TG_April 2016_Cover_Story - TerraGreen

Terra reen
`50
Subscriber’s copy
VOLUME 9
ISSUE 1
April 2016
SPECIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Morocco Turns on the Solar Switch
Arjun Wadhwa
Post 2013 Uttarakhand Disaster
Nitin Jugran Bahuguna
Is the Air
Killing your
Child?
The Rising Epidemic of
Childhood Cancer in India
IN CONVERSATION
Harish Anchan
Managing Director, Envirofit India
TERR A YOUTH
Earth Day
EARTH
M AT T E R S
JUST RELEASED
A
PUBLICATION
How Weird
is That?
w Weird
That?
e’s Bizarre...
Mummies…mummies that
imps that could knock you
ch…touch-me-not frogs…
ypnotizes with its ears and
ng birds…gluttons that eat
…non-vegetarian plants…
es that parasail around the
nd share the adventures of
nd wacky creatures in the
mmy-eat-daddy world of
ure’s bizarre!
Nature’s Bizarre...
Ranjit Lal
• 2016 • 180 x 240 mm • 36 pages
• Paperback • General Reference
• ISBN: 9788179935804 • Price: `185.00*
`185
This book is printed on recycled paper.
Ages: 8-10 years
Daddies that are Mummies…mummies that eat Daddies…shrimps that could knock you
out with one punch…touch-me-not frogs…a wildcat that hypnotizes with its ears and brings
down flying birds…gluttons that eat themselves up…non-vegetarian plants…bottoms-up
babies that parasail around the world – meet and share the adventures of all these weird
and wacky creatures in the wonderful mummy-eat-daddy world of nature’s bizarre!
Contents
• Cat amongst the pigeons • Daddy cool • How weird is that? • Knockout guy • The beastie
and the beauty • Poison dart peril • The little spiderling parasailing club • The smartest
of them all • The war of the ants • Whatever happened to papa • Did you know?
About the Author
Ranjit Lal is the author of over 30 books – fiction and non-fiction – for children and adults
who are children. His abiding interest in natural history, birds, animals and insects is
reflected in many of his books: The Crow Chronicles, The Life and Times of Altu Faltu,
The Small Tigers of Shergarh; Bambi, Chops and Wag; Birds from My Window;The Birds
of Delhi; Wild City etc.
His book, Faces in the Water won the Crossword Award for Children’s Writing 2010 and
the Ladli National Media Award for Gender Sensitivity 2012.
As a journalist he has had well over 1500 articles and photo-features published in the
national and international press and currently has a column – Down in Jungleland – in
The Indian Express ‘Eye’.
The Energy and Resources Institute
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EDITORIAL
We cannot accept a future in which
our own children are stricken with
this life-threatening malady—it
turns our future from one of hope
to one of despair.
A
ir pollution is a major—and increasing—problem in our cities. The poor air
quality episodes in Delhi from December 2015–January 2016 served to bring
home to many of us, the fact that respirable particulate content in the air that
we breathe is more than 10 times the ‘safe’ limit. The odd–even scheme that was
implemented following these episodes, under which only odd numbered vehicles
could operate on odd-numbered dates and vice versa, highlighted poor air quality as
a problem that each one of us has to live with every day. The high particulate content
episodes and the odd–even scheme brought Delhi into the news; yet poor air quality is
prevalent in all our cities, forcing us to live, in a sense, in our own excrement.
Most of us recognize air quality as a problem because of the increasing and chronic
colds and coughs that we have to live with. Yet, this recognition ignores the far more
severe impacts of air pollution. As the cover story of this issue brings out, experts
are now looking at the possible link between poor air quality and the incidence of
childhood cancer, especially leukaemia. This is frightening: we cannot accept a future
in which our own children are stricken with this life-threatening malady—it turns our
future from one of hope to one of despair.
Our children need a better future. Public-policy interventions are needed which can
address both the needs of already-suffering children, as well as the root cause of their
problems. And while there may be uncertainties about the degree of linkage between
air quality and the incidence of childhood cancer, there is no doubt that we need better
data on cancer–stricken children. This data includes information on the numbers of
children with cancer, the type of cancer, the location where they live, and related factors.
This would help us understand the epidemiology of the problem—which is the first
step in zooming in on the public-policy interventions that are needed.
However, as the cover story tells us, there is a lack of human and institutional
capacity to record and map this data. This means that there is a need for more trained
professionals who can diagnose childhood cancer and ensure that these diagnosed
cases are entered into the National Cancer Registry. It also means that this data base
needs to be assessed and analysed at regular intervals to tease out emerging trends
relating to incidence of childhood cancer. This would help us to shed more light on the
link between air quality and the incidence of childhood cancer. It will, in any case, help
us to better, and more quickly, address the needs of cancer-stricken children.
Our children are our future. We need to make sure that they lead healthy lives.
Ajay Mathur
Director-General, TERI
TERRAGREEN APRIL 2016
1
Editor-in-chief
R K Pachauri
Editorial Board
Terra reen
MAILBOX
`50
Subscriber’s copy
VOLUME 8
ISSUE 12
EAR TH
MAT TER S
March 2016
SPECIAL HIGHLIGHTS
World's Forsaken Lungs
Arefa Tehsin
Human–Snake Conflict Mitigation
Sharada Balasubramanian
IN CONVERSATION
Mr Shrikant Savangikar
Director, Business Excellence,
Quality and Sustainability, SKF
India Ltd.
change. Connaught Place, at the heart
of the national capital itself, is dirty,
as are most of the marketplaces. The
efforts on the part of the government
must continue and the cleanliness drive
needs to be stepped up in all cities.
People must be encouraged through
advertisements to change their habits.
We need more smart people with
clean habits than smart cities at the
moment. The responsibility is equally
on the shoulders of citizens and the
government.
TERR A YOUTH
Mahesh Kapasi,
New Delhi
Environmental Studies
Refer to Green Challenges "India’s
urban challenges" (TG March 2016).
The government has announced the
names of the first 20 urban areas that
will be developed as smart cities.
It will be a Herculean task for the
government to build even a single
smart city, as Indians in general
have the filthiest habits—littering in
workplace, at home and on roads,
not bathing daily, not flushing toilet,
spitting just about anywhere and
many more. There is no law to curb
such habits. Indira Gandhi’s slogan
'garibi hatao' failed. Lal Bahadur
Shastri’s famous 'Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan'
has not improved things much
for peasants. Jaiprakash Narayan’s
rallying cry of 'Indira hatao, desh
bachao' and now with 'Abki baar
Modi sarkar' people have learnt to
wait and see. But the Prime Minister’s
'Swachh Bharat' shall fail, as people
aren’t hygiene-conscious and the
government alone cannot effect
Simply loved the article by Arefa on the
Forests. With Earth Day approaching
soon, we need to pay heed to the
theme that has been set for the year
2016: "Trees for the Earth". We need
to start planting. Trees help combat
climate change. Thanks to trees, we can
still think of breathing fresh air. Over
the past 50 years, about half the world's
original forest cover has been lost, the
most significant cause for that being
humans beings' unsystematic use of
its resources. When we take away the
forest, it is not just the trees that go. The
entire ecosystem will fall apart, with
dire consequences for all of us.
Kimaya Raisaria,
Jaipur
K Ramanathan
S K Sarkar
Suneel Pandey
Prabir Sengupta
Director, Knowledge Management
Prabir Sengupta
Publishing Head
Anupama Jauhry
Editorial Team
Anisha Chettri
Anushree Tiwari Sharma
Shilpa Mohan
Design and Illustration
Santosh Gautam and Vijay Nipane
Image Editor
Shilpa Mohan
Production
R K Joshi
Aman Sachdeva
Marketing, Sales & Distribution
Gitesh Sinha
Kakali Ghosh
Lutfullah Syed
Prashant Sharma
Sanjeev Sharma
Satyabrata Ghosh
Sunder Singh
Amit Kumar
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pre TERRAGREEN APRIL 2016
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Contents
4
NEWS
8
TERI ANALYSIS
10
30
TERI Energy &
Environment Data Diary
and Yearbook
34
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
37
GREEN CHALLENGES
The Lethal Plastic Metal
TERRA YOUTH
46 WILDLIFE
Expectations
18
SPECIAL REPORT
Post 2013 Uttarakhand
Disaster
Odd–Even Scheme:
Experiences and
12 VOLUME 9
FEATURE
Sustainable Livelihood
Practices
Morocco Turns on the
Solar Switch
48 MANEKA SPEAKS
53 SPECIAL FEATURE
IN CONVERSATION
56 GREEN EVENTS
12
FEATURE
Harish Anchan, Managing
Director, Envirofit India
22
COVER STORY
Is the Air Killing your
Child?
30
SPECIAL REPORT
22
10
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH
37
TERRA YOUTH
COVER STORY
ISSUE 1
APRIL 2016
Cover Story
Is the Air
Killing your
Child?
The Rising Epidemic of Childhood
Cancer in India
Paediatric cancers are on the rise and Dr Rina Mukherji explores the connect between the rise
in environmental pollution and incidence of childhood cancer. However, she also feels that due
to lack of adequate skilled medical personnel in the Population Based Cancer Registry (PBCR),
many cases of childhood cancer may become 'invisible' to the cancer registry.
Medical experts blame
increasing pollution in our
cities for this phenomenon.
Cover Story
P
utul Dolui is now 15 years old. Her daily wage farm
labourer parents attributed her severe pain and
weakness to her frail physique. It was only after
her condition deteriorated, such as her not being able
to walk around at all that they rushed her to the district
hospital in West Midnapore. Investigations proved her
to have leukaemia (blood cancer). Since there was some
delay in detecting her condition, she finds it difficult to
respond to treatment, and is currently being isolated in
a separate ward for strict monitoring.
24
TERRAGREEN APRIL 2016
Amanda Taylor would often feel tired. The 13-yearold girl had recently started menstruating, which
lasted for more than 12 days. The pain in her legs,
and her paleness had the family doctor advise better
nutrition. However, food supplements and fruit
showed no apparent results. Fever and bleeding teeth
were accompanied by wracking pain in the legs that
prevented her from being able to walk down to the
toilet attached to her bedroom. Finally an oncologist,
following a bone marrow test, confirmed leukaemia.
Thereafter, she was shifted to R N Tagore hospital
in Kolkata. Three years later, she is cured, but must
undergo regular blood and other tests every six
months. This regimen has to be followed for another
two years, lest there be a relapse.
Indrani Naskar, from Sonarpur on the outskirts
of Kolkata, is just two years old. She is unable
to comprehend or express her discomfort with
chemotherapy. It was high fever over a month that
saw her parents agree to a blood test. That was when
she was found to have leukaemia. Nupur Bhattacharya
is around one and a half years old. Continuous fever
and vomiting had her parents rush her to the district
hospital in rural Murshidabad. A blood test and CT scan
confirmed the worst. It is now nine months since she is
undergoing chemotherapy in Kolkata.
Priyanshu Chowdhury is only six years old. Fever
and a back pain had been plaguing the young boy on
and off. His father, who plies his auto at Hazra in south
Kolkata, rushed him to the Ramakrishna Mission Seva
Pratisthan a month ago. The doctors there advised a
CT scan. The scan revealed leukaemia. Tahmim Hussain
was a sprightly eight-year-old who loved climbing
trees. A year ago, he fell off a tree. Since then, he
started getting a low back pain and fever. His parents
attributed it to the fall. The pain eventually got him
listless and distressed. When the general physician
found something amiss, he advised blood tests.
However, the tests did not reveal anything wrong.
It was ultimately the bone marrow test that
confirmed leukaemia.
At times, though, the dread disease may not be
easily detected, as happened in the case of Kaikhali
Bhattacharya. The 14-year-old dusky young girl had
started looking fairer, when she started complaining
of intermittent fever and weakness. Her parents
attributed it to adolescence, and sent her off on holiday
and when she got back, she had to be rushed to the
Railway Hospital in Allahabad. By then, it was too late.
Kaikhali succumbed to the disease in a month’s time.
year old patients, but then, majority of the kids we treat
are either very young or adolescents.
The rise in childhood cancer cases one sees around
only confirms what the Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR) found in its 2013 overview report,
which revealed an increasing trend in the incidence
of childhood cancer all over India, with the share
of childhood cancer having leapt from 2.5 per cent
to 5.5 per cent of all cancer cases. An earlier review
had reported childhood cancers to contribute
1.6–4.8 per cent of all cancers in India for the years
2001–2004. There is an apparent increase in the
magnitude of Childhood Cancer Incidence (CCI) over
a period of seven years. Given the actual numbers in
keeping with our population, this is a disturbing trend
indeed. Of the cancers detected, the highest incidence
is that of blood cancer, or leukaemia, although the
medical fraternity is also worried about the rising
numbers of children born with cancers of the eye.
How Curable?
If detected on time, childhood cancer is easily curable,
with very little chances of relapse. Since children are
in their growing years, the cancerous cells get easily
Childhood Cancer on the Rise
In every cancer ward of Indian cities, children form a
large chunk of the patients admitted for the treatment
of leukaemia. There is also a trend noticeable with
regard to the age profile of childhood cancer. As a child
oncologist, and in-charge at the Child Care Centre at
Dr Saroj Gupta’s Cancer Research Centre, Dr Shoma Dey
says, “There are the very young—aged between one to
two and a half years, and then, we see a peaking at the
12–14 year age group. It is not that we do not have 6–8
TERRAGREEN APRIL 2016
25
Cover Story
replaced with new healthy cells. Besides, as Dr Arnab
Gupta says, “the cancers in children are less aggressive
and hence can easily be overcome.” In comparison,
cancers in adults are difficult to treat and hence, often
result in death. In all cases of leukaemia, intermittent
fever and debilitating pain are the norm. The same
applies to other cancers too.
The ICMR started a network of cancer registries
across India in December 1981. Comprehensive
annual reports containing data, such as incidence
rates and mortality rates of cancer at the population
level, are brought out by the National Cancer Registry
Programme (NCRP). These reports also describe
the methods of data collection and quality control
measures.　Initially, there were six population-based
cancer registries (PBCRs) in the NCRP’s network, and
these covered only three per cent of the country’s
population. The 2013 NCRP report provides data
from 25 PBCRs covering 7.45 per cent of the country’s
population. At the moment, there are 25 cancer
registries all over India and since most registries are
in urban centres, it clearly points to cancer occurring
more often in urban centres than in rural India. Medical
experts blame increasing pollution in our cities for
this phenomenon.
Rising Pollution and Cancer
Given the fact that many Indian cities, in addition to our
metropolitan centres, rank among the most polluted in
the world, one can easily detect a link between rising
26
TERRAGREEN APRIL 2016
pollution and the increasing incidence of childhood
cancer and other categories of cancer. “It is the very
young and the elderly who are most vulnerable to
pollutants; cancer is but one manifestation of the
problem,” says Dr Manas Ranjan Ray, Senior Scientific
Officer and Head, Department of Experimental
Haematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute,
Kolkata. Although Delhi is acknowledged as the most
polluted Indian city today, congested Kolkata, owing
to its compact nature, has a lot more of its population
exposed to much higher levels of pollution, as a recent
CSE study has revealed. Monitoring by the CSE in the
last week of January 2016 showed that when the
average ambient PM2.5 levels were in the range of
117–243, the actual exposure levels were 161–518
microgramme per cubic metre, which was 1–2 times
higher than the background ambient levels. Herein,
it was found that nitrogen oxide levels exceeded
standard 1.8 times, even while sulphur-dioxide levels
remained largely under control due to the change
in energy mix, and decreased dependence on coal.
However, CSE found the air laced with a large number
of toxins, such as benzene, benzopyrene, carbonyl,
and others that can be dangerous even in small
doses. Besides, PM10 data showed a spurt in nighttime pollution and PM2.5 levels were an average of
170 microgramme per cubic metre in Central Kolkata,
as against the daily permissible standard of 60
microgrammes per cubic metre. A study by Dr Ray on
school children from various schools in Kolkata found
more than 60 per cent children suffering from
impaired lung function and respiratory problems.
It was concluded that this was a result of high vehicular
pollution. According to Dr Ray, high levels of pollution,
and the presence of dangerous toxins can also affect
pregnant women. “Benzene, in the atmosphere, when
inhaled, gets converted to Benzopyrine, which is
extremely toxic. It can either cause aplastic anaemia,
which is absolutely fatal, or leukaemia.”
But then, the national 'pollution capital' Delhi
and Kolkata are not the only polluted Indian cities.
A December 2015 Greenpeace report compiled using
the new NAQ1 system found six Indian cities—Delhi,
Lucknow, Faridabad, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, and Varanasi
to have pollution levels that were 10 times above
the WHO guidelines. In fact, 23 of the 32 monitoring
stations set up in India revealed pollution levels
that exceeded India’s comparatively lenient
national standards.
Dr Ray’s observations can easily explain the rise
in number of childhood cancer patients, particularly
leukaemia, all over the country. Many medical experts,
though, do not want to subscribe to this view.
Dr Ramandeep Singh Arora, Consultant Child
Oncologist at Max Healthcare, Delhi, challenges the
figures that suggest a near-doubling of the number
of childhood cancer cases over the years. “The world
over, there is a one per cent increase in the incidence of
childhood cancer cases. In India, we do not have that
kind of data to conclusively say so. Cancers take years
to develop. The longer a person lives and faces chronic
exposure to proven carcinogens, the more the chances.
There is no hard and fast rule here. There is better
diagnosis today; greater awareness has seen more
children being brought forth by parents. Prior to the
invention of CT scan and MRI, few knew of tumours.
As regards a link between exposure of pregnant
women to pollution, and cancer, this is not yet proved.
Studies done on the issue have not come up with
conclusive evidence.”
One must concede that Dr Ramandeep Arora may
have a point. In 2009, V Kanwar and B Arora, writing
in the Indian Journal of Cancer, had made similar
observations in their paper 'Childhood Cancers in India:
Burden, Barriers, and Breakthroughs'. Pointing out that
99 per cent of cancer patients abroad are reported to
a Population Based Cancer Registry (PBCR), as against
just eight per cent in India, he noted that the lack
of skilled medical personnel often fail to generate
appropriate data. The researchers had then remarked
on the sorry state of many cancer registries. “The
Kolkata cancer registry employs only six trained cancer
registrars to visit 50 potential data sources at regular
intervals to abstract data on cancer cases, and it is
probably not a coincidence that the more experienced
PBCR in Chennai records a much higher incidence of
childhood cancer.”
The trend has, one notes, continued to this day,
with southern India showing the highest numbers of
affected children, possibly because of comparatively
more cancer registries existing there.
Kanwal and Arora had further pointed out that, “In
India, quantifying the burden also faces other barriers:
parents may not recognize the signs of cancer, or not
have the resources to get the patient to a medical
facility. Once at a clinic or hospital, lack of resources
or medical equipment may mean the diagnosis is
not made. Even when cancer is recognized, the family
may lack the funds to pursue treatment and decide to
abandon therapy before the patient is registered.
The precise abandonment rates for childhood
cancer patients in India are unknown, but range from
10–63 per cent. In view of all these situations, the
childhood cancer case will be 'invisible' to the
cancer registry.”
So, can we safely conclude that, cancer cases among
children have hardly increased, and the apparent
increase is a false alarm better ignored?
Reports Show More Infants
Affected by Cancer?
What could be the reason behind an increasing
number of 1–3 year olds suffering from cancer? “Each
TERRAGREEN APRIL 2016
27
Cover Story
one of us has a few cancer-causing cells, which remain
suppressed. Exposure to certain carcinogens can trigger
them, resulting in them multiplying as a cancer. When a
child aged 2–5 years is found to have full-blown cancer,
it is obvious that the assault has started in the womb.
Mutations caused by carcinogens in the atmosphere
can have our immunity suppressed. Thus, we can easily
say that a pregnant mother is at risk,” admits Dr Dey, in
line with what Dr Ray has already affirmed.
But is cancer only confined to cities? A visit to the
hospitals will prove this not to be so. Cities are certainly
polluted; but there is no rural idyll that we can subscribe
to. Of course, most cases seem to hail from in and
around our cities. However, in Kolkata, one finds children
from the rural heartlands of Midnapore, South 24
Parganas, or Raiganj in North Bengal too. “Mobile towers
and their radiation are recognized as a risk; and nearly
every village in India has one,” points out Dr Dey.
Pesticides are another major risk. The widespread
use of pesticides has turned rural Punjab into a cancerprone area today. Kheti Virasat Mission is now working
in and around Faridkot—a district where every farming
household has at least one member afflicted with
cancer—to wean farmers into organic farming practices.
Probing into the backgrounds of each cancerafflicted patient, one finds that they hail either from a
farming background or live in close proximity to farms
or highways. They may be the children of farmers
or farm labourers, and hence exposed to pesticides.
Or else, they are residents of urban or rural areas that
are exposed to a high degree of vehicular pollution.
With the increased urbanization of rural areas, the rural
idyll has disappeared. And in its place, are the factors
that trigger the dreaded disease.
This is not difficult to understand. As Dr Arnab
Gupta, Oncologist and In-Charge, Cancer Control,
Dr Saroj Gupta Cancer Research Centre, explains—“The
immunity of a child is not as fully as that of an adults.
28
TERRAGREEN APRIL 2016
This makes them most vulnerable to cancer.” By the
same token, the unborn child would be worse off. As a
result, the numbers affected mount up, taking its toll
on family finances and well-being, notwithstanding
the fact that hospitals like Tata Cancer Memorial treat
at least 50 per cent of their patients free or at highly
subsidized rates, and Dr Saroj Gupta Cancer Research
Centre extends treatment and accommodation at very
low rates.
Conclusion
So how can one combat cancer and protect the next
generation from the dreaded disease? “It is important
for us to return to the ways of our ancestors and avoid
junk food. It is important to eat healthy. Unless we are
strong, we cannot remain immune to the pollution in
our cities. Malnourished mothers, one must note, give
rise to low birth-weight babies. If we guard ourselves
against malnutrition and start consuming naturally—
grown vegetables and fruit, our immunity should easily
grow, and in turn, keep all cancers away,” advises Dr
Arnab Gupta.
At the administrative level, the ICMR is currently
engaged in preparing an atlas of Cancer in India (Refer
http://www.canceratlasindia.org/about.aspx). As part
of the exercise being undertaken for the NCRP, two
important objectives have emerged. These are:
• Strengthening of departments of pathology in
medical colleges and other hospitals, and
• Providing orientation/training in cancer registration
and epidemiology to pathologists.
Since haematologists provide the key to detect
leukaemia, which is clearly on the rise, a multi-pronged
approach will certainly help usher in a healthier India.#
Dr Rina Mukherji is an independent journalist with more than 25
years of experience. She holds a doctorate in African studies and
has several media and academic awards and fellowships to
her credit.
A
Publication
Handbook on
Forest Certification
HANDBOOK ON
T CERTIFICATION
FOREST CERTIFICATION
Yadav
nstitute
HANDBOOK ON
anmohan Yadav
JUST RELEASED
Manmohan Yadav
HANDBOOK ON
FOREST CERTIFICATION
Manmohan Yadav
The Energy and Resources Institute
2016 • ISBN: 9788179933008
Pages: 328 • Binding: Hardback
Size: 160 × 240 mm • Price: `995.00
Handbook on Forest Certification, a thorough research work, discusses in detail the concepts
and approaches required to meet the desired international standards of forest certification. It
covers those aspects of forest certification that are practised globally and need to be applied
in the emerging context of forests in India. The book focuses on changing global perspective
on forest resources, importance and need for sustainable management of forests, increasing
consumer awareness, and dealing with preferences for certified forest products.
Drawing on a wealth of information provided by valuable studies across the globe, this
book discusses sustainable forest management and forest certification and their impact on
conservation and development of biodiversity. It is a comprehensive and detailed guide for
forest managers, forest owners, practitioners, forest-based industries, academicians, students
and researchers, consultants, and policy makers for the forestry sector in India and South Asia.
Key features:
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• Dwells on the extent of forest certification and certified timber market and certification of
non-timber forest products
• Presents framework for forest certification in India
• Assesses challenges and potentials of forest certification
Table of Contents
• Status of Forest Resources: World and India • Sustainability and Forestry • Management
of Forests in India: A Historical Perspective • Essentials of Forest Certification: Concept,
Evolution, Elements, and Process • Forest Certification Schemes • Extent of Forest Certification
and Certified Timber Market • Certification of Non-timber Forest Products • Framework for
Forest Certification in India • Stakeholder Expectations and Economics of Forest Certification
• Sustainability and Forest Certification • Challenges and Potential of Forest certification
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Books on Environmental Research
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Inventions have changed our world beyond
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That’s how mysterious events occur: the mind-boggling natural phenomena
That’s how things travel: the wonderful ways in which the world moves
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