aq ukve terminologiidan
gadavdivarT kriteriumis definiciaze: arsebobs Tu ara,
saerTod, iseTi Janri, romelsac uwodeben `oqtosilabur
leqss~, anda `dipodiur leqss~? Cven mzad varT, dadebiTad
vupasuxoT am kiTxvas, da ai, ratom: Tu meTvramete sauku­
nis inglisur poeziaSi gvxvdeba `oqtavebi~, xolo meoce
saukunis dasawyisSi _ `dipodiebi~ da, amasTan, es orive
sazomi daaxasiaTebeli araa inglisuri poeziisTvis misi
iamburi pentametriT, es niSnavs, rom oqtavebiT da dipo­
diebiT dawerili leqsebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi intonaciiTa
da eTosiT19 saqme ara gvaqvs ubralod klasifikaciasTan
metris safuZvelze aramed gacilebiT ufro mravalmniS­
vnelovan faqtTan, romelsac aqvs rogorc `Sinagani~, aseve
`gareg­nuli~ forma.
amitom Janrad unda miviCnioT literaturul na­
warmoebTa jgufi, romlebSic Teoriulad vlindeba ro­
gorc garegnuli (specifikuri metri an struqtura), aseve
- Sinagani (ganwyobileba, toni, Canafiqri – anu Tema da au­
ditoria) forma. sakmaris safuZvlad SeiZleba gamodges er­
Tic da meorec (Sinagani formisTvis – pastorali da satira,
xolo garegnuli formisTvis – dipodiuri leqsi anda pin­
daruli oda); magram aseT SemTxvevaSi kritikis amocanad
unda miviCnioT sxva ganzomilebis moZebna da sqemisTvis
meti dasrulebulobis miniWeba.
zogjer garegnuli an Sinagani cvlilebebi gana­pirobebs
axali Janruli kategoriebis warmoSobas: ing­li­sur (iseve
rogorc berZnul an romaul) poeziaSi, `elegia” iwereboda
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elegiuri strofiT an distiqiT; amis miu­xedavad, antikuri
epoqis mwerlebi Tavs ar izRudavdnen micvalebulTa dati­
rebiT, ase ar iqceodnen arc greis winamorbedebi – hamondi
da Sekstouni. magram greim dawera Tavisi `elegia~ sagmiro
katreniT, da ara kupletebiT, ris Semdegac ingli­sur mwer­
lobaSi elegia aRar warmoadgens intimur Janrs, dawerils
Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli kupletebiT.
Cveulebriv, ukanaskneli epoqa, romelsac ukavSireben
JanrTa istorias, esaa meTvramete saukune, radgan momdev­­
no periodebSi Janruli kategoriebi aRar gamoirCeva mka­
fio struqturiT, Janruli modelebi umeteswilad iSleba.
amgvari Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia frangul da germanul
enebze Seqmnil gamokvlevebSi, romlebic eZRvneba Janris
problemebs. maTSi miTiTebulia isic, rom 1840-1940 wle­bi,
literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, anomalias warmoadgens da
rom momavalSi ueWvelad unda davubrundeT iseT mwerlo­
bas, romelic Janruli xasiaTisa iqneba.
amis miuxedavad, marTebuli iqneba ganvacxadoT, rom
mecxramete saukuneSi Janrebis koncefciam ganicada erT­
gvari cvlilebebi, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es cneba saerTod
qreba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, praqtikulad Janrebi verafriT
gaqreboda). auditoriis SesamCnev zrdasTan er­Tad, mecx­
ramete saukuneSi Janrebis ricxvmac imata, xolo gaiafebul
beWdvas is mohyva, rom es Janrebi xanmokle aRmoCnda an ufro
swrafad icvleboda. mecxramete saukuneSi da Cvens droSic
`Janris~ mdgomareoba iseve garTulda, rogorc es daemarTa
`periodis~ cnebas. Cven mowmeni varT, ra swrafad icvleba
literaturuli moda; Zveli naxevarsaukunovani ritmis nacv­
lad, dResdReobiT literaturuli Taobebi aT weliwadSi
erTxel icvleba, ris magaliTadac gamodgeba amerikuli
poezia, verlibris xana, eliotis xana, odenis xana. amasTan,
SesaZlebelia, rom momavali kritikosebis azriT, sxvadasx­
vagvari Tanamedrove mimdinareobebi saerTo mimarTulebisa
da Tvisebebis mqone aRmoCndes (iseve, rogorc axla inglisel
romantikosebad miviCnevT yvelas erTad – bairons, uords­
vorTs da Selis).20
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Janris ra magaliTebs iZleva mecxramete saukune? van
tigemi da masTan erTad sxvebi, mudam axseneben isto­riul
romans.21 maSin ra SeiZleba iTqvas `politikur romanze~
(rac m.e. spiris monografiis Temaa)? da Tu arsebobs poli­
tikuri romani, maSin xom unda vaRiaroT arsebobac sa­
suliero romanisa, romelic moicavs komfton makenzis
`robert elszmirs~ da `sakurTxevlis safexurebs~, `barC­
esteris koSkTan~ da `seilemis samlocvelosTan~ er­Tad?
magram politikur da sasuliero romans aerTianebs mxo­
lod Sinaarsi, rac wminda sociologiur klasifikacia­
ze metyvelebs. am xazs Cven SegviZlia gauTaveblad mivs­
dioT: gavixsenoT romani oqsfordis moZraobis Sesaxeb,
maswavlebelTa aRwera mecxramete saukunis romanSi, mez­
Rvaurebi mecxramete saukunis romanSi da romanebi zR­
vis Sesaxeb. riT gamoirCeva istoriuli romani? ara marto
imiT, rom misi Tema naklebad aris SezRuduli (anu ganxil­
vis sagani SeiZleba iyos mTlianad warsuli da ara mxolod
misi raRac nawili), aramed imiTac, rom istoriuli romani
ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba romantizms da nacionalizms _
warsuli masSi aisaxeba axleburi damokidebulebis safuZ­
velze. Janris kidev ufro TvalsaCino nimuSia gotikuri
romani, romelsac meTvramete saukuneSi safuZ­veli daudo
`otrantos sasaxlem~ da romelic dRemde cocxlobs. es
aris prozauli Txrobis Janri, am sityvis sruli mniSvne­
lobiT: is moicavs nawarmoebebs, romlebsac aerTianebs
ara marto gansazRvruli Sinaarsi Tu Te­matika, aramed _
formaluri xerxebis da saSualebebis mTeli wyebac (aR­
weriTi aqsesuaruli da naratiuli, mag., dangreuli cixedarbazebi, Sua saukuneebis kaTolikuri tradiciis saSine­
lebebi, idumali portretebi, saidumlo talanebi, sadac
SeiZleba SeaRwio karis moZravi panelebis gavliT, motace­
bebi, msxverp­lis Cakirva kedelSi, devna udabur tyeSi). amas
garda, arsebobs kidev Kunstwollen, es­Tetikuri mizanswrafva,
rom mkiTxvels gauCndes siamovnebis momgvreli SiSi da (go­
tikuri romanebis av­torebi, albaT, ityodnen, `TanagrZnoba
da SiSio~).22
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saerTod, Cveni warmodgena Janris Sesaxeb gacile­
biT metadaa gansazRvruli garegnuli formiT, vidre _ Si­
naganiT. amitom Janrad CaiTvleba ufro oqtaviT dawerili
`hudibrasi~ da soneti, vidre politikuri romani an romani
muSebis Sesaxeb: aq vgulisxmobT `literaturul~ Janrebs
da ara klasifikacias Sinaarsis mixedviT, romelic SeiZleba
miesadagos aramxatvrul prozasac. aristoteles `poetika~,
sadac poeziis ZiriTad gvarebad eposi, drama da liriku­
li (melikuri) poezia moixsenieba, iTvaliswinebs, agreTve,
gamoxatvis saSualebaTa optimalur Sesabamisobas TiToeuli
maTganisadmi: drama imitom iqmneba iamburi leqsiT, rom is
yvelaze ufro axlosaa sasaubro metyvelebasTan, xolo epo­si
moiTxovs daqtilur hegzametrs, romelic sruliad ar waaga­
vs amgvar metyvelebas: `Tu vinme gadawyvets daweros epiku­ri
poema raime sxva sazomiT, anda ramdenime sazomiT, es Seusaba­
mo iqneba, radgan sagmiro metri yvelaze ufro didebuli da
maRalfardovania, amitom is yvelaze ufro advilad iTvi­sebs
nasesxeb sityvebs, metaforebs Tu ornamentebs..~23
`formis~ momdevno done – `metrisa~ da `strofis~ Semd­
gom, `kompozicia~ unda iyos (mag., siuJetis or­ganizaciis
gansakuTrebuli tipi): sxvadasxvagvari kom­poziciuri xer­
xebis gamoyenebiT tradiciulad (igu­lisxmeba Zveli berZnu­
li tragedia) ganisazRvreba gansxvaveba epossa da trage­dias
Soris (dawyebuli in medias res-iT, tragediis `peripe­tiiT~
da erTobebis principiT). magram `klasikur xerxTagan~ yve­
la rodia struqturuli: sabrZolo scenebi da saiqioSi
Casvla axasiaTebs nawarmo­ebs misi Sinaarsis an Temis Tval­
sazrisiT. meTvramete sauku­nis Semdgom mwerlobaSi Znelia
am donis lokalizacia, `kargad gakeTebuli piesebis~ da de­
teqtiuri romanis garda (mkvlelobis sai­dumloTi), sadac
kompoziciuri xerxi TviT siuJetis safuZvels warmoadgens.
magram moTxrobis Cexoviseul tradiciaSic arsebobs orga­
nizacia, struqtura, Tumca is ufro `Tavisufalia~, vidre
pos an o.henris nawarmoebebSi.24
Janris TeoriiT dainteresebulma mecnierebma unda
gaiTvaliswinon, rom `klasicisturi~ midgoma gansxvavdeba
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Tanamedrove midgomisgan. klasicisturi Teoria maregu­
lirebeli da direqtiulia, magram misi `wesebi~ ar unda
CavTvaloT uazro avtoritarizmad, rasac mas jer kidev
miaweren. klasicisturi Teoria aRiarebs, rom Janrebi erT­
maneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc TavianTi bunebiT, ise
asaxvis sagnis mixedviT; amasTan, dauSvebelia Janrebis aR­
reva. es aris `Janris siwmindis~ anu `genre tranche~-is cnobili
doqtrina.25 miuxedavad imisa, rom ar ganxorcielebula am
doqtrinis Tanamimdevruli gaazreba, man mainc wamoayena
garkveuli esTetikuri principi (ise, rom ar Semoifargla
mxolod kasturi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyofiT): es
iyo mowodeba, rom mkacrad yofiliyo daculi intonacia,
stilis siwminde da `sisadave~, erTiani emociuri wyoba
(maga­liTad, saSineli da sasacilo), siuJeturi da Tematuri
erTianoba. es doqtrina iTvaliswinebda agreTve Janruli
saSualebebis SeuTavseblobas _ xelovnebis yovel saxeo­
bas aqvs Tavisi SesaZleblobani da sakuTari saSualebebi:
ratom unda eswrafvodes poezia `ferwerulobas~ an `musi­
kalobas~, anda ratom unda movTxovoT musikas, rom aRweri­
Ti an scenuri iyos? `esTetikuri siwmindis~ princi­pis gaT­
valiswinebiT, simfonia ufro `wminda~ aRmoCndeba, vidre
opera an oratoria (romlebSic gamoiyeneba gundic iyos
da orkestric), simebiani kvarteti ki _ kidev ufro wminda
(vinaidan is ifargleba mxolod erT saorkestro an­sambliT
da ar iyenebs xis instrumentebs, spilenZis sa­sule instru­
mentebs da dasartyam instrumentebs).
klasicizmis Teorias hqonda agreTve Tavisi Janrebis
socialuri diferenciacia. eposi da tragedia asaxavda me­
fisa da Tavadaznaurobis cxovrebas, komedia – saSualo
klasis (qalaqelebis, burJuaziis) yofas, xolo satirisa da
farsis personaJebi iyvnen mdabioni. moqmed pirebs Soris
aseTi mkveTri sxvaoba Seesatyviseba yovel tips. aqedan ga­
momdinareobs moqmed pirTa ganawileba dramaSi maTi ran­
gis mixedviT, rac `dekorumis~ doqtriniT iyo nakarnaxevi,
agreTve _ metyvelebiTi daxasiaTebis sti­listuri saxe­
sxvaobebi: stili da metyveleba iyofa maRal, Sualedur
341
literaturis Teoria
da dabal doneebad.26 mas agreTve hqonda sakuTari kate­
goriebis ierarqia, romlis elementebs warmoadgenda ara
ubralod moqmed pirTa rangi da nawarmoebis stili, aramed
_ nawarmoebis zoma an moculoba (Canafiqris ufro sru­
lad ganxorcielebis unari), agreTve _ gadasawyveti prob­
lemebis mniSvneloba.
`genealogiis~ (ase uwodebs van tigemi Cvens kvlevas)27
Tanamedrove momxre namdvilad moindomebs, rom Seiswav­
los Janrebis klasicisturi doqtrina, Semdeg ki igrZnobs
mis gar­kveul araTanmimdevrulobas (esTetikis Tvalsazri­
siT). am araTanmimdevrulobis mizezebi Cven nawilobriv
ganvmarteT Janrebis `siwmindis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. mag­ram
`genealogiis~ principi ar daiyvaneba erT romelime tradi­
ciaze an doqtrinaze. klasicizmisTvis miuRebeli iyo sxva
esTetikuri sistemebi, Janrebi da formebi. nacv­lad imisa,
rom eRiarebina gotikuri kaTedrali rogorc berZ­nul ta­
ZarTan SedarebiT ufro rTuli `forma~, igi masSi mxolod
uformobas xedavda. igive vrceldebaunda iTqvas Janrebis
Sesaxeb. yovel `kulturas~ aqvs Tavisi Janrebi, iqneba es Ci­
nuri, arabuli Tu irlandiuri kulturebi; arsebobs pri­
mitiuli zepirsityvieri `Janrebi~. Sua sau­kuneebis mwer­
lobam warmoSva uamravi Janri.28 amitom ver vityviT, rom
marTebulia mxolod berZnul-romauli klasifikacia. arc
imis saWiroebaa, rom davicvaT – Tavisi berZnul-romauli
formiT – Janris siwmindis doqtrina, romelic miesadageba
esTetikuri xedvis mxolod erT tips.
Janris Tanamedrove Teoria aSkarad aRweriTia. is ar
zRudavs SesaZlebeli kategoriebis raodenobas, da arc we­
sebs karnaxobs avtorebs. es Teoria aRiarebs, rom dasaSvebia
tradiciuli Janrebis `Sereva~ da axali tipis (tragikome­
diis msgavsad) Seqmna, agreTve _ Janrebis ageba iseT safuZ­
velze, romelic moicavs rogorc `ur­TierTgamdidrebas~,
ise `siwmindes~ (Janri iwarmoeba ara marto danawevrebiT,
aramed _ SeerTebiTac). nacvlad imisa, rom aqcenti gakeT­
des Janrebs Soris gansxvavebaze da maTi saerTo mniSvnelis
ZiebiT (romantikosTa im gancxadebis sapirispirod, romlis
342
literaturuli HJAanrebi
Tanaxmad, yoveli `originaluri geniosi~ da Semoqmedebis
yoveli produqti unikaluria).
siamovneba, romelsac adamians aniWebs literaturu­
li nawarmoebi, ganpirobebulia siaxliT da, imavdroulad,
nacnobi elementebis amocnobiT. musikaSi sonatis forma da
fuga warmoadgenen aSkarad amosacnob formebs; deteqtiu­
ri fabulis mqone nawarmoebSi intriga TandaTanobiT iZa­
beba, samxilebi erT wertilSi ikvreba (rogorc es xdeba
`oidiposSi~). mTlianad nacnobi da ganmeorebadi saxe mosa­
bezrebelia; sruliad axali romanis forma iqneba gaugebari
da warmoudgenelic ki. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri warmoad­
gens esTetikur xerxTa jams, romlebic xelmisawvdomia
mwer­lisTvis da cnobilia mkiTxvelisTvis. kargi mwerali
iTvaliswinebs Janris moTxovnebs, Tan nawilobriv afar­
Toebs Janris sazRvrebs. saboloo an­gariSiT, didi mwer­
lebi (Seqspiri da rasini, molieri da jonsoni, dikensi da
dostoevski) ar qmnian axal Janrebs: isini iyenebdnen sxvaTa
Seqmnil formebs.
Janrebis Seswavla Rirebulia Tundac imitom, rom yu­
radRebas amaxvilebs literaturis Sinagan gan­viTarebaze,
rasac henri uelsma `literaturuli ge­ne­tika~ uwoda
(`axali da Zveli poetebi~, 1940). raoden mniS­vnelovanic
unda iyos gareSe garemoebaTa zemoqmedeba literaturaze,
wignebi ganicdian, pirvel yovlisa, sxva wignebis gavlenas;
wignebSi xdeba sxva wignebis imitacia, parodia da trans­
formireba da es araa ganpirobebuli, ubralod, qronolo­
giuri siaxloviT. Tanamedrove Janre­bis gansazRvrisTvis
sjobs ganvixiloT yvelaze gavlenia­ni avtorebi da wignebi:
elioti da odeni, prusti da kafka.
Janris TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda SevexoT ram­
denime mniSvnelovan problemas, romlebic jer kidev araa
gadaWrili. aseTia zepirsityvieri literaturis primi­
tiuli Janrebis (anu folkloris) mimarTeba mwignob­ruli
literaturis JanrebTan. erT-erTi ru­si formalisti,
Sklovski, miiCnevs, rom xelovnebis axali formebi sxva
araferia, Tu ara `dabali (anu subliteraturuli) Janrebis
343
literaturis Teoria
ubralo kanonizacia~. dos­toevskis nawarmoebebi warmoad­
gen gandidebul deteq­tiur romanebs, romans á sensation,
`puS­kinis lirikuli leqsebi momdinareobs saalbomo leqse­
bidan, blokisa – boSaTa simRerebidan, xolo maiakovskisa
– sagazeTo-karikaturuli poeziidan~.29 bertold brehti,
aseve odeni – Sesabamisad, germanulad da inglisurad – sa­
gangebod cdilobdnen, gadaeqciaT popularuli poezia se­
riozul literaturad. garkveul Tvalsazrisad, SeiZleba
miviC­nioT, rom literaturas aucileblad sWirdeba mud­
mivi TviTganaxleba misi erTgvari `rebarbarizaciis~ meS­
veobiT.30 andre Jolis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli literatu­
ruli formebi viTardeba ufro martivi formebidan. Joles
miaCnia, rom legenda, saga, miTi, andaza, SemTxveva, zRapari,
xumroba warmoadgenen im primitiul elementarul Janrebs,
romlebic yvela rTuli Janris safuZveli Zevs.31 romanis is­
toria amgvari ganviTarebis magaliTia: `pamelas”, `tom jon­
sis” da `tristram Sendis” `momwifebuli~ formebi emyareba
`einfache Formen~-s: werilebs, dRiurs, mogzaurobis aRweras
(anda `warmosaxul mogzaurobas~), memuarebs, meCvidmete
saukunis `daxasiaTebebs~, agreTve _ sasceno komedias,
eposs da saTavgadasavlo romans.
meore sakiTxia Janruli ganviTarebis uwyvetoba. cno­
bilia, rom brunetierma daTvuri samsaxuri gauwia `genealo­
gias~ Tavisi kvazibiologiuri `evoluciuri~ TeoriiT. man
gamoitana metad moulodneli daskvna, rom meCvidmete sau­
kunis oratorulma xelovnebam uSualo zegavlena moaxdina
(qronologiuri siSoris miuxedavad) mecxramete saukunis
lirikul poeziaze.32 es daskvna (paralelad gamodgeba is kav­
Siri, romelic, van tigemis SexedulebiT, arsebobs homerosis
epossa da uolter skotis `ueverlis~ Soris, Sua saukunee­
bis galeqsil romansa da Tanamedrove fsiqologiur romans
Soris, drosa da sivrceSi daSorebul nawarmoebebs Soris)
efuZneba analogias avtori­sa da mkiTxvelis mdgomareobasTan
– romlebic yovelTvis ro­di arian Tanamedroveni (`quelques
tendances premordiales~). magram van tigemi aRniSnavs amgvari ana­
logiebis SeuZleblobis Sesa­xeb, radgan, misi azriT, Sedareba
344
literaturuli HJAanrebi
ar xorcieldeba `literaturu­li Janrebis CarCoebSi, am sity­
vis zusti mniSvnelobiT~ - `les genres litteraires – proprement dits~.33
cxadia, Janruli ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrulobis gamovlena
SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac mis yovel etapze
dasabuTebuli iqneba Janrisadmi `erTguleba~. warmoadgens
Tu ara tragedia erT Janrs? Cven vaRiarebT, rom tragedias
aqvs periodebi da erovnuli formebi: berZnuli tragedia,
elisabedis xanis, klasikuri franguli da mecxramete sau­
kunis germanuli tragedia. rogor aRviqvaT isini? rogorc
mravali calkeuli Janri Tu, rogorc erTi Janris tipebi
da nairsaxeobebi? rogorc Cans, pasuxi, nawilobriv mainc,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras SevarCevT amosaval principad
_ klasikuri elinuri xanis formalur memkvidreobiTo­
bas Tu Sinaarsis ideur Taviseburebas. mecxramete saukunis
literaturis ganxilvi­sas kidev ufro Znelia pasuxis gacema
am kiTxvaze: ra SeiZleba vTqvaT Cexovis `alublis baRze~ da
`Toliaze~, anda ibsenis `moCvenebebze~, `rosmersholmze~,
`mSenebel solnesze~? unda miviCnioT Tu ara isini trage­
diebad? gamoxatvis saSualeba Seicvala da leqsidan prozaze
gadainacvla; aseve Seicvala `tragikuli gmiris~ cneba.
am kiTxvebs mivyavarT im sakiTxTan, romelic exeba
Janris istoriis xasiaTs. erTi mxriv, davoben imaze, rom
SeuZlebelia kritikuli istoriis Seqmna (radgan Seqspiris
tragediebis normad aRiareba imas niSnavs, rom saTanadod
ver SevafasebT ZvelberZnul da frangul tragediebs),
xolo, meore mxriv, istoria, romelsac ara aqvs istoriis
filosofia, ubralo qronikad darCeba.34 orive pozicia
Taviseburad samarTliania. pasuxad is gveguleba, rom
eli­sabedis xanis tragediis istoria unda iwerebodes ro­
gorc Seqspirisken mimarTuli ganviTareba da misgan daw­
yebuli daRmasvla; magram tragediis istoria valdebulia
ga­moiyenos ormagi meTodi: SeimuSavos tragediis zogadi
gansazRvra (saerTo mniSvnelis Ziebis meTodi) da, meore
mxriv, gamoavlinos qronologiuri kavSirebi tragediuli
Janris erT skolasa da mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul meore
skolas Soris erTi qveynisa da erTi literaturuli mimar­
345
literaturis Teoria
Tulebis farglebSi; amgvarad warmodgenili Janris isto­
ria warmoadgens agreTve literaturuli procesis perio­
dizaciis kritikul gadaazrebas (mag., franguli tra­gedia
Jodelidan rasinamde da rasinidan volteramde).
aSkaraa, rom Janris Tema win swevs literaturis isto­
riis, literaturuli kritikisa da maTi ur­Ti­er­T­kavSirebis
centralur sakiTxebs. igi gan­sa­kuTrebul li­teraturul
konteqstSi svams im filosofiur sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa
zogadisa da individualuris, erTeulisa da mravlobiTis
urTi­erTmimarTeba, universaliebis arsi.
346
Tavi meTvramete
Sefaseba
*
mizanSewonilia, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT termi­
nebi `dafaseba~ da `Sefaseba~. istoriis mTel manZilze
ka­cobriobam icoda zepirsityvieri da mwignobruli li­
teraturis fasi, didad iyo misiT dainteresebuli da
dade­biTad moixseniebda. magram kritikosebma da filo­
sofosebma, romlebsac marTebT, `Seafason~ li­te­ratura
an konkretuli literaturuli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba
uaryofiTi verdiqti gamoitanon. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
interesis gancdidan gadavdivarT gansjis aqtze. normas­
Tan mimarTebis dadgenis, kriteriumis gamoyenebis da sxva
sagnebTan an interesebTan nawarmoebis Sedarebis gziT Cven
ganvsazRvravT am mxatvruli obieqtis an interesis rangs.
Tu movindomebT dawvrilebiT aRvweroT adamianis
damokidebuleba literaturisadmi, gagviWirdeba am uka­
nasknelis definicia. is, rac amJamad moixsenieba rogorc
literatura, etapobrivad aRmocenda sinkretuli qme­
debidan, romelic moicavda simReras, cekvas da reli­
giur rituals. xolo Tu vapirebT ganvmartoT kacobrio­
bis siyvaruli literaturisadmi, maSin detalurad unda
gaverkveT am movlenis arsSi. ra aris is, risTvisac xalxi
afasebs literaturas? ra Rirebulebebi aqvs iseTi, rac
iwvevs interess? unda iTqvas, rom aseTi ram bevria: hora­
ciusis reziume `dulce et utile~ SegviZla vTargmnoT, ro­
gorc `garToba~ da `ganswavla~, anda `TamaSi~ da `Sroma~,
an `saboloo Rirebuleba~ da `qmediTi Rirebuleba~, anda
`xelovneba~ da `propaganda~, an xelovneba, rogorc TviT­
mizani da xelovneba, rogorc sazogadoebis ritualu­ri da
kulturuli gamaerTianebeli Zala.
347
literaturis Teoria
ganvixiloT normis sakiTxi. rogor unda davafasoT
da SevafasoT literatura? – literatura unda davafa­
soT imitom, rom is literaturaa da ara sxva ram; is unda
SevafasoT literaturuli Rirebulebis cnebebisa da ska­
lis Sesabamisad.1 literaturis buneba, funqcia da Sefaseba
urTierTkorelaciuria. sagnis gamoyeneba – vgulisxmobT
mis Cveulebriv, an profesiul an kidev _ erTaderT Sesa­
Zlebel gamoyenebas – ganpirobebulia misi bunebiT (an misi
struqturiT). is, rac potenciaSi aris sagnis buneba, sagnis
gamoyenebisas warmoadgens mis funqcias. sagani SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT da unda gamoviyenoT ise, rogorc amas gvkarna­
xobs misi buneba. sagnis dafaseba SegviZlia imis gamo, rasac
is warmoadgens da risi Sesrulebac mas ZaluZs, xolo misi
Sefaseba unda moxdes sxva sagnebTan SedarebiT, romlebsac
msgavsi xasiaTi da funqcia aqvT.
literatura unda SevafasoT misive bunebiT gansaz­
Rvruli terminebiT da kategoriebiT. ra aris literaturis
buneba? ras warmoadgens literatura, rogorc aseTi? ra
aris `wminda literatura~? amgvarad Camoyalibebuli kiTx­
va gulisxmobs garkveul analitikur da reduqciul proce­
sebs; pasuxi masze, albaT, migviyvans `wminda poeziis~ kon­
cefciasTan _ imaJizmTan da eqolaliasTan. magram im Sem­
TxvevaSi, Tu vecdebiT, rom am gzaze `siwmindes~ mivaRwioT,
maSin unda davarRvioT plastikuri saxeobriobisa da evfo­
niis erTianoba da davutovoT isini, Sesabamisad, ferweras
da musikas; magram amas mohyveba poeziis gaqroba.
`siwmindis~ amgvari gaazreba kritikuli analizis mxo­
lod erT-erTi momentia. sjobs, daviwyoT literaturis
organizaciiT da funqciiT. ekuTvnis Tu ara literaturas
mocemuli nawarmoebi, amas gadawyvets ara elementTa raoba,
aramed maTi urTierTganlageba da daniSnuleba.2 `wminda
literaturis~ zogierTi Zveli damcveli, reformatoru­
li saqmianobis procesSi, mzadaa `didaqtikur eresTan~
gaaigivos eTikuri an socialuri ideebis ubralo arsebo­
bac ki romanSi Tu poemaSi. magram literaturas zians ver
mivayenebT mxatvrul sistemaSi garkveuli ideebis CarTviT,
348
Sefaseba
radgan esaa erTgvari literaturuli masala, xasiaTebis an
garemocvis msgavsad. Tanamedrove warmodgenebis mixed­viT,
literaturas ar unda hqondes praqtikuli daniSnuleba
(propaganda, miTiTeba uSualo da dauyovnebliv moqmede­
baze) da mecnieruli daniSnuleba (informaciis mowodeba,
faqtebi, `damatebiTi codna~). Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom
romanSi an leqsSi ar moipoveba praqtikuli an mecnieruli
codnis `elementebi~, romlebsac garkveuli Rirebuleba
aqvT nawarmoebis konteqstisgan damoukideblad. vime­o­
rebT: savaraudod, TviT `wminda~ romanSi an leqsSic ki
amovikiTxavT praqtikuli an mecnieruli Rirebulebis
mqone azrebs. sazogadod, SesaZlebelia, nebismieri sagani
aR­viqvaT arasworad, ese igi, im funqciebis sapirispirod,
rom­lebic gamomdinareobs misi bunebidan:
zog vinmes msgavsad, vinc eklesias gaemarTeba
ara doqtrinis, aramed musikis iq mosasmenad.
Tavis droze, albaT sworad ar iyo gagebuli da wakiT­
xuli gogolis `Sineli~ da `mkvdari sulebi~; es Se­niSvna
gonier kritikosebsac exeba. Sexeduleba am na­warmoebebis
TiTqosda propagandistuli daniSnulebis Sesaxeb efuZne­
boda teqstidan amoglejil nawyvetebs, rom­lebic sulac
ar moiTxovs aseT daxvewil literatu­rul organizacias an
ironiis, parodiis, sityvaTa TamaSis, mimikriisa da burles­
kis esoden rTul meqanizms.
SeiZleba Tu ara raimes gadawyveta literaturis
amgvari definiciiT? garkveuli gagebiT, esTetikuri
moqceulia `esTetikur gamocdilebasa~ (xelovnebis av­
tonomiur sferos) da xelovnebas, rogorc mxolod mecni­
eruli da sazogadoebrivi ideebis gamoxatulebas Soris.
es gamoricxavs iseT tertium quid-s, rogoricaa `esTetikuri
Rirebuleba~, Sualeduri ram `codnasa~ da `moqmedebas~
Soris, anu, erTi mxriv, mecnierebasa da filosofias, xolo
meore mxriv – eTikasa da politikas So­ris.3 cxadia, rodesac
vambobT, rom xelovnebas ara aqvs misgan ganuyofeli, pirve­
349
literaturis Teoria
ladi `esTetikuri Rirebuleba~, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, rom
mas, sazogadod aqvs garkveuli Rirebuleba. xelovnebis
nawarmoebis da, saerTod, xelovnebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb
TiToeuli adamiani msjelobs faseulobaTa `realuri~,
`sabo­loo~ sistemebis Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenidan
gamomdinare. zogierTi filosofosis msgavsad, xelovne­
ba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc codnis primitiuli an
damokidebuli forma, anda, zogierTi reformatoris Sexe­
dulebisamebr, SevafasoT igi misi savaraudo efeqturobis
kuTxiT (Tu ramdenad Seswevs mas unari, gamoiwvios garkveu­
li moqmedeba). xelovnebis (gansakuTrebiT, mwerlobis) Ri­
rebulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT misi SemcvelobiToba, es ki
gamoricxavs garkveul specializacias raime principiT.
mwerlebi da kritikosebi amiT gacilebiT ufro amayoben,
vidre mwerlis an misi interpretatoris maRali profe­
sionalizmiT. `literaturul azrovnebas~ aseT SemTxvevaSi
miewereba `winaswarmetyvelebis~ uflebebi, gansakuTre­
buli `WeSma­ritebis~ kidev ufro farTod da Rrmad wvdo­
mis unari, vidre es ZaluZs mecnierebasa da filosofias.
magram saqme isaa, rom am grandiozuli pretenziebis dacva
Zalze Znelia swored maTi grandiozulobis gamo. isini
marTlzomieri iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac Rirebulebis
yoveli sfero, iqneba es religia, filosofia, ekonomika Tu
xelovneba, SeZlebs daasabuTos Tavisi uzomo pretenziebi
da SeiTavsebs sxvaTa yvela saukeTeso da WeSmarit elements
Tu Tvisebas.4 zogierTis azriT, literaturis miCneva nati­
fi xelovnebis erT-erT formad, ufro Ralats hgavs. lite­
ratura miiswrafvis, iyos codnis aRmatebuli forma, da
agreTve, zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis forma:
Sesabamisad, am poziciidan ukan daxeva xom ar niSnavs, rom
is ugulebelyofs sakuTar daniSnulebas da, aqedan gamom­
dinare, statuss? gana yovel sferos (iseve ro­gorc yovel
mzard ersa da pativmoyvare, Tavdajerebul pirovnebas) ar
marTebs, rom ufro metisken miiswrafvo­des, vidre is imsa­
xurebs, mezoblis an moSurnis azriT?
350
Sefaseba
amitom literaturis zogi apologeti miiCnevs, rom,
esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, literatura ar aris `natifi
xelovneba~. sxvebis mtkicebiT, `esTetikuri faseuloba~ da
`esTetikuri gamocdileba~ ar warmoadgens Zireul, pirve­
lad cnebebs. arsebobs Tu ara gansazRvruli av­tonomiuri
sfero `esTetikuri gamocdilebisa~ an es­Te­tikuri obieq­
tis Tvisebebisa, romlebsac Tavisi bu­nebiT ZaluZT gamoam­
JRavnon aseTi gancda?
kantis Semdeg, filosofosTa da xelovnebaTmcodne­
Ta umetesoba aRiarebs, rom natif xelovnebas, da, masTan
erTad, literaturas, ganumeorebeli Tvisebebi da Ri­
rebuleba aqvT. ase magaliTad, Teodor grini acxadebda,
rom ar SeiZleba `mxatvruloba dayvanil iqnas sxva uf­
ro primitiul Tvisebebamde~. igi werda: `xelovnebis na­
warmoebis ganumeoreblobas SeiZleba mxolod intuiciiT
CavwvdeT; is SeiZleba aRvniSnoT da warmovadginoT, magram
SeuZlebelia misi gansazRvra, da miT umetes – aRwera.5
filosofosebi TiTqmis erTxmad aRiareben esTe­
tikuri gancdis ganumeoreblobas. `wminda gonebis kri­
tikaSi” kanti xazs usvams xelovnebis `umizno mi­zan­
dasaxulebas~ (rodesac mizani ar aris mimarTuli moq­
medebisken), `wminda~ silamazis upiratesobas gamo­yenebiT
silamazesTan SedarebiT, agreTve _ interesis uqonlo­
bas esTetikuri aRqmis obieqtSi (ara aqtiuri, aramed pa­
siuri aRqma). Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi Se­Tanxmdnen
imaze, rom esTetikuri gamocdileba niSnavs iseT aRqmas,
romelic Sinaganad sasiamovnoa da saintereso; is moicavs
garkveul faseulobas, iZleva nimuSs, aRgviZravs sxva fa­
seulobaTa molodins. esTetikuri gamocdileba ukavSir­
deba grZnobebs (tkivilis, siamovnebis, srul­fasovani ar­
sebobis SegrZnebas) da cnobierebas; amasTan, is asagnebs da
ayalibebs grZnobebs, romlebic xelovnebis nawarmoebSi
pouloben `obieqtur korelats~, grZnobebi, rodesac isini
gvevlinebian mxatvruli gamonagonis for­miT, TiTqos kar­
gaven simZafres. esTetikuri obieqti aris iseTi obieqti,
romelic iwvevs Cems interess TavisTavad, me ki ar SemiZlia
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literaturis Teoria
misi gardaqmna an gaTaviseba. esTetikuri gamocdileba
aris erTgvari Wvreta, mZafri interesi damaxasiaTebeli­
sadmi. mas ar sCvevia da vnebs kidec uti­litaruloba, xolo
mTavari mteria Cveva, romelic war­moadgens gamyarebuli
praqticizmis Sedegs.
literaturuli nawarmoebi aris esTetikuri obieqti,
romelsac ZaluZs, gaaaqtiuros esTetikuri gamocdileba.
ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom literaturuli nawar­
moebis SefasebaSi mTlianad esTetikuri kriteriumiT vi­
xelmZRvaneloT? T.s. eliotis varaudis Sesabamisad, xom ar
gvmarTebs, rom mwerlobis literaturuloba ganvsajoT
esTetikuri kriteriumiT, xolo literaturis rangi da
sidiade – araesTetikuri kriteriumiT?6 eliotis pirve­
li Tvalsazrisi or nawilad unda gavyoT. pirvel rigSi,
lite­raturad (moTxrobad, leqsad, piesad) unda miviCnioT
specifikuri verbaluri konstruqciebi, da amis Semdeg
ukve vsvamT kiTxvas, CaiTvleba Tu ara is `karg~, e.i. im ran­
gis literaturad, romelic pasuxobs esTetikuri gamoc­
dilebis mqone mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs. rac Seexeba `diad~
literaturas, aq ukve saWiroa standartebi da normebi.
Tanamedrove kritikosebi ifarglebian iseTi esTetikuri
kritikiT, romlebsac, saerTod, `formalisturs~ uwodeben
(zogjer TviTon, zogjer ki _ kritikulad _ sxvebi). yovel
SemTxvevaSi, sityva `forma~ orazrovania. aq masSi vgulisx­
mobT literaturuli nawarmoebis esTetikur struqturas,
anu imas, rac mas aqcevs literaturad.7 for­misa da Sinaarsis
Sepirispirebis nacvlad, Cven pirvel adgilas vayenebT asax­
vis sagans da mxolod Semdeg `formas~, romelic Tavis masa­
las uzrunvelyofs esTetikuri organizaciiT. xelovnebis
namdvil nawarmoebSi, xdeba ma­salis sruli asimilireba
formaSi: is rac iyo `samyaro~, gadaiqca `enad~.8 literatu­
ruli xelovnebis nawarmoebis `masala~ erT doneze sityvier
masalas warmoadgens, meore doneze – adamianuri qcevis ga­
mocdilebas, xolo kidev sxva doneze – msoflmxedvelobas.
yvela isini, enis CaTvliT, arseboben xelovnebis nawarmoe­
bis samyaros miRma, sxva formiT, xolo leqsSi an romanSi, Tu
352
Sefaseba
esaa xelovnebis maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebebi, esTetikuri
mizani aer­Tianebs maT polifoniuri mTlianobis saxiT.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom literatura SevafasoT
wminda formalisturi kriteriumiT? SevecdebiT Camo­
vayaliboT pasuxi am kiTxvaze.
rusi formalistebis mier Seqmnili SefasebiTi krite­
riumi, imavdroulad, esTetikuri kriteriumicaa – es aris
siaxle, moulodneloba. Cveuli lingvisturi sityvaTSe­
Tanxmebebs an `kliSeebs~ uSualod ver aR­viq­vamT: sityvebi
ar gaiazreba rogorc sityvebi, xo­­lo sityvaTSeTanxmebebis
mniSvneloba miaxloebiTia. Cveni reaq­cia banalur, gacveTil
gamoTqmebze aseve banalu­ria; nacnobi, mobezrebuli mowye­
na xom mxolod mowyenas iwvevs. sityvebis `realizeba~, maTi
simbolikis wvdoma xde­ba mxolod maSin, rodesac isini axle­
burad da moulodnelad arian SeTanxmebulni. enis aRsaqme­
lad aucilebelia misi `deformacia~, anu stilizebuli ar­
qaizaciis an barbarizaciis mimarTulebiT. viqtor Sklovs­
kis azriT, poeziis daniSnulebaa `ganaxleba~, `gaucnau­
reba~. magram sia­xlis aseTi kriteriumi ukve farTod iyo
gavrcelebu­li, yovel SemTxvevaSi romantikosTa Semdeg
_ uots-daltoni mas `gaocebis aRorZinebas~ uwodebda.
uordsvorTi da kolriji sxvadasxvanairad da ur­
TierTkorelaciurad iRvwodnen, raTa `ucnaurad war­
moedginaT~ saTqmeli, oRond pirveli maTgani cdilobda
eCvenebina Cveuli movlena rogor ucnauri, xolo meore,
pi­riqiT, warmogvidgenda ucnaurs, rogorc Cveuls. ufro
gviandeli `moZraobebi~ poeziaSi cdilobdnen gadaewyvi­
taT erTi da igive amocana: Tavi aeridebinaT mkiTxveli­
seuli reaqciis avtomatizmisTvis, ramac xeli Seuwyo enis
ganaxlebas (sityvis revolucias) da gaemZafrebinaT poe­
turi xedva. romantizmma Tavis principad aRiara uSualo
bavSvuri aRqma. matisma didi Sroma gaswia, raTa daenaxa sam­
yaro `xuTi wlis bavSvis TvaliT~. peiteri irwmuneboda,
rom esTetikuri disciplina gamoricxavs Cvevas, radgan es
ukanaskneli xels uSlis aRqmas. kriteriumad siaxlea ga­
mocxadebuli, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom esaa aRqmis siax­
le, romelic ganurCevelia Sinaarsis mimarT.9
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literaturis Teoria
ramdenad Sors wagviyvans es kriteriumi? im formiT, ro­
gorc is rusebma gamoiyenes, es kriteriumi rela­tivisturad
aris aRiarebuli. mukarJovski wers, rom es­Tetikuri norma ar
arsebobs, radgan swored esTetikuri normis arsia dasamsx­
vrevi.10 aranairi poeturi stili ar aris mudam `ucnauri~. ami­
tom, – acxadebs mukarJovski, – nawarmoebma SeiZleba dakar­
gos Tavisi esTetikuri funqcia, xolo Semdeg, mogvianebiT,
kvlav daibrunos is, mas mere, rac kargad nacnobi movlena
kvlav ucnobad warmogvidgeba. xdeba ise, rom kargad nacnobi
leqss axleburad gadaviazrebT xolme, zogjer ki xangrZli­
vi droiT gadavdebT mis kiTxvas, radgan gvgonia, rom masSi
ver vipoviT verafers axals. aseTia literaturis mTeli
istoria: zogierTi daviwyebuli poeti kvlav iwvevs Cvens
gancvifrebas, sxvebs ki veCveviT da isini araviTar gavlenas
aRar axdenen Cvens warmosaxvaze .11
rodesac vlaparakobT nawarmoebTan piradi damo­
kidebulebis Sesaxeb, Cven ukve viyenebT sxva kri­teriums.
rodesac isev da isev vubrundebiT nawarmoebs da masSi
`yovel jerze masSi axal-axal Tvisebebs vamCnevT~, aq ar
xdeba Cveni codnis gazrda analogiuri cnobebis xarjze
_ Cven, ubralod, vwvdebiT sazrisis axal doneebs, axal
asociaciur kavSirebs; romansa Tu poemaSi vxedavT mraval­
Sreobriv struqturas. magaliTad, homerosisa da Seqspiris
nawarmoebebi kvlavac iwvevs aRtacebas, da, maSasadame, maT
axasiaTebs is Tviseba, romelsac JorJ boesis kvalobaze,
`polivalenturobas~ vuwodebT: maTi esTetikuri Rire­
buleba imdenad didia, rom yoveli axali Taobis aRtacebas
iwvevs am qmnilebaTa axalaRmoCenili mSveniereba.12 amasTan,
aseTi nawarmoebebis amouwuravi mravalferovnebis wvdoma
misi avtoris sicocxleSic ki, ar SeuZlia erT adamians, es
xelewifeba mxolod koleqtivs, sazogadoebas. Seqspiris
piesis yurebisas yvelaze ubralo msmeneli aRiqvams fabu­
las, ufro gonieri – xasiaTebs da konfliqtebs, ufro ga­
naTlebuli – calkeul sityvebs da frazebs, musikisadmi
mgrZnobiare _ ritms, xolo sazriss TandaTanobiT swvdeba
mxolod marTlac moazrovne da mgrZnobiare adamiani.13
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Sefaseba
Cveni kriteriumi Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTisaa: `saxe­
ob­­­ri­­­vi integracia~ da masalis `moculoba (da mra­val­
ferovneba)~.14 formalistebi Tvlidnen, rom rac uf­ro
`rTulia~ leqsi, rac ufro metia misi Rirebuleba da aana­
lizebdnen Zalze rTuli struqturis nawarmoebebs, romle­
bic gaSifvras saWiroebdnen. rTuli SeiZleba iyos erTi an
ramdenime done. hopkinsis `sirTule~ _ esaa misi poeturi
manerac, sintaqsic da prosodiac. nawarmoebis `sirTule~
SeiZleba gamovlindes saxeobriobis, Tematikis, tonis anda
siuJetis doneze _ yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi
rTulia swored am `maRali~ struqturebis doneze.
`masalaTa mravalferovnebaSi~ igulisxmeba konkre­
tuli ideebi, xasiaTebi da sazogadoebrivi da fsiqologi­
uri gamocdilebis tipebi. am mxriv relevanturia eliotis
mier `metafizikos poetTa~ Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazreba.
aCvenebs ra, rom poetis goneba `ganuwyvetliv aerTianebs
gansxvavebul gamocdilebas~, elioti, magaliTis saxiT,
agebs nawarmoebs, romelic moicavs poetis siyvaruls,
spinozas kiTxvas, sabeWdi manqanis kakuns da Semzadebuli
saWmlis aromats. doqtori jonsoni amgvar nazavs discordia concors-s (`grZnobaTa disharmonias~) uwodebda, metad
undoblad ekideboda poeturi warmosaxvis am Tvisebas da
aRniSnavda, rom am dros `yvelaze ufro Seusabamo azrebi
ZaliT aris SekavSirebuli~. ufro gviandeli avtori, jorj
uiliamsoni, romelic aseve aanalizebda `metafizikosebs~,
dadebiTad afasebs gansxvavebuli masalis SeTanxmebas. Cve­
ni TvalsazrisiT, rom Tuki namdvilad xdeba `gaerTiane­
ba~, maSin poemis Rirebuleba izrdeba misi masalis mra­val­
ferovnebis pirdapirproporciulad.
`sam leqciaSi esTetikis sakiTxebze~ bosanke ga­
nasxvavebs `martiv mSvenierebas~ `Zneli mSvenierebisgan~,
mTeli misi sirTuliT, Sinagani daZabulobiT da masStabu­
robiT. Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT sxvaoba maT Soris masalaTa
gansxvavebulobiT: martivi mSveniereba miiRweva martivi sa­
SualebebiT (keTilxmovaneba, sasiamovno vi­zualuri xate­
bi, `poeturi siuJeti~); `Zneli mSveniereba~ TiTqmis unda
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literaturis Teoria
`gamoiwuros~ urCi masalidan da amgvari urCi masalaa: mtan­
jveli, maxinji, didaqtikuri, praqtikuli. am gansxvavebas
ukve meTvramete saukune moaswavebda Tavisi kontrastiT
`mSveniersa~ da `amaRlebuls~ (`Znel mSvenierebas~) Soris.
`amaRlebulisa~ da `damaxasiaTeblis~ meSveobiT xorciel­
deba `araesTetikuris~ esTetizeba. magaliTad, tragedia
mxatvrulad gardasaxavs tkivils, tanjvas; komediac Sesa­
bamisad moqmedebs `simaxinjeze~. saSualebebi, romlebiTac
miiRweva martivi mSveniereba, TviT warmoadgenen mSve­
nierebis pirvelad `formebs~; `Zneli mSveniereba~, piriqiT,
yovelTvis warmoadgens for­mas, mxatvrul gamoxatulebas.
Zneli mSveniereba ufro metad Seesabameba maRalmxatv­
rulobas, vidre xelovnebis `srulyofili~ nawarmoebi da
`diadi qmnileba~. rasakvirvelia, moculoba mniSvnelovani
faqtoria ara TavisTavad, aramed imis gamo, rom igi Sesa­
Zlebels xdis nawarmoebis sirTulis, Sinagani daZabulobi­
sa da diapazonis gazrdas. ~msxvili~ nawarmoebi da `msxvili~
Janri moculobas ukavSirdeba. Tu am sakiTxSi ar veTanxme­
biT klasicizmis Teoretikosebs, misi ugulebelyofa mainc
ar SegviZlia: SegviZlia mxolod moviTxovoT, rom mocu­
loba gamarTlebuli unda iyos, da rom dResdReobiT poemas
sigrZisTvis gacilebiT meti moeTxoveba vidre adre.
zogierTi esTetikosisTvis `sidiade~ araesTetiku­ri
kategoriaa.15 ase, magaliTad, l.a. ridis TvalsazrisiT, xe­
lovnebis sidiade momdinareobs Sinaarsobrivi aspeq­tidan,
da is diadia imdenad, ramdenadac gamoxatavs sicocxlis
`diad” Rirebulebebs. t.m. grini ki gvTavazobs, rom `simarT­
le~ da `sidiade~ ganixilebodes, rogorc xelovnebis stan­
darti, TumcaRa araesTetikuri, magram aucilebeli. sinamd­
vileSi grini, da gansakuTrebiT, ridi, verc ki scildebian
rTuli mSvenierebis bosankeseul kriteriums. magaliTad,
`didi poetebis didi nawarmoebe­bi – sofokles, dantes,
miltonis, Seqspiris memkvidreoba – warmoadgens adamianis
gamocdilebis didi speqtris organizebul xorcSesxmas~.
Teoriasa an praqtikaSi ne­bismier sferoSi, `diadis~ niSanTvisebebs, kriteriums warmoadgens: `rTulis wvdomis una­
356
Sefaseba
ri misi sazrisisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT~; magram rode­
sac saubaria diadi xelovnebis Sesaxeb, maSin am moTxovnebs
unda daematos `faseulobiTi situaciis xorcSesxma~, `ise­
Ti faseulobis xorcSesxma, romelic siamovnebas, netare­
bas gvaniWebs~. ridi ar kiTxulobs, didi poetis nawarmoebia
diadi poema, Tu es poema diadia TavisTavad. amis nacvlad is
cdilobs SeaTanxmos pasuxebi, romlebic SeiZleba gaices
am kiT­xvaze. ridi aRiarebs, rom nawarmoebs `sidiades~ ani­
Webs masStaburi forma da Rrmaazrovani msjeloba, magram
am kriteriums ufardebs ara raRac hipoTezur Erlebnis-s~,16
aramed mxolod mxatvrulad srulyofil poezias.
dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~ da miltonis `dakarguli
samoTxe” formalisturi kritikis mudmivi obieqtebia. maga­
liTad, kroCe winaaRmdegi iyo ganexila `komedia” rogorc
poema, _ esaa lirikuli nawyvetebis seriebi, romelTac
drodadro enacvleba fsevdomecnieruli msjelobebi. misT­
vis `grZeli poemac~ da `filosofiuri poemac~ logikuri
Seusabamobaa. winandeli esTetizmi da misi warmomadgeneli
logen persel smiti `dakargul samoTxes” miiCnevs arqauli
Teologiis debulebaTa harmoniulad Camoyalibebul er­
Tobliobad: igulisxmeba `saorRano harmonia~, _ erTa­
derTi nawarmoebi, romelsac miltons uwoneben.17 Sinaarss
yuradReba ar eqceva, forma ki Tavisuflad arsebobs.
Cveni azriT, formaluri analizis amgvari daskvnebi
damajerebeli araa. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarT maTi
midgoma atomisturia, radgan, mTeli nawarmoebis mxatvru­
lobis nacvlad, isini ganixilaven misi zogierTi elementis
SefardebiT mxatvrulobas, maSin, rodesac swored mTeli
nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis saSualebiT SeiZleba gaviaz­
roT yovelive, rac konteqstis gareSe usagno diskursad
warmogvidgeba. rogorc dante, ise miltoni, poemebTan er­
Tad, traqtatebsac werdnen da erTmaneTSi ar SeureviaT
es ori forma. miltonma dawera independenturi diser­
tacia `De Doctrina Christan” daaxloebiT im dros, rodesac
`dakargul samoTxeze” muSaobda. rogorc ar unda ganvsaz­
RvroT misi poe­mis Janri (epikuri, qristianul-epikuri Tu
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literaturis Teoria
filosofiur-epikuri poema) da mTlianad vendobiT ra av­
toris ganzraxvas, `ganmartos RvTis neba-survili~, mainc
vaRiarebT, rom poemisa da traqtatis miznebi gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan: poemis buneba ganisazRvreba literaturu­
li tradiciebiT, romelTac is `eqvemdebareba~, da, agreTve,
misi kavSiriT TviT miltonis adreul poeziasTan.
miltonis Teologia `dakargul samoTxeSi~ orTo­
doqsul-protestantulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ase gamoi­
yureba. magram Tu mkiTxveli ver gaiziarebs poemaSi xorc­
Sesxmul Teologias, es ar daakninebs am nawarmoebis Rirse­
bebs. adre, jer kidev bleikis periodSi, iTvleboda, rom
poemis gmiri satana iyo, rom aseTi iyo miltonis gaucno­
bierebuli `Canafiqri~; ase rom, baironma da Selim Seqmnes
`dakarguli samoTxis~ romantikuli varianti, sadac satana
promeTeoss utoldeboda, xolo miltoniseuli edemis `pri­
mitivizmi~ keTilganwyobiT ganixileboda, kolinzis msje­
lobis analogiurad.18 rasakvirvelia, kidev arsebobs mil­
tonis poemis `humanisturi~ wakiTxvac, romelic soram war­
moadgina. is, rom mkiTxveli ar iziarebs poemis Teolo­gi­as
an istorias, ver daakninebs nawarmoebis didebul panoramas,
pirquS da grandiozul scenebs da peizaJebs.
amave dros, Zalze saeWvoa, rom swored `dakarguli sa­
moTxis~ stili aqcevs am nawarmoebs diad poemad, imis miu­
xedavad, rom misi doqtrina miZvelebuli da uvargisia. es
Tvalsazrisi kidev erTxel amtkicebs mxatvruli nawarmoe­
bis `formad~ da `Sinaarsad~ dayofis absurdulobas. forma
aq stilad gvevlineba, xolo ideologia – sazrisad. garda
amisa, aseTi dayofa ar iTvaliswinebs mTlianad nawarmoebs,
is ugulebelyofs yvelafers, rac metrikis, poeturi ma­
neris sazRvrebs scildeba. rac Seexeba `sazriss~, l.a. ridi
mas uwodebs `meorad Sinaarss~ (vinaidan Sinaarsi, TviT
sinamdvile, xelovnebis nawarmoebis miRma myofobs). is ar
iTvaliswinebs siuJets (Txrobas), xasiaTebs (ufro zustad,
`daxasiaTebas~), ese igi, im mxatvrul samyaros, romelic
warmoiqmneba siuJetis, atmosferos da xasiaTebis erTiano­
biT: samyaro, romelic warmoadgens `metafizikur fenomens~
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Sefaseba
(esaa xati im samyarosi, romelic warmogvidgeba nawarmoebSi
avtoris Canafiqrisgan damoukideblad).
gansakuTrebiT miuRebelia is warmodgena, rom `saor­
Rano harmonia~ SeiZleba gamoiyos poemidan. viwro mniS­
vnelobiT, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc `forma­luri
silamazis~, anu fonetikuri rezonansis mqone. magram mwer­
lobaSi, poeziis CaTvliT, formaluri silamaze TiTqmis
yovelTvis emsaxureba gamoxatvas. amitom kiTxva sxva­
gvarad unda davsvaT: ramdenad Seesatyviseba `saorRano
harmonia~ siuJets, xasiaTebsa da Temas. mil­toniseuli
stili sasacilod gamoiyureba, rodesac mas iyeneben
meorexarisxovani poetebi trivialur Temeb­ze Seqmnil
nawarmoebebSi.
formalisturi kritikis TvalsazrisiT, aucile­
beli araa avtirisa da mkiTxvelis principTa Tanxvedra.
ufro metic, es saWiro araa, radgan maSin unda mogvwondes
mxolod is nawarmoebebi, romelTa avtorebis warmodgena
cxovrebaze CvenTvis misaRebia. gana raime mniSvneloba aqvs
Weltanschauung-s esTetikuri gansjisaTvis? eliots miaCnia,
rom leqsSi asaxuli msoflmxedveloba unda iyos `Tanmim­
devruli, momwifebuli da realur gamocdilebaze damyare­
buli~.19 eliotis es gancxadeba isea Camoyalibebuli, rom
scildeba nebismieri formalizmis farglebs: faqtia, rom
Tanmimdevruloba, logikur kriteriumTan erTad, esTeti­
kur kriteriumsac ganasaxierebs; rac Seexeba `simwifes~, es
ukev fsiqologiuri kriteriumia, xolo `realuri gamoc­
dileba~ _ esaa erTgvari mowodeba, SevadaroT xelovneba
da sinamdvile. imas, rasac elioti xelovnebis nawarmoe­
bis simwifes uwodebs, Cven vuwodebT erTobliobas, ro­
melic icnobierebs sakuTar Tavs Sinagani Zalebis sir­
Tuled, daZa­bulobad da Widilad; Sesabamisobas romansa da
cxovrebiseul sinamdviles Soris ver gavarkvevT elemen­
tebis ubralo dawyvilebiT da gadarCeviT: gamarTlebulia
mxolod dikensis, kafkas, balzakis an tolstois erTiani
samyaros Sejereba Cvens saerTo gamocdilebasTan, anu Cveni
azrebisa da grZnobebis `samyarosTan~. Cven vmsjelobT am
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literaturis Teoria
Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb iseTi esTetikuri kategoriebis meS­
veobiT, rogorebicaa sicxovle, intensivoba, gaazrebuli
kontrastuloba, Ca­na­fiqris siRrme da diapazoni, stati­
kuroba, dinamika. `cxovrebiseuli~ igivea, rac `xelovnebis
msgavsi~, da analogia cxovrebasa da literaturas Soris
arsad araa iseTi TvalsaCino, rogorc stilizebul xe­
lovnebaSi: dikenss, kafkas da prusts namdvilad SeaqvT Ta­
vianTi koreq­tivebi Cvens warmodgenebSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb.20
mecxramete saukunemde SefasebiTi kriteriumi metnak­lebad ierarqiuli iyo _ arsebobda klasikosi avto­
rebis ierarqia, romlebic `yovelTvis moswondaT da yo­
velTvis moewonebaT~. bunebrivia, rom mTavari magaliTebi
iyvnen berZeni da romaeli avtorebi, romelTa avtoriteti
ganm­tkicda renesansis epoqaSi. magram mecxramete saukuneSi
cnobili gaxda Sua saukuneebis, kelturi, skandinaviuri,
induri da Cinuri mwerloba, amitom `klasikuri~ principi
ukve moZvelda. Cven ukve viciT, rom zogierTi nawarmoebi
qreba TvalTaxedvidan da Semdeg kvlav Cndebian Tval­
sawierSi, sxva nawarmoebebi droebiT kargaven es­Tetikuri
zemoqmedebis unars, magram Semdeg kvlav ib­runeben: aseTe­
bi iyvnen doni, lenglendi, poupi, moris sevi da grifiusi.
reaqcia avtoritarizmze da saxelTa kanonikur nusxaze am­
Jamad vlindeba midrekilebaSi Warbi, zedmeti relativizmi­
saken da metyvelebs `gemovnebaTa oromtrialis~ Sesaxeb, aki
gaubedavad acxadebdnen kidec gardasuli xanis skeptikose­
bi: De gustibus non est disputandum.
saqme gacilebiT ufro rTuladaa, vidre es humanis­
tebs an skeptikosebs warmoudgeniaT.
survili, rom garkveuli formiT dasabuTdes lite­
raturuli Rirebulebebis obieqturoba, ar iTxovs raime
statikur kanons, romelsac ar daemateba araviTari axali
saxeli da romlis SigniT ar xdeba raime gadanacvleba. alen
teiti samarTlianad uwodebs `iluzoruls~ warmodgenas,
rom `nebismieri mwerlis reputacia erTxel da samudamo­
daa dafiqsirebuli~; is edaveba agreTve `ucnaur azrs~ imis
Sesaxeb, rom `kritikis mTavari funqciaa avtorTa rangis,
360
Sefaseba
da ara maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvra~.21 eliotis msgavsad
(tei­ti ixsenebs mis aforizms: `awmyo cvlis warsuls~) te­
itic SemoqmedebiTad azrovnebs da grZnobs, rom marTebs
iseve sjerodes inglisuri poeziis awmyosi da momavlis,
rogorc misi warsulisa. adgili `rigSi~ yovelTvis piro­
biTia da sakamaTo. rodesac gaiReba kari `axlisTvis,~ yo­
velTvis iq­neba SesaZlebloba, gamoCndes `ukeTesi~ da es,
Tudac umniSvnelod, magram mainc daCrdilavs sxva nawar­
moebTa didebas. uelerma da denhemma erTdroulad gaiTqves
saxeli da daviw­yebas miecnen, rodesac poupma ganimtkica
Tavisi pozicia literaturaSi: maT ergoT winamorbedTa
arasa­xarbielo roli _ am poetebma gza gaukvales poups
da manve gaauqma isini.
antiakademistebi _ universitetebSi da universi­
tetebis gareT _ piriqiT, cdiloben ganamtkicon mud­
mivi cvlilebis tirania.22 aris SemTxvevebi –es iTqmis, ma­
galiTad, kaulize – rodesac mTeli Taobebis gemovnebas
ar aRiarebdnen Semdgomi Taobebi, Tumca, ase­Ti SemTxvevebi
arc ise xSiria. ocdaaTi wlis win, kauli SeiZleba gaeTana­
brebinaT skeltonTan, magram amJamad mas `brwyinvales~,
`gulwrfels~ da `Tanamedroves~ uwodeben. magram udide­
si reputacia Zlevs gemovnebis stadialurobas: Coseri,
spenseri, Seqspiri, miltoni, Tundac draideni da poupi,
vorsdvorti da tenisoni – maT yvelas aqvs mudmivi, Tum­
caRa ara `uryevi~ mdgomareoba.
maTi poetikis esTetikuri struqtura ise­Ti rTuli
da mdidaria, rom ZaluZs daakmayofi­los mom­dev­no saukuneebis gemovneba: adis­ons (Ta­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­vis `Spec­tator~-is eseebSi) da poups moswonT klasicis­­tu­­­­­­­­ri miltoni, magram arsebobs kidev
romantikosTa mil­to­­ni, iqneba sulac `miltonebi~, rom­
lebic moswon­daT bai­­­rons, uordsvorTs, kitss, Selis. iyo
agreTve kol­­ri­ji­­­seuli Seqspiri, axla ki Cven gvyavs uil­
son naitis Seqs­­pi­ri. yove­­li Taoba amCnevs xelovnebis did
nawarmoeb­­Si Seu­sabamo elementebs, arasakmarisad `lamaz~
an su­­­lac ug­­­van dones an Sreebs (ase aRiqvamdnen klasi­
361
literaturis Teoria
cistebi Seqs­piris kalambure­bs), magram mainc miiCnevs mas,
mTlia­noba­Si, esTetiku­rad damakmayofilebel qmnilebad.
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom am etapze mivadeqiT iseTi
tipis stadialurobis cnebas, romelic gamoricxavs in­
dividualuri gemovnebis relativizms. literaturis is­
toriaSi is xedavs met-naklebad urTierTsapirispiro es­
Tetikur kriteriumTa monacvleobas (ase upirispirebda
velflini renesanssa da barokos); `stadialuroba~ ar gu­
lisxmobs araviTar saerTo principebs _ arc am monacv­
leobis safuZvliiis, arc misi Sedegis saxiT. Cven mivadeqiT
agreTve, `polivalenturobis`23 cnebas. xe­lovnebis nawar­
moebebi, romlebmac gauZles dros, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo
mainc moswons sxvadaxva Taobas, anda, rom gavaerTianoT es
ori daskvna, mTavari nawarmoebebi, anu `klasika~ inarCu­
nebs Tavis adgils, magram am adgils is inarCunebs imitom,
rom epasuxeba cvalebad moTxovnebs an `mizezebs~. Tumca,
rogorc ganumeorebeli qmnilebebi (mag., donis poezia),
aseve meorexarisxovani nawarmoebebi (magaliTad, Tavisi
droisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca ara umetes amisa, _
praiori an CerCili) maRal Sefasebas iReben, rodesac Ta­
namedrove mwerlobas garkveulwilad exmianeba maTi moR­
vaweobis xanas literaturis xanis mimarT, da piriqiT, kar­
gaven am reputacias, rodesac viTareba xels ar uwyobs aseT
damokidebulebas.24
aSkaraa, rom CixSi SevediT, magram am Cixidan Tavis daR­
weva SesaZlebelia. daviwyoT imiT, rom aucilebeli araa da­
viyvanoT klasikosTa (homerosis, virgiliusis, milto­nis da
sxvaTa) maRali Sefaseba Tanamedrove kritikosebis Sefase­
bebze. SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vamtkicoT, rom adreuli xa­
nis kritikas ar Seswevda unari, saTanadod ganesaja Tanad­
rouli SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebi, anda sulac sakuTari es­
Tetikuri gamocdileba.25 SeiZleba isic davadasturoT, rom
WeSmaritad adekvatur li­teraturis Teorias SeuZlia Tavi
aaridos `kategoriul~ an stadialur midgomas: xom faqtia,
rom jorj ui­liamsons26 metafizikosTa leqsebi ubralod,
362
Sefaseba
karg poeziad miaCnia. saWiro ar aris, moviwonoT, an piriqiT,
SevrisxoT me­tafizikosTa yvela leqsi, da faqtia, rom am
skolis saukeTeso leqsebi ar aris `yvelaze ufro metafizi­
kuri~. magaliTad, amJamad poupi – nawilobriv mainc – aRi­
arebulia rogorc `metafizikosi poeti~, ese igi, namdvi­
li, kargi poeti, da ara, ubralod, `prozis xanaSi moRvawe
poeti~.27cxadia, rom iseTi Teoretikosebi, rogorebic arian
riCardsi (Tavis `praqtikul kritikaSi”), agreTve _ bruqsi
da uoreni (`poeziis gageba”), eZieben poeziis erTian kri­
teriums da miaCniaT, rom saWiroa, Tavdapirvelad ganvsa­
joT da SevafasoT leqsi da mxolod Semdeg ganvsazRvroT
misi `adgili~ poetis SemoqmedebaSi, epoqis li­teraturul
situaciaSi; mivakuTvnoT is garkve­ul `skolas~. amgvari
anTologiuri tipis midgoma, albaT, mogvcems msgavs kri­
teriums (daaxloebiT, eliotiseuls) romelic miuRebeli
iqneba bevri mkiTxvelisTvis. da mainc, am kriteriumebis
meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda poeziis mravali movlenis sa­
Tanadod Sefaseba: romantikosTa mimarT Zalze uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis miuxedavad, maTi saSualebiT `gadarCnen~
bleikic da kitsic.
Cveni azriT, arc erTi literaturuli kritikosi
ar miemxroba uyoymanod stadialur midgomas, romelic
uaryofs esTetikuri normis arsebobas, da arc mwir sqo­
lastikur absolutizms, romelic aRiarebs mweralTa ran­
Jirebis princips. zogjer esa Tu is kritikosi iziarebs sta­
dialur midgmas protestis grZnobis zegavleniT, an imis
gamo, rom surs Caswvdes warsuli xanis avtors romelime
Tanamedrove avtorTan analogiiT. misi survilia daamtki­
cos, rom esa Tu is faseuloba marTlac arsebobs (an poten­
ciurad arsebobs) mxatvrul obieqtSi, rom is garedan araa
Setanili an asociaciurad dakavSirebuli masTan, aramed
aRmoCenilia mxolod da mxolod azris maZiebluri Zalisx­
mevis wyalobiT.
kritikosi ikiTxavs, sadaa lokalizebuli esTetikuri
faseulobao. leqsSi Tu leqsis mkiTxvelSi, Tu am oris urT­
ierTmimarTebaSi? meore pasuxi subieqtivisturia: viRacam
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literaturis Teoria
unda daafasos Rirebuli, magram am pasuxSi ara Cans urTi­
erTkavSiri aRqmis bunebasa da aRqmis obieqts Sorisesaa
fsiqologiuri midgoma, im TavalsazrisiT, rom yurad­
Reba gadaaqvs aRqmisa da tkbobis obieqtidan ganzogade­
bulad ganxiluli individis reaqciebze, emo­ciur gancde­
bze. pirveli an mesame Tvalsazrisis SerCeva interpreta­
ciis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. profesionali fi­­losofosebis
TvaliT, pirveli pasuxi aucileblad gulisxmobs plato­
nizms, anda absoluturi sidideebis nebismier sxva siste­
mas, romelic arsebobs adamianis moT­xovnilebebisgan da
cnobierebisgan damoukideblad. Tu am dros mtkicdeba _
da amas xSirad sCadian literaturis kritikosebi _ lite­
raturuli struqturis obieqturi xasiaTi, dawyebuli
mxatvruli xerxebiT da damTavrebuli `SinaarsiT~, maSin
pasuxis gacema pirvel kiTxvaze kidev ufro Zneldeba.aseT
SemTxvevaSi mxatvruli faseulobebi warmogvidgeba, ro­
gorc yvelasTvis gankuTvnili fase­ulobebi, iseTive sayo­
velTao mniSvnelobis mqone Tvisebe­bi, rogorebicaa siwi­
Tle an sicive. sinamdvileSi arc erTi kritikosi ar daeTa­
nxmeba amgvar arakvalificirebul `obieqturobas~; longine
da sxva `klasicistebi~ mimar­Tavden ra yvela droisa da yve­
la qveynis adamianebs, malu­lad dahyavdaT `yvela~ – `yvela
kompetentur ganmsjelze~.
formalistebi amtkiceben, rom leqsi aris ara marto
mkiTxvelis `poeturi gamocdilebis~ mizezi an potenciu­
ri mizezi, aramed am gamocdilebis specifikuri maRal­
organizebuli kontrolic, anu es gamocdileba yvelaze
srulad ganisazRvreba, rogorc `leqsis gamocdileba~. leq­
sis Sefaseba niSnavs ganicado da xorci Seasxa im esTetiku­
rad Rirebul Tvisebebsa da kavSirebs, romlebic nebismieri
wignieri mkiTxvelisaTvis warmodgenilia leqs­Si, rogorc
misi struqtura. `obieqturi relativizmis~ an `perspeqtiu­
li realizmis~ koncefciis Camoyalibebisas elizeo vivasi
amgvarad gansazRvravs mSvenierebis arss: `...esaa zogier­
Ti movlenis Tviseba, is damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, magram
364
Sefaseba
mJRavndeba mxolod im adamianebisTvis, vi­sac aqvs Sesabamisi
unari da Cvevebi~.28
literaturul struqturebs aqvs potenciuri faseu­
loba, romlebic realizdeba mkiTxvelis mier garkveul pi­
robebSi. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs tendencia, rom uaryofil
iqnas (demokratiis an mecnierebis saxe­liT) obieqturoba an
`faseuloba~, romelic sayovelTa­od misawvdomi araa. mag­
ram Znelad warmosadgenia iseTi `faseulobebis~ arseboba,
romlebic upirobod xelmi­sawvdomia yvelasTvis .
Zveli literaturuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, Cveu­
lebriv, erTmaneTs upirispireben `miukerZoebel kri­tikas~
da `impresionistul kritikas~, magram es araswori defi­
niciebia, maT mxolod SecdomaSi SevyavarT. marTlac, `miu­
kerZoebeli kritika~ emyareboda TiTqosda obieqturad ar­
sebul wesebsa da principebs; `impresionistuli kritika~,
piriqiT, aRiarebda wminda subieqtivizms. sinamdvileSi `im­
presionistuli kritika~ aris im specialistis SeniRbuli av­
toritetuli msjeloba, romlis gemovneba warmoadgens nor­
mas bundovani sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. meore mxriv, araerTi
kritikosi miizida macdunebelma rCevam remi de gurmonisa,
romlis azriT, nebismieri gulwrfeli adamianis udidesi
damsaxurebaa `sakuTari STabeWdilebebis dakanoneba~.29
dResdReobiT `kritikad~ wodebuli bevr ese­Si ganmartebu­
lia nawarmoebebisa da SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis calkeuli
mxareebi, magram araa warmodgenili saerTo Sefaseba. bevri
ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom amgvari eseebi ayvanil iqnas `kriti­
kis~ (rac berZnulad `gansjas~ niSnavda) rangSi. zogjer ga­
nasxvaveben kritikis `ganmmartavsa~ da `ganmsjel~ alterna­
tiul tipebs.30 magram, rogorc wesi, SeiZleba ganvacalkevoT
Sinaarsis ganmarte­ba (Deutung) da RirsebaTa gansja (Wertung)
literaturul kritikaSi erTmaneTisgan araa gamijnuli
da es, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa. Cveulebriv, `miukerZoebeli~
kvlevis Sedegia avtorebisa da poemebis tlanqi klasifika­
cia, rasac Tan erTvis avtoritetTa citireba anda lite­
raturuli Teoriis zogierTi dogmis moxsenieba. Semdgomi
kvleva saWiroebs analizs da analitikur Sedarebas. meore
365
literaturis Teoria
mxriv, `ganmartebis~ JanrSi dawerili ese aucileblad Sei­
cavs (Tundac minimaluri doziT) Semfaseblur msjelobebs:
Tu, magaliTad, ganimarteba leqsi, es unda iyos esTetikuri
xasiaTis msjeloba da ara istoriuli, biografiuli an fi­
losofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilva. saerTod, poetisa an poe­
misTvis drois da yuradRebis daTmoba, TavisTavad, ukve
niSnavs Rirebulebis gansjas. magram Zalze iSviaTia SemTx­
vevebi, rodesac ganmartebiTi eses avtori, ukve sagnis Ser­
Cevis gamo, saWirod miiCnevs gamoTqvas logikurad dasab­
uTebuli azri. `poeziis gageba~ Zalze advilad iqceva `poe­
ziis gans­jad~, romelic detaluricaa da Tanmimdevrulic,
magram masSi ver naxavT daskvnas, msjelobis Sedegs. Tavis
droze eliotis eseebis siaxles warmoadgenda swored is,
rom maTSi ar iyo mocemuli Se­ma­jamebeli daskvna an saerTo
idea. am eseeb­Si garkveuli Tvisebis safuZvelze Sedarebu­
li an Sepirispirebuli iyo ori gansxvavebuli poeti, rasac
drodadro sdevda frTxi­­­li ganzogadebebi.
rogorc Cans, unda ganvasxvavoT Ria da, meore mxriv,
impliciturad gamoxatuli msjelobebi da ar gavutoloT
isini cnobiersa da aracnobiers msjelobebs. arsebobs
grZnobebze damyarebuli gansja da, agreTve, dasabuTebuli,
logikuri gansja. ar unda vifiqroT, rom isini aucileblad
urTierTsapirispiro xasiaTisaa: `grZnobebi~ ar iqceva
kritikul azrad ise, rom ar daem­yaros sakmarisad organi­
zebul Teoriuli safuZvels, xolo logikuri gansja lite­
raturis sferoSi SeiZleba Camoyalibebul iqnas mxolod
raime grZnobis safuZvelze, romelic damoukideblad war­
moiSoba an msjelobis mTeli msvlelobiTaa gamowveuli.
366
Tavi mecxramete
literaturis istoria
*
SeiZleba Tu ara literaturis istoriis dawera
imgvarad, rom is erTdroulad iyos literaturac da is­
toriac? unda vaRiaroT, rom literaturis istoriebi
metwilad aris an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoria, an
sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoria _ met-naklebad qro­
nologiuri TanamimdevrobiT dala­gebuli gansakuTrebuli
nawarmoebebisgan miRebuli STa­beW­dilebebi an maTi Sefa­
sebebi. inglisuri literaturis istoriis istoriografia­
ze erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac ki dasturdeba es Sexeduleba.
tomas uortoni, inglisuri poeziis pirveli `oficialuri~
istorikosi, Zveli lite­raturis Seswavlas imiT asabuTebs,
rom masSi `sworadaa gadmocemuli droTa Taviseburebani,
asaxulia zne-Cveu­lebaTa yvelaze ufro lamazi, xatovani
da STambeWdavi mxa­reebi~ da `momaval Taobebs gadascems
cxovrebis WeSmarit suraTs~1. henri morlis literatura
esmis, rogorc `nacionaluri biografia~, an `inglisuri su­
liskveTebis istoria~2. lesli stiveni literaturas Tvlis
`mTeli socialuri organizmis gansakuTrebul funqciad~,
socia­luri cvalebadobis `erTgvar Tanaproduqtad~3. u.
j. korthoupi, sakuTriv inglisuri poeziis istoriis avto­
ri, eyrdnoboda poeziis ganviTarebis erTian koncefcias.
misi gansazRvriT, `inglisuri `poeziis Seswavla, faqtob­
rivad, niSnavs, literaturaSi areklili Cveni erovnuli
institutebis ganuwyvetili aRmavlobis Seswavlas~. amitom
kort­houpi xedavs Tavisi sagnis erTianobas `zustad iq, sa­
dac politikis istorikosi cdilobs moaTavsos Tavisi sa­
gani, saxeldobr, eris cxovrebaSi, mis mTlianobaSi~ 4.
zemoCamoTvlili (da kidev mravali sxva) istoriko­
se­bi literaturas ganixilaven, rogorc erovnuli an so­
367
literaturis Teoria
cialuri istoriis sailustracio ubralo dokuments; am
mimarTulebis mowinaaRmdegeebs miaCniaT, rom literatu­
ra, pirvel yovlisa, xelovnebaa, magram maT, rogorc Cans,
ar xelewifebaT istoriis dawera _ isini gvTavazoben ese­
e­bis dausrulebul seriebs calkeul avtorTa Sesaxeb, mag­
ram ar aqvT realuri istoriuli evoluciis koncefcia.
`Tanamedrove inglisuri literaturis mokle istoriis~
(1897) SesavalSi edmund grosem ganacxada, rom gviCvenebda
`Zvrebs inglisur literaturaSi~, Segviqmnida `inglisuri
literaturis evoluciis gancdas~5. magram, sinamdvile­
Si, es iyo mxolod uaxlesi franguli mimdinareobebisgan
nasesxebi frazeologia. praqtikulad, groses wignebi war­
moadgens qronologiurad dalagebul kritikul SeniSv­
nebs mwerlebsa da maTs nawarmoebebze. SemdgomSi gro­sem
dakarga interesi tenisadmi da aRiara, rom didad iyo dava­
lebuli biografiuli portretis didostatis, sent-bevis
moZRvrebisgan.6 Mutatis mutandis, rac samarTliania jorj
sentsberis mimarT, romlis kritikis koncefcia yvelaze
metad uaxlovdeba peiteris `Rirseuli Sefasebis~ Teo­
riasa da praqtikas,7 agreTve _ oliver eltonis `inglisuri
literaturis mimoxilvis~ eqvstomeuls, ro­melic yvelaze
TvalsaCino miRwevad unda CaiTvalos inglisSi ukanask­
nel dros gamoqveynebul literaturis istoriebs Soris.
oliver eltoni gulwrfelad aRiarebs, rom es aris `namd­
vili mimoxilva, uSualod kritika~ da ara istoria8. es sia
SeiZ­leba usasrulod gaizardos. frangu­li da germanuli
lite­raturaTa istoriebi, zogierTis gamoklebiT, migvi­
yvans TiTqmis identur daskvnamde. ase, magaliTad, tens,
pirvel rigSi, ainteresebda Tavisi Teo­riia erovnuli xa­
siaTis Sesaxeb da `garemosa~ (`milien~) da rasis miseuli
filosofia; Jiuserani ikvlevda, Tu rogor airekla ing­
lisur li­teraturaSi adaT-wesebis istoria, xolo kaza­
mianma gamoigona mTeli Teoria `inglisur erovnul sulSi
moraluri ritmis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb~9. yvelaze wamyvani,
mniSvnelovani literaturis istoriebi aris an civiliza­
ciis istoriebi an kritikuli eseebis krebulebii. maTgan
pirvelni ar warmoadgenen xelovnebis istorias, meoreni ki
_ xelovnebis istorias.
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literaturis istoria
ratom aravin scada, Seeswavla literaturis, rogorc
xelovnebis dargis evolucia? amis erTi mizezi isaa, rom
xelovnebis nawarmoebTa winaswari analizi ar ganxorciele­
bula Tanamimdevrulad da sistematurad. Cven vkmayofil­
debiT Zveli ritorikuli kriteriumebiT, romlebic sakma­
od zedapirulia, an vcdilobT maRalfardovani frazebiT
aRvweroT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens mkiTxvelze xelovnebis
nawarmoebi, Tanac Cvens mosazrebebs gamovxatavT im cnebe­
biT, romlebic ar See­sabameba TviT xelovnebis nawarmoebebs.
meore siZnele warmoSva mcdarma mosazrebam, romlis
Tanaxmad, literaturis istoriis Seqmna SeuZlebelia, da mi­
si axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod adamianis moRvaweobis Tval­
sazrisiT. mesame siZnele unda veZioT sityvakazmuli xelov­
nebis ganviTarebis saerTo koncefciaSi. mxatvrobisa­ da
musikis Sinagani, organuli istoriis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba­
Si cota vinmes Tu epareba eWvi. Tu gavivliT romelime sam­
xatvro galereaSi, romelSic eqsponatebi ganlagebulia
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT an `skolebis~ mixedviT,
davinaxavT, rom aq ferweris xelovnebis istoria sruliad
gansxvavdeba mxatvrebis istoriisagan, an calkeuli suraTis
Sefasebisa da masze msjelobisagan. sakmarisia movisminoT
koncerti, romelzec nawarmoebebi qronologiulad iqneba
dalagebuli, rom davrwmundeT: arsebobs musikis istoria,
romelsac saerTo TiTqmis araferi aqvs kompozitorTa bio­
grafiebTan, im socialur viTarebasTan, romlis drosac es
nawarmoebebi Seiqmna da arc individualur qmnilebaTa Se­
fasebasTan. ferwerisa da qandakebis istoriaTa Seqmnas See­
cadnen mas Semdeg, rac C. bernim yuradReba gadaitana musi­
kaluri formebis istoriaze.
literaturis istoriis winaSe dgas analogiuri prob­
lema, kerZod, literaturis istoria unda Camoyalibdes
imgvarad, rom gamoeyos socialur istorias, mweralTa
biografiebsa da calkeul nawarmoebTa Sefasebas. cxa­
dia, literaturis istoriis Seqmna (amgvari SezRuduli
gagebiT) Tavisebur dabrkolebebs waawydeba. ferwerasTan
SedarebiT, romlis danaxva Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac
369
literaturis Teoria
SeiZleba, literaturuli nawarmoebis, rogorc xelovnebis
qmnilebis aTviseba mxolod garkveuli drois gavlis Sem­
deg xerxdeba da amitomac ufro Zneldeba misi Sinagani
wyobis mTlianobaSi Secnoba, magram musikalur formasTan
analogia gviCvenebs, rom garkveuli modeli SesaZlebelia,
da rom literaturuli nawarmoebia droiTi aRqma CixSi
jer kidev ar gvaqcevs. arsebobs sxva specialuri prob­
lemebic. literaturaSi arsebobs gardamavali formebi
martivi gamonaTqvamebidan xelovnebis maRalorganize­
bul na­war­moebebamde, radganac literaturis mediumi aris
ena, romelic, amave dros, yoveldRiuri urTierTobis sa­
Sualebacaa da gansakuTrebiT, mecnierebis enac. amitomac
gacilebiT ufro Znelia literaturuli nawarmoebis esTe­
tikuri struqturis gamoyofa. Tumca, ilustracia samedi­
cino saxelmZRvaneloebSi da samxedro marSi mow­mobs, rom
sxva xelovnebebsac aqvT gardamavali formebi. Sesabamisad,
zRvris gavleba xelovnebasa da araxelovnebas Soris sity­
vier gamonaTqvamSi ufro rTuli amocanaa, magram, princi­
pulad, SesaZlebeli.
miuxedavad amisa, arseboben iseTi Teoretikosebic,
romlebic, ubralod, martivad acxadeben, literaturas is­
toria ara aqvso. u. p. keri, magaliTad, irwmuneba, rom lite­
raturis istoria ar gvWirdeba, radganac misi obieqtebi
yovelTvis arseboben, `maradiulni~ arian da, amdenad, ara­
viTari gansakuTrebuli istoria ara aqvT10. T. s. elioti,
agreTve, uaryofda, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi warsuls
ganekuTvneba. `homerosiT dawyebuli, mTeli evropis lite­
ratura, _ ambobs elioti, _ erTdroulad arsebobs da qm­
nis erTdroul mimdevrobas~11. SeiZleba, daveTanxmoT Sopen­
haueris mosazrebas, rom xelovneba yovelTvis aRwevs Tavis
mizans. arasodes SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba, Senacvleba an
ganmeoreba. xelovnebaSi ar unda veZioT, `rogor ityvian~ _
`wie es eigenthich gewesen~, Tumca swored amas miiCnevda ranke
istoriografiis miznad. amitom, literaturis istoria ar
aris istoria, am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT, radganac is
warmoadgens awmyos codnas, saerTod awmyos, maradiuli
370
literaturis istoria
awm­yos codnas. cxadia, veravin uaryofs, rom namdvilad ar­
sebobs sxvaoba politikis istoriasa da xelovnebis isto­
rias Soris. is­toriuli warsuli gansxvavdeba istoriisgan,
romelic awm­yos cocxal Sinaarss warmoadgens.
rogorc adre mogaxseneT, xelovnebis calkeuli nawar­
moebi droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs ganicdis. ra Tqma
un­da, struqtura, garkveulwilad, ucvleli rCeba sauku­
neTa ganmavlobaSi. magram es struqtura dinamikuria da icv­
leba istoriis procesTan erTad, radganac is ganSualebu­
lia mkiTxvelis, kritikosebis, xelovnebis muSakTa aRqmiT.
interpretaciis procesi, kritika da Sefaseba arasdros
Sewyvetila da Cans, dausrulebliv gagrZeldeba, an yovel
SemTxvevaSi manamde, sanam ar Sewydeba TviT kulturuli
tradicia. literaturis isto­riis daniSnulebaa, aRweros
es procesi, aCvenos mcire an SedarebiT mozrdil jgufebSi
gaerTianebul xelovnebis im nawarmoebTa ganviTareba, rom­
lebic SerCeul iqna saerTo wyaros, Janris, stilisturi
tipis, anda lingvisturi tradiciis mixedviT da, zogadad,
literaturis sqemis farglebSi.
magram, rogorc Cans, xelovnebis qmnilebaTa jgufis
gan­viTarebis koncefcia araCveulebrivad rTulia. yoveli
mxatv­ruli nawarmoebis struqtura, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos
ar ukavSirdeba xelovnebis mezobel an momijnave nawarmoe­bebs.
SeiZleba, daiwyon mtkiceba, rom ar arsebobs ganviTareba erTi
inidividualurobidan meoris mimarTulebiT. iseTi Sexedule­
bac gvxvdeba, romelic literaturis istoriasac ki uaryofs
da Tvlis, rom is mweralTa istoriaa12. imave argumentis Tanax­
mad, Cven uari unda ganvacxadoT enis istoriis daweraze, vinai­
dan mxolod adamianebi warmoTqvamen sityvebs, iseve, rogorc
SeuZlebelia filosofiis istoriis Seqmna, radgan mxolod
adamianebi azrovneben. amgvari ukiduresi `per­sonalizmi~ mig­
viyvans im Sexedulebamde, rom xelovnebis yoveli individua­
luri nawarmoebi savsebiT izolirebulad ar­sebobs, rac praq­
tikulad niSnavs, misi sazrisis miuwvdomlo­bas da gaugebrobas.
literatura ufro unda warmovidginoT, rogorc nawarmoebTa
mTliani sistema, romelic mdidrdeba axali nimuSebiT, gamud­
371
literaturis Teoria
mebiT cvlis urTierTobebs maT Soris, rogorc mzardi cva­
lebadi mTlianoba.
magram literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebi erTi
aTwleulis Tu erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi jer kidev ar
gansazRvravs moqmedi literaturuli evoluciis pro­cess
_ bunebriv movlenaTa mTeli samyaroc xom icvleba. es
SeiZleba iyos yovel jerze axali gadaadgileba, romelic
ganZarculia azrisa da kavSirebisgan. ase, f. j. tegartis
mier `istoriis TeoriaSi~13 rekomendebuli Seswav­la cva­
lebadobisa, ubralod, istoriul da bunebriv procese­bs
Soris arsebul yvela sxvaobaTa gauqmebas gulisxmobs. is­
torikosebs ki tegarti urCevs, isRa dagrCeniaT, saxelmZR­
vanelod sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi ga­mo­iyenoTo. Tu
amgvari cvlilebebi absoluturad regu­larulad meorde­
ba, maSin gamoyenebuli unda iqnes kanonis imgvarive koncef­
cia, romelsac mimarTaven fizi­kosebi. da mainc, Spenglerisa
da toinbis brwyinvale hi­poTezebis mixedviT, amgvari prog­
nozirebadi cvlilebebi arasodes aRmouCeniaT arc erT is­
toriul procesSi.
ganviTareba niSnavs raRaca sxvasa da ufro metsac,
vidre cvlilebaa, Tundac regularuli da winaswar nagu­
lisxmevi cvlileba. aSkaraa, rom termini `ganviTareba~ im
azriT unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, romelic biologiaSia miRe­
buli. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, biologiaSi evo­luciis ori
sruliad gansxvavebuli koncefcia ar­sebobs: pirvel SemTx­
vevaSi nimuSad moyvanilia kverc­xis ganviTareba frinvelSi,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi evoluciis nimuSad iTvleba cva­
lebadoba Tevzis tvinidan adamianis tvinamde. aq araa gan­
viTareba tvinidan tvinamde, warmodgenilia mxolod kon­
cefciuri abstraqcia _ `tvini~, romelic gansazRvrulia
misi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. ganviTarebis indivi­dualuri
fazebi gaazrebulia, rogorc TandaTanobiTi miaxloeba
ideal­Tan, romelSic `adamianis tvini~ igulisxmeba.
SeiZleba Tu ara gamoviyenoT erT-erTi zemoxsenebu­li
Tvalsazrisi literaturis evoluciis mimarT? ferdinand
372
literaturis istoria
briunetieri da jon adington saimondsi varaudobd­nen, rom
SesaZlebelia orive maTganis gamoyeneba. isini Tvlidnen,
rom literaturuli Janrebi biologiur saxeobaTa analo­
giuria14. rodesac literaturuli Jan­rebi aRweven srul­
yofilebis garkveul dones, isini sust­debian, Wknebian da,
bolos, qrebian, _ gvaswavlis briunetieri. ufro metic,
Janrebi gardaiqmneba ufro maRal da gansxvavebul saxecv­
lil Janrebad, zustad ise, rogorc, darvinis evoluciis
koncefciis Tanaxmad, xdeba saxeobaTa transformireba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi termini `evolucia~, ra Tqma unda, mxo­
lod maxvilgonivruli metaforaa. magaliTad, briune­
tieris mixedviT, franguli tragedia warmoiSva, gaizarda,
dakninda da mokvda. magram tragediis warmoSobisTvis teztium comparationis ubra­lod gaxlavT is faqti, rom frangul
enaze tragediebi Jodelamde ar dawerila. tragedia mokvda
im azriT, rom araviTari mniSvnelovani tragedia, romelic
briunetieris ideals Seesabameboda, volteris Semdeg ar
dawerila. mag­ram yovelTvis arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba,
rom momavalSi brwyinvale tragedia daiwereba swored fran­
gulad. briunetieris Tanaxmad, rasinis `fedra~ qronolo­
giurad tragediis dacemis dasawyiss emTxveva; es, SeiZleba
iTqvas, Janris siberea. magram es tragedia gvaocebs Tavisi
sinorCiT, renesansis Rrmaazrovan tragediebTan Sedare­
biT, romlebic, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens fran­
guli tragediis `axalgazrdobas~. kidev ufro sakamaToa
Janrebis sxva Janrebad gardaqmnis idea: magaliTad, briu­
netieris mixedviT, klasicisturi epoqis mWevrmetyveleba
ga­daizarda franguli romantizmis lirikaSi. da mainc, ara­
viTari realuri `gardaqmna~ ar momxdara. ukeTes SemTxveva­
Si SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi da igive emociebi iyo gadmo­
cemuli Tavdapirvelad ritorikaSi, Semdeg ki _ lirikul
poeziaSi; dasaSvebia isic, rom orive maTgani emsaxureboda
erTsa da imave, an msgavs socialur miznebs.
amgvarad, unda uarvyoT analogia literaturis gan­
viTarebasa da Caketil biologiur process _ dabadebi­
dan sikvdilamde _ Soris (es idea jer kidev coc­xalia da
373
literaturis Teoria
axlaxan aRadgines Spenglerma da toinbim). amasTan, ganvi­
Tarebis meore koncefcia, rogorc Cans, ufro uaxlovdeba
WeSmaritad istoriuli ganviTarebis koncefcias. aq mTa­
vari principia ara cvlilebaTa Tan­mimdevruloba, aramed
misi mizani. am rigis calkeuli Semadgenlebi procesis
dasrulebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. specialuri
miznisken (Cvens SemTxvevaSi esaa `adamianis tvini~) mimar­
Tuli evoluciis koncefcias Seaqvs cvalebadobaTa rigSi
urTierTkavSiri, dasawyisi da dasasruli. da mainc, arse­
bobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba biologiur evoluciasa (meore
gagebiT) da `istoriul evo­lucias~ Soris. imisTvis, raTa
CavwvdeT biologiurisgan gansxvavebuli istoriuli evo­
luciis arss, unda gaviazroT calkeuli istoriuli movle­
nebi da, amasTan erTad, ar daviyvanoT istoriuli procesi
Tanamimdevrul, magram urTierTdaukavSirebul movlenaTa
krebulamde.
sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiroa ganvixiloT isto­
riuli procesi Sefasebis anu normis TvalsazrisiT. mxo­
lod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli movlenaTa garegnulad uaz­
ro rigis danawevreba arsebiT da ararsebiT elementebad.
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT, vilaparakoT isto­
riul evoluciaze, romelic inarCunebs calkeuli movle­
nis individualobas. individualuri realobisa da saerTo
Sefasebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenisas Cven ar dagvyavs
individua­luri zogadi koncefciis upi­­rovno gamovline­
bamde, _ piriqiT, individualurs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas,
sazriss. istoria, zogadad, mTavar mniSv­nelobebis ubralod
individualizacias ar axdens (cxadia, es ar aris arc wyveti­
li uazro nakadi): istoriuli proce­si mudam warmoSobs Se­
fasebis axal, ucnob formebs, romel­Ta winaswarmetyvele­
ba SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis indi­vidualuri nawarmoebis
amgvari Sefardeba faseulobaTa skalasTan sxva araferia,
Tu ara misi individualobis aucilebeli korelati. gan­
viTarebis etapebi ganisazRvreba faseulobaTa, anu nor­
maTa sqemebis mixedviT, magram es faseulobebi TavisTavad
vlindeba mxolod am procesis ganxilvis Sedegad. simarTle
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literaturis istoria
rom vTqvaT, esaa logikuri wre: imisTvis, raTa vimsjeloT
istoriuli procesis Sesaxeb, unda gvqondes garkveuli Se­
fasebebi; amasTan erTad, SefasebaTa skalis SemuSaveba Sesa­
Zlebelia mxolod istoriidan gamomdinare15 rogorc Cans,
es gardauvalia. sxva SemTxvevaSi mogvixdeba imis aRiareba,
rom istoriuli procesi warmoadgens cvalebadobis uazro
nakads, an unda gamoviyenoT raime araliteraturuli stan­
dartebi _ vaRiaroT garkveuli absoluti, romelic lite­
raturuli procesis mimarT gareSe fenomenia.
literaturis evoluciis problemis Cveneuli gan­xil­
va ganyenebuli xasiaTisaa. SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, rom
literaturis evolucia gansxvavdeba biologiurisagan da
rom mas araferi aqvs saerTo zogad warmodgenasTan erTiani
zedrouli modelisken swrafvis Sesaxeb. istoria SeiZleba
daiweros mxolod maSin, Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba fa­
seulobaTa cvalebadi skalebi, romlebic abst­rahirebulia
TviT istoriidan. am ideis sailustraciod SeiZleba mivmar­
ToT zog iseT problemas, romlebic wa­moiWreba literatu­
ris istoriis winaSe.
aSkara kavSiri xelovnebis nawarmoebTa Soris _ maTi
wyaroebi da gavlenebi _ yvelaze ufro xSirad ganixileba
da Seadgens tradiciuli kvlevis Temas. mweralTa Soris li­
teraturuli kavSirebis dadgena jer kidev araa literatu­
ris istoria, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani mosamzadebeli
etapia mis dasawerad. ase, magaliTad, Tu gvinda davweroT
meTvramete saukunis inglisuri poeziis istoria, amisTvis
zustad unda vicodeT, ra kavSiri aqvT meTvramete sauku­
nis poetebs spenserTan, miltonTan da draidenTan. amgvari
wignia reimond heivensis `miltonis gavlena inglisur poe­
ziaze~16, wminda literaturuli gamokvleva, romelSic Tav­
moyrilia friad STambeWdavi damadasturebeli masala mil­
tonis gavlenis Sesaxeb, garda amisa, Sekrebilia ara marto
meTvramete saukunis poet­Ta Sexedulebani miltonis Se­
saxeb, aramed Seswavlilia teqstebi da mocemulia msgavse­
baTa da paralelTa ana­lizic. am bolo dros paralelebis
Zieba didi ndobiT aRar sargeblobs, xolo gamoucdeli mkv­
375
literaturis Teoria
levrisTvis is saxifaTocaa. pirvel yovlisa, paralelebi
unda iyos namdvili paralelebi da ara bundovani msgavse­
bani, romlebic, ubralod, simravlis gamo SeiZleba aRiare­
bul iqnan paralelebad. ormocjer ganmeorebuli sisule­
le sisuleled rCeba. Semdgom, isini namdvilad unda iyos
paralelebi, ese igi, savsebiT darwmunebulni viyoT imaSi,
rom saerTo wyaros arseboba aq gamoricxulia. mkvlevari
moiZiebs WeSmarit paralels, Tu is aRWurvilia literatu­
ris farTo codniT da Tu paraleli sakmarisad rTuli xa­
siaTisaa (anu Tu saubari araa calkeuli motivis an sityvis
Sesaxeb). am elementaruli pirobebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi
marTlac Zalze xSiria. zogjer es nakli axasiaTebT gamoCe­
nil mecnierebsac, romlebic, ra Tqma unda, kargad unda ic­
nobdnen epoqis enas _ kliSeebs, stereotipur metaforebs,
erTi da imave Temis msgavsi xorcSesxmis magaliTebs.17
rogorc unda gavkicxoT es meTodi, is mainc legi­
timuri meTodia da misi in toto uaryofa SeuZlebelia. wyaroe­
bis kritikuli Seswavlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia dadgindes
literaturuli urTierTkavSirebi. maT Soris naklebad sain­
teresoa citireba, plagiati, mibaZvebi. uke­Tes SemTxvevaSi,
isini amtkiceben urTierTobis Cveulebriv faqts, Tumca, ar­
seboben sternisa da bertonis msgavsi mwerlebi, romlebic
citatebs TavianTi mxatvruli amoca­nebis gadasawyvetad
iyenebdnen. magram literaturul kavSirTa sakiTxebis um­
ravlesoba namdvilad bevrad ufro rTulia da maT gadasaw­
yvetad kritikuli analizia saWiro _ amisTvis paralelebis
Tavmoyra ubralod ar kmara. mravali amgvari gamokvlevis
nakli aixsneba swored imiT, rom ugulebelyofilia mniS­
vnelovani ram: erTi calkeuli Stri­xis gamoyofisas li­
teraturul na­warmoebs aqucmaceben patar-patara mozai­
kur nawilebad. literaturis ori an meti nawarmoebis urT­
ierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb nayofieri msjeloba SesaZlebelia
mxolod maSin, rodesac literaturis ganviTarebis sistema­
Si maT saTanado adgili ukaviaT. literaturul nawarmoebTa
urTierTkavSiri warmoadgens im ori mTlianobis, ori kon­
figuraciis Sedarebis sagans, romelTa danawevreba calkeul
komponentebad dasaSvebia mxolod kvlevis sawyis etapebze.
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literaturis istoria
rodesac yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva ori das­
rulebuli sistema, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom literaturis
istoriis fundamentur problemas, originalurobis prob­
lemas vikvlevT. Cvens droSi, Cveu­lebriv, arasworad esmiT,
ras niSnavs originaluri. miaCniaT, rom origina­luri niSnavs,
ubralod, tradiciis darRvevas, an mas eZieben xelovnebis
nawarmoebis masalaSi, an mis garegnul wyobaSi (tradiciuli
siuJeti, tradi­ciuli konstruqcia). adreul periodebSi
literaturuli Semoqmedebis Taviseburebis saRi, jansaRi
Sefaseba iyo miRebuli. originalur Sinaarss an siuJets
didad rodi afasebdnen. renesansis da klasicizmis epoqa­
Si, sruliad marTebulad, udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
Targmans, gansakuTrebiT poeziis Targmans da `mibaZvas~, im
azriT, rogorc houpi baZavda horaciusis satirebs, an doq­
tor jonsoni _ iuvenals18. ernest robert kurciusi Tavis
`evropis literaturasa da laTinur Sua saukuneebSi~ (1948)
damajereblad gviCvenebs literaturis istoriaSi bana­
lurobis (topoi) uzarmazar rols, Temebisa Tu saxeebis gan­
meorebas, imas, rom isini antikuri xanidan STamomavlobiT
miiRo laTinizebulma Sua saukuneebma da, Semdeg, Tanamed­
rove literaturam. arc erTi mwerali ar Takilobda da Ta­
vis Tavs ar Tvlida araoriginalur mwerlad `imis gamo, rom
iyenebda, iTvisebda da Taviseburad cvlida Temebsa da sa­
xeebs, romlebic tradiciulad memkvidreobiT gadmodioda
da antikuri literaturis avtoritetiT iyo sanqcionirebu­
li. amgvari xa­siaTis bevri nawarmoebis Sefasebas safuZvlad
daedo mxatv­ruli procesis mcdari gageba. aseTia, magali­
Tad, ser sidni lis naSromebi elisabedis droindeli sone­
tebis Sesaxeb, romlebic formis TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda,
tradiciulia, magram (sidni lis Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod)
es ar niSnavs, rom maTSi araa asaxuli gulwrfeli grZnobebi,
da rom isini mdare nawarmoebebia19. garkveuli tradiciisadmi
erTguleba da misi nimuSebis mibaZva ar gamoricxavs suli­
eri ganwyobilebis gamoxatvas da nawarmoebis mxatvrul Ri­
rebulebas. amgvari Seswavlis dros kritikuli problemebi
wamoiWreba maSin, rodesac viwyebT Sedarebas da Sefasebas
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literaturis Teoria
imis gamosavlenad, Tu rogor iyenebs erTi xelovani meore
xelovanis miRwevebs, _ rodesac warmogvidgeba gardamqmne­
li SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmeva. literaturis istoriis pirve­
li amocanaa, zustad daadginos yoveli nawarmoebis adgili
ama Tu im tradiciaSi.
xelovnebis ori an meti nawarmoebis urTierTkavSiris
Seswavlas mivyavarT literaturis istoriis Semdgom prob­
lemebamde.xelovnebis nawarmoebTa pirvel da yvelaze uf­
ro TvalsaCino rigs miekuTvneba is qmnilebebi, romle­bic
dawerilia erTi avtoris mier. aq arc ise Znelia faseu­
lobaTa skalis dadgena: Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT erTi an
ramdeni­me nawarmoebi, romlebic mwerlis saukeTeso, srul­
yofili qmnilebebia da am tipis nawarmoebebTan siaxlovis
Tvalsaz­risiT gavaanalizoT misi danarCeni nawarmoebebi.
bevri monografiis avtorebi isaxavdnen amgvar mizans, Tum­
ca mkafiod ver icnobierebdnen warmoSobil rTul prob­
lemebs da ufro uSedegod cdilobdnen mwerlis piradi
cxovre­­bis problemebSi garkvevas.
evoluciuri rigis meore tipi SeiZleba Semdegnairi
iyos: xelovnebis nawarmoebidan gamoyofen garkveul Tvi­
sebas da akvirdebian idealisaken mis ganviTarebas idea­
lisken (Tumca ideali aq pirobiTi, droebiTi cnebaa). es
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes erTi mwerlis nawarmoebTa
Seswavlisas ise, rogorc magaliTad, klemenma20 gamoikv­lia
tropebi SeqspirTan; an SeiZleba Catardes erT periodis,
an sulac mTeli erovnuli literaturis farglebSi. maga­
liTad, inglisuri prosodiisa da prozis ritmis21 Sesaxeb
jorj sentsberis naSromebSi gamoyofilia struq­turis
garkveuli elementi da misi istoriis gezi, Tumca sents­
beris pretenziuli wignebis naklovaneba isaa, rom maT
safuZvlad udevT leqsis zomisa da ritmis Sesaxeb bundo­
vani da dromoWmuli koncefciebi, rac cxadyofs, rom WeSma­
riti istoriis dawera SeuZlebelia adekvaturi mecnieruli
Sromebis gamoyenebisa da miTiTebis gareSe. amave xasiaTis
problemebi wamoiWreba inglisuri poeturi enis istoria­
sTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac mieZRvna mxolod jozefina
378
literaturis istoria
mailzis statistikuri gamokvleva, rac Seexeba inglisuri
poeziis mxatvrul saxeTa istorias, jer misi Seswavla ara­
vis ucdia.
SesaZlebelia hamletTan, don JuanTan an agasferTan
dakavSirebuli mravalricxovani motivebisa da Temebisad­
mi miZRvnili mravalricxovani istoriuli mimoxilvebis
amgvari sistematizeba. sinamdvileSi es sruliad gansx­
vavebuli problemebia. siuJetis sxvadasxvagvari vari­an­
tebi ar gulisxmobs iseTive urTierTkavSirs da uw­yvetobas,
rogoric axasiaTebs sazomisa da poeturi enis istorias.
mariam stiuartis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela literaturuli
siuJetis ganxilva, albaT, sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa
istoriis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso iqneba da, albaT, ga­
moavlens gemovnebis cvalebadobas sxvadasxva epoqaSi,
tragediis sxvadasxvagvar koncefciebs. magram aq araa Sina­
gani kavSiri da dialeqtika. ar wamoiWreba arc erTi prob­
lema da, miT umetes, literaturuli kritikis problema22.
Stoffgeschichte (aq: legenda) yvelaze naklebadaa literaturis
istoria.
literaturuli Janrebisa da tipebis istoria prob­
lemaTa sxva jgufs gvTavazobs, magram es problemebi ar
aris gadauWreli; miuxedavad imisa, rom kroCe Seecada, mTe­
li koncefciis diskreditireba moexdina, arsebobs bevri
gamokvleva, romlebic SeiZleba CaiTvalos amgvari koncef­
ciis Seqmnis mosamzadebel etapad da romlebic TavisTavad
Teoriulad sakmarisad safuZvliania imisTvis, raTa zus­
tad moiniSnos istoriuli perspeqtiva. Janris istoriaSi
arsebobs igive dilema, rac literaturis istoriaSi: imisT­
vis, raTa mivagnoT mecnierulad damuSavebul miTiTebas
(am SemTxvevaSi Janris Sesaxeb), saWi­roa istoriis Seswavla,
magram istorias ver SeviswavliT, Tu gonebaSi ar gveqneba
Camoyalibebuli SerCevis sqema. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs
gamosavali am daxSuli wridan. zog SemTxvevaSi aucilebel
amosaval wertils warmoadgens klasifikaciis garegnuli
myari sqema (magaliTad, garkveuli wesis mixedviT gariT­
muli ToTxmeti striqoni sonetSi). sapirispiro SemTxvevaa
379
literaturis Teoria
elegia an oda, rodesac SeiZ­leba daveWvdeT, SeinarCuna Tu
ara odam, saxelwodebis garda, raime niSan Tviseba, romelic
Tanabrad axasiaTebs yvela odas. ben jonsonis `oda saku­
Tari Tavisadmi~, kolinzis `oda saRamosadmi~ da uords­
vorTis `ukvdavebis wi­naTgrZnoba~ TiTqos naklebad hgva­
nan erTmaneTs, magram maxvili Tvali imTaviTve daadgens
horaciusis da pindares odebTan maT msgavsebas, SeniSnavs
TiTqosda gansxvavebu­li tradiciebisa da saukuneebis uwy­
vet erTobas. literatu­ris istoriis Sesaswavlad Janrebis
istoria, udavod, yvela­ze mravlisaRmTqmeli sferoa.
SeiZleba da savaldebulocaa `morfologiuri~ mid­
goma farTod gamoviyenoT folkloris mimarT, radgan
folklorSi Janrebi xSirad ufro mkafiodaa gaforme­
buli, vidre _ mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul sityvakazmul
xelovnebaSi. folklorisadmi amgvari midgoma, bolos da
bolos, iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc `motivebisa~ da siu­
Jetebis migraciaTa Seswavla. safuZveli Caeyara karg wamow­
yebebs, gansakuTrebiT _ ruseTSi23. Tu ar SegviZlia ro­
gorc klasikuri, aseve axali (Sua saukuneebSi warmoSobili)
Janrebis cocxali aRqma, ver CavwvdebiT Tanamedrove lite­
raturas _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, im li­teraturas, romelic
win uZRoda romantikul amboxs. ma­Ti brZola Seadgens li­
teraturis istoriis mniSvnelovan nawils 1500-1800 wlebs
Soris. da marTlac, rogorc unda gaebundovnebina roman­
tikul saukunes sxvaoba Janrebs Soris da rogori Sereuli
formebic unda Semoetana, didi Secdoma iqneboda, saTa­
nadod ar dagvefasebina Janrebis koncefciis avtoriteti
da Zala Tundac uaxles literaturaSi. Janrebis pirveli is­
toriebis (romlebic Seqmnes briunetierma da saimonma) nak­
lovanebad unda CaiTvalos biologiur paralelebze metis­
meti dayrdnoba. magram am bolo aTwleulebSi gamoCnda ise­
Ti gamokvlevebi, romlebic meti gulisyuriTaa damuSave­
buli. Tumca, maT emuqreba tipebis aRweriT Semofargvlisa
da SemTxveviT diskusiebSi daxarjvis saSiSroeba, rogorc
es mouvida mraval naSroms, romlebsac dramis an romanis
istoriebad miiCneven. magram arsebobs wignebi, romlebSic
380
literaturis istoria
dasmuli da gamokvleulia tipebis ganviTarebis problema.
Seqspiramdeli inglisuri dramis istoriis daweris dros
dauSvebelia imis ugulebelyofa, rom misteriebisa da mo­
raliteebis memkvidreobisa da Tanadrouli aRmavali dra­
mis gasaocrad Sereuli forma SeiniSneba, vTqvaT, beilis
`mefe jonSi~. Janris kargi istoriis nimuSia u. u. gregis
wigni `pastoraluri poezia da pastoraluri drama~, Tumca
avtori masSi sxva mizans isaxavda;24 mogvianebiT k. s. lu­
isma `siyvarulis alegoriaSi~25 Camoayaliba ganviTarebis
mkafiod da kargad gaazrebuli sqema. germaniaSi, sxva rom
ara iyos ra, ori kargi wigni arsebobs: karl vietoris `ger­
manuli odis istoria~ da giunTer miuleris `germanuli
simReris istoria~26. orive avtori mwvaved ayenebs im prob­
lemebs, romlebsac waawydnen27. vietori garkveviT aRiarebs
daxSuli wris arsebobas, magram mainc ar epueba mas: vieto­
ris SexedulebiT, istorikosi intuiciiT, magram mainc unda
mixvdes, ra aris arsebiTi im JanrisaTvis, romelsac ikvlevs
da mere gamoiyenos am Janris nimuSebi Tavisi hipoTezebis
dasasabuTeblad an Sesasworeblad. Tumca Janri istoriaSi
vlindeba calkeul nawarmoebTa saxiT, magram ar SeiZleba
misi aRwera am nawarmoebTa yvela niSnis mixedviT. Cven gavi­
azrebT Janrs, rogorc `maregulirebel~ princips, rogorc
fuZemdeblur models; pirobiTobas, romelic realuria, e.
i. qmediTia, radganac ganapirobebs konkretuli nawarmoe­
bebis Seqmnas. istorias ar esaWiroeba miRweva specialuri
miznisa, romelic zRvars udebs Janris Semdgom gagrZelebas
an diferenciacias; mag­ram Tu miznad davisaxavT, davweroT
WeSmariti istoria, maSin unda veyrdnobodeT garkveul
droiT mizans an tips.
srulad analogiuri problemebi wamoiWreba perio­di­
sa da mimdinareobis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT. ganviTa­re­­
b­is Sesaxeb diskusiam cxadyo, rom Cven ver daveTanxmebiT
or ukidures Sexedulebas: erTia metafizikuri Sexedule­
ba, romlis mixedviTac, periodi aris garkveuli arsi da
mis bunebas intuiciiT unda CavwvdeT; meore _ ukiduresad
nominalisturi _ SexedulebiT ki, periodi yovel droSi,
381
literaturis Teoria
drois yovel monakveTSi, ubralod, aRweris mizniT gaT­
valiswinebuli lingvisturi, stilisturi Ta­viseburebaa.
ukiduresi nominalizmis mixedviT, periodSi igulisxmeba
TviTneburi Zaldataneba masalaze, romelic sinamdvileSi,
mimarTulebis gareSe, uwyvet dinebad iqceva da amgvarad,
gvrCeba, erTi mxriv, konkretul movlenaTa qaosi da meore
mxriv, wminda subieqturi iarliyebi. Tu davemyarebiT am
Sexedulebas, maSin aSkarad ar eqneba mniSvneloba, Tu sad
gavatarebT gamyof xazs arsebiTad erTian, magram mraval­
ferovan realobaSi. amitomac mniSvneloba ara aqvs, perio­
dis romel sqemas miviRebT _ xelovnur pirobiTsa Tu
meqanikurs. SeiZleba istoriografiuli wesiT davweroT
literaturis istoria saukuneebis, aTwleulebis an wlebis
mixedviT. SeiZleba miviRoT iseTi kriteriumi, rogoric
gamoiyena arTur saimondsma Tavis wignSi `romantikuli
mimarTuleba inglisur poeziaSi~.28 igi ganixilavs mxolod
im avtorebs, romlebic 1800 wlamde daibadnen da 1800
wlis mere gardaicvalen. gamodis, rom periodi, ubralod,
xelsayreli sityvaa savaldebulo wignis an SerCeuli Te­
mis dasayofad. Tumca, xSirad es Sexeduleba gaucnobiere­
blad STaagonebs naSromebs, romlebic mowiwebiT ekidebian
saukuneTa mijnebs an Tavs axveven sagans zust droiT (mag­
aliTad, 1700-50 wlebi), rac verafriT aixsneba, garda imisa,
rom erTgvari SemosazRvra praqtikulma saWiroebam gamoi­
wvia. kalendaruli TariRebisadmi aseTi pativiscema, rasak­
virvelia, kanonieria bibliografiuli nusxebis Sedgenisas;
aq is gvexmareba orientaciaSi, iseve, rogorc diuis mier
biblioTekebisaTvis SeTavazebuli decimaluri sistema;
amgvar periodizacias saerTo araferi aqvs literaturis
istoriasTan.
miuxedavad amisa, literaturis istoriebis umete­
soba periodebad aris dayofili politikur cvlilebaTa
Sesabamisad. amgvarad, miCneulia, rom literatura mTli­
anad determinirebulia politikuri Tu socialuri revo­
luciebiT, xolo determinirebuli periodebis prob­le­mas
wyveten istorikosebi. inglisuri literaturis SedarebiT
382
literaturis istoria
Zvel istoriebs Tu CavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom isini dawerilia
an kalendaruli principiT an erTi martivi politikuri
kriteriumis mixedviT, inglisis monarqTa mefobis drois
Sesabamisad. sulac araa saWiro imis Cveneba, Tu ra aRre­
vas gamoiwvevda, bolo drois ing­lisuri literaturis is­
toria rom dagveyo monarqebis gardacvalebis TariRebis
Sesabamisad. seriozulad aravis mo­s­vlia azrad, adreu­
li mecxramete saukunis literatura ga­nesxvavebina er­
Timeorisgan georg mesamis, georg meo­Txis an uiliam meoT­
xis mefobis droTa mixedviT; zogan jer kidev SemorCe­
nilia literaturis aseTi xelovnuri dayofa elisabedis,
jeimz pirvelisa da Carlz pirvelis mefobaTa droebis
Sesabamisad.
inglisuri literaturis uaxles istoriebSi sau­
kuneebis kalendris Tu mefeTa mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi
dayofa TiTqmis mTlianad moispo da Seicvala axleburi
periodizaciiT, romlis saxelwodebebi emyareba sulieri
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos movlenebs. Tumca, Cven kvlav
vxmarobT terminebs `elisabedis droindeli~ da `viqtori­
anuli~, maT mefobaTa dros Seqmnili es ganmasxvavebeli ter­
minebi ki SemogvrCa, magram maT axali mniSvneloba SeiZines
inteleqtualuri istoriis sistemis farglebSi. Cven isini
SevinarCuneT, radgan vgrZnobT, rom es ori dedofali, ro­
gorc Cans, TavianTi drois simboloebi iyvnen. Cven katego­
riulad aRar moviTxovT, rom drois monakveTi romelime
monarqis taxtze asvlidan mis sikvdilamde gansazRvravdes
literaturuli periodis qronologiuri mijnebs. rodesac
viyenebT termins `eli­­sa­bedis droindeli~, vgulisxmobT
mwerlebs, romlebic moR­vaweobdnen Teatrebis daxur­
vamde (1642), im droisTvis ki TiTq­mis ormocma welma gan­
vlo dedoflis gardacvale­bi­dan. magram, meore mxriv, Cven
iSviaTad vuwodebT oskar uai­l­ds `viqtorianels~, Tumca
misi sicocxlis wlebi zustad emTxveva viqtorias mefobis
qronologiur sazRvrebs. politikuri warmomavlobis ter­
minebma inteleqtisa da literaturis istoriaSic ki mii­
Res gansazRvruli mniSvnelo­ba. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni ax­
383
literaturis Teoria
landeli dasa­xelebebi maTi Seqmnis siWrelis gamo, cota
ar iyos dama­bnevelia. `reformacia~ momdinareobs saekle­
sio isto­riidan, `humanizmi~, umTavresad, _ inteleqtua­
luri moZraobis istoriidan, `renesansi~ _ xelovnebis
is­toriidan, `respublikis literatura da `restavraciis
literatura~ _ garkveuli politikuri movlenebidan.
ter­mini `meTvramete saukune~ Zveli qronologiuri termi­
nia, romelic dazustebul iqna literaturuli movlenebis
TvalsazrisiT: `avgustinelebis literatura~ da `klas­
icizmis literatura~, `preromantizmi~ da `romantizmi~
imTaviTve literaturuli terminebia, maSin, rodesac `viq­
torianuli~, `edvardianuli~ da `georgianuli” momdin­
areobs monarqTa mefobidan. igive gan­sacvifrebeli su­
raTi xSirad gvxvdeba sxva qveyne­bis literaturaSi: maga­
liTad, `koloniuri periodi~ ameri­kul literaturaSi
politikuri terminia, xolo `romantiz­mi~ da `realizmi~
literaturuli terminebia.
terminTa amgvari aRrevis gasamarTleblad unda aRv­
niSnoT, rom amis mizezi Tavad istoria gaxlavT. rogorc
literaturis istorikosebma, Cven, pirvel yovlisa, unda
gaviTvaliswinoT TviT mwerlebis mosazrebebi da koncef­
ciebi, programebi da personaliebi, ese igi, unda gaviziaroT
sakuTriv maTi Sexeduleba periodizaciis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma
unda, literaturis istoriaSi ar SeiZleba gonivrulad
Camoyalibebuli programebis, manifestebis, SemoqmedebiTi
TviTanalizis mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofa. da safiqrebe­
lia, rom moRvaweobas, romelic esoden kargad icnobierebs
sakuTar sazrissa da daniSnulebas, yvelaze ukeT Seesa­
bameba termini `mimdinareoba~ (`movement~); misi daxasiaTeba
analogiuri iqneba ama Tu im movlenisa da dekretebis daxa­
siaTebisa. rac Seexeba literaturul periods, mis mimarT
es programebi _ mxolod masalaa, iseve, rogorc kritikis
istoria aris mxolod da mxolod literaturis istoriis
Tanmxlebi komentari. epoqis literaturul dokumentebs
CvenTvis damxmare mniSvneloba aqvT, maT ver vaRiarebT
literaturis periodizaciis principebad. es imitom ki ar
384
literaturis istoria
xdeba, rom CvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro Rrma Sexedule­
ba movlenebis Taobaze: ubralod, Cven upiratesoba gvaqvs
_ warsuls awmyos poziciidan ganvixilavT.
isic unda iTqvas, rom es sxvadasxva warmomavlobis
terminebi Tavis droze ar gamoiyeneboda. termini `hu­
manizmi~ pirvelad gamoCnda 1832 wels, `renesansi~ _ 1840
wels, `elisabedis epoqa~ _ 1817 wels, `avgustusis xana~ _
1819 wels, xolo `romantizmi~ _ 1844 wels. es monacemebi
moyvanilia `oqsfordis leqsikonSi~ da, albaT, sando araa,
radganac termini `avgustusis xana~ sporadulad Cndeba
ukve 1690 wels, karlaili ki termin `romantizms~ iyenebs
1831 wels29. yovelive es mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom li­
teraturuli periodi da misi saxelwodeba sinqronulad
rodi warmoiSoba. cnobilia, rom romantikosebi TavianT
Tavs ar uwodebdnen romantikosebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
inglis­Si. rogorc Cans, mxolod daaxloebiT 1849 wels
daukavSi­res kolriji da uordsvorTi romantikul mim­
dinareobebsa da Selis, kiTsisa da baironis jgufs30. misis
olifanti Tavis `meTvramete saukunis dasasrulisa da
mecxramete sauku­nis dasawyisis inglisuri literaturis
istoriaSi ~ (1882 w.) arsad xmarobs am termins da erTsa da
imave mimdinareobas ar miakuTvnebs `tbis~ poetebs, `koknis~
skolasa da `satanur~ bairons. amgvarad, inglisuri lite­
raturis amJamad arsebuli periodizacia araa istoriulad
dasabuTebuli. aSkaraa, rom is sxva araferia, Tu ara poli­
tikuri, literaturuli da mxatvruli iarliyebis TviTne­
burad SerCeuli erToblioba.
kidec rom gvqondes adamianTa kulturis istoriis _
politikis, filosofiis, sxva xelovnebaTa srulyofili
periodizacia, literaturis istoria mainc ver SeZlebda
iseTi sqemis gamoyenebas, romelic SemuSavebulia, romelic
sxva masalaze muSaobis meSveobiT, specifikuri amocanebis
gadawyvetis procesSi. literatura ar SeiZleba gagebul
iqnes, rogorc kacobriobis politikuri, socialuri an
Tundac inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis pasiuri anarekli
an asli. amdenad, literaturuli periodi unda dadgin­des
wminda literaturuli kriteriumis daxmarebiT.
385
literaturis Teoria
Tu Cveni Sedegebi daemTxveva politikis, sa­zo­
gadoebis, xelovnebisa da azrovnebis istoriebs, amis sawi­
naaRmdego araferi gveqneba. magram Cveni amosavali werti­
li iqneba literatura, rogorc literaturis ganviTareba.
maSasadame, periodi aris sayovelTao evo­luciis qveda­
nayofi. misi istoria SeiZleba daiweros mxo­lod faseu­
lobaTa cvalebad skalis gaTvaliswinebiT, xo­lo es skala
SemuSavebul unda iqnes Tavad istoriuli procesis gaaz­
rebis safuZvelze. amgvarad, periodi aris drois monakveTi,
romelSic dominirebs literaturuli normebi, standarte­
bi da pirobiTobebi, romelTa Semota­na, gavrceleba, dana­
wevreba, integracia da gaqroba SeiZ­leba davinaxoT, Tvali
mivadevnoT.
cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom aucileblad unda mi­
viRoT esa Tu is normatiuli sistema. istoriidan is unda
gamoviyvanoT istoriidan, aRmovaCinoT istoriaSi, rogorc
realoba. magaliTad, `romantizmi~ ar aris erTia­ni Tviseba,
romelic vrceldeba gadamdebi seniviT an WiriviT, da is
arc ubralo sityvieri iarliyia. es istoriuli kategoria,
an, kantis terminologiiT, `maregulirebeli idea~ (ufro
zustad ki, ideaTa mTeli sistema) gvexmareba movaxdinoT
istoriuli procesis interpretacia. magram ideebis komp­
leqsi Cven TviT procesSi aRmovaCineT. termin `periodis~
amgvari koncefcia gansxvavdeba misi sayovelTaod aRiare­
buli gagebisgan, romelSic cneba gadatanilia fsiqolo­
giur planSi da ganZarculia is­toriuli konteqstisgan.
rodesac amgvari fsiqologiuri an mxatvruli tipebis sa­
xelwodebaTa SemoReba xdeba is­toriulad damkvidrebuli
terminologiis zegavleniT, es araa sababi maTi upirobo
dagmobisTvis; amasTan, kargad unda gavicnobieroT, rom
literaturis aseTi tipologia Zalze Sorsaa Cveni ganxil­
vis sagnisgan _ is ar miekuTvneba literaturis istorias,
viwro gagebiT.
amgvarad, periodi aris ara tipi an klasi, aramed _
drois monakveTi gansazRvruli normaTa sistemiT, rom­
lebic ganuyofelia istoriuli procesisgan. ro­mantizmis
386
literaturis istoria
ganmartebis uSedego mcdelobebi mowmobs, rom `periodis~
cneba ar ar waagavs logikaSi miRebul `klasis~ cnebas. wi­
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda nawarmoebis individualo­
bis waSla, misi STanTqma kategoriis mier. magram es aSkarad
SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis individualu­ri qmnileba klasis
warmomadgeneli rodia; esaa nawilia, romelic yvela sxva
nawarmoebTan erTad warmoqmnis pe­riodis cnebas. amgvarad,
is TavisTavad gansazRvravs mTlianis koncefcias. `roman­
tizmis~31 uamravi sxva­das­xvagvari ganmarteba Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, mcdaria, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, maTSi mainc vlindeba im sqemis sirTule, romelsac See­
sabameba TiToeuli amgvari definicia. kargad unda gavicno­
bieroT, rom periodi ar aris idealuri tipi, abstraqtuli
modeli an cnebiTi kla­sifikacia; esaa drois monakveTia
normebis erTiani sis­temiT, romlebic xelovnebis arc erT
nawarmoebSi ar aris mTlianad realizebuli. periodis is­
toria mdgomareobs imaSi, rom daafiqsiros normaTa erTi
sistemas Secvla meoriT. amgvarad, periodi aris drois
monakveTi, romelic xasiaTdeba garkveuli erTianobiT;
aSkaraa, rom es erTiano­ba mxolod SefardebiTi xasiaTisaa.
es niSnavs, ubralod, imas, rom drois garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi normebis esa Tu is sqema mTeli sisruliT iqna
realizebuli. erTi romelime periodis erTianoba absolu­
turi rom iyos, maSin periodebi qvis blokebiviT erTimeo­
ris gverdiT dalagdeba yovelgvari memkvidreobis gareSe.
amitom yovel periodSi aucileblad monawileoben norma­
Ta winamorbedi sistemas gadmonaSTebi da momavali sqemis
Canasaxebi32.
periodis istoriis daweris problema, pirvel yovli­­
sa, aris aRweris problema: saWiroa amovicnoT pirobiToba­
Ta erTi sistemisdacema da meoris Casaxva. ratom xdeba mim­
dinareobaTa aseTi Secvla garkveul momentSi? _ es aris
istoriuli problema, romelic, zogadad, gadauWrelia.
gamoiTqva varaudi, rom literaturis ganviTareba gamo­
fitvis safexurs aRwevs da moiTxovs axali kanonebis Se­
moRebas. rusi formalistebi am process aRweren rogorc
`avtomatizaciis~ process, e. i. poeturi ostatobis bevri
387
literaturis Teoria
xer­­xi, Tavis droze efeqturi iyo, iseTi Cveulebrivi da
gac­veTili xdeba, rom axali mkiTxveli maT veRar aRiqvams.
mas sWirdeba raRac gansxvavebuli, raRac sruliad sapir­
ispiro. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis sqema waagas qanqaras
rxevas: erTi ukiduresobidan meorisken moZraoba adre Tu
gvian ganapirobebs axleburi poeturi metyvelebis, Temebi­
sa da yovelgvari sxva mxatvruli xerxebis `aqtualizacias~.
magram Teoria ver ganmartavs, Tu ratom miemarTeba gan­
viTareba konkretuli mimarTulebiT _ procesis mTeli
sirTule namvilad ar daiyvaneba rxevaTa martiv sqemamde.
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, literaturis gan­
viTarebis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba gareSe pirobebiT da
sazogadoebrivi garemos moTxovnebiT. maSin yoveli cvli­
leba literaturul situaciaSi gamowveuli iqneba axali
klasis an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebri­vi dajgufebis
warmoSobiT: magaliTad, ruseTSi 1917 wlam­de yvelaze mkve­
Trad iyo gamoxatuli klasobrivi struq­tura, amitom cvl­
ilebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi iq xSirad Seesabameboda
literaturul evolucias. magram da­savleTSi am urTierT­
mimarTebis gamovlena Zneldeba, da sruliad SeuZlebelic
xdeba im epoqebis ganxilvisas, romlebic ar xasiaTdeba mka­
fiod gamokveTili socialuri dapirispirebebiT da isto­
riuli katastrofebiT.
literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebs ganmartavd­
nen agreTve axali Taobis SeWriT literaturaSi. kurnos
wignis _ `mosazrebani ideaTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ (1872)
_ gavleniT am Teorias bevri mimdevari gamouCnda. is gul­
modgined iqna damuSavebuli, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi,
petersenisa da veqsleris mier33. magram ver daveTanxmebiT
imas, rom Taobis, rogorc biologiuri erTeulis cneba
problemas gadaWris saSualebas gvaZlevs. Tu miviCnevT,
rom erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleba
sami Taoba, magaliTad, 1800-33, 1834-69, 1870-1900, maSin
dasaSvebia iseTi seriebis arsebobac, rogorebicaa 18011834, 1835-70, 1871-1901 da a. S. biologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
es seriebi savsebiT Tanabaruflebiania da Tu adamianTa
jgufebma, romlebic 1800-iani wlebis periodSi daibadnen,
388
literaturis istoria
ufro Rrma gavlena moaxdines literaturis ganviTareba­
ze, vidre 1815-iani wlebis periodSi dabadebul adamianTa
jgufebma, es unda mivaweroT ara wminda biologiur, aramed
sxva mizezs. ra Tqma agaliTad,unda, zogjer literaturis
istoriaSi cvlileba erTi da imave Taobis axalgazrdaTa
jgufs Seaqvs, risi aSkara magaliTicaa germanuli `qariS­
xali da Seteva~ da, saerTod, romantizmis epoqa. TaobaTa
erTianobas, rogorc Cans, ayalibebs iseTi istoriuli da
socia­luri faqtebi (magaliTad, safrangeTis revolucia
an orive msoflio omi), romelTa srulad aRqma yoveli asa­
kis adamianebs rodi ZaluZT da amas yvelaze ukeT gaarTves
Tavi mgrZnobiare axalgazrdebma. magram es swored imis
magaliTia, rom literaturisTvis zogjer gadamwyveti
mniSv­neloba aqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zegavlenas.
SeiZleba davasaxeloT sapirispiro xasiaTis uamravi mov­
lena _ rodesac literaturis cvlilebaze Rrma da Zlieri
gavlena moaxdina xandazmuli mwerlebis Se­moqmedebam. saer­
Tod ki, Taobebisa da socialuri klase­bis cvla sakmarisi ar
aris literaturul cvlilebaTa asaxsnelad. es aris komp­
leqsuri procesi, romelic yo­velTvis erTnairad rodi
mimdi­nareobs; nawilobriv, es gamofitviTa da ganaxlebis
surviliT gamowveuli Sinagani procesia, magram, nawilob­
riv, garegnulic, romelic ganpirobebulia cvlilebebiT
socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi, kulturaSi.
Tanamedrove literaturis istoriis mTavari pe­
riodebi dausrulebeli polemikis sagans warmoadgens.
terminebi _ `renesansi~, `klasicizmi~, `romantizmi~, `sim­
bolizmi~, bolo xanebSi ki `barokoc~ _ ganmartes, Semdeg
daazustes, Semdeg gadaiazres.34 rogorc Cans, veraviTari
SeTanxmeba ver miiRweva manamde, sanam Tavidan ar avicilebT
bundovanebas zemoganxilul Teoriul sakiTxebSi, sanam
opo­nentebi daJinebiT cdiloben Tavs moaxvion definici­
ebs cnebiTi gvareobrivi Sinaarsi (logikis analogiiT),
erTmaneTSi ureven `periodisa~ da `tipis~ terminebs, ter­
minTa semantikur istorias da stilis realur istorias.
savsebiT gasagebia, rom a. o. lavjoi da sxvebi gvTavazoben,
389
literaturis Teoria
uarvyoT iseTi termini, rogoricaa `romantizmi~. magram
kamaTi periodis Sesaxeb, sxva rom ara iyos ra, wamoWris li­
teraturis istoriis yvela iseT sakiTxs, romlebic exeba
terminis istorias, kritikul programebs, iseve, rogorc
realur stilistur cvlilebebs, literaturuli periodis
urTi­erTkavSirebs adamianis moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan;
saerTaSoriso literaturul kavSirebs gansaxilveli pe­
riodis farglebSi. `romantizmi~, rogorc termini, gvian
Semovida inglisSi, magram ukve uordsvorTisa da kolri­
jis Teo­riebSi arsebobda axali programa, romelic unda
ganvixiloT uordsvorTisa da kolrijis, agreTve maTi Ta­
namedrove sxva poetebis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi. meT­
vramete saukunis dasawyisSi ukve SeiniSneboda axali stilis
Canasaxebi. Cven SegviZlia SevadaroT inglisuri romantizmi
romantikul moZraobas safrangeTsa da ger­maniaSi, Seviswav­
loT paralelebi romantikuli mim­dinareobis gamovline­
bebTan saxviT xelovnebaSi. yo­vel droSi da yovel adgilas
sxvadasxva problema iCens Tavs, amitom SeuZlebelia zog­
adi wesebis Camoyalibeba. swori araa kazamianis mosazreba,
rom periodebi mzardi siCqariT enacvleboda erTmaneTs
vidre dRemde, rodesac maTi rxevebis stabilizacia moxda.
aseve mcdaria imis dasabuTebis mcdelobebi, Tu xelovnebis
romelma dargma (an romelma erma) aiTvisa pirvelad axali
stili. ra Tqma unda, didi imedebi ar unda davamyaroT ter­
minologiur garkveulobaze periodebis daxasiaTebisas, _
SeuZlebelia erTi sityva mravali konotaciis matarebeli
iyos. magram aseve gaumarTlebelia skeptikuri damokide­
buleba da problemis ugulebelyofa, radganac periodis
cneba istoriuli Semecnebis erT-erTi mTavari iaraRia.
kidev ufro rTulia iseTi farTo problemis ganxi­
l­va, rogoric aris erovnuli literaturis istoria. Zne­
lia Tvali mivadevnoT erovnul literaturis istorias,
Tuki gamokvlevis struqtura moiTxovs, arsebiTad, ara­
literaturuli orientirebis gamoyenebas, msjelobas
erovnuli zneobisa da erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rasac
cota ram aqvT saerTo sityvakazmul xelovnebasTan. mravali
390
literaturis istoria
problema warmoiqmneba, magaliTad, amerikul literaturas­
Tan dakavSirebiT: vinaidan is iqmneba imave enaze, romelze­
dac _ sxva erovnuli literatura, amitom lite­raturis
ganviTareba amerikaSi absoluturad damoukideblad rodi
mimdinareobs, is, nawilobriv, imarTeba ufro Zveli da Zli­
eri tradiciebiT. nebismieri erovnuli literaturis ganvi­
Tareba aSkarad warmoadgens problemas, romelsac istor­
ikosi ver ugulebelyofs, Tumca is TiTqmis arc arasdros ar
gamoukvleviaT sistematuri wesiT. zedmetia imis aRniSvna,
rom literaturis jgufebis istoria, Seswavlis Tvalsaz­
risiT, kidev ufro Sorsaa idealisagan. arsebuli nimuSebi,
rogoricaa ian maxalis `slavuri literaturebi~ an leo­
nardo olSkis cda, daewera Sua saukuneebis yvela romanuli
literaturis istoria, warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda35. msoflio
literaturis isto­riaTa umetesoba warmoadgens mcdelobas,
gamovlenil iqnas mTavari tradicia evropis literaturisa,
romelsac aerTianebs saerTo warmomavloba Zveli berZnuli
da romauli literaturebidan, magram verc erTi ver gascda
ideologiuri ganzogadebebisa da zerele kompilaciebis
dones, garda Zmebi Slegelebis brwyinvale narkvevebisa,
romlebic Tanamedrove problemebis gadawyvetisas, albaT,
ar gamogvadgeba. bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis
zogadi istoria jer kidev metad Soreuli idealia. arse­
buli mcdelobebi, magaliTad jon braunis `poeziis Casax­
visa da ganviTarebis istoria~, romelic 1763 wliT iwyeba,
metismetad gonebaWvretiTi da sqematuria,xolo CaduikTa
samtomeuli, `literaturis ganviTareba~TiTqmis mTlianad
eZRvneba folklorSi asaxuli statikuri tipebis ganxilvas.36
yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Cven mxolod axla
viwyebT imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor unda gavaanalizoT xe­
lovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianad. saamisod ki Cveni me­Tode­bi
metismetad mouqnelia da arc maTi Teoriuli safuZvelia
myari. amgvarad, bevri samuSao mogvelis. ar unda SegvaSi­
nos iman, rom literaturis istorias, warsulis garda, aqvs
momavali, romelic ver SeZlebs da arc unda ecados, rom
ubralod amoavsos xarvezebi, romlebic Zveli meTodebis
391
literaturis Teoria
`damsaxurebaa~. Cven unda veZioT literaturis istoriis axa­
li ideali da meTodebi, romlebic am idealis realiza­ciis
SesaZleblobas mogvcems. SeiZleba aq SemoTavazebuli idea­
li zedmetad `puristulad~ mogeCvenoT (radgan literatu­
ris istoriaze rogorc xelovnebazea aqcenti gadatanili),
magram, Cveni azriT, marTlzomieria ne­bismieri sxva meTodis
gamoyeneba. erTaderTi ram, raSic darwmunebuli varT, isaa,
rom literaturis istoriisaTvis, romelmac ukanasknel
dekadebSi eqspansionizmis Semoteva ganicada, sWirdeba kon­
centracia.sxvadasxva meTodis ur­TierTmimarTebaTa gaaz­
reba exmareba mkvlevars, Tavidan aicilos cnebaTa aRrevis
safrTxe, _ im SemTxvevaSic ki, ro­desac misi meTodologia
moicavs gansxavebul meTodebs.
392
SeniSvna
393
394
SeniSvna
SeniSvna
*
Tavi pirveli
literatura da literaturuli swavla
1. Advocated in Stephen Potter’s The Muse in Chains, London
1937.
2. ix. bibliografia. 19, section IV.
3. I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, London 1924, pp.
120, 251.
4. Wilhelm Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften, Berlin
1883.
5. Wilhelm Windelband, Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft,
Strassburg 1894. Reprinted in Präludien, fourth ed., Tübingen 1907,
Vol. II, pp. 136-60.
6. Heinrich Rickert, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen
Begriffsbildung, Tübingen 1913; also Kulturwissenscbaft und Naturwissenscbaft, Tübingen 1921.
7. A. D. Xénopol, Les Principes fondamentaux de l’histoire, Paris
1894; second ed., under title La Thiorie de I’histoire, Paris 1908; Benedetto Croce, History, lis Theory and Practice, New York 1921, and History as the Story of Liberty, New York 1940 (new ed., 1955).
8. Fuller discussions of these problems in Maurice Mandelbaum,
The Prob­lem of Historical Knowledge, New York 1938; Raymond Aron,
La Philosophie critique de I’histoire, Paris 1938.
9. Louis Cazamian, L’Évolution psychologique de la littérature en
Angleterre, Paris 1920, and the second half of É. Legouis and L. Cazamian, Histoire de la littérature anglaise, Paris 1924 (English translation
by H. D. Irvine and W. D. Maclnnes, two vols., London 1926-7).
10. See W. K. Wimsatt, Jun., ‘The Structure of the “Concrete
Universal” in Literature’,PMLA, 1x11(1947), pp. 262-80 (reprinted in
The Verbal Iton, Lexington Ky 1954, pp. 69-83); Scott Elledge, ‘The
395
SeniSvna
Background and Development in English Criticism of the Theories
of Generality and Particularity’, ibid., pp. 147-82.
11. R. G. Collingwood, ‘Are History and Science Different Kinds
of Know­ledge?’, Mind, xxxi (1922), pp. 449-50, and Pitirim Sorokin,
Social and Cultural Dynamics, Cincinnati 1937, Vol. 1, pp. 168-74, etc.
Tavi meore
literaturis buneba
1. Edwin Greenlaw, The Province of Literary History, Baltimore
1931, p. 174.
2. Mark van Doren, Liberal Education, New York 1943.
3. Thomas C. Pollock, The Nature of Literature, Princeton 1942.
4. Most of the work of E. E. Stoll is relevant here. See also L.
L. Schücking Charakterprobleme bei Shakespeare, Leipzig 1919 (English
tr., London 1922 and L. C. Knights, How Many Children Had Lady
Macbeth ?, Cambridge 1933 (reprinted in Explorations, London 1946,
pp. 15-54). Recent treatments conventionalism v. naturalism in the
drama are S. L. Bethell, Shakespeare and the Popular Dramatic Tradition,
Durham, N. C. 1944, and Eric Bend The Playwright as Thinker, New
York 1946.
5. SeniSvnebisTvis ix. Edwin Muir, The Structure of the Novel,
London 1928. sxva Janrebis damuSavebisTvis, ix. T. Zielinski,
‘Die Behandlung gleichzeitiger Vorgänge im antiken Epos’ Philologus, Supplementband, vii (1899-1901), pp. 405-99; Leo Spitzer’ ‘Über
zeitliche Perspektive in der neueren französischen Lyrik’, Die neueren Sprachen, xxxi (1923), pp. 241-66 (reprinted, Stilstudien, ii, Munich
1928 pp. 50-83); Oskar Walzel, ‘Zeitform im lyrischen Gedicht’, Das
Wort-kunstwerk, Leipzig 1926, pp. 277-96. Tanamedrove wlebSi
(partly owing to the influence of Existentialist philosophy) didi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda drois problemas literaturaze.
ix. Georges Poulet, Études sur le temps humain, Paris, English tr. Baltimore 1956, and La Distance intérieure, Paris 1952, English tr. Baltimore 1959; A. A. Mendilow, Time and the Novel, London 1952; Hans
396
SeniSvna
Meyerhoff, Time in Literature, Berkeley, Cal. 1955! agreTve ix. Emil
Staiger, Die Zeit als Einbildungskraft des Dichters, Zürich 1939, second
ed. 1953; Günther Müller, Die Bedeutung der Zeit in der Erzählkunst,
Bonn 1946.
6. Wordsworth‘s ‚We Are Seven‘ is an instance of a non-figurative poem. Robert Bridges‘s ‚I love all beauteous things, I seek and
adore them‘ is an example of an imageless poem. The term ‚poetry of
statement‘ was used first by Mark van Doren in defence of Dryden‘s
poetry. (See John Dryden, A Study of his Poetry, New York 1946, p. 67;
originally published in 1920.) One can, however, argue that metaphor in a broad sense is the principle of all poetry. See e.g. William
K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism. A Short History,
New York 1957, pp. 749-50.
7. Adolf von Hildebrand, Das Problem der Form in der bildenden
Kunst, third ed., Strassburg 1901 (English tr. New York 1907). See also
Hermann Konnerth, Die Kunsttheorie Conrad Fiedlers, Munich 1909;
Alois Riehl, ‘Bemerkungen zu dem Problem der Form in der Dichtkunst’, Vierteljahrschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, xxi (1897), pp.
283-306, xxii (1898), pp. 96-114 (an application of the concept of pure
visibility to literature); Benedetto Croce, ‘La teoria dell’arte come pura
visibilità’, Nuovi saggi di estetica, Bari 1920, pp. 239-54.
8. Theodor A. Meyer, Das Stilgesetz der Poesie, Leipzig 1901.
9. ix. am Tavis bibliografia CamoTvlil wignebSi, rom­
lebzec damyarebulia es diskusia.
Tavi mesame
literaturis funqcia
1. Horace (Ars poetica, lines 353-44): Horace faqtiurad, poe­
ziis sam alternatiul variants gvawvdis:
Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae
Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci,
Lectorem delectando pariterque monendo ...
The ‘polar heresies’ - erT-erTi alternatiuli varian­
397
SeniSvna
tis aReba TavisTavad _ uaryofilia R. G. Collingwood-is
Principles of Art-Si, Oxford 1938 (Tavebi ‘Art as Magic’ da ‘Art as
Amusement’).
2. Mortimer Adler, Art and Prudence, New York 1937, p. 35 and
passim; K. Burke, Counterstatement, New York 1931, p.151
3. G. Boas, Primer for Critics, Baltimore 1937; T. S. Eliot, Use of
Poetry, Cambridge, Mass. 1933, pp. 113, 155.
4. W. T. Stace, The Meaning of Beauty, London 1929, p. 161.
5. ‘Flat’ and ‘round’ are terms from Forster’s Aspects of the Novel,
London 1927, pp. 103 ff.
6. Karen Horney, Self-Analysis, New York 1942, pp. 38-9; Forster,
op. cit., p. 74.
7. Max Eastman, The Literary Mind: Its Plate in an Age of Stiente,
New York 1935, esp. p. 155 ff.
8. ix. Bernard C. Heyl, New bearings in Esthetics and Art Criticism,
New Haven 1943, pp. 51-87.
9. ix. Dorothy Walsh, ‘The Cognitive Content of Art’, Philosophical Re-view, LII (1943), pp. 433-51.
10. Eliot, Selected Essays, New York 1932, pp. 115-17: poeti,
romelic `fiqrobs~,’ wers elioti, ‘aris ubralod poeti, vi­
sac SeuZlia gamoxatos fiqris emocionaluri ekvivalenti,,
diadi poezia gvaZlevs iluzias sicocxlis Sexedulebaze.
rodesac SevdivarT homerosis, sofokles, an virgiliusis,
an dantes, an Seqspiris samyaroSi, vijerebT, rom Cven vimec­
nebT raRacas, rac SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos inteleqtua­
lurad; yoveli zusti,namdvili emocia inteleqtualuri
formulaciisaken ixreba.
11. Susanne K. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key, Cambridge,
Mass. 1942, ‘Discursive Forms and Presentational Forms’, p. 79 ff.
12. op. cit., p. 288.
13. faqti, rom biblioTekarebi iketebian da rom kri­
tikosebi krZalaven zogierTi wignis gayidvas, ar amtkicebs
imas rom is wignebi TavisTavad propagandistulia, popu­
larulobis mxrivac ki. es ufro imas amtkicebs, rom akrZal­
uli wignebi propagandistulia im mizezebis gamo, romlebic
ar moiwona wamyvanma sazogadoebam.
398
SeniSvna
14. Eliot, ‘Poetry and Propaganda’, in Literary Opinion in America
(ed. Zabel) New York 1937, p. 25 ff.
15. Stace, op. cit., p. 164 ft”.
16. Goethe, Dichtung und Wahrheit, Bk xiii. Collingwood (op. cit.,
pp.121-4) ansxvavebs `emociis gamoxatvas~ (xelovneba) `emo­
ciis gamocemisagan~ non-artis erTi forma.
17. Plato, Republic, x, § 606 d; Augustine, Confessions, 1, p. 21; A.
Warren ‘Literature and Society’, Twentieth-Century English (ed. W. S.
Knickerbocker), New York 1946, pp. 304-14.
18. Spingarn’s History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance
(New York, rev ed., 1924) ikvlevs Cvens Temas poeziis `funq­
cionirebis~ da `safuZvlis~ terminebis saxelwodebiT.
19. A. C. Bradley, ‘Poetry for Poetry’s Sake’, Oxford Lectures on
Poetry Oxford 1909, pp. 3-34.
Tavi meoTxe
literaturuli Teoria, kritika da istoria
1. Philip August Boeckh, Encyklopädie und Metbodologie der philogischen Wissenschaften, Leipzig 1877 (second ed., 1886).
2. F. W. Bateson, ‚Correspondence‘, Scrutiny, iv (1935), pp. 181-5.
3. Ernst Troeltsch, Der Historismus und seine Probleme, Tübingen
1922; Der Historismus und seine Überwindung, Berlin 1924.
4. Hardin Craig, Literary Study and the Scholarly Profession, Seattle, Wash. 1944, p 70.ix. agreTve gv. 126-7: `bolo Taobam sakmaod
moulodnelad gadawyvita, rom Tavad aRmoaCenda Zveli av­
torebis mniSvnelobas da Rirebulebebs da es rwmena daukav­
Sires ideas, magaliTad, rom Seqspiris sakuTari mniSv­neloba
aris udidesi Seqspiruli mniSvnelobebidan.”
5. e.g. in Poetsand Playwrights, Minneapo is1930,p.217; and From
Shekespeare to Joyce, New York 1944, p. ix
6. e.g. in Lily Campbell, Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, Cam­bridge 1930; also Oscar J. Campbell, ‘What is the Matter
with Hamlet?’ Yale Review, xxxii (1942), pp. 309-22. Stoll-i isto­
399
SeniSvna
ricizmis sxva gansxvavebulobas uWers mxars, romelic da­
JinebiT moiTxovs scenuri Sekrebis rekonstruqcias, magram
Tavs esxmis fsiqologiuri Teoriebis rekonstruqcias. ix.
‘Jaques and the Anti­quaries’, From Shakespeare to Joyce, pp. 138-45.
7. ‘Imagery and Logic: Ramus and Metaphysical Poetics’, Journal of the History of Ideas, III (1942), pp. 363-400.
8. F. A. Pottle, The Idiom of Poetry, Ithaca, N. Y. 1941 (second ed.,
1946)
9. The example comes from Harold Cherniss, ‘The Biographical
Fashion in Literary Criticism’, University of California Publications in
Classical Philology, xii (1943). pp. 279-93.
10. R. G. Collingwood, Principles of Art, Oxford 1938, p. 4. ro­
gorc Allen Tate aRniSnavs `moswavle, romelic ambobs, rom
igebs Dryden-s, magram Hopkins-isgan da Yeats-isgan verafers
iRebs, imaze metyvelebs, rom mas ar esmis frideni~ in ‘Miss
Emily and the Bibliographer’ (Reason in Madness, New York 1941 p.
115).
11. Norman Foerster, The American Scholar, Chapel Hill 1929, p.
36.
Tavi mexuTe
ZiriTadi, SedarebiTi da nacionaluri literatura
1. ix. Fernand Baldensperger, ‘Littérature comparée Le mot et la
chose’, ‘Revue de littérature comparée, 1 (1921), pp. 1-29.
2. F. C. Green, Minuet, London 1935.
3. Hans Naumann, Primitive Gemeinschaftskultur, Jena 1921.
4. sakmaod Seusabamo Seqspiris swavlaSi aris msoflio
maStabis paralelebi hamletis istoriaze, Tavmoyrili
Schick-is Corpus Hamleticum-Si, five vols.,Berlin 1912-38.
5. es aris simarTle Alexander Veselovsky-is Sromis Sesa­
xeb, daTariRebuli 1870-iani wlebiT; mogvianebiT Sesrule­
buli J.Polivka-s Sroma rusul zRaprebze; da Gerhard Gesemann-is nawarmoebebi iugoslaviis eposze. ix. instruqciuli
400
SeniSvna
moxseneba e.g. Studien zur südslavischen Volksepik, Reichenberg 1926).
ixileT instruqciuli moxseneba Margaret Schlauch- is, ‘Folklore in the Soviet Union’, Science and Society, vii (1944) pp. 203-22;
Stith Thompson, The Folktale, New York 1946; Vladimir I. Propp, Morphology of the Folk-Tale, tr. Laurence Scott, Bloomington Indiana 1958;
Albert B. Lord, The Singer of Tales, Cambridge, Mass. 1960.
6. ix. P. Bogatyrev and Roman Jakobson, ‘Die Folklore als eine
besondere Form des Schaffens’, Donum Natalicium Schrijnen, Nijmegen,
Utrecht 1929, pp. 900-13. es narkvevi qmnis gansxvavebas folklo­
rul literaturas da umaRles literaturas Soris.
7. ix. bibliografia.
8. See Benedetto Groce’s ‘La letteratura comparata’ in Problemi
di Estetica Bari 1910, pp. 73-9, Tavdapirvelad gamowveuli iyo
George Woodberry’-is pirveli moklevadiani JurnaliT Journal of Comparative Literature, New York 1903 See R. Wellek, ‘The Crisis of Comparative Literature’ in Compara Literature. Proceedings of
the Second Congress of the International Compara Literature Association,
ed. W. P. Friederich, Chapel Hill 1959, Vol. I, 149-59.
9. Goethe’s Gespräche mit Eckermann, 31 January 1827; Kunst und
Altertum (1827); Werke, Jubiläumsausgabe, Vol. xxxviii, p. 97 (a review
of Duval’s Le Tasse).
10. Paul Van Tieghem, ‘La Synthèse en histoire littéraire: littérature comparée et littérature générale’, Revue de synthése historique,
xxxi (1921) pp. 1-27; Robert Petsch, ‘Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft’, Zeitscbrift fur Astbelik, xxviii (1934), pp. 254-60.
11. August Wilhelm Schlegel, Über dramatische Kunst undLiteratur, three vols., Heidelberg 1809-11; Friedrich Schlegel, Geschichte
der alten und neuen Literatur, Vienna 1815; Friedrich Bouterwek, Geschichte der Роеsie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des drei’zehnten Jahrhunderts, thirteen vols., Göttingen 1801-19; Simonde de Sismondi, De
la littérature du midi de I’Europe four vols., Paris 1813; Henry Hallam,
meTxuTmete, meTeqvsmete da meCvidmete saukuneebis liter­
aturis Sesavali, four vols., London 1836-9.
12. germaniaSi H. Steinthal, damaarsebeli Zeitschrift für
Völkerpsychologie-is (1860 wlidan) rogorc Cans iyo pirveli,
romelmac gamoiyena literaturis sistematuri swavlis
401
SeniSvna
evoluciuri principebi. A. Veselovsky, romelmac ruseTSi
uzarmazari mecnieruli cda Caatara `evoluciur poetika~ze iyo Steinthal-is moswavle. safrangeTSi, evoluciuri
koncefciebi cnobilia. e.g. in Edelstand du Meril, Histoire de
la comedie, two vols., 1864. Brunetière-m gamoiyena isini Taname­
drove literaturebze, rogorc es gaakeTa John Addington
Symonds-ma inglisSi (see bibliography, chap. 19, section iv).
13. Europäische Literatur und Lateinisches Mittelalter, Bern, 1948
(English tr., New York 1953); Mimesis. Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der
abendländischen Literatur, Bern 1946 (English tr., Princeton 1953). See
review by René Wellek, in Kenyon Review, xvi (1954), pp. 279-307,
and E. Auerbach, ‘Epilegomena zu Mimesis’ in Romanische Forschungen txv (1953), pp. 1-18.
14. Leonardo Olschki, Die romanischen Literaturen des Mittelalters, Wildpark-Potsdam 1928 (a volume of O. Walzel’s Handbuch der
Literaturwissenschaft).
15. Andreas Heusler, Die altgermanische Dichtung, WildparkPotsdam 1923 (also in Walzel’s Handbuch), is an excellent sketch.
16. Jan Máchal, Slovanské literatury, three vols., Prague 1922-9
(unfinished), aris yvela slavuri literaturis istoriis
daweris yvelaze axali mcdeloba. SesaZlebloba, slavuri
SedarebiTi literaturis istoriis ganxilulia Slavische
Rundschau-Si, Vol. iv. slavuri literaturebis saerTo mem­
kvidreobis damajerebeli mtkicebuleba warmodgenili iyo
Roman Jakobson-is mier, “The Kernel of Comparative Slavic Literature’, in Harvard Slavic Studies (ed. H. Lunt) Vol. 1, pp. 1-71, Cambridge, Mass. 1953 and by Dmitry Cizevsky, Outline of Comparative
Slavic Literatures, Boston, Mass. 1952.
17. e.g. A. O. Lovejoy, ‘On the Discrimination of Romanticisms’
in PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 229-33. (Reprinted in Essays in the History of Ideal, Baltimore 1945, pp. 228-53.) Henri Peyre (Le Classicisme
français, New York 1942) mtkiced asabuTebs franguli klas­
icizmis mkveTr gansxvavebas yvela sxva neo-klasicizmisgan.
Erwin Panofsky - ‘Renaissance and Renascences’, Kenyon Review, vi
(1944), pp. 201-36 - favours the traditional view of the Renaissance.
18. Josef Nadler, Literaturgeschichte der deutschen Stamme und
402
SeniSvna
Landschaften Regensburg, three vols., 1912-18 (second ed., four vols.,
1923-8; a fourth, and Nazi, edition under the title, Literaturgeschichte
des deutschen Volkes fourth vols., Berlin 1938-40). See Berliner Romantik, Berlin 1921, and the theoretical discussion, ‚Die Wissenschaftslehre der Literaturgeschichte‘ in Eupborion, xxi (1914), pp. 1-63. ix.
aseve H. Gumbel, ‚Dichtung und (Dta‘, in Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (ed. E. Ermatinger), 1930, РР- 43-9 - a foggy interpretation.
Tavi meeqvse
samxilis mowesrigeba da aRdgena
1, Henry Medwall, Fulgens and Lucrece (ed. Seymour de Ricci),
Ney 1920 (Critical ed. by F. S. Boas and A. W. Reed, Oxford 1926);
The book of Margery Kempe, 1436 (modern version by W. Buder-Bowden, I 1936. originali teqstis redaqtireba gaakeTa Sanford
B. Meech-ma. Vol. I gamoica Zveli inglisuri teqstis sazoga­
doebis mier, London 1940); Chris Smart, Rejoice in the Lamb (ed. W.
F. Stead), London 1939.
2. Leslie Hotson, The Death of Christopher Marlowe, London 1925,
Shakespeare versus Shallow, Boston 1931; The Private Papers of James
Boswell Malahide Castle (ed. Geoffrey Scott and F. A. Pottle), eighteen
Oxford 1928-34; The Yale Edition of the Private Papers of James Boswell
F. A. Potte et al.) New York 1950 ff.
3. ixileT maxvilgonieri rCeva J. M. Osborn-is, ‘The Search
for English Literary Documents’, English Institute Annual, 19)9, New
York 1940, pp. 31-55.
4. yvelaze sasargeblo inglisuris studentebisTvis
aris J. W. Spargo, A Bibliog Manualfor Students, Chicago 1939 (second ed., 1941); Arthur G. Kennedy, A Concise Bibliography for Students of English, third ed., Stanford Un Press 1954.
5. e.g. W. W. Greg, A Bibliography of the English Printed Dram to
the Restoration, Vol. 1, London 1939; F. R. Johnson, A Critical Bibliography of the Works of Edmund Spenser Printed before 1770, Baltimore
1933 Macdonald, John Dryden: A Bibliography of Early Editions and
Drydeniama Oxford 1939; see James M. Osborn, ‘Macdonald’s Bib403
SeniSvna
liography of Dryden’, Modern Philology, xxxix (1942), pp. 312-19; R.
H. Griffith, A Pope: A Bibliography, two parts, Austin, Texas 1922-7.
6. R. B. McKerrow, An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary
Students, Oxford 1927.
7. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
8. inglisuri literaturuli dokumentebis paleogra­
fiaSi, ix.Wolfgang Angelsächsische Paleographie, two vols., Berlin
1906 (Palaestrat, 43a On Elizabethan handwriting, see Muriel St
Clare Byrne, ‘Elizabethan Handwriting for Beginners’, Review of
English Studies, 1(1925), pp. 1 Hilary Jenkinson, ‘Elizabethan Handwritings’, Library, fourth Se (•922), pp. 1-34; McKerrow, loc. cit. (for
Appendix on Elizabethan handwriting); Samuel A. Tannenbaum,
The Handwriting of the Renaissance, New York 1930. xelnawerebis
gamokvlevis teqnikuri mowyobilobebi (microscopes, ultraviolet rays, etc.) aRwerilia R. B. Haselden-Si, Scientific Aids for
theStudy of Manuscripts, Oxford 1935.
9. sabolood SemuSavebul genealogias vxvdebiT iseT
wignebSi, rogorebicaa R. K. Root’s The Textual Tradition of Chaucer’s Troilus, Chaucer Society, London 1916
10. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
11. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
12. W. S. MacCormick and J. Haseltine, The MSS. of the Canterbury tales Oxford 1933; J. M. Manley, The Text of the Canterbury Tales,
eight Chicago 1940; R. W. Chambers and J. H. Grattan, ‘The Text of
Piers Plowman: Critical Methods’, Modern Language Review, xi (1916),
pp.257-75 and ‘The Text of Piers Plowman’, ibid., xxvi (1926), pp. 1-51.
13. ufro detalurad ganxiluli gansxvavebebisTvis ixi­
leT Kantorowicz-i, mocemuli bibliografiaSi, nawili 1.
14. ix. Sculley Bradley, ‘The Problem of a Variorum Edition of
Whitman’s Leaves of Grass’, English Institute Annual, 1941, New York
1942, pp.129-58; A. Pope, The Dunciad (ed. James Sutherland), London 1943.
15. Sigurd B. Hustvedt, Ballad Books and Ballad Men, Cambridge, Mass. 1930
16. ix. bibliografia, nawili II.
17. Shakespeare’s Hand in The Play of Sir Thomas More, Cambridge
404
SeniSvna
1923 (con­tributions by A. W. Pollard, W. W. Greg, Sir E. M. Thompson, J. D. Wilson, and R. W. Chambers); S. A. Tannenbaum, The
Booke of Sir Thomas More, New York 1927.
18. Тhe Tempest (ed. Sir A. Quiller-Couch and J. D. Wilson),
Cambridge 1921, p. xxx.
19. E. K. Chambers,’ The Integrity of The Tempest’, Review of English Studies, 1 (1923), pp. 129-50; S. A. Tannenbaum, ‘How Not to
Edit Shakespeare: A Review’, Philological Quarterly, x (1931), pp. 97137; H. T. Price, ‘To­wards a Scientific Method of Textual Criticism
in the Elizabethan Drama’, Journal of English and Germanic Philology,
xxxvi (1937), pp. 151-67 (namdvilad gatacebuli Dover WilsoniT, Robertson, etc.).
20. Michael Bernays, Zur Kritik und Geschichte des Goetheschen
Textes, Munich 1866, iyo dasawyisi ‘Goethe-philologie’-is. ixi­
leT aseve R. W. Chapman, ‘The Textual Criticism of English Classics’, The Portrait of a Scholar, Oxford 1922, pp. 65-79.
21. ix. bibliografia, nawili III.
22. Michael Bernays, ‘Zur Lehre von den Zitaten und Noten’,
Schriften zur Kritik und Literaturgeschichte, Berlin 1899, Vol. iv, pp.
253-347; Arthur Friedman, ‘Principles of Historical Annotation in
Critical Editions of Modern Texts’, English Institute Annual, 1941,
New York 1942, pp. 115-28.
23. Edmond Malone, ‘An Essay on the Chronological Order of
Shakespeare’s Plays’, George Steevens-is Seqspiris piesebis ga­
mocema (meore gamoc., 1788, Vol. I, pp. 269-346) iyo pirveli war­
matebuli mcdeloba. sazomi tabulebi dafuZnebuli Sromaze
Fleay, Furnivall, and König in Т. M. Parrott’s Shakespeare. Twenty-three
Plays and the Sonnets, New York 193 8, p. 94, and in E. K. Cham­bers,
William Shakespeare, Oxford 1930, Vol. 11, pp. 397-408.
24. James Hurdis, Cursory Remarks upon the Arrangement of the
Plays of Shakespeare, London 1792.
25. Wincenty Lutoslawski, The Origin and Growth of Plato’s Logic
with an Account of Plato’s Style and the Chronology of His Writings, London 1897; for comment see John Burnet, Platonism, Berkeley 1928,
pp. 9-12.
26. Giles Dawson, ‘Authenticity and Attribution of Written Mat405
SeniSvna
ter’, English Institute Annual, 1942, New York 1943, pp. 77-100; G. E.
Bentley, ‘Au­thenticity and Attribution of the Jacobean and Caroline
Drama’, ibid., pp.101-18; see E. H. C. Oliphant, ‘Problems of Authorship in Elizabethan Dramatic Literature’, Modern Philology, vii
(1911), pp. 411-59.
27. August Wilhelm Schlegel, ‚Anhang, über die angeblich
Shakespeare‘n unterschobenen Stücke‘, Über dramatische Kunst und
Literatur, Heidelberg 1811, Zweiter Theil, Zweite Abtheilung, pp.
229-42.
28. J. M. Robertson, The Shakespeare Canon, four parts, London
1922-32; An Introduction to the Study of the Shakespeare Canon, London
1924; E. K. Cham­bers, ‘ The Disintegration of Shakespeare’, Proceedings of the British Academy, xi (1925), pp. 89-108 (reprinted in Shakespearean Gleanings, Oxford 1944, pp. 1-21).
29. E. N. S. Thompson, ‘Elizabethan Dramatic Collaboration’,
Englische Sttudien, xl (1908), pp. 30-46; W. J. Lawrence, ‘Early Dramatic Collabora­tion’, Pre-Restoration Stage Studies, Cambridge, Mass.
1927; E. H. C. Oliphant, ‘Collaboration in Elizabethan Drama: Mr
W. J. Lawrence’s Theory’, Philological Quarterly, vii (1929), pp. 1-10.
ganxilvis kargi magaliTebisTvis Diderot –ze da Pascal-ze
ixileT André Morize, Problems and Methods of Literary History, Boston 1922, pp. 157-93.
30. E. H. C. Oliphant, The Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher. An Attempt to Determine Their Respective Shares and the Shares of Others,
New Haven 1927; ‘The Authorship of The Revenger’s Tragedy’, Studies in Philology, xxiii (1926), pp. 157-68.
31. John Robert Moore, in Daniel Defoe: Citizen of the Modern
World, Chicago 1958, claims 541 titles for Defoe.
32. New Essays by Oliver Goldsmith (ed. R. S. Crane), Chicago
1927.
33. G. Udny Yule, The Statistical Study of Literary Vocabulary,
Cambridge 1944.
34. J. S. Smart, James Macpherson, London 1905; G. M. Fraser, ‘The
Truth about Macpherson’s Ossian’,Quarterly Review, ccxlv (1925),
406
SeniSvna
pp. 331-45; Derick S. Thomson, The Gaelic Sources of Macpherson’s Ossian, Edinburgh 1952; W. W. Skeat (ed.), The Poetical Works of Thomas
Chatterton with an Essay on the Rowley Poems, two vols., London 1871;
Thomas Tyrwhitt, Appendix to Poems supposed to have been written.
..by Thomas Rowley, second ed., London 1778, and A Vindication of the
Appendix to the Poems called Rowley’s, London 1782; Edmond Malone,
Cursory Observations on the Poems atributed to Thomas Rowley, London
1782; Thomas Warton, An Enquiry into the Authenticity of the Poems
attributed to Thomas Rowley, London 1782; J. Mair, The Fourth Forger,
London 1938; George Chalmers, An Apology for the Believers in the
Shakespeare Papers, London 1797.
35. Zoltán Haraszti, ‘The Works of Hroswitha’, More Books, xx
(1945) 87-119, pp. 139-73; Edwin H. Zeydel, ‘The Authenticity of
Hroswitha’s Works’, Modern Language Notes, lxi (1946), pp. 50-55;
André Mazon, Le Slovo d’Igor, Paris 1940; Henri Grégoire, Roman
Jakobson, et al. (ed.), La Geste du Prince Igor, New York 1948.
36. saukeTeso cnobebi inglisurad aris Paul Selver-is
Masaryk-Si: A Biography London 1940.
37. John Carter and Graham Pollard, An Enquiry into the Nature
of Certain Nineteenth-Century Pamphlets, London 1934; Wilfred Partington, Forging Ahead: The True Story of.. .T.J. Wise, New York 1939;
Letters of Thomas J. Wise to J. H. Wrenn (ed. Fannie E. Ratchford), New
York 1944 (the introduction implicates H. Buxton Forman and, unconvincingly, Edmund Gosse).
38. am wignebis CamonaTvali aris bibliografiaSi, Ta­
vi.19 nawili 1.
Tavi meSvide
literatura da bibliografia
1. S. T. Coleridge, in a letter to Thomas Poole, Feb. 1797, Letters
(ed. E. H. Coleridge), London 1895, Vol. 1, p. 4.
2. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
3. Georg Brandes, William Shakespeare, two vols., Copenhagen
1896 (Eng­lish tr., two vols., London 1898); Frank Harris, The Man
407
SeniSvna
Shakespeare, New York 1909.
4. C. J. Sisson, The Mythical Sorrows of Shakespeare, British Academy Lecture, 1934; E. E. Stoll,’ The Tempest’, Shakespeare and other
Masters, Cambridge, Mass. 1940, pp. 281-316.
5. John Keats, Letter to Richard Woodhouse, 27 October 1818,
Letters (ed. M. B. Forman), fourth ed., Oxford 1952, pp. 226-7. See
W. J. Bate, Negative Capability: The Intuitive Approach in Keats, Cambridge, Mass. 1939; T. S. Eliot, ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’,
The Sacred Wood, London 1920, pp. 42-53.
6. Brandes, op. cit., p. 425; H. Kingsmill, Matthew Arnold, London 1928, pp. 147-9.
7. Ramon Fernandez,’ L’Autobiographie et le roman: l’exemple
de Stend­hal’, Messages, Paris 1926, pp. 78-109 (English tr., London
1927, pp- 91” 136); George W. Meyer, Wordsworth’s Formative Years,
Ann Arbor, Mich.1943.
8. Wilhelm Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung, Leipzig 1907;
Friedricn Gundolf, Goethe, Berlin 1916 (a distinction is made between
Urerlebnis and Bildugserlebnis).
9. V. Moore, The Life and Eager Death of Emily Brontë, London
1936; Edith E. Kinsley, Pattern for Genius, New York 1939 ( bio­
grafia aerTianebs citirebebs Brontës-s novelebidan namd­
vili saxelebiT, romlebic anacvlebs gamogonil saxelebs) ;
Romer Wilson, The Life and Private History of Emily Jane Brontë, New
York 1928 (Wuthering Heights ganxilulia, rogorc namdvili
avtobiografia).
10. The example is taken from С. B. Tinker, The Good Estate of
Poetry, Boston 1929. p.30.
Tavi merve
literatura da fsiqologia
1. ix. Alfred Adler, Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical
Compensation, 1907 (English tr. 1917); Wayland F. Vaughan, ‘The
Psychology of Com­pensation’, Psych. Review, xxxiii (1926), pp. 46779; Edmund Wilson, The Wound and the Bow, New York 1941; aseve
L. MacNiece, Modern Poetry, London 1938, p. 76; L. Trilling, ‘Art and
408
SeniSvna
Neurosis’, Partisan Review, xn (1945), pp. 41-9 (xelaxla dabeWdi­
li The Liberal Imagination, New York 1950, pp. 160-80).
2. ix. bibliografia.
3. W. H. Auden, Lettersfrom Iceland, London 1937, p. 193; see L.
MacNiece, Modern Poetry, London 1938, pp. 25-6; Karen Horney, The
Neurotic Personality of our Time, New York 1937; Eric Fromm, Escape
from Freedom, New York 1941, and Man for Himself, New York 1947.
4. ix. W. Silz, ‘Otto Ludwig and the Process of Poetic Creation’,
PMLA, lx (1945), pp. 860-78, romelic gamoscems Temebis umrav­
lesobas mwerlis siqologiaSi, Seswavlili Tanamedrove
germanul kvlevaSi; Erich Jaensch, Eidetic Imagery and Typological Methods of Investigation, London 1930; also ‘Psycho­logical and
Psychophysical Investigations of Types . ..’ in Feelings and Emotions,
Worcester, Mass. 1928, p. 355 ff.
5. On synaesthesia, see Ottokar Fischer, ‘Über Verbindung
von Farbe und Klang: Eine literar-psychologische Untersuchung’,
Zeitschrift fur Asthetik, 11 (1907), pp. 501-34; Albert Wellek, ‚Das
Doppelempfinden in der Geistesgeschichte‘, Zeitschrift für Ästhetik,
xxiii (1929), pp. 14-42; ‘Renaissance-und Barock-synasthesie’, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft, ix (1931), pp. 534-84;
E. v. Erhardt-Siebold, ‘Har­mony of the Senses in English, German,
and French Romanticism’, PMLA, xlvii (1932), pp. 577-92; W. Silz,
‘Heine’s Synaesthesia’, PMLA, l v 11 (1942), pp. 469-8 8; S. de Ullman,’ Romanticism and Synaes­thesia’, PMLA, lx (1945), pp. 811-27;
A. G. Engstrom, ‘In Defense of Synaesthesia in Literature’, Philological Quarterly, xxv (1946), pp.1-19.
6. ix. Richard Chase, ‘The Sense of the Present’, Kenyan Review,
vi (1945), p. 218 ff. citirebebi T. S. Eliot-is The Use of Poetry aris
on pp. 118-19,155,and 148 and n. narkvevi, romelsac Eliot-i
exeba,’ Le Symbolisme et Fame primitive’, gamoCnda Revue de littérature comparées-Si, xii (1932), pp. 356-86. ix. aseve Émile Caillet’s
Symbolisme et amtes primitives, Paris 1936, the ‘conclusion’ of which
reports a conversation with Eliot.
7. Carl G. Jung, ‘On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetic Art’ Contributions to Analytical Psychology, London 1928, and Psychological Types (tr. H. G. Baynes), London 1926; and see J. Jacobi, The
409
SeniSvna
Psychology of Jung (tr. Bash), New Haven 1943. British philosophers,
psychologists, and aestheticians publicly indebted to Jung include
John M. Thorburn, Art and the Unconscious, 1925; Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry Psychological Studies of Imagination, 1934;
Herbert Read, ‘Myth, Dream, and Poem’, Collected Essays in Literary
Criticism, London 1938, pp. iot-jg. H. G. Baynes, Mythology of the Soul,
London 1940; M. Esther Harding Women’s Mysteries, London 1935.
8. xasiaTis tipologiebze, ixileT, istoriuli cno­
bebisTvis, A. A. Roback, The Psychology of Character with a Survey
of Temperament, New York 1928-Eduard Spranger, Types of Men: the
Psychology . . .of Personality (tr. Pigors)] Halle 1928; Ernst Kretschmer,
Physique and Character ... (tr. Sprott), London 1925; The Psychology of
Men of Genius (tr. Cattell), London 1931. On the ‘maker’ and the ‘possessed’, see W. H. Auden, ‘Psychology and Art’, The Arts Today (ed.
G. Grigson), London 1935, pp. 1-21.
9. F. W. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie, 1872; Th. Ribot, Essai
sur l’imagination créatrice, Paris 1900 (tr. Baron, London 1906); Liviu
Rusu, Essai sur la criation artistique, Paris 1935. The ‘daemonic’ modis
Goethe-dan (first used in Urworte, 1817) da aris cnobili koncef­
cia Tanamedrove germanul TeoriaSi; ix. M. Schutze, Academic
Illusions in the Field of Letters, Chicago 1933, p. 91 ff.
10. C. S. Lewis, The Personal Heresy..., London 1939, pp. 22-3; W.
Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung ... , Leipzig 1906; see Schutze,
op. cit., p. 96 ff.
11. Norah Chadwick, Poetry and Prophecy, Cambridge 1942 (on
shamanism); Ribot, Creative Imagination (tr., London 1906), p. 51.
12. Elisabeth Schneider, ‘The “Dream” of Kubla Khan’, PMLA,
lx (1945), pp. 784-801, detalurad damuSavebuli Coleridge, Opium, and Kubla Khan, Chicago 1953. See also Jeanette Marks, Genius
and Disaster: Studies in Drugs and Genius, New York 1925.
13. Aelfrida Tillyard, Spiritual Exercises and Their Results .. .,
London 1927; R. van Gelder, Writers and Writing, New York 1946;
Samuel Johnson, Lives of the Poets, ‘Milton’.
14. On Hemingway and the typewriter: R. G. Berkelman, ‘How
to Put Words on Paper’, Saturday Review of Literature, 29 Dec. 1945.
On dictation and style: Theodora Bosanquet, Henry James at Work
410
SeniSvna
(Hogarth Essays), London 1924.
15. germaneli esTetikisoebi umetesad Goethe da Otto
Ludwig-is citirebas akeTeben; the French, Flaubert (the correspondence) and Valery; American critics. Henry James (the prefaces to the New York edition) and Eliot. An excellent. franguli
Sexedulebis nimuSi aris Valéry on Рое (P. Valéry, ‘Situation de
Baudelaire’, Variété ii, Paris 1937, pp. 155-60 - English tr., Variety, second series, New York 1938, pp. 79-98).
16. niSnebze da simboloebze, ix. S. K. Langer, Philosophy in
a New Key, Cam­bridge, Mass. 1942, pp. 53-78, and Helmut Hatzfeld,
‘The Language of the Poet’, Studies in Philology, xliii (1946), pp.
93-120.
17. J. L. Lowes, The Road to Xanadu: A Study in tbe Ways of the
Imagination, Boston 1927.
18. W. Dibelius, Charles Dickens, Leipzig 1926, pp. 347-73.
19. Albert R. Chandler, Beauty and Human Nature: Elements of
Psychological Aesthetics, New York 1934, p. 328; A. Thibaudet, Gustave Flaubert, Paris 1935, pp. 93-102; Frederick H. Prescott, ‘The Formation of Imaginary Characters’, The Poetic Mind, New York 1922, p.
187 ff.; A. H. Nethercot, ‘Oscar Wildeon His Subdividing Himself’,
PMLA, lx (1945), pp.616-17.
20. The Utters of John Keats (ed. M. B. Forman), fourth ed., New
York 1935, p. 227. momdevno teqstualuri Sesworeba rekomen­
direbulia Forman’s-is SeniSvnaSi.
21. A. Feuillerat, Comment Proust a tomposi son roman, New Haven 1934; ix. aseve naSromebi Karl Shapiro-sa da Rudolf Arnheim-is in Poets at Work (ed. C. D. Abbott), New York 1948.
22. ix. James H. Smith, The Reading of Poetry, Boston 1939 (sare­
daqcio variantebi ikavebs avtoris mier uaryofili varian­
tebis adgils).
23. Lily B. Campbell, Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, Cambridge 1930; Oscar J. Campbell, ‘What is the Matter with
Hamlet?’, Yale Review, xxxii (1942), pp. 309-22; Henri Delacroix, La
Psychologiede Stendhal, Paris 1918; F. J. Hoffman, Freudianism and the
Literary Mind, Baton Rouge 1945, pp. 256-88.
24. ix. L. С. T. Forest, ‘A Caveat for Critics against Invoking
411
SeniSvna
Elizabethan Psychology’, PMLA, lxi (1946), pp. 651-72.
25. ix. the writings of E. E. Stoll, passim, especially From Shakespeare to Joyce, New York 1944, p. 70 ff.
Tavi mecxre
literatura da sazogadoeba
1. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
2. ix. Morris R. Cohen’s excellent discussion, ‘American Literary Criticism and Economic Forces’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 1
(1940), pp. 369-74.
3. On De Bonald, see Horatio Smith, ‘Relativism in Bonald’s Literary Doctrine’, Modern Philology, xxxn (1934). pp. 193-210; B. Croce,
‘La letteratura come “espressione dclla società”’, Problemi di estetica,
Bari 1910,pp. 56-60.
4. Introduction to Histoire de la littirature anglaise (1863):’ Si elles
fournissent des documents, e’est qu’elles sont des monuments’, p.
xlvii, Vol. 1 of second ed., Paris 1866.
5. ix. e.g. Havelock Ellis, A Study of British Genius, London 1904
(rev. ed Boston 1926); Edwin L. Clarke, American Men of Letters: Their
Nature and Nurture, New York 1916 (‘Columbia Studies in History,
Economics, and Public Law’, Vol. 72); A. Odin, Genése des grands
hommes, two vols., Paris 1895.
6. Sakulin, N. P., Die russische Literatur, Wildpark-Potsdam 1927
(in Oskar Walzel’s Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaff).
7. e.g. D. Blagoy, Sotsiologiya tvorchestva Pushkina (The Sociology
of Pushkin’s Creation), Moscow 1931.
8. Herbert Schoeffler, Protestantismus und Literatur, Leipzig 1922.
socialuri warmoSobis sakiTxebi SesamCnevad axlo­saa ad­
reul STabeWdilebebTan, mwerlis adreul fizikur da so­
cialur garemosTan. rogorc Schoeffler-i GgviCvenebs, qveynis/
soflis sasuliero pirebis Svilebma bevri iSromes, rom
SeeqmnaT meTvramete saukunis britanuli pre-romantiuli
literatura da gemovneba. sofelSi TiTqmis eklesiis ezoSi
cxovrebam, ganawyo isini peizaJis da saflavis poeziisaken,
412
SeniSvna
sikvdilze da ukvdavobaze fiqrisTvis.
9. L. C. Knights, Drama and Society in the Age of Jonson, London
1937 and Penguin Books 1962.
10. Lily Campbell, Shakespeare’s Histories: Mirrors of Elizabethan
Policy, San Marino 1947; Sir Charles Firth, ‘The Political Significance
of Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels’, Essays: Historical and Literary, Oxford
1938, pp. 210-41.
11. Prosper de Barante, De la littérature française pendant le dixhuitiéme siécle, Paris, third ed., 1822, p. v. winasityvaoba ar aris
pirvel gamocemaSi, 1809 wlis. Barante-is Teoria brwyinva­
ledaa SemuSavebuli Harry Levin –is mier in ‘Litera­ture as an
Institution’, Accent, vi (1946), pp. 159-68. Reprinted in Criticism (ed.
Schorer, Miles, McKenzie), New York 1948, pp. 546-53.
12. Ashley H. Thorndike, Literature in a Changing Age, New York
1921, p. 36.
13. Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public, London 1932.
14. ramodenime namuSevari am sakiTxebze: Alfred A. Harbage, Shakespeare’s Audience, New York 1941; R. J. Allen, The Clubs of
Augustan London, Cambridge, Mass. 1933; Chauncey B. Tinker, The
Salon and English Letters, New York 1915; Albert Parry, Garrets and
Pretenders: a History of Bobemianism in America, New York 1933.
15. ix. Grace Overmeyer, Government and the Arts, New York
1939. On Russia, see the writings of Freeman, Max Eastman, W.
Frank, etc.
16. Georgi V. Plekhanov, Art and Society, New York 1936, pp. 43,
63. umTavresi ideologiuri msjelobebi aris: A. Cassagne,
La Théorie de I’art pour l’art en France, Paris 1906, reprinted 1959; Rose
R. Egan, The Genesis of the Theory of Art for Art’s Sake in Germany and
England, two parts, Northamp­ton 1921-4; Louise Rosenblatt, L’ldie de
I’art pour I’art dans la littérature anglaise, Paris 1931.
17. L. L. Schücking, Die Soziologie der literarischen Geschmacksbildung, Munich 1923 (second ed., Leipzig 1931. English tr., The Sociology of Literary Taste, London 1941); ix. Schücking, Die Familie im
Puritanismus, Leipzig 1929.
18. ix. T. A. Jackson, Charles Dickens, The Progress of a Radical,
London 1937.
19. Mrs Leavis, quoted in note 13; К. C. Link and H. Hopf, People
413
SeniSvna
and Books, New York 1946; F. Baldensperger, La Littérature: création,
succés, durée, Paris 1913; P. Stapfer, Des réputations littéraires, Paris,
1893; Gaston Rageot, Le Succés: auteurs et public - essai de critique sociologique, Paris 1906; Émile Hennequin, La Critique scientifique, Paris
1882. socialuri Sedegebi sxva xelovnebis, moZravi naxatebi,
gonivruladaa Seswavlili Adler-is mier in Art and Prudence,
New York 1937. brwyinvale dialeqtikuri proeqti ‘aesthetic
function, norm and value as social facts’ gvxvdeba Jan Mukarovskýis, Estetickà funkce, norma a hodnota jako sociàlnifakt-Si, Prague 1936.
20. Thomas Warton, History of English Poetry, London 1774, Vol.
1, p. 1.
21. E. Kohn-Bramstedt, Aristocracy and the Middle Classes in Germany, London 1937, p.4.
22. ix. André Monglond, Le Héros préromantique, Le Préromantisme français, Vol. 1, Grenoble 1930; R. P. Utter and G. B. Needham,
Pamela’s Daughters, New Yorit 1937. aseve E. E. Stoll-is nawermoe­
bebi, e.g.’ Heroes and Villains: Shakespeare, Middle ton, Byron,
Dickens’, in From Shakespeare to Joyce, Garden City 1944, pp. 307-27.
23. Charles Lamb, ‘On the Artificial Comedy’, Essays of Elia,
1821; Т. B. Macaulay, ‘The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve,
Vanbrugh, and Farquhar’, Edinburgh Review, lxii (1841); J. Palmer,
The Comedy of Man­ners, London 1913; К. M. Lynch, The Social Mode of
Restoration Comedy, New York 1926.
24. E. E. Stoll, ’Literature and Life’, Shakespeare Studies, New
York 1927, and several papers in From Shakespeare to Joyce, Garden
City 1944.
25. John Maynard Keynes, A Treatise on Money, New York 1930,
Vol. 11, p.154.
26. A. V. Lunacharsky, quoted by L. C. Knights, loc. cit., p. 10,
from the Listener, 27 December 1934.
27. Einführung zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (1857, xel­
naweri, romelic Marx-ma miatova da romelic gamoica uc­
nob recenziaSi/periodul JurnalSi 1903 wels. xelaxla
daibeWda Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels-Si, Über Kunst und Literatur,
ed. M. Lipschitz, Berlin 1948, pp. 21-2. es pasaJi srulad ambobs
uars marqsistul pozociaze. recenziaSi aris sxva frTxili
414
SeniSvna
cnobebi, , e.g. Engels’-is mier miwerili werili Starkenburgisadmi, 1894 wlis 25 ianvari. ‘politikuri, legaluri, fi­
losofiuri, religiuri, literaturuli, artistuli da
a.S. ganviTareba efuZneba ekonomikur ganviTarebas. magram
yvela maTgani gavlenas axdens, erToblivad da cal-calke,
erTi meoreze, da ekonomikur principebze’ (Marx-Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, p. 391) . werilSi Joseph Bloch-is mimarT, 1890
wlis 21 seqtembers, Engels eTanxmeba, rom man da Marx-ma
zedmeti yuradReba miaqcies ekonomikis faqtors da Seamci­
res sapirispiro qmedebis roli; da werilSi Mehring-isadmi,
1893 wlis 14 ivliss, is ambobs rom maT ‘ignorireba gauke­
Tes’ formalur mxares, gza, romelSic ideebi viTardeba
(See Marx-Engels, Selected Works, Vol pp. 383, 390.) saguldagulo
swavlisaTvis ixileT Peter Demetz, Marx, Engels und die Dichter,
Stuttgart 1959.
28. From Die Deutsche Ideologie (1845-6), in Karl Marx and F.
Engels, Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe (ed. V. Adoratskij), Berlin
1932, Vol. v, pp. 21, 373.
29. A. A. Smirnov, Shakespeare: A Marxist Interpretation, New
York 1936 p. 93.
30. Max Scheler, ‘Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens’, Versuch zu einer Soziologie des Wissens (ed. Max Scheler), Munich and
Leipzig 1924, Vol. 1 pp. 1-146, and ‘Probleme einer Soziologie des
Wissens’, Die Wissensformen und die Gesellschaft, Leipzig 1926, pp.
1-226; Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (tr. L. Wirth and Z. Shils),
London 1936 (xelaxla dabeWdili New York 1955). aris zogi­
erTi ganxilva: H. Otto Dahlke, “The Sociology of Know­ledge’, in
H. E. Barnes, Howard Becker, and F. B. Becker, Contemporary Social
Theory, New York 1940, pp. 64-99; Robert K. Merton, ‘The Soci­ology
of Knowledge’, Twentieth-Century Sociology (ed. Georges Gurvitch
and Wilbert E. Moore), New York 1945, pp. 366-405; Gerard L. De
Gre, Society and Ideology: an Inquiry into the Sociology of Knowledge,
New York 1943; Ernst Gruenwald, Das Problem der Soziologie des
Wissens, Vienna 1934; Thelma Z. Lavine, ‘Naturalism and the Sociological Analysis of Know­ledge’, Naturalism and the Human Spirit
(ed. Yervant H. Krikorian), New York 1944, pp. 183-209; Alexander
415
SeniSvna
C. Kern, ‘The Sociology of Know­ledge in the Study of Literature’,
Sewanee Review, l (1942), pp. 505-14.
31. Max Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religions soziologie, three
vols., Tübingen 1920-21 (partially translated as The Protestant Ethic
and the Spirit of Capitalism, London 1930); R. H. Tawney, Religion and
the Rise of Capital­ism, London 1926 and Penguin Books 1938 (new ed.
with Preface, 1937)» Joachim Wach, The Sociology of Religion, Chicago
1944.
32. ix. kritika Pitirim A. Sorokin-is, Contemporary Sociological
Theories, New York 1928, p. 710.
33. P. A. Sorokin, Fluctuations of Forms of Art, Social and Cultural
Dynamic, Vol. 1, New York 1937, especially chapter 1.
34. Edwin Berry Burgum, ‘Literary Form: Social Forces and Innovations’, The Novel and the World’s Dilemma, New York 1947, pp.
3-18.
35. Fritz Bruggemann, ‘Der Kampf um die bürgerliche Welt und
Lebensauf-fassung in der deutschen Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts’,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 111 (1925),pp. 94-127.
36. Karl Bücher, Arbeit und Rhythmus, Leipzig 1896; J. E. Harrison, Ancient Art and Ritual, New York 1913; Themis, Cambridge 1912;
George Thom­son, Aeschylus and Athens, A Study in the Social Origins
of the Drama, London 1941, and Marxism and Poetry, London 1945 (a
small pamphlet of great interest, with application to Irish materials);
Christopher Caudwell, Illusion and Reality, London 1937; Kenneth
Burke, Attitudes toward History, New York 1937; Robert R. Marett
(ed.), Anthropology and the Classics, Oxford 1908.
Tavi meaTe
literatura da ideebi
1. Hermann Ulrici, Über Shakespeares dramatische Kunst, 1839.
2. George Boas, Philosophy and Poetry, Wheaton College, Mass.
1932, p. 9.
416
SeniSvna
3. T. S. Eliot, Selected Essays, New York 1932, pp. 115-16.
4. e.g. `RmerTi~ samoTxeSia; samyaroSi yvelaferi kar­
gadaa’ aris mtkicebuleba, rom RmerTma Seqmna yvelaze uke­
Tesi samyaro yvela SesaZlebeli samyaroebidan.’ dedami­
waze damsxvreuli rkali; samoTxeSi, srulyofili wre aris
argumenti limitirebulidan usasrulobamde, arasru­
lyofilebis codnidan srulyofilebis SesaZleblobamde,
da a.S.
5. ix. bibliografia.
6. ix. bibliografia.
7. Leo Spitzer, ‘Milieu and Ambiance: An Essay in Historical Semantics’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 111 (1942), pp.
1-42, pp. 169-218 (reprinted in Essays in Historical Semantics, New
York 1948, pp. 179-316); ‘Classical and Christian Ideas of World Harmony: Prolegomena to an Interpretation of the Word “Stimmung”,’
Traditio: Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and Religion,
11 (1944), pp. 409-64, and in (1945), pp. 307-64. Expanded version,
Baltimore 1963.
8. Etienne Henri Gilson, Les Idées et les lettres, Paris 1932.
9. Paul Hazard, La Crise de la conscience européenne, three vols.,
Paris 1934; La Pensée européenne au X VIII’ siècle de Montesquieu à Lessing, three vols..Paris 1946 (English translations: The European Mind:
The Critical Years, 1680-1715, New Haven 1953; European Thought in
the Eighteenth Century, New Haven 1954).
10. M. O. Gershenzon, Mudrost Pushkina (Pushkin’s Wisdom),
Moscow 1919.
11. For ‘metaphysical’ studies of Dostoyevsky, see V. Rozanov,
Legenda o Velikom inkvizitore, St Petersburg 1894; D. Merezhkovsky,
Tolstoy i Dostoyevsky, two vols., St Petersburg 1912 (incomplete English tr. as Tolstoi as Man and Artist, with an Essay on Dostoyevsky, New
York 1902); Leo Shestov, Dostoyevsky i Nietzsche, St Petersburg 1905
(German tr. Berlin 1931); Nikolay Berdyaev, Mirosozertsanie Dostoevskovo (Dostoyevsky’s World-view), Prague 1923 (English tr. from
French, New York 1934), Vyacheslav Ivanov, Freedom and the Tragic
Life: A Study in Dostoyevsky, New York 1952.
12. Hermann Glockner, ‘Philosophie und Dichtung: Typen ihrer
417
SeniSvna
Wechsel-wirkung von den Griechen bis auf Hegel’, Zeitschrift fur Ästhetik, xv (1920-21), pp. 187-204.
13. ix. René Wellek, ‘Literary Criticism and Philosophy: A Note
on Revaluation”. Scrutiny, v (1937), pp.375-83 and F. R. Leavis, ‘Literary Criticism and Philosophy: A Reply’, ibid., vi (1937), pp. 5970 (xelaxla dabeWdili The Importance of Scrutiny, ed. E. Bentley,
New York 1948, pp. 23-40).
14. Rudolf Unger, Philosophische Probleme in der neueren Literaturwissenshaft, Munich 1908; Weltanschauung und Dichtung, Zurich
1917; Literaturgeschichte’ als Problemgeschichte, Berlin 1924; ‘Literaturgeschichte und Geistesgeschichte’, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, iv (1925), pp. 177-92. yvela
wina dokumentebi Segrovebulia Aufsätze zur Prinzipienlehre der
Literaturgeschichte-Si, two vols., Berlin 1929.
15. Rudolf Unger, Herder, Novalis, Kleist: Studien über die Entwicklung des Todesproblem, Frankfurt 1922; Walther Rehm, Der
Todesgedanke in der deutschen Dichtung, Halle 1928; Paul Kluckholn,
Die Auffassung der Liebe in der Literatur des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts
und in der Romantik, Halle 1922
16. Mario Praz, La carne, la morte e il diavolo nella letteratura romantica, Milano 1930 (English tr. by Angus Davidson, The Romantic
Agony, London 1933)
17. C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love, Oxford 1936; Theodore
Spencer, Death and Elizabethan Tragedy, Cambridge, Mass. 1936.
18. Hoxie Neale Fairchild, Religious Trends in English Poetry, four
vols. New York 1939-57.
19. André Monglond, Le Préromantisme français, two vols., Grenoble 1930; Pierre Trahard, Les Maltres de la sensibilité française au
XVIII’ siècle, four vols., Paris 1931-3.
20. ix. kvlevis brwyinvale gegma ‘The Use of Color in Literature’ by Sigmund Skard, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society xc (No. 3, July 1946), pp. 163-249. 1183 Temebis bibliogra­
fia aseve vrceli literaturis CamonaTvals akeTebs peiza­
Jis grZnobaze.
21. Balzac, Cousine Bette, ch. ix.
22. Gellert, Letter to Count Hans Moritz von Brühl, 3 April 1755
(in Yale University Library).
418
SeniSvna
23. Dr Johnson, Prayers and Meditations, Letters to Miss Boothby, etc.
24. ix. Dilthey’-is pirveli versia misi Teoriis ‘Die drei
Grundformen der Systeme in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts’,
Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, xi (iSg8), p. 557-86 (reprinte din
Gesammelte Schriften, Leipzig 1925, Vol. iv, pp. 528-54). mogvianebi­
Ti versiebi ‘Das Wesen der Philosophie’ in Paul Hinneberg’s Die
Kulturder Gegenwart (Teil 1, Abteilung vi, ‘Systematische Philosophie’, Berlin 1907, pp. 1-72, reprinted in Gesammelte Schriften, loc. cit.,
Vol. v, Part 1, pp. 339-416), and ‘Die Typen der Weltanschauung und
ihre Ausbildung in den philosophischen Syste-men’, Weltanschauung, Philosophie, Religion (ed. Max Frischeisen-Kohler) Berlin 1911,
pp. 3-54 (reprinted loc. cit., Vol. vm, pp. 75-120).
25. Herman Nohl, Die Weltanschauungen der Malerei, Jena 1908;
Typische Kunst stile in Dichtung und Musik, Jena 1915.
26. Unger in’ Weltanschauung und Dichtung’, Aufsätze...,op.
cit., p. 77 ff.
27. O. Walzel, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk, Berlin-Babelsberg 1923, p. 77.ff
28. H. W. Eppelsheimer, ‚Das Renaissanceproblem‘, Deutsche
Vierteljahrschrif für Literaturwissensc haft und Geistesgeschichte, 11
(1933), p. 497.
29. H. A. Korff, Geist der Goethezeit: Versuch einer ideellen Entwicklung der klassisch-romantischen Literaturgeschichte, four vols., Leipzig
1923-53; Her­bert Cysarz, Erfahrung und Idee, Vienna 1921; Deutsche
Barockdichtung, Leipzig 1924; Literaturgeschichte als Geisteswissenschaft, Halle 1926; Von Schiller bis Nietzsche, Halle 1928; Schiller, Halle
1934; Max Deutschbein, Das Wesen des Romantischen, Coethen 1921;
George Stefansky, Das Wesen der deutschen Romantik, Stuttgart 1923;
Paul Meissner, Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des englischen
Literaturbarocks, Berlin 1934.
30. Ernst Cassirer, Freiheit und Form,Berlin 1922; Idee und Gestalt,
Berlin 1921. ix. Cysarz, op. cit.
31. B. Croce, Lapoesia di Dante, Bari 1920.
31 B. Croce, Goethe, Bari 1919 (English tr. London 1923, pp.
185-6).
419
SeniSvna
Tavi meTerTmete
literatura da sxva xelovneba
1. Émile Legouis, Edmund Spenser, Paris 1923; Elizabeth W. Manwaring, Italian Landscape in Eighteenth-Century England, New York
1925; Sir Sidney Colvin, John Keats, London 1917.
2. Stephen A. Larrabee, English Bards and Grecian Marbles: The
Relationship between Sculpture and Poetry especially in the Romantic Period, New York 1943.
3. Albert Thibaudet, La Poésie de Stéphane Mallarmé, Paris 1926.
4. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
5. ix. Bruce Pattison, Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance,
London 1948; Germaine Bontoux, La Chanson en Angleterre au temps
d’Elizabeth, Paris 1938; Miles M. Kastendieck, England’s Musical Poet:
Thomas Campion, New York 1938; John Hollander, The Untuning of
the Sky, Princeton 1961.
6. Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconology, New York 1939, xelax­
la daibeWda 1962 wels, and Meaning in the Visual Arts, Garden
City, N. Y. 1955. ixileT aseve the Warburg Institute-is gamocema,
of Fritz Saxl-is, Edgar Wind-is, da sxvebis nawarmoebebi. ufro
meti samuSaoa warmodgenili ilustrirebul gamosaxulebe­
bze (vazebze) Homer-is da the Greek tragedies, e.g. Carl Robert,
Bild und Lied, Berlin 1881; Louis Sechan, Études sur la tragédie grecque
dans ses rapports avec la céramique, Paris 1926.
7. Larrabee, loc. cit., p. 87. A fuller discussion by R. Wellek in a
review, Philological Quarterly, xxni (1944), pp. 382-3.
8. W. G. Howard, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis’, PMLA, xxiv (1909), pp.
40-123, Cicely Davies, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis’, Modern Language Review,
xxx (1935), pp. 159-69; Rensselaer W. Lee, ‘Ut Pictura Poesis: The
Humanistic Theory of Painting’, Art Bulletin, xxu (1940), pp. 197-269;
Jean H. Hagstrum, The Sister Arts: The Tradition of Literary Pictorialism
and English Poetry from Dry den to Gray, Chicago 1958.
9. mis Una Ellis-Former gvaZlevs iseT detalurad damu­
Savebul ‘musical analysis’ of Jonson’s Volpone in her Jacobean Dra420
SeniSvna
ma, London 1936; and George R. Kernodle tried to find’ The Symphonic Form of King Lear’ in Elizabethan Studies and Other Essays in
Honor of George C. Reynolds, Boulder, Colorado, 1945 pp. 185-91.
10. ix. Erwin Panofsky, The Neoplatonic Movement and
Michelangelo’ Studies in Iconology, New York 1939, p. 171 ff.
11. Charles de Tolnay, Pierre Bruegel I’Ancien, two vols., Bruxelles 1935; see also Die Zeichnungen Peter Breugels, Munich 1925; Carl
Neumann’s criticism in Deutsche Vierteljabrscbrift, iv (1926), p. 308 ff.
12. ix. winamdebare Tavi, ‘Literature and Ideas’.
13. Benedetto Croce, Aesthetic (tr. D. Ainslie), London 1029, pp.
62,110, 188, et passim.
14. John Dewey, Art As Experience, New York 1934, p. 212.
15. Т. M. Greene, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940,
p. 213 ff., especially pp. 221-6; John Dewey, op. cit., pp. 175 ff., 218
ff. argumentebi plastikur xelovnebaSi ritmis gamoyenebis
winaaRmdeg gvxvdeba in Ernst Neu­mann, Untersuchungen zur Psychologie und Aesthetik des Rhythmus, Leipzig 1894; and in Fritz Medicus,’ Das Problem einer vergleichenden Geschichte der Künste’, in
Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (ed. E. Ermatinger), Berlin 1930,
p. 195 ff.
16. George David Birkhoff, Aesthetic Measure, Cambridge, Mass.
1933.
17. e.g. in John Hughes’s Preface to his edition of the Faerie
Queene (1715) and in Richard Hurd’s Letters on Chivalry and Romance
(1762).
18. Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes, Munich
1923, Vol. 1, pp. 151,297,299,322,339.
19. ix. R. Wellek-is statia mocemuli bibliografiaSi, se­
qcia r , da misi ‘The Con­cept of Baroque in Literary Scholarship’,
Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, v (1946), pp. 77-108. There are
many concrete examples and further references.
20. H. Wölfflin, Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe, Munich 1915
(English tr. by M. D. Hottinger, New York 1932).
21. ix. Hanna Lévy, Henri Wöllfflin, Sa théorie. See prédécesseurs,
Rottweil 1936 (a Paris thése).
22. H. Wölfflin, ‘Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Eine Revi421
SeniSvna
sion’, Logos, xxii (1933), pp. 210-24 (reprinted in Gedanken zur Kunstgeschichte, Basel 1941), pp. 18-24.
23. O. Walzel, ‘Shakespeares dramatische Baukunst’, Jahrbuch
der Shakes-pearegesellschaft, LII(1916), pp. 3-35 (reprinted in Das
Wortkunstwerk, Mittel seiner Erforschung, Leipzig 1926, pp. 302-25).
24. ibid. (Berlin 1917), esp. Gehalt und Gestalt im Kunstwerk des
Dichters, Wildpark-Potsdam 1923, pp. 265 ff. and 282 ff.
25. Fritz Strich, Deutsche Klassik und Romantik, oder Vollendung
und Unendlichkeit, Munich 1922. ix. also the criticism in Martin Schiitze, Academic Illu­sions, Chicago 1933, reprinted Hamden, Conn.
1962, pp. 13,16.
26. ix. Christopher Hussey, The Picturesque: Studies in a Point of
View, London 1927, p.5.
27. Jakob Burckhardt, Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (ed. W.
W. Kaegi) Bern 1943, p. 370.
28. am Teoriebis kargi ganxilva mocemulia in Pitirim
Sorokin’s Social and Cultural Dynamics, Vol. 1, Cincinnati 1937. ix.
aseve W. Passarge, Die philosophie der Kunstgeschichte in der Gegenwart, Berlin 1930.
29. É. Legouis and L. Cazamian, Histoire de la littérature anglaise,
Paris 1924, p. 279.
ivaaA
Taavis Sesavali
1. Sir Sidney Lee, The Place of English Literature in the Modern
University, London 1913 (reprinted in Elizabethan and Other Essays,
London 1929, p. 7)
2. ix. bibliografia, nawili III.
3. e.g. Oskar Walzel, Wechselseitige Erhellung der Künste, Berlin
1917; Gehalt und Gestalt im Kunstwerk des Dichters, Potsdam 1923; Das
Wortkunstwerk Leipzig 1926.
4. rusuli moZraobisaTvis ixileT Victor Erlich, Russian
Formalism, The Hague 1955.
5. ix. esp. William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, London
1930 and Penguin Books 1962; F. R. Leavis, New Bearings in English
422
SeniSvna
Poetry, London 1932; Geoffrey Tillotson, On the Poetry of Pope, 1938.
6. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.
7. L. C. Knights, How many Children had Lady Macbeth?, London 1933, pp 15-54 (xelaxla dabeWdili Explorations-Si, London
1946, pp. 15-54) ayenebs faqts dramis da cxovrebis uwes­
rigobis winaaRmdeg. E. E. Stoll, L. L. Schücking-is da sxvebis
naSromebma nawilobriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba miani­
Wes tradiciebis rols da distancias, romelic arsebobs si­
cocxlesa da dramas Soris.
8. nawarmoebebi Joseph Warren Beach-is and Percy Lubbock’s
The Craft of Fiction, London 1921, cnobilia. In Russia, Viktor Shklovsky’s O Teoriyi prozy (The Theory of Prose), 1925, da bevri nawar­
moebi V. V. Vinogradov da В. M. Eikhenbaum iyeneben sfor­
malistur midgomas.
9. Jan Mukarovský, winasityvaoba Máchúv Máj (Mácha’s May)is, Pragu 1928, pp. iv-vi.
10. ix. `romanis faqtiuri siuJeti Tavs aridebs the
epitomist-s iseve srulad, rogorc xasiaTs mxolod rogorc
mexsierebis grafikebi aris Sinaarsi an realuri xasiaTi; mx­
olod gadawyvetilebaSi aqvT maT emociuri valenturoba~
valency’ (С. H. Rid word, ‘A Note on Fiction’, Toward Standards of
Criticism, ed. F. R. Leavis, London 1935, p. 33).
Tavi meTormete
xelovnebis literaturuli namuSevris arsebobis
forma
1. ixileT bibliografiis nawili I.
2. Ernest Fenollosa, The Chinese Written Character at a Medium for
Poetry, New York 1936; Margaret Church, ‘The First English Pattern
Poems’, PMLA, lxi (1946), pp. 636-50; A. L. Korn, ‘Puttenham and the
Oriental Pattern Poem’, Comparative Literature, iv (1954), PP- 289-303.
3. ix. Alfred Einstein, ‘Augenmusik im Madrigal’, Zeitschrift der
423
SeniSvna
internationalen Musikgesellschaft, xiv (1912), pp. 8-21.
4. I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, London 1924, pp.
125, 248. ixileT Practical Criticism, London 1929, p. 349.
5. Richards, Principles, pp. 225-7.
6. ix. bibliografiis nawili V.
7. magaliTebi Walzel’s statiidan CamoTvlilia biblio­
grafiis V nawilSi.
8. spingarnis sityvebiT, `poetis mizanze SeiZleba vim­
sjeloT Tavad Semoqmedebis momentidan gamomdinare, anu
TviT poemis mxatvrulobis aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT~ (`ax­
ali kritika~, Criticism and America, New York, 1924, gv. 24-5.
9. E. M. Tillyard and C. S. Lewis, The Personal Heresy: A Controversy, Lon­don 1934; Tillyard’s Milton, London 1930, p. 237.
10. parizSi, 1925 wels gamocemul, Tavis Biographie de
láuvre littéraire-Si, pPier Audiati amtkicebda, rom xelovnebis
nawarmoebi `ganasaxierebs mwerlis cxovrebis monakveTs”,
da Sesabamisad, CarTuli aRmoCndeba savsebiT SeuZlebel
da savsebiT zedmet, arasaWiro dilemebSi.
11. Jan Mukarovský, ‘L’art comme fait sémiologique’, Actes de
buitème congrès international dephilosophie à Prague, Prague 1936, pp.
1065-72.
12. Roman Ingarden, Das literarische Kunstwerk, Halle 1931.
13. Esp. in De Saussure’s Cours de linguistique générale, Paris
1916.
14. ix. E. Husserl’s Méditations cartésiennes, Paris 1931, pp.
38- 9
15. ix. SeniSvna 7 IV nawilis SesavalSi.
16. ix. bibliografiis II nawili.
17. ix. Louis Teeter, ‘Scholarship and the Art of Criticism’, ELH,
v (1938), pp. 173-93.
18. ix. Ernst Troeltsch’s ‘Historiography’, in Hastings’s Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh 1913, Vol. vr, p. 722.
19. Ortega y Gaseti agreTve iyenebs am termins, Tumca ki
gansxvavebulad.
424
SeniSvna
Tavi mecamete
hangebi, riTmi da zoma
1. Birkhoff, Aesthetic Measure, Cambridge, Mass., 1933.
2. rusuli instrumentovka iTargmneba instrumentation-dan
rene gilis mier mis Traité du verbe (Paris 1886)-Si, sadac igi
upiratesobas aniWebs mis poeziis ganacxads (ix. gv. 18). gili
mogvianebiT SeuTanxmda valeri briusovs, rus simbolist
poets (ix. Lettres de René Ghil, Paris 1935, pp..13-16, 18-20.)
3. ix. Carl Stumpf, Die Sprachlaute-is eqsperimentuli na­
muSevrebi Berlin 1926, esp. p. 38 ff.
4. W. J. Bate, The Stylistic Development of John Keats, New York
1945.
5. Osip Brik,’ Zvukovie povtory’ (Sound-figures), in Poetika, St
Petersburg 1919.
6. Henry Lanz, The Physical Basis of Rime, Palo Alto 1931.
7. W. K. Wimsatt, ‘One Relation of Rhyme to Reason’, Modern
Language Quarterly, v (1944)» PP- 323—38 (reprinted in The Verbal
Icon, Lexington, Ky. 1954, pp-153-66).
8. H. C. Wyld, Studies in English Rhymes from Surrey to Pope, London 1923. ixileT aseve Frederick Ness, The Use of Rhyme in Shakespeare’s Plays, New Haven 1941.
9. V. Zhirmunsky, Rifma, ee istoria i teoriya (Rhyme, Its History
and Theory), Petrograd 1923; Valery Bryusov, ‘O rifme’ (On Rhyme),
Pachat i revolutsiya 1924 (I, pp. 144-23)reviews Zhirmunsky’s book
and suggests many further problems for the investigation of rhyme.
Charles F. Richardson, A study of English Rhyme, Honover, N. H.,
1909, is a modest beginning in the right direction.
10. Wolfgang Kayser, Die Klangmalerei bei Harsdörffer, Leipzig
1932 (Palaestra, vol. 179); I. A. Richards, Practical Criticism, London
1929, pp. 232-3.
11. j. k. rensomi, The World’s Body, New York, 1938, gv. 957. aq SeiZleba imaze vidavoT, rom Mr rensomis Semotanili
cvlileba, mxolod Cans, rom odnavi da mcirea. ‘d’- Ti ‘m’-is
Senacvleba murmuring-Si, arRvevs bgeraTa ‘m-m’ saxes, ris
425
SeniSvna
gamoc sityva innumerable amovardnili aRmoCndeba im bgera­
Ta saxidan, romelSic is iyo Setanili. cxadia, rom calke,
gamoyofilad aRebuli es sityva – innumerable, onomatopo­
etikis TvalsazrisiT, araefeqturi warmogvidgeba.
12. M. Grammont, Lе Vers français, ses moyens d’expression, son
harmonie, Paris 1913.
13. René Etiemble, ‘Le Sonnet des Voyelles’, Revue de littérature
comparée, xix (1939), pp. 235-61, discusses the many anticipations in
A. W. Schlegel and others.
14. Albert Wellek, ‘Der Sprachgeist als Doppelempfinder’,
Zeitschrift für Ästhetik, xxv (1931), pp. 226-62.
15. ix. Stumfvi da volfgang kioleris `Akustische Untersuchungen, Zeitsschrifrt für Psychologie, LIV (1910), pp. 241-89, LVIII
(1911), pp. 59-140, LXIV (1913), pp. 92-105, LXXII (1915), pp. 1-192. am
Sedegebs mxars uWers roman iakobsoni im magaliTebiT da
dasabuTebiT, rac man amoiRo bavSvTa enidan da afaziis Sem­
Txvevidan da gamoaqveyna Tavis KIndersprache, Aphasie und
allgemeine Lautgesetze, Upsala, 1941.
16. ix. e.g. E. M. Hornbostel, ‚Laut und Sinn‘, in Festschrift
Meinhof, Ham­burg 1927, pp. 329-48; Heinz Werner, Grundfragen der
Sprachphysiognomik, Leipzig 1932. Katherine M. Wilson, Sound and
Meaning in English Poetry, London 1930, is rather a general book on
metrics and sound-patterns.
17. Sesabamisi wina mimoxilva aris A. W. de Groot, ‘Der
Rhythmus’, Neophilologus, xvii (1932), pp. 81-100, 177-97, 241-65;
and Dietrich SeckeL Hölderlins Sprachrhythmus, Leipzig 1937 (Palaestra 207), wigni, romelic moicavs riTmisa da sruli biblio­
grafiis zogad diskusias.
18. e.g. in W. K. Wimsatt’s The Prose Style of Samuel Johnson, New
Haven I941, pp. 5-8.
19. Joshua Steele, Prosodia Rationalis, or an Essay towards Establishing the Melody and Measure of Speech, London 1775.
20. Eduard Sievers, Rhythmisch-melodische Studien, Heidelberg
1912; Ottmar Rutz, Musik, Wort und Körper als Gemütsausdruck,
Leipzig 1911, Sprache, Gesang und Körperhaltung, Munich 1911, Menschheitstypen und Kunst, Jena 1921; Gunther Ipsen and Fritz Karg,
426
SeniSvna
Schallanalytische Versuche, Heidelberg 1938, lists the literature on this
question.
21. O. Walzel, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,
Potsdam 1923, pp. 96-105, 391-94. Gustav Becking, Der musikalische
Rhythmus als Erkenntnis-quelle, Augsburg 1923, is an admired, but
fantastic attempt to use Sievers’s theories.
22. W. M. Patterson, The Rhythm of Prose, New York 1916.
23. G. Saintsbury, A History of English Prose Rhythm, London
1913.
24. Oliver Elton, ‘English Prose Numbers’, A Sheaf of Papers,
London 1922; Morris W. Croll, ‘The Cadence of English Oratorical
Prose’, Studies in Philology, xvi (1919), pp. 1-55.
25. B. Tomashevsky, ‘Ritm prozy (po Pikovey Dame)’ (Prose
Rhythm, according to The Queen of Spades), О Stikhe. Statyi. (Essays
on Verse), Leningrad 1929.
26. Eduard Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa, Leipzig 1898, stand­
artuli ortomeuli. aseve ixileT Albert de Groot, A Handbook
of Antique Prose Rhythm, Groningen 1919.
27. ix. William K. Wimsatt’s The Prose Style of Samuel Johnson,
New Haven 1941.
28. G. Saintsbury, History of English Prosody, three vols., London
1906-10.
29. Bliss Perry, A Study of Poetry, London 1920, p. 145.
30. T. S. Omond, English Metrists, Oxford 1921; Pallister Barkas,
A Critique of Modern English Prosody, Halle 1934 (Studien zur englischen Philologie, cd. Morsbach and Hecht, lxxxii).
31. ix. esp. M. W. Croll, ‘Music and Metrics’, Studies in Philology,
xx (1923), pp. 388-94; G. R. Stewart, Jun., The Technique of English
Verse, New York 1930.
32. moxseniebuli notacia momdinareobs moris v. kro­
lis statiidan `inglisuri leqsis ritmi~ (mimeografiuli
werili, prinstoni, 1929) gv. 8, romelic imdenad xelovnur
STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom ver Secvlis danarCen publika­
ciebs pirveladi aqcentis sakiTxze.
33. The most elaborate theoretical book, with hundrets of exam427
SeniSvna
ples, is William Thomson’s The Rhythm of Speech, Glasgow 1923. A
recent subtle exponent is John C. Pope, The Rhythm of Beowulf, New
Haven 1942.
34. e.g. Donald Stauffer, The Nature of “Poetry, New York 1946,
pp. 203-4.
35. George R. Stewart, Jun., Modern Metrical Technique as Illustrated by ballad Meter (1700-1920), New York 1922.
36. ix. bibliogragis nawili III, 2.
37. W. L. Schramm, University of Iowa Studies, Series on Aims
and Progress of Research, No. 46, Iowa City, la. 1935.
38. ixileT The title-page of Henry Lanz, The Physical Basis of
Rime, Stanford Press 1931.
39. Vittorio Benussi, Psychologie der Zeitauffassung, Heidelberg
1913, pp. 215 ff.
40. G. R. Stewart, The Technique of English Verse, New York 1930,
p. 3.
41. Saran, Deutsche Verslehre, loc. cit., p. 1; Verrier, Essai. .., Vol.
1, p. ix.
42. stiuartma SemoiRo termini `fraza~, rac mniSvnelo­
bis gagebas niSnavs.
43. ix. bibliografia da Victor Erlich, Russian Formalism, The
Hague 1955.
44. Jan Mukarovský, ‘Intonation comme facteur de rythme poétique’, Archives néerlandaises de phonétique expérimentale, viii-ix (1933),
pp. 153-65.
45. Eduard Fraenkel, Iktus und Akzent im lateinischen Sprechvers,
Berlin 1928.
46. zogierTi sawyisi nanaxia Albert H. Licklider, Chapters on
the Metric of the Chaucerian Tradition, Baltimore 1910.
47. A. Meillet, Les Origines indo-européennes des métres grecs, Paris
1923.
48. Roman Jakobson, ‘Über den Versbau der serbokroatischen
Volksepen’, Archives néerlandaises de phonétique expérimentale, viii-ix
(1933), pp. 135—53.
428
SeniSvna
49. Thomas MacDonagh (Thomas Campion and the Art of English
Poetry, Dublin 1913) distinguishes between song, speech, and chant
verse.
50. Boris E. Eikhenbaum, Melodika lyricheskovo stikha (The Melody
of Lyrical Verse), St Petersburg 1922.
51. ix. the criticism of Eikhenbaum in Viktor Zhirmunsky’s Voprosy teorii literatury (Questions of the Theory of Literature), Leningrad
1928.
Tavi meToTxmete
stili da stilistika
1. F. W. Bateson, English Poetry and the English Language, Oxford
1934, p. vi.
2. K. Vossler, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sprachphilosophie, Munich
1923, p. 37.
3. Vossler, Frankreichs Kultur im Spiegel seiner Sprachentwicklung,
Heidelberg 1913 (new cd., 1929, as Frankreichs Kultur undSprache);
Viktor Vinogradov, Yazyk Pushkina (Pushkin‘s Language), Moscow
1935.
4. aq aris Sedegebi P. Verrier-is mier mocemuli eqsperi­
mentebis Essai sur les principes de la métrique anglaise, Paris 1909-10,
Vol. i, p. 113.
5. a.h. kingi, The Language of Satirized Characters in Poetaster:
a Socio-Stylistic Analysis, 1597-1602, Lund Studies in English, Vol. X,
Lund, 1941; viliam franci, `Seqspiris gramatika~, halle, 18981900 (axali gamocema – haidelbergi, 1924), lazar seneani,
`rables ena~, or tomad, parizi, 1922-3. ufro sruli bibli­
ografia motanilia gerlen de geris `mwerlis enaSi~: Qu’en
sont les études de Français?, parizi 1935, gv. 227-337.
6. ix. bibliografiis nawili I.
7. From Tennyson’s ‘Edwin Morris’, drawn from H. C. Wyld,
Some Aspects of the Diction of English Poetry, Oxford 1933. There is a
highly historical discussion of the problem in the Preface to Geoffrey
Tillotson’s Essays in Criticism and Research, Cambridge 1942.
429
SeniSvna
8. Marvell’s ‘To His Coy Mistress’.
9. Louis Teeter, ‘Scholarship and the Art of Criticism’, ELH, v
(1938), p. 183.
10. 1909 w. Sarl balis mier haidelbergSi gamocemul
gamokvlevaSi, `mimdinareobebi frangul stilistikaSi”,
agreTve, leo spitceris mier dawerili adreuli periodis
kvlevebSi, stilistika sintaqsTn aris gaigivebuli: ix. `Über
syntaktische Methoden auf romanischen Gebiet”, Die neueren
Sprachen, XXV (1919) p. 338.
11. On ‘Grand Style’, see Matthew Arnold’s On Translating
Homer and G. Saintsbury’s ‘Shakespeare and the Grand Style’, ‘Milton and the Grand Style’, and ‘Dante and the Grand Style’, Collected
Essays and Papers, Lon­don 1923, Vol. iii.
12. Friedrich Kainz, ‘Höhere Wirkungsgestalten des sprachlichen Ausdrucks im Deutschen’, Zeitschrift für Ästhetik, xxviii (1934),
pp. 305-57.
13. Wimsatt, op. cit., p. 12.
14. Wilhelm Schneider, Ausdruckswerte der deutschen Sprache:
Eine Stilkunde, Leipzig I931,p. 21.
15. ix. bibliografiis V nawili.
16. ix. Morris W. Croll’s Introduction to Harry Clemons’s edition of Lyly’s Euphues, London 1916.
17. ix. Henry C. Wyld, Spenser’s Diction and Style, London 1930;
B. R. McElderry, Jun., ‘Archaism and Innovation in Spenser’s Poetic Diction’, PMLA, xlvii (1932), pp. 144-70; Herbert W. Sugden, The
Grammar of Spenser’s Fairie Queene, Philadelphia 1936.
18. Austin Warren, ‘Instress of Inscape’, Gerard Manley Hopkins,
By the Kenyan Critics, Norfolk, Conn., 1945, pp. 72-88, and in Rage for
Order, Chicago 1948, pp. 52-65.
19. J. M. Robertson, The Shakespeare Canon, four vols., London
1922-32.
20. ix. bibliografiis II nawili.
21. Josephine Miles, ‘The Sweet and Lovely Language’, Gerard
Manley Hop-kins, By the Kenyon Critics, Norfolk, Conn. 1945, pp.
55-71.
22. Geoffrey Tillotson, Essays in Criticism and Research, Cam430
SeniSvna
bridge 1942, p. 84.
23. Friedrich Gundolf, Goethe, Berlin 1915.
24. Herman Nohl, Die Kunst stile in Dichtung und Musik, Jena
1915, and Stil und Weltanschauung, Jena 1920.
25. Motiv und Wort, Studien zur Literatur- und Sprachpsychologie,
Hans Sperber, Motiv und Wort bei Gustav Meyrink, Leo Spitzer, Die
groteske Gestaltungs- und Sprachkunst Christian Morgensterns, Leipzig
1918; Josef Кöгпег, Arthur Schnitzlers Gestalten und Probleme, Munich,
1921. ix. aseve Josef Korner, ‘Erlebnis-Motiv-Stoff’, Vom Geiste netier Literaturforschung. Festchrift fur Oskar Walzel, Wildpark-Potsdam
1924, pp. 80-9; Leo Spitzer, Sfudien zu Henri Barbusse, Bonn 1920.
26. Leo Spitzer, ‘Zu Charles Péguys Stil’, Vom Geiste neuer Liferaturforsthung: Festschrift für Oskar Walzel, Wildpark-Potsdam 1924,
pp. 162-83 (reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., Vol. 11, pp. 301-64); ‘Dcr
Unanimismus Jules Romains’ im Spiegel seiner Sprache’, Archivum
Komanicum, viii 1924), pp. 59-123 (reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., 11,
pp. 208-300). On Morgenstern, sec note 25.
27. Spitzer, Die Wortbildung als stilistisches Mittel (bei Rabelais),
Halle 1910; ‘Pseudo-objektive Motivierung bei Charles-Louis
Philippe’, Zeitschrift fűr franzosische Sprache und Literatur, xlvi (1923),
pp. 659-85 (reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., Vol. n, pp. 166-207).
28. Spitzer, ‘Zur sprachlichen Interpretation von Wortkunstwereken’, Neue Jahrhbücher für Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, vi
(1930), pp. 632-51 (re­printed in Romanische Stil und Literaturstudien,
Marburg 1931, Vol. 1); ix. aseve ‘Wortkunst und Sprachwissenschaft’, Germanisch-romanische Monatsschrift, xiii (1925), pp. 169-86
(reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., Vol. n, pp. 498-536); ‘Linguistics
and Literary History’, Linguistics and Literary History, Princeton 1948,
pp. 1-40.
29. From Comparative Literature X (1958), 371. See my article ‘Leo
Spitzer (1887-1960)’ in Comparative Literature, xn (i960), 310-34. With
full bibliography of Spitzer’s numerous writings.
30. e.g. Fritz Strich, ‘Der lyrische Stil des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts’, Abhandlungen zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte, Franz Muncker
... dargebracht, Munich 1916, pp. 21-53, esp.p. 37.
31. ix. Morris W. Croll’s excellent essay, ‘The Baroque Style in
431
SeniSvna
Prose’, Studies in English Philology: A Miscellany in Honor of F. Klaeber,
Minneapolis 1929, pp. 427-56; also George Williamson, The Senecan
Amble, Chicago 1951.
32. ix. bibliografiis IV nawili.
33. ix. bibliografiis IV nawili.
Tavi meTxuTmete
gamosaxuleba, metafora, simbolo, miTi
1. maqs istmani, `literaturuli Segneba mecnierebis xa­
naSi~, niu iorki 1931, gv. 165.
2. `diskursis tipebTan~ dakavSirebuli Tematika ix.
Carlz morisis wignSi, `niSnebi, enebi da qceva~, niu iorki
1946, gv. 123. morisi asaxelebs `diskursis~ Tormet tips,
romelTagan am Tavs da Cven mier dasaxelebul oTx pirobas
epasuxeba Semdegi: `mxatvruli~, anu `romanis samyaro~, `mi­
Tologiuri~ da `poeturi~.
3. 1940 wels dabeWdil statiaSi, `poeziis semantika~,
filip uilraiti xmarobs terminebs: `mono-niSani~ da `plu­
ra-niSani~, Kenyon Review, II, gv. 263-83. plura-niSani `seman­
tikurad refleqsuria, rameTu igi aris nawili imisa, rasac
is Tavad aRniSnavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom plura-niSani, po­
etikuri simbolo, garda imisa, rom gamoiyeneba, kidev sia­
movnebis momgvrelad unda viguloT; xolo misi Rirebuleba
ganisazRvreba ara misi qmediTobiT, aramed misi esTetikuri,
organuli aspeqtiT~.
4. ix. G. Boring, Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology, New York 1942; June Downey, Creative Imagination: Studies in the Psychology of Literature, New York 1929; Jean-Paul
Sartre, L’Imagination, Paris 1936.
5.I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, London 1924,
Chapter xvi, ‘The Analysis of a Poem’.
6. Ezra Pound, Pavannesand Divisions, New York 1918; T. S. Eliot,
‘Dante’, Selected Essays, New York 1932, p. 204; Eliot, ‘A Note on the
Verse of John Milton’, Essays and Studies by Members of tbe English As432
SeniSvna
sociation, xxi, Oxford 1936, p. 34.
7. Tanamedrove fsiqologiam gvaswavla, rom `saxis~,
rogorc terminis, es ori mniSvneloba erTi-meoreze gada­
dis; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom spontanurad gaCenili yoveli az­
robrivi saxe garkveulwilad simboluria. Sarl boduini,
`fsiqoanalizi da esTetika~, niu iorki, 1924, gv. 28.
8. J. M. Murry, ‘Metaphor’, Countries of the Mind, second series,
London 1931, pp. 1-16; L. MacNiece, Modern Poetry, New York 1938,
p. 113.
9. An admirable study of one literary movement and its influence upon an­other is René Taupin’s L’Influence du symbolisme français
sur la poésie américaine ..., Paris 1929.
10. terminologia mocemulia , ixileT Craig la Driére, The
American Bookman, 1 (1944), pp. 103-4.
11. s. t. kolriji, `saxelmwifo moRvawis saxelmZRvane­
lo: TxzulebaTa krebuli~ (red. Sedi), niu iorki 1853, t. I,
gv. 427-8. es sxvaoba simbolosa da alegorias Soris pirve­
lad goeTem warmoaCina. ix. kurt rixard miuleris `Die geschichtlichen Voraussetzungen des Symbolbegriffs in Goethes Kunstanschauung’, Leipzig 1937.
12. j. h. vikstidi, bleikis `umankoeba da gamocdileba~,
londoni 1928, gv. 23; v. b. ieitsi, Essays, londoni 1924, gv. 95,
Selis `warmmarTvel simboloebze~. rodis iqcevian meta­
forebi simboloebad? (a) rodesac metaforis `matarebeli~
aris konkretul-grZnobieri, rogorc magaliTad, kravi.
jva­ri metafora ki ar aris, aramed metonimuri simbolo
(rac ganasaxierebs mas, vinc jvarcmaze gardaicvala, ro­
gorc wminda lorensis gridironi da wminda katarinas bor­
bali (orive sawamebeli iaraRia), an tanjvis gamomxatvelia
da am SemTxvevaSi TviT iaraRi aRniSnavs imas, rasac akeTebs,
anu Tavis moqmedebis Sedegs. (b) Tu metafora meordeba da
centraluria, rogorc amas vxvdebiT kreSousTan, ieitsTan
da eliotTan, Cveulebrivi sqema gulisxmobs saxeTa ga­
daqce­vas metaforebad, xolo metaforebisa – simboloebad,
rogorc amas vxvdebiT henri jeimsTan.
13. m.o. persivalis sityvebiT, rasac vxvdebiT mis
433
SeniSvna
`bleikiseul bedisweris wreSi~ (niu iorki 1938, gv. 1), `blei­
kis heterodoqsia iseve tradiciuli iyo, rogorc dantes
orTodoqsia~. xolo niu iorkSi 1946 wels gamocemul wignSi,
`viliam bleiki~, mark Soreri wers: `ieitsis msgavsad, blei­
kic poulobs im metaforul sayrdens, romelsac emyareba
misi dialeqtikuri TvalTaxedva. es aris svedenborgisa da
boemes Sesabamisobis sistema, kabalistebis Sesatyvisi Zie­
bani da paracelsusis da agripas alqimia~.
14. ix.komentarebi Frost of Cleanth Brooks, Modern Poetry and
the Tradition, Chapel Hill 1939, p. 110 ff.
15. ix. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragödie, Leipzig 1872.
16. gansazRvrebis mocemuli jgufisTvis ixileT Lord
Raglan’s The Hero ..., London 1937.
17. ix. Fritz Strich, Die Mythologie in der deutschen Literatur von
Klopstock bis Wagner, ortomeuli, Berlin 1910.
18. S. H. Hooke, Myth and Ritual, Oxford 1933; J. A. Stewart, The
Myths of Plato, London 1905 ; Ernst Cassirer, Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, Vol. ii, ‚Das mythische Denken‘, Berlin 1925, p. 271 ff.
(English tr. NewHaven 1955).
19. Georges Sorel, Reflexions on Violence (tr. Т. E. Hulme), New
York 1914; Reinhold Niebuhr, ‘The Truth Value of Myths’, The Nature of Religious Experience . . . , New York 1937.
20. gansakuTrebiT ix. R. M. Guastalla, Le My the et le livre: essai
sur I’origine de la litterature, Paris 1940.
21. ix. Donald Davidson, ‘Yeats and the Centaur’, Southern Review, vil (1941), pp. 510-16.
22. artur meiCenis `ieroglifika~, londoni 1923, qmedi­
Tad icavs (SeiZleba arateqnikurad, magram Zalze romanti­
ulad) im Tvalsazriss, rom religia (e.i. miTi da rituali)
SigniT qmnis ufro did klimats, romlis gulSi mxolod
poezias (e.i. simbolizms, esTetikur mWvretelobas) ZaluZs
isunTqos da ganviTardes.
23. kvintilianes `oratorobis institutebSi” warmod­
genilia Zveli standartuli klasifikacia sqemebisa da
tropebis. yvelaze ufro daxvewil, dedofal elisabedis
xanis midgomis gasacnobad, ixileT putenhemiseuli `ing­
434
SeniSvna
lisuri poeziis xelovneba” (red. uilkoki da uokeri), kem­
briji 1936.
24. Karl Bühler, Sprachtheorie, Jena 1934, p. 343; Stephen J.
Brown, The World of Imagery, p. 149 ff.; Roman Jakobson, ‘Randbemerkungen zur Prosa des Dichters Pasternak’, Slavische Rundschau,
vii (1935), pp. 357-73.
25. D. S. Mitsky, ‘Walt Whitman: Poet of American Democracy’,
Critics Group Dialectics, No. 1, 1937, pp. 11-29.
26. G. Campbell, Philosophy of Rhetoric, London 1776, pp. 321,
326.
27. i. a. riCardsis `ritorikis filosofiaSi~ (londoni
1936, gv. 117), kempbelis pirveli tipi moixsenieba rogorc
`verbaluri metafora~, vinaidan avtors miaCnia, rom lit­
eraturuli metafora verbalur kavSirs ki ar warmoadgens,
aramed is aris erTgvari SeTanxmeba konteqstebs Soris,
obi­eqtebs Soris gavlebuli analogia.
28. ix. milmen paris `tradiciuli metafora ho­me­rosTan~
klasikuri filologia, XXVIII, 1933, gv 30-43. pari miuTiTebs
homerosis metaforizmis aristoteleseul araistoriul
identifikaciaze ufro gviandeli poemebis konteqstSi, da
adarebs homerosis `dafiqsirebul metaforebs~ imas, rasac
gviCvenebs Sedareba Zveli inglisis poetebTan da (ufro
SezRudulad) – XVIII saukunis augustinelebTan.
29. ix. k. balis `mimdinareobebi frangul stilistikaSi~
/haidelbergi 1909, t. 1, gv. 184/, `figuratiuli ena~ /gv. 1945/: bali msjelobs ara rogorc literaturis Teoretikosi,
aramed rogorc lingvisti, da ase axdens metaforebis kla­
sifikacias: `konkretuli saxeebi, rasac warmosaxva `ita­
cebs~, da afeqtiT ganpirobebuli saxeebi, rasac win uZRvis
erTgvari inteleqtualuri operacia~. mis sam kategorias
me vuwodebdi: (1) poetur metaforas, (2) ritualis (anu fiq­
sirebul metaforas) da (3) lingvistur (anu etimologiur,
anda damarxul) metaforas.
30. For a defence of ritual metaphor and guild images in the
style of Milton, sec C. S. Lewis, Preface to Paradise Lost, London 1942,
pp. 39 ff.
435
SeniSvna
31. ix. Heinz Werner, Die Ursprünge der Metapher, Leipzig 1919.
32. Hermann Pongs, Das Bild in der Dichtung. 1: Versuch einer
Morphologie der metaphorischen Formen, Marburg 1927. 11: Vorutersuchungen zum Symbol, Marburg 1939.
33. L. B. Osborn (ed.), The . . . Writings of John Hoskyns, New Haven 1937, p. 125 ; George Campbell, Philosophy of Rhetoric, pp. 335-7;
A. Pope, The Art of Sinking; A. Dion, L’Art d’écrire, Quebec 1911, pp.
111-12.
34. Thomas Gibbons, Rhetoric .. ., London 1767, pp. 15-16.
35. John Dryden, Essays (ed. W. P. Ker), Oxford 1900, Vol. 1, p.
247 (‘Dedi­cation of The Spanish Friar’).
36. ix. i. a. riCardsis `ritorikis filosofia~/londoni
1936. gv. 117-18/: `is metaforebsa, romelTa moqmedeba eyrd­
noba raRac uSualo msgavsebas or sagans Soris, tenorsa
da matarebels Soris Zalian farTod gansxvavdeba im meta­
forebisgan, romelTa zemoqmedeba emyareba raRac saerTo
damokidebulebas, rac SeiZleba gagviCndes orives mimarT~.
37. gviandeli periodis Seqspiris nawarmoebebSi War­
badaa swrafad moZravi figurebi, rasac ufrosi Taobis
maswavleblebi moixseniebdnen, rogorc `narev metaforas~.
volfgang klemenis azriT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Seqspiri
ufro swrafad fiqrobs, vidre metyvelebs /`Seqspiris sax­
eebis ganviTareba~, kembriji, masaCuzeTsi, 1951/.
38. h. j. uelsi, `poeturi saxovaneba~, niu iorki 1924,
gv. 127: pasaJi citirebulia donis Txzulebidan: `pirveli
wlisTavi: qveynis anatomia~, 409-12.
radikaluri saxovanebis tipur gamomyeneblebad, uelsi
asaxelebs (savaraudo citatebi – gv. 136-7) dons, vebsters,
merstons, turners da Seqspirs, xolo XIX s-is gviandeli
periodidan – jorj meredits (romlis `Tanamedrove siyva­
ruls~ is uwodebs `simboluri azrovnebis araCveu­lebrivad
SekumSul da saintereso magaliTs~) da frensis tompsons.
39. The imagery of Macbeth is brilliandy considered by Cleanth
Brooks in ‘The Naked Babe and the Cloak of Manliness’, The Well
Wrought Urn, New York 1947, pp. 21-46.
436
SeniSvna
40. jer kidev kvintilianes (`institutebis~, wign. VIII,
Tavi 6.) xanidan, igrZnoboda, rom sxvaoba metaforebis
tipebs Soris uTanabrdeba sxvaobas organulsa da
araorganuls Soris. kvintilianiseuli oTxi kategoria
moi­cavs: erTi tipis cocxali arsebis miCneva meore tipad,
erTi tipis usulo sagnis meore usulo saganTan gaigiveba,
usulo sagnis gamoyeneba sulieris nacvlad, xolo cocxali
sagnis gamoyeneba usulos nacvlad.
pirvel am tips pongi Beseeltypus-s uwodebs, xolo meores
– Erfühltypus-s; pirvelis funqcia gulisxmobs `sulis Cadg­
mas~ an anTropomorfias, xolo meorisa – empathizes.
41. raskinis TvalsazrisSi gasarkvevad `paTetikur Sec­
domaze~, ix. `Tanamedrove mxatvrebi~, londoni 1856, T. III, 4,
moyvanili magaliTebi xsnian erTgvar `braldebas~ simile­
sagan, vinaidan igi gamohyofs bunebriv faqtebs grZnobieri,
emociluri varaudisagan.
anTropomorfizmis da simbolizmis sapirispiro ere­
sis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ix. m. t. l. penidos SesaniSnavi
wigni: `analogiis roli dogmatur TeologiaSi~, parizi
1931, gv. 197.
42. M. A. Ewer, Survey of Mystical Symbolism, London 1933, p.
164-6.
43. Vossler, Spengler, Т. E. Hulme {Speculations, London 1924),
and Yeats, as well as Pongs, have been stimulated by Wilhelm
Worringer’s Abstrak-tion und Einfühlung, Berlin 1908 (English tr.,
Abstraction and Empathy, New York 1953).
Our first quotation comes from Joseph Frank’s admirable study
of’Spatial Form in Modern Literature’, Sewanee Review, liii (1945), p.
645; our second from Spengler, who quotes Worringer in his discussion of the Magian culture, Decline of the West, New York 1926, Vol.
1, pp. 183 ff., 192.
44. ix. Ernest Kris, ‘Approaches to Art’, in Psychoanalysis Today
(ed. S. Lorand), New York 1944, pp. 360-2.
437
SeniSvna
45. W. B. Yeats, Autobiography, New York 1938, pp. 161, 219-25.
46. k. vosleris `enis suli civilizaciaSi~ (londoni
1932), gv. 4. karl vosleri aRniSnavs, rom magebi da mis­
tikosebi warmoadgenen maradiul sapirispiro tipebs. `ma­
giursa da misticizms Soris mudmivi brZola mimdinareobs:
magiuri iaraRad iyenebs enas da amitom cdilobs, rom Tavis
kontrolis qveS rac ASeiZleba meti moiqcios, RmerTic ki,
xolo misticizmi arRvevs da texs formas, arTmevs mas Rire­
bulebas da saerTod uaryofs~.
47. H. Pongs, Das Bild, Vol. 1, p. 296.
48. Emily Dickinson, Collected Poems, Boston 1937, pp. 192,
161; see also p. 58 (‘ I laughed a wooden laugh’) and p. 215 (‘A clock
stopped - not the man-tel’s’)
49. For the significance of Byzantium, see Yeats’ A Vision, London 1938, pp. 279-81.
50. Herman Nohl, Stil und Weltanschauung, Jena 1920.
51. ix. emil kaies `simbolizmi da primitiuli suli~,
parizi 1936; wigni saocrad gabedulad atarebs paralels
da aRiarebs igeveobas – erTi mxriv, primitiuli xalxebis
`logikamdel~ azrovnebasa da meore mxriv, simbolisti po­
etebis miznebs Soris.
52. MacNiece, op. cit., p. III.
53. ix. Harold Rosenberg,’ Myth and Poem’, Symposium,
11(1931), pp. 179 ff.
54. Gladys Wade, Thomas Traherne, Princeton 1944, pp. 26-37.
See the critical review of the book by E. N. S. Thompson, Philological
Quarterly, xxiu (1944),pp. 383-4.
55. Dr Johnson, Lives of the Poels, ‘Thomson’.
On the argument from imagistic silence, including the examples we cite, ix. L. H. Hornstein’s penetrating ‘Analysis of Imagery’,
PMLA, lvii (1942), pp. 638-53.
56. Mario Praz, English Studies, xviii (1936), pp. 177-81, wittily
reviews Caroline Spurgcon’s Shakespeare’s Imagery and What It Tells
Us (Cambridge 1935), gansakuTrebiT pirveli nawili, ‘The
Revelation of the Man’, with its ‘fallacy of trying to read . . . into
Shakespeare’s images his senses, tastes, and interests’, and rightly
438
SeniSvna
praises Clemen (whose book appeared in 1936) for thinking that
‘Shakespeare’s use and choice of images is not so much con­ditioned
by his own personal tastes as by what are in each case his artistic
intentions....’.
57. Caroline Spurgeon’s essay is reprinted in Anne Bradby’s
Shakespeare Criticism, 1919-35, London 1936, pp. 18-61.
On autobiography and Hamlet, see C. J. Sisson, The Mythical Sorrows of Shakespeare, London 1936.
58. T. S. Eliot, ‘Hamlet’, Selected Essays, London 1932, pp. 141-6.
59. G. Wilson Knight: Myth and Miracle: An Essay on the Mystic Symbolism of Shakespeare, London 1929; The Wheel of Fire, London
1930; The Imperial Theme, London 1931; The Christian Renaissance,
Toronto 193 3; The Burning Oracle, London 1939; The Starlit Dome,
London 1941.
60. Wolfgang Clemen, Shakespeares Bilder, Bonn 1936 (English tr.
Cambridge, Mass. 1951).
Tavi meTeqvsmeTe
naturaluri mxatvruli
prozis Tavisebureba da nairsaxeobani
1. sidnei: `rac Seexeba poets, is arafers asabuTebs da am­
denad arasodes tyuis~.
2. Wilson Follett, The Modern Novel, New York 1918, p. 29.
3. mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom romanists `cxovreba gaegeba~,
xSirad aris Segoneba, raTa mecxramete saukunis mxavruli
prozis zogierTi pirobiToba iyos Semonaxuli~.
4. D. McCarthy, Portraits, London 1931, pp. 75, 156.
5. J. Frank,’ Spatial Form in Modern Literature’, Sewanee Review,
LIII (1945), pp. 221-40, 433-56. Reprinted in Criticism (Schorer, Miles,
McKenzie), New York 1948, pp. 379-92.
6. `siamaye da crurwmenis~ pirveli ori Tavi TiTqmis
mTlianad gansakuTrebul dialogs warmoadgens, im dros,
rodesac mesame Tavi iwyeba Sejamebuli TxrobiT, mere
439
SeniSvna
ubrundeba `scenur~ meTods.
7. Clara Reeve, Progress of Romance, London 1785.
8. houTornis `Svidfrontoniani saxlisa~ da `marmari­
los favnis~ winasityveobebi.
9. pos `kompoziciis filosofia~ iwyeba citatiT diken­
sidan: `iciT Tu ara Tqven, rom godvinma `kaleb uiliamsi~
dawera ukuRma?~ ufro adre `barnebi rejis~ mimoxilvaSi,
pom magaliTad moiyvana godvinis romani, rogorc mWidrod
Sekruli ostaturi Sinaarsis nawarmoebi.
10. Wkvianurad asabuTebs, rom Cven inglisurad vxma­
robT `motivs~ nacvlad franguli formisa, romelmac Ta­
vis mxriv mniSvneloba SeiZina germanuli `motivis~ gavle­
niT. `motivi~, Cveulebriv, ixmareba inglisur kritikul
literaturaSi.
11. ix. Aarne -Thompson, Types of the Folk-Tale, Helsinki 1928.
12. ix. G. Polti, Thirty-six Dramatic Situations, New York 1916; P.
Van Tieghem, La Littérature comparée, Paris 1931, p. 87 ff.
13. mohyavs ser uolter skotis sityvebi da `motivacias~
uwodebs teqnikur termins, romelic gulixmobs Sinaarsis
moZraobis mizezobriobas, gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs, rom
igi Segnebulad da ostaturad aris dalagebuli.
`siamaye da crurwmenis~ pirveli winadadeba `motivaci­
is~ eqsplicituri gamoxatvis kargi magaliTia: `es saerTod
aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, rom karga didi qonebis patron
martoxela kacs usaTuod esaWiroeba coli~.
14. Dibelius, Dickens, second ed., Leipzig 1926, p. 383.
15. Cven aq gansakuTrebiT mivmarTavaT
16. ix. diskusia ‘tempo’ in Carl Grabo’s Technique of the Novel,
New York 1928, pp. 214-36, and ‘Zeit’ in Petsch’s Wesen und Formen
der Erzählkunst, Halle 1934, p. 92 ff.
17. ix. e. berendi, ‘Die Namengeburg bei Jean Paul’, PMLA,
LVII (1942), pp. 820-50; E.H. Gordon, ‘The Naming of Characters
in the Works of Dickens’, University of Nebraska Studies in Language,
etc., 1917; also John Forster’s Life of Dickens, Bk ix, Ch. 7, mocemulia
saxelebis sia mwerlis /dikensis/ memorandumidan.
henri jeimzi Tavisi daumTavrebeli romanebis `spilos
440
SeniSvna
Zvlis koSkisa~ da `warsulis gancdis~ dasasrulSi, rome­
lic dabeWdilia memorandumSi, yveba, Tu rogor arqmevda
saxelebs Tavis gmirebs. ix. balzakis xasiaTTa saxelebis
Sesaxeb ix. gogolis xasiaTTa Sesaxeb ix. nabokovis Sesaxeb.
18. brtyeli da mrgvali daxasiaTebani: ix.E. M. Forser, Aspects of the Novel, London 1927, pp. 103-4.
19. ingliseli gmiri qalebis tipurobis Sesaxeb ix. R.P.
Utter and G. B Needham, Pamela’s Daughters, New York 1936. qera
da Savgvremani gmirTa qalebis Sesaxeb ix. F. Carpenter, ‘Puritans Preferred Blondes’, New England Quarterly, ix (1936), pp. 253-72;
Philip Rahv, ‘The Dark Lady of Salem’, Partisan Review, viii (1941),
pp. 362-81.
20. Dibelius, Dickens, Leipzig 1916.
21. Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony, London 1933.
22. ix. Arthur Sewell, ‘Place and Time in Shakespeare’s Plays’,
Studies in Philology, xlii (1945), pp.205-24.
23. ix. P. Lubbock, Craft of Fiction, London 1921, pp. 205-35.
24. Otto Ludwig, ‘Romanstudien’, Gesammelte Schriften, vi
(1891), p. 59 ff.; Maupassant, Introduction to Pierre et Jean (1887); H.
James, Prefaces to the New York Edition (collected as The Art of the
Novel, New York 1934). aseve ix. Oskar Walzel’s ‘Objektive Erzählung’, in Das Wortkunstwerk, Leipzig 1926, p. 182 ff., and J. W. Beach,
The Twentieth-Century Novel, New York 1932.
25. iqve, ludvigi gv. 66-67: dikensis romanebis struqtu­
ra piesebis analogiuria. jeimzisa da ibsenis ix. Francis Fergusson, ‘James’ Idea of Dramatic Form’, Kenyon Review, v(1943),
pp. 495-507.
26. jeimzis `suraTisa~ da `scenis~ Sesaxeb ixile jeimzis
`romanis ostatoba~ ix.
27. iqve, jeimzi uaryofs Txrobas pirvel pirSi, iseve
rogorc `ubralod abda-ubdobis upasuxismgeblo Tavxedo­
bas~ /yovlismcodne mTxrobelsa/
28. R. Fernandez, ‘La Méthode de Balzac: le réckit et l’esthétique
du roman’, Messages, Paris 1926, p. 59 ff. (English tr. London 1927,
pp. 59-88).
29. Oskar Walzel, ‘Von “erlebter Rede”,’ Das Wortkunstwerk,
441
SeniSvna
Leipzig 1926, p. 207 ff.; Albert Thibaudet, Flaubert, Paris 1935, pp.
229-32; E. Dujardin, Le Monologue intérieur ..., Paris 1931; Albrecht
Neubert, Die Stilformen der ‘erlebten Rede’ in neueren englischen Roman, Halle 1957 (with bibliography); William James, Principles of
Psychology, New York 1890, Vol. 1, p. 243: chap, ix, in which the
phrase appears, is called ‘The Stream of Thought’ uiliam jeimzis
`fsiqologiis principebSi~ IX TavSi Cndeba fraza `fiqris
nakadi~
30. laboki ambobs, ix. roca streTeris goneba daZabu­
lia, araferi araa naCvenebi, mxolod saxeTa dineba, rasac
yvela SeniSnavs, roca dainaxavs, rom goneba TandaTanobiT
SesamCnevi xdeba.
31. ixileT L. E. Bowling, ‘What Is the Stream of Consciousness Technique?’ PMLA, lxv (1950), pp. 337-45, Robert Humphrey,
Stream of Conscious­ness in the Modern Novel, Berkeley, Calif., 1954,
and Melvin Friedman, Stream of Consciousness: A Study in Literary
Method, New Haven 1955.
Tavi meCvidmete
literaturis Janrebi
1. Croce, Aesthetic (tr. Ainslie), London 1922. See Chs. ix and xv.
2. N. H. Pearson, ‘Literary Forms and Types ...’, English Institute
Annual, 1940 (1941), p. 59 ff., especially p. 70.
3. W. P. Ker, Form and Style in Poetry, London 1928, p. 141.
4. Harry Levin, ‘Literature as an Institution’, Accent, vi (1946),
pp. 159-68 (reprinted in Criticism, New York 1948, pp. 546-53).
5. A. Thibaudet, Physiologie de la critique, Paris 1930, p. 184 ff.
6. But see С. E. Whitmore, ‘The Validity of Literary Definitions’,
PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 722-36, especially pp. 734-5.
7. Karl Viötor, ‘Probleme der literaischen Gattungsgeschichte’,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft ... , ix (1931), pp.
42J-47 (re­printed in Geist undForm, Bern 1952, pp. 292-309): an admirable discussion which avoids positivism on the one hand and
442
SeniSvna
‘metaphysicalism’ on the other.
8. odas, baladas da msgavs formebs, goeTe Dichtarten-s
uwodebs, xolo eposs, lirikas da dramas - Naturformen der
Dichtung: inglisur terminologias gaugebroba Semoaqvs:
Cven Tavisuflad SegviZlia `tipi~ vuwodoT mTavar kat­
egoriebs (rogorc amas akeTebs n. h. parsoni), xolo kate­
goriis `Janrs~ – tragedia, komedia, oda da a.S.
sityva `Janri~ gvian damkvidrda inglisurSi. misi lit­
eraturuli aspeqti ar aris Setanili `axal inglisur
leqsikonSi~ (iseve rogorc kind); `literaturuli tipis~,
rogorc terminis gamosaxatavad, XVIII s-is mwerlebi ZiriTa­
dad xmarobdnen `jiSs~-a da `kategorias~. 1910 w. irving be­
bitma moixsenia `Janri~ (`axali laokoonis~ winasityvaoba)
rogorc inglisur kritikul enaSi damkvidrebuli termini.
9. `platons mSvenivrad esmis, Tu ra eTikur xifaTs Sei­
cavs gansaxiereba, radgan kaci sakuTar mowodebas avnebs,
Tuki mas darTes sxvaTa mowodebis imitirebis neba~. jeims j.
donahiu, `literaturuli tipebis Teoria~, diubuki, aiova,
1943, gv. 88; aristoteles azri – iqve, gv. 99.
10. Hobbes, in Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century (ed. J.
E. Spingarn), Oxford 1908, pp. 54-5.
11. E. S. Dallas, Poetics: An Essay on Poetry, London 1852, pp.
81, 91,105.
12. John Erskine, The Kinds of Poetry, New York 1920, p. 12.
13. Roman Jakobson,’Randbemerkungen zur Prosa des Dichters
Pasternak’, Slavische Rundschau, vii (1935), pp. 357—73.
14. poeziis zepir wakiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, jon er­
skini miuTiTebs (`elisabedis xanis lirika~, niu iorki,
1903, gv. 3), rom am tradiciam lamis vordsvortamde gaZlo,
romelmac Tavisi leqsebis winasityvaobaSi aRniSna: `zogi
es leqsi arsebiTad lirikulia da amis gamo maT ver eqnebaT
kuTvnili Zala, Tuki moklebulni iqnebian savaraudo musi­
kalur akompanements; magram umTavresad, me mainc arafers
sxvas ar viTxov, garda cocxali anda auRelvebeli deklam­
ciisa, rac sagangebod iqneba gaTvlili aseTi TemisaTvis,
443
SeniSvna
rogorc klasikuri qnaris an lirikuli arfis erTgvari
Sesanacvlebeli.
15. maSin rodesac Soum da barim, faqtobrivad, gazar­
des mayurebelTa auditoria TavianTi winasityvaobebiT da
iseTi sasceno remarkebiT, romelTa detaluroba ufro ro­
manis Janrs Seesabameba da amave dros aCvenebs mdidar war­
mosaxvas, dResdReobiT, mTeli dramaturgiuli doqtrina
ewinaaRmdegeba piesis nebismier Sefasebas, rac ganxiluli
iqneba saTeatro da sasceno xelovnebisTan erTad, da ara
gancalkevebulad: franguli tradicia – kokleni da sarsi;
xolo rusebi amas eTanxmebian (stanislavski da moskovis
samxatvro Teatri).
16. Veit Valentin (‘Poetische Gattungen’, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Litteraturgeschichte, Vol. v, 1892, p. 34 ff.) also, on different
grounds, questions the canonical three. One should, he says, distinguish ‘die epische, die lyrischce, und die reflektierende Gattung . .
. die Dramatik ist keine poetisehe Gattung, sondern eine poetische
Form.’
17. Thibaudet, op. cit., p. 186.
18. Aristotle, Poetics, Chap. 14: ‘One should not seek every pleasure from tragedy but only that proper to it.’
19. ufro davazustoT: XVIII s-s hqonda ori rvamarcv­
lovani Tanamimdevroba: - komikuri (misi fesvebi `hudibrass”
swvdeba, xolo Semdeg – sviftsa da greis da meditaciur-aR­
weriTi (igulisxmeba `Allegro” da `Ïl Penseroso”).
20. Not till 1849, apparently, were the ‘Lake Poets’ first definitely grouped with Shelley, Keats, and Byron as English Romantics. See
Wellek, ‘The Concept of Romanticism in Literary History’, Comparative Literature, Vol. 1 (1949), csp. p. 16.
21. Paul Van Tieghem, ‘La Question des genres littéraires’, Helicon, 1 (1938), p. 95 ff.
22. There are already many monographs on the Gothic genre
- e.g. Edith Birkhead, The Tale of Terror . . . , London 1921; A. Killen, Le Roman terrifiant on roman noir . . . , Paris 1923; Eino Railo, The
Haunted Castle, London 1927; Montague Summers, The Gothic Quest.
. ., London 1938.
444
SeniSvna
23. Poetics, Chap. 24.
24. ix. Arthur Mizener’s reply to Ransom: ‘The Structure of
Figurative Language in Shakespeare’s Sonnets’, Southern Review, v
(1940), pp. 730-47.
25. ix. Irving Babbitt, The New Laokoön, 1910. André Chénier
(1762-94) held the distinction between genres to be a phenomenon
of nature. In ‘L’ivention’, he writes:
La nature dicta vingt genres opposés
D’un fil léger entre cux chez les Grecs divisés;
Nul genre, s’échappant de ses bornes prescrites,
N’aurait osé d’un autre envahir les limites.
26. The social implications of the Renaissance genre hierarchy,
long familiar, are specifically studied in Vernon Hall’s Renaissance
Literary Criticism, New York 1945.
27. Van Tieghem, op. cit., p. 99.
28. ix. e.g. Warner F. Patterson’s Three Centuries of French Poetic
Theory ..., Ann Arbor 1935, Part 111, for a list of medieval verse genres and sub-genres.
29. ix. bibliografia.
30. For the ‘rebarbarization’ of literature, see the brilliant article,
‘Literature’ by Max Lerner and Edwin Mims, Jun., Encyclopaedia of
the Social Sciences, ix(1933). pp. 523-43.
31. André Jolles, Einfache Formen, Halle 1930. Jolles’s list corresponds roughly to the list of folk-types, or ‘forms of popular literature’, studied by Alexander H. Krappe in his Science of Folk-Lore,
London 1930: the Fairy Tale, the Merry Tale (or Fabliau), the Animal
Tale, the Local Legend, the Migratory Legend, the Prose Saga, the
Proverb, the Folk-Song, the Popular Ballad, Charms, Rhymes, and
Riddles.
32. Ferdinand Brunetiére, L’Évolution des genres dans I’histoire de
la littérature . . . , Paris 1890.
33. Van Tieghem, Helicon, 1 (1938), p. 99.
34. Viëtor has held both positions in turn: see his Geschichte
der deutschen Ode (Munich 1923) and essay cited in note 7; sec also
445
SeniSvna
Günther Müller, ‘Bemer-kungen zur Gattungspoetik’, Philosophischer
Anzeiger, 111 (1929), pp. 129-47.
Tavi meTvramete
Sefaseba
1. s. k. peperi, `kritikis safuZvlebi~, kembriji, masaCu­
setsi, 1945, gv. 33: `gansazRvreba, rogorc esTetikuri gan­
sjis xarisxobrivi kriteriumi, romelic wyvets, ra aris,
da ra ar aris esTetikuri Rirebuleba, da dadebiTia Tu
uaryofiTi misi Rirebuleba. arsebiTi standartebi, ro­
gorc raodenobrivi kriteriumi, romelic gansazRvravs
esTetikuri Rirebulebis odenobas... Sesabamisad, stand­
artebi gansazRvrebidan, definiciidan iwarmoeba da raode­
nobrivi kriteriumi – xarisxobrividan momdinareobs.
2. Cven axla `literaturaze~ vlaparakobT da am sityvas
viyenebT `xarisxobriv kriteriumad~ (Tu ramdenad aris is
literaturuli Tavisi bunebiT – literatura, da ara mec­
niereba an socialuri mecniereba an filosofia); am sityvas
Cven ar viyenebT `didi literaturis~ honorifuli, Sedar­
ebiTi mniSvnelobiT.
3. pepers ase Semoaqvs paraleluri sakiTxi (cit. gv. 87)
`sawinaaRmdegod ganwyobil avtors SeuZlia wamoayenos
dilema: an unda iyos kargad Camoyalibebuli praqtikuli
mizani, rasac Tan sdevs konceptualuri mizani, anda pasiuri
umizno siamovneba. kantis antinomia da bertran moris para­
doqsi esTetikur mizanze, romelic ar warmoadgens dasmul
mizans, `texavs~ am dilemas da warmoaCens mentaluri meobis
mesame tipis STambeWdav suraTs, romelic ar aris arc kone­
cia (anu nebelobiTi moZraobis unari) da SegrZneba, aramed
aris specifikuri esTetikuri moqmedeba.~
4. Tu vaRiarebT bevris momcvel warmodgenas, amiT ki ar
uarvyofT literaturaSi esTetikur Rirebulebas, aramed
vamtkicebT sxva Rirebulebebs, romlebic masTan Tanaarse­
boben; literaturaze aseTi gansja imas iwvevs, rom an erT­
maneTSi vurevT eTikur-politikursa da esTetikurs, anda
ormagi daskvnis mowmeni vxdebiT. ix. n. forsteri, `esTeti­
446
SeniSvna
kuri da eTikuri gansja~, `kritikosis survili~, prinstoni,
1941, gv. 85.
5. Т. M. Greene, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940,
p. 389.
6. literaturis `sidiades~ ver davadgenT mxolod
da mxolod literaturuli standartebiT, Tumc ki unda
gvaxsovdes, rom mxolod literaturuli standartebiT vx­
elmZRvanelobT, rodesac vadgenT, aris Tu ara is litera­
tura, `Zveli da axali esseebi~, niu iorki, 1936, gv. 93.
7. cnobisTvis ixileT W. P. Ker, Form and Style in Poetry, London 1928, gansakuTrebiT pp. 95-104 and pp. 137-45; C. La Driére,
‘Form’, Dictionary of World Literature, p. 250 ff.; R. Ingarden, Das Iiterarische Kunstwerk, Halle 1931; ‘Das Form-Inhalt Problem im literarischen Kunstwerk’, Helicon, 1 (1938), pp. 51-67.
8. Emil Lucka’s brilliant essay, ‘Das Grundproblem der Dichtkunst’, Zeitschrift für Ästhetik, xxn (1928), pp. 129-46, studies ‘wie
sich Welt in Sprache verwandelt...’. In an unsuccessful poem or novel, says Lucka, ‘fehlt die Identität von Welt und Sprache’.
9. ix. Dorothy Walsh, ‘The Poetic Use of Language’, Journal of
Philosophy, xxxv (1938), pp. 73-81.
10. J. Mukarovský, Aesthetic Function, Norm, and Value as Social
Facts, Prague 1936, in Czech.
11. aq upriani iqneba gavixsenoT peperis konteqstual­
isturi kritika, sadac sicxovele pirvelad cdad aris nax­
senebi, xolo misi aqcenti Tanamedrove xelovnebaze aucile­
blad Seesabameba aseTi gamocdis pirobebs: `Tu adrindeli
xanis xelovneba misaRebia gviandel xanaSi, es xSirad im mize­
zebiT rodi xdeba, ris gamoc es xelovneba warmatebuli iyo
Tavis droze, amitom kritikosebs moeTxovebaT, rom aRniS­
non sakuTari xanis esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi. (cit. gv. 68).
12. George Boas, A Primer for Critics, Baltimore 1937, p. 136 and
passim.
13. T. S. Eliot, Use of Poetry, Cambridge, Mass. 1933, p. 153.
14. This is Pepper’s ‘organistic criticism’ (op. cit., esp. p. 79), earlier repre­sented by Bosanquet’s Three Lectures on Aesthetic, London
1915.
447
SeniSvna
15. ix. Lascelles Abercrombie’s Theory of Poetry (1924) and his
Idea of Great Poetry (1925).
16. L. A. Reid, A Study in Aesthetics, London 1931, p. 225 if., ‘Subject-matter, Greatness, and the Problem of Standards’.
17. Т. M. Greene, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940,
pp. 374 ff., 461 ff.
18. ix. gansakuTrebiT E. E. Stoll’s ‘Milton a Romantic’, From
Shakespeare to Joyce, New York 1944, and Mario Praz’s The Romantic
Agony, London 1933.
19. Eliot, op. cit., p. 96.
20. ix. Jacques Barzun, ‘Our Non-Fiction Novelists’, Atlantic
Monthly, clxxviii (1946), pp. 129-32, and J. E. Baker, ‘The Science of
Man’, College English, vi (1945), pp. 395-401.
21. Tate, Reason in Madness, New York 194т, pp. 114-16.
22. E. E. Kellett, The Whirligig of Taste, London 1929, and Fashion in Litera­ture, London 1931; F. P. Chambers, Cycles of Taste, Cambridge, Mass. 1928, and The History of Taste, New York 1932; Henri
Peyre, Writers and Their Critics: a Study of Misunderstanding, Ithaca
1944.
23. ‘Multivalence’: ix. George Boas, A Primer for Critics, Baltimore 1937.
24. F. Pottle, The Idiom of Poetry, Ithaca 1941; new ed., 1947.
25. maTvramete saukunis kritikosebi uZlurebi iyvnen
aexsnaT adreuli periodis poeziis virtuozebisa da saku­
Tari periodis arsic.
26. doqtor jonsonma scada aRewera donis poezia misi
naklidan gamomdinare: `yvelaze kargi da samarTliani msj­
eloba maT (metafizikos poetebis) naklovanebebze maSin
iqneba, Tu Cven vimsjelebT kargi poeziis normatiuli stan­
dartebiT, da ar vecdebiT vapatioT maT raRac ucnauroba
an inteleqtualuri zedapiruloba. de, jonsoni iyos ase­
Ti standarti da aRmoCndeba, rom donis tradicia Seicavs
leqsis sagulisxmo Sres, romelic mTlianad pasuxobs ing­
lisuri leqsis Cveulebriv moTxovnebs, xolo zogjer ki
Segvxvdeba saukeTeso nimuSebi.~ (jorj viliamsoni, `donis
tradicia~, kembriji, mas. 1930, gv. 21, 211.)
448
SeniSvna
27. F. R. Leavis, Revaluation: Tradition and Development in English
Poetry, London 1936, p. 68 ff.
28. e. vivasi, `esTetikuri msjeloba”, `filosofiis Ju­
rnali~ XXXIII (1936), gv. 57-69. `axali poza esTetikasa da xe­
lovnebis kritikaSi~, niu heiveni 1943, gv. 91, gansakuTrebiT
– 123: heili gamoricxavs `obieqtivizmis~ da (gacilebiT
ufro advilad) `subieqtivizmis~ ukiduresobebs, raTa
Camoayalibos relativizmi, rac gaazrebulia rogorc
gonivruli via media.
29. ‘Ériger en lois ses impressions personnelles, c’est le grand
effort d’un homme s’il est sincère.’ Eliot quotes this, from de Gourmont’s Lettres à L’amazon, as epigraph to his essay, ‘The Perfect Critic’, The Sacred Wood, 1920.
30. As does Mr Heyl (New Bearings, p. 91).
Tavi mecxrameteme
literaturuli istoria
1. Thomas Warton, History of English Poetry, 1 (1774), p. ii. A
fuller discus­sion may be found in René Wellek’s Rise of English Literary History, Chapel Hill 1941, pp. 166-201.
2. Henry Morley, Preface to English Writers, 1, London 1864.
3. Leslie Stephen, English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth
Centuryt London 1904, pp. 14, 22.
4. W. J. Courthope, A History of English Poetry, London 1895, Vol.
1, p. xv.
5. Edmund Gosse, A Short History of Modern English Literature
(London 1897), Preface.
6. ix. werili F. C. Roe, 19 March 1924, quoted by Evan Charteris, The Life and Letters of Sir Edmund Gosse, London 1931, p. 477.
7. ix. citata Oliver Elton’s lecture on Saintsbury, Proceedings
of the British Academy, xix (1933), and Dorothy Richardson, ‘Saintsbury and Art for Art’s Sake’, PMLA, lix (1944), pp. 243-60.
8. Oliver Elton, A Survey of English Literature, 1780-1830, London
449
SeniSvna
1912, Vol. 1, p. vii.
9. L. Cazamian, L’Évolution psychologique de la littérature en Angleterre, Paris 3” 1920, and the second half of É. Legouis and L. Cazamian, Histoire de la littérature anglaise, Paris 1924.
10. W. P. Ker, ‘Thomas Warton’ (1910), Essays, London 1922,
Vol. i, p. 100.
11. T. S. Eliot, ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’, The Sacred
Wood, Lon­don 1920, p. 42.
12. R. S. Crane, ‘History Versus Criticism in the University
Study of Litera­ture’, The English Journal, College Edition, xxiv (1935),
pp. 645-67.
13. F. J. Teggart, Theory of History, New Haven 1925.
14. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.
15. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.
16. R. D. Havens, Milton’s Influence on English Poetry, Cambridge,
Mass. 1922.
17. ix. es diskusiebi: R. N. E. Dodge, ‘A Sermon on Sourcehunting’, Modern Philology, ix (1911-12), pp. 211-23; Louis Cazamian, ‘Goethe en Angleterre. Quelques réflexions sur les problèmes
d’influence’, Revue Germanique, xn (1921), 371-8; Hardin Craig,
‘Shakespeare and Wilson’s Arte of Rhetorique: An Inquiry into the
Criteria for Determining Sources’, Studies in Philology, xxviii (1931),
pp. 86-98; George C. Taylor, ‘Mon­taigne-Shakespeare and the Deadly Parallel’, Philological Quarterly, xxn (1943), pp. 330-37 (giving a
curious list of the seventy-five types of evi­dence actually used in
such studies); David Lee Clark,’ What was Shelley’s Indebtedness
to Keats?’ PMLA, lvi (1941), pp. 479-97 (an interesting refutation of
parallels drawn by J. L. Lowes); Ihab H. Hassan, ‘The Problem of Influence in Literary History’, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, xiv
(1955), 66-76; Haskell M. Block, ‘The Concept of Influence in Comparative Literature’, Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature, vii
(1958), 30-36; Claudio Guillén, ‘The Aesthetics of Influence Studies
in Comparative Literature’ in Comparative Literature: Proceedings of
the Second Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association, ed. W. P. Fricdcrich, Chapel Hill, N. C, 1959, Vol. 1, pp. 175-92.
18. ix. H. O. White, Plagiarism and Imitation during the English
450
SeniSvna
Renaissance, Cambridge, Mass. 1935; Elizabeth M. Mann, ‘The Problem of Originality in English Literary Criticism, 1750-1800’, Philological Quarterly, xvni (1939), pp. 97-118; Harold S. Wilson, ‘Imitation’,
Dictionary of World Literature (cd. J. T. Shipley), New York 1943, pp.
315-17.
19. Sidney Lee, Elizabethan Sonnets, two vols., London 1904.
20. Wolfgang Clemen, Shakespeares Bilder, ihre Entwicklung und
ihre Funktionen im dramatischen Werk, Bonn 1936 (English tr. Cambridge, Mass. 1951).
21. George Saintsbury, A History of English Prosody, three vols.,
1906-10; A History of English Prose Rhythm, Edinburgh 1912.
22. Benedetto Croce, ‘Storia di temi e storia letteraria’, Problemi
di Estetica, Bari 1910, pp. 80-93.
23. e.g. André Jolles, Einfache Formen, Halle 1930; A. N. Veselovsky, Istoricheskaya Poetika (cd. V. M. Zhirmunsky), Leningrad
1940 (a selection from writings dating back, in part, to the 1870s); J.
Jarcho, ‘Organische Struktur des russischen Schnaderhüpfels (caStuska)’, Germano-Slavica, iii (1937), pp. 31-64 (an elaborate attempt to
state the correlation between style and theme by statistical methods,
drawing the evidence from a popular genre).
24. W. W. Greg, Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Drama, London 1906.
25. C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love, Oxford 1936.
26. Karl Viëtor, Geschichte der deutschen Ode, Munich 1923;
Günther Müller, Geschichte des deutschen Liedes, Munich 1925.
27. ix. bibliografia. Tavi 17.
28. Arthur Symons, The Romantic Movement in English Poetry,
London 1909.
29. ix. J. Isaacs in The Times Literary Supplement, 9 May 1935, p.
301.
30. rogorc Cans, pirveli iyo Thomas Shaw in Outlines of
English Literature, London 1849.
31. ix. bibiliografia nawili III. 4.
32. ix. bibliografia nawili I.
33. Wilhelm Pinder, Das Problem der Generation, Berlin 1926; Julius Petersen, ‘Die literarischen Generationen’, Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (ed. Emil Ermatinger), Berlin 1930, pp. 130-87; Edu451
SeniSvna
ard Wechssler, Die Generation als Jugendreihe und ihr Kampf um die
Denkform, Leipzig 1930; Detlev W. Schumann,’ The Problem of Cultural Age-Groups in German Thought: a Critical Review’, PMLA, li
(1936), pp. 1180-1207, and ‘The Problem of Age-Groups: A Statistical
Approach’, PMLA, lii (1937), pp. 596-608; H. Peyre, Les Générations
littéraires, Paris 1948.
34. ix. bibiliografia nawili II.
35. Jan Máchal, Slovanské literatury, three vols., Prague 1922-9,
and Leonardo Olschki, Die romanischen Literaturen des Mittelalters,
Wildpark-Potsdam 1928 (in Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft, ed.
Oskar Walzel).
36. H. M. and N. K. Chadwick, The Growth of Literature, three
vols., London 1932, 1936.1940.
452
bibliografia
453
454
bibliografia
pirveli Tavi
Lliteratura da literaturaTmcodneoba
­I. zogadi msjeloba literaturis Teoriisa da lite­
raturaTmcodneobis meTodebis Sesaxeb
Baldensperger, Fernand, La Littérature: création, succès, durée,
Paris 1913; new ed., Paris 1919
Billeskov, J an sen, F. J., Esthétique de I’auvre d’art littéraire, Copenhagen 1948
Croce, Benedetto, La critica litteraria: questioni teoriche, Rome
1894; re­printed in Primi saggi (2nd ed., Bari 1927, pp. 77-199)
Daiches, David, A Study of Literature, Ithaca 1948
Dragomirescou, Michel, La Science de la littérature, four vols.,
Paris 1928-9
Eckhoff, Lorentz, Den Nye Litteraturforskning. Syntetisk Metode,
Oslo 1930
Elster, Ernst, Prinzipien der Literaturwissenschaft, two vols.,
Halle 1897 and 1911
Ermatinger, Emil (ed.), Die Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft,
Berlin 1930
Foerster, Norman; McGalliard, John С.; Wellek, RenÉ ; Warren, Austin; Schramm, Wilbur Lang, Literary Scholarship: Its Aims and
Methods, Chapel Hill 1941
GuÉrard, Albert L., A Preface to World Literature, New York 1940
Hytier, Jean, Les Arts de littérature, Paris 1945
Kayser, Wolfgang, Das sprachliche Kunstwerk. Eine Einfiihrung
in die Literaturwissenschaft, Bern 1948 (Portuguese and Spanish
translations)
Kridl, Manfred, Wstep do badan nad dzielem literackiem, Wilno
455
bibliografia
1936
‘The Integral Method of Literary Scholarship’, Comparative Lite­
rature 111 (1951), pp. 18-31
Marckwardt, A.; Peckham, M.; Wellek, R.; Thorpe, J., ‘The Aims,
Methods, and Materials of Research in the Modern Languages and
Literatures’, PMLA lxvii (1952), No. 6, pp. 1-37
Michaud, Guy, Introduction à une science de la littérature, Istanbul
1930
Momigliano, Attilio (ed.), Problemi ed orientamenti critici di lingua e di litteratura italiana and Tecnica e teoria letteraria, Milano 1948
Moulton, R. G., The Modern Study of Literature, Chicago 1915
Oppel, Horst, Die Literaturwissenschaft in der Gegenwart: Metho­
dologie und Wissenschaftslehre, Stuttgart 1939
‘Methodenlehre der Literaturwissenschaft’, Deutsche Philologie
im Aufrisss (ed. Wolfgang Stammler), Berlin 1951, Vol. 1, pp. 39-78
Petersen, Julius, Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung: System und
Methodenlehre der Literaturwissenschaft - i, Werk und Dichter, Berlin
1939
Reyes, Alfonso, El Deslinde: Prolegómenos a la teoria literaria,
Mexico City 1944
Shipley, Joseph T. (ed.), Dictionary of World Literature: Criticism Forms -Technique, New York 1943; 2nd ed., 1954
Tomashevsky, Boris, Teoriya literatury: Poetika, Leningrad 1925;
2nd ed., 1931
Torre, Guillermo de, Problemàtica de la literatura, Buenos Aires
1951
Walzel, Oskar, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,
Berlin 1923
Wosnessensky, A. N., ‘Der Aufbau der Literaturwissenschaft’,
Idealistische Philologie, 111 (1928), pp. 337-68
II. literaturaTmcodneobis istoriis sakiTxebi
Gayley, Charles Mills, ‘The Development of Literary Studies
During the Nineteenth Century’, Congress of Arts and Science: Universal Exposi­tion: St Louis, 1904, Vol. III, Boston 1906, pp. 323-53
Getto, Giovanni, Storia delle storie letterarie [in Italy only], Mi456
bibliografia
lano 1942
Klemperer, Viktor, ‘Die Entwicklung der Neuphilologie’, Romanische Sonderart, Munich 1926, pp. 388-99
Lempicki, Sigmund von, Geschichte der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Gottingen 1920
Mann, Maurycy, ‘Rozwój syntezy literackiej od jej poczatków
do Gervinusa’, Rozprawy Akademii Umiejetnosci, Serja 111, Tom 111,
Cracow 1911, pp. 230-360 (a history of literary historiography from
antiquity to Gervinus)
O’Leary, Gerard, English Literary History and Bibliography, London 1928
Rothacker, Erich, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften, Tü­b­­i­
n­­­gen 1920 (2nd ed., 1930, contains sketch of the history of German
literary history in the nineteenth century)
Unger, Rudolf, ‘Vom Werden und Wesen der neueren deutschen Literaturwissenschaft’, Aufsätze zur Prinzipienlehre der
Literaturge­schichte, Berlin 1929, Vol. 1, pp. 33-48
Wellek, RenÉ, The Rise of English Literary History, Chapel Hill
1941; a history of English literary historiography up to Warton (1774)
A History of Modern Criticism 1750-1950, four vols., Vol. 1, The
Later Eighteenth Century; Vol. II, The Romantic Age, New Haven 1955
(contains much on growth of literary history)
III. literaturis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
1. zogadi
Lunding, Erik, Strömungen und Strebungen der modernen
Literaturwissen­schaft, Aarhus, Denmark, 1952
Richter, Werner, ‘Strömungen und Stimmungen in den Litera­
turwissenschaften von heute’, Germanic Review, xxi (1946), pp.
81-113
Van Tieghem, Phillipe, Tendances nouvelles en histoire littéraire
(Études françaises, No. 22), Paris 1930
Wehrli, Max, Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft, Bern 1951
Wellek, RenÉ, ‘The Revolt against Positivism in Recent European Literary Scholarship’, Twentieth-Century English (ed. William
457
bibliografia
S. Knicker­bocker), New York 1946, pp. 67-89
2. ramdenime inglisuri Sexeduleba
Holloway, John, The Charted Mirror. Literary and Critical Essays,
London 1960
Knights, L. C., ‘The University Teaching of English and History:
A Plea for Correlation’, Explorations, London 1946, pp. 186-99
Leavis, F. R., Education and the University, London 1944
‘The Literary Discipline and Liberal Education’, Sewanee Review, lv (1947), PP. 586-609
Lee, Sir Sidney, ‘The Place of English Literature in the Modern
Univer­sity’, Elizabethan and Other Essays, Oxford 1929 (this particular essay dates from 1911), pp. 1-19
McKerrow, Ronald В., A Note on the Teaching of English Language
and Literature (English Association Pamphlet No. 49), London 1921
Potter, Stephen, The Muse in Chains: A Study in Education, London 1937
Sutherland, James, English in the Universities, Cambridge 1945
Tillyard, E. M. W., The Muse Unchained: An Intimate Account of
the Revolu­tion in English Studies at Cambridge, London 1958
3. germanel mecnierTa Sexeduleba
Benda, Oskar, Der gegenwärtige Stand der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Vienna 1928
Bruford, W. H., Literary Interpretation in Germany, Cambridge
1952
Mahrholz, Werner, Literaturgeschichte und Literaturwissenschaft,
Berlin 1923 (2nd ed., 1932)
Merker, Paul, Neue Aufgaben der deutschen Literaturgeschichte,
Leipzig 1921
Oppel, Horst, Die Literaturwissenschaft in der Gegenwart, Stuttgart 1939
Rossner, H., Georgekreis und Literaturwissenschaft, Frankfurt 1938
SchÜtze, Martin, Academic Illusions in the Field of Letters and the
Arts, Chicago 1933 (new ed. Hamden, Conn., 1962)
458
bibliografia
Schultz, Franz, Das Schicksal der deutschen LiteraturgeschichFrankfurt a. M. 1929
ViËtor, Karl, ‘Deutsche Literaturgeschichte als Geistesgeschichte: ein Rückblick’, PMLA, lx (1945), pp. 899-916
te,
4. informacia rusuli formalizmis Sesaxeb
Erlich, Victor, Russian Formalism: History - Doctrine (with pre­
face by René Wellek), The Hague 1955
Gourfinkel, Nina, ‘Les nouvelles méthodes d’histoire littéraire
en Russie’, Le Monde Slave, vi (1929), pp. 234-63
Kridl, Manfred, ‘Russian Formalism’, The American Bookman,
I (1944), pp. 19-30
Neumann, F. W.,’ Die formale Schule der russischen Literaturwissenschaft’, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für ‘Literaturwissenschaft und
Geistesgeschichte, xxix (1955), pp. 99-121
Setschkareff, Vsevolod, ‘Zwei Tendenzen in der neuen russischen Literaturtheorie’, Jahrhuch für Ästhetik, III (1955-7), PP- 94-107
Tomashevsky, Boris, ‘La nouvelle école d’histoire littéraire en
Russie’, Revue des études slaves, viii (1928), pp. 226-40
VanTieghem, Phillipe, and Gourfinkel, Nina, ‘Quelques produits du formalisme russe’, Revue de littérature comparée, xii (1932),
pp. 425-34
Vosnesensky, A., ‘Die Methodologie der russischen Literaturforschung in den Jahren 1910-25’, Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie,
iv (1927), pp. 145-62, and v (1928), pp. 175-99
‘Problems of Method in the Study of Literature in Russia’, Slavonic Review, vI (i927), PP- 168-77
Zhirmunsky, Viktor, ‘Formprobleme in der russischen
Literaturwis­senschaft’, Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie, 1 (1925),
pp. 117-52
IV. amerikuli Sexeduleba literaturaTmcodneobisa
da kritikis Sesaxeb
Babbitt, Irving, Literature and the American College, Boston 1908
Crane, Ronald S., The Languages of Criticism and the Structure of
459
bibliografia
Poetry, Toronto 1953
Foerster, Norman, The American Scholar: A Study in Litterae Inhumaniores, Chapel Hill 1929
‘The Study of Letters’, Literary Scholarship: Its Aims and Methods,
Chapel Hill 1941, pp. 3-32
Foster, Richard, The New Romantics: A Reappraisal of the New
Criticism, Bloomington, Indiana 1962
Gauss, Christian, ‘More Humane Letters’, PMLA, lx (1945),
pp. 1306-12
Hyman, Stanley Edgar, The Armed Vision: A Study in the Methods
of Modern Literary Criticism, New York 1948 (new ed. 1955)
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Sachs, Hanns, Creative Unconscious, Cambridge, Mass., 1942,
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Squires, P. C., ‘Dostoyevsky: A Psychopathological Sketch’, Psychoan. Rev., xxiv (1937), pp. 365-88
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mecxre Tavi
literatura da sazogadoeba
I. zogadi msjeloba literaturisa da sazogadoebis
Sesa­xeb da zogierTi wigni individualur problemebze
Bruford, W. H., Theatre, Drama and Audience in Goethe’s Germany, London 1950
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Knights, L. С., Drama and Society in the Age of Jonson, London
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Kohn-Bramstedt, Ernst, Aristocracy and the Middle Classes in
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Lalo, Charles, L’Art et la vie sociale, Paris 1921
Lanson, Gustave, ‘L’Histoire littéraire et la sociologie’, Revue de
Métaphysique et morale, xii (1904), pp. 621-42
LEAVIS, Q. D., Fiction and the Reading Public, London 1932
Lerner, Max, and Mims, Edwin, ‘Literature’, Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, ix (1933), pp. 523-43
Levin, Harry, ‘Literature as an Institution’, Accent, vi (1946),
pp. 159-68. Reprinted in Criticism (eds. Schorer, Miles, McKenzie),
New York 1948, pp.546-53
Lowenthal, Leo, Literature and the Image of Man, Sociological
Studies of the European Drama and Novel, 1600-1900, Boston 1957
NIEMANN, LUDWIG, Sociologie des naturalistischen Romans, Berlin
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READ, HERBERT, Art and Society, London 1937
SchÜcking, Levin, Die Sociologie der literarischen Geschmacksbildung, Munich 1923. (Second, enlarged ed., Leipzig 1931; English tr.
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Sewter, A. C., ‘The Possibilities of a Sociology of Art’, Sociological Review (London), xxvii (1935), pp. 441-53
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II. ramdenime Sexeduleba literaturis ekonomikuri is­
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Beljame, Alexandre, Le Public et les hommes des lettres en Angleterre au XVIIIе Siècle: Dryden, Addison et Pope, Paris 1883 (English tr.
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Collins, A. S., Authorship in tbe Days of Johnson, New York 1927
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Holzknecht, Karl J., Literary Patronage in the Middle Ages, Philadelphia 1923
LÉvy, Robert, Le Mécénat et l’organisation du crédit intellectual,
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Sheavyn, Phoebe, The Literary Profession in the Elizabethan Age,
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III. literaturis zogierTi marqsistuli kvleva da mar­
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Cohen, Morris R., ‘American Literary Criticism and Economic
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Demetz, Peter, Marx, Engels und die Dichter. Zur Grundlagenforschung des Marxismus, Stuttgart 1959
Farrell, James Т., A Note on Literary Criticism, New York 1936
Finkelstein, Sidney, Art and Society, New York 1947
FrÉville, Jean (ed.), Sur la littérature et l’art, two vols., Paris 1936
(con­tains relevant texts on Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin)
Grib, V., Balzac (tr. from Russian; Critics’ Group Series), New
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Henderson, P., Literature and a Changing Civilization, London
1935 The Novel of Today: Studies in Contemporary Attitudes, Oxford
1936
Iskowicz, Marc, La Littérature à la lumière du materialisme historique, Paris 1926
Jackson, T. A., Charles Dickens. The Progress of a Radical, New
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Klingender, F. D., Marxism and Modern Art, London 1943
Lifshitz, Mikhail, The Philosophy of Art of Karl Marx (tr. from
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Beiträge zur Geschichte der Ästhetik, Berlin 1954
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Essays über Realismus, Berlin 1948
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Goethe und seine Zeit, Bern 1947
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(with bibliography)
Thomas Mann, Berlin 1949
Marx, K., and Engels, F., Über Kunst und Literatur (ed. M. Lifschitz), Berlin 1948
Novitsky, Pavel J., Cervantes and Don Quixote (tr. from Russian;
Critics’ Group Series), New York 1936
Plekhanov, Georgi, Art and Society (tr. from Russian; Critics’
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Sakulin, N. P., Die russische Literatur, Potsdam 1930 (in series
Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft, ed. O. Walzel) (tr. from Russian)
Smirnov, A. A., Shakespeare (tr. from Russian; Critics’ Group Series), New York 1936
Smith, Bernard, Forces in American Criticism, New York 1939
Thomson, George, Aeschylus and Athens. A Study in the Social
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meaTe Tavi
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Teoriuli msjeloba
Boas, George, ‘Some Problems of Intellectual History’, Studies in
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Crane, Ronald S., ‘Literature, Philosophy, and Ideas’, Modern
Philology, LII (1954), 78-83
Gilson, Étienne, Les Idées et Us lettres, Paris 1932
Glockner, Hermann, ‘ Philosophie und Dichtung: Typen ihrer
Wechselwirkung von den Griechen bis auf Hegel’, Zeitschrift für Ästhetik, xv (1920-21), pp. 187-204
Jockers, Ernst, ‘Philosophic und Literaturwissenschaft’, Germanic Re­view, x (1935), pp. 73-97» 166-86
Laird, John, Philosophical Incursions into English Literature, Cambridge 1946
Lovejoy, Arthur O., Essays in the History of Ideas, Baltimore 1948
The Great Chain of Being, Cambridge, Mass. 1936
‘The Historiography of Ideas’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, lxxvii (1937-8), pp. 529-43
‘Present Standpoint and Past History’, Journal of Philosophy,
xxxvi (1939), pp. 471-89
‘Reflections on the History of Ideas’, Journal of the History of
Ideas, 1 (1940), pp. 1-23
‘Reply to Professor Spitzer’, Ibid., v (1944), pp. 204-19
LÜtzeler, Heinrich, ‘Gedichtsaufbau und Welthaltung des
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Nicolson, Marjorie, ‘The History of Literature and the History
of Thought’, English Institute Annual, 1939, New York 1940, pp. 56-89
Nohl, Herman, Stil und Weltanschauung, Jena 1923
Santayana, George, ‘Tragic Philosophy’, Works (Triton ed.),
New York 1936, pp. 275-88 (reprinted in Literary Opinion in America,
M. D. Zabel, ed. New York 1937, pp. 129-41)
Spitzer, Leo, ‘Geistesgeschichte vs. History of Ideas as applied to
Hitlerism’, Journal of the History of Ideas, у (1944), pp. 191-203
Stace, W. Т., The Meaning of Beauty. A Theory of Aesthetics, London 1929, especially pp. 164 ff.
Taylor, Harold A., ‘Further Reflections on the History of Ideas’, Journal of Philosophy, xl (1943), pp. 281-99
Trilling, Lionel, ‘The Meaning of a Literary Idea’, The Liberal
Imagina­tion, New York 1950, pp. 281-303
Unger, Rudolf, Aufsätze zur Prinzipienlehre der Literaturgeschichte, two vols., Berlin 1929. (Vol. 1 contains ‘Literaturgeschichte’,’Phi­
losophische Problemc der neucren Literaturwissenschaft’, ‘Weltanschauung und Dichtung’)
Walzel, Oskar, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,
Berlin-Pots­dam 1923
Wechssler, Eduard, ‘Über die Beziehung von Weltanschauung
und Kunstschaffen’, Marburger Beiträge zur romanischen Philologie, ix
(1911), 46 pp.
meTerTmete Tavi
literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi
I. zogadi msjeloba
Binyon, Laurence, ‘English Poetry in its Relation to Painting
and the Other Arts’, Proceedings of the British Academy, viii (1918),
pp. 381-402
479
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Brown, Calvin S., Music and Literature: A Comparison of the Arts,
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Combarieu, Jules, Les Rapports de la musique et de la poésie, Paris
1894
Greene, Theodore Meyer, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940
Hatzfeld, Helmut A.,’ Literary Criticism Through Art and Art
Criticism Through Literature’, Journal of Aesthetics, vi (1947), pp. 1-21
Hourticq, Louis, L’Art et littératture, Paris 1946
Maury, Paul, Arts et littérature comparés: état présent de la question, Paris 1933
MEDICUS, FRITZ, ‘Das Problem einer vergleichenden Geschichte
der Künste’, Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (ed. Emil Ermatin­
ger), Berlin 1930, pp. 188-239
Read, Herbert, ‘Parallels in English Painting and Poetry’, In Defence of Shelley and other Essays, London 1936, pp. 233-48
Sachs, Curt, The Commonwealth of Art: Style in the Arts, Music
and the Dance, New York 1946
Souriau, Étienne, La Correspondence des arts. Eléments d’esthétique
comparée, Paris 1947
Vossler, Karl, ‘Über wechselseitige Erhellung der Künste’, Festschrift Heinrich Wölfflin zum 70. Geburtstag, Dresden 1935, pp. 160-7
Walzel, Oskar, Gehalt und Gestalt im Kunstwerk des Dichters,
Berlin-Potsdam 1923, csp. pp. 265 ff. and 282 ff.
Wechselseitige Erhellung der Künste, Berlin 1917
Wais, Kurt, Symbiose der Künste, Stuttgart 1936
‘Vom Gleichlauf der Künste’, Bulletin of the International Committee of the Historical Sciences, ix (1937), pp. 295-304
II. ramdenime naSromi literaturasa da xelovnebas So­
ris istoriuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
Вaldensperger, F., Sensibilité musicale et romantisme, Paris 1925
Bontoux, Germaine, La Chanson en Angleterre an temps d’Elizabeth,
Paris 1938
Fairchild, Arthur H. R., Shakespeare and the Arts of Design (Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting), Columbia, Miss. 1937
Fehr, Bernhard, ‘The Antagonism of Forms in the Eighteenth
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Century’, English Studies, xviii (1936), pp. 115-21,193-205; xix (1937),
pp. 1-13, 49-57 (reprinted in Von Englands geistigen Beständen, Frauenfeld 1944, pp. 59-118)
Hatzfeld, Helmut A., Literature Through Art: A New Approach to
French Literature, New York 1952
Hautecoeur, Louis, Littérature et peinture en France du XVIIе au
XXе siècle, Paris 1942
Hautmann, Max, ‘Der Wandel der Bildvorstellungen in der
deutschen Dichtung und Kunst des romanischen Zeitalters’, Festschrift Heinrich Wölfflin, Munich 1924, pp, 63-81
Hollander, John, The Untuning of the Sky: Ideas of Music in English Poetry 1500-1700, Princeton 1961
Larrabee, Stephen A., English Hards and Grecian Marbles: The
Relation­ship between Sculpture and Poetry, New York 1943
Manwaring, Elizabeth W., Italian Landscape in Eighteenth Century England, New York 1925
Meyer, Herman, ‘Die Verwandlung des Sichtbaren. Die Bedeutung der modernen bildenden Kunst für Rilkes späte Dichtung’,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesge­
schichte, xxxi (1957), pp. 465-505
Pattison, Bruce, Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance, London 1948
Seznec, Jean, ‘Flaubert and the Graphic Arts’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, viii (1945), pp. 175-90
Smith, Warren H., Architecture in English Fiction, New Haven
1934
Tinker, Chauncey Brewster, Painter and Poet: Studies in the Lite­
rary Relations of English Painting, Cambridge, Mass. 1938
Webster, Thomas B. L., Greek Art and Literature 530-400 b.c., Oxford 1939
Wind, Edgar, ‘Humanitätsidee und heroisches Porträt in der
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meTormete Tavi
481
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis
wesi
I. msjeloba
ontologiaze
literaturis
arsebobis
wessa
da
Bilsky, Manuel, ‘The Significance of Locating the Art Object’,
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, xiii (1935), pp. 531-36
Bonati, FÉlix Martinez, La estructura de la obra literaria, Santiago
de Chile i960
Conrad, Waldemar, ‘Der ästhetische Gegenstand’, Zeitschrift
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Dufrenne, Mikel, Phénoménologie de I’objet esthétique, Paris 1950
Hartmann, Nikolai, Das Problem des geistigen Seins, Berlin 1933
Hirsch, E. D., Jun., ‘Objective Interpretation’, PMLA, lxxv
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Husserl, Edmund, Méditations cartésiennes, Paris 1931
Ingarden, Roman, Das literarische Kunstwerk, Halle 1931
Joad, С. E. M., Guide to Philosophy (New York 1935), pp. 267-70
Kahn, Sholom J., ‘What Does a Critic Analyze?’ Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research, xiii (1952), pp. 237-45
Lalo, Charles, ‘The Aesthetic Analysis of a Work of Art: An
Essay on the Structure and Superstructure of Poetry’, Journal of Aesthetics, vii (1949), PP- 278-93
MÜller, GÜnther, Über die Seinsweise von Dichtung’, Deutsche
Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, xvn
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MukaŘovskÝ, Jan, ‘L’Art comme fait sémiologique’, Actes de huitiéme congrés international de philosophie à Prague, Prague 1936, pp.
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Souriau, Étienne, ‘Analyse existentielle de l’oeuvre d’art’, a section of La Correspondance des arts, Paris 1947
Vivas, Eliseo, ‘What Is a Poem?’ Creation and Discovery, New
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Ziff, Paul, ‘Art and the “Object of Art’”, Mind, lx (1951),
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II. msjeloba ‘explication
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482
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gamoyeneba
Brunot, F., ‘Explications françaises’, Revue universitaire, iv
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Hatzfeld, Helmut, Einführung in die Interpretation neufranzösischer Texte, Munich 1922
Lanson, Gustave, ‘Quelques mots sur l’explication de textes’,
Méthodes de I’histoire littéraire, Paris 1925, pp. 38-57
Roustan, M., Précis d’explication française, Paris 1911
Rudler, Gustave, L’Explication française, Paris 1902
Vigneron, Robert, Explication de Textes and Its Adaptation to the
Teaching of Modern Languages, Chicago 1928
III. msjeloba ‘close reading’–is Sesaxeb da misi meTodebis
nimuSebi
Blackmur, Richard P., Language as Gesture, Essays in Poetry,
New York 1952
The Lion and the Honeycomb, New York 1955
Bloom, Harold, The Visionary Company. A Reading of English Romantic Poetry, New York 1961
Brooks, Cleanth, Modern Poetry and the Tradition, Chapel Hill
1939 and Warren, Robert Penn, Understanding Poetry, New York
1938
The Well Wrought Urn, New York 1947
Brower, Reuben A., The Fields of Light. An Experiment in Critical
Reading, New York 1951
Burger, Heinz Otto (ed.), Gedicht und Gedanke, Halle 1942
Burnshaw, Stanley (ed.), The Poem Itself, New York i960
Cohen, Gustave, Essai d’explication du ‘Cimetière marin’, Paris
1933
Crane, Ronald S.,’Interpretation of Texts and the History of
Ideas’, College English, II (1941), pp. 755-65
Empson, William, Seven Types of Ambiguity, London 1930 (new
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Étienne, S., Expériences d’analyse textuelle en vue d’explication littéraire, Paris 1935
Hartman, Geoffrey H., The Unmediated Vision. An Interpretation
of Wordsworth, Hopkins, Rilke, and Valiry, New Haven 1954
Goodman, Paul, The Structure of Literature, Chicago 1954
Kommerell, Max, Gedanken über Gedichte, Frankfurt 1943
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Leavis, F. R., New Bearings in English Poetry, London 1932
Revaluation. Tradition and Development in English Poetry, London
1936 (re­printed New York 1947)
Olson, Elder, ‘Rhetoric and the Appreciation of Pope’, Modern
Philology, xxxvn (1939), PP- 13-35
‘Sailing to Byzantium. Prolegomena to a Poetics of the Lyric’,
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Martini, Fritz, Das Wagnis der Sprache: Interpretationen deutscher
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Ransom, John Crowe, The World’s Body, New York 1938
Richards, I. A., Practical Criticism, London 1929, New York 1955
Spitzer, Leo. See list of works under chapter 14, section 1, below
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Tate, Allen, On the Limits of Poetry. Selected Essays: 1928-1948,
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Unger, Leonard, ‘Notes on Ash Wednesday’, Southern Review, iv
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Walzel, Oskar, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,
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IV. literaturul
msjeloba
naSromSi
‘intention`-is
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mecamete Tavi
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Bate, Walter Jackson, The Stylistic Development of Keats, New
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Brik, Osip, ‘Zvukovie povtory’ (Sound-patterns), Poetika, Petersburg 1919
Chapin, Elsa, and Russell, Thomas, A New Approach to Poetry,
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Servien, Pius, Lyrisme et structures sonores, Paris 1930
Snyder, Edward D., Hypnotic Poetry: A Study of Trance-Inducing
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Vossler, Karl, ‘Stil, Rhythmus und Reim in ihrer Wechselwirkung bei Petrarca und Leopardi’, Miscellanea di studi critici ... in
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Zhirmunsky, Viktor, Rifma, ее istoria i teoriya (Rhyme, its History
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II. ritmi da prozis ritmi
Baum, Paull F., The Other Harmony of Prose, Durham, N. C. 1952
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ViËtor, Karl, Geschichte der deutchen Ode, Munich 1923
‘Probleme der literarischen Gattungsgeschichte’, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Uteraturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, ix (1931),
pp. 425-47 (re­printed in Geist und Form, Bern 1952, pp. 292-309
Whitmore, Charles E., ‘The Validity of Literary Definitions’,
PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 722-36
meTvramete Tavi
Sefaseba
Alexander, Samuel, Beauty and Other Forms of Value, London
1933
Beriger, Leonhard, Die literarische Wertung, Halle 1938
Boas, George, A Primer for Critics, Baltimore 1937 (revised ed.
Wingless Pegasus, Baltimore 1950)
Dingle, Herbert, Science and Literary Criticism, London 1949
Garnett, A. C., Reality and Value, New Haven 1937
Heyde, Johannes, Wert: eine philosophische Grundlegung, Erfurt
1926
Heyl, Bernard C., New Bearings in Esthetics and Art Criticism: A
Study in Semantics and Evaluation, New Haven 1943
Laird, John, The Idea of Value, Cambridge 1929
Osborne, Harold, Aesthetics and Criticism, London 1955
Pell, Orlie A., Value-Theory and Criticism, New York 1930
Pepper, Stephen С., The Basis of Criticism in the Arts, Cambridge,
Mass., 1945
Perry, Ralph В., General Theory of Value, New York 1926
Prall, David W., A Study in the Theory of Value (University of
California Publications in Philosophy, Vol. in, No. 2), 1921
Reid, John R., A Theory of Value, New York 1938
Rice, Philip Blair, ‘Quality and Value’, Journal of Philosophy, xl
(1943), pp.337-48
502
bibliografia
‘Towards a Syntax of Valuation’, Journal of Philosophy, xli
(1944), pp. 331-63
Shumaker, Wayne, Elements of Critical Theory, Berkeley, Calif.
1952
Stevenson, Charles L., Ethics and Language, New Haven 1944
Vivas, Eliseo, ‘A Note on Value’, Journal of Philosophy, xxxiii (193
6), pp. 568-75
‘The Esthetic Judgment’, Journal of Philosophy, xxxiii (i936),
pp. 57-69
Urban, Wilbur, Valuation: Its Nature and Laws, New York 1909
Walsh, Dorothy, ‘Literature and the Literary Judgment’, University of Toronto Quarterly, xxiv (.1955), pp. 341-50
Wimsatt, William K., ‘Explication as Criticism’, The Verbal Icon,
Lex­ington, Ky, 1954, pp. 235-52
Wutz, Herbert, Zur Theorie der literarischen Wertung, Tübingen
1957
mecxramete Tavi
literaturis istoria
I. zogadi msjeloba literaturis istoriis Sesaxeb
Curtius, Ernst Robert, Europäische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter, Bern 1948 (English tr. European Literature and the Latin Middle
Ages, New York 1953).
Cysarz, Herbert, Literaturgeschichte als Geisteswissenschaft, Halle
1926
Greenlaw, Edwin, The Province of Literary History, Baltimore
1931
Lacombe, Paul, Introduction a I’histoire littéraire, Paris 1898
Lanson, Gustave, ‘Histoire littéraire’, De la méthode dans les sciences, Paris (second scries, 1911), pp. 221-64
Méthodes de I’histoire littéraire, Paris 1925
Morize, Andre, Problems and Methods of Literary History, Boston
1922
503
bibliografia
Renard, Georges, La Methode scientifique d’histoire littéraire, Paris
1900
Rudler, Gustave, Les Techniques de la critique et d’histoire littéraire
en littérature française moderne, Oxford 1923
Sanders, Chauncey, An Introduction to Research in English Literary History, New York 1952
Wellek, RenÉ, ‘The Theory of Literary History’, Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Prague, iv (1936), pp. 173-91
II. Teoriuli msjeloba periodizaciis Sesaxeb
Cazamian, Louis, ‘La Notion de retours périodiques dans
l’histoire littéraire’, Essais en deux langues, Paris 1938, pp. 3-10
‘Les Périodes dans l’histoire de la littérature anglaise moderne’, Ibid., pp. 11-22
Cysarz, Herbert, ‘Das Periodenprinzip in der Literaturwissenschaft’, Philosophie der Uteraturwissenschaft (ed. E. Ermatinger), Berlin 1930, pp. 92-129
Friedrich, H., ‘Der Epochebegriff im Lichte der französischen
Préromantismeforschung’, Neue Jahrbücher für Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, X (1934), pp. 124-40
Meter, Richard Moritz, ‘Prinzipien der wissenschaftlichen
Periodenbildung’, Euphorion, viii (1901), pp. 1-42
Miles, Josephine, ‘Eras in English Poetry’, PMLA, lxx (1955),
pp. 853-75
‘Le Second Congrés international d’histoire littéraire, Amsterdam 1935: Les Périodes dans l’histoire littéraire depuis la Renaissance’, bulletin of the International Committee of the Historical Sciences,
ix (1937), pp. 255-398
Teesing, H. P. H., Das Problem der Perioden in der Literaturgeschichte, Groningen 1949
Wellek, RenÉ, ‘Periods and Movements in Literary History’,
English Institute Annual, 1940, New York 1941, pp. 73-93
Wiese, Benno von, ‘Zur Kritik des geisteswissenschaftlichen
504
bibliografia
Perioden-begriffes’, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, xi (1933), pp. 130-44
III. ramdenime Sexeduleba ZiriTadi periodebis Sesaxeb
1. renesansi
Borinski, Karl, Die Weltwiedergeburtsidee in den neueren Zeiten. 1:
Der Streit um die Renaissance und die Entstehungsgeschichte der historischen Beziehungsbegriffe ‘Renaissance’ und ‘Mittelalter’, Munich 1919
Burdach, Konrad, ‘Sinn und Ursprung der Worte Renaissance
und Re­formation’, Reformation, Renaissance, Humanismus, Berlin
1926, pp. 1-84
Eppelsheimer, H. W., ‘Das Renaissanceproblem’, Deutsche
Vierteljahr­schrift für L.iteraturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte,
II (1933), pp. 477-500
Ferguson, Wallace K., The Renaissance in Historical Thought,
Boston 1948
Fife, R. H., ‘The Renaissance in a Changing World’, Germanic
Review, ix (1934), PP-73-95
Huizinga, J., ‘Das Problem der Renaissance’, Wege der Kulturgeschichte (tr. Werner Kaegi), Munich 1930, pp. 89-139
Panofsky, Erwin, ‘Renaissance and Renascences’, Kenyon Review, vi (i944), PP- 201-36
Philippi, A., Der Begriff der Renaissance: Daten zu seiner Geschichte,
Leipzig 1912
2. klasicizmi
:
Levin, Harry, ‘Contexts of the Classical’, Contexts of Criticism,
Cambridge, Mass. 1957, pp. 38-54
Luck, Georg, ‘Scriptor classicus’, Comparative Literature, x
(1958), pp, 150-58
Moreau, Pierre, ‘Qu’est-ce qu’un classique? Qu’est-ce qu’un romantique?’ Le Classicisme des Romantiques, Paris 1932, pp. 1-22
505
bibliografia
Peyre, Henri, Le Classicisme français, New York 1942 (contains
chapter ‘Le Mot classicisme’ and annotated bibliography)
Van Tieghem, Paul, ‘Classique’, Revue de synthsée historique, xli
(1931), pp.238-41
3. baroko:
Сalcaterra, С., 'II problema del barocco', Questioni e correnti di
storia letteraria (a volume of Problemi ed orientamenti critici di lingua e
di letteratura italiana, ed. A. Momigliano), Milano 1948, pp. 405-501
Coutinho, AfrÂnio, Aspectos de literatura barroca, Rio de Janeiro
1950
Getto, Giovanni, ‘La polemica sul Barocco’, Letteratura e critica
nel tempo, Milano 1954, pp. 131-218
Hatzfeld, Helmut, ‘A Clarification of the Baroque Problem in
the Ro­mance Literatures’, Comparative Literature I (1949), pp. 113-39
Der gegenwärtige Stand der romanistischen Barockforschung, Munich 1961
‘The Baroque from the Viewpoint of the Literary Historian’,
Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, xiv (1955), pp. 156-64
Kurz, Otto, ‘Barocco: storia di una parola’, Lettere italiane, xn
(1960), pp 414-44
Macri, Oreste, La historiografia del barroco literario español,
­Bogota, 1961
Migliorini, Bruno, ‘Etimologia e storia del termine Barocco’, in
Manierismo, Barocco, Rococò: Concetti e termini. Convegno Internationale, Accade mia dei Lincei, Rome 1962, pp. 39-49
Mourgues, Odette de, Metaphysical, Baroque, and Précieux Poetry,
Oxford 1953
Nelson, Lowry, Jun., ‘Baroque: Word and Concept’, Baroque
Lyric Poetry, New Haven 1961, pp. 1-17
Sayce, R. A., ‘The Use of the Term “Baroque” in French Literary
History’, Comparative Literature, x (1958), pp. 246-53
Wellek, RenÉ, ‘The Concept of Baroque in Literary Scholarship’,
Journal of Aesthetics, v (1946), pp. 77--109 (with full bibliography)
4. romantizmi:
506
bibliografia
Aynard, Joseph, ‘Comment définir le romantisme?’, Revue de littérature comparée, v (1925), pp. 641-58
Baldensperger, Fernand, ‘ Romantique - ses analogues et équi
valents’, Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, xiv
(1937), pp. 13-105
BarrÈre, Jean-Bertrand, ‘Sur quelques définitions du Roman­
tisme’, Revue des sciences humaines, lxii-lxiii (1951), pp. 93-110
Peckham, Morse, ‘Toward a Theory of Romanticism’, PMLA,
lxvi (1951), pp. 5-23; ‘Toward a Theory of Romanticism: II.
Reconsidera­tions’, Studies in Romanticism, I (1961), 1-6
Petersen, Julius, Die Wesensbestimmung der deutschen Romantik,
Leipzig 1926
Remak, Henry H. H., ‘West European Romanticism: Definition
and Scope’, Comparative Literature: Method and Perspective (ed. Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz), Carbondale, III. 1961, pp. 223-59
Schultz, Franz, ‘Romantik und Romantisch als literaturgeschichtliche Terminologie und Begriffsbildungen’, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, II (1924),
pp. 349-66
Smith, Logan P., Four Words: Romantic, Originality, Creative, Ge­
nius (Society for Pure English, Tract No. 17), Oxford 1924 (reprinted
in Words and Idioms, Boston 1925)
Ullmann, Richard, and Gotthard, Helene, Geschichte des Begriffs
‘Romantisch’ in Deutschland, Berlin 1927
Wellek, RenÉ, ‘The Concept of Romanticism in Literary Scho­
larship’, Comparative Literature I (1949), pp. 1-23, 147-72
5. realizmi
Borgerhoff, E. В. O., ‘Réalisme and Kindred Words: Their Use
as a Term of Literary Criticism in the First Half of the Nineteenth
Century’, Publications of the Modern Language Association, liii (1938),
pp. 837-43
Brinkmann, Richard, Wirklichkeit und Illusion: Studien über Gehalt und Grenzen des Begriffs Realismus, Tübingen 1957
Levin, Harry (ed.), ‘A Symposium on Realism’, Comparative Lit507
bibliografia
erature iii (i951), pp. 193-285
Watt, Ian, ‘Realism and the Novel Form’, The Rise of the Novel:
Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding, London 1960, pp. 9-34
Weinberg, Bernard, French Realism: The Critical Reaction, ­1830-70,
Chicago 1937
Wellek, RenÉ, ‘The Concept of Realism in Literary Scholarship’,
Neophilologus, xl (1960), pp. 1-20
6. simbolizmi
Barre, AndrÉ, Le Symbolisme, Paris 1911
Lehmann, A. G., The Symbolist Aesthetic in France 1885-1895, Oxford 1950
Martino, Pierre, Parnasse et symbolisme: 1850-1900, Paris 1925,
pp. 150- 55
IV. msjeloba ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literaturasa da
istoriaSi
Abercrombie, Lascelles, Progress in Literature, London 1929
BrunetiÈre, Ferdinand, L’Évolution des genres dans I’histoire de la
littéra­ture, Paris 1890
Cazamian, Louis, L’Évolution psychologique de la littérature en Angleterre, Paris 1920
Croce, Benedetto, ‘Categorismo e psicologismo nella storia
­della poesia’, Ultimi saggi, Bari 1935, pp. 373-79
‘La riforma della storia artistica e letteraria', Nuovi saggi di este­
tica, second ed., Bari 1927, pp. 157-80
Curtius, Ernst Robert, Ferdinand Brunetière, Strassburg 1914
Driesch, Hans, Logische Studien über Entwicklung (Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie, Philosophisch-historische
Klasse, 1918, No. 3)
Kantorowicz, Hermann, ‘ Grundbegriffe der Literaturgeschichte’, Logos, xviii (1929), pp. 102-21
Kautzsch, Rudolf, Der Begriff der Entwicklung in der Kunstgesc508
bibliografia
bichte (Frank­furter Universitätsreden, No. 7), Frankfurt 1917
Manly, John Matthews, ‘Literary Forms and the New Theory of
the Origin of Species’, Modern Philology, iv (1907), pp. 577-95
Mannheim, Karl, ‘Historismus’, Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft
und Sozialpolitik, lii (1925), pp. 1-60 (English tr. in Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, New York 1952, pp. 84-133)
Meinecke, Friedrich, ‘Kausalitäten und Werte in dcr Geschichte’, Historische Zeitschrift, cxxxvii (1918), pp. 1-27 (reprinted in Stoat
und Persönlichkeit, Berlin 1933, pp. 28-53)
Rickert, Heinrich, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen
Begriffsbildung, Tübingen 1902 (fifth ed., 1929)
Kulturwissenschaft und Naturwissenschaft, Tübingen 1921
Riezler, Kurt, Über den Begriff der historischcn Entwicklung’,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, iv (1926), pp.193-225
Symonds, John Addington, ‘On the Application of Evolutionary
Principles to Art and Literature’, Essays Speculative and Suggestive,
London 1890, Vol. 1, pp. 42-84
Troeltsch, Ernst, Der Historismus und seine Probleme, Tübingen
1922, new ed 1961
Wellek, RenÉ, ‘The Concept of Evolution in Literary History’
Fo. Roman Jakobson, The Hague 1956, pp. 653-61
509
510
indeqsi
511
512
indeqsi
aarne, anti, 441
aberkrombi, daSelesi, 448
aboti, Carlzi d., 412
agripa, korneliusi, 299, 435
adisoni, jozefi, 143, 145, 282
adleri, alfredi, 409
adleri, mortimeri, 39, 398,
414
adoracki, v., 415
avgustine, wmida, 49, 399
avTenturoba, 77-8, 88, 93
avtoroba, 78
azari, poli, 162, 418
aikeni, konradi, 128
aixendorfi, Josef von, 175
ainli, duglasi, 429, 451
ainStaini, alberti, 424
aleni, r. j., 413
alonso, amado, 264
alonso, damaso, 264
amerikuli literatura, 134
amieli, henri frederiki, 322
ampere, j.-j., 63
apelesi, 186
apolineri, giliomi, 207
ariosto, ludoviko, 182
aristotele, 20, 41, 48, 53,
193, 276, 284, 310, 331, 333, 336,
340, 436, 444
arnhaimi, rudolfi, 412
arnoldi, meTiu, 40, 63, 88,
107, 259, 280, 309, 408, 431
aroni, reimondi, 395
asociacia, 123-4
auerbaxi, erixi, 69, 402
baironi, jorj gordoni,
lordi, 105, 109, 112, 139, 232,
306, 338, 358, 385, 414, 445
baldenspergeri, fernani, 65,
400, 414
balzaki, onore de, 31, 32, 43,
118, 120, 136, 145-6, 168, 169,
311, 319, 322, 356, 419, 441, 442
banzuni, Jaki, 457
bara, emili, 269
baranti, prosper de, 139, 413
barbiusi, anri, 266, 432
bari, jeimsi, 452
barkasi, palisteri, 240, 428
barneti, joni, 414
barnsi, h. e., 424
baroko, 173-4, 191-4, 207, 214,
260, 268, 288-90
bartasi, diu, 290
basano, jakopo, 195
batleri, samueli, 162
batleri, josefi, 24
batler-boudeni, v., 403
bebiti, irvingi, 181, 444, 446
bede, Jan-alberti, 116
bedie, jozefi, 81
beTeli, s. l., 396
beThoveni, ludvig van, 169
beikeri, j. e., 449
beiti, uolter jeqsoni, 235,
513
indeqsi
416, 434
beitsoni, f. v., 54, 252-4, 399,
430
beili, joni, 381
beinsi, h. g., 418
bekeri, f. b., 416
bekeri, hovardi, 416
bekingi, gustavi, 427
bekoni, frensisi, 294, 296
beli, andrei, 239
beli, Sarli, 264, 438, 444
beljioni, montgomeri, 47
beneti, arnoldi, 145
beniani, joni, 325
bentli, eriki, 406
bentli, jeraldi e., 418
benusi, vitorio, 429
bergsoni, henri, 25, 41, 266
berdiaevi, nikolai, 163, 426
berendi, e., 441
berkelmani, r. g., 411
berkli, jorji, 24, 162, 279,
296
berliozi, heqtori, 169
bernai, maikli, 405
bernei, fani, 321
bernini, jiovani, 215
bernsi, roberti, 136, 299
bertoni, roberti, 376
bexi, filip augusti, 51-2, 399
birkhedi, ediTi, 445
birkhofi, g. d., 190, 229, 422,
425
birni, muriel st. kleri, 404
biuleri, karli, 284, 435
biuheri, karli, 155, 424
biCi, jozef uoreni, 423, 442
blagoi, d., 413
bleiki, uiliami, 33, 171, 186,
253, 275-6, 299, 300, 358, 363,
434
bleri, hiu, 335, 336
bleqmuri, r. p., 53
bloki, aleqsandre, 344
bloxi, jozefi, 415
bogatirevi, petre, 401
bodleri, Carlzi, 66, 86, 116,
287, 411
bodkini, maudi, 410
boduini, Sarli, 433
boeme, iakobi, 171, 435
boesi, f. s., 403
boesi, jorji, 40, 157-8, 354,
398, 417, 448-9
bomonti, 55, 92, 305, 406
bonaldi, lui g. a., 132, 412
bonto, jermeini, 421
boringi, e. g., 433
bosanke, bernardi, 355, 356,
448
bosanke, Teodora, 411
bosiue, Jak-beni, 32, 239
bosueli, jeimsi, 78, 403
boulingi, lorensi, 443
bouterveki, fridrixi, 69,
401
braiti, timoTi, 42
brandesi, jorji, 104, 408
brauni, stiven j., 435
brauni, ser tomasi, 237, 239,
294, 296
brauni, joni, 391
brauningi, roberti, 158, 162,
213, 230, 232, 243
bredbi, eni, 439
bredli, a. s., 50, 399
bredli, skali, 404
breigeli, piteri, ufrosi,
514
indeqsi
gibonsi, Tomasi, 289, 437
gilbi, Tomasi, 41
gisingi, jorji, 315
glokneri, hermani, 164, 418
gogoli, nikolai, 135-6, 215,
239, 319, 325, 349, 441
godvini, uiliami, 162, 165,
316, 441
goeTe, iohan volfgang von,
48, 65, 67, 85, 105, 106, 113, 118,
121, 125, 139, 143, 163, 164, 169,
170, 171, 178, 184, 188, 194, 264,
266, 399, 401, 405, 408, 410, 420,
431, 434, 443, 451
goldsmiti, oliveri, 73, 92,
407
golzuorTi, joni, 145
gongora, luis de, 264
gonCarovi, aleqsandre, 135
gordoni, e. h., 441
gose, edmundi, 407, 450
gotie, Teofile, 180-1
gurmoni, remi de, 365, 450
grabo, karli, 441
gramoni, morisi, 234, 426
gratani, j. h., 404
gregi, u. u., 79, 81, 84, 85, 381,
404, 452
galtoni, frensisi, 271
greguari, anri, 415
gariki, devidi, 87
gaskeli, elizabed kleghor­ grei, Tomasi, 161, 282, 338, 445
gribi, v., 152
ni, 150
grigsoni, jefri, 410
gelderi, r. van, 411
gelerti, iohan fiurxtego­ grini, Teodor meieri, 189,
351, 356, 422, 448, 449
ti, 168, 419
grini, roberti, 91, 263
george, stefani, 300
grini, f. s., 63, 400
geri, gerlen de, 430
grinlou, edvini, 22, 51, 396
gerSenzoni, m. o., 418
grifiti, r. h., 79, 404
gesemani, gerhardi, 401
grifiusi, andreasi, 360
giboni, edvardi, 24, 239
188, 429
bremoni, abati henri, 167
brehti, berToldi, 344
briki, osipi, 230, 426
briuli, grafi hans moritci,
419
briusovi, valeri, 425
brijesi, roberti, 177
bronte, emili, 108, 273, 408
bronte, patriki, 108
bronte, Sarlota, 108, 150
bruge, pieri. ix. breigeli
brugemani, fritci, 416
brunetieri,
ferdinandi,
344, 402, 446
bruno, jordano, 162, 164
bruqsi, klinT, juni, 33, 363,
397, 435, 437
bualo, nikolasi, 334-5
buTbi, hili, 419
burgumi, edvini b., 154-5, 416
burki, edmundi, 24
burki, keneti, 39, 398, 417
burkhardti, iakobi, 195, 423
buSe, fransua, 180
515
indeqsi
321, 326, 343, 359, 360, 411, 414,
441, 442
dikinsoni, emili, 300, 439
dilTai, vilhelmi, 16, 17, 118,
165, 169, 266, 395, 408, 410, 419
dioni, a., 437
diuvali, aleqsandre, 409
diui, joni, 189, 382, 421, 422
diuma, aleqsandre, 143
diuJardeni, eduardi, 327-8
davenanti, ser uiliami, 332
doiCbaini, maqsi, 172, 261, 420
dalasi, e. s., 332, 444
donahiu, jeimsi j., 444
dalke, h. oto, 416
doni, joni, 56, 161, 296, 302,
dans skotusi, 162
dante, 32, 45, 48, 58, 67, 118, 303, 360, 362, 437, 449
157, 162, 164, 186, 259, 267, 273, dostoevski, Tedore, 33, 43,
293, 357, 398, 420, 431, 433, 434 112, 117, 118, 125, 135, 163, 177,
178, 343, 418
darvini, Carlzi r., 25, 373
dousoni, jailsi, 406
dauni, juni, 433
doji, n. i., 451
de gre, jerard l., 416
draideni, joni, 54, 66, 79, 161,
de quinsi, Tomasi, 119, 242
290, 336, 361, 375, 397, 400, 404,
devidsoni, angusi, 419
437
devidsoni, donaldi, 435
draizeri, teodore, 123, 228
devisi, siseli, 421
dekeri, Tomasi, 18
delakrua, anri, 412
deloni, Tomasi, 145
egani, rouzi f., 414
demokrite, 169
evripide, 58, 137
denieli, semiueli, 294
eixenbaumi, borisi, 251, 424,
denisi, joni, 280
429
denhemi, joni, 335, 361
destiu, antuani, de trasi, eleji, skoti, 396
elioti, Tomas stirnsi, 40,
128
defo, denieli, 92, 310, 322, 45, 47, 48, 106, 115, 116, 117,
118, 121, 157, 162, 273, 290, 305,
353, 406-7
dibeliusi, vilhelmi, 317, 338, 343, 352, 355, 359, 361, 363,
366, 370, 398-9, 408, 410-11, 417,
411, 441, 442
didro, denisi, 113, 414dik­ 425, 433-4, 440, 448-9, 450, 451
ensi, Carlzi, 114, 118, 124, elioti, jorji, 164, 177
143, 145, 237, 312, 316, 318, 319, elisabedi, dedofali, 13, 18,
gruenvaldi, ernsti, 416
gruti, alberti de, 427-8
guastala, r. m., 435
gumbeli, hermani, 403
gundolfi, fridrixi, 266,
408, 431
516
indeqsi
vebsteri, joni, 92, 437
velaskesi, diego, 169
veltmani, a., 325
verdi, juzepe, 184
verie, poli, 243, 251, 437, 438
verleni, poli, 183-4
verneri, hainci, 286, 427, 436
veroneze, paolo, 196
veselovski, aleqsandre n.,
400, 402, 452
veqsleri, eduardi, 261, 388
vietori, karli, 331, 337, 381,
454
vivasi, elizeo, 364, 450
viko, jiambatista, 162, 277
viliamsoni, jorji, 355, 432,
449
vindelbandi, vilhelmi, 17,
159, 395
virgiliusi, 46, 108, 138, 234,
362, 398
vitruviusi, 215
voeni, veilend f., 417
voeni, henri, 288
vageri, riCardi, 187, 443
volteri, 139, 346, 373
valentini, viti, 445
vulfi, tomasi, 112
valeri, poli, 121, 287, 411
volflini, hainrixi, 170, 191,
valceli, oskari, 170, 191, 422
193, 202, 396, 402, 413, 420, 422, vreni, j. h., 407
vudberi, jorji, 401
423, 424, 427, 432, 442, 453
vudhausi, riCardi, 408
van deiki, antuani, 191
vundti, vilhelmi, 285
van doreni, marki, 396, 397
van tigemi, poli, 68, 339, 342,
344, 401, 441, 445, 446
zabeli, morton d., 399
vanbruxi, ser joni, 415
zeidel, edvin h., 407
vato, antuani, 185
zilinski, t., 396
vaxi, ioakime, 416
zola, emili, 215, 322
veberi, maqsi, 147, 153, 416
vebleni, Torstaini, 141
20, 42, 55-6, 79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89,
91,93, 103, 127-8, 160
elisi, haveloki, 412
elis-formeri, una, 421
eltoni, oliveri, 368, 427,
450
emersoni, ralfi u., 32, 49, 51,
160, 239, 277, 314
empedokle, 164
empsoni, uiliami, 331, 423
engelsi, fridrixi, 415
engstromi, a. g., 409
epelSaimeri, h. u., 420
erlixi, viqtori, 423, 429
ermatingeri, emili, 403, 422,
453
erskine, joni, 332, 444
erhardt-siboldi,
erika
von, 409
esqile, 36, 137, 155, 277, 417
etimbli, rene, 426
517
indeqsi
Tauni, r. h., 416
Tekerei, uiliam meiqfisi, 33,
145, 186, 331
Teobaldi. luisi, 84
Toma aqvineli, 162
Toma kempieli, 92
Torberni, jon m., 410
Torndaiki, eSli, 413
Toro, henri, 294
iaenSi, erihi, 114, 409
ibseni, henriki, 32, 43, 320,
326, 345, 442
ieitsi, 33, 162, 275, 276, 279,
299, 300, 301, 400, 434, 435, 438,
439
ivanovi, viaCeslavi, 163, 418
iveri, m. a., 438
ingardeni, romani, 218-9, 226,
425, 448
ipseni, giunTeri, 427
iraseki, aloisi, 144
irvingi, vaSingtoni, 323
irvini, h. d., 395
istmeni, maqsi, 43-4, 398, 413
iuli, adni, 92, 407
iume, devidi, 24
iungi, karli j., 112, 116, 162,
410
kazamiani, luisi, 18, 368, 390,
395, 403, 423, 451
kaie, emili, 116, 439
kainzi, fridrixi, 431
kaiseri, volfgangi, 426
kanti, imanueli, 25, 38, 161-3,
169, 175, 223, 351, 386, 447
kantoroviCi, hermani, 404
kargi, fritci, 427
kardineri, abrami, 114
karlaili, Tomasi, 66, 134,
135, 263, 385
karpenteri, f. i., 442
karteri, joni, 94, 407
kasani, a., 414
kasireri, ernsti, 174, 420,
435
kastendieki, mailsi m., 421
kauli, abrahami, 361
kafka, franci, 112, 312, 317,
343, 359, 360
keinsi, jon meinardi, 150, 415
keleri, gotfridi, 311
keleri, volfgangi, 235
keleti, e. e., 449
kempbeli, lili, 127, 399, 412,
413
kempbeli, luisi, 90
kempbeli, oskari, 127, 400, 412
kempbeli, jorji, 285, 289,
436, 437
kempi, marjeris wigni, 78, 403
kempioni, Tomasi, 421, 429
kenedi, arturi g., 403
keri, v. p., 329, 370, 437, 443,
448, 451
kerni, aleqsandre k., 416
kernodli, jorji r., 421
keroli, luisi, 266
518
indeqsi
keTeri, vila, 312
kvintiliane, 297, 435, 437
kidi, Tomasi, 91, 263, 292
kileni, a., 445
kilmeri, joisi, 19
kingi, a. h., 256, 430
kingsli, Carlzi, 150
kingsmili, hiu, 107, 408
kinsli, editi e., 408
kioleri, volfgangi, 427
kionigi, gosvini, 413
kiorneri, iosebi, 266, 431
kitsi, joni, 32, 86, 106, 108,
112, 125, 127, 158, 180, 230, 361,
363, 385, 408, 411, 420, 426, 445,
451
kiuvie, jorji, baroni, 63
klaisti, hainrix von, 163,
175, 418
klarki, devid li, 451
klarki, edvin l., 412
kleberi, f., 440
klemeni, volfgangi, 307-8,
378, 437, 439, 440, 452
klemons, hari, 431
klodeli, poli, 238
klopstoki, fridrix got­
libi, 435
klukhoni, pauli, 166, 418
knikerbokeri, v. s., 399
koeni, moris r., 412
koldueli, kristoferi, 155,
417
kolvini, ser sidnei, 420
kolingvudi, r. g., 60, 396, 398,
399, 400
kolinzi, uiliami, 182, 358,
380
kolinzi, uilki, 316
kolriji, ernest hartli,
408
kolriji, samuel teilori,
103, 116, 119, 124, 143, 161-2,
270, 274, 332, 353, 385, 390, 334,
408, 411
kongrevi uiliami, 414
konerTi, hermani, 397
konradi, jozefi, 312, 397
konradi, hedvigi, 285
kon-bramsteti, ernsti, 146,
414
korneli, pieri, 193
korni, a. l., 424
korthoupi, uiliami, j., 367,
450
korfi, herman avgusti, 172,
173, 420
krape, aleqsandre h., 446
kreigi, hardini, 55, 399, 451
kreini, ronaldi s., 407, 451
kreSo, riCardi, 431
kreCmeri, ernsti, 116, 410
krikoriani, iervant h., 416
krisi, ernsti, 438
kroli, morisi u., 427, 431,
432
kroCe, benedeto, 17, 118, 178,
179, 189, 268, 329, 357, 379, 395,
397, 412, 420, 421, 443, 452
kuzaneli, nikolausi, 188
kuperi, jeimsi f., 123
kurno, a. a., 388
kurciusi, ernst roberti,
69, 377
519
indeqsi
la drieri, kreigi j., 434, 448
laboki, persi, 219, 326, 328,
423, 442-3,
lavjoi, arturi o., 158-9,
160, 174, 389, 402
laibnici, gotfridi, 27, 169
langer, siuzan k., 46, 398, 411
landori, uolter seveji,
181
lanci, henri, 231, 426, 429
larabi, stiven a., 180, 420, 421
le bosiu, rene, 38, 239
legua, emili, 196, 395, 420,
423, 451
levi, hana, 430
levini, Telma z., 416
levini, hari, 144, 413, 443
lemi, Carlzi, 148, 414
lenglendi, uiliami, 145, 360
lenieri, sidni, 241
lerneri, maqsi, 446
lesingi, gothold efraimi,
181, 182, 418
li, renseler v., 421
li, ser sidni, 201, 377, 423,
452
lidgeiti, joni, 250
livisi, frenk reimondi, 418,
423, 424, 449
livisi, q. d., 139, 413
liklideri, alberti h., 429
lili, joni, 262, 431
lindzi, veiCeli, 279
linki, k. s., 414
linCi, k. m., 415
loki, joni, 128, 161, 328
longinusi, 259
loreni, klodi, 180
lorenco, magnifiko, 195
loueli, jeimsi r., 309
louisi, jon livingstoni,
124, 419, 459
lourensi, v. j., 406
ludvigi, oto, 325-6, 409, 411,
442
luisi, k. s., 118, 166, 216, 381,
410, 419, 425, 436, 452
luisi, sinkleri, 145, 323
luka, emili, 448
lukreciusi, 48, 169
lunaCarski, anatoli v., 415
lutoslavski, vinsenti, 90,
406
mazerueli, uiliami, 83
mazoni, andre, 407
maiakovski, vladimiri, 344
mailsi, jozefina, 264, 378,
413, 431, 440
maisneri, poli, 172-3, 420
makarTi, desmondi, 312, 440
makdonaldi, hiu, 79, 404
makdonaxi, Tomasi, 429
makelderi, b. r., jun., 431
makenzi, gordoni, 413, 440
makenzi, komftoni, 339
makinesi, v. d., 395
makleiSi, arCibaldi, 46
maknisi, luisi, 301, 409, 434,
439
makolei, Tomas bebingtoni,
148, 206, 414
makormiki, v. s., 404
520
indeqsi
makfersoni, jeimsi, 93, 407
makqerou, ronald b., 85, 404
maxali, iani, 391, 402, 453
malarme, stefani, 180, 207,
279, 420
malouni, edmundi, 90, 93, 405,
407
mandelbaumi, morisi, 395
manveringi, elisabed v., 420
mani, Tomasi, 33, 178
manhaimi, karli, 153, 416
mareti, roberti r., 417
marveli, endriu, 257-8, 430
marksi, janeti, 411
marlo, kristoferi, 78, 91,
161, 263, 292, 403
marstoni, joni, 92
marqsi, karli, 59, 114, 132,
135, 149, 150-4, 415, 417
masariki, tomaS gariga. 94,
407
matisi, anri, 353
mautneri, fritci, 266
maSo, giliomi, 303
medikusi, fritci, 422
meduoli, henri, 78, 403
meie, antuani, 250, 429
meieri, g. v., 107, 408
meieri, Teodor a., 397
meieri, konrad ferdinandi,
86, 172
meierhofi, hansi, 32, 397
meiri, j., 407
meirinki, gustavi, 431
meiCeni, arturi, 280, 435
melvili, hermani, 177, 239,
319
mendilou, a. a., 32, 397
merediti, jorji, 88, 243,
263, 312, 437
mereJkovski, dimitri, 163,
418
meri, jon midltoni, 273, 306
merili, edelstand du, 402
meringi, franci, 415
mertoni, robert k., 416
midltoni, Tomasi, 92
mizeneri, arturi, 445
miltoni, joni, 60, 105, 108,
116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 139, 161,
167, 216, 255, 259, 262, 264, 265,
273, 282-3, 290, 293, 306, 314,
329, 330-1, 336, 356-9, 361, 362,
375, 411, 425, 431, 433, 436, 449,
451
mimsi, edvini, 446
mitski, dimitri s., 284, 436
miuleri, giunTeri, 381, 397,
446, 452
miuleri, vilhelmi, 184
miuleri, kurt rixardi, 434
miunkeri, franci, 432
miqelanjelo,
buonarati,
169, 186, 421
miCi, senfordi b., 403
molieri, 42, 147, 311, 321, 343
mongloni, andre, 167, 414, 419
monteni, miSel de, 32, 161,
166, 267, 451
monteski, 418
mopasani, gi de, 325, 442
morgenSterni,
kristiani,
266, 431-2
mori, pol elmeri, 109
morizi, andre, 94, 406
morike, eduardi, 170
morisi, bertrani, 447
morisi, Carlzi, 433
521
indeqsi
morli, henri, 367, 450
morsbaxi. lorenci, 428
mocarti, volfgang amadeu­
si, 185
muiri, edvini, 31, 396
mukarovski, iani, 414, 424,
425, 429, 448
muri, virjinia, 108, 408
muri, Tomasi, 110
muri, meriani, 310
muri, uilbert e., 416
odeni, v. h., 114, 338, 343-4,
409, 410
odini, s., 412
overmeieri, greisi, 413
ovidiusi, 138
olifanti, e. h. k., 406
olifanti, margreti, 385
olSki, leonardo, 70, 391,
402, 453
omondi, t. s., 240, 428
ortega i gaseti, xose, 425
nabokovi, vladimeri, 441
osborni, l. b., 436
nadleri, iosefi, 72, 403
naiTsi, l. s., 136, 396, 413, 415, osborni, jeims marSali, 403,
404
423
naiti, g. uilsoni, 306, 361, osiani, 66, 68, 93, 238, 407
ostini, jeini, 85, 116, 145-6,
440
315, 322
naumani, hansi, 64, 400
nezerkoti, a. h., 411
neruda, pablo, 264
nesi, frederiki, 426
neSi, Tomasi, 256
niburi, reinholdi, 278, 435
palmeri, j., 415
nidhemi, g. b., 414, 442
nicSe, fridrixi, 117, 153, panofski, ervini, 181, 403, 421
160, 162, 239, 277, 279, 410, 418, paracelsusi vn hohenhaimi,
188, 299, 435
420, 435
novalisi (fridrix von hard­ pareto, vilfredo, 153
paroti, Tomas marki, 405
enbergi), 174-5, 418
partingtoni, vilfredi, 407
noimani, ernsti, 422
pasarJi, v., 423
noimani, karli, 421
noli, hermani, 169, 266, 419, paskali, blezi, 85, 160, 162,
406
431, 436, 439
pasternaki, borisi, 435, 444
nordeni, eduardi, 428
patersoni, v. m., 237, 427
522
indeqsi
patersoni, uorner f., 446
patisoni, briusi, 420
paundi, ezra, 272, 433
pegui, Carlzi, 432
peiri, henri, 402, 449, 453
peiteri, uolteri, 14, 263,
353, 368
penido, m. t. l., 438
peperi, s. k., 447, 448
pepvelmani, daniel adami, 215
peri, alberti, 413
peri, blisi, 428
persi, Tomasi, 83
persivali, m. o., 434
peterseni, iuliusi, 388, 452
petrarka, franCesko, 138
petSi, roberti, 401, 441
pili, jorji, 91, 263
pindare, 137, 263, 380
pinderi, vilhelmi, 452
pirsoni, norman h., 443
plavte, 321
platoni, 32, 36, 44, 49, 90, 159,
161, 162, 165, 169, 187, 221, 310,
331, 364, 399, 406, 421, 435, 444
plexanovi, giorgi, 142, 414
plotini, 163, 203
po, edgar alani, 37, 66, 116,
117, 118, 122, 190, 193, 232, 273,
306, 322, 324, 330, 328, 449
polardi, a. v., 84, 85, 94, 405
polardi, grehemi, 94, 407
polivka, jiri, 401
poloki, Tomas klarki, 26,
396
polti, jorji, 441
pongsi, hermani, 297, 300, 301,
436, 438, 439
poteri, stiveni, 395
potli, frederik a., 56, 400,
403, 449
poupi, aleqsandre, 13, 54, 57,
60, 66, 79, 83, 105, 112, 139, 161,
165, 232, 233, 242, 265, 289, 290,
306, 360, 361, 363, 404-5, 423,
426, 437
poupi, jon s., 428
praiori, meTiu, 362
praisi, herevard t., 405
praci, mario, 166, 304, 321,
419, 439, 442, 449
preskoti, frederik h., 411
prusti, marseli, 112, 120,
126, 128, 146, 182, 266, 343, 360
pule, jorji, 396
puli, Tomasi, 408
putenhami, jorji, 424
puSkini, aleqsandre, 135, 163,
238, 253, 264, 413, 418, 430
Jidi, andre, 325
Jilsoni, etieni, 162, 417
Jirmunski, viqtori, 233, 426,
429, 452
Jiuserani, Jan Jaki, 368
Jodeli, etieni, 346, 373
Joli, andre, 344, 446, 452
rable, fransua, 162, 256, 2667, 430, 432
raglani, fitsroi riCard
somerseti, lordi, 435
ravi, filipi, 442
523
indeqsi
railo, eino, 445
ranke, leopoldi, 370
ranki, oto, 112
raJo, gastoni, 414
rasini, jini, 116, 193, 320, 343,
346, 373
redklifi, eni, 315, 322
reinoldsi, jorji j., 421
rembo, arturi, 235, 287
rembranti, van rini, 196
remi, valteri, 166, 418
rensomi, jon krou, 41, 234,
426, 445
reskini, joni, 167, 237, 239,
297
reCfordi, feni, 407
ribo, Teodul armani, 117-8,
410, 411
ridi, a. v., 403
ridi, l. a., 356-8, 449
ridi, ser herberti, 424
rivi, klara, 315, 440
rikerti, hainrixi, 17, 395
rikvordi, k. h., 432
rili, aloisi, 33, 397
riCardsi, ivor armstrongi,
16, 202, 212, 213, 234, 272, 280,
284-5, 363, 395, 424, 433, 436,
437
riCardsoni, doroTi, 450
riCardsoni, samueli, 168
riCardsoni, Carlzi f., 426
riCi, seimori, 403
rixteri, Jan-poli, 175, 325
ro, f. s., 450
robaki, a. a., 410
roberti, karli, 421
robertsoni, jeims makkino­
ni, 91, 263, 405, 406, 431
robinsoni, f. n., 80
rozanovi, vasili, 163, 418
rozenblati, lui, 414
romeni, Jiuli, 266, 432
rosa, salvatore, 180
rosenbergi, haroldi, 439
roseti, dante gabrieli, 186
rubensi, piter pauli, 169,
196
rugofi, miltoni, 302
rudleri, gustavi, 94
rusu, liviu, 118, 410
ruti, robert kilberni, 404
ruci, otmari, 236, 427
sazerlendi, jeimsi, 405
saimondsi, jon adingtoni,
14, 373, 382, 402
saimonsi, arturi, 14, 382
sakulini, p. n., 135, 413
samersi, montegi, 445
sandersi, Consi, 94
sandi, JorJi, 177
sarani, franci, 243, 246, 429
sarsi, franciski, 445
sartre, Jan-poli, 433
sauTi, roberti, 233
saqsli, frici, 181, 421
sevi, morisi, 360
seviji, riCardi, 303
sekeli, ditrixi, 427
selveri, poli, 407
selinkuri, ernest de, 87
seneani, lazare, 256, 430
senkeviCi, henriki, 144
sent-bevi, avgusti, 53, 368
524
indeqsi
sentsberi, jorji, 237, 240,
259, 368, 378, 427, 428, 431, 450,
452
ser Tomas mori, 84, 405
servantesi, migel de saave­
dra, 67
seSani, lui, 421
svedenborgi, emanueli, 434
svinborni, alJernoni, 88, 162
svifti, jonaTani, 138, 279,
322, 413, 445
sidni, ser filipi, 167, 250,
289, 292
siversi, eduardi, 236, 243,
427
silvesteri, joSua, 290
silci, uolteri, 409
sismondi, Jan-Carlz-leon­
ard simon de, 69, 401
sisoni, k. j., 408, 440sora, de­
nisi, 358
siueli, arturi, 442
skaligeri, iulius keisari,
333
skardi, sigmundi, 419
skeltoni, joni, 250, 256, 361
skiti, u. u., 93, 407
skoti, ser uolteri, 68, 83,
121, 123, 139, 144, 315, 317, 319,
321, 344, 441
skoti, jefri, 403
skripCeri, e. v., 244
smarti, kristoferi, 78, 253,
292, 403
smarti, j. s., 407
smirnovi, a. a., 152, 415
smiti, adami, 24
smiti, logen perseli, 357
smiti, jeimsi h., 412
smiti, horacio, 412
smoleti, tobiasi, 145, 322
sokrate, 164, 277, 279
soreli, jorji, 128, 278, 435
sorokini, pitirimi, 154, 396,
416, 423
sosiuri, ferdinand de, 220
sofokle, 46, 356, 398
spargo, jon vebsteri, 403
spenseri, edmundi, 161, 180,
190, 196, 250, 262, 282, 290, 293,
319, 331, 361, 375, 404, 420
spenseri, Teodore, 166, 431
spenseri, herberti, 79
sperberi, hansi, 431
sperjeni, qerolaini, 104,
304, 305, 306, 439
spingarni, j. e., 50, 399, 424,
444
spinoza, baruxi, 162, 163, 169,
188, 355
spiri, m. e., 339
sprangeri, eduardi, 410
staini, hertruda, 60, 239
stanislavski, konstantin s.,
445
stedi, u. f., 403
steinbeki, joni, 146
steisi, u. t., 41, 398, 399
stendali, 107, 128, 169, 408,
412
sterni, lorensi, 73, 128, 161,
207, 325, 328, 376
stiveni, lesli, 367, 450
stivensi, jorji, 405
stivensoni, r. l., 88
stili, joSua, 236, 427
stiuarti, j. a., 435
stiuarti, jorj ripli, 246,
525
indeqsi
428, 429
stoli, edgar elmeri, 55, 148,
305, 396, 400, 408, 412, 414, 415,
423, 449
stou, hariet biCeri, 143, 145
sugdeni, herbert w., 431
surei, henri hovardi, 426
tanenbaumi, samuel a., 404,
405
tegarti, f. j., 372, 451
teilori, jeremi, 239
teilori, jorj s., 451
teiti, aleni, 360-1, 400, 449
teni, ipolite, 133, 148, 149,
368
tenisoni, alfredi, lordi,
162, 234, 257, 361, 430
terenciusi, 321
teri, eleni, 108
tveni, marki, 120
tibode, alberi, 180, 327, 411,
420, 442, 443, 445
tiki, ludvigi, 118, 180, 183,
325
tiliardi, aelfrida, 411
tiliardi, e. m., 216, 425
tilotsoni, jefri, 265, 423,
430, 431
tinkeri, Consi briusteri,
408, 413
tirviti, Tomasi, 90, 93, 407
titeri, lui, 257, 258, 425, 430
ticiani (ticiano veCeli),
191, 196
toinbi, arnoldi, 372, 374
tolnei, Carlz de, 188, 421
tolstoi, levi, 33, 118, 135,
146, 163, 264, 359, 418
tomarsi, adolf sigfridi,
131
tomaSevski, borisi, 238, 428
tompsoni, e. n. s., 405, 406, 439
tompsoni, ser e. m., 413
tompsoni, frensisi, 437
tomsoni, uiliami, 271, 428
tomsoni, jeimsi, 161, 167, 265,
303, 336
tomsoni, jorji, 155, 425, 439
toni, luisi, 269
toskanini, arturo, 210
trari, pieri, 167, 419
traherni, Tomasi, 108, 303,
439
trilingi, lioneli, 409
trolopi, ertoni, 85, 116,
145, 312, 313, 315
troltSi, ernsti, 55, 399, 425
tuvi, rozmondi, 56
tupini, rene, 434
turgenevi, ivani, 135, 145,
146, 239
turneri, sirili, 92, 437
uaizi, t. j., 94, 407
uaiTi, h. o., 451
uaildi, oskari, 44, 391, 411
uatsi, isaaki, 289
udiati, pieri, 425
ueidi, gledis i., 303, 439
ueleki, alberti, 409, 426
ueleki, rene, 401, 402, 418,
421, 422, 445, 450
526
indeqsi
ueleri, edmundi, 361
uelsi, h. j., 145, 437
uelsi, henri, v., 291-3, 296,
307,
343
uikstidi, j. h., 275, 434
uildi, henri sesili, 426,
430, 431
uilkoki, gledis doiji, 435
uilraiti, filipi, 280, 466
uilsoni, edmundi, 409
uilsoni, romeri, 408
uilsoni, qeTrin m., 427
uilsoni, j. doveri, 84, 85,
405
uilsoni, harold s., 452
uimsati, uiliam kurci, 395,
397, 426, 427, 428, 431
uindi, edgari, 421
uirTi, l., 418
uistleri,
jeims
abot
maknili, 44, 183
uitmeni, uolti, 82, 284, 405,
436
uitmori, k. e., 443
uiCerli, uiliami, 414
ulmani, s. de, 409
ulrici, hermani, 157, 417
ungeri, rudolfi, 165, 166,
167, 168, 170, 171, 418, 419
uokeri, elisi, 435
uoltoni, isaaki, 303
uolSi, doroTi, 398, 448
uordsuorTi, uiliami, 58,
86, 87, 106, 107, 120, 162, 171,
264, 397, 408, 444
uoreni, ostini, 399, 431
uoreni, robert, peni, 363
uoringeri, vilhelmi, 298,
438
uortoni, tomasi, 93, 145, 367,
407, 414, 450, 451
uots-dantoni, Teodori, 353
uteri, r. p., 411, 414, 442
fareli, jeimsi t., 145
farquhari, jorji, 415
fearCaildi, hoqsi n., 186, 419
fenoloza, ernesti, 207, 424
fergiusoni, frencisi, 442
fernandesi, ramoni, 107, 327,
408, 442
fidleri, konradi, 33, 192,
397
fildingi, henri, 145, 319, 322
filipi, Sarl-lui, 266, 432
firTi, ser Carlzi, 413
forsteri, joni, 441
fiSeri, otokari, 409
fiSeri, fridrix Teodori,
33
fiCino, marsilio, 164
fixte, iohan gotlibi, 163,
168, 174-5
fletCeri, joni, 55, 92, 305,
406
fli, frederik garti, 405
floberi, gustavi, 121, 125,
316, 325, 411, 442
foiera, alberti, 126
foierbaxi, ludvigi, 162
foleti, uilsoni, 440
folkneri, uiliami, 129, 144,
318
foresti, l. k. t., 412
formani, baqstoni h., 407,
527
indeqsi
Saftsberi, entoni eSli ku­
peri, lordi, 161
Sekstouni, uiliami, 338
Seleri, maqsi, 153, 416
Seli, persi biSi, 45, 87, 116,
135, 162, 165, 171, 275, 338, 358,
361, 385, 434, 445, 451
Selingi, f. v., 159, 161, 163,
169, 171, 174, 194
Senie, andre, 446
Separdi, uiliam p., 81
Seridani, riCard b., 73
Sestovi, leo, 163, 418
Seqspiri, 18, 31, 32, 41, 43, 45,
58, 60, 66, 67, 84, 85, 87, 89-90,
91, 93, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113,
117, 118, 125, 136, 140, 145, 147,
150, 151, 152, 157, 161, 163, 164,
184, 193, 214, 256, 259, 273, 281,
294, 296, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308,
322, 328, 343, 345, 354, 356, 361,
362, 378, 381, 396, 398, 399, 400,
403, 405, 406, 407, 408, 412, 413,
414, 415, 417, 420, 422, 426, 430,
431, 439, 440, 442, 445, 449, 451,
452
Siki, iosebi, 400
Sileri, fridrixi, 66, 120,
qvorelzi, frensisi, 283
121, 163, 169, 194, 420
qsenopoli, 17, 395
Silsi, z., 416
quentini, dom henri, 81
quiler-kauCi, ser arturi, Sipli, j. t., 452
Sirli, jeimsi, 282
405
Sklovski, viqtori, 343, 353,
424
Slauxi, margareti, 401
Slegeli, avgust vilhelmi,
69, 91, 172, 174, 194, 332, 391,
Sapiro, karli, 412
Satobriani, fransua-rene, 401, 406, 426
Slegeli, fridrixi, 69, 172,
167, 182, 239
408, 411
forsteri, edvard morgani,
43, 398
forsteri, normani, 398, 447
fosleri, karli, 253, 261,
430, 438
franki, valdo, 413
franki, jozefi, 31, 313, 438,
440
franci, vilhelmi, 430
freizeri, g. m., 407
frenkeli, eduardi, 429
fridmeni, arturi, 405
fridmeni, melvini, 443
frimeni, josefi, 413
friSaisen-kioleri,
maqsi,
419
froidi, zigmundi, 112-4, 128,
153, 162, 281, 412
fromi, erixi, 114, 409
frosti, roberti, 276, 435
furnivali, frederiki j.,
405
528
indeqsi
175, 194, 391, 401
Snaideri, elizabeTi, 119, 411
Snaideri, vilhelmi, 260, 431
Snicleri, arturi, 266, 431
So, Tomasi, 452
So, jorj bernardi, 162
Soefleri, herberti, 413
Soloxovi, mixeili, 146
Sopenhaueri, arturi, 370
Soreri, marki, 413, 434, 440
Spitceri, leo, 160, 266-7,
396, 417, 430, 431, 432
Srami, uilbur l., 244, 428
Staigeri, emili, 397
StainTali, h., 402
Starkenburgi, hansi, 415
Stauferi, donaldi, 428
Stafveri, p., 414
Stefanski, georgi, 172, 420
Strausi, david fridrixi,
162
Strixi, fritci, 193-4, 422,
432, 435
Stumpfi, karli, 235, 425
Suberti, franci, 169, 184
Sukingi, levin l., 143, 396,
414, 423
Sumani, detlevi v., 453
Sumani, roberti, 184
Sutse, martini, 410
Caildi, frensisi, 83
Calmersi, jorji, 93, 407
Carteri, evani, 450
Cedviki, nora k., 411, 453
Cedviki, h. m., 453
Ceizi, riCardi, 410
Cembersi, edmund k., 405
Cembersi, r. v., 404, 405
Cembersi, f. p., 449
Cendleri, albert r., 411
Cepmani, r. v., 405
Cerni, haroldi, 400
CerCi, margareti, 424
CerCili, Carlzi, 362
Cesterfildi, lordi (fil­
ip dormer stenhoufi), 139
Cetertoni, Tomasi, 93, 94, 407
Cexovi, antoni, 135, 146, 316,
340, 345
Coseri, jefri, 58, 62, 80, 90,
145, 250, 263, 361, 404, 429
celtesi, konradi, 93
cimermani, roberti, 192
cisarJi, herberti, 172, 174,
420
ciceroni, 32, 259
jakobi, j., 410
jakobsoni, romani, 401, 402,
407, 429, 435, 444
jeims I, Sotlandiis mefe, 138
jeimsi, uiliami, 442
jeimsi, henri, 33, 121, 124, 219,
529
indeqsi
haqsli, aldo, 325
haqsli, Tomas henri, 25
hebeli, fridrixi, 163
hegeli,
georg
vilhelm
fridrixi, 33, 38, 101, 104, 133,
149, 151, 159, 163, 169, 170, 171,
172, 418
hezliti, uiliami, 104
heivudi, Tomasi, 18
heili, bernard k., 398, 450
heminguei, ernesti, 121, 144,
326, 333, 411
hendeli, frederiki, 208
henekini, emili, 414
henkinsi, Tomasi, 334
henri, o., 340
havensi, reimond d., 451
heraklite, 169
haine, hainrixi, 184, 409
herberti, jorji, 207
halami, henri, 69, 401
herderi, iohan gotfridi,
halsi, fransi, 169
418
hamondi, jeimsi, 338
heredia, xose-maria de, 181
haraJti, zoltani, 407
harbage, alfredi a., 140, 413 hesiode, 36
hexti, hansi, 428
hardi, riCardi, 422
hardi, tomasi, 162, 312, 316, hildebrandi, adolfi von,
33, 192, 397
323
hinebergi, poli, 419
hardingi, m. esTeri., 410
hiugo, viqtori, 180, 289
hardisi, jeimsi, 89, 406
hiusi, joni, 422
harvi, gebrieli, 250
hobsi, Tomasi, 169, 252, 332,
harisi, frenki, 104, 408
336
harisoni, j. e., 416-7
harsdiorferi, georg fili­ hovardi, v. g., 421
hoTorni, naTanieli, 315, 316,
pi, 426
320
hartli, devidi, 162
holderlini, fridrixi, 163,
hartmani, eduard fon, 33
427
haseldeni, r. b., 404
holi, vernoni, 446
haseltini, j., 404
holci, arno, 207
hastingsi, jeimsi, 425
homerosi, 32, 38, 67, 69, 139,
hatsfeldi, helmuti, 411
225, 239, 265, 285, 286, 331, 333,
hausmeni, a. e., 212
263, 275, 411, 434, 442
jenkinsoni, hilari, 404
jeqsoni, t. a., 414jonsoni, f.
r., 404
joisi, jeimsi, 69, 73, 129, 162,
239, 399, 400, 412, 414, 415, 449
jonsoni, beni, 125, 136, 145,
256, 259, 262, 380, 421, 429
jonsoni, samueli, 20, 41, 42,
79, 84, 120, 138, 168, 239, 303,
310, 319, 321, 335, 343, 355, 377,
411, 419, 427, 428, 439
530
indeqsi
344, 354, 362, 370, 398, 421, 431,
436
hopkinsi, jerard menli, 162,
230, 255, 262, 265, 355, 400, 431
hopfi, h., 414
horaciusi, 37, 38, 42, 138, 182,
331, 336, 347, 377, 380, 397
hornbosteli, e. m., 427
horni, kareni, 43, 114, 398, 409
hornstaini, liliani h., 304,
439
hoskinsi, joni, 288, 436
hotsoni, lesli, 78, 79, 403
hotingeri, m. d., 422
houelsi, uiliam dini, 145,
146, 311, 327
housi, stiveni, 250
hofmani, e. T. a., 118, 175, 323
hofmani, frederiki j., 12
hrosvita ganderSaimidan, 93,
407
huki, s. h., 435
hulme, t. e., 435, 438
huserli, edmundi, 219, 425
husleri, andreasi, 402
hustveti, zigurdi b., 405
531