Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in

Transcription

Income, Poverty, and
Health Insurance Coverage in
the United States: 2006
Issued August 2007
P60-233
By
Carmen DeNavas-Walt
Bernadette D. Proctor
Jessica Smith
Current Population Reports
Consumer Income
USCENSUSBUREAU
U.S. Department of Commerce
Economics and Statistics Administration
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Helping You Make Informed Decisions
Acknowledgments
Carmen DeNavas-Walt prepared the income section of this report
under the direction of Edward J. Welniak Jr., Chief of the Income
Surveys Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor prepared the poverty
section and Jessica Smith prepared the health insurance coverage
section, both under the direction of Sharon Stern, Chief of the
Poverty and Health Statistics Branch. Charles T. Nelson, Assistant
Division Chief for Income, Poverty, and Health Statistics, Housing and
Household Economic Statistics Division, provided overall direction.
Adelle D. Berlinger, George M. Mitcham, Tim J. Marshall, and
Gregory D. Weyland, Demographic Surveys Division, processed the
Current Population Survey 2007 Annual Social and Economic
Supplement file. Caroline S. Carbaugh, Chief of the Survey
Processing Branch, Donna K. Benton, Mary Thrift Bush, Jaime L.
Hasiuk, Thy K. Le, and Chandararith R. Phe programmed and produced the detailed and publication tables. Kirk E. Davis provided
valuable programming assistance.
Rebecca A. Olson, Jana S. Hatch, and Michael E. White, under the
supervision of David V. Hornick, and John M. Finamore, all of the
Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted sample review.
Shannon M. Burnett, Tim J. Marshall, Bonnie S. Tarsia,
Catherine M. Walker, and Michelle L. Wiland, Demographic
Surveys Division, and Emily A. Johnson, Yogeeta R. Purohit, and
Johanna M. Rupp, Technologies Management Office, prepared and
programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to
conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant
contributions to the preparation of this report. Danielle Farrie,
Marjorie Hanson, John Hisnanick, Cheryl H. Lee, Len Norry,
Kirby Posey, Ashley Provencher, and Jessica Semega reviewed
the contents. Victoria Ellison and Ann Margaret Jensen provided
statistical assistance.
Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers
collected the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this
report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be
impossible.
Janet S. Sweeney, Jamie A. Peters, Theodora S. Forgione, and
Donald J. Meyd, of the Administrative and Customer Services
Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief, provided publications and
printing management, graphics design and composition, and
editorial review for print and electronic media. General direction
and production management were provided by Wanda K. Cevis,
Chief, Publications Services Branch. The report cover was designed
by Janet S. Sweeney.
Income, Poverty, and Health
Insurance Coverage in the
United States: 2006
Issued August 2007
P60-233
U.S. Department of Commerce
Carlos M. Gutierrez,
Secretary
David A. Sampson,
Deputy Secretary
Economics and Statistics Administration
Cynthia Glassman,
Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Charles Louis Kincannon,
Director
Suggested Citation
DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D.
Proctor, and Jessica Smith,
U.S. Census Bureau,
Current Population Reports, P60-233,
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Coverage in the United States: 2006,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC,
2007.
ECONOMICS
AND STATISTICS
ADMINISTRATION
Economics and Statistics
Administration
Cynthia Glassman,
Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
Charles Louis Kincannon,
Director
Preston Jay Waite,
Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer
Howard R. Hogan,
Associate Director for Demographic Programs
David S. Johnson,
Chief, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll-free 866-512-1800; DC area 202-512-1800
Fax: 202-512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
Contents
TEXT
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage
in the United States: 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source of Estimates and Statistical Accuracy . . . . . .
State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty,
and Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) . .
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1
1
1
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2
3
Income in the United States . . . . . . . . .
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Household Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . .
Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metropolitan Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality
Work Experience and Earnings . . . . . . .
Per Capita Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Poverty in the United States .
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic Origin . . . .
Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metropolitan Status . . . . . . . .
Work Experience . . . . . . . . . .
Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depth of Poverty . . . . . . . . . .
Ratio of Income to Poverty
Income Deficit . . . . . . . . .
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Health Insurance Coverage in the United States
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Is Health Insurance Coverage? . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type of Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economic Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Children’s Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . .
Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metropolitan Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State-Level Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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18
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CPS Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Additional Data and Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
U.S. Census Bureau
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006 iii
TEXT TABLES
1.
Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2005 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2.
Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income:
2005 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
3.
People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2005 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.
People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by
Selected Characteristics: 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.
Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.
People With or Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2005 and 2006 . . . . . . . 21
7.
People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin
Using 3-Year Average: 2004 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.
Number and Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State
Using 3-Year Average: 2004 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
FIGURES
1.
Real Median Household Income: 1967 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
2.
Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers
15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
3.
Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.
Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.
Distribution of Income-to-Poverty Ratios: 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.
Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.
Coverage by Type of Health Insurance: 2005 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8.
Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Age, and Race and Hispanic Origin: 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.
Uninsured Rates by State Using 3-Year Average: 2004 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
APPENDIXES
Appendix A. Estimates of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
How Income Is Measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cost of Living Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
How Poverty Is Calculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Appendix C. Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Quality of Health Insurance Coverage Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Appendix D. Comparison of State Health Insurance Coverage Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
iv Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX TABLES AND FIGURES
A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2006 . . . . . . . 29
A-2. Real Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and
Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
A-3. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . 44
B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
B-3. Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family: 1959 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
C-1. Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
C-2. Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
C-3. Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
D-1. Three-Year Average Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage
by State: 2004 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
U.S. Census Bureau
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006 v
Income, Poverty, and
Health Insurance Coverage in
the United States: 2006
Introduction
This report presents data on income,
poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States based on
information collected in the 2007 and
earlier Annual Social and Economic
Supplements (ASEC) to the Current
Population Survey (CPS) conducted by
the U.S. Census Bureau.
Data presented in this report indicate
the following:
• Real median household income
increased between 2005 and 2006
for the second consecutive year.1
• The poverty rate decreased
between 2005 and 2006.
• The number of people with health
insurance coverage increased
between 2005 and 2006, as did
1
All income values are adjusted to reflect
2006 dollars. “Real” refers to income after
adjusting for inflation. The adjustment is based
on percentage changes in prices between earlier
years and 2006 and is computed by dividing
the annual average Consumer Price Index
Research Series (CPI-U-RS) for 2006 by the
annual average for earlier years. The CPI-U-RS
values for 1947 to 2006 are available in
Appendix A and on the Internet at
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/income
/income06/cpiurs.html>. Inflation between
2005 and 2006 was 3.3 percent.
U.S. Census Bureau
the number and the percentage of
people without health insurance
coverage.
These results were not uniform across
demographic groups. For example,
between 2005 and 2006, the median
income of White households rose, but
it remained statistically unchanged for
the remaining race groups and
Hispanics; the poverty rate decreased
for Hispanics but remained statistically
unchanged for non-Hispanic Whites,
Blacks, and Asians; and the percentage
of people without health insurance
increased for Hispanics, decreased for
Asians, and remained statistically
Source of Estimates and Statistical Accuracy
The data in this report are from the
Annual Social and Economic
Supplement (ASEC) to the 2007
Current Population Survey (CPS).
The population represented (the
population universe) is the civilian
noninstitutionalized population living in the United States. Members
of the Armed Forces living off post
or with their families on post are
included if at least one civilian adult
lives in the household. Most of the
data from the CPS ASEC were
collected in March (with some data
collected in February and April), and
the data were controlled to independent population estimates for
March 2007. The estimates in this
report (which may be shown in text,
figures, and tables) are based on
responses from a sample of the
population and may differ from
actual values because of sampling
variability or other factors. As a
result, apparent differences
between the estimates for two or
more groups may not be statistically significant. All comparative
statements have undergone statistical testing and are significant at the
90-percent confidence level unless
otherwise noted. Further information about the source and accuracy
of the estimates is available at
<www.census.gov/hhes/www
/p60_233sa.pdf>.
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006 1
State and Local Estimates of Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
In previous Annual Social and Economic Supplement
(ASEC) to the Current Population Survey (CPS) reports, the
Census Bureau produced state-level estimates of income
and poverty using 2-year and 3-year moving averages.
This report does not include state income and poverty
data, but state-level estimates of median household
income and poverty rates from the CPS ASEC will continue
to be available on the Internet. With the full implementation of the American Community Survey (ACS) to approximately 3 million addresses in 2005 and the lower standard errors that resulted from that sample size and
design, the Census Bureau is now focusing on annual estimates by state of median household income and poverty
from the ACS instead of the CPS ASEC. Comparisons of
change in annual household income at the state level
appear in the report Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data
From the 2006 American Community Survey.
While the 2006 ACS has the capability to produce annual
income and poverty estimates for counties and places
with population of 65,000 or more, the Census Bureau’s
Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program
also produces annual estimates of median household
income and poverty for all states and counties as well as
population and poverty estimates for school districts.
These estimates are based on models using data from a
variety of sources including current surveys, administrative records, and personal income data published by the
Bureau of Economic Analysis. The SAIPE estimates have
lower variance than the CPS ASEC estimates but are
released later due to lags in the availability of administrative records. Estimates for 2004 are available on the
Internet at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe
/index.html>. Estimates for 2005 will be available in the
fall of 2007.
Since the ACS does not measure health insurance coverage, this report continues, as in previous years, to
include the state uninsured rates using 3-year averages.
The Census Bureau’s Small Area Health Insurance
Estimates (SAHIE) program has undertaken a project to
estimate health insurance coverage rates for counties.
County- and state-level estimates of health insurance
coverage for people of all ages and those under 18
years old are available for 2000. The SAHIE program
also recently released state-level estimates of health
insurance coverage by demographic and income characteristics for 2001. The estimates are available on the
Internet at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/sahie
/index.html>. Additional years of county- and state-level
estimates are planned for future releases.
unchanged for non-Hispanic Whites
and Blacks.2, 3
These results are discussed in more
detail in the three main sections of
2
Federal surveys now give respondents the
option of reporting more than one race.
Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race
group are possible. A group such as Asian may
be defined as those who reported Asian and no
other race (the race-alone or single-race concept)
or as those who reported Asian regardless of
whether they also reported another race (the
race-alone-or-in-combination concept). The body
of this report (text, figures, and tables) shows
data using the first approach (race alone). The
appendix tables show data using both
approaches. Use of the single-race population
does not imply that it is the preferred method of
presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau
uses a variety of approaches.
In this report, the term “non-Hispanic White”
refers to people who are not Hispanic and who
reported White and no other race. The Census
Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the comparison group for other race groups and Hispanics.
Because Hispanics may be any race, data in
this report for Hispanics overlap with data for
racial groups. Being Hispanic was reported by
12.7 percent of White householders who
reported only one race, 3.1 percent of Black
householders who reported only one race, and
1.4 percent of Asian householders who reported
only one race.
Data users should exercise caution when
interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic
population or for race groups because these
populations consist of many distinct groups that
differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture,
and recency of immigration. In addition, the CPS
does not use separate population controls for
weighting the Asian sample to national totals.
Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972
and for Asians and Pacific Islanders in 1987. For
further information, see <www.bls.census.gov
/cps/asec/adsmain.htm>.
3
The householder is the person (or one of the
people) in whose name the home is owned or
rented and the person to whom the relationship
of other household members is recorded. If a
married couple owns the home jointly, either the
husband or the wife may be listed as the householder. Since only one person in each household
is designated as the householder, the number of
householders is equal to the number of households. This report uses the characteristics of the
householder to describe the household.
2 Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006
this report—income, poverty, and
health insurance coverage. Each one
presents estimates by characteristics
such as race, Hispanic origin, nativity,
and region. Other topics include earnings of year-round, full-time workers;
families in poverty; and health insurance coverage of children. This report
concludes with a section discussing
health insurance coverage by state
using 3-year averages.
The income and poverty estimates
shown in this report are based solely
on money income before taxes and
do not include the value of noncash
benefits such as food stamps,
Medicare, Medicaid, public housing,
and employer-provided fringe benefits. The Census Bureau will release
the 2006 data on alternative measures of income and poverty, which
U.S. Census Bureau
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) provides monthly
data about the labor force participation, income sources and amounts,
and health insurance coverage of individuals, families, and households
during the time span covered by each of its panels. The data yield
insights into the dynamic nature of these experiences and the economic
mobility of U.S. residents. Information based on these data is available in
the report series Dynamics of Economic Well-Being. Topics covered include
household income, poverty, health insurance coverage, labor force
turnover, unemployment, and program participation. For example, these
reports demonstrate that using a longer time frame to measure poverty
(e.g., 2 years) yields, on average, a lower poverty rate than the annual
measures presented in this report, while using a shorter time frame (e.g.,
1 month) yields higher poverty rates.
The Census Bureau is currently undertaking a new project to reengineer
the SIPP for 2011. The reengineered survey is expected to reduce respondent burden and attrition and to deliver data on a timely basis, while
addressing the same topic areas of the earlier SIPP panels. For further
information about earlier SIPP panels, copies of Dynamics of Economic
Well-Being reports, and information about the 2011 redesign, see
<www.sipp.census.gov/sipp>.
reflect the effects of taxes and
selected noncash benefits, at a later
date. (For 2005 alternative measures
of income and poverty estimates, see
The Effect of Taxes and Transfers on
Income and Poverty in the United
States: 2005, U.S. Census Bureau,
Current Population Reports, P60-232,
March 2007, <www.census.gov/prod
/2007pubs/p60-232.pdf>.4
The CPS is the longest-running survey
conducted by the Census Bureau. The
CPS ASEC asks detailed questions categorizing income into over 50
sources. The key purpose of the CPS
ASEC is to provide timely and detailed
estimates of income, poverty, and
health insurance coverage and to
The Census Bureau has a Web-based tool
for researchers to explore alternative income
and poverty measures. The tool is available in a
link from the “Microdata Access” page on the
Census Bureau’s poverty Web site,
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty
/microdata.html>.
4
U.S. Census Bureau
measure change in those estimates at
the national level. The CPS ASEC is
the official source of the national
poverty estimates calculated in accordance with the Office of Management
and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy
Directive 14 (Appendix B).
The Census Bureau also reports
income and poverty estimates based
on data from the American Community
Survey (ACS). The ACS is part of the
2010 Decennial Census Program and
will eliminate the need for a long-form
sample questionnaire. The ACS offers
broad, comprehensive information on
social, economic, and housing data
and is designed to provide this information at many levels of geography,
particularly for local communities. The
ACS does not currently collect data on
health insurance coverage.5
Since the CPS ASEC produces more
complete and thorough estimates of
income and poverty, the Census
Bureau recommends that people use
this data source for national estimates.
Estimates for income and poverty at
the state level and for smaller geographic entities can now be found in
the ACS report Income, Earnings, and
Poverty Data From the 2006 American
Community Survey. This CPS ASEC
report includes state-level estimates
for health insurance coverage. For
more information on state and local
estimates, see the text box “State and
Local Estimates of Income, Poverty,
and Health Insurance.”
The CPS ASEC provides reliable estimates of the net change, from one
year to the next, in the overall distribution of economic characteristics of
the population, such as income and
earnings, but it does not show how
those characteristics change for the
same person, family, or household.
Longitudinal measures of income,
poverty, and health insurance coverage that are based on following the
same people over time are available
from the Survey of Income and
Program Participation (SIPP). Estimates
derived from SIPP data answer questions such as:
• What percentage of households
move up or down the income distribution over time?
• How many people remain in
poverty over time?
• How long do people without health
insurance tend to remain uninsured?
The text box “Survey of Income and
Program Participation (SIPP)” provides
more information.
5
The 2008 ACS will include health insurance
as a new topic.
INCOME IN THE
UNITED STATES
statistically significant. (Hispanic
householders may be any race.)6
Highlights
• Real median household income in
the United States rose between
2005 and 2006, for the second
consecutive year. Household
income increased 0.7 percent, from
$47,845 to $48,201 (Figure 1 and
Table 1).
• Real median household income of
White households rose 1.1 percent
between 2005 and 2006 (Table 1)—
the first real increase in annual
household income for this group
since 1999. The changes in median
household income for the remaining
race groups and Hispanics were not
changes in income for total
foreign-born households and those
maintained by a naturalized citizen
were not statistically significant.
• Real median household income
rose between 2005 and 2006 for
native-born households (1.3 percent) as well as for foreign-born
households maintained by a householder who was not a U.S. citizen
(4.1 percent) (Table 1).7 The
• No statistical change in total household income inequality was evident
between 2005 and 2006, as measured by the shares of aggregate
household income of quintiles and
6
Changes in overall median income do not
necessarily follow changes experienced by component subgroups because medians do not have
the same statistical properties as other summary
measures, such as per capita income and means.
7
Native-born households are those in which
the householder was born in the United States,
Puerto Rico, or certain U.S. island areas (Guam,
the Northern Mariana Islands, or the Virgin
Islands of the United States) or was born in a foreign country but had at least one parent who was
a U.S. citizen. All other households are considered
foreign born regardless of the date of entry into
the United States or citizenship status. The CPS
does not interview households in Puerto Rico. Of
all households, 86.7 percent were native-born
households, 6.2 percent were households with
foreign-born householders who were naturalized
citizens, and 7.1 percent were noncitizen households. The difference between the increases in
the household incomes of native-born households
and foreign-born households maintained by a
householder who was not a U.S. citizen was not
statistically significant.
Figure 1.
Real Median Household Income: 1967 to 2006
55,000
Recession
2006 dollars
50,000
$48,201
45,000
40,000
$36,847
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2006
Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Median household income data are not available
before 1967.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 1.
Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2005 and 2006
(Income in 2006 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year)
2005
Number
(thousands)
HOUSEHOLDS
All households. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median income
(dollars)
Median income
(dollars)
Characteristic
Percentage change in
real median income
(2006 less 2005)
2006
90-percent
Number
confidence
Estimate interval1 (±) (thousands)
90-percent
confidence
Estimate interval1 (±)
Estimate
90-percent
confidence
interval1 (±)
114,384
47,845
263
116,011
48,201
341
*0.7
0.73
77,402
58,179
59,156
68,233
343
415
78,425
58,945
59,894
69,716
403
559
*1.2
* 2.2
0.73
0.84
14,093
5,130
36,982
20,230
16,753
31,655
48,289
28,222
23,432
35,164
445
1,065
275
426
729
14,416
5,063
37,587
20,249
17,338
31,818
47,078
29,083
23,876
35,614
433
1,026
368
411
439
0.5
*–2.5
*3.1
1.9
1.3
1.59
2.44
1.34
2.06
2.03
Race2 and Hispanic Origin of
Householder
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic origin (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93,588
82,003
14,002
4,273
12,519
50,146
52,449
31,870
63,097
37,146
360
292
511
1,210
607
94,705
82,675
14,354
4,454
12,973
50,673
52,423
31,969
64,238
37,781
242
309
396
2,754
831
*1.1
–
0.3
1.8
1.7
0.72
0.65
1.65
4.11
1.92
Age of Householder
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90,926
6,795
19,120
23,016
23,731
18,264
23,459
54,001
29,713
48,932
59,988
64,471
53,973
26,890
250
802
590
914
748
705
297
92,282
6,662
19,435
22,779
24,140
19,266
23,729
54,726
30,937
49,164
60,405
64,874
54,592
27,798
426
620
735
528
781
821
332
*1.3
*4.1
0.5
0.7
0.6
1.1
*3.4
0.76
2.85
1.57
1.48
1.36
1.63
1.36
Nativity of Householder
Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreign born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Naturalized citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99,579
14,806
6,990
7,815
48,435
43,418
51,670
37,945
280
700
1,385
804
100,603
15,408
7,210
8,198
49,074
43,943
51,440
39,497
375
956
948
1,061
*1.3
1.2
–0.4
*4.1
0.79
2.23
2.66
2.89
Region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21,054
26,351
41,805
25,174
52,550
47,457
43,520
51,641
630
598
360
629
21,261
26,508
42,587
25,656
52,057
47,836
43,884
52,249
568
643
549
540
–0.9
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.24
1.46
1.25
1.35
Metropolitan Status
Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . . .
Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside metropolitan statistical areas3 . .
95,107
38,008
57,098
19,278
50,063
42,516
55,300
38,796
372
365
549
705
96,739
38,488
58,251
19,272
50,616
42,627
55,775
38,293
240
515
433
767
*1.1
0.3
0.9
–1.3
0.74
1.22
1.03
2.15
Shares of Household Income
Quintiles and Gini Index4
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . .
22,877
22,877
22,877
22,877
22,877
114,384
3.4
8.6
14.6
23.0
50.4
0.469
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.25
0.56
0.0047
23,202
23,202
23,202
23,202
23,202
116,011
3.4
8.6
14.5
22.9
50.5
0.470
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.25
0.55
0.0047
–
–
–0.7
–0.4
0.2
0.2
1.27
1.27
1.25
1.25
1.26
1.14
Type of Household
Family households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female householder, no husband
present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male householder, no wife present . . .
Nonfamily households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 1.
Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2005 and 2006—Con.
(Income in 2006 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year)
2005
Median income
(dollars)
Median income
(dollars)
Characteristic
Number
(thousands)
Percentage change in
real median income
(2006 less 2005)
2006
90-percent
Number
confidence
Estimate interval1 (±) (thousands)
90-percent
confidence
Estimate
90-percent
confidence
interval1 (±)
EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME,
YEAR-ROUND WORKERS
Men with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61,500
43,351
42,743
32,903
153
138
63,055
44,663
42,261
32,515
145
304
*–1.1
*–1.2
0.41
0.89
PER CAPITA INCOME5
Total2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
293,834
235,903
195,893
36,965
12,599
43,168
25,857
27,365
29,895
17,427
28,227
14,958
165
194
226
313
860
262
296,824
237,892
196,252
37,369
13,194
44,854
26,352
27,821
30,431
17,902
30,474
15,421
168
192
224
357
1,142
299
*1.9
*1.7
*1.8
*2.7
*8.0
*3.1
0.77
0.84
0.90
2.31
4.38
2.00
– Represents or rounds to zero.
* Statistically different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.
1
A 90-percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the
estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_233sa.pdf>.
2
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as
Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they
also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population
does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more
than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder.
About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders,
and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately in this table.
3
The ‘‘Outside metropolitan statistical areas’’ category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas.
For more information, see ‘‘About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas’’ at <www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html>.
4
The data shown in this section are shares of aggregate household income, the Gini index, and their respective confidence intervals. See the article by Paul Alison,
‘‘Measures of Inequality,’’ American Sociological Review, 43, December 1977, pp. 865–880, for an explanation of inequality measures.
5
The data shown in this section are per capita incomes and their respective confidence intervals. Per capita income is the mean income computed for every man,
woman, and child in a particular group. It is derived by dividing the total income of a particular group by the total population in that group (excluding patients or inmates in
institutional quarters).
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2006 and 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
the Gini index (0.470 in 2006 and
0.469 in 2005) (Table 1).8
• Real median earnings of both men
and women who worked full-time,
year-round declined between 2005
and 2006 (1.1 percent and 1.2 percent, respectively) (Table 1 and
Figure 2).9 This is the third consecutive year that men and women
experienced a decline in earnings.
8
See “What Are Shares of Aggregate
Household Income and a Gini Index?,” Income,
Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2006
American Community Survey, American
Community Survey Reports, ACS-08, August
2007, <www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs
/acs-08.pdf>.
9
The apparent difference between the
declines in the earnings of men and women was
not statistically significant.
The female-to-male earnings ratio
of 0.77 in 2006 was not statistically different from the 2005 ratio
(Figure 2).
• Real per capita income rose for all
race groups and Hispanics between
2005 and 2006, with Asians experiencing the largest increase
(Table 1).
Household Income
For the second consecutive year,
households in the United States experienced an increase in real annual
median income. Median household
income rose by 0.7 percent between
2005 and 2006, from $47,845 to
$48,201 (Figure 1 and Table 1). Even
though overall household income has
not yet recovered to its 1999 prerecessionary peak of $49,244 (in 2006
dollars), the gap is narrowing. In
2004, real median household income
was 3.9 percent less than its 1999
level; in 2006, it was 2.1 percent less.
Compared with 1967, the first year
for which household income statistics
are available, real median household
income has increased 30.8 percent.10
10
Using the CPI-U, instead of the CPI-U-RS,
real median household income increased 11.8
percent since 1967. For a further discussion
about the Census Bureau’s use of the Consumer
Price Index, see Appendixes C and D, Money
Income in the United States: 1998, U.S. Census
Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-206,
September 1999, <www.census.gov/prod
/99pubs/p60-206.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau
Race and Hispanic Origin
The real median household income of
White households rose 1.1 percent
between 2005 and 2006 (Table 1).
This is the first real increase in annual
household income for this group
since 1999. For each of the remaining
race groups shown in Table 1 and
Hispanics (Hispanic householders
may be any race), the apparent
increases in median household
income between 2005 and 2006 were
not statistically significant. The last
annual increase in real household
income occurred in 1999 for nonHispanic White households and Black
households and in 2000 for Asian
households and Hispanic households.
Black households had the lowest
median income in 2006 among the
race and Hispanic-origin groups,
$31,969, which was 61 percent of the
median for non-Hispanic White households, $52,423.11 Asian households
had the highest median income,
$64,238, about 123 percent of the
median for non-Hispanic White households. Median income for Hispanic
households was $37,781 in 2006,
which was 72 percent of the median
for non-Hispanic White households.
Nativity
Real median household income rose
between 2005 and 2006 for nativeborn households as well as for foreignborn households maintained by a
householder who was not a U.S. citizen
(Table 1). The income of native-born
households rose by 1.3 percent to
$49,074; for foreign-born households
maintained by a person who was not a
citizen, household income rose by 4.1
percent to $39,497.12 The changes for
total foreign-born households and
11
The distribution of household income is
influenced by many factors, such as the number
of earners and household size.
12
The difference between the increases in
median household income of native-born households and foreign-born households maintained
by a person who was not a citizen was not statistically significant.
U.S. Census Bureau
those maintained by a naturalized citizen were not statistically significant.
The median income of foreign-born
households in 2006 was $43,943. For
households maintained by a naturalized citizen the median income was
$51,440, higher than the income of
native-born households.
Region
The median income of households in
each of the four regions was statistically unchanged between 2005 and
2006.13 The last time the Northeast
and the West regions experienced
increases in household income was in
2005; for the Midwest and the South
regions, it was 1999. In 2006, households in the Northeast ($52,057) and
the West ($52,249) had the highest
household incomes, followed by
households in the Midwest
($47,836).14 Households in the South
continued to have the lowest median
income ($43,884).
Metropolitan Status
Between 2005 and 2006, real median
income for households inside metropolitan areas rose by 1.1 percent to
$50,616. Households inside principal
cities had a 2006 median income of
$42,627, and households outside
principal cities had an income of
$55,775—neither statistically different from their 2005 income levels.
The income of households outside
13
The Northeast region includes the states
of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Midwest region
includes the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,
and Wisconsin. The South region includes the
states of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida,
Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West
Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state
equivalent. The West region includes the states
of Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii,
Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
14
median incomes of households in the Northeast
and the West was not statistically different.
metropolitan statistical areas also
remained statistically unchanged at
$38,293.
Income Inequality
The Census Bureau has traditionally
used two methods to measure
income inequality—the shares of
aggregate income received by households and the Gini index. The shares
method ranks households from lowest to highest on the basis of income
and then divides them into groups of
equal population size, typically quintiles. The aggregate income of each
group is then divided by the overall
aggregate income to derive shares.
The Gini index incorporates detailed
shares data into a single measure,
which summarizes the dispersion of
income across the entire income distribution. The Gini index ranges from
0, indicating perfect equality (where
everyone receives an equal share), to
1, perfect inequality (where all the
income is received by only one recipient or group of recipients).
The shares of aggregate household
income received by the quintiles
remained statistically unchanged
between 2005 and 2006. In 2006, the
share of aggregate income received
by the lowest quintile was 3.4 percent; the second quintile received
8.6 percent; the third quintile,
14.5 percent; the fourth quintile,
22.9 percent; and the highest quintile, 50.5 percent.
The Gini index (0.470) also indicated
no statistical change in total household income inequality between 2005
and 2006. The Gini index has
increased 1.7 percent since 2002
(0.462) and 3.3 percent over the past
10 years (from 0.455 to 0.470).15
There have not been any statistically
significant annual changes in the Gini
index over the past 10 years.
15
increases in the Gini index was not statistically
significant.
Figure 2.
Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers
15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2006
90
Earnings in thousands (2006 dollars), ratio in percent
Recession
80
77 percent
70
Female-to-male earnings ratio
60
50
$42,261
40
Earnings of men
$32,515
30
Earnings of women
20
10
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2006
Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Data on earnings of full-time, year-round workers are not
readily available before 1960.
(Appendix Table A-3 lists historical
inequality measures.16)
Equivalence-Adjusted
Income Inequality
Another way to measure income
inequality is using equivalenceadjusted income. Equivalence adjusting income takes into consideration
16
Direct comparisons with years earlier than
1993 are not recommended because of substantial methodological changes in the 1994 ASEC.
In that year, the Census Bureau introduced
computer-assisted interviewing, increased
income reporting limits, and implemented 1990
decennial-census-based population controls.
the number of people living in the
household and how those people
share resources and take advantage
of economies of scale. The equivalence adjustment used here is based
on a three-parameter scale that
reflects the fact that—
1. On average, children consume less
than adults.
2. As family size increases, expenses
do not increase at the same rate.
3. The increase in expenses is larger
for a first child of a single-parent
family than the first child of a twoadult family.17
17
The three-parameter scale used here is the
same as the one used in the report, The Effect
of Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty
in the United States: 2005, U.S. Census Bureau,
Current Population Reports, P60-232, March
2007, <www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs
/p60-232.pdf>. The three-parameter scale was
applied to incomes of families and unrelated
individuals and assigned to each family member
or unrelated individual living within the household. For details on the derivation of the threeparameter scale, see Experimental Poverty
Measures: 1999, U.S. Census Bureau, Current
Population Reports, P60-216, October 2001,
<www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs
/p60-216.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 2.
Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income: 2005
and 2006
2005
Money
income
Measure
2006
Equivalence-adjusted
income
90-percent
confidence
90-percent
confidence
Money
income
Equivalence-adjusted
income
90-percent
confidence
Estimate
90-percent
confidence
interval1 (±)
Shares of Aggregate Income by
Percentile
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Middle quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
8.6
14.6
23.0
50.4
22.2
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.25
0.56
0.51
3.7
9.5
15.1
22.7
49.1
21.9
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.25
0.56
0.51
3.4
8.6
14.5
22.9
50.5
22.3
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.25
0.55
0.51
3.7
9.4
15.0
22.5
49.4
22.2
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.25
0.55
0.51
0.469
0.545
0.411
0.0047
0.0103
0.0002
0.452
0.617
0.390
0.0047
0.0103
0.0002
0.470
0.543
0.417
0.0047
0.0103
0.0003
0.454
0.604
0.397
0.0047
0.0103
0.0003
0.098
0.192
0.289
0.0021
0.0033
0.0042
0.094
0.185
0.289
0.0021
0.0033
0.0042
0.099
0.192
0.289
0.0022
0.0035
0.0044
0.095
0.186
0.288
0.0022
0.0035
0.0044
Summary Measures
Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . .
Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Source: U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2006 and 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Table 2 shows several income
inequality measures, including shares
of aggregate income and the Gini
index, using both money income (as
shown in Table 1) and equivalenceadjusted income for income years
2005 and 2006. For both 2005 and
2006, the Gini index is lower under
the equivalence-adjusted income concept than under the traditional money
income concept. Furthermore,
equivalence-adjusted income measures show a more equal distribution
of income. Comparing the shares of
aggregate household income received
by quintile, higher shares of income
appear in the lower quintiles and
lower shares appear in the higher
quintiles for equivalence-adjusted
income than for money income. This
redistribution would be expected
given that—
1. The lower end of the income distribution is made up of a higher
U.S. Census Bureau
concentration of single-person
households.
Equivalence adjusting income
increases the relative incomes of people living in lower-income groups.
75.1 percent worked full-time, yearround in 2006, a higher percentage
than in 2005 (74.1 percent).18 The
number of women workers was 73.8
million in 2006, an increase of 1.2
million from 2005.19 About 60.6 percent of women worked full-time, yearround, also a higher percentage than
in 2005 (59.8 percent).
As with money income, there was no
change between 2005 and 2006 in
the Gini index or in the distribution of
shares of aggregate household
income within quintiles for
equivalence-adjusted income.
Earnings represent the largest component of income. Earnings trends and
income trends are not perfectly correlated. While median household
income in 2006 rose by 0.7 percent,
the real median earnings of both men
2. The lower end of the income distribution is made up of smaller families than the upper end.
Work Experience and Earnings
For males and females alike, the number of workers and the proportion
who worked full-time, year-round
increased between 2005 and 2006.
The number of working men 15 years
and older increased by about 1.0 million to 84.0 million. An estimated
18
A full-time, year-round worker is a person
who worked 35 or more hours per week (fulltime) and 50 or more weeks during the previous
calendar year (year-round). For school personnel,
the summer vacation is counted as weeks
worked if they are scheduled to return to their
job in the fall.
19
increases in the number of male and female
workers was not statistically significant.
and women who worked full-time,
year-round declined between 2005
and 2006 (Table 1 and Figure 2). The
median earnings of men declined 1.1
percent to $42,261. The median earnings of women declined 1.2 percent
to $32,515.20 This is the third consecutive year that men and women experienced a decline in earnings. The
female-to-male earnings ratio was
0.77 in 2006, not statistically different from the 2005 ratio.
20
declines in the earnings of men and women was
not statistically significant.
Per Capita Income21
Real per capita income rose for all
race groups and Hispanics between
2005 and 2006, with Asians experiencing the largest increase.22 Overall
per capita income rose by 1.9 percent. The per capita income of nonHispanic Whites, Blacks, and Asians
increased by 1.8 percent, 2.7 percent,
21
The per capita income data presented in
this report are not directly comparable with estimates of personal per capita income prepared
by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce. The lack of correspondence stems from the differences in
income definition and coverage. For further
details, see <www.census.gov/hhes/www
/income/compare1.html>.
22
Unlike medians, per capita and means are
affected by high incomes.
and 8.0 percent, respectively. The per
capita income of Hispanics rose by
3.1 percent.23 The last time all race
groups experienced a simultaneous
increase in per capita income was
in 1999.
Non-Hispanic Whites and Asians had
the highest per capita incomes in
2006 at $30,431 and $30,474,
respectively.24 Blacks had the nexthighest per capita income at $17,902,
followed by Hispanics at $15,421.
23
The apparent differences between the percent increases in per capita income for the total
population, non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and
Hispanics were not statistically significant.
24
The apparent difference between the per
capita incomes of non-Hispanic Whites and
Asians was not statistically significant.
U.S. Census Bureau
POVERTY IN THE
UNITED STATES25
• The poverty rate in 2006 was lower
than in 1959, the first year for
which poverty estimates are available (Figure 3). From the most
recent trough in 2000, the rate rose
for 4 consecutive years, from 11.3
percent in 2000 to 12.7 percent in
2004, and then declined to 12.3
percent in 2006—a rate not statistically different from those in 2002
and 2003 (12.1 percent and 12.5
percent, respectively).
Highlights
• The official poverty rate in 2006
was 12.3 percent, down from
12.6 percent in 2005 (Table 3).
• In 2006, 36.5 million people were
in poverty, not statistically different from 2005.
• Poverty rates in 2006 were statistically unchanged for non-Hispanic
Whites (8.2 percent), Blacks (24.3
percent), and Asians (10.3 percent)
from 2005. The poverty rate
decreased for Hispanics (20.6 percent in 2006, down from 21.8 percent in 2005).
• For children under 18 years old
and people aged 18 to 64, the
poverty rates (17.4 percent and
10.8 percent, respectively) and the
numbers in poverty (12.8 million
and 20.2 million, respectively)
remained statistically unchanged
from 2005.26
26
Unrelated individuals under 15 are
excluded from the poverty universe; therefore,
375,000 fewer children are in the poverty universe than in the total population.
25
OMB determined the official definition of
poverty in Statistical Policy Directive 14.
Appendix B describes how the Census Bureau
calculates poverty.
• Both the poverty rate and the number in poverty decreased for people aged 65 and older (9.4 percent
and 3.4 million in 2006, down
from 10.1 percent and 3.6 million
in 2005).
At 8.2 percent, the 2006 poverty rate
for non-Hispanic Whites was lower
than the rate for Blacks and Asians,
24.3 percent and 10.3 percent,
respectively (Table 3). For all three of
these groups, the number and the
percentage in poverty were statistically unchanged between 2005 and
2006. In 2006, non-Hispanic Whites
accounted for 43.9 percent of people
in poverty and 66.1 percent of the
total population. Among Hispanics,
20.6 percent were in poverty in 2006,
lower than the 21.8 percent in 2005,
while the number of Hispanics in
poverty remained statistically
unchanged at 9.2 million in 2006.
Figure 3.
Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2006
50
Recession
Numbers in millions, rates in percent
45
Number in poverty
40
36.5 million
35
30
25
20
Poverty rate
15
12.3 percent
10
5
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2006
Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 3.
People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2005 and 2006
(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals (C.I.) in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year)
Below poverty in 2005
Characteristic
Number
90Perpercent
1
C.I. (±) centage
Change in poverty (2006 less 2005)2
Below poverty in 2006
90percent
1
C.I. (±) Number
90Perpercent
1
C.I. (±) centage
90percent
1
C.I. (±) Number
90Perpercent
1
C.I. (±) centage
90percent
1
C.I. (±)
PEOPLE
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36,950
679
12.6
0.2
36,460
676
12.3
0.2
–490
711
*–0.3
0.2
Family Status
In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Related children under 18. . . . . . . . .
Related children under 6 . . . . . . . .
In unrelated subfamilies . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reference person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Children under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unrelated individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26,068
7,657
12,335
4,784
456
181
270
10,425
4,315
6,111
583
184
340
220
81
51
54
224
131
161
10.8
9.9
17.1
20.0
37.4
35.9
39.7
21.1
17.9
24.1
0.2
0.2
0.5
1.0
7.2
11.0
9.0
0.5
0.6
0.7
25,915
7,668
12,299
4,830
567
229
323
9,977
4,388
5,589
581
185
339
221
90
57
60
218
132
152
10.6
9.8
16.9
20.0
41.5
40.4
44.9
20.0
17.8
22.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
1.0
7.2
11.1
9.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
–153
11
–37
46
*111
48
53
*–448
73
*–522
610
210
356
232
90
57
60
252
150
179
–0.2
–0.1
–0.2
–
4.1
4.6
5.2
*–1.1
–0.1
*–1.9
0.3
0.3
0.5
1.0
7.6
11.6
9.7
0.5
0.6
0.8
Race3 and Hispanic Origin
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic origin (any race). . . . . . . . . . .
24,872
16,227
9,168
1,402
9,368
570
468
332
137
324
10.6
8.3
24.9
11.1
21.8
0.2
0.2
0.9
1.1
0.8
24,416
16,013
9,048
1,353
9,243
566
465
331
135
324
10.3
8.2
24.3
10.3
20.6
0.2
0.2
0.9
1.0
0.7
–456
–214
–120
–49
–126
648
532
347
142
271
*–0.3
–0.1
–0.7
–0.9
*–1.1
0.3
0.3
0.9
1.1
0.6
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,896
20,450
3,603
346
516
132
17.6
11.1
10.1
0.5
0.3
0.4
12,827
20,239
3,394
345
515
129
17.4
10.8
9.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
–69
–211
*–210
362
541
137
–0.2
–0.3
*–0.7
0.5
0.3
0.4
Nativity
Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreign born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Naturalized citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not a citizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31,080
5,870
1,441
4,429
630
327
163
285
12.1
16.5
10.4
20.4
0.2
1.0
1.2
1.4
30,790
5,670
1,345
4,324
628
321
158
281
11.9
15.2
9.3
19.0
0.2
0.9
1.1
1.3
–290
–200
–96
–105
660
340
168
297
–0.2
*–1.3
–1.1
–1.3
0.3
1.0
1.2
1.4
Region
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,103
7,419
14,854
8,573
285
311
444
343
11.3
11.4
14.0
12.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
6,222
7,324
14,882
8,032
287
309
445
334
11.5
11.2
13.8
11.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
119
–95
28
*–541
300
325
466
355
0.2
–0.2
–0.2
*–1.0
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.5
30,098
15,966
14,132
621
465
438
12.2
17.0
9.3
0.3
0.5
0.3
29,283
15,336
13,947
614
456
436
11.8
16.1
9.1
0.2
0.5
0.3
*–815
*–630
–185
648
483
458
*–0.5
*–0.9
–0.2
0.3
0.5
0.3
Metropolitan Status
Inside metropolitan statistical areas. . .
Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside metropolitan statistical
areas4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,852
379
14.5
0.8
7,177
387
15.2
0.8
325
402
0.6
0.9
Work Experience
All workers (16 years and older) . . . . .
Worked full-time, year-round. . . . . . .
Not full-time, year-round . . . . . . . . . .
Did not work at least 1 week . . . . . . . .
9,340
2,894
6,446
16,041
358
202
299
462
6.0
2.8
12.8
21.8
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.7
9,181
2,906
6,275
15,715
355
203
296
458
5.8
2.7
12.6
21.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.6
–159
12
–170
–327
374
212
312
482
–0.2
–0.1
–0.2
–0.6
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.7
FAMILIES
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,657
184
9.9
0.2
7,668
185
9.8
0.2
11
210
–0.1
0.3
2,944
105
5.1
0.2
2,910
105
4.9
0.2
–34
120
–0.1
0.2
4,044
669
126
48
28.7
13.0
1.0
1.0
4,087
671
127
48
28.3
13.2
1.0
1.0
43
2
144
55
–0.4
0.2
1.1
1.1
Type of Family
Married-couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female householder, no husband
present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male householder, no wife present . . .
1
A 90-percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For
more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_233sa.pdf>.
2
Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be
defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race
(the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred
method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian
and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in
Census 2000. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately.
4
The ‘‘Outside metropolitan statistical areas’’ category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more
information, see ‘‘About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas’’ at <www.census.gov/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html>.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 4.
Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2006
50
Recession
Percent
45
40
35
65 years and older
30
25
Under 18 years
20
17.4 percent
15
10.8 percent
9.4 percent
10
18 to 64 years
5
0
1959
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2006
Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years.
Data for people aged 18 to 64 and 65 and older are not available from 1960 to 1965.
Age
Both the poverty rate and the number
in poverty for people aged 18 to 64
were not statistically different from
2005, at 10.8 percent and 20.2 million in 2006. In contrast, both the
poverty rate and the number of people 65 and older in poverty decreased
to 9.4 percent and 3.4 million in
2006 from 10.1 percent and 3.6 million in 2005 (Table 3 and Figure 4).
In 2006, children under 18 showed
no statistical change in their poverty
rate or the number in poverty (17.4
percent and 12.8 million). The
poverty rate for children was higher
than the rates for people 18 to 64
years old and those 65 and older
(Table 3). Children represented 35.2
percent of the people in poverty and
24.9 percent of the total population.
In 2006, the poverty rate for related
children under 18 living in families
U.S. Census Bureau
was 16.9 percent, statistically
unchanged from 2005.27 For related
children under 18 living in families
with a female householder with no
husband present, 42.1 percent were
in poverty compared with 8.1 percent
for married-couple families.
The poverty rate and the number in
poverty for related children under 6
living in families were 20.0 percent
and 4.8 million, both not statistically
different from 2005. Of related children under 6 living in families with a
female householder with no husband
present, 52.7 percent were in poverty,
over five times the rate of their counterparts in married-couple families
(9.4 percent).
27
Estimates for related children under 18
include children related to the householder (or
reference person of an unrelated subfamily) who
are not themselves a householder or spouse of
the householder (or family reference person).
Nativity
Of all people, 87.4 percent were
native born, 4.9 percent were foreignborn naturalized citizens, and 7.7
percent were foreign-born noncitizens. The poverty rate and the number in poverty for the native-born
population were not statistically different from 2005 at 11.9 percent and
30.8 million in 2006. The poverty
rate for the foreign-born population
decreased from 16.5 percent in 2005
to 15.2 percent in 2006, while the
number in poverty remained statistically unchanged at 5.7 million in
2006 (Table 3).
Of the foreign-born population, 39.0
percent were naturalized citizens; the
remaining were noncitizens. Their
poverty rates in 2006 were 9.3 percent for foreign-born naturalized citizens and 19.0 percent for those who
were not U.S. citizens, both statistically unchanged from 2005.
Region
In 2006, the South continued to have
the highest poverty rate at 13.8 percent. The other three regions had
poverty rates that were not statistically different from one another—
11.5 percent in the Northeast, 11.2
percent in the Midwest, and 11.6 percent in the West. The West was the
only region to show a statistical
change in the number and the percentage in poverty—8.0 million and
11.6 percent in 2006, down from 8.6
million and 12.6 percent in 2005.
Metropolitan Status
The poverty rate and the number of
people in poverty in metropolitan statistical areas (principal cities and suburbs) were 11.8 percent and 29.3 million in 2006, down from 12.2 percent
and 30.1 million in 2005. Of all people in metropolitan statistical areas in
2006, 38.2 percent lived in principal
cities, and 52.4 percent of people in
poverty in those metropolitan statistical areas lived in principal cities.
The poverty rate and the number in
poverty decreased for people living
inside principal cities, from 17.0 percent and 16.0 million in 2005 to 16.1
percent and 15.3 million in 2006. The
poverty rate and the number in
poverty for people living in the suburbs were 9.1 percent and 13.9 million in 2006, statistically unchanged
from 2005.
Among those living outside metropolitan statistical areas, the poverty rate
and the number in poverty were
15.2 percent and 7.2 million in 2006,
statistically unchanged from 2005.
Work Experience
People 16 and older who worked
some or all of 2006 had a lower
poverty rate than those who did not
work at any time (5.8 percent compared with 21.1 percent) (Table 3).
The poverty rate among full-time,
year-round workers (2.7 percent) was
lower than the rate for those who
worked part-time or part-year (12.6
percent) in 2006. In addition, among
people 16 and older, those who did
not work in 2006 represented 43.1
percent of people in poverty, compared with 25.1 percent of all people.
Families
In 2006, the poverty rate and the
number of families in poverty were
9.8 percent and 7.7 million, both statistically unchanged from 2005
(Table 3).
Furthermore, the poverty rate and the
number in poverty showed no change
between 2005 and 2006 for the different types of families. In 2006,
married-couple families (4.9 percent
and 2.9 million), female-householderwith-no-husband-present families
(28.3 percent and 4.1 million), and
male-householder-with-no-wifepresent families (13.2 percent and
671,000) were all statistically
unchanged from 2005.
Depth of Poverty
Categorizing people as “in poverty” or
“not in poverty” is one way to
describe their economic situation.
The income-to-poverty ratio and the
income deficit (surplus) describe
other aspects of economic well-being.
Where the poverty rate provides a
measure of the proportion of people
with a family income that is below
the established poverty thresholds,
the income-to-poverty ratio provides
a measure to gauge the depth of
poverty and to calculate the size of
the population that may be eligible
for government-sponsored assistance
programs, such as Temporary
Assistance for Needy Families (TANF),
Medicare, food stamps, and the LowIncome Home Energy Assistance
Program (LIHEAP). The income-topoverty ratio is reported as a percentage that compares a family’s or an
unrelated individual’s (person who
does not live with relatives) income
with their poverty threshold. For
example, a family or individual with
an income-to-poverty ratio of 110
percent has income that is 10 percent
above their poverty threshold.
The income deficit (surplus) tells how
many dollars a family’s or an unrelated individual’s income is below
(above) their poverty threshold. These
measures illustrate how the lowincome population varies in relation
to the poverty thresholds.
Ratio of Income to Poverty
Table 4 presents the number and the
percentage of people within three
ranges of income-to-poverty ratios—
those below 50 percent of poverty
(“Under 0.50”), those below 100 percent of poverty (“Under 1.00,” also
called “in poverty”), and those below
125 percent of poverty (“Under 1.25”).
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 4.
People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected
Characteristics: 2006
Income-to-poverty ratio
Under 0.50
Characteristic
Total
All people. . . . . .
90Num- percent
ber C.I.1 (±)
296,450 15,447
Under 1.00
90Per- percent
cent C.I.1 (±)
90Num- percent
ber C.I.1 (±)
Under 1.25
90Per- percent
cent C.I.1 (±)
90Num- percent
ber C.I.1 (±)
90Per- percent
cent C.I.1 (±)
457
5.2
0.2 36,460
676
12.3
0.2 49,688
768
16.8
0.3
Age
Under 18 years . . . . . . . . .
18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 59 years . . . . . . . . . .
60 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and older . . . . . .
73,727
28,405
39,868
42,762
43,461
18,221
13,970
36,035
5,508
2,612
2,185
1,618
1,464
666
482
914
238
115
107
93
88
60
51
69
7.5
9.2
5.5
3.8
3.4
3.7
3.4
2.5
0.3 12,827
0.4
5,047
0.3
4,920
0.2
4,049
0.2
3,399
0.3
1,468
0.4
1,357
0.2
3,394
345
155
158
144
133
88
85
129
17.4
17.8
12.3
9.5
7.8
8.1
9.7
9.4
0.5 17,051
0.5
6,475
0.4
6,628
0.3
5,506
0.3
4,566
0.5
2,002
0.6
1,822
0.4
5,638
385
172
182
167
152
103
98
160
23.1
22.8
16.6
12.9
10.5
11.0
13.0
15.6
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.4
Race2 and Hispanic
Origin
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic (any race) . . . . . .
237,619
196,049
37,306
13,177
44,784
9,987
6,917
4,057
668
3,455
371
311
232
96
213
4.2
3.5
10.9
5.1
7.7
0.2 24,416
0.2 16,013
0.6
9,048
0.7
1,353
0.5
9,243
566
465
331
135
324
10.3
8.2
24.3
10.3
20.6
0.2 34,290
0.2 22,432
0.8 11,463
1.0
1,854
0.7 12,922
658
544
363
156
362
14.4
11.4
30.7
14.1
28.9
0.3
0.3
0.9
1.1
0.8
245,199 10,341
78,454
3,156
378
110
4.2
4.0
0.2 25,915
0.1
7,668
581
185
10.6
9.8
0.2 35,810
0.2 10,531
670
226
14.6
13.4
0.3
0.2
0.3 12,299
339
16.9
0.5 16,451
380
22.7
0.5
0.6
5.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
221
90
218
132
152
20.0
41.5
20.0
17.8
22.2
0.9
6,291
7.2
666
0.3 13,213
0.4
5,661
0.5
7,552
249
97
263
153
183
26.0
48.7
26.5
22.9
30.0
0.9
8.0
0.4
0.5
0.5
Family Status
In families . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Householder . . . . . . . . . .
Related children
under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Related children
under 6 . . . . . . . . . . .
Unrelated subfamilies. . . .
Unrelated individuals. . . . .
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72,609
5,143
230
7.1
24,204
1,367
49,884
24,674
25,210
2,231
327
4,779
2,268
2,511
154
68
139
91
97
9.2
23.9
9.6
9.2
10.0
4,830
567
9,977
4,388
5,589
1
2
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as
Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they
also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population
does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more
than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder.
About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders,
and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately.
Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 5.
Distribution of Income-to-Poverty Ratios: 2006
0.18
Density
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
IPR=1.25
0.08
IPR=1.0
IPR=0.5
0.06
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Income-to-poverty ratio
Figure 5 illustrates the distribution of
people according to their income-topoverty ratios. The curve (based on a
density function) graphically depicts
the proportion of people with given
income-to-poverty ratios.28 Hence, this
chart presents the number of people
in poverty as the area under the
curve to the left of the vertical line at
1.0, approximately 36.5 million people in 2006.
28
To plot the distribution of the income-topoverty ratio using all people in the poverty universe, a smoothing function in SAS is employed
to determine the probability that a particular
ratio value occurs. To display all probabilities,
the density of each ratio value is plotted, forming the distribution. The vertical axis is labeled
“Density” since this continuous distribution is
determined by a statistical function.
In 2006, 5.2 percent, or 15.4 million
people, had an income below one-half
their poverty threshold. This group
represented 42.4 percent of the
poverty population in 2006 (Table 4).
The percentage and the number of
people with income below 125 percent of their threshold was 16.8 percent and 49.7 million. For children
under 18 years old, 7.5 percent (5.5
million) were below 50 percent of
their poverty thresholds, and 23.1
percent (17.1 million) were below 125
percent of their thresholds.
The demographic makeup of the population differs at varying degrees of
poverty. In 2006 among all people, 5.2
percent were below 50 percent of their
threshold, 7.1 percent were at or
above 50 percent and below 100 percent of their threshold, and 4.5 percent were between 100 percent and
125 percent of their thresholds. The
65-and-older population was more
highly concentrated between 100 percent to 125 percent of their poverty
thresholds (6.2 percent) than below 50
percent of their thresholds (2.5 percent). Among people 65 and older, 9.4
percent were below 100 percent of
poverty, and 15.6 percent were below
125 percent of poverty, a 66.0 percent
difference. The distribution was different for all people—12.3 percent were
below 100 percent of poverty and
16.8 percent were below 125 percent
of poverty, a 36.6 percent difference.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 5.
Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2006
(Numbers of families and unrelated individuals in thousands, deficits and surpluses and their confidence intervals (C.I.) in dollars)
Average deficit
or surplus
(dollars)
Size of deficit or surplus
Characteristic
Under
Total $500
Below Poverty
Threshold, Deficit
All families . . . . . . . . . . . .
Married-couple
families. . . . . . . . . . . .
Families with a
female householder,
no husband
present. . . . . . . . . . . .
Families with a male
householder, no
wife present . . . . . . .
Unrelated individuals . . .
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$500 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
or
$999 $1,999 $2,999 $3,999 $4,999 $5,999 $6,999 $7,999 more
Deficit or
surplus per
capita
(dollars)
90Esti- percent
mate C.I.1 (±)
Estimate
90percent
C.I.1 (±)
7,668
323
287
606
471
545
500
532
504
376
3,524
8,302
115
2,456
56
2,910
178
121
283
224
189
187
209
201
135
1,183
7,653
189
2,071
77
4,087
123
136
263
213
293
258
284
241
228
2,049
8,859
156
2,743
82
671
23
30
59
34
63
56
40
62
13
291
7,726
365
2,642
206
9,977
4,388
5,589
894
453
441
437
149
288
1,155
388
767
1,104
477
628
1,006
402
604
564
242
322
543
243
299
385
155
229
381
152
228
3,509
1,726
1,783
5,502
5,832
5,244
64
99
84
5,502
5,832
5,244
161
262
209
267
305
687
690
718
730
710
772
735 65,173 67,743
576 21,868
308
100
170
316
369
374
417
433
428
437 53,009 75,461
686 23,893
341
142
111
305
270
281
251
220
256
229
8,272 34,995
870 12,048
359
69
3,892 46,338
1,675 16,661
730
1,062 30,483 30,400
487 16,530 34,282
575 13,953 26,387
429 30,400
701 34,282
480 26,387
581
941
688
Above Poverty
Threshold, Surplus
All families . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,786
Married-couple
families. . . . . . . . . . . . 56,054
Families with a
female householder,
no husband
present. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,337
Families with a male
householder, no
wife present . . . . . . . 4,396
Unrelated individuals . . . 39,907
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,286
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,620
24
23
67
51
63
62
57
87
515
198
317
585
223
362
1,367
594
773
1,102
336
766
1,245
476
768
1,482
689
793
1,046
360
686
1,020
392
628
1
Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Income Deficit
The income deficit for families in
poverty (the difference in dollars
between a family’s income and its
poverty threshold) averaged $8,302
in 2006 (Table 5), not statistically different in real terms from 2005. The
average income deficit was larger for
families with a female householder
with no husband present ($8,859)
than for married-couple families
($7,653) and families with a male
U.S. Census Bureau
householder with no wife present
($7,726).29
The income deficit per capita for
female-householder-with-no-husbandpresent families ($2,743) was higher
than for married-couple families
($2,071). The income deficit per
capita is computed by dividing the
average deficit by the average number
29
The average income deficit for marriedcouple families was not statistically different
from that of male-householder-with-no-wifepresent families.
of people in that type of family.
Because families with a female householder with no husband present were
smaller, on average, than marriedcouple families, the larger per capita
deficit for female-householder-withno-husband-present families reflects
their smaller family size as well as
their lower income. For unrelated individuals in poverty, the average income
deficit was $5,502 in 2006. The
$5,244 deficit for women was lower
than the $5,832 deficit for men.
HEALTH INSURANCE
COVERAGE IN THE
UNITED STATES
Highlights
• Both the percentage and the
number of people without health
insurance increased in 2006. The
percentage without health insurance increased from 15.3 percent
in 2005 to 15.8 percent in 2006,
and the number of uninsured
increased from 44.8 million to
47.0 million. 30, 31
• The number of people with health
insurance increased to 249.8 million in 2006 (up from 249.0 million
in 2005). In 2006, the number of
people covered by private health
insurance (201.7 million) and the
number of people covered by government health insurance (80.3 million) were not statistically different
from 2005.
• The percentage of people covered
by employment-based health insurance decreased to 59.7 percent in
2006, from 60.2 percent in 2005.
• The percentage of people covered
by government health programs
decreased to 27.0 percent in 2006,
30
For a brief description of how the Census
Bureau collects and reports on health insurance,
see the text box “What Is Health Insurance
Coverage?” For a discussion of the quality of
ASEC health insurance coverage estimates, see
Appendix C.
31
The estimates of 2005 health insurance
coverage were revised since their original publication in August 2006. Please see “Revised CPS
ASEC Health Insurance Data” online at
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins
/usernote/schedule.html>.
What Is Health Insurance Coverage?
The Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current
Population Survey (CPS) asks about health insurance coverage in the previous calendar year. The questionnaire asks separate questions about the
major types of health insurance and people who answer “no” to each of
the coverage questions are then asked to verify that they were, in fact,
not covered by any type of health insurance. For reporting purposes, the
Census Bureau broadly classifies health insurance coverage as private coverage or government coverage. Private health insurance is a plan provided
through an employer or a union or purchased by an individual from a private company. Government health insurance includes the federal programs Medicare, Medicaid, and military health care; the State Children’s
Health Insurance Program (SCHIP); and individual state health plans.*
People were considered “insured” if they were covered by any type of
health insurance for part or all of the previous calendar year. They were
considered “uninsured” if they were not covered by any type of health
insurance at any time in that year.
Research shows health insurance coverage is underreported in the CPS
ASEC for a variety of reasons. Annual retrospective questions appear to
cause few problems when collecting income data (possibly because the
interview period is close to when people pay their taxes). However,
because health insurance coverage status can change over the course of a
year, answering questions about this long reference period may lead to
response errors. For example, some people may report their insurance
coverage status at the time of their interview rather than their coverage
status during the previous calendar year. Compared with other national
surveys, the CPS ASEC’s estimate of the number of people without health
insurance more closely approximates the number of people who were
uninsured at a specific point in time during the year than the number of
people uninsured for the entire year.
For more information on the quality of CPS ASEC health insurance estimates, see Appendix C, “Estimates of Health Insurance Coverage.” For a
comparison between health insurance coverage rates from the major federal surveys, see How Many People Lack Health Insurance and for How
Long? (Congressional Budget Office, May 2003) and People With Health
Insurance: A Comparison of Estimates From Two Surveys (Survey of
Income and Program Participation Working Paper 243, June 2004).
* Types of insurance are not mutually exclusive; people may be covered by more than one
during the year.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 6.
Number Uninsured and Uninsured Rate: 1987 to 2006
50
Numbers in millions, rates in percent
Recession
47.0 million
45
40
Number uninsured
35
30
25
20
15.8 percent
15
Uninsured rate
10
5
0
1987
1990
1993
19961
19992
2002
2006
1
The series starting in 1996 reflects an approximation of the impact of an editing error that was corrected in the 2005 ASEC (estimates of
2004 coverage).
2
Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls occurred for the 2000 ASEC, which collected data for 1999. These estimates also
reflect the results of follow-up verification questions that were asked of people who responded “no” to all questions about specific types of
health insurance coverage in order to verify whether they were actually uninsured. This change increased the number and percentage of
people covered by health insurance, bringing the CPS more in line with estimates from other national surveys.
Notes: Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions before the 1988 CPS.
The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years.
from 27.3 percent in 2005. The
percentage and the number of people covered by Medicaid were statistically unchanged at 12.9 percent and 38.3 million, respectively,
in 2006.
• The percentage and the number of
children under 18 years old without
health insurance increased to 11.7
percent and 8.7 million in 2006
(from 10.9 percent and 8.0 million,
respectively, in 2005) (Table 6). With
U.S. Census Bureau
an uninsured rate in 2006 at 19.3
percent, children in poverty were
more likely to be uninsured than all
children.32
• The uninsured rate and the number of uninsured in 2006 were not
statistically different from 2005
for non-Hispanic Whites (at
32
Both the number and the rate of uninsured
children in poverty in 2006 were not statistically different from the number and the rate in
2005.
10.8 percent and 21.2 million). The
percentage and the number of
uninsured Blacks increased (from
19.0 percent and 7.0 million in
2005) to 20.5 percent and 7.6 million in 2006 (Table 6).
• The percentage and the number
of uninsured Hispanics increased
to 34.1 percent and 15.3 million
in 2006.
Type of Coverage
Most people (59.7 percent) were covered by a health insurance plan
related to employment for some or all
of 2006, a proportion that was statistically lower than that of 2005. The
rate of private coverage decreased in
2006 to 67.9 percent, from 68.5 percent in 2005, while the number of
people covered by private insurance
was statistically unchanged at 201.7
million in 2006 (Figure 7).
The number of people covered by
government health programs was statistically unchanged from 2005 at
80.3 million in 2006, while the percentage of those covered decreased
from 27.3 percent in 2005 to 27.0
percent in 2006. The percentage of
people with Medicaid coverage (12.9
percent) and the percentage of people
covered by Medicare (13.6 percent)
both were statistically unchanged
between 2005 and 2006. The numbers of people insured by Medicaid
and Medicare were statistically
unchanged at 38.3 million and 40.3
million, respectively.
Figure 7.
Coverage by Type of Health Insurance:
20051 and 2006
2005
2006
(Percent)
Private insurance
68.5
Any private
plan
67.9*
60.2
Employmentbased
59.7*
9.2
Directpurchase
9.1
Government insurance
27.3
Any government
plan
27.0*
13.7
Medicare
13.6
13.0
Medicaid
Military
health care2
12.9
3.8
3.6*
No insurance
Not covered
15.3
15.8*
* Statistically different at the 90-percent confidence level.
1
The 2005 data have been revised since originally published. See
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/usernote/schedule.html>.
Military health care includes CHAMPUS (Comprehensive Health and Medical Plan for Uniformed
Services)/Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans
Affairs), as well as care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
2
Note: The estimates by type of coverage are not mutually exclusive; people can be covered by
more than one type of health insurance during the year.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2006 and 2007 Annual Social and
Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table 6.
People With or Without Health Insurance Coverage by Selected Characteristics: 2005 and 2006
Change (2006 less 2005)1
Uninsured
20052
Characteristic
2006
Uninsured
Insured
Number
90percent
C.I.3 (±)
Percentage
90percent
C.I.3 (±)
Number
90percent
C.I.3 (±)
Percentage
90percent
C.I.3 (±)
Number
90percent
C.I.3 (±)
Percentage
90percent
C.I.3 (±)
Number
90percent
C.I.3 (±)
PEOPLE
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,815
522
15.3
0.2
46,995
532
15.8
0.2
*2,180
624
*0.6
0.2
*810
620
Family Status
In families . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Householder . . . . . . . . . .
Related children under 18
Related children under 6
In unrelated subfamilies . . .
Unrelated individual . . . . . .
.
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.
34,643
10,401
7,585
2,434
377
9,794
468
168
230
132
52
261
14.3
13.4
10.5
10.2
30.9
19.5
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.5
3.5
0.5
36,230
10,770
8,303
2,690
341
10,423
478
171
241
138
49
269
14.8
13.7
11.4
11.1
25.0
20.7
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.5
3.1
0.5
*1,587
*370
*717
*255
–36
*629
560
193
279
160
60
313
*0.5
*0.3
*0.9
*0.9
*–5.9
*1.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
4.0
0.6
*1,223
*667
–204
35
*183
*–596
922
594
711
447
97
590
Race4 and Hispanic Origin
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic . . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic origin (any race) . .
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
33,946
20,909
7,006
2,161
13,954
464
373
252
141
312
14.4
10.7
19.0
17.2
32.3
0.2
0.2
0.7
1.1
0.7
35,486
21,162
7,652
2,045
15,296
473
375
262
138
322
14.9
10.8
20.5
15.5
34.1
0.2
0.2
0.7
1.0
0.7
*1,540
253
*646
–116
*1,342
555
443
304
165
333
*0.5
0.1
*1.5
*–1.6
*1.8
0.2
0.2
0.8
1.2
0.8
448
107
–242
*711
*344
798
845
458
276
333
Age
Under 18 years . .
18 to 24 years . . .
25 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 64 years . . .
65 years and older
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.
.
8,050
8,201
10,161
7,901
10,053
449
237
239
265
235
264
57
10.9
29.3
25.7
18.3
13.6
1.3
0.3
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
8,661
8,323
10,713
8,018
10,738
541
246
241
272
237
272
62
11.7
29.3
26.9
18.8
14.2
1.5
0.3
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
*611
123
*553
117
*685
*92
286
284
318
279
317
71
*0.8
–
*1.1
0.4
*0.6
*0.2
0.4
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.2
–494
317
–165
–476
*1,190
438
716
432
514
557
711
559
Nativity
Native . . . . . . . . . .
Foreign born . . . . .
Naturalized citizen
Not a citizen . . . .
.
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.
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.
.
33,034
11,781
2,385
9,396
459
325
149
291
12.8
33.0
17.2
43.1
0.2
0.8
1.0
1.0
34,380
12,615
2,384
10,231
467
336
149
304
13.2
33.8
16.4
45.0
0.2
0.7
0.9
1.0
*1,346
*834
–1
*835
548
391
176
352
*0.5
0.8
–0.8
*1.8
0.2
0.9
1.1
1.2
24
*786
*655
131
731
539
385
395
Region
Northeast
Midwest .
South . . .
West . . .
.
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.
.
6,353
7,330
19,143
11,988
205
219
349
279
11.7
11.3
18.0
17.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
6,648
7,458
20,486
12,403
210
221
359
283
12.3
11.4
19.0
17.9
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
*295
128
*1,343
*415
246
260
419
333
*0.5
0.1
*1.0
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
*–295
249
340
*515
233
252
422
339
Metropolitan Status
Inside metropolitan statistical areas . . .
Inside principal cities . . . . . . . . . . .
Outside principal cities . . . . . . . . . .
Outside metropolitan statistical areas5 .
.
.
.
.
37,718
17,149
20,569
7,097
486
340
371
273
15.3
18.2
13.5
15.0
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.5
39,421
18,107
21,314
7,574
495
349
377
282
15.8
19.0
13.8
16.0
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.6
*1,704
*958
*745
*477
580
408
442
328
*0.5
*0.8
*0.3
*1.0
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.6
*1,154
83
*1,071
–344
780
756
856
722
Household Income
Less than $25,000 .
$25,000 to $49,999 .
$50,000 to $74,999 .
$75,000 or more . . .
.
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.
14,452
14,651
7,826
7,886
314
316
234
235
24.2
20.1
13.3
7.7
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.2
13,933
15,319
8,459
9,283
309
323
243
254
24.9
21.1
14.4
8.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.2
*–520
*669
*633
*1,398
368
378
282
290
*0.7
*1.0
*1.2
*0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.3
*–3,222
*–952
*–1,127
*6,111
611
683
649
809
Work Experience
Total, 18 to 64 years old
Worked during year . . . . . . . . .
Worked full-time . . . . . . . . . .
Worked part-time . . . . . . . . . .
Did not work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
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.
36,315
26,293
20,780
5,513
10,022
494
434
392
211
282
19.7
18.0
17.2
22.1
26.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.6
37,792
27,627
22,010
5,618
10,165
502
443
402
213
284
20.2
18.7
17.9
22.9
26.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.6
*1,477
*1,335
*1,230
104
143
589
519
470
251
335
*0.5
*0.7
*0.7
0.8
–
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.9
0.8
*866
470
*1,037
*–568
396
624
723
745
448
534
1
2
3
Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.
The 2005 data have been revised since originally published. See <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/usernote/schedule.html>.
A 90-percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more
information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_233sa.pdf>.
4
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as
those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-incombination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data.
The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African
American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives,
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately.
5
The ‘‘Outside metropolitan statistical areas’’ category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see
‘‘About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas’’ at <www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html>.
U.S. Census Bureau
In 2006, the uninsured rate for nonHispanic Whites was statistically
unchanged at 10.8 percent. The uninsured rate for Blacks increased in
2006 to 20.5 percent, from 19.0 percent in 2005, while the uninsured
rate for Asians decreased to 15.5 percent in 2006, from 17.2 percent in
2005 (Table 6).33 Among Hispanics,
the uninsured number and rate both
increased in 2006 to 15.3 million and
34.1 percent, from 13.9 million and
32.3 percent in 2005.
Table 7 displays the 3-year average
(2004–2006) for people without
health insurance coverage by race
and Hispanic origin.34 Because of the
relatively small populations of these
racial groups, the sampling variability
of their health insurance data is
larger than for the other racial groups
and may cause single-year estimates
to fluctuate more widely. American
Indians and Alaska Natives had a 3year-average (2004–2006) uninsured
rate (31.4 percent) that was higher
than the rate for Native Hawaiians
and Other Pacific Islanders (21.7 percent) and higher than those of other
race groups. The 3-year average also
shows that the uninsured rate for
American Indians and Alaska Natives
was not statistically different from the
rate for Hispanics (32.7 percent).
The data allow the change in the percentage of uninsured Asians to be seen in a longerterm context. For example, the uninsured rate
for Asians decreased between 2003 and 2004,
increased between 2004 and 2005, and
decreased between 2005 and 2006.
34
Data users should exercise caution when
interpreting aggregate results for the American
Indian and Alaska Native and the Native
Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations
because these populations consist of groups
that differ in economic characteristics. In addition, the CPS does not use separate population
controls for weighting the American Indian and
Alaska Native and the Native Hawaiian and
Other Pacific Islander samples to national totals.
33
Table 7.
People Without Health Insurance Coverage by Race and
Hispanic Origin Using 3-Year Average: 2004 to 2006
(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year)
3-year average
2004–20062
Race1 and Hispanic origin
Number
Estimate
Percentage
90-percent
confidence
interval3 (±)
Estimate
90-percent
confidence
interval3 (±)
All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45,102
358
15.3
0.1
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
White, not Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34,151
20,875
318
255
14.5
10.7
0.1
0.1
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,174
174
19.4
0.5
American Indian and Alaska Native . . . . .
748
59
31.4
2.1
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,036
94
16.1
0.7
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific
Islander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139
26
21.7
3.6
14,187
229
32.7
0.5
1
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic
ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who reported Asian
and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether
they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the first
approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of
presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who
reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or
African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people
reported more than one race in Census 2000.
2
The 2004 and 2005 data have been revised since originally published. See <www.census.gov/hhes
/www/hlthins/usernote/schedule.html>.
3
A 90-percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence
interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see
‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at <www.census.gov/hhes/www/p60_233sa.pdf>.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2005 to 2007 Annual Social and Economic
Supplements.
Nativity
The uninsured rate for the nativeborn population increased between
2005 and 2006, from 12.8 percent to
13.2 percent, while the uninsured
rate for the foreign-born population
was statistically unchanged at 33.8
percent (Table 6). Among the foreignborn population, the uninsured rate
for naturalized citizens was statistically unchanged at 16.4 percent,
while the uninsured rate for noncitizens increased from 43.1 percent to
45.0 percent.35 The proportion of the
35
The number of uninsured naturalized citizens in 2006 was not statistically different from
the number in 2005.
foreign-born population without
health insurance in 2006 was about
two and a half times that of the
native-born population in 2006.
Economic Status
The likelihood of being covered by
health insurance rises with income. In
2006, 75.1 percent of people in
households with annual incomes of
less than $25,000 had health insurance coverage. Health insurance coverage rates increased with increasing
consecutive household income
groups to 91.5 percent for those in
households with incomes of $75,000
or more (Table 6).
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 8.
Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Age, and
Race and Hispanic Origin: 2006
(Percent)
11.7
All children
19.3
Children in poverty
Age
Under 6 years
11.3
6 to 11 years
11.1
12.6
12 to 17 years
Race1 and Hispanic origin
White, not Hispanic
7.3
Black
Asian
14.1
11.4
22.1
Hispanic origin (any race)
1
Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race.
Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be
defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as
those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-orin-combination concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone).
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2007 Annual Social and
Economic Supplement.
In 2006, the number of workers (people who worked at some time during
the year) with no health insurance
was 27.6 million, higher than the
26.3 million in 2005. The percentage
of workers who were uninsured also
increased to 18.7 percent in 2006,
from 18.0 percent in 2005. Among
18-to-64-year-olds in 2006, full-time
workers were more likely to be
covered by health insurance
(82.1 percent) than part-time workers
U.S. Census Bureau
(77.1 percent) or nonworkers
(73.9 percent).36 The number and the
percentage of uninsured full-time
workers increased from 20.8 million
to 22.0 million and from 17.2 percent
to 17.9 percent, respectively. The
number and the percentage (5.6 million and 22.9 percent, respectively) of
uninsured part-time workers were not
Workers are classified as part-time if they
worked fewer than 35 hours per week in the
majority of the weeks they worked in 2006.
36
statistically different from the number
and percentage in 2005.37
Children’s Health
Insurance Coverage
In 2006, the percentage and the number of children under 18 years old
without health insurance (11.7 percent and 8.7 million) were higher
than in 2005 (10.9 percent and 8.0
million) (Table 6).
The likelihood of health insurance
coverage varied among children by
poverty status, age, race, and
Hispanic origin. Figure 8 shows that
children in poverty were more likely
to be uninsured than the population
of all children in 2006—19.3 percent
compared with 11.7 percent. In 2006,
of the children in poverty, 65.5 percent were insured by Medicaid.
Children 12 to 17 years old were
more likely to be uninsured than
those under 12 years old—12.6 percent compared with 11.2 percent. The
uninsured rate in 2006 for children
12 to 17 years old was not statistically different from the rate in 2005.
About 22.1 percent of Hispanic children did not have any health insurance in 2006, compared with 7.3 percent for non-Hispanic White children,
14.1 percent for Black children, and
11.4 percent for Asian children. The
uninsured rates for non-Hispanic
White, Asian, and Hispanic children in
2006 were not statistically different
from their respective rates in 2005.
37
The number and the percentage of uninsured nonworkers were statistically unchanged
at 10.2 million and 26.1 percent between 2005
and 2006.
Region
The Midwest had the lowest uninsured rate in 2006 at 11.4 percent,
followed by the Northeast (12.3 percent), the West (17.9 percent), and
the South (19.0 percent) (Table 6).
The Northeast and the South experienced increases in their uninsured
rates in 2006, from 11.7 percent and
18.0 percent, respectively, in 2005.
Metropolitan Status
The uninsured rates for people living
inside metropolitan statistical areas
increased from 15.3 percent to 15.8
percent between 2005 and 2006
(Table 6). In 2006, the uninsured rate
was higher among people living
within principal cities (19.0 percent)
than among people living in the suburbs (13.8 percent). The percentage
of the uninsured that lived outside
metropolitan statistical areas
increased from 15.0 percent to 16.0
percent between 2005 and 2006.38
38
In 2005 and 2006, the percentage of uninsured living within metropolitan statistical areas
was not statistically different from the percentage of uninsured living outside metropolitan statistical areas.
Table 8.
Number and Percentage of People Without Health Insurance
Coverage by State Using 3-Year Average: 2004 to 2006
3-year average
2004–20061
State
Number
Percentage
Estimate
90-percent
confidence
interval2 (±)
Estimate
90-percent
confidence
interval2 (±)
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45,102
358
15.3
0.1
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
636
110
1,151
482
6,663
772
362
106
68
3,609
44
7
62
30
151
51
31
8
6
104
14.1
16.7
19.0
17.5
18.5
16.6
10.4
12.5
12.4
20.3
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.4
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.6
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,594
108
213
1,715
809
271
300
564
784
124
69
10
15
75
50
25
25
41
47
12
17.6
8.6
14.9
13.6
13.1
9.3
11.1
13.8
18.5
9.5
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.9
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
755
653
1,061
439
520
703
157
194
451
136
50
45
59
38
32
48
10
16
29
12
13.5
10.3
10.6
8.5
18.1
12.3
17.0
11.1
18.3
10.4
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.7
1.1
0.8
1.1
0.9
1.2
0.9
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,269
405
2,513
1,383
69
1,206
650
604
1,255
107
64
25
92
66
6
63
40
41
64
10
14.6
21.0
13.2
16.0
11.1
10.7
18.7
16.6
10.2
10.2
0.7
1.3
0.5
0.8
0.9
0.6
1.2
1.1
0.5
0.9
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
667
88
791
5,501
392
67
981
778
279
514
71
45
7
50
134
24
6
55
51
18
41
6
16.0
11.6
13.4
24.1
15.7
10.8
13.2
12.5
15.5
9.4
14.0
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.6
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.1
1
The 2004 and 2005 data have been revised since originally published. See <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/usernote
/schedule.html>.
2
A 90-percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the
size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. For more information, see ‘‘Standard Errors and Their Use’’ at <www.census
.gov/hhes/www/p60_233sa.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau
Figure 9.
Uninsured Rates by State Using 3-Year Average: 20041 to 2006
AK
States with uninsured rates higher, lower, or not
statistically different from the U.S. uninsured rate
Higher than the U.S. uninsured rate
Not statistically different from the U.S. uninsured rate
Lower than the U.S. uninsured rate
U.S. uninsured rate 2004–2006 = 15.3 percent
WA
MT
VT
ND
OR
NH
ME
MN
ID
MI
WY
RI
PA
IA
NE
NV
UT
IL
CA
MA
NY
WI
SD
OH
IN
CO
WV
KS
VA
MO
CT
NJ
DE
MD
DC
KY
NC
TN
AZ
OK
NM
SC
AR
MS
TX
AL
GA
LA
FL
HI
1
The 2004 and 2005 data have been revised since originally published. See
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/usernote/schedule.html>.
State-Level Data
The Census Bureau recommends
using 3-year averages to compare
estimates across states. Appendix D
displays 3-year averages and the
associated 90-percent confidence
intervals for the United States, each
of the 50 states, and the District of
Columbia. This ordered list should
not be regarded as a ranking.39
39
The CPS ASEC is designed to collect statistically reliable estimates primarily at the national
level and secondarily at the regional level. State
estimates are considerably less reliable—that is,
the sampling variability for state estimates is
higher, and state estimates fluctuate more widely
year-to-year than national estimates.
U.S. Census Bureau
Comparing 3-year-average uninsured
rates for 2004–2006 across states
shows that Texas (24.1 percent) had
the highest percentage of uninsured.
The rate for Minnesota (8.5 percent)
was not statistically different from the
rates for Hawaii (8.6 percent), Iowa
(9.3 percent), Wisconsin (9.4 percent),
or Maine (9.5 percent), but it was
lower than the rates of the other 45
states and the District of Columbia
(Table 8).40
40
The uninsured rates for Hawaii, Iowa,
Wisconsin, and Maine are not statistically different from each other.
Figure 9 shows whether the 3-yearaverage (2004–2006) uninsured rate
for each state and the District of
Columbia is statistically higher, lower,
or not different from the national uninsured rate for the three-year period,
15.3 percent. Fifteen states had an
uninsured rate that was statistically
higher than the national rate. Twentynine states and the District of
Columbia had uninsured rates that
were statistically lower than that of the
nation. Six states (North Carolina,
South Carolina, Utah, West Virginia,
Idaho, and New Jersey) had uninsured
rates that were not statistically different from the national uninsured rate.
CPS DATA COLLECTION
The information in this report was
collected in the 50 states and the
District of Columbia and does not
represent residents of Puerto Rico and
U.S. island areas.41 It is based on a
sample of about 100,000 addresses.
The estimates in this report are controlled to national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic
origin. The population controls used
to prepare estimates for 1999 to
2006 were based on the results from
Census 2000 and are updated annually using administrative records for
such things as births, deaths, emigration, and immigration.
The CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data.
The sample universe for the basic CPS
consists of the resident civilian noninstitutionalized population of the
United States. People in institutions,
such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are therefore
not eligible to be interviewed in the
CPS. Students living in dormitories
are only included in the estimates if
information about them is reported in
an interview at their parents’ homes.
The sample universe for the CPS ASEC
is slightly larger than the basic CPS
U.S. island areas include American Samoa,
Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the
Virgin Islands of the United States.
41
Additional Data and Contacts
Detailed tables, historical tables, press releases and briefings, and unpublished data are available electronically on the Census Bureau’s income,
poverty, and health insurance Web sites. The Web sites may be accessed
through the Census Bureau’s home page at <www.census.gov> or directly at
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/income.html> for income data,
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html> for poverty data, and
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthins.html> for health insurance
data.
Microdata are available for downloading by clicking on “Data Tools” on the
Census Bureau’s home page and then clicking the “DataFerrett” link.
Technical methods have been applied to Current Population Survey (CPS)
microdata to avoid disclosing the identities of individuals from whom data
were collected.
For assistance with income, poverty, or health insurance data or questions
about them, contact the Data Integration Division’s Information Resources
and Dissemination Branch at 301-763-3242, or search your topic of interest using the Census Bureau’s “Question and Answer Center” found at
<ask.census.gov>.
since it includes military personnel
who live in a household with at least
one other civilian adult, regardless of
whether they live off post or on post.
All other Armed Forces are excluded.
For further documentation about the
CPS ASEC, see <www.bls.census.gov
/cps/asec/adsmain.htm>.
report users. If you have suggestions
or comments, please write to:
COMMENTS
Charles Nelson
Assistant Division Chief for Income,
Poverty, and Health Statistics
Housing and Household Economic
Statistics Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Washington, DC 20233-8500
The Census Bureau welcomes the
comments and advice of data and
or send e-mail to
<charles.t.nelson@census.gov>.
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX A.
ESTIMATES OF INCOME
How Income Is Measured
For each person 15 years and older in
the sample, the Annual Social and
Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks
questions on the amount of money
income received in the preceding calendar year from each of the following
sources:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Earnings
Unemployment compensation
Workers’ compensation
Social security
Supplemental security income
Public assistance
Veterans’ payments
Survivor benefits
Disability benefits
Pension or retirement income
Interest
Dividends
Rents, royalties, and estates and
trusts
Educational assistance
Alimony
Child support
Financial assistance from outside
of the household
18. Other income
It should be noted that although the
income statistics refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, the
demographic characteristics, such as
age, labor force status, and household composition, are as of the survey date. The income of the household does not include amounts
received by people who were members during all or part of the previous
year if these people no longer resided
in the household at the time of interview. The Current Population Survey
(CPS) collects income data for people
who are current residents but did not
U.S. Census Bureau
Recessions
Peak month
Year
Trough month
Year
November
July
August
April
December
November
January
July
July
March
1948
1953
1957
1960
1969
1973
1980
1981
1990
2001
October
May
April
February
November
March
July
November
March
November
1949
1954
1958
1961
1970
1975
1980
1982
1991
2001
Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
reside in the household during the
previous year.
Data on income collected in the ASEC
by the U.S. Census Bureau cover
money income received (exclusive of
certain money receipts such as capital
gains) before payments for personal
income taxes, social security, union
dues, Medicare deductions, etc.
Therefore, money income does not
reflect the fact that some families
receive noncash benefits, such as food
stamps, health benefits, subsidized
housing, and goods produced and
consumed on the farm. In addition,
money income does not reflect the
fact that noncash benefits are also
received by some nonfarm residents,
which often take the form of the use
of business transportation and facilities, full or partial payments by business for retirement programs, medical
and educational expenses, etc. Data
users should consider these elements
when comparing income levels.
Moreover, readers should be aware
that for many different reasons there
is a tendency in household surveys for
respondents to underreport their
income. Based on an analysis of
independently derived income estimates, the Census Bureau determined
that respondents report income earned
from wages or salaries much better
than other sources of income, and that
the reported wage and salary income
is nearly equal to independent estimates of aggregate income.
Cost of Living Adjustment
In order to accurately assess changes
in income and earnings over time, an
adjustment for changes in the cost of
living is required. The Census Bureau
uses the research series of the
Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS), provided by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics for 1977 through 2006, to
adjust for changes in the cost of living. The indexes used to make the
constant dollar conversions are
shown on page 28.
Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series
Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS) All Items: 1947 to 2006
Year
1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CPI-U-RS1
38.3
41.4
40.9
41.4
44.7
45.6
45.9
46.3
46.1
46.8
48.3
49.7
50.0
50.9
51.4
51.9
52.6
53.3
54.2
55.7
57.4
59.7
62.3
65.3
68.2
70.3
74.7
82.1
88.9
94.0
Year
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CPI-U-RS1
100.0
104.4
114.4
127.1
139.2
147.6
153.9
160.2
165.7
168.7
174.4
180.8
188.6
198.0
205.1
210.3
215.5
220.1
225.4
231.4
236.4
239.7
244.7
252.9
260.0
264.2
270.1
277.4
286.7
296.1
1
With the release of the 2006 Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS), previous CPI-U-RS indexes
were revised. The CPI-U-RS now incorporates an estimate of the effects of a new method of imputing
price change from rental vacancies introduced in 1985. The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor
Statistics’ experimental CPI-U-RS for 1977 through 2006. The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U-RS
for years before 1977 by applying the 1977 CPI-U-RS-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947 to 1976 CPI-U.
Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years’ data and
2006 data by dividing the annual average CPI-U-RS for 2006 by the annual average for the earlier
year(s).
For more information on the CPI-U-RS, see <www.bls.gov/cpi/cpirsdc.htm>.
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau
ALL RACES
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197413, 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race and Hispanic origin
of householder and year
116,011
114,384
113,343
112,000
111,278
109,297
108,209
106,434
103,874
102,528
101,018
99,627
98,990
97,107
96,426
95,669
94,312
93,347
92,830
91,124
89,479
88,458
86,789
85,290
83,918
83,527
82,368
80,776
77,330
76,030
74,142
72,867
71,163
69,859
68,251
66,676
64,778
63,401
62,214
60,813
Number
(thousands)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.2
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.8
3.0
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.9
4.4
Under
$5,000
4.4
4.7
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.6
4.6
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.6
5.9
6.2
6.4
6.2
6.1
5.7
6.3
6.2
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.4
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.1
6.7
6.6
7.1
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.8
$5,000
to
$9,999
5.9
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.3
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.2
6.6
6.7
7.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.6
6.7
6.6
6.9
6.8
7.3
7.5
7.2
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.1
7.4
7.7
7.4
8.0
7.5
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.7
6.5
6.7
7.1
$10,000
to
$14,999
(Income in 2006 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year)
11.8
12.1
12.1
12.0
12.0
11.7
11.7
12.0
12.1
12.5
12.9
13.1
13.1
13.2
13.1
12.8
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.5
12.6
12.8
13.3
13.8
13.7
13.8
13.6
12.9
13.1
13.9
14.0
14.1
13.4
13.2
13.0
13.3
12.9
12.7
13.4
13.1
$15,000
to
$24,999
11.5
11.1
11.6
11.3
11.5
11.5
10.9
11.0
11.1
11.5
11.9
11.7
12.2
12.2
11.7
12.1
12.0
11.8
11.7
12.0
11.8
12.5
12.5
13.0
12.7
13.0
12.6
12.8
12.6
12.5
13.3
13.5
12.9
12.1
12.9
13.7
12.9
13.2
14.2
15.1
$25,000
to
$34,999
Percent distribution
14.6
14.8
14.3
14.7
14.3
14.7
15.1
14.9
15.1
14.9
14.8
15.7
15.4
15.7
16.1
15.8
16.2
15.7
15.8
15.4
16.2
16.4
16.9
16.8
17.2
16.8
17.0
16.6
16.8
17.7
17.7
18.2
19.0
18.6
18.4
19.5
20.6
20.8
21.4
21.2
$35,000
to
$49,999
18.2
18.3
18.5
17.8
18.2
18.3
18.6
18.5
18.9
18.8
19.0
19.0
18.4
18.5
19.3
19.6
19.9
19.9
19.9
20.3
20.2
20.0
19.7
19.7
20.2
20.7
21.2
21.7
21.7
21.5
21.7
21.0
21.5
21.8
21.9
21.1
21.1
21.8
21.0
20.1
$50,000
to
$74,999
11.3
11.4
11.4
11.8
12.0
12.1
12.3
12.2
11.9
11.9
11.8
11.3
11.1
10.9
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.8
11.7
11.5
11.4
11.1
10.7
10.4
9.9
10.2
10.3
10.9
11.0
9.8
9.6
9.3
9.4
10.1
9.4
8.3
8.7
8.4
7.3
6.5
19.1
18.2
17.8
18.1
17.8
18.1
18.3
18.3
17.1
16.1
14.7
14.2
14.0
13.3
12.5
12.7
13.0
13.7
12.8
12.5
11.8
10.6
10.2
9.2
8.9
8.5
8.6
9.2
8.8
7.4
6.9
6.3
7.0
7.7
7.2
6.0
5.9
5.5
4.7
4.7
$75,000 $100,000
to
and
$99,999
over
Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2006
Table A-1.
48,201
47,845
47,323
47,488
47,530
48,091
49,163
49,244
48,034
46,350
45,416
44,764
43,405
42,926
43,135
43,492
44,778
45,382
44,587
44,247
43,699
42,205
41,430
40,438
40,465
40,573
41,258
42,606
42,725
40,187
39,961
39,302
40,383
41,668
40,843
39,196
39,604
39,871
38,404
36,847
Value
207
160
209
206
156
147
155
230
284
214
229
259
198
201
204
209
229
250
218
211
226
229
189
183
183
213
212
202
173
151
148
160
155
159
156
152
145
147
139
134
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
66,570
65,421
64,542
64,753
64,837
66,290
66,895
66,235
64,056
62,241
60,299
59,033
58,027
56,923
54,686
54,747
55,934
57,336
55,710
55,026
53,988
51,940
50,762
49,271
48,766
48,471
49,070
50,611
50,286
47,672
47,004
45,894
47,225
48,189
47,536
45,079
45,349
45,361
43,448
41,212
Value
257
247
243
237
243
264
263
344
346
348
338
323
312
308
230
225
236
250
249
226
219
206
187
183
181
177
179
192
193
145
145
143
148
147
147
143
145
143
139
134
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
U.S. Census Bureau
90,682
90,030
88,893
87,212
86,106
85,059
84,511
83,737
82,387
81,795
81,675
80,968
80,163
79,734
78,519
77,284
76,576
75,328
74,170
73,182
72,845
71,872
70,766
68,028
66,934
65,353
64,392
62,984
61,965
60,618
59,463
57,575
56,248
55,394
54,188
WHITE19
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197413, 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94,705
93,588
92,880
91,962
91,645
Number
(thousands)
WHITE ALONE18
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
2.2
2.1
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.5
4.0
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.3
Under
$5,000
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.2
4.6
4.8
4.7
4.8
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.1
4.7
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.4
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.5
5.6
6.1
6.2
6.2
5.9
6.0
6.4
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.8
7.2
3.7
3.9
3.9
4.0
4.1
$5,000
to
$9,999
6.0
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.9
6.1
6.3
6.7
6.5
6.6
6.5
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.3
6.4
6.9
7.0
6.7
7.3
7.0
6.9
6.6
6.9
7.2
6.8
7.4
6.9
6.7
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.4
5.6
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.1
$10,000
to
$14,999
11.4
11.3
11.7
11.7
12.1
12.5
12.8
12.7
12.8
12.6
12.5
12.1
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.1
12.3
12.7
13.3
13.1
13.3
13.0
12.4
12.6
13.3
13.4
13.7
12.8
12.5
12.3
12.7
12.3
11.9
12.6
12.4
11.5
11.7
11.8
11.7
11.6
$15,000
to
$24,999
11.2
10.8
10.9
10.9
11.3
11.8
11.6
12.1
12.0
11.7
12.0
12.0
11.6
11.7
11.9
11.7
12.3
12.5
13.0
12.7
12.9
12.6
12.6
12.4
12.3
13.2
13.3
12.7
11.8
12.7
13.4
12.7
12.8
14.1
14.9
11.3
11.1
11.4
11.2
11.3
$25,000
to
$34,999
14.7
15.1
15.0
15.1
15.0
14.9
15.8
15.7
15.9
16.3
16.1
16.5
15.9
16.2
15.8
16.5
16.7
17.3
17.3
17.5
17.2
17.3
16.9
17.0
18.1
17.9
18.5
19.4
18.9
18.8
20.1
21.1
21.3
22.1
22.0
14.6
14.8
14.3
14.7
14.2
$35,000
to
$49,999
18.7
18.9
18.9
19.5
19.2
19.7
19.6
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.3
20.5
20.6
20.7
21.3
21.0
20.8
20.7
20.5
21.0
21.6
22.1
22.5
22.6
22.5
22.6
21.9
22.5
22.7
22.9
22.1
22.1
22.9
22.0
21.1
18.8
18.7
18.9
18.2
18.8
$50,000
to
$74,999
12.6
12.9
12.8
12.5
12.5
12.5
11.8
11.7
11.5
11.8
11.9
12.0
12.3
12.4
12.2
12.0
11.6
11.3
11.0
10.5
10.8
10.9
11.4
11.5
10.4
10.3
9.9
9.9
10.7
10.0
8.8
9.2
9.0
7.8
6.9
11.8
11.9
12.0
12.3
12.6
19.2
19.4
19.2
18.2
17.2
15.7
15.3
14.9
14.3
13.5
13.6
13.8
14.6
13.6
13.3
12.6
11.5
10.9
9.9
9.7
9.3
9.3
10.0
9.4
8.1
7.4
6.8
7.6
8.3
7.8
6.4
6.3
6.0
5.0
5.0
20.2
19.3
18.9
19.3
19.0
$75,000 $100,000
to
and
$99,999
over
50,698
51,418
51,215
50,538
48,814
47,551
46,985
45,778
45,287
45,350
45,576
46,705
47,737
47,135
46,619
45,942
44,510
43,707
42,395
42,363
42,869
43,527
44,671
44,415
42,259
41,860
41,101
42,233
43,670
42,848
40,998
41,250
41,611
39,986
38,426
50,673
50,146
49,803
50,023
50,530
Value
238
227
259
253
309
246
246
257
264
220
221
214
232
278
236
223
238
220
190
193
198
224
212
196
178
173
150
159
166
164
156
159
152
149
139
147
219
195
196
205
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2006—Con.
Table A-1.
68,914
69,376
68,641
66,962
65,009
62,693
61,386
60,584
59,474
57,156
57,059
58,191
59,724
58,087
57,378
56,236
54,072
52,856
51,330
50,776
50,503
51,050
52,607
52,149
49,535
48,812
47,589
48,974
50,052
49,385
46,712
46,936
47,043
45,010
42,718
69,107
68,125
67,150
67,515
67,431
Value
296
297
388
394
396
371
356
352
344
255
248
260
276
273
248
240
227
205
198
199
191
196
210
210
160
158
157
159
159
160
152
154
157
149
144
288
282
276
271
275
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
U.S. Census Bureau
80,818
80,527
79,819
78,577
77,936
77,240
76,932
77,004
75,697
75,107
75,625
75,035
74,495
74,067
73,120
72,067
71,540
70,586
(NA)
69,214
68,996
68,106
67,203
64,836
63,721
62,365
61,533
60,164
59,236
58,005
14,709
14,399
14,151
13,969
13,778
WHITE, NOT HISPANIC19
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197413, 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK ALONE OR IN
COMBINATION
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82,675
82,003
81,628
81,148
81,166
Number
(thousands)
WHITE ALONE, NOT
HISPANIC 18
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
6.6
6.7
7.3
6.5
6.3
2.1
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
1.9
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.4
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.2
Under
$5,000
9.1
9.9
9.4
9.5
9.4
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.4
4.3
4.4
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.5
4.9
4.9
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.5
6.1
6.1
6.1
5.9
6.0
6.4
3.5
3.7
3.7
3.8
4.0
$5,000
to
$9,999
8.6
8.8
8.7
9.0
9.1
5.8
5.5
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.9
5.9
6.4
6.1
6.3
6.2
5.8
6.1
5.9
6.1
6.2
6.6
6.8
6.4
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.5
6.8
7.0
6.6
7.3
6.8
6.6
6.3
5.4
5.8
6.0
5.9
6.0
$10,000
to
$14,999
15.1
16.0
15.2
15.0
15.3
10.9
10.8
11.2
11.1
11.7
11.9
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.2
12.1
11.7
11.8
11.6
11.7
11.7
12.0
12.5
13.1
12.8
13.1
12.7
12.2
12.4
13.0
13.1
13.4
12.5
12.2
12.0
10.9
11.1
11.2
11.1
11.0
$15,000
to
$24,999
13.4
12.2
13.8
13.3
13.3
10.8
10.4
10.5
10.5
10.9
11.5
11.3
11.9
11.8
11.4
11.9
11.8
11.4
11.5
11.7
11.5
12.2
12.4
12.8
12.6
12.7
12.4
12.4
12.2
12.1
13.1
13.2
12.5
11.6
12.4
10.9
10.5
10.9
10.7
10.8
$25,000
to
$34,999
14.9
15.0
14.8
15.0
15.0
14.4
14.7
14.6
14.9
14.8
14.9
15.8
15.7
15.8
16.2
16.0
16.4
15.9
16.1
15.7
16.4
16.7
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.1
17.3
16.9
17.0
18.0
17.9
18.6
19.4
18.8
18.7
14.2
14.5
13.9
14.4
13.9
$35,000
to
$49,999
15.3
15.4
15.2
15.1
14.7
18.8
19.0
19.1
19.8
19.5
20.1
20.1
19.3
19.8
20.4
20.6
20.7
20.9
21.0
21.6
21.3
21.1
20.9
20.8
21.2
21.8
22.4
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.9
22.2
22.8
22.9
23.2
19.0
18.9
19.1
18.4
19.0
$50,000
to
$74,999
7.7
7.3
7.8
8.0
8.3
13.0
13.2
13.2
13.0
13.0
13.0
12.3
12.0
11.9
12.2
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
12.5
12.4
11.9
11.6
11.3
10.8
11.0
11.1
11.7
11.8
10.7
10.5
10.2
10.1
11.0
10.3
12.2
12.4
12.5
12.7
13.0
9.3
8.6
7.9
8.5
8.6
20.4
20.6
20.4
19.3
18.2
16.6
16.2
15.7
15.1
14.2
14.2
14.4
15.2
14.2
13.8
13.1
12.0
11.3
10.3
10.1
9.6
9.6
10.3
9.7
8.3
7.7
7.0
7.8
8.6
8.1
21.6
20.7
20.2
20.6
20.2
$75,000 $100,000
to
and
$99,999
over
32,132
31,969
32,273
32,547
32,700
52,734
53,416
53,432
52,425
50,824
49,632
48,839
47,255
46,954
46,872
46,664
47,772
48,764
48,434
47,901
46,986
45,510
44,615
(NA)
43,073
43,488
44,299
45,300
45,252
43,097
42,714
41,411
42,594
44,054
43,459
52,423
52,449
52,207
52,376
52,563
Value
238
305
296
409
430
219
214
338
301
266
340
255
250
275
290
230
223
239
272
278
242
232
248
(NA)
217
221
108
251
238
243
249
220
209
206
206
188
178
239
253
206
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
45,493
44,128
43,507
44,197
45,204
71,114
71,487
70,892
69,106
67,092
64,589
63,388
62,127
61,042
58,608
58,282
59,474
60,916
59,269
58,507
57,360
55,128
53,767
(NA)
51,517
51,137
51,718
53,215
52,753
50,159
49,455
48,162
49,518
50,611
49,958
71,745
70,852
69,657
70,037
69,615
Value
558
480
462
468
527
322
321
420
422
(NA)
(NA)
380
369
364
270
260
269
298
278
272
263
250
240
(NA)
221
213
233
233
227
237
221
233
216
214
223
317
313
303
297
296
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
U.S. Census Bureau
13,315
13,174
12,838
12,579
12,474
12,109
11,577
11,655
11,281
11,269
11,083
10,671
10,486
10,561
10,192
9,922
9,797
9,480
9,243
8,916
8,961
8,847
8,586
8,066
7,977
7,776
7,489
7,263
7,040
6,809
6,578
6,180
6,053
5,870
5,728
BLACK19
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197413, 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,354
14,002
13,809
13,629
13,465
Number
(thousands)
BLACK ALONE20
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
6.0
5.4
5.2
6.1
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.3
7.3
7.3
7.0
6.7
6.4
5.9
6.3
7.3
6.1
6.1
7.0
6.7
6.0
5.7
5.0
4.2
4.3
4.7
5.1
5.1
5.7
6.0
6.7
7.4
7.4
7.3
8.4
6.6
6.7
7.3
6.6
6.3
Under
$5,000
9.2
9.0
9.9
11.5
10.9
11.1
11.8
13.4
13.3
14.8
14.2
14.0
13.7
15.3
14.7
14.2
14.4
14.7
15.3
14.9
15.3
14.9
14.0
14.6
14.7
14.0
14.8
13.8
12.3
13.2
13.6
13.2
13.3
13.5
13.7
9.2
9.9
9.5
9.7
9.5
$5,000
to
$9,999
8.5
7.9
8.7
8.6
9.1
9.8
9.7
9.9
11.1
10.0
11.0
11.0
10.0
10.6
11.1
10.2
11.0
12.0
11.6
11.9
12.4
11.7
11.7
12.1
12.1
12.6
13.3
12.2
12.0
12.4
12.2
11.2
10.8
11.5
12.8
8.6
8.8
8.8
8.9
9.2
$10,000
to
$14,999
14.8
15.2
14.9
16.0
15.6
16.4
16.0
16.6
16.1
16.2
15.4
14.8
15.4
16.1
15.7
16.4
16.5
18.1
17.4
18.3
17.8
18.4
17.7
16.7
19.6
19.1
17.7
19.0
19.2
18.4
19.0
18.7
19.5
21.4
20.0
15.2
16.0
15.2
15.1
15.3
$15,000
to
$24,999
13.8
12.8
12.7
12.7
13.3
13.2
13.3
13.0
13.2
12.4
12.4
12.6
13.2
12.3
13.7
12.5
14.6
13.3
14.1
12.9
13.8
13.3
14.4
13.8
14.3
14.0
14.7
15.0
14.3
15.3
15.9
15.0
16.3
15.2
17.1
13.5
12.3
13.8
13.3
13.3
$25,000
to
$34,999
14.9
16.0
14.8
14.8
14.9
14.7
14.9
12.9
14.3
14.4
14.3
14.3
14.2
13.9
13.9
14.4
13.5
14.1
13.4
14.5
13.9
14.5
14.1
15.2
14.8
15.5
15.6
16.0
16.1
14.9
15.4
16.6
16.0
15.7
14.0
14.8
15.1
14.7
15.1
15.0
$35,000
to
$49,999
16.1
16.6
15.9
14.8
16.1
15.0
15.3
14.4
12.7
13.9
14.7
15.0
14.3
13.6
13.6
14.4
14.0
12.2
13.2
13.9
13.1
13.5
14.6
14.2
13.4
13.9
13.1
12.9
13.9
13.5
12.2
12.3
11.9
11.2
10.3
15.2
15.3
15.1
15.1
14.7
$50,000
to
$74,999
8.3
8.2
8.0
7.5
7.6
7.2
7.2
7.3
6.5
6.1
6.2
6.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
5.7
6.4
5.8
5.4
4.7
5.2
5.2
5.9
6.0
4.6
4.3
4.1
4.5
4.4
4.3
3.7
4.1
3.6
3.0
2.1
7.7
7.3
7.7
8.0
8.3
8.4
8.8
10.0
8.1
6.8
6.6
5.8
6.4
5.5
4.9
4.9
5.7
5.6
5.2
4.9
4.7
3.5
3.6
2.6
2.2
2.5
2.7
2.8
3.0
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.7
9.1
8.5
7.9
8.4
8.5
$75,000 $100,000
to
and
$99,999
over
33,562
34,735
33,773
31,316
31,376
30,048
29,417
28,288
26,839
26,407
27,151
27,929
28,390
26,870
26,608
26,468
26,481
24,899
23,998
24,009
24,056
25,076
26,227
26,692
24,938
24,891
24,674
25,116
25,706
25,011
24,218
25,107
25,152
23,579
22,311
31,969
31,870
32,124
32,499
32,531
Value
395
460
629
490
540
591
502
526
530
539
570
637
578
560
513
520
515
479
448
385
404
473
479
564
335
309
363
303
400
375
360
345
371
342
371
241
311
334
423
438
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
44,697
45,870
46,541
42,172
41,287
41,536
39,935
39,362
37,413
35,833
36,154
37,108
37,672
36,811
35,928
35,511
34,551
33,207
31,965
31,590
31,601
32,545
33,653
34,111
31,952
31,802
30,799
31,237
31,921
31,594
30,009
30,657
29,943
28,717
26,809
45,127
43,846
43,372
43,994
44,842
Value
471
465
668
563
592
811
683
565
621
486
472
501
512
537
494
483
449
408
392
395
383
401
414
445
284
284
273
278
317
337
308
331
318
303
299
558
476
470
471
518
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
U.S. Census Bureau
4,454
4,273
4,123
4,040
3,917
4,071
3,963
3,742
3,308
3,125
2,998
2,777
2,040
2,233
2,262
2,094
1,958
1,988
1,913
(NA)
ASIAN ALONE21
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASIAN AND PACIFIC
ISLANDER19
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,664
4,500
4,346
4,235
4,079
Number
(thousands)
ASIAN ALONE OR IN
COMBINATION
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
4.0
3.4
3.9
4.2
3.9
3.4
4.5
4.3
4.5
3.7
3.3
3.8
2.9
3.0
4.3
3.4
4.3
3.6
4.8
4.1
3.3
4.3
3.6
4.7
4.0
Under
$5,000
2.8
2.6
2.9
3.7
3.8
4.8
3.2
4.0
4.7
3.7
4.6
3.0
2.6
4.1
3.4
3.1
3.4
3.5
4.6
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.6
4.5
2.6
$5,000
to
$9,999
4.0
3.9
4.6
3.7
4.5
4.7
6.5
4.7
6.7
5.5
4.6
5.0
5.7
3.9
5.5
3.9
4.6
3.8
4.6
4.2
3.9
4.5
3.7
4.7
4.2
$10,000
to
$14,999
8.9
7.8
7.9
9.3
8.9
9.5
10.2
10.4
9.8
10.7
9.6
9.4
8.7
12.0
12.6
7.7
8.1
8.6
9.4
9.5
7.6
8.0
8.6
9.4
9.4
$15,000
to
$24,999
9.3
8.4
7.8
8.6
9.1
9.1
7.4
9.1
10.1
9.2
11.1
8.2
9.3
9.2
9.3
8.5
7.1
8.5
6.3
9.7
8.5
7.1
8.6
6.5
9.6
$25,000
to
$34,999
12.8
13.1
14.8
14.5
13.3
13.8
15.0
14.0
12.8
14.4
14.5
13.5
14.5
14.8
11.5
12.8
11.3
11.9
12.9
12.1
13.0
11.7
12.1
12.8
12.2
$35,000
to
$49,999
18.4
17.7
17.4
17.7
18.8
18.2
19.8
18.6
16.5
20.7
18.6
22.1
20.4
20.5
19.2
17.0
19.4
19.6
16.7
18.8
17.3
19.1
19.6
16.9
18.9
$50,000
to
$74,999
12.5
14.9
13.2
13.9
14.1
14.0
14.1
14.1
14.8
12.8
13.3
13.3
15.2
11.3
13.2
12.8
13.0
12.6
14.1
13.0
12.8
13.2
12.7
14.0
13.0
27.4
28.2
27.3
24.4
23.5
22.6
19.3
20.9
20.2
19.4
20.2
21.7
20.7
21.2
21.0
30.8
28.9
28.0
26.8
26.2
30.6
28.8
27.7
26.4
25.9
$75,000 $100,000
to
and
$99,999
over
61,082
65,281
61,664
57,610
56,676
55,376
53,353
54,460
52,689
53,223
52,621
57,500
56,680
52,844
54,714
64,238
63,097
61,380
61,061
58,980
63,900
63,050
61,322
60,582
58,598
Value
1,458
1,113
2,173
1,603
1,576
1,985
1,339
2,064
2,591
1,536
1,698
1,703
1,532
2,172
2,034
1,674
735
1,304
1,199
1,032
1,617
753
1,236
1,351
887
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
Table A-1.
83,317
85,232
81,542
74,375
73,762
72,358
72,551
70,712
69,036
65,964
66,811
69,407
70,461
66,067
(NA)
88,293
82,722
81,675
76,709
78,505
87,528
82,620
81,263
76,094
77,865
Value
1,967
1,769
2,067
2,148
2,286
2,595
2,927
2,520
2,780
1,813
1,969
1,965
2,050
1,973
(NA)
1,908
1,459
1,580
1,358
1,531
1,832
1,442
1,534
1,309
1,481
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
U.S. Census Bureau
12,973
12,519
12,178
11,693
11,339
10,499
10,034
9,579
9,060
8,590
8,225
7,939
7,735
7,362
7,153
6,379
6,220
5,933
5,910
5,642
5,418
5,213
4,883
4,666
4,085
3,980
3,906
3,684
3,291
3,304
3,081
2,948
2,897
2,722
2,655
Number
(thousands)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
3.5
3.8
4.2
4.2
3.9
3.6
3.1
3.3
4.2
4.0
3.8
4.4
4.0
3.9
4.0
3.7
3.6
4.2
4.4
4.2
4.4
4.0
4.5
4.3
4.2
3.5
3.8
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.5
2.5
3.2
3.0
Under
$5,000
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.5
5.5
5.3
5.7
5.9
7.7
8.8
8.9
9.6
9.5
8.9
9.0
8.5
8.4
8.3
9.2
9.1
8.8
9.0
9.5
9.6
8.7
7.5
8.6
7.4
7.3
7.8
9.6
9.2
7.4
6.3
6.6
$5,000
to
$9,999
7.1
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.3
6.9
7.5
8.3
8.4
8.6
9.8
10.5
10.1
9.9
9.9
9.9
7.9
8.4
9.3
9.4
10.6
10.1
10.8
11.5
10.2
9.1
8.7
9.4
9.9
10.3
10.2
9.5
9.0
9.9
$10,000
to
$14,999
15.5
15.9
16.1
16.1
15.8
15.5
15.6
16.1
16.0
16.0
18.3
18.4
16.8
17.3
17.0
16.9
16.2
15.6
16.5
16.9
17.2
17.3
16.5
16.6
17.6
17.1
18.3
16.3
16.8
18.5
18.6
20.0
19.3
18.6
18.5
$15,000
to
$24,999
14.0
14.6
14.9
15.3
15.0
14.2
13.4
14.3
14.2
14.6
14.9
14.7
14.8
15.2
14.2
14.2
14.1
15.2
14.1
14.1
13.5
14.0
13.9
16.2
15.0
15.1
15.5
16.6
16.7
16.6
16.7
16.6
16.2
17.3
17.9
$25,000
to
$34,999
17.5
17.1
16.5
17.5
16.4
17.4
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
15.4
16.0
15.8
17.0
17.5
16.6
17.6
16.2
16.7
16.1
17.0
16.8
17.5
16.8
16.9
18.5
17.4
18.3
18.0
19.2
17.7
18.3
20.4
20.1
21.0
$35,000
to
$49,999
17.3
17.5
17.4
16.1
17.6
17.4
18.3
17.1
16.6
16.6
15.9
14.5
14.7
14.2
15.5
16.7
17.2
17.4
17.1
16.4
16.5
16.4
16.6
15.3
15.9
16.6
16.8
18.1
18.8
16.5
16.7
15.8
16.9
17.9
16.0
$50,000
to
$74,999
8.9
8.5
8.3
8.9
9.0
9.6
9.9
9.4
7.9
7.4
7.4
6.8
7.3
7.6
7.3
7.3
6.8
8.5
7.2
7.5
7.3
7.0
6.7
6.5
6.7
7.4
6.7
6.9
6.3
5.4
4.7
4.2
5.3
5.2
4.5
10.5
9.4
9.5
9.2
9.5
9.7
9.1
9.0
8.2
7.6
6.8
5.9
6.7
5.8
5.6
6.2
6.2
6.8
6.4
6.3
5.9
4.8
4.7
3.9
3.5
4.0
3.9
4.8
3.8
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.6
$75,000 $100,000
to
and
$99,999
over
37,781
37,146
36,581
36,173
37,100
38,225
38,834
37,204
34,996
33,353
31,870
30,030
31,508
31,446
31,816
32,759
33,394
34,416
33,342
32,829
32,211
31,209
31,407
30,387
30,449
32,545
31,802
33,756
33,476
31,526
30,142
29,527
32,120
32,282
32,335
Value
505
369
512
503
540
485
560
541
674
595
618
654
585
632
658
681
685
667
822
720
839
729
787
775
804
891
862
973
811
554
643
653
703
733
632
Standard
error
Median income
(dollars)
50,575
48,684
48,970
48,749
50,307
50,545
51,490
48,874
47,287
44,945
43,513
40,988
42,487
41,620
40,581
41,682
41,831
43,947
42,569
42,082
40,673
38,997
39,053
37,221
37,578
39,082
38,845
40,843
39,542
37,205
35,620
35,052
37,209
37,506
37,166
Value
580
490
599
539
672
639
741
868
1,006
907
1,007
920
1,060
875
638
667
689
755
902
779
669
634
762
716
762
747
773
820
800
574
580
623
606
610
632
Standard
error
Mean income
(dollars)
(NA) Not available.
1
Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
2
Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.
3
Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.
4
Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race.
5
Introduction of 1990 census sample design.
6
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits
either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’
benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.
7
Implementation of 1990 census population controls.
8
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.
9
Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design.
10
Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design.
11
Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income.
12
First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation.
13
Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation.
HISPANIC (ANY RACE)22
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197413, 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table A-1.
U.S. Census Bureau
Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions.
Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design.
Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls.
Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population
does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian
and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000.
19
For the year 2001 and earlier, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group.
20
Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race category.
21
Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category.
22
Because Hispanics may be any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for racial groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 12.7 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 3.1 percent of Black
householders who reported only one race, and 1.4 percent of Asian householders who reported only one race. Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population and for race groups
because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972.
Source. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 through 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
14
15
16
17
18
Table A-2.
Real Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings
Ratio: 1960 to 2006
(People 15 years old and older beginning in March 1980, and people 14 years old and older as of March of the following year for previous years.
Before 1989 earnings are for civilian workers only. Earnings in 2006 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars)
Males
Year
Number with
earnings
(thousands)
Females
Median earnings
(dollars)
Value
Standard
error
Number with
earnings
(thousands)
Median earnings
(dollars)
Value
Standard
error
Femaleto-male
earnings
ratio
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63,055
61,500
60,088
58,772
58,761
58,712
59,602
42,261
42,743
43,546
44,583
44,190
43,589
43,615
88
93
96
99
273
294
118
44,663
43,351
42,380
41,908
41,876
41,639
41,719
32,515
32,903
33,346
33,682
33,850
33,271
32,153
185
84
84
91
90
188
119
0.769
0.770
0.766
0.755
0.766
0.763
0.737
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58,299
56,951
54,909
53,787
52,667
51,580
49,818
48,551
47,888
49,171
44,035
43,661
42,178
41,132
41,375
41,508
41,780
42,517
42,475
41,391
165
164
402
147
151
167
161
161
319
310
40,871
38,785
37,683
36,430
35,482
34,155
33,524
33,241
32,436
31,682
31,844
31,947
31,280
30,339
29,554
29,872
29,881
30,096
29,672
29,643
137
146
194
212
180
148
132
144
141
190
0.723
0.732
0.742
0.738
0.714
0.720
0.715
0.708
0.699
0.716
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19859 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49,678
48,285
47,013
45,912
44,943
43,808
41,528
40,105
41,773
41,881
42,909
43,655
44,052
44,329
43,236
42,914
42,099
42,283
43,096
43,360
176
192
183
190
252
220
192
179
151
219
31,340
31,237
29,912
28,420
27,383
26,466
25,166
23,702
23,329
22,859
29,467
28,834
28,712
28,490
27,920
27,318
26,772
26,107
25,528
26,085
198
206
134
149
147
161
164
177
106
114
0.687
0.660
0.652
0.643
0.646
0.637
0.636
0.617
0.592
0.602
197911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197612 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197413, 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42,437
41,036
39,263
38,184
37,267
37,916
39,581
38,184
36,819
36,132
44,037
44,614
43,308
42,383
42,493
42,785
44,340
42,970
40,807
40,656
173
153
204
167
167
184
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
22,082
20,914
19,238
18,073
17,452
16,945
17,195
16,675
16,002
15,476
26,274
26,519
25,518
25,512
24,994
25,138
25,111
24,863
24,283
24,137
135
147
115
126
127
123
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
0.597
0.594
0.589
0.602
0.588
0.588
0.566
0.579
0.595
0.594
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196717 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196618 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196519 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37,008
37,068
36,645
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
40,185
38,012
37,049
36,446
34,898
34,460
33,663
32,828
32,231
31,227
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
15,374
15,013
14,846
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
23,655
22,106
21,408
20,977
20,913
20,383
19,843
19,466
19,097
18,947
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
0.589
0.582
0.578
0.576
0.599
0.591
0.589
0.593
0.592
0.607
(NA) Not available.
1
The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
4
5
6
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different
income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security
limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support
and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.
7
2
3
U.S. Census Bureau
8
11
Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of
income.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Questionnaire expanded to ask eight income questions.
19
Implementation of new procedures to impute missing data only.
20
Full implementation of 1960 census-based sample design and population controls.
21
Introduction of 1960 census-based sample design. Implementation of first hotdeck procedure to impute missing income entries.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 through 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
9
10
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau
2006
2005
20041
2003
2002
2001
20002
19993
1998
1997
1996
19954
19945
19936
19927
1991
1990
1989
1988
19878
11.08
8.69
3.63
2.02
4.84
0.42
11.17
8.66
3.61
1.99
4.78
0.42
11.08
8.50
3.57
2.00
4.76
0.42
11.22
8.57
3.57
2.01
4.83
0.42
10.75
8.37
3.54
1.99
4.69
0.42
10.63
8.38
3.57
1.98
4.65
0.43
10.58
8.10
3.46
1.95
4.56
0.43
10.42
8.29
3.52
1.96
4.62
0.42
10.44
8.20
3.41
1.93
4.65
0.42
10.60
8.22
3.43
1.94
4.64
0.42
10.33
8.09
3.40
1.93
4.61
0.42
10.11
7.85
3.32
1.92
4.52
0.42
10.57
8.18
3.41
1.95
4.68
0.42
10.64
8.07
3.37
1.94
4.65
0.42
10.34
7.86
3.27
1.91
4.60
0.42
10.22
7.66
3.21
1.89
4.51
0.42
10.12
7.58
3.17
1.85
4.42
0.42
9.99
7.59
3.17
1.86
4.44
0.42
10.21
7.52
3.16
1.86
4.45
0.42
10.23
7.49
3.11
1.86
4.48
0.42
Summary Measures
Gini index of income
inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean logarithmic deviation
of income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shares of Household
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . .
0.469
0.545
0.411
0.098
0.192
0.289
0.543
0.417
0.099
0.192
0.289
3.4
8.6
14.6
23.0
50.4
0.470
3.4
8.6
14.5
22.9
50.5
0.097
0.190
0.286
0.543
0.406
0.466
3.4
8.7
14.7
23.2
50.1
0.095
0.187
0.283
0.530
0.397
0.464
3.4
8.7
14.8
23.4
49.8
0.095
0.186
0.279
0.514
0.398
0.462
3.5
8.8
14.8
23.3
49.7
0.098
0.189
0.282
0.515
0.413
0.466
3.5
8.7
14.6
23.0
50.1
0.096
0.185
0.275
0.490
0.404
0.462
3.6
8.9
14.8
23.0
49.8
0.092
0.180
0.268
0.476
0.386
0.458
3.6
8.9
14.9
23.2
49.4
0.093
0.181
0.271
0.488
0.389
0.456
3.6
9.0
15.0
23.2
49.2
0.094
0.183
0.272
0.484
0.396
0.459
3.6
8.9
15.0
23.2
49.4
0.093
0.179
0.266
0.464
0.389
0.455
3.6
9.0
15.1
23.3
49.0
0.090
0.175
0.261
0.452
0.378
0.450
3.7
9.1
15.2
23.3
48.7
0.092
0.180
0.268
0.471
0.387
0.456
3.6
8.9
15.0
23.4
49.1
0.092
0.178
0.266
0.467
0.385
0.454
3.6
9.0
15.1
23.5
48.9
0.080
0.160
0.242
0.416
0.323
0.433
3.8
9.4
15.8
24.2
46.9
0.078
0.156
0.237
0.411
0.313
0.428
3.8
9.6
15.9
24.2
46.5
0.078
0.156
0.236
0.402
0.317
0.428
3.8
9.6
15.9
24.0
46.6
0.080
0.158
0.239
0.406
0.324
0.431
3.8
9.5
15.8
24.0
46.8
0.078
0.155
0.236
0.401
0.314
0.426
3.8
9.6
16.0
24.2
46.3
0.077
0.155
0.238
0.414
0.311
0.426
3.8
9.6
16.1
24.3
46.2
Mean Household Income
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,352 11,004 10,935 10,958 11,196 11,543 11,892 11,997 11,393 11,071 10,998 10,963 10,377 10,112 10,217 10,433 10,716 10,980 10,587 10,411
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . 28,777 28,254 27,979 28,149 28,467 29,004 29,693 29,459 28,768 27,678 26,996 26,795 25,862 25,634 25,599 26,203 26,963 27,319 26,723 26,460
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,223 47,819 47,405 47,784 47,970 48,548 49,447 49,310 48,136 46,565 45,408 44,804 43,568 42,968 43,127 43,524 44,536 45,413 44,695 44,237
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,329 75,213 74,747 75,636 75,456 76,119 76,868 76,745 74,446 72,123 70,279 68,874 67,796 66,775 66,205 66,348 67,148 68,691 67,563 66,866
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . 168,170 164,815 161,646 161,236 161,099 166,238 166,571 163,659 157,536 153,766 147,812 143,729 142,527 139,123 128,282 127,228 130,309 134,279 128,985 127,161
Household Income Ratios
of Selected Percentiles
90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Household Income at
Selected Percentiles
10th percentile upper limit . . . 12,000 11,658 11,641 11,550 11,902 12,170 12,390 12,519 11,982 11,542 11,401 11,397 10,800 10,561 10,560 10,715 10,947 11,304 10,750 10,589
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,201 47,845 47,323 47,488 47,530 48,091 49,163 49,244 48,034 46,350 45,416 44,764 43,405 42,926 43,135 43,492 44,778 45,382 44,587 44,247
90th percentile lower limit . . . 133,000 130,224 129,014 129,578 127,890 129,405 131,132 130,417 125,135 122,325 117,787 115,207 114,193 112,313 109,190 109,551 110,813 112,967 109,727 108,328
95th percentile lower limit . . . 174,012 171,443 167,746 168,956 168,114 171,395 170,026 171,828 163,305 158,509 152,964 148,444 147,742 143,775 139,419 139,171 141,691 144,047 140,254 137,401
Measures of income
dispersion
(Income in 2006 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, ‘‘The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution:
1947–1998’’)
Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2006
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
19859
1984 198310
1982
1981
1980
197911
1978
9.61
7.10
3.04
1.85
4.31
0.43
9.48
7.15
3.00
1.82
4.33
0.42
9.22
6.88
2.91
1.81
4.27
0.42
9.09
6.77
2.86
1.78
4.21
0.42
9.14
6.69
2.87
1.77
4.14
0.43
Summary Measures
inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shares of Household
Income of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.419
0.403
0.300
0.075
0.151
0.231
0.416
0.310
0.077
0.155
0.237
3.9
9.8
16.2
24.4
45.6
0.425
3.8
9.7
16.2
24.3
46.1
0.073
0.147
0.225
0.391
0.290
0.415
4.0
9.9
16.3
24.6
45.2
0.072
0.147
0.226
0.397
0.288
0.414
4.0
9.9
16.4
24.6
45.1
0.072
0.146
0.226
0.401
0.287
0.412
4.0
10.0
16.5
24.5
45.0
0.070
0.141
0.220
0.387
0.277
0.406
4.1
10.1
16.7
24.8
44.3
0.069
0.140
0.216
0.375
0.274
0.403
4.2
10.2
16.8
24.7
44.1
0.070
0.141
0.216
0.369
0.279
0.404
4.1
10.2
16.8
24.6
44.2
0.069
0.139
0.213
0.363
0.275
0.402
4.2
10.2
16.8
24.7
44.1
0.069
0.139
0.213
0.364
0.276
0.402
4.2
10.2
16.9
24.7
44.0
9,875
24,306
40,209
58,913
105,055
9.55
7.21
3.06
1.85
4.36
0.42
Mean Household Income
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,135 10,032 10,047
9,722
9,609
9,790 10,041 10,369 10,452
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . 26,069 25,423 25,026 24,422 24,316 24,385 24,991 25,791 25,668
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,624 42,199 41,472 40,376 40,250 40,397 41,238 42,521 42,382
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,720 63,476 62,444 60,589 59,862 60,217 60,754 62,398 62,083
Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . 124,392 118,571 114,818 111,243 109,792 107,566 108,322 111,983 110,841
9.69
7.24
3.05
1.85
4.38
0.42
8.74
6.63
2.80
1.77
4.19
0.42
10.09
7.52
3.10
1.85
4.49
0.41
0.068
0.137
0.211
0.361
0.271
0.398
4.3
10.3
17.0
24.7
43.7
9,930
24,310
39,978
58,056
102,748
8.70
6.48
2.76
1.74
4.08
0.43
0.067
0.136
0.210
0.361
0.270
0.397
4.3
10.4
17.0
24.7
43.6
9,690
23,801
39,050
56,741
100,180
8.53
6.43
2.74
1.73
4.07
0.43
0.067
0.134
0.207
0.352
0.267
0.395
4.3
10.6
17.0
24.6
43.5
10,036
24,945
40,204
58,062
102,872
8.58
6.30
2.76
1.74
3.98
0.44
10,484
17,528
40,383
69,726
89,908
110,361
1977 197612 197513 197413, 14
10,500 10,538 10,530 10,114 10,153 10,338 10,483 10,625 10,831 10,369 10,250 10,192
17,985 17,764 17,559 17,218 16,851 17,068 17,421 18,118 17,919 16,978 17,026 16,654
43,699 42,205 41,430 40,438 40,465 40,573 41,258 42,606 42,725 40,187 39,961 39,302
80,707 77,872 76,483 74,258 73,022 72,961 73,338 75,060 74,558 71,064 69,521 67,813
105,926 102,139 100,604 97,190 96,299 95,307 95,290 97,162 96,431 90,636 89,145 86,931
135,335 128,669 126,610 122,173 120,538 117,419 118,023 121,287 119,277 112,518 110,250 107,012
1986
8.90
6.66
2.80
1.75
4.16
0.42
Household Income Ratios
of Selected Percentiles
90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Household Income at
10th percentile upper limit . . .
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . .
90th percentile lower limit . . .
Measures of income
dispersion
0.068
0.136
0.210
0.355
0.270
0.400
4.2
10.4
17.0
24.5
43.9
10,065
25,305
41,507
59,710
106,837
8.86
6.58
2.78
1.73
4.10
0.42
10,405
17,429
41,668
71,397
92,160
114,754
9.08
6.35
2.68
1.69
4.00
0.42
9,326
16,498
39,196
65,993
84,662
104,799
1969
1968
9.22
6.28
2.67
1.69
3.98
0.42
8.93
6.10
2.62
1.67
3.89
0.43
8.68
5.97
2.58
1.65
3.82
0.43
9,187
9,392
9,146
16,723 16,991 16,481
39,604 39,871 38,404
66,480 66,064 62,930
84,681 83,825 79,357
105,086 103,611 98,452
1970
0.070
0.140
0.216
0.370
0.279
0.401
4.1
10.4
17.0
24.5
43.9
0.068
0.138
0.214
0.370
0.273
0.396
4.1
10.6
17.3
24.5
43.5
0.068
0.138
0.214
0.370
0.271
0.394
4.1
10.8
17.4
24.5
43.3
0.067
0.135
0.209
0.357
0.268
0.391
4.1
10.9
17.5
24.5
43.0
0.067
0.135
0.208
0.356
0.273
0.386
4.2
11.1
17.6
24.5
42.6
9,617
9,083
9,032
9,182
8,956
24,839 24,006 24,468 24,791 24,017
40,537 38,921 39,401 39,614 38,090
58,195 55,334 55,537 55,487 53,135
104,478 98,046 98,322 97,528 92,330
8.99
6.56
2.75
1.71
4.07
0.42
9,936
17,058
40,843
69,497
89,293
111,848
1973 197215 197116
0.071
0.143
0.220
0.380
0.287
0.397
4.0
10.8
17.3
24.2
43.6
8,252
22,866
36,509
51,081
91,926
9.23
6.33
2.70
1.68
3.95
0.43
8,408
15,476
36,847
61,077
77,584
98,012
196717
1947–1998’’)
Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2006—Con.
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
0.0013
0.0020
0.0026
0.0014
0.0021
0.0027
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.15
0.34
0.0063
0.0001
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.15
0.34
Standard Errors of Shares
of Household Income
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
36
45
71
884
0.0063
0.0002
41
35
45
74
944
Standard Errors of Mean
Household Income
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.090
0.076
0.028
0.010
0.031
0.003
0.0028
0.090
0.069
0.025
0.011
0.032
0.003
Standard Errors of
Household Income
Ratios of Selected
Percentiles
90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
110
160
332
554
1,154
2005
0.0028
82
110
207
366
565
1,002
Standard Errors of
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Errors of
Summary Measures
inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2006
Measures of income
dispersion
0.0013
0.0020
0.0026
0.0063
0.0001
0.0029
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.34
40
35
46
70
874
0.088
0.069
0.025
0.011
0.032
0.003
79
111
209
332
524
978
20041
0.0012
0.0018
0.0024
0.0054
0.0001
0.0028
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.34
40
36
46
72
829
0.091
0.062
0.021
0.011
0.032
0.003
79
110
206
350
555
781
2003
0.0012
0.0020
0.0025
0.0052
0.0001
0.0029
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.34
40
36
46
70
870
0.083
0.062
0.022
0.009
0.030
0.003
80
115
156
257
504
800
2002
0.0014
0.0022
0.0027
0.0051
0.0002
0.0030
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.35
41
37
47
71
981
0.083
0.063
0.023
0.010
0.029
0.003
84
113
147
275
490
861
2001
0.0013
0.0021
0.0026
0.0049
0.0002
0.0030
0.03
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.34
42
37
47
71
972
0.085
0.070
0.026
0.009
0.029
0.003
84
120
155
281
568
1,090
20002
0.0013
0.0021
0.0027
0.0058
0.0001
0.0041
0.03
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.35
42
37
48
72
855
0.083
0.065
0.024
0.010
0.029
0.003
84
115
230
299
547
957
19993
0.0015
0.0023
0.0029
0.0069
0.0002
0.0042
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.16
0.35
41
38
47
70
892
0.082
0.069
0.024
0.010
0.032
0.003
82
121
284
289
474
947
1998
0.0016
0.0025
0.0030
0.0067
0.0002
0.0043
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.35
40
37
45
68
916
0.091
0.065
0.022
0.011
0.034
0.003
86
114
214
397
506
828
1997
0.0016
0.0024
0.0030
0.0064
0.0002
0.0043
0.03
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.35
37
36
45
65
891
0.087
0.063
0.022
0.011
0.032
0.003
80
115
229
303
545
753
1996
0.0015
0.0024
0.0029
0.0063
0.0002
0.0043
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.17
0.35
38
36
43
66
838
0.084
0.064
0.023
0.010
0.031
0.003
81
106
259
321
499
882
19954
0.0015
0.0023
0.0028
0.0061
0.0002
0.0042
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.17
0.36
38
35
44
67
841
0.087
0.066
0.024
0.010
0.031
0.003
76
105
198
275
505
837
19945
0.0015
0.0024
0.0029
0.0061
0.0002
0.0042
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.17
0.36
37
36
43
65
841
0.085
0.063
0.022
0.011
0.033
0.003
76
107
201
311
392
714
19936
0.0007
0.0013
0.0019
0.0055
0.0001
0.0038
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.35
37
36
43
62
466
0.081
0.062
0.021
0.010
0.032
0.003
75
106
204
270
360
705
19927
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.0056
0.0001
0.0038
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.34
38
36
43
62
444
0.082
0.061
0.021
0.011
0.032
0.003
77
111
209
297
393
712
1991
0.0007
0.0013
0.0018
0.0053
0.0001
0.0039
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.35
39
37
42
63
491
0.087
0.063
0.022
0.010
0.032
0.003
84
115
229
318
425
800
1990
0.0008
0.0014
0.0019
0.0053
0.0001
0.0040
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.35
39
38
44
64
542
0.095
0.062
0.021
0.009
0.031
0.003
83
118
250
262
681
769
1989
0.0008
0.0014
0.0020
0.0055
0.0001
0.0041
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.18
0.35
38
37
44
63
491
0.089
0.066
0.023
0.010
0.032
0.003
83
117
218
291
446
871
1988
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.19
0.35
39
38
45
62
482
0.088
0.060
0.020
0.010
0.033
0.003
83
118
211
282
392
640
19878
0.0007
0.0013
0.0018
0.0055
0.0001
0.0038
1947–1998’’)
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
See footnotes on next page.
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.19
0.35
0.0056
0.0001
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.19
0.35
Standard Errors of Shares
of Household Income
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
37
42
60
414
0.0057
0.0001
39
37
44
61
455
Standard Errors of Mean
Household Income
of Quintiles
Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . .
Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . .
Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.085
0.077
0.028
0.010
0.032
0.003
0.0037
0.093
0.059
0.018
0.011
0.034
0.003
Standard Errors of
Household Income
Ratios of Selected
Percentiles
90th/10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80th/20th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20th/50th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
117
229
256
435
1073
19859
0.0038
84
119
226
314
483
565
Standard Errors of
Household Income at
50th (median) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Errors of
Summary Measures
inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atkinson:
e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986
Measures of income
dispersion
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0055
0.0001
0.0037
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.19
0.35
39
36
42
60
365
0.079
0.056
0.020
0.010
0.030
0.003
79
106
189
272
346
633
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0056
0.0001
0.0037
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.19
0.36
39
35
41
58
352
0.088
0.056
0.019
0.010
0.031
0.003
81
108
183
246
428
584
1984 198310
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0057
0.0001
0.0038
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.20
0.36
39
35
40
57
354
0.084
0.062
0.021
0.010
0.032
0.003
81
108
183
272
369
695
1982
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0056
0.0001
0.0038
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.20
0.35
40
35
42
55
332
0.114
0.059
0.020
0.009
0.030
0.003
122
110
213
217
357
653
1981
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0051
0.0001
0.0036
0.03
0.08
0.14
0.20
0.35
40
36
42
55
359
0.110
0.057
0.019
0.010
0.031
0.003
119
115
212
256
404
626
1980
0.0054
0.0001
0.0039
0.04
0.09
0.14
0.21
0.37
42
39
44
57
398
0.102
0.059
0.020
0.010
0.033
0.003
119
124
173
276
319
652
1978
0.0054
0.0001
0.0039
0.04
0.09
0.14
0.21
0.37
42
37
42
55
398
0.102
0.056
0.018
0.009
0.032
0.003
111
118
151
208
429
551
0.0054
0.0001
0.0041
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.21
0.37
41
38
42
53
395
0.099
0.059
0.020
0.010
0.032
0.004
111
121
148
241
313
635
0.0059
0.0001
0.0056
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.21
0.37
41
37
41
52
395
0.097
0.059
0.019
0.010
0.035
0.004
106
123
160
287
394
577
0.0057
0.0001
0.0040
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.22
0.39
42
42
42
56
433
0.100
0.063
0.018
0.010
0.037
0.004
111
148
159
229
333
522
0.0060
0.0001
0.0069
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.22
0.39
43
41
41
55
453
0.109
0.070
0.021
0.010
0.038
0.004
110
146
156
271
449
705
0.0061
0.0001
0.0063
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.22
0.39
43
40
40
52
430
0.107
0.060
0.016
0.011
0.040
0.004
107
142
152
321
241
422
1973 197215 197116
0.0060
0.0001
0.0078
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.23
0.40
45
42
39
53
442
0.115
0.064
0.017
0.008
0.037
0.004
111
148
145
172
273
522
1970
0.0058
0.0001
0.0066
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.23
0.40
44
43
39
51
451
0.113
0.066
0.020
0.008
0.036
0.004
113
151
147
183
323
641
1969
0.0057
0.0001
0.0042
0.04
0.11
0.17
0.23
0.40
45
41
37
49
423
0.115
0.060
0.016
0.009
0.036
0.004
111
148
139
205
426
442
1968
0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0007
0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0012
0.0017 0.0017 0.0018 0.0019 0.0019 0.0020 0.0018
0.0058
0.0001
0.0066
0.04
0.09
0.15
0.21
0.38
44
39
39
55
400
0.096
0.068
0.022
0.009
0.036
0.004
112
149
155
197
324
728
1977 197612 197513 197413, 14
0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007
0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012
0.0017 0.0016 0.0017 0.0017 0.0018
0.0050
0.0001
0.0038
0.03
0.08
0.14
0.20
0.36
41
38
44
56
399
0.108
0.059
0.020
0.009
0.031
0.003
118
123
202
216
390
670
197911
0.0008
0.0014
0.0020
0.0060
0.0001
0.0044
0.04
0.10
0.17
0.23
0.41
43
41
36
48
459
0.136
0.065
0.016
0.010
0.040
0.004
108
144
134
241
573
416
196717
1947–1998’’)
Table A-3.
U.S. Census Bureau
Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or
decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999;
child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.
7
8
9
10
11
Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income.
12
13
14
15
16
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
APPENDIX B.
ESTIMATES OF POVERTY
How Poverty Is Calculated
Following the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of
money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (see the matrix below).
Poverty Thresholds in 2006 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years
(Dollars)
Related children under 18 years
Size of family unit
None
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
One person (unrelated individual):
Under 65 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,488
9,669
Two people:
Householder under 65 years . . . . .
Householder 65 years and older . .
13,500
12,186
13,896
13,843
Three people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,769
16,227
16,242
Four people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,794
21,134
20,444
20,516
Five people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25,076
25,441
24,662
24,059
23,691
Six people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28,842
28,957
28,360
27,788
26,938
26,434
Seven people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33,187
33,394
32,680
32,182
31,254
30,172
Eight people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37,117
37,444
36,770
36,180
35,342
34,278
33,171
32,890
Nine people or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,649
44,865
44,269
43,768
42,945
41,813
40,790
40,536
Eight or
more
28,985
38,975
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
If a family’s total income is less than
that family’s threshold, then that family
and every individual in it is considered
in poverty. The official poverty thresholds do not vary geographically, but
they are updated annually for inflation
using the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U).
The official poverty definition uses
money income before taxes and does
not include capital gains or noncash
benefits (such as public housing,
Medicaid, and food stamps).
Example: Suppose Family A consists
of five people: two children, their
mother, their father, and their greataunt. Family A’s poverty threshold in
2006 was $24,662. Suppose also that
each member had the following
income in 2006:
Mother
Father
Great-aunt
First child
Second child
Total:
U.S. Census Bureau
$10,000
5,000
10,000
0
0
$25,000
Since their total family income,
$25,000, was higher than their threshold ($24,662), the family would not be
considered “in poverty” according to
the official poverty measure.
Their Subsequent History as the Official
U.S. Poverty Measure” by Gordon M.
Fisher, available at
<www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty
/histofpovmeas.html>.
While the thresholds in some sense
represent families’ needs, they should
be interpreted as a statistical yardstick
rather than as a complete description
of what people and families need to
live. Many of the government’s aid
programs use different dollar amounts
as eligibility criteria.
Weighted average thresholds: Some
data users want a summary of the 48
thresholds to get a general sense of
the “poverty line.” The average thresholds shown below provide that summary, but they are not used to compute poverty data. The averages are
based on the relative number of families by size and composition.
Poverty rates and the number in
poverty are important ways of examining people’s well-being. Other more
detailed measures of poverty are considered in the section “Depth of Poverty
Measures,” and in the recent Census
Bureau report Supplemental Measures
of Material Well-Being: Expenditures,
Consumption, and Poverty (P23-201).
For a history of the official poverty
measure, see “The Development of the
Orshansky Poverty Thresholds and
Weighted Average Poverty
Thresholds in 2006 by Size of
Family
(Dollars)
One person
Two people
Three people
Four people
Five people
Six people
Seven people
Eight people
Nine people or more
10,294
13,167
16,079
20,614
24,382
27,560
31,205
34,774
41,499
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
Table B-1.
Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2006
All people
People in families
Below poverty
Race, Hispanic origin,
and year
Families with female
householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Unrelated individuals
Below poverty
Below poverty
Percent
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
ALL RACES
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
296,450
293,135
290,617
36,460
36,950
37,040
12.3
12.6
12.7
245,199
242,389
240,754
25,915
26,068
26,544
10.6
10.8
11.0
43,223
42,244
42,053
13,199
13,153
12,832
30.5
31.1
30.5
49,884
49,526
48,609
9,977
10,425
9,926
20.0
21.1
20.4
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
287,699
285,317
281,475
278,944
276,208
35,861
34,570
32,907
31,581
32,791
12.5
12.1
11.7
11.3
11.9
238,903
236,921
233,911
231,909
230,789
25,684
24,534
23,215
22,347
23,830
10.8
10.4
9.9
9.6
10.3
41,311
40,529
39,261
38,375
38,580
12,413
11,657
11,223
10,926
11,764
30.0
28.8
28.6
28.5
30.5
47,594
47,156
46,392
45,624
43,977
9,713
9,618
9,226
8,653
8,400
20.4
20.4
19.9
19.0
19.1
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
271,059
268,480
266,218
263,733
261,616
34,476
35,574
36,529
36,425
38,059
12.7
13.3
13.7
13.8
14.5
227,229
225,369
223,955
222,792
221,430
25,370
26,217
27,376
27,501
28,985
11.2
11.6
12.2
12.3
13.1
39,000
38,412
38,584
38,908
37,253
12,907
13,494
13,796
14,205
14,380
33.1
35.1
35.8
36.5
38.6
42,539
41,672
40,727
39,484
38,538
8,478
8,687
8,452
8,247
8,287
19.9
20.8
20.8
20.9
21.5
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
259,278
256,549
251,192
248,644
245,992
39,265
38,014
35,708
33,585
31,528
15.1
14.8
14.2
13.5
12.8
219,489
217,936
212,723
210,967
209,515
29,927
28,961
27,143
25,232
24,066
13.6
13.3
12.8
12.0
11.5
37,861
36,446
34,795
33,795
32,525
14,636
14,205
13,824
12,578
11,668
38.7
39.0
39.7
37.2
35.9
38,038
36,842
36,845
36,056
35,185
8,388
8,075
7,773
7,446
6,760
22.1
21.9
21.1
20.7
19.2
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
243,530
240,982
238,554
236,594
233,816
31,745
32,221
32,370
33,064
33,700
13.0
13.4
13.6
14.0
14.4
208,056
206,877
205,459
203,963
202,288
24,048
24,725
24,754
25,729
26,458
11.6
12.0
12.0
12.6
13.1
32,164
31,893
31,152
30,878
30,844
11,972
12,148
11,944
11,600
11,831
37.2
38.1
38.3
37.6
38.4
34,340
32,992
31,679
31,351
30,268
7,070
6,857
6,846
6,725
6,609
20.6
20.8
21.6
21.5
21.8
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
231,700
229,412
227,157
225,027
222,903
35,303
34,398
31,822
29,272
26,072
15.2
15.0
14.0
13.0
11.7
201,338
200,385
198,541
196,963
195,860
27,933
27,349
24,850
22,601
19,964
13.9
13.6
12.5
11.5
10.2
30,049
28,834
28,587
27,565
26,927
12,072
11,701
11,051
10,120
9,400
40.2
40.6
38.7
36.7
34.9
29,158
27,908
27,714
27,133
26,170
6,740
6,458
6,490
6,227
5,743
23.1
23.1
23.4
22.9
21.9
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215,656
213,867
212,303
210,864
209,362
24,497
24,720
24,975
25,877
23,370
11.4
11.6
11.8
12.3
11.2
191,071
190,757
190,844
190,630
190,436
19,062
19,505
19,632
20,789
18,817
10.0
10.2
10.3
10.9
9.9
26,032
25,404
24,204
23,580
23,165
9,269
9,205
9,029
8,846
8,462
35.6
36.2
37.3
37.5
36.5
24,585
23,110
21,459
20,234
18,926
5,435
5,216
5,344
5,088
4,553
22.1
22.6
24.9
25.1
24.1
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
207,621
206,004
204,554
202,183
199,517
22,973
24,460
25,559
25,420
24,147
11.1
11.9
12.5
12.6
12.1
189,361
189,193
188,242
186,692
184,891
18,299
19,577
20,405
20,330
19,175
9.7
10.3
10.8
10.9
10.4
21,823
21,264
20,153
19,673
17,995
8,178
8,114
7,797
7,503
6,879
37.5
38.2
38.7
38.1
38.2
18,260
16,811
16,311
15,491
14,626
4,674
4,883
5,154
5,090
4,972
25.6
29.0
31.6
32.9
34.0
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197,628
195,672
193,388
191,413
189,710
25,389
27,769
28,510
33,185
36,055
12.8
14.2
14.7
17.3
19.0
183,825
182,558
181,117
179,281
177,653
20,695
22,771
23,809
28,358
30,912
11.3
12.5
13.1
15.8
17.4
18,048
17,788
17,240
16,371
(NA)
6,990
6,898
6,861
7,524
7,297
38.7
38.8
39.8
46.0
44.4
13,803
13,114
12,271
12,132
12,057
4,694
4,998
4,701
4,827
5,143
34.0
38.1
38.3
39.8
42.7
1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
187,258
184,276
181,277
179,503
176,557
36,436
38,625
39,628
39,851
39,490
19.5
21.0
21.9
22.2
22.4
176,076
173,263
170,131
168,615
165,858
31,498
33,623
34,509
34,925
34,562
17.9
19.4
20.3
20.7
20.8
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
7,646
7,781
7,252
7,247
7,014
47.7
50.3
48.1
48.9
49.4
11,182
11,013
11,146
10,888
10,699
4,938
5,002
5,119
4,926
4,928
44.2
45.4
45.9
45.2
46.1
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2006—Con.
All people
People in families
Below poverty
and year
householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
WHITE ALONE7
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
237,619
235,430
233,741
231,866
230,376
24,416
24,872
25,327
24,272
23,466
10.3
10.6
10.8
10.5
10.2
196,061
194,277
193,024
192,074
190,823
16,644
16,782
17,445
16,740
16,043
8.5
8.6
9.0
8.7
8.4
27,057
25,943
26,139
25,536
24,903
7,160
7,021
6,892
6,530
5,992
26.5
27.1
26.4
25.6
24.1
40,461
40,164
39,712
38,913
38,575
7,334
7,718
7,416
7,225
7,105
18.1
19.2
18.7
18.6
18.4
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
229,675
227,846
225,361
22,739
21,645
22,169
9.9
9.5
9.8
190,413
188,966
187,833
15,369
14,692
15,353
8.1
7.8
8.2
24,619
24,166
23,913
5,972
5,609
5,947
24.3
23.2
24.9
38,294
37,699
36,441
6,996
6,454
6,411
18.3
17.1
17.6
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222,837
221,200
219,656
218,028
216,460
23,454
24,396
24,650
24,423
25,379
10.5
11.0
11.2
11.2
11.7
186,184
185,147
184,119
183,450
182,546
16,549
17,258
17,621
17,593
18,474
8.9
9.3
9.6
9.6
10.1
24,211
23,773
23,744
23,732
22,713
6,674
7,296
7,073
7,047
7,228
27.6
30.7
29.8
29.7
31.8
35,563
34,858
34,247
33,399
32,569
6,386
6,593
6,463
6,336
6,292
18.0
18.9
18.9
19.0
19.3
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214,899
213,060
210,133
208,611
206,853
26,226
25,259
23,747
22,326
20,785
12.2
11.9
11.3
10.7
10.0
181,330
180,409
177,619
176,504
175,857
18,968
18,294
17,268
15,916
15,179
10.5
10.1
9.7
9.0
8.6
23,224
22,453
21,608
20,845
20,362
7,199
6,907
6,806
6,210
5,723
31.0
30.8
31.5
29.8
28.1
32,112
31,170
31,207
30,833
29,993
6,443
6,147
5,872
5,739
5,063
20.1
19.7
18.8
18.6
16.9
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205,235
203,605
202,282
200,918
198,941
20,715
21,195
22,183
22,860
22,955
10.1
10.4
11.0
11.4
11.5
175,111
174,488
174,024
172,863
171,839
15,001
15,593
16,393
17,125
17,299
8.6
8.9
9.4
9.9
10.1
20,396
20,244
20,163
20,105
19,727
5,950
5,989
6,171
5,990
5,866
29.2
29.6
30.6
29.8
29.7
29,315
28,290
27,143
27,067
26,094
5,314
5,174
5,198
5,299
5,181
18.1
18.3
19.2
19.6
19.9
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197,496
195,919
194,504
192,912
191,742
23,984
23,517
21,553
19,699
17,214
12.1
12.0
11.1
10.2
9.0
171,407
170,748
169,868
168,756
168,461
18,377
18,015
16,127
14,587
12,495
10.7
10.6
9.5
8.6
7.4
19,256
18,374
18,795
17,642
17,349
6,017
5,686
5,600
4,940
4,375
31.2
30.9
29.8
28.0
25.2
25,206
24,300
23,913
23,370
22,587
5,189
5,041
5,061
4,760
4,452
20.6
20.7
21.2
20.4
19.7
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
186,450
185,254
184,165
183,164
182,376
16,259
16,416
16,713
17,770
15,736
8.7
8.9
9.1
9.7
8.6
165,193
165,385
165,571
165,661
166,081
12,050
12,364
12,500
13,799
12,181
7.3
7.5
7.5
8.3
7.3
16,877
16,721
15,941
15,577
15,433
4,371
4,474
4,463
4,577
4,278
25.9
26.8
28.0
29.4
27.7
21,257
19,869
18,594
17,503
16,295
4,209
4,051
4,213
3,972
3,555
19.8
20.4
22.7
22.7
21.8
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
181,185
180,125
179,398
177,376
175,349
15,142
16,203
17,780
17,484
16,659
8.4
9.0
9.9
9.9
9.5
165,424
165,630
165,184
163,875
162,779
11,412
12,268
13,566
13,323
12,623
6.9
7.4
8.2
8.1
7.8
14,303
13,739
13,502
13,226
12,285
4,003
3,770
4,099
3,761
3,577
28.0
27.4
30.4
28.4
29.1
15,761
14,495
14,214
13,500
12,570
3,730
3,935
4,214
4,161
4,036
23.7
27.1
29.6
30.8
32.1
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173,732
172,038
170,247
168,732
167,313
17,395
18,983
19,290
22,496
24,957
10.0
11.0
11.3
13.3
14.9
161,777
160,720
159,561
158,255
156,898
13,546
14,851
15,430
18,508
20,716
8.4
9.2
9.7
11.7
13.2
12,190
12,131
12,261
11,573
(NA)
3,551
3,453
3,646
4,092
3,911
29.1
28.5
29.7
35.4
33.4
11,955
11,318
10,686
10,477
10,415
3,849
4,132
3,860
3,988
4,241
32.2
36.5
36.1
38.1
40.7
1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165,309
162,842
160,306
158,863
156,956
25,238
26,672
27,890
28,309
28,484
15.3
16.4
17.4
17.8
18.1
155,584
153,348
150,717
149,458
147,802
21,149
22,613
23,747
24,262
24,443
13.6
14.7
15.8
16.2
16.5
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
4,051
4,089
4,062
4,296
4,232
35.6
37.9
37.6
39.0
40.2
9,725
9,494
9,589
9,405
9,154
4,089
4,059
4,143
4,047
4,041
42.0
42.7
43.2
43.0
44.1
WHITE8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
People in families
Below poverty
and year
householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Below poverty
Below poverty
Percent
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
WHITE ALONE, NOT
HISPANIC7
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196,049
195,553
195,098
194,595
194,144
16,013
16,227
16,908
15,902
15,567
8.2
8.3
8.7
8.2
8.0
159,572
159,204
159,221
159,215
158,764
9,676
9,604
10,323
9,658
9,389
6.1
6.0
6.5
6.1
5.9
19,349
18,899
19,009
18,792
18,664
4,353
4,278
4,116
3,959
3,733
22.5
22.6
21.7
21.1
20.0
35,642
35,626
35,141
34,683
34,614
6,021
6,393
6,237
6,015
5,947
16.9
17.9
17.7
17.3
17.2
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
194,538
193,691
192,565
192,754
15,271
14,366
14,735
15,799
7.8
7.4
7.7
8.2
159,178
158,838
158,550
159,301
9,122
8,664
9,013
10,061
5.7
5.5
5.7
6.3
18,365
18,196
17,892
18,547
3,661
3,412
3,545
4,074
19.9
18.8
19.8
22.0
34,603
33,943
33,189
32,573
5,882
5,356
5,412
5,352
17.0
15.8
16.3
16.4
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
191,859
191,459
190,951
192,543
190,843
16,491
16,462
16,267
18,110
18,882
8.6
8.6
8.5
9.4
9.9
158,796
159,044
159,402
161,254
160,062
10,401
10,553
10,599
12,118
12,756
6.5
6.6
6.6
7.5
8.0
18,474
18,597
18,340
18,186
18,508
4,604
4,339
4,183
4,743
4,724
24.9
23.3
22.8
26.1
25.5
32,049
31,410
30,586
30,157
29,681
5,632
5,455
5,303
5,500
5,570
17.6
17.4
17.3
18.2
18.8
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
189,001
189,116
188,129
186,979
185,961
18,202
17,741
16,622
15,599
15,565
9.6
9.4
8.8
8.3
8.4
159,102
158,850
158,394
158,127
157,687
12,277
11,998
11,086
10,723
10,467
7.7
7.6
7.0
6.8
6.6
18,016
17,609
17,160
16,827
16,828
4,640
4,710
4,284
3,922
3,988
25.8
26.7
25.0
23.3
23.7
28,775
29,215
28,688
28,055
27,552
5,350
5,261
5,002
4,466
4,746
18.6
18.0
17.4
15.9
17.2
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184,936
184,119
183,455
182,469
181,393
16,029
17,244
17,839
18,300
19,538
8.7
9.4
9.7
10.0
10.8
157,785
157,665
157,106
156,930
156,719
11,051
12,078
12,706
13,234
14,437
7.0
7.7
8.1
8.4
9.2
16,787
16,739
16,749
16,742
16,369
4,075
4,350
4,136
4,193
4,448
24.3
26.0
24.7
25.0
27.2
26,439
25,525
25,544
24,671
23,894
4,613
4,668
4,789
4,659
4,746
17.4
18.3
18.7
18.9
19.9
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
181,903
180,909
179,798
178,814
174,731
19,362
17,987
16,365
14,419
13,755
10.6
9.9
9.1
8.1
7.9
157,818
157,330
156,633
156,567
154,321
14,271
12,903
11,568
10,009
9,798
9.0
8.2
7.4
6.4
6.3
15,830
16,323
15,358
15,410
15,132
4,161
4,222
3,699
3,371
3,390
26.3
25.9
24.1
21.9
22.4
23,329
22,950
22,455
21,638
20,410
4,701
4,769
4,474
4,179
3,957
20.2
20.8
19.9
19.3
19.4
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173,563
173,235
172,417
171,463
170,488
13,802
14,025
14,883
13,217
12,864
8.0
8.1
8.6
7.7
7.5
154,449
155,324
155,539
155,764
155,330
9,977
10,066
11,137
9,854
9,262
6.5
6.5
7.2
6.3
6.0
14,888
14,261
13,809
13,763
12,731
3,429
3,516
3,570
3,379
3,185
23.0
24.7
25.9
24.6
25.0
19,114
17,912
16,879
15,699
15,158
3,825
3,959
3,746
3,364
3,602
20.0
22.1
22.2
21.4
23.8
WHITE, NOT
HISPANIC8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
People in families
Below poverty
and year
householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
BLACK ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39,013
38,551
38,037
37,503
37,207
9,447
9,517
9,411
9,108
8,884
24.2
24.7
24.7
24.3
23.9
32,130
31,663
31,468
31,059
31,008
7,411
7,459
7,495
7,162
6,985
23.1
23.6
23.8
23.1
22.5
13,848
14,080
13,830
13,664
13,551
5,422
5,524
5,484
5,312
5,145
39.2
39.2
39.7
38.9
38.0
6,715
6,754
6,418
6,194
6,034
1,935
2,003
1,840
1,814
1,851
28.8
29.7
28.7
29.3
30.7
37,306
36,802
36,426
35,989
35,678
9,048
9,168
9,014
8,781
8,602
24.3
24.9
24.7
24.4
24.1
30,621
30,154
30,065
29,727
29,671
7,072
7,164
7,153
6,870
6,761
23.1
23.8
23.8
23.1
22.8
13,244
13,481
13,244
13,118
13,030
5,180
5,303
5,247
5,115
4,980
39.1
39.3
39.6
39.0
38.2
6,545
6,521
6,217
6,034
5,858
1,897
1,949
1,792
1,781
1,800
29.0
29.9
28.8
29.5
30.7
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35,871
35,425
35,756
34,877
8,136
7,982
8,441
9,091
22.7
22.5
23.6
26.1
29,869
29,378
29,819
29,333
6,389
6,221
6,758
7,259
21.4
21.2
22.7
24.7
12,550
12,383
12,823
13,156
4,694
4,774
5,232
5,629
37.4
38.6
40.8
42.8
5,873
5,885
5,668
5,390
1,692
1,702
1,562
1,752
28.8
28.9
27.5
32.5
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34,458
34,110
33,740
33,353
32,910
9,116
9,694
9,872
10,196
10,877
26.5
28.4
29.3
30.6
33.1
28,962
28,933
28,777
28,499
28,106
7,386
7,993
8,189
8,447
9,242
25.5
27.6
28.5
29.6
32.9
13,218
13,193
13,604
12,926
13,132
5,654
6,123
6,553
6,489
6,955
42.8
46.4
48.2
50.2
53.0
5,316
4,989
4,756
4,649
4,608
1,645
1,606
1,551
1,617
1,541
31.0
32.2
32.6
34.8
33.4
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32,411
31,313
30,806
30,332
29,849
10,827
10,242
9,837
9,302
9,356
33.4
32.7
31.9
30.7
31.3
27,790
26,565
26,296
25,931
25,484
9,134
8,504
8,160
7,704
7,650
32.9
32.0
31.0
29.7
30.0
12,591
11,960
11,866
11,190
10,794
6,799
6,557
6,005
5,530
5,601
54.0
54.8
50.6
49.4
51.9
4,410
4,505
4,244
4,180
4,095
1,569
1,590
1,491
1,471
1,509
35.6
35.3
35.1
35.2
36.8
19876. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29,362
28,871
28,485
28,087
27,678
9,520
8,983
8,926
9,490
9,882
32.4
31.1
31.3
33.8
35.7
25,128
24,910
24,620
24,387
24,138
7,848
7,410
7,504
8,104
8,376
31.2
29.7
30.5
33.2
34.7
10,701
10,175
10,041
10,384
10,059
5,789
5,473
5,342
5,666
5,736
54.1
53.8
53.2
54.6
57.0
3,977
3,714
3,641
3,501
3,287
1,471
1,431
1,264
1,255
1,338
37.0
38.5
34.7
35.8
40.7
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27,216
26,834
26,408
25,944
24,956
9,697
9,173
8,579
8,050
7,625
35.6
34.2
32.5
31.0
30.6
23,948
23,423
23,084
22,666
22,027
8,355
7,780
7,190
6,800
6,493
34.9
33.2
31.1
30.0
29.5
9,699
9,214
9,338
9,065
8,689
5,698
5,222
4,984
4,816
4,712
58.8
56.7
53.4
53.1
54.2
3,051
3,277
3,208
3,127
2,929
1,229
1,296
1,314
1,168
1,132
40.3
39.6
41.0
37.3
38.6
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24,710
24,399
24,089
23,699
23,512
7,726
7,595
7,545
7,182
7,388
31.3
31.1
31.3
30.3
31.4
21,850
21,840
21,687
21,341
21,328
6,667
6,576
6,533
6,255
6,560
30.5
30.1
30.1
29.3
30.8
8,315
7,926
7,679
7,483
7,188
4,595
4,415
4,168
4,116
4,064
55.3
55.7
54.3
55.0
56.5
2,860
2,559
2,402
2,359
2,183
1,059
1,019
1,011
927
828
37.0
39.8
42.1
39.3
37.9
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23,144
22,784
22,515
22,011
21,944
7,710
7,396
7,548
7,095
7,616
33.3
32.5
33.5
32.2
34.7
21,116
20,900
20,724
20,192
(NA)
6,841
6,530
6,683
6,245
6,839
32.4
31.2
32.2
30.9
33.7
7,125
6,398
6,225
5,537
(NA)
4,139
3,587
3,656
3,225
3,312
58.1
56.1
58.7
58.2
58.9
2,028
1,884
1,791
1,819
(NA)
870
866
865
850
777
42.9
46.0
48.3
46.7
46.3
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21,590
21,206
18,013
8,486
8,867
9,927
39.3
41.8
55.1
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
7,677
8,090
9,112
38.4
40.9
54.9
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
3,362
3,160
2,416
61.6
65.3
70.6
(NA)
(NA)
1,430
809
777
815
49.3
54.4
57.0
BLACK ALONE9
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
People in families
Below poverty
and year
householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
ASIAN ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,331
13,731
13,291
12,891
12,487
1,447
1,501
1,295
1,527
1,243
10.1
10.9
9.7
11.8
10.0
12,463
11,931
11,661
11,266
10,742
984
1,039
876
1,116
816
7.9
8.7
7.5
9.9
7.6
1,210
1,223
1,190
1,184
1,146
220
220
170
294
175
18.1
18.0
14.3
24.8
15.3
1,801
1,771
1,599
1,590
1,708
449
457
417
402
417
24.9
25.8
26.1
25.3
24.4
13,177
12,580
12,231
11,856
11,541
1,353
1,402
1,201
1,401
1,161
10.3
11.1
9.8
11.8
10.1
11,428
10,911
10,734
10,333
9,899
912
970
812
1,017
763
8.0
8.9
7.6
9.8
7.7
1,057
1,059
1,024
1,028
1,019
187
189
135
242
155
17.7
17.8
13.2
23.6
15.2
1,683
1,645
1,472
1,494
1,613
428
427
388
375
390
25.4
26.0
26.3
25.1
24.2
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,465
12,672
11,955
10,873
10,482
1,275
1,258
1,285
1,360
1,468
10.2
9.9
10.7
12.5
14.0
10,745
11,044
10,507
9,576
9,312
873
895
1,010
1,087
1,116
8.1
8.1
9.6
11.4
12.0
1,333
1,231
1,201
1,123
932
198
289
275
373
313
14.8
23.4
22.9
33.2
33.6
1,682
1,588
1,415
1,266
1,134
393
350
270
257
327
23.4
22.0
19.1
20.3
28.9
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,054
9,644
6,654
7,434
7,779
1,454
1,411
974
1,134
985
14.5
14.6
14.6
15.3
12.7
8,900
8,582
5,915
6,609
6,922
1,172
1,112
776
898
787
13.2
13.0
13.1
13.6
11.4
1,018
919
582
725
729
300
266
137
126
183
29.5
28.9
23.6
17.4
25.0
1,120
1,013
696
791
828
255
260
179
228
193
22.8
25.6
25.7
28.8
23.3
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,192
7,014
6,673
6,447
6,322
996
858
939
1,117
1,021
13.8
12.2
14.1
17.3
16.1
6,367
6,300
5,917
5,767
5,785
773
712
779
942
875
12.1
11.3
13.2
16.3
15.1
721
638
614
650
584
177
132
212
263
187
24.6
20.7
34.6
40.5
32.0
785
668
712
651
516
209
124
144
160
138
26.6
18.5
20.2
24.5
26.8
ASIAN ALONE10
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASIAN AND PACIFIC
ISLANDER8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-1.
All people
People in families
Below poverty
and year
householder, no
husband present
All families
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total Number
Percent
Total Number
Percent
HISPANIC
(ANY RACE)
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,784
43,020
41,690
9,243
9,368
9,122
20.6
21.8
21.9
39,177
37,759
36,438
7,650
7,767
7,705
19.5
20.6
21.1
8,652
7,868
7,825
3,189
3,069
3,072
36.9
39.0
39.3
5,317
4,971
4,971
1,468
1,451
1,293
27.6
29.2
26.0
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40,300
39,216
37,312
35,955
34,632
9,051
8,555
7,997
7,747
7,876
22.5
21.8
21.4
21.5
22.7
35,469
34,598
33,110
31,700
30,872
7,637
7,184
6,674
6,430
6,702
21.5
20.8
20.2
20.3
21.7
7,452
7,013
6,830
6,469
6,527
2,861
2,554
2,585
2,444
2,642
38.4
36.4
37.8
37.8
40.5
4,620
4,364
3,981
3,978
3,481
1,325
1,255
1,211
1,163
1,068
28.7
28.8
30.4
29.2
30.7
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31,515
30,637
29,614
28,344
27,442
8,070
8,308
8,697
8,574
8,416
25.6
27.1
29.4
30.3
30.7
28,055
27,467
26,340
25,165
24,390
6,814
7,198
7,515
7,341
7,357
24.3
26.2
28.5
29.2
30.2
6,074
5,718
5,641
5,785
5,328
2,837
2,911
3,020
3,053
2,920
46.7
50.9
53.5
52.8
54.8
3,218
2,976
2,985
2,947
2,798
1,097
1,017
1,066
1,092
926
34.1
34.2
35.7
37.0
33.1
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26,559
25,646
22,070
21,405
20,746
8,126
7,592
6,339
6,006
5,430
30.6
29.6
28.7
28.1
26.2
23,439
22,695
19,658
18,912
18,488
6,876
6,455
5,541
5,091
4,659
29.3
28.4
28.2
26.9
25.2
5,333
4,806
4,326
3,993
3,763
2,837
2,474
2,282
2,115
1,902
53.2
51.5
52.7
53.0
50.6
2,717
2,577
2,146
2,254
2,045
972
881
667
774
634
35.8
34.2
31.1
34.3
31.0
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,064
19,395
18,758
18,075
16,916
5,357
5,422
5,117
5,236
4,806
26.7
28.0
27.3
29.0
28.4
18,102
17,342
16,880
16,276
15,293
4,700
4,761
4,469
4,605
4,192
26.0
27.5
26.5
28.3
27.4
3,734
3,678
3,631
3,561
3,139
2,052
2,045
1,921
1,983
1,764
55.0
55.6
52.9
55.7
56.2
1,864
1,933
1,685
1,602
1,481
597
598
553
532
545
32.0
31.0
32.8
33.2
36.8
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,544
14,385
14,021
13,600
13,371
4,633
4,301
3,713
3,491
2,921
28.0
29.9
26.5
25.7
21.8
15,075
13,242
12,922
12,547
12,291
4,113
3,865
3,349
3,143
2,599
27.3
29.2
25.9
25.1
21.1
3,032
2,664
2,622
2,421
2,058
1,670
1,601
1,465
1,319
1,053
55.1
60.1
55.9
54.5
51.2
1,364
1,018
1,005
970
991
457
358
313
312
286
33.5
35.1
31.1
32.2
28.8
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,079
12,046
11,269
11,117
2,607
2,700
2,783
2,991
21.6
22.4
24.7
26.9
11,193
11,249
10,552
10,472
2,343
2,463
2,516
2,755
20.9
21.9
23.8
26.3
1,817
1,901
1,766
1,842
1,024
1,077
1,000
1,053
56.4
56.7
56.6
57.2
886
797
716
645
264
237
266
236
29.8
29.8
37.2
36.6
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,201
10,795
10,588
2,575
2,366
2,414
23.0
21.9
22.8
10,584
10,269
10,099
2,374
2,209
2,252
22.4
21.5
22.3
1,723
1,534
1,370
915
881
733
53.1
57.4
53.5
617
526
488
201
157
162
32.6
29.9
33.2
(NA) Not available.
1
For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.
Consistent with 2001 data through implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion.
For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.
4
For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.
5
For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file.
6
For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance
report Money Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166.
7
The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The
use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches.
Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from
Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000.
8
For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White,
non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander.
9
Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race.
10
Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race.
2
3
Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people
but are excluded from people in families.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2006
Under 18 years
All people
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
18 to 64 years
Related children in families
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73,727
73,285
73,241
12,827
12,896
13,041
17.4
17.6
17.8
72,609
72,095
72,133
12,299
12,335
12,473
16.9
17.1
17.3
186,688
184,345
182,166
20,239
20,450
20,545
10.8
11.1
11.3
36,035
35,505
35,209
3,394
3,603
3,453
9.4
10.1
9.8
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72,999
72,696
72,021
71,741
71,685
12,866
12,133
11,733
11,587
12,280
17.6
16.7
16.3
16.2
17.1
71,907
71,619
70,950
70,538
70,424
12,340
11,646
11,175
11,005
11,678
17.2
16.3
15.8
15.6
16.6
180,041
178,388
175,685
173,638
171,146
19,443
18,861
17,760
16,671
17,289
10.8
10.6
10.1
9.6
10.1
34,659
34,234
33,769
33,566
33,377
3,552
3,576
3,414
3,323
3,222
10.2
10.4
10.1
9.9
9.7
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71,338
71,069
70,650
70,566
70,020
13,467
14,113
14,463
14,665
15,289
18.9
19.9
20.5
20.8
21.8
70,253
69,844
69,411
69,425
68,819
12,845
13,422
13,764
13,999
14,610
18.3
19.2
19.8
20.2
21.2
167,327
165,329
163,691
161,508
160,329
17,623
18,085
18,638
18,442
19,107
10.5
10.9
11.4
11.4
11.9
32,394
32,082
31,877
31,658
31,267
3,386
3,376
3,428
3,318
3,663
10.5
10.5
10.8
10.5
11.7
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69,292
68,440
65,918
65,049
64,144
15,727
15,294
14,341
13,431
12,590
22.7
22.3
21.8
20.6
19.6
68,040
67,256
64,800
63,908
63,225
14,961
14,521
13,658
12,715
12,001
22.0
21.6
21.1
19.9
19.0
159,208
157,680
154,684
153,502
152,282
19,781
18,793
17,586
16,496
15,575
12.4
11.9
11.4
10.7
10.2
30,779
30,430
30,590
30,093
29,566
3,755
3,928
3,781
3,658
3,363
12.2
12.9
12.4
12.2
11.4
19886. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63,747
63,294
62,948
62,876
62,447
12,455
12,843
12,876
13,010
13,420
19.5
20.3
20.5
20.7
21.5
62,906
62,423
62,009
62,019
61,681
11,935
12,275
12,257
12,483
12,929
19.0
19.7
19.8
20.1
21.0
150,761
149,201
147,631
146,396
144,551
15,809
15,815
16,017
16,598
16,952
10.5
10.6
10.8
11.3
11.7
29,022
28,487
27,975
27,322
26,818
3,481
3,563
3,477
3,456
3,330
12.0
12.5
12.4
12.6
12.4
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62,334
62,345
62,449
62,914
63,375
13,911
13,647
12,505
11,543
10,377
22.3
21.9
20.0
18.3
16.4
61,578
61,565
61,756
62,168
62,646
13,427
13,139
12,068
11,114
9,993
21.8
21.3
19.5
17.9
16.0
143,052
141,328
139,477
137,428
135,333
17,767
17,000
15,464
13,858
12,014
12.4
12.0
11.1
10.1
8.9
26,313
25,738
25,231
24,686
24,194
3,625
3,751
3,853
3,871
3,682
13.8
14.6
15.3
15.7
15.2
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62,311
63,137
64,028
65,079
66,134
9,931
10,288
10,273
11,104
10,156
15.9
16.2
16.0
17.1
15.4
61,987
62,823
63,729
64,750
65,802
9,722
10,028
10,081
10,882
9,967
15.7
16.0
15.8
16.8
15.1
130,169
128,262
126,175
124,122
122,101
11,332
11,316
11,389
11,456
10,132
8.7
8.8
9.0
9.2
8.3
23,175
22,468
22,100
21,662
21,127
3,233
3,177
3,313
3,317
3,085
14.0
14.1
15.0
15.3
14.6
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66,959
67,930
68,816
69,159
69,090
9,642
10,284
10,551
10,440
9,691
14.4
15.1
15.3
15.1
14.0
66,626
67,592
68,474
68,815
68,746
9,453
10,082
10,344
10,235
9,501
14.2
14.9
15.1
14.9
13.8
120,060
117,957
115,911
113,554
111,528
9,977
10,438
10,735
10,187
9,669
8.3
8.8
9.3
9.0
8.7
20,602
20,117
19,827
19,470
18,899
3,354
3,738
4,273
4,793
4,787
16.3
18.6
21.6
24.6
25.3
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70,385
70,408
70,218
69,986
69,711
10,954
11,656
12,389
14,676
16,051
15.6
16.6
17.6
21.0
23.0
70,035
70,058
69,869
69,638
69,364
10,739
11,427
12,146
14,388
15,736
15.3
16.3
17.4
20.7
22.7
108,684
107,024
105,241
(NA)
(NA)
9,803
10,725
11,007
(NA)
(NA)
9.0
10.0
10.5
(NA)
(NA)
18,559
18,240
17,929
(NA)
(NA)
4,632
5,388
5,114
(NA)
(NA)
25.0
29.5
28.5
(NA)
(NA)
1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69,181
67,722
66,121
65,601
64,315
16,005
16,963
16,909
17,634
17,552
23.1
25.0
25.6
26.9
27.3
68,837
67,385
65,792
65,275
63,995
15,691
16,630
16,577
17,288
17,208
22.8
24.7
25.2
26.5
26.9
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
96,685
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
16,457
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
17.0
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
15,557
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
5,481
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
35.2
ALL RACES
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2006—Con.
Under 18 years
All people
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
56,205
56,075
56,053
55,779
55,703
7,908
8,085
8,308
7,985
7,549
14.1
14.4
14.8
14.3
13.6
55,330
55,152
55,212
54,989
54,900
7,522
7,652
7,876
7,624
7,203
13.6
13.9
14.3
13.9
13.1
150,143
148,450
146,974
145,783
144,694
14,035
14,086
14,486
13,622
13,178
9.3
9.5
9.9
9.3
9.1
31,270
30,905
30,714
30,303
29,980
2,473
2,700
2,534
2,666
2,739
7.9
8.7
8.3
8.8
9.1
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56,089
55,980
55,833
56,016
7,527
7,307
7,639
8,443
13.4
13.1
13.7
15.1
55,238
55,021
54,873
55,126
7,086
6,834
7,194
7,935
12.8
12.4
13.1
14.4
143,796
142,164
139,974
138,061
12,555
11,754
12,085
12,456
8.7
8.3
8.6
9.0
29,790
29,703
29,553
28,759
2,656
2,584
2,446
2,555
8.9
8.7
8.3
8.9
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55,863
55,606
55,444
55,186
54,639
8,990
9,044
8,981
9,346
9,752
16.1
16.3
16.2
16.9
17.8
54,870
54,599
54,532
54,221
53,614
8,441
8,488
8,474
8,826
9,123
15.4
15.5
15.5
16.3
17.0
136,784
135,586
134,149
133,289
132,680
12,838
12,940
12,869
13,187
13,535
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.9
10.2
28,553
28,464
28,436
27,985
27,580
2,569
2,667
2,572
2,846
2,939
9.0
9.4
9.0
10.2
10.7
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54,110
52,523
51,929
51,400
51,203
9,399
8,848
8,232
7,599
7,435
17.4
16.8
15.9
14.8
14.5
53,110
51,627
51,028
50,704
50,590
8,752
8,316
7,696
7,164
7,095
16.5
16.1
15.1
14.1
14.0
131,694
130,312
129,784
128,974
128,031
12,871
12,097
11,387
10,647
10,687
9.8
9.3
8.8
8.3
8.3
27,256
27,297
26,898
26,479
26,001
2,989
2,802
2,707
2,539
2,593
11.0
10.3
10.1
9.6
10.0
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51,012
51,111
51,031
50,814
50,726
7,788
8,209
8,253
8,472
8,862
15.3
16.1
16.2
16.7
17.5
50,360
50,356
50,358
50,192
50,183
7,398
7,714
7,838
8,086
8,534
14.7
15.3
15.6
16.1
17.0
126,991
125,998
125,258
123,922
123,014
10,703
11,285
11,909
11,904
12,347
8.4
9.0
9.5
9.6
10.0
25,602
25,173
24,629
24,206
23,754
2,704
2,689
2,698
2,579
2,776
10.6
10.7
11.0
10.7
11.7
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50,920
51,140
51,653
52,262
51,669
8,678
7,785
7,181
6,193
5,831
17.0
15.2
13.9
11.8
11.3
50,305
50,553
51,002
51,687
51,409
8,282
7,429
6,817
5,909
5,674
16.5
14.7
13.4
11.4
11.0
121,766
120,574
118,935
117,583
113,832
11,971
10,790
9,478
8,110
7,897
9.8
8.9
8.0
6.9
6.9
23,234
22,791
22,325
21,898
20,950
2,870
2,978
3,042
2,911
2,530
12.4
13.1
13.6
13.3
12.1
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52,563
53,428
54,405
55,590
(NA)
6,097
6,189
6,927
6,223
(NA)
11.6
11.6
12.7
11.2
(NA)
52,299
53,167
54,126
55,320
56,211
5,943
6,034
6,748
6,079
5,462
11.4
11.3
12.5
11.0
9.7
112,374
110,717
109,105
107,579
(NA)
7,893
7,890
8,210
7,053
(NA)
7.0
7.1
7.5
6.6
(NA)
20,316
20,020
19,654
19,206
(NA)
2,426
2,633
2,634
2,460
2,698
11.9
13.2
13.4
12.8
14.4
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
57,181
58,119
58,472
58,578
(NA)
5,784
6,341
6,138
5,667
6,373
10.1
10.9
10.5
9.7
10.7
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
17,062
3,072
3,605
4,011
4,052
3,939
16.8
19.9
22.6
23.3
23.1
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
6,729
7,204
8,595
11,229
11,386
11.3
12.1
14.4
20.0
20.6
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
16,791
16,514
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
4,646
4,357
(NA)
(NA)
4,744
27.7
26.4
(NA)
(NA)
33.1
WHITE ALONE
7
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WHITE8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Under 18 years
All people
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
42,212
42,523
42,978
43,150
43,614
4,208
4,254
4,519
4,233
4,090
10.0
10.0
10.5
9.8
9.4
41,563
41,867
42,363
42,547
43,017
3,930
3,973
4,190
3,957
3,848
9.5
9.5
9.9
9.3
8.9
124,847
124,326
123,481
123,110
122,511
9,761
9,708
10,236
9,391
9,157
7.8
7.8
8.3
7.6
7.5
28,990
28,704
28,639
28,335
28,018
2,044
2,264
2,153
2,277
2,321
7.0
7.9
7.5
8.0
8.3
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,095
44,244
44,272
45,355
4,194
4,018
4,155
4,822
9.5
9.1
9.4
10.6
43,459
43,554
43,570
44,670
3,887
3,715
3,832
4,458
8.9
8.5
8.8
10.0
122,470
121,499
120,341
120,282
8,811
8,130
8,462
8,760
7.2
6.7
7.0
7.3
27,973
27,948
27,952
27,118
2,266
2,218
2,118
2,217
8.1
7.9
7.6
8.2
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45,491
45,605
45,689
46,668
46,096
5,204
5,072
5,115
5,823
6,255
11.4
11.1
11.2
12.5
13.6
44,665
44,844
44,973
45,874
45,322
4,759
4,656
4,745
5,404
5,819
10.7
10.4
10.6
11.8
12.8
119,373
118,822
118,228
119,192
118,475
9,088
9,074
8,908
9,732
9,964
7.6
7.6
7.5
8.2
8.4
26,995
27,033
27,034
26,684
26,272
2,200
2,316
2,243
2,556
2,663
8.1
8.6
8.3
9.6
10.1
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45,590
45,236
44,797
44,492
44,438
6,017
5,918
5,532
5,110
4,888
13.2
13.1
12.3
11.5
11.0
44,833
44,506
44,045
43,938
43,910
5,558
5,497
5,106
4,779
4,594
12.4
12.4
11.6
10.9
10.5
117,386
117,672
117,477
116,983
116,479
9,461
9,244
8,619
8,154
8,293
8.1
7.9
7.3
7.0
7.1
26,025
26,208
25,854
25,504
25,044
2,724
2,580
2,471
2,335
2,384
10.5
9.8
9.6
9.2
9.5
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,461
44,664
44,752
44,886
44,830
5,230
5,789
5,745
6,156
6,649
11.8
13.0
12.8
13.7
14.8
43,907
44,041
44,199
44,349
44,374
4,902
5,388
5,421
5,828
6,381
11.2
12.2
12.3
13.1
14.4
115,721
115,157
114,969
114,180
113,570
8,327
8,963
9,608
9,734
10,279
7.2
7.8
8.4
8.5
9.1
24,754
24,298
23,734
23,402
22,992
2,472
2,492
2,486
2,410
2,610
10.0
10.3
10.5
10.3
11.4
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45,531
45,950
46,578
46,967
46,819
6,566
5,946
5,510
4,730
4,506
14.4
12.9
11.8
10.1
9.6
45,001
45,440
45,989
46,448
46,606
6,229
5,639
5,174
4,476
4,383
13.8
12.4
11.3
9.6
9.4
113,717
112,722
111,460
110,509
107,481
10,082
9,207
7,990
6,930
6,837
8.9
8.2
7.2
6.3
6.4
22,655
22,237
21,760
21,339
20,431
2,714
2,834
2,865
2,759
2,412
12.0
12.7
13.2
12.9
11.8
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47,689
48,824
49,670
50,759
4,714
4,799
5,342
4,820
9.9
9.8
10.8
9.5
47,459
48,601
49,421
50,520
4,582
4,664
5,185
4,697
9.7
9.6
10.5
9.3
106,063
104,846
103,496
101,894
6,772
6,720
7,039
6,051
6.4
6.4
6.8
5.9
19,812
19,565
19,251
18,810
2,316
2,506
2,503
2,346
11.7
12.8
13.0
12.5
WHITE ALONE, NOT
HISPANIC7
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WHITE, NOT
HISPANIC8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Under 18 years
All people
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
12,375
12,159
12,190
12,215
12,114
4,086
4,074
4,059
4,108
3,817
33.0
33.5
33.3
33.6
31.5
12,206
11,975
12,012
11,989
11,931
3,977
3,972
3,962
3,977
3,733
32.6
33.2
33.0
33.2
31.3
23,510
23,338
22,842
22,355
22,170
4,652
4,735
4,638
4,313
4,376
19.8
20.3
20.3
19.3
19.7
3,128
3,053
3,005
2,933
2,922
710
708
714
688
691
22.7
23.2
23.8
23.5
23.6
11,315
11,136
11,244
11,367
11,275
3,777
3,841
3,788
3,877
3,645
33.4
34.5
33.7
34.1
32.3
11,168
10,962
11,080
11,162
11,111
3,690
3,743
3,702
3,750
3,570
33.0
34.2
33.4
33.6
32.1
22,907
22,659
22,226
21,746
21,547
4,570
4,627
4,521
4,224
4,277
19.9
20.4
20.3
19.4
19.9
3,085
3,007
2,956
2,876
2,856
701
701
705
680
680
22.7
23.3
23.8
23.7
23.8
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,556
11,480
11,488
11,317
3,492
3,581
3,813
4,151
30.2
31.2
33.2
36.7
11,419
11,296
11,260
11,176
3,423
3,495
3,698
4,073
30.0
30.9
32.8
36.4
21,462
21,160
21,518
20,837
4,018
3,794
4,000
4,222
18.7
17.9
18.6
20.3
2,853
2,785
2,750
2,723
626
607
628
718
21.9
21.8
22.8
26.4
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,367
11,338
11,369
11,211
11,127
4,225
4,519
4,761
4,906
5,125
37.2
39.9
41.9
43.8
46.1
11,193
11,155
11,198
11,044
10,969
4,116
4,411
4,644
4,787
5,030
36.8
39.5
41.5
43.3
45.9
20,400
20,155
19,892
19,585
19,272
4,191
4,515
4,483
4,590
5,049
20.5
22.4
22.5
23.4
26.2
2,691
2,616
2,478
2,557
2,510
700
661
629
700
702
26.0
25.3
25.4
27.4
28.0
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,956
10,350
10,162
10,012
9,865
5,106
4,755
4,550
4,375
4,296
46.6
45.9
44.8
43.7
43.5
10,823
10,178
9,980
9,847
9,681
5,015
4,637
4,412
4,257
4,148
46.3
45.6
44.2
43.2
42.8
18,952
18,355
18,097
17,833
17,548
4,884
4,607
4,427
4,164
4,275
25.8
25.1
24.5
23.3
24.4
2,504
2,606
2,547
2,487
2,436
838
880
860
763
785
33.5
33.8
33.8
30.7
32.2
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,730
9,629
9,545
9,480
9,417
4,385
4,148
4,157
4,413
4,398
45.1
43.1
43.6
46.6
46.7
9,546
9,467
9,405
9,356
9,245
4,234
4,037
4,057
4,320
4,273
44.4
42.7
43.1
46.2
46.2
17,245
16,911
16,667
16,369
16,065
4,361
4,113
4,052
4,368
4,694
25.3
24.3
24.3
26.7
29.2
2,387
2,331
2,273
2,238
2,197
774
722
717
710
791
32.4
31.0
31.5
31.7
36.0
1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,400
9,374
9,368
9,307
9,229
4,472
4,237
3,961
3,833
3,830
47.6
45.2
42.3
41.2
41.5
9,269
9,291
9,287
9,172
9,168
4,388
4,170
3,906
3,745
3,781
47.3
44.9
42.1
40.8
41.2
15,692
15,358
14,987
14,596
13,774
4,415
4,117
3,835
3,478
3,133
28.1
26.8
25.6
23.8
22.7
2,124
2,102
2,054
2,040
1,954
811
820
783
740
662
38.2
39.0
38.1
36.2
33.9
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,296
9,322
9,421
9,439
(NA)
3,888
3,787
3,925
3,755
(NA)
41.8
40.6
41.7
39.8
(NA)
9,253
9,291
9,374
9,384
9,405
3,850
3,758
3,884
3,713
3,822
41.6
40.4
41.4
39.6
40.6
13,483
13,224
12,872
12,539
(NA)
3,137
3,163
2,968
2,836
(NA)
23.3
23.9
23.1
22.6
(NA)
1,930
1,852
1,795
1,721
1,672
701
644
652
591
620
36.3
34.8
36.3
34.3
37.1
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
9,426
9,414
9,448
9,290
(NA)
4,025
3,836
3,922
3,677
4,188
42.7
40.4
41.5
39.6
43.1
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,603
1,584
1,422
1,373
1,374
640
623
683
689
655
39.9
39.3
48.0
50.2
47.7
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
4,558
4,774
5,022
47.4
50.6
65.6
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,341
1,311
(NA)
715
722
711
53.3
55.1
62.5
BLACK ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK ALONE9
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BLACK8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Under 18 years
All people
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
3,573
3,472
3,406
3,316
3,199
408
359
329
420
353
11.4
10.3
9.7
12.7
11.0
3,530
3,435
3,367
3,279
3,159
398
352
311
406
338
11.3
10.2
9.2
12.4
10.7
9,553
9,115
8,780
8,510
8,292
897
999
819
956
804
9.4
11.0
9.3
11.2
9.7
1,205
1,144
1,104
1,065
995
142
144
147
152
86
11.8
12.6
13.3
14.2
8.7
2,956
2,871
2,854
2,759
2,683
360
317
281
344
315
12.2
11.1
9.9
12.5
11.7
2,915
2,842
2,823
2,726
2,648
351
312
265
331
302
12.0
11.0
9.4
12.1
11.4
9,039
8,591
8,294
8,044
7,881
851
941
774
907
764
9.4
11.0
9.3
11.3
9.7
1,182
1,118
1,083
1,052
977
142
143
146
151
82
12.0
12.8
13.5
14.3
8.4
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,215
3,294
3,212
3,137
3,096
369
420
381
564
628
11.5
12.7
11.9
18.0
20.3
3,169
3,256
3,178
3,099
3,061
353
407
367
542
608
11.1
12.5
11.5
17.5
19.9
8,352
8,500
7,879
6,951
6,680
814
756
807
698
753
9.7
8.9
10.2
10.0
11.3
899
878
864
785
705
92
82
96
97
87
10.2
9.3
11.1
12.4
12.3
1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,924
2,900
1,739
2,061
2,218
571
564
318
375
363
19.5
19.5
18.3
18.2
16.4
2,899
2,858
1,719
2,029
2,199
553
532
308
358
352
19.1
18.6
17.9
17.6
16.0
6,484
6,123
4,401
4,871
5,067
821
757
589
680
568
12.7
12.4
13.4
14.0
11.2
647
622
513
503
494
63
89
67
79
53
9.7
14.3
13.0
15.6
10.8
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,056
2,126
1,983
1,970
1,937
360
374
392
474
455
17.5
17.6
19.8
24.1
23.5
2,036
2,098
1,945
1,949
1,908
348
356
368
458
432
17.1
17.0
18.9
23.5
22.7
4,582
4,375
4,225
4,035
4,010
565
422
512
583
510
12.3
9.6
12.1
14.4
12.7
555
514
465
442
375
70
62
34
60
56
12.7
12.1
7.4
13.5
15.0
ASIAN ALONE OR IN
COMBINATION
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASIAN ALONE10
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASIAN AND PACIFIC
ISLANDER8
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-2.
Under 18 years
All people
Race, Hispanic
origin, and year
18 to 64 years
Below poverty
65 years and older
Below poverty
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,147
14,654
14,173
4,072
4,143
4,098
26.9
28.3
28.9
14,907
14,361
13,929
3,959
3,977
3,985
26.6
27.7
28.6
27,209
26,051
25,324
4,698
4,765
4,620
17.3
18.3
18.2
2,428
2,315
2,194
472
460
403
19.4
19.9
18.4
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13,730
13,210
12,763
12,399
12,188
4,077
3,782
3,570
3,522
3,693
29.7
28.6
28.0
28.4
30.3
13,519
12,971
12,539
12,115
11,912
3,982
3,653
3,433
3,342
3,561
29.5
28.2
27.4
27.6
29.9
24,490
23,952
22,653
21,734
20,782
4,568
4,334
4,014
3,844
3,843
18.7
18.1
17.7
17.7
18.5
2,080
2,053
1,896
1,822
1,661
406
439
413
381
340
19.5
21.4
21.8
20.9
20.5
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
11,152
10,802
10,511
10,213
9,822
3,837
3,972
4,237
4,080
4,075
34.4
36.8
40.3
40.0
41.5
10,921
10,625
10,255
10,011
9,621
3,670
3,865
4,090
3,938
3,956
33.6
36.4
39.9
39.3
41.1
18,668
18,217
17,587
16,673
16,192
3,877
3,951
4,089
4,153
4,018
20.8
21.7
23.3
24.9
24.8
1,696
1,617
1,516
1,458
1,428
356
384
370
342
323
21.0
23.8
24.4
23.5
22.6
1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,462
9,081
7,648
7,457
7,186
3,873
3,637
3,094
2,865
2,603
40.9
40.0
40.4
38.4
36.2
9,188
8,829
7,473
7,300
7,040
3,666
3,440
2,977
2,750
2,496
39.9
39.0
39.8
37.7
35.5
15,708
15,268
13,279
12,857
12,536
3,956
3,668
3,008
2,896
2,616
25.2
24.0
22.7
22.5
20.9
1,390
1,298
1,143
1,091
1,024
297
287
237
245
211
21.4
22.1
20.8
22.5
20.6
19886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,003
6,792
6,646
6,475
6,068
2,631
2,670
2,507
2,606
2,376
37.6
39.3
37.7
40.3
39.2
6,908
6,692
6,511
6,346
5,982
2,576
2,606
2,413
2,512
2,317
37.3
38.9
37.1
39.6
38.7
12,056
11,718
11,206
10,685
10,029
2,501
2,509
2,406
2,411
2,254
20.7
21.4
21.5
22.6
22.5
1,005
885
906
915
819
225
243
204
219
176
22.4
27.5
22.5
23.9
21.5
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
6,066
5,527
5,369
5,276
5,483
2,312
2,181
1,925
1,749
1,535
38.1
39.5
35.9
33.2
28.0
5,977
5,436
5,291
5,211
5,426
2,251
2,117
1,874
1,718
1,505
37.7
38.9
35.4
33.0
27.7
9,697
8,262
8,084
7,740
7,314
2,148
1,963
1,642
1,563
1,232
22.5
23.8
20.3
20.2
16.8
782
596
568
582
574
173
159
146
179
154
22.1
26.6
25.7
30.8
26.8
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
5,012
5,028
4,771
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,384
1,422
1,443
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
27.6
28.3
30.2
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
4,972
5,000
4,736
4,896
4,939
4,910
1,354
1,402
1,424
1,619
1,414
1,364
27.2
28.0
30.1
33.1
28.6
27.8
6,527
6,500
6,034
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,098
1,164
1,212
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
16.8
17.9
20.1
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
539
518
464
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
125
113
128
137
117
95
23.2
21.9
27.7
32.6
28.9
24.9
HISPANIC
(ANY RACE)
(NA) Not available.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The
use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches.
Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from
Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000.
8
For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White,
non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander.
9
Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race.
10
Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people
but are excluded from people in families.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table B-3.
Poverty Status of Families by Type of Family: 1959 to 2006
(Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year)
All families
and year
Male householder,
no wife present
Married-couple families
Below poverty
Below poverty
Female householder,
no husband present
Below poverty
Below poverty
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20041 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78,454
77,418
76,866
7,668
7,657
7,835
9.8
9.9
10.2
58,964
58,189
57,983
2,910
2,944
3,216
4.9
5.1
5.5
5,067
5,134
4,901
671
669
657
13.2
13.0
13.4
14,424
14,095
13,981
4,087
4,044
3,962
28.3
28.7
28.3
2003
2002
2001
20002
19993
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
76,232
75,616
74,340
73,778
73,206
7,607
7,229
6,813
6,400
6,792
10.0
9.6
9.2
8.7
9.3
57,725
57,327
56,755
56,598
56,290
3,115
3,052
2,760
2,637
2,748
5.4
5.3
4.9
4.7
4.9
4,717
4,663
4,440
4,277
4,099
636
564
583
485
485
13.5
12.1
13.1
11.3
11.8
13,791
13,626
13,146
12,903
12,818
3,856
3,613
3,470
3,278
3,559
28.0
26.5
26.4
25.4
27.8
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
71,551
70,884
70,241
69,597
69,313
7,186
7,324
7,708
7,532
8,053
10.0
10.3
11.0
10.8
11.6
54,778
54,321
53,604
53,570
53,865
2,879
2,821
3,010
2,982
3,272
5.3
5.2
5.6
5.6
6.1
3,977
3,911
3,847
3,513
3,228
476
507
531
493
549
12.0
13.0
13.8
14.0
17.0
12,796
12,652
12,790
12,514
12,220
3,831
3,995
4,167
4,057
4,232
29.9
31.6
32.6
32.4
34.6
1993
19924
19915
1990
1989
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
68,506
68,216
67,175
66,322
66,090
8,393
8,144
7,712
7,098
6,784
12.3
11.9
11.5
10.7
10.3
53,181
53,090
52,457
52,147
52,317
3,481
3,385
3,158
2,981
2,931
6.5
6.4
6.0
5.7
5.6
2,914
3,065
3,025
2,907
2,884
488
484
392
349
348
16.8
15.8
13.0
12.0
12.1
12,411
12,061
11,693
11,268
10,890
4,424
4,275
4,161
3,768
3,504
35.6
35.4
35.6
33.4
32.2
19886
19876
1986
1985
1984
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
65,837
65,204
64,491
63,558
62,706
6,874
7,005
7,023
7,223
7,277
10.4
10.7
10.9
11.4
11.6
52,100
51,675
51,537
50,933
50,350
2,897
3,011
3,123
3,438
3,488
5.6
5.8
6.1
6.7
6.9
2,847
2,833
2,510
2,414
2,228
336
340
287
311
292
11.8
12.0
11.4
12.9
13.1
10,890
10,696
10,445
10,211
10,129
3,642
3,654
3,613
3,474
3,498
33.4
34.2
34.6
34.0
34.5
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
62,015
61,393
61,019
60,309
59,550
7,647
7,512
6,851
6,217
5,461
12.3
12.2
11.2
10.3
9.2
50,081
49,908
49,630
49,294
49,112
3,815
3,789
3,394
3,032
2,640
7.6
7.6
6.8
6.2
5.4
2,038
2,016
1,986
1,933
1,733
268
290
205
213
176
13.2
14.4
10.3
11.0
10.2
9,896
9,469
9,403
9,082
8,705
3,564
3,434
3,252
2,972
2,645
36.0
36.3
34.6
32.7
30.4
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
57,804
57,215
56,710
56,245
55,698
5,280
5,311
5,311
5,450
4,922
9.1
9.3
9.4
9.7
8.8
47,692
47,385
47,497
47,318
47,069
2,474
2,524
2,606
2,904
2,474
5.2
5.3
5.5
6.1
5.3
1,654
1,594
1,500
1,445
1,399
152
177
162
116
125
9.2
11.1
10.8
8.0
8.9
8,458
8,236
7,713
7,482
7,230
2,654
2,610
2,543
2,430
2,324
31.4
31.7
33.0
32.5
32.1
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
55,053
54,373
53,296
52,227
51,586
4,828
5,075
5,303
5,260
5,008
8.8
9.3
10.0
10.1
9.7
46,812
46,314
45,752
44,739
44,436
2,482
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
5.3
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,438
1,452
1,353
1,487
1,559
154
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
10.7
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
6,804
6,607
6,191
6,001
5,591
2,193
2,158
2,100
1,952
1,827
32.2
32.7
33.9
32.5
32.7
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
50,511
49,835
48,921
48,278
47,836
5,047
5,667
5,784
6,721
7,160
10.0
11.4
11.8
13.9
15.0
43,842
43,292
42,553
42,107
41,648
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,228
1,210
1,197
1,179
1,182
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
5,441
5,333
5,171
4,992
5,006
1,755
1,774
1,721
1,916
1,822
32.3
33.3
33.1
38.4
36.4
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
47,436
46,998
46,341
45,435
45,054
7,554
8,077
8,391
8,243
8,320
15.9
17.2
18.1
18.1
18.5
41,311
40,923
40,405
39,624
39,335
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
1,243
1,334
1,293
1,202
1,226
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
4,882
4,741
4,643
4,609
4,493
1,972
2,034
1,954
1,955
1,916
40.4
42.9
42.1
42.4
42.6
ALL RACES
(NA) Not available.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Note: Before 1979, unrelated subfamilies were included in all families. Beginning in 1979, unrelated subfamilies are excluded from all families.
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX C.
ESTIMATES OF HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE
Quality of Health Insurance
Coverage Estimates
National surveys and health insurance coverage. Health insurance coverage is likely to be underreported
on the Current Population Survey
(CPS). While underreporting affects
most, if not all, surveys, underreporting of health insurance coverage on
the Annual Social and Economic
Supplement (ASEC) appears to be a
larger problem than in other national
surveys that ask about insurance.
Some reasons for the disparity may
include the fact that income, not
health insurance, is the main focus of
the ASEC questionnaire. In addition,
the ASEC collects health insurance
information by asking in February
through April about the previous
year’s coverage. Asking annual retrospective questions appears to cause
few problems when collecting
income data (possibly because the
interview period is close to when
people pay their taxes), but it may be
less than ideal when asking about
health insurance coverage. Compared
with other national surveys, the CPS
estimate of the number of people
without health insurance more
closely approximates the number of
people who are uninsured at a specific point in time during the year
than the number of people uninsured
for the entire year. For a comparison
of health insurance coverage rates
from the major federal surveys, see
How Many People Lack Insurance and
for How Long? (Congressional Budget
Office, May 2003).
Reporting of coverage through major
federal health insurance programs.
The CPS ASEC data underreport
Medicare and Medicaid coverage compared with enrollment and participation data from the Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid Services
(CMS).42 Because the CPS is largely a
labor force survey, interviewers
receive less training on health insurance concepts than labor concepts.
Additionally, many people may not be
aware that a health insurance program covers them or their children if
they have not used covered services
recently. CMS data, on the other
hand, represent the actual number of
people who have enrolled or participated in these programs.
The State Health Access Data
Assistance Center (SHADAC) of the
University of Minnesota has worked
with the U.S. Census Bureau, the CMS,
and the Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Planning and Evaluation
on a research project to evaluate why
CPS ASEC estimates of the number of
people on Medicaid are lower than
counts of the number of people
enrolled in the program from CMS.
Two initial reports will be available
from the Census Bureau’s Web site.
Based on preliminary results of this
research project, SHADAC plans to
release a imputation adjustment for
the 2007 public use CPS ASEC microdata that they will distribute through
the Minnesota Population Center’s
IPUMS-CPS Web site shortly after the
release of the 2007 CPS microdata to
help researchers interested in partially
42
CMS is the federal agency primarily
responsible for administering the Medicare and
Medicaid programs at the national level.
U.S. Census Bureau
adjusting the CPS ASEC data.43 This is
an experimental imputation, and it is
being produced for interested parties
to use in their research. The Census
Bureau has not evaluated the methodology, and users should be aware that
this is not an official data product.
Changes in Medicaid coverage estimates from one year to the next
should be viewed with caution.
Because many people who are covered by Medicaid do not report that
coverage, the Census Bureau assigns
coverage to those who are generally
regarded as “categorically eligible”
(those who received some other benefits, usually public assistance payments, that make them eligible for
Medicaid). Since the number of people receiving public assistance has
been dropping, the relationship
between Medicaid coverage and public assistance has changed, causing
the imputation process to introduce a
downward bias in the most recent
Medicaid estimates.
After consulting with health insurance experts, the Census Bureau
modified the definition of the population without health insurance in the
supplement to the March 1998 CPS,
which collected data about coverage
in 1997. Previously, people with no
coverage other than access to the
Indian Health Service were counted
as part of the insured population.
Subsequently, the Census Bureau has
counted these people as uninsured.
The effect of this change on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage was negligible.
43
The IPUMS-CPS Web site is available at
<cps.ipums.org/cps/>.
Table C-1.
Health Insurance Coverage: 1987 to 2006
Covered by private and/or government health insurance
Private health insurance
Year
Government health insurance
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
249,829
249,020
247,669
244,876
243,914
242,322
241,091
238,037
233,073
228,800
226,735
225,699
223,733
222,387
220,040
218,189
216,003
214,167
212,807
211,005
210,161
201,690
201,167
200,924
199,871
200,891
201,695
202,794
200,721
196,536
192,507
189,955
188,224
185,881
184,318
182,351
181,466
181,375
182,135
183,610
182,019
182,160
177,152
176,924
176,247
175,844
177,095
178,261
179,436
176,838
171,692
170,105
166,419
164,096
161,453
159,634
148,318
148,796
150,077
150,215
151,644
150,940
149,739
27,066
27,055
27,551
26,783
26,846
26,309
26,799
27,731
27,298
26,165
27,431
28,419
30,188
31,349
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
80,270
80,213
79,486
76,755
73,624
71,295
69,037
67,683
66,176
66,087
66,685
69,000
69,776
70,163
68,554
66,244
63,882
60,965
57,382
56,850
56,282
84.2
84.7
85.1
84.9
85.3
85.9
86.3
86.0
85.0
84.2
84.3
84.6
84.6
84.8
84.7
85.0
85.9
86.1
86.4
86.6
87.1
67.9
68.5
69.0
69.3
70.3
71.5
72.6
72.5
71.7
70.8
70.6
70.6
70.3
70.3
70.2
70.7
72.1
73.2
74.6
74.7
75.5
59.7
60.2
60.5
61.0
61.9
63.2
64.2
63.9
62.6
62.6
61.8
61.5
61.1
60.9
57.1
57.9
59.7
60.4
61.6
61.9
62.1
9.1
9.2
9.5
9.3
9.4
9.3
9.6
10.0
9.9
9.6
10.2
10.7
11.4
12.0
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
27.0
27.3
27.3
26.6
25.7
25.3
24.7
24.5
24.1
24.3
24.8
25.9
26.4
26.8
26.4
25.8
25.4
24.5
23.3
23.3
23.3
Total
people
Total
296,824
293,834
291,166
288,280
285,933
282,082
279,517
276,804
274,087
271,743
269,094
266,792
264,314
262,105
259,753
256,830
251,447
248,886
246,191
243,685
241,187
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
38,281
38,104
37,955
35,647
33,246
31,601
29,533
28,506
27,890
27,854
28,956
31,451
31,877
31,645
31,749
29,416
26,880
24,261
21,185
20,728
20,211
40,343
40,177
39,703
39,456
38,448
38,043
37,740
36,923
36,066
35,887
35,590
35,227
34,655
33,901
33,097
33,230
32,907
32,260
31,495
30,925
30,458
10,547
11,166
10,789
9,979
10,063
9,552
9,099
8,648
8,530
8,747
8,527
8,712
9,375
11,165
9,560
9,510
9,820
9,922
9,870
10,105
10,542
46,995
44,815
43,498
43,404
42,019
39,760
38,426
38,767
41,014
42,943
42,359
41,093
40,582
39,718
39,713
38,641
35,445
34,719
33,385
32,680
31,026
12.9
13.0
13.0
12.4
11.6
11.2
10.6
10.3
10.2
10.3
10.8
11.8
12.1
12.1
12.2
11.5
10.7
9.7
8.6
8.5
8.4
13.6
13.7
13.6
13.7
13.4
13.5
13.5
13.3
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.1
12.9
12.7
12.9
13.1
13.0
12.8
12.7
12.6
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
4.3
3.7
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.4
15.8
15.3
14.9
15.1
14.7
14.1
13.7
14.0
15.0
15.8
15.7
15.4
15.4
15.2
15.3
15.0
14.1
13.9
13.6
13.4
12.9
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(NA) Not available. Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions about direct-purchase coverage before the 1995 Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual
Social and
Economic (ASEC) Supplement.
1
Military health care includes: CHAMPUS (Comprehensive Health and Medical Plan for Uniformed Services)/Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the
Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans
Affairs and the military.
2
The 2004 and 2005 data have been revised since originally published. See <www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/usernote/schedule.html>.
3
4
Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.
5
Beginning with the 1998 CPS ASEC, people with no coverage other than access to Indian Health Service are no longer considered covered by health insurance; instead, they are
considered to be uninsured. The effect of this change on the overall estimates of health insurance coverage is negligible; however, the decrease in the number of people covered by
Medicaid may be partially due to this change.
6
The data for 1996 through 2003 were constructed for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005 estimates. As a result, they do not match the previously published
estimates. To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005 at <www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/p60-231.pdf>.
7
Health insurance questions were redesigned. Increases in estimates of employment-based and military health care coverage may be partially due to questionnaire changes.
Overall coverage estimates were not affected.
8
Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing.
9
10
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.
Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2006
Race, Hispanic origin, and year
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
249,829
249,020
247,669
244,876
243,914
242,322
241,091
238,037
201,690
201,167
200,924
199,871
200,891
201,695
202,794
200,721
177,152
176,924
176,247
175,844
177,095
178,261
179,436
176,838
27,066
27,055
27,551
26,783
26,846
26,309
26,799
27,731
80,270
80,213
79,486
76,755
73,624
71,295
69,037
67,683
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.2
84.7
85.1
84.9
85.3
85.9
86.3
86.0
67.9
68.5
69.0
69.3
70.3
71.5
72.6
72.5
59.7
60.2
60.5
61.0
61.9
63.2
64.2
63.9
9.1
9.2
9.5
9.3
9.4
9.3
9.6
10.0
WHITE ALONE4
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
237,892
235,903
234,116
232,254
230,809
202,405
201,957
201,095
199,537
199,392
167,640
167,430
167,475
167,503
168,745
146,285
146,365
145,890
146,300
147,706
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.1
85.6
85.9
85.9
86.4
70.5
71.0
71.5
72.1
73.1
WHITE5
Number
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
230,071
228,208
225,794
200,073
199,280
197,137
Percent
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.0
87.3
87.3
Total
people
Total
ALL RACES
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
296,824
293,834
291,166
288,280
285,933
282,082
279,517
276,804
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
38,281
38,104
37,955
35,647
33,246
31,601
29,533
28,506
40,343
40,177
39,703
39,456
38,448
38,043
37,740
36,923
10,547
11,166
10,789
9,979
10,063
9,552
9,099
8,648
46,995
44,815
43,498
43,404
42,019
39,760
38,426
38,767
27.0
27.3
27.3
26.6
25.7
25.3
24.7
24.5
12.9
13.0
13.0
12.4
11.6
11.2
10.6
10.3
13.6
13.7
13.6
13.7
13.4
13.5
13.5
13.3
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.1
15.8
15.3
14.9
15.1
14.7
14.1
13.7
14.0
23,530
23,452
23,997
23,483
23,686
62,613
62,138
61,572
59,495
57,072
26,507
25,968
25,888
23,959
22,171
34,416
34,326
34,061
33,765
33,135
8,621
9,020
8,623
8,105
8,065
35,486
33,946
33,022
32,717
31,417
61.5
62.0
62.3
63.0
64.0
9.9
9.9
10.2
10.1
10.3
26.3
26.3
26.3
25.6
24.7
11.1
11.0
11.1
10.3
9.6
14.5
14.6
14.5
14.5
14.4
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.5
14.9
14.4
14.1
14.1
13.6
170,710
171,543
170,289
149,788
150,708
149,024
23,333
23,722
24,458
56,200
54,287
53,175
21,535
19,889
18,977
33,006
32,695
32,144
7,788
7,158
6,902
29,998
28,928
28,657
74.2
75.2
75.4
65.1
66.0
66.0
10.1
10.4
10.8
24.4
23.8
23.6
9.4
8.7
8.4
14.3
14.3
14.2
3.4
3.1
3.1
13.0
12.7
12.7
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.
Health Insurance Coverage by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1999 to 2006—Con.
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
175,091
174,984
174,793
174,409
174,747
149,592
149,613
149,882
150,563
151,812
129,618
130,075
129,766
130,614
132,101
22,068
21,724
22,346
22,090
22,291
51,445
51,189
51,002
49,743
47,736
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.2
89.3
89.5
89.5
89.9
76.2
76.4
76.7
77.3
78.1
66.0
66.4
66.4
67.0
67.9
11.2
11.1
11.4
11.3
11.5
WHITE, NOT HISPANIC
Number
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
194,822
193,931
192,858
176,488
176,279
175,045
154,218
155,152
154,407
134,586
135,472
134,436
Percent
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.6
90.9
90.8
79.2
80.0
80.1
BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39,083
38,507
38,025
37,503
37,169
31,162
31,306
30,949
30,412
29,934
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
BLACK ALONE6
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
17,731
17,396
17,462
16,247
14,984
31,860
31,717
31,624
31,458
30,718
7,869
8,276
8,005
7,563
7,465
21,162
20,909
20,554
20,468
19,674
26.2
26.1
26.1
25.5
24.6
9.0
8.9
8.9
8.3
7.7
16.2
16.2
16.2
16.1
15.8
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.8
10.8
10.7
10.5
10.5
10.1
22,009
22,476
23,110
47,661
46,297
45,540
15,035
13,788
13,157
30,811
30,642
30,256
7,144
6,564
6,326
18,333
17,652
17,813
69.1
69.9
69.7
11.3
11.6
12.0
24.5
23.9
23.6
7.7
7.1
6.8
15.8
15.8
15.7
3.7
3.4
3.3
9.4
9.1
9.2
20,966
20,814
20,705
20,291
20,314
19,257
19,146
19,144
18,885
19,038
1,835
1,985
1,902
1,767
1,631
13,121
13,779
13,583
13,136
12,585
9,086
9,655
9,535
9,244
8,714
4,127
4,173
3,984
4,075
3,840
1,289
1,434
1,486
1,277
1,339
7,921
7,201
7,076
7,092
7,236
79.7
81.3
81.4
81.1
80.5
53.6
54.1
54.5
54.1
54.7
49.3
49.4
50.1
50.2
51.0
4.7
5.2
5.0
4.7
4.4
33.6
35.8
35.7
35.0
33.9
23.2
25.1
25.1
24.6
23.4
10.6
10.8
10.5
10.9
10.3
3.3
3.7
3.9
3.4
3.6
20.3
18.7
18.6
18.9
19.5
37,369
36,965
36,548
36,121
35,806
29,717
29,959
29,684
29,234
28,744
20,034
19,950
19,899
19,552
19,544
18,401
18,263
18,352
18,135
18,193
1,766
1,918
1,803
1,701
1,589
12,454
13,168
12,995
12,585
12,058
8,531
9,154
9,048
8,797
8,289
4,059
4,108
3,921
3,989
3,776
1,216
1,357
1,415
1,225
1,268
7,652
7,006
6,864
6,887
7,062
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.5
81.0
81.2
80.9
80.3
53.6
54.0
54.4
54.1
54.6
49.2
49.4
50.2
50.2
50.8
4.7
5.2
4.9
4.7
4.4
33.3
35.6
35.6
34.8
33.7
22.8
24.8
24.8
24.4
23.1
10.9
11.1
10.7
11.0
10.5
3.3
3.7
3.9
3.4
3.5
20.5
19.0
18.8
19.1
19.7
Total
people
Total
WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196,252
195,893
195,347
194,877
194,421
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.
Total
people
Total
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
BLACK5
Number
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36,023
35,597
35,893
29,359
29,065
28,918
20,569
20,652
20,638
19,177
19,075
19,039
1,713
1,910
2,118
11,616
11,579
11,361
7,994
7,735
7,652
3,783
3,871
3,615
1,192
1,372
1,216
6,664
6,532
6,975
Percent
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
81.5
81.7
80.6
57.1
58.0
57.5
53.2
53.6
53.0
4.8
5.4
5.9
32.2
32.5
31.7
22.2
21.7
21.3
10.5
10.9
10.1
3.3
3.9
3.4
18.5
18.3
19.4
ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,348
13,502
13,089
12,650
12,286
12,188
11,243
11,083
10,360
10,136
10,222
9,715
9,454
8,745
8,561
9,033
8,788
8,428
7,891
7,652
1,387
1,264
1,324
1,161
1,199
2,859
2,466
2,546
2,405
2,282
1,616
1,293
1,356
1,329
1,285
1,227
1,121
1,098
1,085
996
404
423
430
348
332
2,160
2,258
2,006
2,289
2,150
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.9
83.3
84.7
81.9
82.5
71.2
72.0
72.2
69.1
69.7
63.0
63.9
63.3
61.1
61.2
9.7
9.4
10.1
9.2
9.8
19.9
18.3
19.5
19.0
18.6
11.3
9.6
10.4
10.5
10.5
8.6
8.3
8.4
8.6
8.1
2.8
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.7
15.1
16.7
15.3
18.1
17.5
ASIAN ALONE7
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13,194
12,599
12,241
11,869
11,558
11,149
10,438
10,341
9,698
9,499
9,339
9,006
8,805
8,210
8,024
8,201
7,968
7,711
7,263
7,004
1,323
1,206
1,250
1,111
1,151
2,636
2,301
2,398
2,244
2,132
1,480
1,211
1,280
1,229
1,202
1,187
1,103
1,081
1,067
988
335
353
366
295
270
2,045
2,161
1,900
2,171
2,060
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.5
82.8
84.5
81.7
82.2
70.8
71.5
71.9
69.2
69.4
62.2
63.2
63.0
61.2
60.6
10.0
9.6
10.2
9.4
10.0
20.0
18.3
19.6
18.9
18.4
11.2
9.6
10.5
10.4
10.4
9.0
8.8
8.8
9.0
8.5
2.5
2.8
3.0
2.5
2.3
15.5
17.2
15.5
18.3
17.8
ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER5
Number
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12,500
12,693
11,964
10,291
10,473
9,769
8,716
8,993
8,299
7,748
8,178
7,426
1,099
1,005
982
2,312
2,249
2,204
1,257
1,288
1,179
949
886
897
414
443
450
2,208
2,220
2,196
Percent
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
82.3
82.5
81.6
69.7
70.9
69.4
62.0
64.4
62.1
8.8
7.9
8.2
18.5
17.7
18.4
10.1
10.1
9.9
7.6
7.0
7.5
3.3
3.5
3.8
17.7
17.5
18.4
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-2.
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
29,558
29,214
28,527
27,355
26,815
25,146
24,340
23,445
19,434
19,252
19,090
18,372
18,324
17,460
17,264
16,786
17,934
17,597
17,499
16,970
16,921
16,096
16,031
15,419
1,587
1,856
1,788
1,559
1,481
1,401
1,354
1,414
12,207
11,958
11,530
10,716
10,280
9,227
8,566
8,168
65.9
67.7
68.2
67.7
68.1
67.2
67.4
67.4
43.3
44.6
45.6
45.4
46.5
46.6
47.8
48.3
40.0
40.8
41.8
42.0
43.0
43.0
44.4
44.3
3.5
4.3
4.3
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.8
4.1
27.2
27.7
27.6
26.5
26.1
24.6
23.7
23.5
Total
people
Total
HISPANIC (any race)
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,854
43,168
41,840
40,425
39,384
37,438
36,093
34,773
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
9,646
9,357
9,205
8,505
7,946
7,074
6,552
6,253
2,757
2,771
2,614
2,462
2,535
2,295
2,141
1,979
813
869
697
639
724
704
682
626
15,296
13,954
13,313
13,070
12,569
12,292
11,753
11,328
21.5
21.7
22.0
21.0
20.2
18.9
18.2
18.0
6.1
6.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
6.1
5.9
5.7
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
34.1
32.3
31.8
32.3
31.9
32.8
32.6
32.6
(NA) Not available. Respondents were not asked detailed health insurance questions about direct-purchase coverage before the 1995 Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual
Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement.
1
Military health care includes: CHAMPUS (Comprehensive Health and Medical Plan for Uniformed Services)/Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical Program of the
Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by the Department of Veterans
Affairs and the military.
2
3
4
The 2003 CPS asked respondents to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this
single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who
reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American
FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000.
5
The 2001 CPS and earlier years asked respondents to report only one race. The reference groups for these years are White, White not Hispanic, Black, and Asian and Pacific
Islander.
6
Black alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any other race.
7
Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question. The data for 1999 through 2003 were constructed for consistency with the revision to the 2004 and 2005
estimates. As a result, they do not match the previously published estimates. To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United
States: 2005 at <www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/p60-231.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3.
Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2006
Age
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
249,829
249,020
247,669
244,876
243,914
242,322
241,091
238,037
201,690
201,167
200,924
199,871
200,891
201,695
202,794
200,721
177,152
176,924
176,247
175,844
177,095
178,261
179,436
176,838
27,066
27,055
27,551
26,783
26,846
26,309
26,799
27,731
80,270
80,213
79,486
76,755
73,624
71,295
69,037
67,683
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.2
84.7
85.1
84.9
85.3
85.9
86.3
86.0
67.9
68.5
69.0
69.3
70.3
71.5
72.6
72.5
59.7
60.2
60.5
61.0
61.9
63.2
64.2
63.9
9.1
9.2
9.5
9.3
9.4
9.3
9.6
10.0
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74,101
73,985
73,791
73,580
73,312
72,628
72,314
72,281
65,440
65,935
66,070
65,466
65,082
64,401
63,929
63,248
47,906
48,686
49,017
48,784
49,807
49,978
50,755
50,588
44,257
45,039
45,274
45,297
46,510
46,762
47,679
47,102
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.3
89.1
89.5
89.0
88.8
88.7
88.4
87.5
64.6
65.8
66.4
66.3
67.9
68.8
70.2
70.0
59.7
60.9
61.4
61.6
63.4
64.4
65.9
65.2
Total
people
Total
296,824
293,834
291,166
288,280
285,933
282,082
279,517
276,804
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
38,281
38,104
37,955
35,647
33,246
31,601
29,533
28,506
40,343
40,177
39,703
39,456
38,448
38,043
37,740
36,923
10,547
11,166
10,789
9,979
10,063
9,552
9,099
8,648
46,995
44,815
43,498
43,404
42,019
39,760
38,426
38,767
27.0
27.3
27.3
26.6
25.7
25.3
24.7
24.5
12.9
13.0
13.0
12.4
11.6
11.2
10.6
10.3
13.6
13.7
13.6
13.7
13.4
13.5
13.5
13.3
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.1
15.8
15.3
14.9
15.1
14.7
14.1
13.7
14.0
3,890
4,035
4,271
3,918
3,876
3,647
3,604
4,087
22,109
21,934
22,023
21,389
19,662
18,822
17,658
16,793
20,067
19,723
19,917
19,392
17,526
16,502
15,090
14,697
411
538
503
483
524
423
518
364
2,058
2,264
2,090
2,021
2,148
2,381
2,563
2,076
8,661
8,050
7,721
8,114
8,229
8,227
8,385
9,033
5.3
5.5
5.8
5.3
5.3
5.0
5.0
5.7
29.8
29.6
29.8
29.1
26.8
25.9
24.4
23.2
27.1
26.7
27.0
26.4
23.9
22.7
20.9
20.3
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.5
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.9
3.3
3.5
2.9
11.7
10.9
10.5
11.0
11.2
11.3
11.6
12.5
ALL AGES
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UNDER 18 YEARS
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3.
Health Insurance Coverage by Age: 1999 to 2006—Con.
Age
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
20,081
19,765
19,762
19,703
19,575
19,910
19,612
19,245
17,030
16,733
16,765
16,834
16,834
17,292
17,295
16,817
13,768
13,526
13,354
13,720
13,691
14,039
14,351
13,836
1,736
1,580
1,604
1,637
1,582
1,653
1,554
1,591
4,006
4,199
4,106
3,929
3,738
3,642
3,361
3,485
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
70.7
70.7
70.6
70.8
71.3
72.9
73.1
73.1
60.0
59.8
59.9
60.5
61.4
63.3
64.5
63.9
48.5
48.4
47.7
49.3
49.9
51.4
53.5
52.6
6.1
5.6
5.7
5.9
5.8
6.1
5.8
6.0
25 TO 34 YEARS
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39,868
39,480
39,310
39,201
39,243
38,670
38,865
39,031
29,154
29,320
29,544
29,055
29,685
29,826
30,547
30,532
25,814
25,751
26,176
25,812
26,715
27,124
27,951
27,962
24,009
23,927
24,381
24,136
25,022
25,521
26,388
26,369
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
73.1
74.3
75.2
74.1
75.6
77.1
78.6
78.2
64.7
65.2
66.6
65.8
68.1
70.1
71.9
71.6
60.2
60.6
62.0
61.6
63.8
66.0
67.9
67.6
Total
people
Total
28,405
27,965
28,008
27,824
27,438
27,312
26,815
26,326
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
3,252
3,289
3,291
3,016
2,909
2,831
2,508
2,684
154
186
208
176
183
180
207
152
721
872
807
902
779
742
805
787
8,323
8,201
8,247
8,121
7,863
7,402
7,203
7,081
14.1
15.0
14.7
14.1
13.6
13.3
12.5
13.2
11.4
11.8
11.8
10.8
10.6
10.4
9.4
10.2
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.6
2.5
3.1
2.9
3.2
2.8
2.7
3.0
3.0
29.3
29.3
29.4
29.2
28.7
27.1
26.9
26.9
2,160
2,259
2,329
2,085
2,105
2,087
2,056
2,148
4,460
4,751
4,678
4,210
3,944
3,653
3,551
3,578
3,374
3,449
3,482
3,073
2,801
2,587
2,480
2,458
472
541
479
538
455
489
403
332
890
1,058
1,015
898
922
817
922
974
10,713
10,161
9,766
10,146
9,558
8,844
8,318
8,499
5.4
5.7
5.9
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.5
11.2
12.0
11.9
10.7
10.1
9.4
9.1
9.2
8.5
8.7
8.9
7.8
7.1
6.7
6.4
6.3
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.0
0.8
2.2
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.5
26.9
25.7
24.8
25.9
24.4
22.9
21.4
21.8
18 TO 24 YEARS
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3.
Age
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
34,744
35,220
35,446
35,796
36,464
37,272
37,820
37,894
31,531
31,903
32,061
32,654
33,424
34,449
35,186
35,074
29,463
29,747
29,944
30,497
31,362
32,522
33,135
32,776
2,788
2,808
2,833
2,806
2,826
2,655
2,747
3,170
4,409
4,628
4,747
4,420
4,240
4,003
3,920
4,028
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
81.2
81.7
81.8
82.2
82.7
84.2
84.9
85.2
73.7
74.0
74.0
74.9
75.8
77.8
79.0
78.9
68.9
69.0
69.1
70.0
71.2
73.4
74.4
73.7
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.0
6.2
7.1
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43,461
42,797
41,961
41,068
40,234
39,545
38,720
37,334
36,819
36,570
36,074
35,443
34,913
34,595
34,227
32,927
33,250
33,114
32,776
32,368
32,011
31,909
31,659
30,548
30,868
30,651
30,370
30,053
29,884
29,718
29,578
28,448
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.7
85.5
86.0
86.3
86.8
87.5
88.4
88.2
76.5
77.4
78.1
78.8
79.6
80.7
81.8
81.8
71.0
71.6
72.4
73.2
74.3
75.2
76.4
76.2
Total
people
Total
42,762
43,121
43,351
43,573
44,074
44,284
44,566
44,474
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
2,977
3,087
3,192
2,860
2,728
2,532
2,390
2,390
806
885
901
940
881
860
780
825
1,015
1,099
1,153
1,111
1,121
1,066
1,206
1,257
8,018
7,901
7,904
7,777
7,610
7,012
6,746
6,580
10.3
10.7
11.0
10.1
9.6
9.0
8.8
9.1
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.6
6.2
5.7
5.4
5.4
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.7
2.8
18.8
18.3
18.2
17.8
17.3
15.8
15.1
14.8
3,297
3,396
3,324
3,255
3,124
3,135
3,103
3,226
5,182
4,956
4,898
4,569
4,345
3,990
3,964
3,682
2,885
2,837
2,656
2,359
2,227
2,071
1,996
1,769
1,739
1,591
1,550
1,569
1,382
1,331
1,384
1,162
1,337
1,355
1,426
1,369
1,351
1,170
1,169
1,244
6,642
6,227
5,886
5,625
5,321
4,950
4,492
4,407
7.6
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.6
11.9
11.6
11.7
11.1
10.8
10.1
10.2
9.9
6.6
6.6
6.3
5.7
5.5
5.2
5.2
4.7
4.0
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.0
3.0
3.3
15.3
14.5
14.0
13.7
13.2
12.5
11.6
11.8
35 TO 44 YEARS
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 TO 54 YEARS
U.S. Census Bureau
Table C-3.
Age
Total
Employment
based
Direct
purchase
Total
Medicaid
28,096
27,154
26,016
25,039
24,219
22,820
21,641
21,082
24,255
23,543
22,640
21,963
21,170
19,959
18,977
18,678
21,701
21,092
20,254
19,692
18,844
17,862
16,792
16,518
3,276
3,194
3,180
3,051
3,123
2,832
2,990
3,008
6,122
5,886
5,478
4,893
4,882
4,567
4,185
4,033
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.3
87.6
88.1
88.2
88.4
88.2
87.7
87.9
75.3
76.0
76.7
77.4
77.3
77.1
76.9
77.9
67.4
68.1
68.6
69.4
68.8
69.0
68.1
68.9
10.2
10.3
10.8
10.8
11.4
10.9
12.1
12.5
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36,035
35,505
35,209
34,659
34,234
33,769
33,566
33,377
35,494
35,056
34,755
34,373
33,976
33,498
33,314
33,109
21,904
21,437
21,488
21,457
20,929
20,984
20,971
21,054
13,086
12,942
12,670
12,448
11,782
11,837
11,512
11,789
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.5
98.7
98.7
99.2
99.2
99.2
99.3
99.2
60.8
60.4
61.0
61.9
61.1
62.1
62.5
63.1
36.3
36.5
36.0
35.9
34.4
35.1
34.3
35.3
Total
people
Total
32,191
30,981
29,536
28,375
27,399
25,874
24,672
23,981
Medicare
Military
health
care1
Not
covered
2,362
2,325
2,085
1,757
1,773
1,807
1,731
1,551
2,956
2,708
2,644
2,494
2,392
2,301
2,159
2,084
1,845
1,908
1,795
1,471
1,482
1,220
1,024
1,053
4,095
3,826
3,519
3,335
3,180
3,054
3,031
2,899
19.0
19.0
18.5
17.2
17.8
17.7
17.0
16.8
7.3
7.5
7.1
6.2
6.5
7.0
7.0
6.5
9.2
8.7
9.0
8.8
8.7
8.9
8.8
8.7
5.7
6.2
6.1
5.2
5.4
4.7
4.2
4.4
12.7
12.4
11.9
11.8
11.6
11.8
12.3
12.1
9,918
9,783
10,010
10,032
10,210
10,299
10,746
10,501
33,982
33,859
33,555
33,345
32,813
32,618
32,398
32,083
3,364
3,394
3,332
3,190
3,283
3,270
3,339
2,956
33,806
33,727
33,419
33,257
32,631
32,458
32,289
32,004
2,682
2,611
2,504
2,206
2,259
2,156
1,410
1,257
541
449
454
286
258
272
251
268
27.5
27.6
28.4
28.9
29.8
30.5
32.0
31.5
94.3
95.4
95.3
96.2
95.8
96.6
96.5
96.1
9.3
9.6
9.5
9.2
9.6
9.7
9.9
8.9
93.8
95.0
94.9
96.0
95.3
96.1
96.2
95.9
7.4
7.4
7.1
6.4
6.6
6.4
4.2
3.8
1.5
1.3
1.3
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
55 TO 64 YEARS
Number
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20042 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 YEARS AND OVER
1
Military health care includes: CHAMPUS (Comprehensive Health and Medical Plan for Uniformed Services)/Tricare and CHAMPVA (Civilian Health and Medical
Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs), as well as care provided by the Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs and care provided by
the Department of Veterans Affairs and the military.
2
3
4
Estimates reflect the results of follow-up verification questions and implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.
Note: All years reflect the implementation of the verification question. The data for 1999 through 2003 were constructed for consistency with the revision to the 2004
and 2005 estimates. As a result, they do not match the previously published estimates. To see the original series, see Table C-1 in Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Coverage in the United States: 2005 at <www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/p60-231.pdf>.
U.S. Census Bureau
APPENDIX D.
COMPARISON OF STATE HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE ESTIMATES
Figure D-1.
Three-Year Average Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage
by State: 2004 to 2006
90-percent confidence interval
Estimate
Texas
New Mexico
Florida
Arizona
Oklahoma
Louisiana
California
Nevada
Mississippi
Georgia
Arkansas
Montana
Alaska
Oregon
Colorado
South Carolina
North Carolina
Utah
West Virginia
United States
Idaho
New Jersey
Alabama
Wyoming
Kentucky
Illinois
Maryland
Tennessee
Virginia
New York
Indiana
Washington
Delaware
District of Columbia
Missouri
South Dakota
North Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
Vermont
Ohio
Michigan
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Pennsylvania
Maine
Wisconsin
Iowa
Hawaii
Minnesota
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Percent
U.S. Census Bureau

Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in

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