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1st International
Entomophagous Insects
Conference
Program and Proceedings
July 27-31, 2009
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Sponsored by:
Department of Entomology
College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences
Twin Cities Campus
College of Agricultural, Food, and
Environmental Sciences
219 Hodson Hall
1980 Folwell Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108-6125
612-624-3636
Fax: 612-625-5299
16 July, 2009
Dear Participants of the First International Entomophagous Insects Conference,
It’s a pleasure to welcome you all to this conference. As you know, this event represents a merging of
two previous workshops that have a long and eminent history. These workshops were the ‘International
Entomophagous Insects Workshop’, which was held in North America, and the ‘European Parasitoid
Workshop’. The North American meeting was held 15 times, most recently in Newark, Delaware, USA,
and the European workshop 10 times, most recently in Erice, Italy.
We would like to thank all of the participants from both continents for their support and encouragement
for the merger. We hope that this move will further open the lines of communication among researchers
‘across the pond’. Not that the focus is limited to only North American and European research – this is a
truly international conference, with representation from 19 countries, 10 in Europe, 4 in Asia, 3 in North
America, 1 each in South America and Africa, and Australia. The plan is to alternate holding the
conference in North America and Europe every two years. Thus, we anticipate the Second International
Entomophagous Insects Conference to be held in Europe in 2011, the 3rd in N. America in 2013, and so
on. This alternating pattern should further support our goal of increased communication among
researchers in North America, Europe and beyond.
We are very excited by the line-up both of the poster and oral presentations. The 35 poster presentation
are of equal importance to the oral presentations, and while the posters will be available for viewing
throughout the conference, presenters will at their posters to discuss their work on Tuesday evening
during a poster session and reception. Among the oral presentations, there are 7 plenary addresses by
established luminaries in our field, and complementing these presentations are 56 oral presentations by
researchers at every level of their career. Among these, we are highlighting 9 researchers that are at the
beginning of their careers and making particularly exciting contributions by asking them to give slightly
longer presentations. These and the other excellent young researchers at the conference are the future of
our discipline!
Aside from the scientific program, we hope you enjoy your time in Minneapolis and that you have some
time to see the city and surrounding area. We have left Thursday afternoon open for such wanderings
and adjourn on Friday afternoon to facilitate exploring as well.
Feel free to contact us, the staff or any locals at the meetings for ideas of how to enjoy the setting of the
conference, and the Twin Cities more generally.
With best wishes,
George Heimpel & Paul Ode, co-organizers
Welcome to the 1st International Entomophagous Insects Conference
This meeting is a merger of the North American-organized International Entomophagous Insects Workshop
and the European Workshop on Insect Parasitoids. The new, merged conference will retain the same focus on
the ecology, evolution, systematics, genetics, and physiology of entomophagous insects that characterized the
previous workshops.
Grand Funding
The 1st International Entomophagous Insects Conference gratefully acknowledges support from the National
Science Foundation and the United States Department of Agriculture.
Sponsors
We would also like to thank the following sponsors for their added support:
• Wiley-Blackwell
• Rincon-Vitova Insectaries
• BioQuip Products
• Nearctic Region - International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC)
Registration and General Information
Location
The 1st International Entomophagous Insects Conference takes place on the East Bank Campus of the
University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 27-31, 2009. The conference registration area is in
the atrium of the McNamara Alumni Center, located at 200 Oak Street, Minneapolis MN.
Registration and Information Desk
University of Minnesota staff will be at the registration desk during the times listed below. Information about
Minneapolis and Saint Paul is available at the handouts table.
Registration desk hours:
Monday, July 27
Tuesday, July 28
Wednesday, July 29
Thursday, July 30
Friday, July 31
4:00 to 7:00 p.m.
7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
7:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.
7:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.
Name Badge
Your name badge is your entrance ticket to all conference sessions, press exhibits, and social events. Please
remember to always wear your name badge during the conference. You will not be served at the receptions or
the banquet if you do not have your name badge.
Page 5 of 152
Presentations
All conference sessions will be held in the McNamara Alumni Center. Review the program schedule to confirm
the time and location of your presentation.
If you have brought a flash drive to load your presentation on the conference provided laptop, please provide
this to the registration staff upon arrival.
Posters:
Please check in at the conference registration desk when you arrive to pick up your nametag, materials and to
get directions to the poster area. Posters will be displayed on freestanding corkboard displays, and will remain
on display throughout the conference week.
Tuesday, July 28, 2009
Authors set up their posters
Authors at their posters to talk to attendees
9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.
5:30-8:00 p.m. (Poster Session begins at 6:00 p.m.)
Friday, July 31, 2009
Authors remove posters
12:00 noon
Refreshments
A continental breakfast will be available in the McNamara Alumni Center atrium each morning. Coffee, tea,
and water will be available throughout the conference. Lunch each day is on your own. A list of local
restaurants is included in the program under Dining.
Social Functions
All registered attendees are invited to the following social events which are included in the registration fee:
•
•
•
Opening Reception, Monday, July 27, 6:00- 8:00 p.m., McNamara Alumni Center Heritage Gallery
Poster Session and Reception, Tuesday, July 28, 6:00 – 8:00 p.m., McNamara Alumni Center Memorial Hall
Banquet Dinner, Thursday, July 30, 7:00 p.m., Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, University of Minnesota
-There are extra dinner tickets available for purchase for guests, please see the registration desk.
-If you did not receive a dinner ticket behind your nametag, we did not receive a meal selection from
you. Please visit the registration desk by Wednesday at 10:00 a.m. to pick up your meal ticket.
Cell Phones and Pagers
Please turn off cell phones and pagers while in session. Also, please mute the sound on your personal laptops.
First Aid
In case of emergency, please dial 911 and contact the registration desk.
Time Zone
The time zone in Minneapolis is Central Daylight Time (CDT), 5 hours behind GMT.
Message Board
A message board is located near the Registration Desk in the McNamara Alumni Center. Participants are
welcome to post messages about local meetings that may be arranged, job postings, and messages for other
participants.
Wireless Internet Access
Guests of the University may use the “U of M Guest” wireless network for no charge. The wireless access
offers no encryption, and it is limited in bandwidth and capacity.
Page 6 of 152
Technology Helpline Hours
The University of Minnesota provides a Technology Helpline: call them at 612-301-4357 (on campus, dial 1HELP), or email them at help@umn.edu.
Technology Helpline Hours
Monday-Thursday: 8:00 a.m. – 11:00 p.m.
Friday: 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Saturday: 12:00-5:00 p.m.
Sunday: 5:00-11:00 p.m.
Transportation
SuperShuttle
SuperShuttle offers convenient shuttle service from the MSP airport terminals to area locations. Call 800BlueVan (800-258-3826) or visit the SuperShuttle Web site at www.supershuttle.com to reserve your
transportation. Shuttle service is available for approximately $14 each way, and details are available at the
airport information desk.
Metro Transit
City buses and light-rail trains are available to get you around the Twin Cities and are an easy, inexpensive way
to get around town.
To go to downtown Minneapolis using the Metro bus take the number #16 or #50. During the day they run
every 10 minutes, during the evening every 15 minutes, and after 1:00 a.m., every hour. You can catch the bus
at the intersection of Washington Avenue and Oak Street, or in front of Coffman Memorial Union on
Washington Avenue. During peak times the fare is $2.00, and off-peak times the fare is $1.50. Exact amount
only is required; change is not available on the buses.
Taxicab Service
Taxicabs are not normally available for pick up on the street. You may need to call a company for a pickup. The
following companies are available:
Rainbow Taxi
Airport Taxi
Gold Star Taxi
Green & White Taxi
Northwest Taxi
Suburban Taxi
612-332-1615
612-721-0000
612-343-8888
612-522-2222
612-741-6600
612-522-2222
Parking
The University of Minnesota is an urban campus. There is public parking on campus, but space is limited, and
there are no in and out privileges for campus parking. Please note that many campus surface parking lots do
not allow overnight parking.
If you are staying at the dormitory, we suggest you park at the Oak street Ramp (just north of the dormitory)
or the Washington Avenue Ramp (just west of the McNamara Alumni Center). These ramps charge by the
hour, with a maximum charge of $12/day. Conference participants staying at hotels are encouraged to leave
their vehicles in the hotel parking lots and use alternative means of transportation.
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Accommodations
•
Dormitory Accommodation
Guests who pre-registered for dormitory accommodations have rooms reserved in Centennial Hall.
•
Centennial Hall
614 Delaware Street S.E.
Minneapolis, MN 55455
612.625.4452
http://www.housing.umn.edu/halls/centennial/index.shtml
•
Hotel Accommodation
Radisson University Hotel
615 Washington Avenue South
612-379-8888
http://www.radisson.com/minneapolismn_metrodome
Medical Services and Emergency Numbers
For Fire, Police, and Medical Assistance dial:
Non-emergency medical treatment is available at:
Boynton Health Service
University of Minnesota Minneapolis campus
410 Church Street S.E.
www.bhs.umn.edu/
911
612-625-8400
Gopher Quick Clinic
Fairview University Hospital
University of Minnesota Minneapolis campus
500 Harvard Street S.E.
www.fairview.org/
612-625-8400
612-273-3000
After Hours Medical Information Nurse
Other assistance available on campus:
University of Minnesota Police (non-emergency)
Free campus escort service
Motorist assistance
612-625-7900
612-624-2677
612-624-9255
612-626-7275
Banking Services
Closest banks to the McNamara Alumni Center are located across the street (US Bank) and two blocks west
(TCF Bank).
• US Bank ATM and banking services – 718 Washington Ave. and inside Coffman Memorial Union
• Wells Fargo ATM – Willey Hall and Coffman Union
• TCF Bank and ATM – West Bank Skyway
• TCF ATM - Blegen Hall and Coffman Memorial Union
Page 8 of 152
Conference at a Glance: (All sessions are held in the McNamara Alumni Center, unless otherwise noted)
Monday, July 27
4:00 to 7:00 p.m. - Registration
6:00 to 8:00 - Opening Mixer
Tuesday, July 28
7:30 a.m. - Registration Open, Continental Breakfast
8:20 a.m. to 5:05 p.m. - Presentations
5:30 p.m. - DVD Presentation, “Kill To Be Born”
6:00 to 8:00 p.m. - Welcoming Reception and Poster Session
Wednesday, July 29
Thursday, July 30
12:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. - Free time and Lab Tours
7:00 p.m. - Banquet (Held at the Weisman Art Museum)
Friday, July 31
8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. - Presentations
11:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. - Business Meeting
12:00 p.m. - Adjourn
Page 9 of 152
TWIN CITIES ENTERTAINMENT
-
Maps & walking directions available at the registration desk. -
Sports/Recreation
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome – Minnesota Twins
Baseball
612-338-9467: 900 South Fifth Street. The Metrodome
Stadium is located in downtown Minneapolis, an easy bus
ride from the University on the #16 or #50 bus. During the
International Entomophagous Insects Conference, games
are scheduled at 7:00 p.m. each night on Monday, July 27,
Tuesday July 28, and Wednesday July 29 versus the
Chicago White Sox.
Walking and Running
Beautiful paved bike/walk paths are located all along the
Mississippi River, and can be reached just off campus. Lake
of the Isles, Lake Calhoun, and Lake Harriet are three
beautiful lakes linked by biking and walking paths, located
within a short drive or bus ride of the conference.
Arts
Walker Art Center
612-375-7600: 1750 Hennepin Avenue. Minneapolis is
also home to the Walker Art Center, one of the nation’s
best modern-art museums. In addition to being adjacent
to its well-known sculpture garden, the Walker also houses
two Wolfgang Puck restaurants: the 20.21 Restaurant and
Bar featuring Asian-influenced Californian cuisine and the
more casual Gallery 8 Cafe.
Minneapolis Institute of Arts (MIA)
612-870-3131: 2400 Third Avenue South. The
Minneapolis Institute of Arts is located a short drive (or
long walk) from downtown Minneapolis. The MIA’s finearts collection boasts an especially strong collection of
Asian art.
Theater
Orpheum Theater
612-339-7007: 910 Hennepin Avenue. The Orpheum
Theater is located within walking distance of the Radisson
Hotel. It will be presenting the Broadway musical and
winner of nine Tony Awards, A Chorus Line.
Guthrie Theater
612-377-2224: 818 South Second Street. Located in
downtown Minneapolis along the Mississippi River, the
Guthrie Theater houses three stages, one restaurant, two
bars, and a cafe. Guthrie performances during the week of
July 27-31 will include Ella, a play about the life of Ella
Fitzgerald by Jeffrey Hatcher, and When We Are Married
by J.B. Priestley.
Music
Minnesota Orchestra
1-800-292-4141: 1111 Nicollet Mall. The Minnesota
Orchestra is located in downtown Minneapolis, within
walking distance of many restaurants and night life.
Concerts are currently scheduled for Thursday, July 30,
and Friday, July 31.
First Avenue and Seventh Street Entry
612-332-1775: 701 First Avenue North. For the last three
decades, First Avenue has been integral to the Twin Cities’
vibrant rock music scene.
Fine Line
612-338-8100: 318 1st Avenue North. The Fine Line Music
Café is located in the heart of the Warehouse District in
downtown Minneapolis. Local and national music acts play
seven nights a week.
Dakota
612-992-1010: 1010 Nicollet Mall. This jazz club and
restaurant is located in downtown Minneapolis.
Hard Rock Café
952-285-7625: 600 Hennepin Avenue. Food and
beverages served with a rock n’ roll twist. Check out the
special section featuring memorabilia of our homegrown
star, Prince.
Artists Quarter
(651) 292-1359 408 St Peter Street St.Paul Tucked in the
basement level of a historic St. Paul building, the Artists'
Quarter has a subterranean, classic vibe evoking a bygone
era. The club is owned by working jazz musicians, who
designed a sound, look and feel for the optimal live
experience. Concerts begin every night around 8pm; Call
for more information.
Famous Dave’s BBQ and Blues
612-822-9900 Calhoun Square, 3001 Hennepin Avenue,
Minneapolis. Famous Dave's BBQ & Blues in Calhoun
Square not only features our award-winning barbeque
with table service and a free-standing bar, but it's the
place to go in the Twin Cities for live music seven nights a
week. City Pages has named Famous Dave's BBQ & Blues
in Calhoun Square the Twin Cities "Best Blues Bar" multiple
times, including 2005 through 2009
Page 10 of 152
Dining Near the Minneapolis Campus, University of Minnesota
Stadium Village (East Bank)
Applebee’s Restaurant
Radisson
615 Washington Ave. S.E.
(612)-378-3740
Arby’s/Sbarro
(Roast beef sandwiches, pizza and
pasta)
(612)-331-2757
Coffman Union Food Court
Includes:
•
Chick-fil-A
•
Cranberry Farms
•
Greens to Go
•
Bene Pizza
•
Panda Express
•
Einstein Bros. Bagels
•
Starbucks Coffee Co.
Baja Sol Tortilla Grill
Coffman Union Food Court
Chipotle Mexican Grill
(612)-378-7078
Big Ten
(Hamburgers and subs)
606 Washington Ave.
(612)-378-0467
Dairy Queen/Orange Julius
(612)-331-3093
Domino’s Pizza
(Delivery and take-out)
215 Oak St. S.E.
(612)-331-3030
Bona Vietnamese Restaurant
(612)-331-5011
Bun Mi Sandwiches
604 Washington Ave
(612) 886-3286
Leaning Tower of Pizza
2505 University Ave. S.E.
(612)-331-7474
Lotus
(Vietnamese)
313 Oak St. S.E.
(612)-331-1781
Milio’s Sandwiches
219 Oak St. SE
(612)-331-7827
Noodles & Company
(612)-617-0002
Outside-In Café
Phillips-Wagensteen Building
M-Th. 9:00 - 3:00
Fr. 9:00 – 2:00
(612) 625-4496
D’Amico and Sons (Deli)
U of M - McNamara
200 Oak St. Southeast
Minneapolis, MN, 55455
Papa John’s Pizza
(Delivery and take-out)
(612)-379-8890
Bruegger’s Bagel Bakery
(Bagels and soups)
(612)-378-2145
Erbert and Gerbert’s Subs and Clubs
(612)-623-9485
Punch Pizza (Open Fall 2009)
1501 University Ave SE
(612)- 627- 9737
Burger King
(612)-379-7708
Espresso Expose
(Coffeehouse)
(612)-378-9604
Campus Club
th
(4 Floor of Coffman Union)
(612)-625-9696
Espresso Royale Café
(Coffeehouse)
(612)-378-1104
Sally’s Saloon and Eatery
(American food and full bar)
(612)-331-3231
Stub & Herb’s
(Varied menu and full bar)
227 Oak St. S.E.
(612)-379-1880
Campus Pizza
(Pizza, Italian specialties)
(612)-378-2417
Caspian Bistro
(Middle Eastern)
(612)-623-1113
Hong Kong Noodles Restaurant
(612)-379-9472
Subway
(612)-379-8461
Jamba Juice
602 Washington Ave SE
(612) 331-9891
Sushi Express
(612)-623-1056
Dinkytown (East Bank)
Al’s Breakfast
th
413 14 Ave. S.E.
(612)-331-9991
Alma (Fine Dining, American)
528 University Ave SE
Minneapolis, MN
(612) 379-4909
Page 11 of 152
U Garden Chinese Restaurant
(612)-378-1255
Annie’s Parlor
(Hamburgers, sandwiches, salads,
malts)
th
313 14 Ave. S.E.
(612)-379-0744
Bruegger’s Bagel Bakery
(Bagels and soups)
th
319 14 Ave. S.E.
(612)-623-9522
Camdi Restaurant
(Chinese and Vietnamese)
th
1325 4 St. S.E.
(612)-331-4194
El Burrito Loco
th
418 13 Ave S.E.
(612)-746-5626
Espresso Royale Café
th
411 14 Ave. S.E.
(612)-623-8127
Hong Kong Express
(612)-623-9380
Kafe 421 (Greek-American)
tH
421 14 Ave. S.E.
(612)-623-9000
Loring Pasta Bar
th
327 14 Ave. S.E.
(612)-378-4849
The Library Bar and Grill
1301 4th St. SE,
Minneapolis, MN
(612) 604-1900
McDonald’s
th
th
Corner of 15 Ave and 4 St. S.E.
(612)-331-6590
Mesa Pizza
1323 4th street SE Minneapolis, MN
55414 - (612) 436-3006
Obento Ya (Japanese)
1510 SE Como Ave
Minneapolis, MN 55414 (612) 331-1432
Pagoda (Chinese)
1417 4th St SE
Minneapolis, MN
(612) 378-4710
Potbelly Sandwich Works
326 14th Ave SE
Minneapolis, MN
(612) 331-0191
Purple Onion Café
1301 University Ave SE, Minneapolis,
MN
(612) 252-0217
Qdoba (Mexican)
th
326 14 Avenue S.E.
(612)-379-3100
Shuang Chen Restaurant
th
1320 4 St. S.E.
(612)-378-0208
Subway
th
1412 5 St. S.E.
(612)-331-6716
Thai Spice
th
425 13 Ave. S.E.
(612)-331-6830
Uncle Franky’s Hot Dogs
1316 4th St. SE.
Minneapolis, MN
(612) 379-5589
Vescio’s
(Italian)
th
406 14 Ave. S.E.
(612)-378-1747
West Bank Restaurants
Bruegger’s Bagels
th
815 25 Ave. S.
(612)-338-8294
Bullwinkle’s Saloon & Grill
(American)
1429 Washington Ave. S.
(612)-338-8520
Carlson School Food Court
(Pasta, wraps, salads, grill, stir-fry)
Carlson School of Management
th
321 19 Ave. S.
M-Th; 9 a.m.-7:30 p.m.
F: 9 a.m.-2:30 p.m.
Davanni’s
(Pizza, subs, delivery to campus)
2500 Riverside Ave.
(612)-332-5551
Preston’s Urban Pub
(Cold sandwiches & grill; full bar)
221 Cedar Ave. S.
(612)-338-6146
Grill Room
(American and seafood)
Holiday Inn Metrodome
(612)-333-4646
St. Martin’s Table
(Bookstore; vegetarian food and
sandwiches)
2001 Riverside Ave.
(612)-339-3920
Jewel of India
(612)-339-0002
Starbucks Coffee Company
(Coffeehouse)
th
815 25 Ave
(612)-305-0235
Chai’s Thai
414 Cedar Ave S.
(612) 339-9385
Keefer Court Food Inc.
Chinese Bakery
326 Cedar Ave. S.
(612)-340-0937
Chipolte Mexican Grill
229 Cedar Ave S
(612)-659-7830
Perkins
th
901 27 Ave. S.
(612)-339-6865
Red Sea
(African)
320 Cedar Ave. S.
Page 12 of 152
Town Hall Brewery
(American food and microbrewer)
(612)-339-8696
The Wienery
(Hot dogs and burgers)
414 Cedar Ave. S.
(612)-333-5798
BioQuip Products Welcomes Attendees to The
First International Entomophagous Insects Conference
If you are performing research in the field or lab, BioQuip Products carries an extensive line of products, books, and
educational materials you will find useful for the study of insects. Visit our web site to see what is available, and
register to receive notification of our monthly product and book specials. Some product selections are displayed
below.
Point Punch
Aspirator Kit
Lab Cages
Glass Vials
Micro Tools
Pinning Forceps
Malaise Traps
Curator’s Block
www.bioquip.com
BioQuip Products
2321 Gladwick St.
Rancho Dominguez, CA 90220
Phone: (310) 667-8800
Fax: (310) 667-8808
bqinfo@bioquip.com
The Original Free-Enterprise Wholesale Entomophage Purveyor Presents
BE NEF
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T
STIC
ID ES
G
LT
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A L P R AC T
IC
ES
CU
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M O N IT
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LS
Deke’s Five Features of Integrated Pest Management
The story of Rincon-Vitova Insectaries began in the1950’s when
Everett J. “Deke” Dietrick mass-reared Aphytis in a closet by his
carport. In his day job, he was a research technician with Paul
DeBach and Robert van den Bosch at the University of California
at Riverside. By 1960 with no funding for biocontrol research, but
confidant that he could produce and sell biocontrol agents, he
collaborated to grow Cryptolaemus and quit the university. RinconVitova became the first commercial producer of Trichogramma, then
Chrysoperla, then the Pteromalids for fly control, as well as Lindorus
and many other biocontrol agents.
The Five Features of IPM set forth by Deke in 1969 defines
Rincon-Vitova’s strong ecological orientation. We have helped
thousands of growers, practitioners, and researchers to conserve and/
or foster predators, parasites, antagonists, and even insect pathogens,
to suppress pests within tolerable levels, and use even “organic
approved” pesticides as a last resort. Call or email, and soon enjoy
ordering on-line.
Releasing Beneficial Organisms
Integrate Cultural Practices
Maximize predators, parasites, pathogens and antagonists that
are often the principal controlling factors. Naturally occurring
biocontrols are a little too little, a little too late, so be
proactive! Be sure ants are controlled before making releases so
they don’t interfere with beneficials.
Plan ways to mulch, inoculate, bait, trap, till, irrigate, rotate
crops, harvest in strips and other cultural practices that help to
tip the balance in favor of beneficials.
Hopper Finder, Scarecrow Sprinkler, Snailer, Slug Saloon,
Beetle Harbor, PredaLure, Rhizoboost, Defensor, Microbe
Nutrients, Fosphite, Bug Bits (chitin), Streptomyces,
Trichoderma, Mycorrhizal Fungi
Beneficials like these are collected or grown commercially:
Lacewing, Ladybugs, Aphid Midges, Aphidius,
Trichogramma, Podisus, Atheta, Hypoaspis, Beneficial
Nematodes, Dacnusa, Diglyphus, Cryptolaemus, Predatory
Mites, Feltiella, Scolothrips, Stethorus, Aphytis, Lindorus,
Orius, Encarsia, Eretmocerus, Delphastus, More
For ant control:
Ant Baits, Antpro, Ants-No-More, Tanglefoot Products
Build Beneficial Refuges & Habitats
Plant unsprayed, irrigated, flowering vegetation that provides
shelter, prey, pollen and nectar, so beneficials, both natural
and released, live longer and reproduce better.
Insect Food, Habitat Seed Mixes (Insecta-Flora, Beneficial
Blend, more)
Monitor Insect Ecology
Systematically observe the relative numbers of pests and
beneficials. The ratios indicate what kind of intervention is
needed.
Support Services, D-Vac Vacuum Insect Nets, Magnifiers,
Sticky Cards
P.O. BOX 1555 | Ventura, CA 93002-1555
800.248.2847 (BUGS) | WWW.RINCONVITOVA.COM
Soft Pesticides – Avoid Broad Spectrum Pesticides
Use soft pesticides and avoid toxic chemicals! By poisoning
beneficials as well as pests you create natural enemy free space
vulnerable to new pest invasions. Spot treat with soft, or least
disruptive pesticides.
Microbials: Mycotrol O, Botanigard, Dipel, Nosema, Entrust,
Spinosad,
Botanicals: Pest-Out, Mildew Cure, Neem, Orange Oil, Garlic,
Hot Pepper, Nemastop, Fungastop, Phydura Weed Control,
Fly Control
We offer biological programs that are simple, safe, and cost less
than chemicals.
Fly Parasites, Hister Beetles, Fly Traps and Lures, Fungal
Spray and Bait
Flea and Cockroach Control
Steinernema Carpocapse, Bug Arrest, Neem Oil, Flea Trap,
Lo-Line Traps, Parasitic Wasps
Sponsored by the Entomological Society of China; Institute of Zoology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Editor: Le Kang
Frequency: Bi-monthly
Print ISSN: 1672-9609
Current Volume: 16 / 2009
Online ISSN: 1744-7917
Impact Factor 2008: 0.683
www.blackwellpublishing.com/INS
Insect Science is an international journal, which publishes original peer-reviewed, research papers from
any entomological discipline. The emphasis of the journal is on the adaptation and evolutionary biology of insects
from their molecules to ecosystems including: ecology and IPM; behaviour and social biology; molecular biology;
physiology, biochemistry and toxicology; genetics and development; and systematics and evolution. Reviews, special
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Volume 16 • Issue 1 • February 2009
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Molecular Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Tolerance and Evolution
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Thierry K. S. Janssens, Dick Roelofs and Nico M. van Straalen
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Robert S. Boyd
Volume 15 • Issue 2 • April 2008
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Inducible Direct Plant Defense Against Insect Herbivores: A
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Ming-Shun Chen
Volume 15 • Issue 1 • February 2008
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Michael R. Strand
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Insect Immune Resistance to Parasitoids
Yves Carton, Marylène Poirié and Anthony J. Nappi
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Page 16 of 152
First International Entomophagous Insects Conference Program
July 27 – 31, 2009
Minneapolis, MN
Monday, July 27, 2009
4:00-7:00 p.m.
Registration
6:00-8:00 p.m.
Opening Reception – McNamara Alumni Center, Heritage Gallery
Tuesday, July 28, 2009
7:30 a.m.
Registration
8:15
Welcome
George E. Heimpel, Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and
Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota
Paul E. Ode, Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University
Abel Ponce de Leon, Senior Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Programs,
College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota
Theme 1: Evolution, Genetics, & Systematics
Moderator: Bernie Roitberg, Simon Fraser University, Canada
8:30
Plenary Address: Genomics and Post-Genomics of Parasitoids
John H. Werren, University of Rochester, USA
9:00
The Genetic Basis of Interspecies Host Preference Differences in the Model Parasitoid
Nasonia
Christopher Desjardins, University of Rochester, USA
John H. Werren, University of Rochester, USA
9:20
Sympatric Speciation: Not Just for Host Insects Anymore
Andrew Forbes, University of California Davis, USA
Jeffrey Feder, University of Notre Dame, USA
9:40
Intra- and Inter-Specific Variation of Virulence in Leptopilina Parasitoid Wasps:
Deciphering the Black Box
Marylene Poirie, UMR 'Biotic Interactions and Plant Health', French National Institute for
Agricultural Research (INRA), France
Caroline Anselme, UMR 'Biotic Interactions and Plant Health' INRA, France; Dominique
Cazes, UMR 'Biotic Interactions and Plant Health' INRA, France; Dominique Colinet, UMR
'Biotic Interactions and Plant Health' INRA, France
9:55
Evolution of Host Use in Cryptic Species of Parasitic Wasps
Keith Hopper, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, USA
James Woolley, Texas A&M University, USA; John Heraty, University of California–
Riverside, USA
10:10
Break
Please note that all presenters are indicated in bold.
Page 17 of 152
10:30
Sex Determination Load in the Parasitoid Cotesia vestalis under Natural Conditions
Jetske De Boer, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
10:50
One Locus or Two? - Evolutionary Polarity of Hymenopteran Sex Determination
Mechanisms
Mark Asplen, University of Minnesota, USA
James Whitfield, University of Illinois, USA; Jetske De Boer, University of Groningen, the
Netherlands; George Heimpel, University of Minnesota, USA
11:05
No Need to Discriminate? Reproductive Diploid Males in a Parasitoid with
Complementary Sex Determination
Dominique Mazzi, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Switzerland
Jan Elias, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Silvia Dorn, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
11:20
Why is it Not Possible to Restore Sexual Reproduction in Most Pi-Wolbachia Infected
Populations?
Richard Stouthamer, University of California–Riverside, USA
11:35
Life without a Tricorder
Robert Wharton, Texas A&M University, USA
Paul Rugman-Jones, University of California–Riverside, USA; Richard Stouthamer,
University of California–Riverside, USA
11:50
Evolution of Insect Parasitism under Water, With Particular Reference to Egg
Parasitism
Yoshimi Hirose, Kyushu University, Japan Cancelled due to Illness
12:05 p.m.
Lunch: on your own
Moderator: Nick Mills, University of California, USA
1:30
The Genetics of Sex Allocation in the Parasitoid Wasp Nasonia vitripennis
David Shuker, University of St. Andrews, UK
1:50
Spilling the Beans: Spatial, Temporal, and Genetic Variation in a Tritrophic System in
Mexico
Sarah G. Kenyon, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Betty Benrey, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
2:05
Lack of Lipogenesis: the Evolutionary Consequence of a Parasitic Life Style?
Bertanne Visser, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Cecile Le Lann, University of Rennes 1, France; Frank J. den Blanken, VU University
Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Jeffrey Harvey, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO),
the Netherlands; Jacintha Ellers, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Jacques J.
M. Van Alphen, University of Leiden, the Netherlands
Theme 2: Behavior & Life Histories
2:20
Plenary Address: Life History and Behavior in a Multitrophic Context
Louise Vet, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), the Netherlands
Page 18 of 152
2:50
The Effects of an Invasive Plant on Development of Herbivores and their Parasitoids
Taiadjana Fortuna, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), the Netherlands
Jeffrey Harvey, NIOO, the Netherlands; Louise Vet, Wageningen University, the
Netherlands
3:05
Break
3:30
The Influence of Parasitoid Foraging Behavior on Trophic Cascades
Lee Henry, Simon Fraser University, Canada
Jordan Bannerman, Simon Fraser University, Canada; David Gillespie, Agriculture and
Agri-food Canada, Canada; Bernie Roitberg, Simon Fraser University, Canada
3:50
Travel Time Affects Host Choice in Depleting Host Patches
Guy Boivin, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Canada
Maryse Barrette, McGill University, Canada; Jacques Brodeur, Université de Montréal,
Canada; Luc-Alain Giraldeau, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
4:05
Ectoparasitoids of Endophytic Hosts: Exploring Consequences of the Most Ancestral
Ground Plan for Parasitoid Life Style at the Behavioral Level
Silvia Dorn, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Switzerland
Silke Hein, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
4:20
Host Feeding in Eretmocerus mundus: Relationships between Host Plant, Female Size,
Egg Production and Food Kind
Dan Gerling, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Ira Akiva, Tel Aviv University, Israel
4:35
Factors Determining Superparasitism Acceptance in the Parasitoid Echthrodelphax
fairchildii: Egg Load is Not Important
Yoshihiro Yamada, Mie University, Japan
Kazuki Tatsuta, Mie University, Japan
4:50
Costs of Discriminating Oviposition Behavior When Ants Are Present: a Comparison of
Two Parasitoids of the Vine Mealybug
Karen Sime, State University of New York (SUNY) at Oswego, USA
Kent Daane, University of California–Berkeley, USA
5:05
Adjourn Sessions
5:30
DVD Presentation – “KILL TO BE BORN”
Director: Luc Ronat
Scientific Author: Eric Wajnberg, French National Institute for Agricultural Research
(INRA), France
6:00 – 8:00
Welcoming Reception and Poster Session
Page 19 of 152
Wednesday, July 29, 2009
Theme 2: Behavior and Life Histories Continued
Moderator: Silvia Dorn, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Switzerland
8:30 a.m.
Plenary Address: Evolutionary Balancing of Fitness-Limiting Factors and the
Predictability of Ecological Systems
Jay Rosenheim, University of California–Davis, USA
Uri Alon, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel; Guy Shinar, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Israel
9:00
Ecology of Defense in a Leafminer: Avoiding Attack When You Can't Run and You Can't
Hide
Candace Low, Simon Fraser University, Canada
9:20
No Correlation between Developmental Time and Adult Life Span in Parasitoids: the
Role of Metabolic Rate and Fat Reserves
Majeed Askari Seyahooei, Leiden University, the Netherlands
Alex Kraaijeveld, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Jacques J. M. Van Alphen, Leiden
University, the Netherlands
9:35
Multi-Objective Proximate Behavioral Mechanisms in Parasitic Wasps: How to
Optimize Several Behaviors Simultaneously to Increase the Global Number of Progeny
Produced
Eric Wajnberg, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France
9:50
Sugar Discrimination by the Larval Parasitoid Micrplitis croceipes
Keiji Takasu, Kyushu University, Japan
Khac Hoang Le, Kyushu University, Japan
10:05
Break
Moderator: Moshe Coll, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
10:30
The Elusive Paradox: Respect for Ownership and Contest Outcomes in Parasitoid
Wasps
Marlene Goubault, University of Tours, France
Tom Bentley, University of Nottingham, UK; Tristan Hull, University of Nottingham, UK;
Ian Hardy, University of Nottingham, UK
10:50
How Much Does it Cost a Parasitoid to be Unmated?
Richard Green, University of Minnesota–Duluth, USA
11:05
Does Kin Recognition Mediate Competition among Nasonia longicornis Broods?
Morgan Hoffman, University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Canada
Bob Lalonde, University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Canada
Page 20 of 152
11:20
Geographic Variation in Courtship Acoustics and Genetic Divergence of Populations if
Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Cotesia flavipes
Andrea Joyce, Texas A&M University, USA
S. Bradleigh Vinson, Texas A&M University, USA; Julio Bernal, Texas A&M University,
USA; Randy Hunt, Indiana University Southeast, USA; Fritz Schulthess, International
Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Kenya; Raul Medina, Texas A&M
University, USA
11:35
Multiple Mating of a Parasitoid Fly, Exorista japonica (Diptera: Tachinidae): Do
Females Intend to Use Sperm of Larger Males?
Satoshi Nakamura, Japan International Research Center for Agriculture (JIRCAS), Japan
Ryoko Ichiki, JIRCAS, Japan
11:50
Lunch: on your own
Theme 3: Physiology and Chemical Ecology
Moderator: S. Bradleigh Vinson, Texas A&M University, USA
1:30 p.m.
Plenary Address: Can We Manipulate Plant Signals Involved in Tritrophic Interactions
in Order to Enhance Biological Control?
Ted Turlings, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
2:00
Does Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance Against Pathogens Also Increase the
Parasitism of Caterpillars in Maize?
Georg Von Mérey, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Ted Turlings, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland; George Mahuku, International Centre
for Improvement of Maize and Wheat, Mexico; Marco D'Alessandro, University of
Neuchâtel, Switzerland
2:15
Leaf Epicuticular Waxes Effects Egg Parasitoid’s Response to Host Adult Footprint
Contact Kairomone
Stefano Colazza, University of Palermo, Italy
Mauro Lo Bue, University of Palermo, Italy; Daniela Lo Giudice, University of Palermo,
Italy; Ezio Peri, University of Palermo, Italy
2:30
How do Parasitic Phorid Flies Locate Fire Ant Hosts: Do Ant Venom Alkaloids Play a
Role?
Henry Fadamiro, Auburn University, USA
Li Chen, Beijing Forestry University, China
2:45
Dietary Restriction in Parasitoids: the Effect of Caloric Intake on Longevity
Jacintha Ellers, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Bas Ruhé, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Bertanne Visser, VU University
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
3:00
Break
3:30
Plenary Address: Host Regulation by Parasitic Hymenoptera: Molecular Bases and
Applied Perspectives
Francesco Pennacchio, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Italy
Page 21 of 152
4:00
The Importance of Destructive Feeding in the Development of the Koinobiont
Endoparasitoid Toxoneuron Nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Ruth Henderson, Texas A&M University, USA
Indira Kuriachan, Texas A&M University, USA; S. Bradleigh Vinson, Texas A&M
University, USA
4:15
A Serpin from the Parasitoid Wasp Leptopilina boulardi Targets the Drosophila
Phenoloxidase Cascade
Dominique Colinet, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France
Aurore Dubuffet, University of Leeds, UK; Dominique Cazes, INRA, France; Marylene
Poirie, INRA, France
4:30
Host Immune System Interference in the Host-Parasitoid System Diatraea saccharalis
– Cotesia flavipes
Fernando Consoli, University of São Paulo, Brazil
4:45
Host Immune Response Induced by the Endoparasitic Wasp Glyptapantales lipardis
Christa Schafellner, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Austria
Axel Schopf, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Austria
5:00
Adjourn
Page 22 of 152
Thursday, July 30, 2009
Theme 4: Entomophagous Insects in Minnesota: Community Genetics and Invasive Species
Moderator: Cynthia (Simon) Hsu, Cornell University, USA
8:30 a.m.
Plenary Address: Vegetational diversity and the third trophic level
David Andow, University of Minnesota, USA
Nancy Schellhorn, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
(CSIRO), Australia; Jason Harmon, University of Wisconsin, USA
9:00
Food-Web Interactions and Evolution Determine How an Invasive Species Responds to
Environmental Change
Jason Harmon, University of Wisconsin, USA
Nancy Moran, University of Arizona, USA; Anthony Ives, University of Wisconsin, USA
9:20
Interactions between Bacterial Endosymbionts within a Shared Parasitoid Host
Jen White, University of Kentucky, USA
Suzanne Kelly, University of Arizona, USA; Steve Perlman, University of Victoria, Canada;
Martha Hunter, University of Arizona, USA
9:40
Density-Dependent Apparent Competition between an Aphid and its Parasitoid
Jeremy Chacón, University of Minnesota, USA
George Heimpel, University of Minnesota, USA
9:55
Break
10:30
Determinants of the Field Oviposition Rate of the Soybean Aphid Parasitoid Binodoxys
communis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Christine Dieckhoff, University of Minnesota, USA
George E. Heimpel, University of Minnesota, USA
10:45
Nitrogen and Water Affect Direct and Indirect Plant Systemic Induced Defense in
Cotton
Dawn Olson, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA–ARS),
USA
Anne-Marie Cortesero, Universite de Rennes 1, France; Glen Rains, University of
Georgia, USA; Tom Potter, USDA–ARS, USA; W. Joe Lewis, USDA–ARS, USA
11:00
Decisions, Decisions – How Diet Affects the Short-Term Behavior of Parasitic Wasps
Jana Lee, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, USA
11:15
Host Patch Colonization of a Parasitoid: Speed, Spatial Pattern and Spatial Scale
Nancy Schellhorn, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
(CSIRO Entomology), Australia
11:30
The Importance of Non-Prey Foods to Entomophagous Insects: Coccinellids as a Case
Study
Jonathan Lundgren, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, USA
11:45
Adaptation of Native Parasitoids to a Novel Host, the Invasive Ladybird Harmonia
axyridis
Remy Ware, University of Cambridge, UK
Richard Hall, University of Georgia, USA; Laura Michie, University of Cambridge, UK
Page 23 of 152
12:00 p.m.
Lunch: on your own
12:00-5:00
Possible tours of the labs on the Saint Paul campus – Please see the message board for
more information
7:00
Banquet at Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum
Page 24 of 152
Friday July 31, 2009
Theme 5: Ecology and Applications
Moderator: Keith Hopper, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA–ARS), USA
8:30 a.m.
Plenary Address: Ecology of Intraguild Interactions: What Have We Learned for
Biological Control and Vice Versa
Jacques Brodeur, Université de Montréal, Canada
9:00
Plant Resistance Attenuates the Consumptive and Non-Consumptive Impacts of
Predators on Prey
Ian Kaplan, Cornell University, USA
Jennifer Thaler, Cornell University, USA
9:15
Cannibalism and Resource Partitioning Improve Prey Suppression Despite Intraguild
Predation
Yao-Hua Law, University of California–Davis, USA
Jay Rosenheim, University of California–Davis, USA
9:30
The Importance of the Mating System of Biological Control Agents: the Case of Orius
laevigatus
Moshe Coll, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
9:45
Factors Affecting Orius insidiosus Oviposition Decisions: Plant Quality and the
Presence of Food Resources
Michael Seagraves, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA–
ARS), USA
Jonathan Lundgren, USDA–ARS, USA
10:00
Break
10:30
Can Matrix Models Aid the Selection of Parasitoids for Biological Control
Introductions: Light Brown Apple Moth in California
Nick Mills, University of California–Berkeley, USA
10:45
Intraspecific Host Specialization of an African Parasitoid Cotesia sesamiae
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Antoine Branca, Institute for Research and Development (IRD), Laboratoire Evolution,
Génomes et Spéciation, France
Stéphane Dupas, IRD/PUCE, Ecuador; Bruno Le Rü, IRD/ICIPE, Kenya; Catherine Gitau,
Charles Stuart University, Australia; Jean-François Silvain, IRD, France
11:00
Rarity Confronted with Invasion: Fate of Coccinella novemnotata Following the
Establishment of Exotic Lady Beetles in the Intermountain West (North America)
Ted Evans, Utah State University, USA
11:15
Non-Target Effects of Neonicotinoid Seed Treatments; Mortality of Coccinellid Larvae
Related to Zoophytophagy
Susan Moser, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, USA
John Obrycki, University of Kentucky, USA
11:30
12:00 P.M.
Business Meeting
Adjourn
Page 25 of 152
Posters (in Alphabetical Order by First Author within each theme)
Theme 1: Evolution, Genetics, & Systematics
1.
Molecular Genetic Studies Confirm that Populations of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
from Texas and Florida are a Single Species: Natural Enemies of the Asian Citrus Psyllid
Jesse De León, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, USA
Mamoudou Sétamou, Texas A&M University–Kingsville, USA
2.
Molecular Markers Discriminate Closely Related Encarsia spp. (E. diaspidicola and E. berlesei):
Candidate Biocontrol Agentsf White Peach Scale in Hawaii
Jesse De León, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA–ARS), USA
Gabor Neumann, USDA–ARS, USA; Peter Follett, USDA–ARS, USA; Robert Hollingsworth, USDA–ARS, USA
Advances in the Chromosomal Study of Parasitic Wasps
Vladimir Gokhman, Moscow State University, Russia
3.
4.
Pan Trap Color Preference For Braconid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) in a Forest Clearing
Robert Kula, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research
Service, USA; Abigail Kula, University of Maryland, USA
Theme 2: Behavior & Life Histories
5.
Assessing the Relative Strength of Density-Mediated and Trait-Mediated Interactions between
Parasitoids and their Hosts
Jordan Bannerman, Simon Fraser University, Canada
Lee Henry, Simon Fraser University, Canada; Bernard Roitberg, Simon Fraser University, Canada; David
Gillespie, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada
6.
Mitigation of Egg Limitation in Parasitoids: Immediate Hormonal Response and Enhanced Oogenesis
After Host Use
Jerome Casas, Universite Francois Rabelais de Tours, France
David Giron, Universite Francois Rabelais de Tours, France ; Nicole Mandon, Universite Francois Rabelais
de Tours, France ; Jean-Paul Monge, Universite Francois Rabelais de Tours, France ; Fabrice Vannier,
Universite Francois Rabelais de Tours, France ; Jean Paul Delbecque, Universite de Bordeaux, France
7.
Eggs and Egg Loads of Field-Collected Ctenoplematine Ichneumonidae
Heather Cummins, Texas A&M University, USA
Robert Wharton, Texas A&M University, USA; Aubrey Colvin, Texas A&M University, USA
8.
The Behavioral Responses of the Egg Parasitoid Ooencyrtus telenomicida to Semiochemicals from First
and Second Trophic Level
Antonino Cusumano, University of Palermo, Italy
Ezio Peri, University of Palermo, Italy; Stefano Colazza, University of Palermo, Italy
9.
Patterns of Parasitism in the Egg Parasitoid Uscana semifumipennis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Joseph Deas Jr., University of Arizona, USA
Martha Hunter, University of Arizona, USA
10. Physiological Costs of Cold Storage of Aphidius ervi (Hymenopter: Aphidiidae)
Mohannad Ismail, University of Rennes 1, France
Philippe Vernon, University of Rennes 1, France; Thierry Hance, University Catholic Louvain, Belgium; Joan
van Baaren, University of Rennes 1, France
Page 26 of 152
11. Why Dryinids Spin Two Layers of Cocoon?
Sagadai Manickavasagam, Annamalai University, India
A. Prabhu, Annamalai, India
12. Interspecific Contest in Two Sympatric Parasitoid Species
Rihab Mohamad, University of Tours, France
Jean-Paul Monge, University of Tours, France; Marlene Goubault, University of Tours, France
13. Biological Characteristics of Tetrastichus brontispae, a Pupal Parasitoid of the Coconut Hispine Beetle
Thi Oo, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Japan
Ryoko Ichiki, JIRCAS, Japan; Shun-ichiro Takano, Kyushu University, Japan; Satoshi Nakamura, JIRCAS,
Japan ; Keiji Takasu, Japan, Kyushu University
14. Attraction of Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Conventional Versus Transgenic
Maize and Associated Host Odors
Ricardo Ramirez-Romero, Universidad De Guadalajara, Mexico
Nicolas Desneux, INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research); Aimé Bokonon-Ganta,
Direction De L’Agriculture, Benin; Julio Bernal, Texas A&M University, USA
15. Sexual Communication in the Egg Parasitoid Trissolcus brochymenae
Gianandrea Salerno, University of Perugia, Italy
Francesca Frati, University of Perugia, Italy; Eric Conti, University of Perugia, Italy; Ezio Peri, University of
Palermo, Italy; Stefano Colazza, University of Palermo, Italy
Theme 3: Physiology and Chemical Ecology
16. Morphology and Development of Immature Stages of Fidiobia dominica (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae:
Sceliotrachelinae)
Josep-Anton Jacas, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
Jorge E Peña, University of Florida - Tropical Education and Research Center, USA; Rita E Duncan,
University of Florida - Tropical Education and Research Center, USA
17. Comparing Associative Learning and Priming of Response to Host-Related Odor in a Specialist and a
Generalist Parasitoid Wasp Species
Margaret Jordan, Auburn University, USA
Esther Ngumbi, Auburn University, USA; Henry Fadamiro, Auburn University, USA
18. Is Post Egression Host Tissue Feeding Critical For the Development of Koinobiont Wasps?
Indira Kuriachan, Texas A&M University, USA
Rachel Laca, Texas A&M University, USA; S. Bradleigh Vinson, Texas A&M University, USA
19. Exclusion of Campoletis sonorensis Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) By Two Species of
Plusiinae Loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Henry Murillo, University of Windsor, Canada
Sherah VanLaerhoven, University of Windsor, Canada; David Hunt, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada,
Canada
20. Development, Morphology, and Function of the Calyx Cells in the Endoparasitic Wasp Glyptapanteles
Liparidis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Martina Olifiers, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Austria
Christa Schafellner, University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences Institute of Forest
Entomology, Austria; Axel Schopf, University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences Institute of
Forest Entomology, Austria
Page 27 of 152
21. Host stage selection by a Koinobiont Parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum
Ai Yamashita, Kyushu University, Japan
Keiji Takasu, Kyushu University, Japan; Satoshi Nakamura, Japan International Research Center for
Agricultural Sciences, Japan
Theme 4: Entomophagous Insects in Minnesota: Community Genetics and Invasive Species
22. Fate of Southern Green Stink-Bug Eggs in Bt-Cotton
Dawn Olson, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, USA
John Ruberson, University of Georgia, USA
Theme 5: Ecology and Applications
23. Being a Parasitoid of Parasites - Biology of Ixodiphagus hookeri a Parasitoid of Ticks
Jana Collatz, University of Hohenheim, Germany
Philipp Selzer, University of Hohenheim; Rainer Oehme, State Health Office Baden-Wuerttemberg,
Germany; Ute Mackenstedt, University of Hohenheim, Germany; Johannes Steidle, University of
Hohenheim, Germany
24. Factors Influencing the Effect of Orius insidiosus on Soybean Aphid (Aphis glycines) Population Growth
in the Field
Nicolas Desneux, INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), France
Ho Jung Yoo, University of California–San Diego and Purdue University, USA; Robert O'Neil, Purdue
University, USA
25. French Wasps in the New World: Experimental Biological Control Introductions Reveal a Demographic
Allee Effect
Xavier Fauvergue, INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), France
Keith Hopper, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, USA
26. Enhancing Biological Control of Cabbage Pests by Companion Plants
Celine Geneau, FiBL Switzerland
Henryk Luka, FiBL, Switzerland; Lukas Pfiffner, FiBL, Switzerland; Oliver Balmer, FiBL(The Research
Institute of Organic Agriculture), Switzerland
27. The Role of the Indigenous Parasitoid Brachyufens osborni in the Classical Biological Control Program of
Diaprepes abbreviatus in Florida
Josep-Anton Jacas, Universitat Jaume I, Spain
Bryan J. Ulmer, Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., USA; Jorge E Peña, University of Florida - Tropical
Education and Research Center, USA; Rita E Duncan, University of Florida – Tropical Education and
Research Center, USA
28. Current Status of Chalcidid Parasitoids in Cauvery Delta Zone of India
Rasappan Kanagarajan, Annamalai University, India
Sagadai Manickavasagam, Annamalai University, India
29. Short and Long-Term Effects of Temperature on Parasitoid-Host Interactions
Matthew Meisner, University of Wisconsin – Madison, USA
Page 28 of 152
30. Evaluation of Aphidoletes aphidomyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Defensive Mechanisms in the Presence
of Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Ahmad Reza Mohandesi, University of Tehran, Iran
Ahmad Ashouri, University of Tehran, Iran; Hossein Allahyari, University of Tehran, Iran
31. Uffda! Selling Biological Control to Norwegian Bachelor Farmers in the Upper Midwest
Kelley Tilmon, South Dakota State University, USA
Matthew O’Neal, Iowa State University, USA
32. Interaction between the invasive species Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
and its parasitoid complex (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from the Volga River Basin (Russia)
Zoya Yefremova, Ul’yanovsk State Pedagogical University, Russia
Page 29 of 152
ABSTRACTS
(in order of program)
Page 30 of 152
GENOMICS AND POST-GENOMICS OF PARASITOIDS
John H. Werren – Department of Biology
University of Rochester
585-275-3694
WERR@MAIL.ROCHESTER.EDU
The three species of Nasonia are the first parasitic hymenoptera to have their genomes sequenced. Here I
describe the status of the genome project and its applications. The genome information greatly increases utility of
Nasonia as a model genetic system, but more importantly will greatly enhance advancement of genetic and
genomic studies of parasitic hymenoptera. Comparisons with honey bee and other insects reveal possible
hymenopteran specific and chalcidoid specific gene sets, including a complex venom repertoire. RNAi has been
developed in Nasonia, providing a means to investigate function of these genes. Opportunities now exist to
identify parasitoid genes involved in host preference, diapause, mate discrimination, pathogen resistance, sex ratio
control, parthenogenesis, and many others of biological importance and with implications to biological control.
The possibility of directed genetic modification to produce “domesticated” parasitoids is no longer just an
abstraction. Therefore, research efforts into the genetics and genomics of parasitoids should be expanded and
vigorously pursued.
Page 31 of 152
The genetic basis of interspecies host preference differences in the model parasitoid Nasonia
Christopher A. Desjardins – University of Rochester
Department of Biology, University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627
585-273-1761
cdesjar3@mail.rochester.edu
John H. Werren – University of Rochester
Department of Biology, University of Rochester, RC Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627
585-273-1761
werr@mail.rochester.edu
The genetic basis of host preference has been investigated in only a few species, despite its importance to
parasitoid evolution and biological control. Here we show that a major locus strongly influences host preference in
the parasitic wasp Nasonia. Nasonia attack fly pupae; N. vitripennis is a generalist that utilizes a diverse set of hosts
whereas N. giraulti specializes on Protocalliphora (birdnest blowflies). In laboratory choice experiments using
Protocalliphora and Sarcophaga (flesh flies), N. vitripennis shows a preference for Sarcophaga while N. giraulti
shows a preference for Protocalliphora. Through a series of interspecies crosses we have introgressed a major
locus affecting host preference from N. giraulti in N. vitripennis. The N. giraulti allele is dominant and greatly
increases preference for Protocalliphora pupae in the introgression line relative to the recessive N. vitripennis
allele. We utilize the extensive genomic resources available for Nasonia to pinpoint the locus to a 16 Mbp region of
chromosome 4. To our knowledge this is the first introgression of the host preference of one parasitoid species
into another, as well as one of the few performed for any insect.
Page 32 of 152
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION: NOT JUST FOR HOST INSECTS ANYMORE…
Andrew A. Forbes – University of California, Davis
Department of Entomology,
320 Lyman Briggs Hall
Davis, Ca 95616
(530) 752-4481
Aaforbes@Ucdavis.Edu
Jeffrey L. Feder – University of Notre Dame
Department of Biology
Notre Dame, In 46556
(574) 631-4159
Jfeder@Nd.Edu
Several compelling examples of sympatric speciation have been presented over the past several decades, but their
continuing rarity fuels debate as to whether divergence in the absence of geographic isolation occurs with any
meaningful frequency. However, scarcity of good examples may reflect complications involved with studying nonmodel systems and a pervasive ‘null hypothesis’ of allopatric origins that must be convincingly falsified. One way
to address these issues is to study parasitoids of insects already known to be diverging in sympatry. The status of
these organisms may help us determine whether sympatric speciation is a novelty relegated to a few intangibly
‘special’ species, or if it instead depends primarily on availability of ecological and evolutionary opportunities.
Page 33 of 152
INTRA- AND INTER-SPECIFIC VARIATION OF VIRULENCE IN LEPTOPILINA PARASITOID WASPS: DECIPHERING THE
BLACK BOX.
Poirie Marylene - INRA, CNRS, UNIVERSITY OF NICE
Agrobiotech Institute, 400 Route Des Chappes,
06 903 Sophia Antipolis, France
66 (0)4 92 38 64 09
marylene.poirie@sophia.inra.fr
Anselme Caroline - INRA, CNRS, UNIVERSITY OF NICE
66 (0)4 92 38 64 89
caroline.anselme@sophia.inra.fr
Cazes Dominique - INRA, CNRS, UNIVERSITY OF NICE
66 (0)4 92 38 64 09
dominique.cazes@sophia.inra.fr
Colinet Dominique – INRA, CNRS, UNIVERSITY OF NICE
66 (0)4 92 38 64 09
dominique.colinet@sophia.inra.fr
Leptopilina wasps are parasitoids of Drosophila species which suppress the immune response of their host
using venom proteins they inject along with their eggs. L. heterotoma is a generalist while L. boulardi is a specialist
that only develop at the expense of some species of the melanogaster sub-group. Besides, two different types of L.
boulardi females are available that have different virulence properties: the success of ISm females is host speciesspecific (success in D. melanogaster, failure in D. yakuba) while ISy females succeed in both host species depending
on the genotype of the parasitized host. This model is then ideal to address the question of the basis of intraspecific and inter-specific variability of virulence in parasitoids.
We recently characterized a major virulence factor in the venom of ISm L. boulardi females, a RacGAP
protein (LbGAP) which targets D. melanogaster Rac1 and Rac2, leading to changes in haemocyte morphology.
Interestingly, this protein is not detected in the venom of ISy females (using a specific antibody), and host
haemocytes are not modified. Besides, LbGAP seems to be inefficient on D. yakuba hosts and it does not alter its
haemocytes. We report here our results on the mechanisms at the origin of this intra-specific variation of LbGAP
and of its host specificity.
In parallel, we conducted a wide range analysis by comparing cDNA sequences from libraries of venom
apparatus of the two L. boulardi strains and L. heterotoma. We present the information it provides on variability of
virulence in parasitoid wasps.
Page 34 of 152
EVOLUTION OF HOST USE IN CRYPTIC SPECIES OF PARASITIC WASPS
Keith R. Hopper – USDA-ARS
501 South Chapel St., Newark, DE 19713
1-302-731-7330
Keith.Hopper@ars.usda.gov
James B.Woolley - Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843
1-979-845-9349
JimWoolley@tamu.edu
John M. Heraty - University of California
Riverside, CA 92521
1-951-827-6351
john.heraty@ucr.edu
Parasitic Hymenoptera are extremely diverse and parasitize a wide variety of host species. Differences in host
specificity may provide strong selection for specialization, divergence, and thus speciation in parasitoids. We
report here on evolution of host use in a complex of cryptic species of aphid parasitoids. We address these
questions: Does the pattern of host use differ among the closely related species that comprise this complex? If so,
when we map host use map onto a molecular phylogeny of the complex, is speciation rarely associated with
changes in host use, or are host use changes associated with cladogenesis, as expected if changes in host use have
driven speciation? Are aphids that are close phylogenetically or that occur on the same host plant parasitized at
the same level by a given parasitoid? To answer these questions, we measured differences in parasitism of a
variety of aphid species by parasitoids in the Aphelinus varipes complex and mapped levels of parasitism of each
aphid onto a molecular phylogeny of the parasitoids. The pattern of parasitism of aphid species varied greatly
among parasitoid species and somewhat between parasitoid populations. Neither host plant species nor
taxonomic proximity of aphid species delimited which aphids were parasitized. Although closely related parasitoid
species showed similar parasitism of some aphid species, they showed very different parasitism of other aphid
species. The differences in host use between these closely related parasitoids suggests that changes in host use
may have sometimes been associated with speciation.
Page 35 of 152
SEX DETERMINATION LOAD IN THE PARASITOID COTESIA VESTALIS UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS
Jetske De Boer – UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN
KERKLAAN 30
NL-9751 NN HAREN
THE NETHERLANDS
+31-50-363-2128
J.G.DE.BOER@RUG.NL
Many parasitoid wasps of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea have complementary sex determination. This means
that diploid males are produced from fertilized eggs that are homozygous at a polymorphic sex locus. Diploid
males are commonly unviable or sterile Species with complementary sex determination therefore suffer from a
special form of inbreeding depression. To date, very little is known on the consequences of complementary sex
determination in natural populations of parasitoid wasps. I determined the production of diploid males in Cotesia
vestalis, a parasitoid of diamondback moth larvae, in Taiwanese cabbage fields. Diploid males occurred at low
frequencies in these fields. I will discuss explanations for a low sex determination load, including the possibility of
multiple complementary sex loci and behavioral mechanisms that reduce inbreeding.
Page 36 of 152
ONE LOCUS OR TWO? – EVOLUTIONARY POLARITY IN HYMENOPTERAN SEX DETERMINATION MECHANISMS
Mark K. Asplen – University of Minnesota
Department of Entomology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul, MN 55108
PHONE/FAX: 612-624-3715/612-625-5299
ASPLE001@UMN.EDU
James B. Whitfield – University of Illinois
Department of Entomology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana, Il 61801
PHONE/FAX: 217-333-2567/217-244-3499
JWHITFIE@LIFE.UIUC.EDU
Jetske G. De Boer – University of Groningen
Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies; University of Groningen; Kerklaan 30; 9751 NN Haren; the
Netherlands
PHONE: +31-50-363-2128
J.G.DE.BOER@RUG.NL
George E. Heimpel – University of Minnesota
Department of Entomology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul, MN 55108
PHONE/FAX: 612-624-3480/612-625-5299
HEIMP001@UMN.EDU
Although arrhenotokous haplodiploidy is the pervasive and ancestral mode of sex determination in the
Hymenoptera, its underlying genetic mechanisms are not uniform across the order. Here, we provide the first
phylogenetic evidence supporting complementary sex determination (CSD) as the ancestral mechanism for
hymenopteran haplodiploidy. It is currently not possible, however, to distinguish the evolutionary polarity of
single locus (sl) CSD and multiple-locus (ml) CSD given the available data. In this light, we discuss the seemingly
maladaptive hypothesis of ml-CSD collapse onto sl-CSD as a plausible evolutionary scenario based on (1) likely
weakening of frequency-dependent selection on sex alleles under ml-CSD, and (2) recent findings with respect to
the evolutionary novelty of the complementary sex determiner (csd) gene in honeybees. Our findings also help
provide a phylogenetically-informed blueprint for future sampling of sex determination mechanisms in the
Hymenoptera, as they yield hypotheses for many unsampled or ambiguous taxa and highlight taxa whose further
sampling will influence reconstruction of the evolutionary polarity of sex determination mechanisms in major
clades.
Page 37 of 152
No need to discriminate? Reproductive diploid males in a parasitoid with complementary sex determination
Dominique Mazzi – ETH Zurich
Institute of Plant Sciences, Applied Entomology, Schmelzbergstr. 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
+41 44 6323936 / +41 44 6321171
dominique.mazzi@ipw.agrl.ethz.ch
Jan Elias – ETH Zurich
+41 44 6323926 / +41 44 6321171
jan.elias@ipw.agrl.ethz.ch
Silvia Dorn – ETH Zurich
+41 44 6323921 / +41 44 6321171
silvia.dorn@ipw.agrl.ethz.ch
In hymenopterans with single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), sex is determined by multiple
alleles at a single locus. Haploids are always males, while diploids are female when heterozygous and male when
homozygous at the sex locus. In most species so far examined, diploid males are either inviable or effectively
sterile, thus imposing a genetic load on populations. Our comparison of the mating and reproductive success of
haploid and diploid males, however, revealed that diploid males of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia glomerata are
sexually competent and fertile. Females did not discriminate against diploid males as mating partners, even though
females mated to diploid males produced fewer daughters than females mated to haploid males. Diploid males
were larger in body size and initiated courtship display sooner than haploid males. We thus add to the scant
evidence for the occurrence of functionally reproductive diploid males in species with sl-CSD. We argue that the
frequent occurrence of inbreeding in combination with imperfect behavioral adaptations towards its avoidance
promote the evolution of diploid male fertility.
Page 38 of 152
WHY IS IT NOT POSSIBLE TO RESTORE SEXUAL REPRODUCUTION IN MOST PI-WOLBACHIA INFECTED
POPULATIONS?
Richard Stouthamer- University of California Riverside
TEL:951-827-2422
RICHARD.STOUTHAMER@UCR.EDU
Most populations infected with PI Wolbachia have gone to complete fixation for the Wolbachia infection, with the
exception of a number of Trichogramma populations. Feeding antibiotics to the wasps will result in the production
of male offspring, however if males are placed with the infected females, no successful fertilization of the eggs will
take place. In the few cases where we have been able to study the reason for this lack of sexual reproduction, it
appears that the females are either unwilling to mate or if they mate they will not fertilize their eggs. Through
theoretical work it has been shown that during the initial spread of the PI Wolbachia in the populations, there is a
selective advantage for females to no longer fertilize their eggs. Mutations that cause this effect have been named
“virginity mutations”. During the spread of the PI Wolbachia in the population these virginity mutations will go to
fixation. When males are produced from these populations they will often be able to father offspring with females
from sexual populations of the same species, and the genetics of these female virginity mutants can be determined
using introgression experiments. I will present a number of cases showing that these virginity mutations have a
simple inheritance as is expected. However, we have recently found a PI Wolbachia infected population of
Trichogramma pretiosum where we are also unable to restore sexual reproduction within the population, but the
data indicate that this is not caused by a virginity mutant with a simple inheritance. The genetics of this lack of
fertilization will be discussed.
Page 39 of 152
Life Without a Tricorder
Robert A. Wharton – Texas A&M University
Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
(979) 845-9719/(979)845-6305
rawbaw2@tamu.edu
Paul Rugman-Jones – University of California Riverside
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
(951) 827-2422/(951) 827-3086
paulrj@ucr.edu
Richard Stouthamer – University of California Riverside
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
(951) 827-2422/(951) 827-3086
richard.stouthamer@ucr.edu
Members of the genus Psyttalia (Braconidae, Opiinae) are parasitoids of fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera).
During surveys initiated in 1997, Psyttalia were reared from several different host plants and tephritid species in
western, central and eastern Kenya and from olive flies in several other countries. Several previously described
species of Psyttalia, characterized by distinct morphological features, were represented in our samples. The
identity of others proved elusive. Representatives from several populations hybridized with individuals of the
Mediterranean species Psyttalia concolor. Some of the populations capable of hybridizing with P. concolor proved
more genetically distinct than others. We use this example to discuss issues of speciation, biodiversity, and when
or whether to provide names for use in biological control.
Page 40 of 152
Evolution of insect parasitism under water, with particular reference to egg parasitism
Yoshimi Hirose – Kyushu University
349 Asano, Munakata, Fukuoka 811-3415, Japan
Phone 81 940-33 6046, Fax 81-940-33-6046
hirosey@jcom.home.ne.jp
Insect parasitoids are species-rich in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, but the richness of parasitoids of aquatic
insects is rather limited, given the species richness of potential aquatic hosts. Clearly, the aquatic habitat has been
a barrier to insect parasitism. However, sub-surface egg parasitism of aquatic insects is not so rare. In the evolution
of this type of egg parasitism, there are four reproductive strategies for parasitoid females that lack adaptations to
dive and attack eggs of aquatic insects. Such parasitoids can exploit aquatic hosts in the following ways: (1) when
the host’s eggs are laid on plants and other substrates above water, (2) when the host’s eggs are exposed above
water at some point in their life cycle, (3) if the females walk down among the plants bearing these hosts under
water (i.e., where the hosts are always under water), and (4) by swimming in search of hosts that are always under
water. The last step is highly evolved, and is found only in three families, Trichogrammatidae, Mymaridae and
Scelionidae. The evolutionary significance of these patterns will be discussed.
Page 41 of 152
The genetics of sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis.
David M. Shuker – University of St Andrews
School of Biology, Harold Mitchell Building, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, U.K.
+44 1334 46 3376/+44 1334 46 3366
david.shuker@st-andrews.ac.uk
The richness of our understanding of the selective forces underlying facultative sex allocation in parasitoid wasps is
rightly hailed as a success story for evolutionary biology. However, understanding the selective pressures
influencing sex ratio behaviour is only one half of the evolutionary equation; we also need to consider the genetic
basis of sex ratio behaviour and whether genetic architecture impinges on sex ratio evolution. Despite the
numerous studies addressing parasitoid sex ratios, we have surprisingly little knowledge of sex ratio genetics. Here
I will review three approaches used to address the genetic architecture of sex ratio in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis.
First, I will consider the mutational basis of sex ratio variation. A mutation accumulation study has suggested that
more genetic variation is created by mutation than observed at sex ratio mutation-selection balance, suggesting
“sex ratio genes” have pleiotropic fitness effects. Second, a recent quantitative trait locus (QTL) study has revealed
a sex ratio QTL, which will be discussed in terms of its genomic context. Third, I will present results from an
ongoing transcriptomics study that aims to identify the genes and genetic pathways associated with both
oviposition and sex allocation. The extent to which these different genetic approaches can be reconciled will be a
central theme of the discussion.
Page 42 of 152
SPILLING THE BEANS: SPATIAL, TEMPORAL, AND GENETIC VARIATION IN A TRITROPHIC SYSTEM IN MEXICO
Sarah G. Kenyon- University of Neuchâtel
11 RUE EMILE-ARGAND, NEUCHÂTEL 2009, SWITZERLAND
PHONE: +41 32 718 31 64/FAX: +41 32 318 30 01
sarah.kenyon@unine.ch
Betty Benrey- University of Neuchâtel
11 RUE EMILE-ARGAND, NEUCHÂTEL 2009, SWITZERLAND
PHONE: +41 32 718 31 32/FAX: +41 32 318 30 01
betty.benrey@unine.ch
In Mexico, wild bean seeds of the genus Phaseolus are attacked by bruchid beetles and these beetles are attacked
by three species of closely related Horismenus parasitoids. The objectives of this study are to 1) determine the
abiotic and biotic factors that dictate the temporal and spatial distribution of insects in this tritrophic system and
2) to determine how the level of intra-specific genetic diversity varies between related parasitoid species sharing a
common resource. Additionally we hope to identify the factors responsible for these differences. Emerging H.
depressus, H. missouriensis, and H. butcheri wasps were collected every 2-4 days from infested beans in 10
populations over a period of two years. Nuclear (28SD2 and ITS2) and mitrochondrial (cytB) regions were
amplified from representative individuals for phylogenetic analyses and all extracted individuals were screened for
infection by Wolbachia and Cardinium. Individuals morphologically identified as H. butcheri exhibited far greater
genetic polymorphism than either H. depressus or H. missouriensis and clustered into one of two variable groups.
In contrast, H. depressus and H. missouriensis each had limited variability these gene regions. While infection by
Wolbachia may explain lower levels of variation in mitochondrial markers in H. missouriensis (where it was present
though not fixed), that of H. depressus may be due to other factors. The greater genetic diversity found in H.
butcheri argues for increased genetic drift, either due to decreased dispersal ability between populations (perhaps
due to a more limited altitudinal range), and/or an earlier establishment.
Page 43 of 152
Lack of lipogenesis: the evolutionary consequence of a parasitic life style?
Bertanne Visser - VU University Amsterdam
De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
+31 (0)205987073
Bertanne.Visser@falw.vu.nl
Cécile Le Lann - University of Rennes 1
35042 Rennes Cedex, France
Cecile.LeLann@univ-rennes1.fr
Frank J. den Blanken - VU University Amsterdam
De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Jeffrey A. Harvey - Netherlands Institute of Ecology
Boterhoeksestraat 48, 6666 GA Heteren, The Netherlands
J.Harvey@nioo.knaw.nl
Jacques J. M. Van Alphen - University of Leiden
Kaiserstraat 63, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands
J.J.M.van.Alphen@biology.leidenuniv.nl
Nutrition plays an essential role in maintaining sufficient energy levels needed for growth, reproduction and
survival. Lipids are one of the most important long-term energy sources and metabolic pathways involved in
lipogenesis are highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Remarkably, however, several parasitoid species
have been found to deviate from this general metabolic model. These parasitoids are unable to synthesize lipids as
adults and obtain their lipids during the larval stage, presumably through intense host manipulation, in which
nutrients, including lipids, are synthesized by the host to benefit the parasitoid. In this study, we test the
hypothesis that the evolution of lack of lipogenesis is concurrent with a parasitic larval lifestyle within the insects.
We have tested 25 parasitoid species from different orders for lack of lipogenesis and collected data from existing
literature on other insect species. We find that lack of lipogenesis is confined to parasitoids, and has evolved
independently several times in hymenopteran, dipteran and coleopteran parasitoids. However, a small number of
parasitoid species was found to be able to synthesize lipids. We propose a hypothesis as to why some parasitoid
species have retained lipogenesis and discuss the ecological consequences for those who have not.
Page 44 of 152
LIFE HISTORY AND BEHAVIOR IN A MULTITROPHIC CONTEXT
Louise E. M. Vet
Netherlands Institute of Ecology (Nioo-Knaw)
P.O.BOX 1299, 3600 BG Maarssen
The Netherlands
TEL: +31 (0)294 23 93 12/23 93 00
FAX: +31 (0)294 23 20 78
EMAIL: L.VET@NIOO.KNAW.NL
Insects exhibit an astonishing variety of life history and behavioral traits. To understand the ecology and evolution
of these traits it is imperative to apply a multitrophic approach since traits in one trophic level can influence those
in other trophic levels. Here I will address an important life history trait: solitary vs gregarious development, its link
with behavior and consequences at the community level. Illustrated by our model system of the related species
Cotesia glomerata (gregarious) and C. rubecula (solitary) and their respective hosts Pieris brassicae (gregarious)
and P. rapae (solitary), I will argue that the life history strategy of hosts can play an important role in shaping the
structure of communities. The spatial distribution of gregariously and solitary feeding caterpillars differ and this
has significant consequences for the performance of higher trophic levels. First, the aggregation of hosts on plants
has likely played a role in the evolution of gregariousness in Cotesia from the ancestral solitary state. Theory
predicts that gregariousness in parasitoids can be facilitated through inversely density-dependent patch
exploitation. This can happen when, by grouping in large clusters, herbivores saturate the plant defense system
and thus attract fewer natural enemies per capita. Second, the spatial host distribution, i.e. clustered or uniform,
strongly determines the mating structure and foraging behavior (learning and memory dynamics) of the Cotesia
species. Finally, a combination of host and parasitoid traits can also influence the evolution of life-history
strategies and behavior of species in the fourth trophic level involving secondary (= cocoon) hyperparasitoids of
Cotesia species.
Page 45 of 152
The effects of an invasive plant on development of herbivores
and their parasitoids
Taiadjana Fortuna - Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-CTE)
Phone: +31 (0)26 479 13 12/ Fax: +31 (0)26 472 32 27
t.fortuna@nioo.knaw.nl
Jeffrey A. Harvey - Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-CTE)
Phone: +31 (0)26 479 14 12/ Fax: +31 (0)26 472 32 27
j.harvey@nioo.knaw.nl
Louise E. M. Vet – Department of Entomology, Wageningen University (WUR)
Binnenhanven 7, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
Phone: 31 (0)294 239 312/ Fax: +31 (0)294 239 078
l.vet@nioo.knaw.nl
Some plants are shifting their ranges northwards in response to climate warming. Many invasive plants are known
to be released from their native pathogens and herbivores, establishing in new areas. However, the mechanisms
facilitating these processes are poorly understood. Studies with invasive plants have thus far focused mostly on
plant-herbivore interactions in a bi-trophic framework. However, integrating higher trophic levels into studies with
invasive and native plants will provide important information that may help us to understand how both top-down
and bottom-up processes are involved in the success of potential invaders. Here, we describe interactions
involving an invasive plant, Bunias orientalis, from SW Asia, which has spread over central Europe in the last
decades, and a native plant, Brassica nigra. The performance of a specialist herbivore, Pieris brassicae, and two of
its gregarious parasitoids was investigated. Cotesia glomerata is a koinobiont larval endoparasitoid, whose larvae
feed on growing hosts. Pteromalus puparum is an idiobiont pupal ectoparasitoid, whose larvae feed on nongrowing hosts. We tested two hypotheses: (1) the native plant is of higher quality for the herbivore development,
than the invasive plant; (2) the koinobiont parasitoid will suffer larger costs in fitness than the idiobiont, because
host quality is not predictable for the former parasitoid at the time of oviposition. The results will help to elucidate
the constraints imposed by differing plant quality on local enemies, and which types of natural enemies will be
most negatively affected by invasive plants containing novel compounds to which they are not adapted.
Page 46 of 152
The influence of parasitoid foraging behaviour on trophic cascades
Lee Henry – Simon Fraser University
8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC
(778) 782 4512
lhenry@sfu.ca
Jordan Bannerman - Simon Fraser University
(778) 782 4512
jordan_bannerman@sfu.ca
David Gillespie - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
6947 # 7 Highway Agassiz, British Columbia/Agassiz
(604) 796 1707
Dave.Gillespie@agr.gc.ca
Bernie Roitberg - Simon Fraser University
(778) 782 4512
roitberg@sfu.ca
Predator foraging behaviour can have a profound impact on the indirect effects transmitted from prey to plants.
This study investigates the influence of disparate parasitoid foraging strategies on the strength, direction and
proportional allocation of trait- and density-mediated effects on trophic cascades. The nature and overall
importance of host responses to parasitoid foraging will be discussed in the context of ecological communities.
Page 47 of 152
Travel time affects host choice in depleting host patches
Guy Boivin – Agriculture and Agrifood Canada
430 Boul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada J3B 3E6
Phone 450-515-2013/ Fax 450-346-7740
boiving@agr.gc.ca
Maryse Barrette – McGill University
Department of Natural Resource Sciences,
Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 1C0
Phone 450-515-2004/ Fax 450-346-7740
barrettem@agr.gc.ca
Jacques Brodeur – Université de Montréal
Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département des sciences biologiques,
4101 Sherbrooke Est Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2
Phone 514-872-4563/ Fax 514-343-2293
jacques.brodeur@umontreal.ca
Luc-Alain Giraldeau – Université du Québec à Montréal
Département des Sciences Biologiques, C.P. 8888, succursale centre-ville,
Montréal, Québec, Canada H3P 3P8
Phone 514-987-3000 ext 3244/ Fax 514-987-4647
giraldeau.luc-alain@uqam.ca
Foraging theory predicts that travel time between patches affects both patch exploitation time and the
exploitation level of these patches. Travel time is also expected to influence the dietary strategy of solitary
foragers. Models predict an expanding specialist strategy: a parasitoid should start as a specialist on the most
profitable prey and then, at some point during patch exploitation, should switch to a generalist foraging strategy.
When travel time is long, the switch to a generalized diet is predicted to come earlier than when travel time is
short. We tested these predictions under laboratory conditions using female aphid parasitoids (Aphidius colemani)
exploiting patches of mixed instars hosts (Myzus persicae, L1 and L4) under short and long travel times. Our results
confirm that patch residence times increase with travel time. They also confirm the expanding specialist
prediction: parasitoid females specialized initially on the more profitable hosts (L4) and, as the patch depleted,
they switched to a generalist by accepting more frequently the less profitable hosts (L1). The point at which they
switched from specialist to generalist occurred later when travel times and hence patch times were short. The
distribution of host patches in the habitat will thus influence the probability of parasitism of hosts that vary in
quality.
Page 48 of 152
ECTOPARASITOIDS OF ENDOPHYTIC HOSTS: EXPLORING CONSEQUENCES OF THE MOST ANCESTRAL GROUND
PLAN FOR PARASITOID LIFE STYLE AT THE BEHAVIORAL LEVEL
Silvia Dorn – ETH Zurich
Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO
CH-8092 Zurich/Switzerland
++41 44 632 3921/ ++41 44 632 1171
silvia.dorn@ipw.agrl.ethz.ch
Silke Hein – ETH Zurich
Claudia Notter-Hausmann – ETH ZURICH
Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO
CH-8092 Zurich/Switzerland
Ectoparasitoid idiobionts (whose hosts cease development after parasitism) are thought to represent the ancestral
ground plan for parasitoid life style, and the most ancestral species very likely parasitized larvae of concealed hosts
(Pennacchio and Strand 2006). We studied an ectoparasitoid of codling moth larvae that feed within fruits, the
eulophid Hyssopus pallidus, a species native to Eurasia. The parasitoid has the special ability to enter the fruit
through the calyx or the tunnel bored by the caterpillar, to paralyze the host caterpillar irreversibly, and to deposit
several eggs onto it. Microhabitat preference trials suggest that the parasitoid’s host niche selection behavior most
likely co-evolved with the codling moth on apple. Apple odors are learned by the parasitoid during its early
development, and this unusual preimaginal olfactory learning strongly improves parasitoid searching behavior in
the adult stage. Adult parasitoids utilize fruit components, which become accessible in the feeding galleries of the
caterpillar, as a nutrient source to increase longevity and fertility. This is an intriguing tritrophic interaction that
adds a novel aspect to the diversity of food sources exploited by parasitoids. Species such as H. pallidus that are
time rather than egg limited may benefit from feeding close to their host directly on the damaged plant tissue. In
conclusion, ectoparasitoid idiobionts of concealed hosts are promising targets for future discoveries of
extraordinary life strategies that evolved over millions of years.
Page 49 of 152
HOST FEEDING IN ERETMOCERUS MUNDUS: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOST PLANT, FEMALE SIZE, EGG
PRODUCTION AND FOOD KIND.
Dan Gerling
Tel Aviv University/Zoology
Tel Aviv, Israel
DANGE@TAUEX.TAU.AC.IL
Ira Akiva
Tel Aviv University/Zoology
Tel Aviv, Israel
Eretmocerus mundus is a widely used solitary parasitoid of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The egg load and
oviposition dynamics of Eretmocerus species are reported to vary from nearly proovigenic to synovigenic. Host
feeding, which is closely associated with egg production strategies, and which often adds measurably to its host
killing capacity, is an important parameter in parasitoid efficacy considerations. We studied the relationships
between egg production, parasitoid size and host plant species. Effects of different foods, the preference of host
instar and the timing of feeding in relation to egg depletion and the ovigeny index were determined. These helped
to elucidate the need for host feeding and its utility for progeny production. All experiments were run for the first
3 days of the females’ lives which are the prime oviposition days. Addition of honey did not vary progeny
production in normally host feeding females; but honey alone without host feeding resulted in drastic decline in
progeny production and its cessation after 2 days. Host feeding of intact or crushed nymphs produced similar
results while feeding on yeast hydrolyzate produced 70% of that amount, indicating the need for additional,
probably non-protein nutrients. Females preferred 3rd instar whitely nymphs both for oviposition and feeding.
Host feeding started within the first day of ovipositing when ovaries still contained numerous ripe eggs, probably
anticipating a relatively long egg-ripening process. An ovigeny index of 0.1-0,175 was obtained indicating a strongly
synovigenic physiology. Variations in host plant-induced parasitoid sizes may explain discrepancies in ovigeny
indexes among different authors.
Page 50 of 152
Factors determining superparasitism acceptance in the parasitoid Echthrodelphax fairchildii: egg load is not
important
Yoshihiro Y. Yamada – Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University
Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Tel: +81-59-231-9498/Fax: +81-59-231-9540
yamada-y@bio.mie-u.ac.jp
Kazuki Tatsuta - Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University
Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Tel: +81-59-231-9498/Fax: +81-59-231-9540
japtradfword@yahoo.co.jp
We elucidated whether egg load is a determinant of superparasitism acceptance in Echthrodelphax fairchildii
(Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), a parasitoid of planthoppers in the paddy field. In experiment I, we let individual
female parasitoids encounter abundant or very few hosts on the previous day before superparasitism bouts.
These parasitoids were allowed to encounter a conspecifically parasitized host different hours after photophase
commenced. Te egg load of the parasitoids was examined just after their superparasitism bouts. The egg load of
the parasitoids under host-poor condition on the previous day was nearly constant irrespectively of time elapsing
after photophase commenced, and higher than that of the parasitoids under host-rich condition. However, the
rate of superparasitism acceptance increased with increasing time after photophase commenced and plateaued
after 4 hours of photophase had passed, irrespective of whether the parasitoids had been under host-rich or poor
conditions. These results suggest that neither the experience on the previous day nor egg load had influence on
superparasitism acceptance, and that the parasitoids were likely to accept superparasitism based on how long they
had been under the condition of no availability of hosts that day. In experiment II, after supplying different
numbers of unparasitized hosts sequentially individual parasitoids were allowed to encounter a conspecifically
parasitized host. The parasitoids were more likely to avoid superparasitism when they had encountered more
unparasitized hosts. In light of the results of experiment I, this suggests that the parasitoids decided to accept
superparasitism based on their experience, not based on their egg load.
Page 51 of 152
COSTS OF DISCRIMINATING OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR WHEN ANTS ARE PRESENT: A COMPARISON OF TWO
PARASITOIDS OF THE VINE MEALYBUG
Karen Sime – State University of New York at Oswego
Dept. Biological Sciences, SUNY Oswego, Oswego NY 13126
315-506-2558, FAX 315-312-3059
KSIME@OSWEGO.EDU
Kent Daane – University of California, Berkeley
Dept. Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, Berkeley CA 94720
559-646-6522, FAX 559-646-6593
DAANE@UCKAC.EDU
Host-handling times, host-stage preference, and fecundity patterns of two parasitoid species (Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae) that attack the vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus, Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) were evaluated in the
laboratory. Oviposition behavior and success were also compared in the presence and absence of Argentine ants
(Linepithema humile; Hymenoptera: Formicidae), which commonly tend vine mealybugs in the California vineyards
where these parasitoids are being evaluated as biological control agents. Anagyrus pseudococci preferred to
oviposit into older host instars and spent significantly more time handling hosts than did Coccidoxenoides
perminutus, which did not discriminate among host instars. Rates of successful parasitism by C. perminutus
differed according to host instar attacked, with greatest offspring production from 2nd-instar hosts. For C.
perminutus, parasitism success was not affected by ants. In contrast, A. pseudococci made fewer oviposition
attempts on and produced fewer offspring from mealybugs tended by ants. These results suggest that the
discriminating oviposition behavior of A. pseudococci has a cost when ants are present. The much more rapid and
non-discriminating oviposition behavior of C. perminutus is not matched to suitability of host stages for offspring
development, but may be advantageous when mealybug hosts are tended by ants.
Page 52 of 152
Evolutionary balancing of fitness-limiting factors and the predictability of ecological systems
Jay A. Rosenheim – University of California, Davis
One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
(530) 758-5130
jarosenheim@ucdavis.edu
Uri Alon – Weizmann Institute of Science
Departments of Molecular Cell Biology and Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
urialon@weizmann.ac.il
Guy Shinar – Weizmann Institute of Science
Departments of Molecular Cell Biology and Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot
76100, Israel
guy@wisemail.weizmann.ac.il
Debates concerning the relative roles of different factors that may limit an organism’s reproductive success
pervade evolutionary ecology. One such debate familiar to researchers studying parasitoid ecology focuses on the
relative importance of egg limitation versus time (=host) limitation as a constraint on female reproduction. We
argue that these debates share a common logical structure: organisms inhabit stochastic environments, face
allocation trade-offs, and have limited phenotypic plasticity. We analyze life history evolution in response to
different limiting factors when the factors are non-substitutable and absolutely required components of
reproductive success. For this case we show that it is evolutionarily optimal for organisms to balance multiple
fitness-limiting factors, rather than being consistently limited by a single factor. At the optimum, the probability of
an individual’s fitness being limited by a given factor is linked to the physiological cost of the allocation to coping
with that factor. Our results help to explain why the dynamics of ecological systems are often hard to predict: as
an organism transitions between different limiting factors, its responses to perturbations of those factors will also
change.
Page 53 of 152
ECOLOGY OF DEFENSE IN A LEAFMINER: WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU CAN’T RUN AND YOU CAN’T HIDE
Candace Low – Simon Fraser University
8888 University Drive
antispila@gmail.com
The stages that occur during any successful predation (or parasitism) event represent multiple opportunities for
prey (or hosts) to evolve defenses. These stages are: detection, identification, subjugation, capture, and
consumption. These stages represent sequential opportunities for prey to escape attack, so that failure at one
stage may be offset by success at a later stage; and also, as separate pathways for defenses to evolve. However,
becoming perfectly effective and well adapted to defend at every stage in the sequence may be limited by tradeoffs between stages. My work investigates the ecology of defense in the Tupelo Leafminer, Antispila nysaefoliella
(Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), in a field population of Black Gum, Nyssa Sylvatica (Cornaceae), in Clarke County,
Virginia. I will present both observational and experimental results on the trade-off between avoiding detection
and escaping attack, and potential adaptations that could allow individuals of this species to compensate for its
sessile lifestyle and conspicuous nature.
Page 54 of 152
No correlation between developmental time and adult life span in parasitoids: the role of metabolic rate and fat
reserves
Majeed Askari Seyahooei, Leiden University, the Netherlands
Co-Authors:
Ken Kraaijeveld, Leiden University, the Netherlands
Jacques J. M. Van Alphen, Leiden University, the Netherlands
Abstract
Age at maturity and body size are both positively correlated with life span in a wide range of taxa. Remarkably, this
relationship is absent in hymenopteran parasitoids. Parasitoid wasps cannot synthesize lipids themselves, but have
to obtain them from their host. Therefore, they face a trade-off between investment of lipids into either survival or
reproduction. Therefore efficiency in uptake, allocation strategy and metabolic rate are likely to influence the
relation between lifespan and development. To address the role of each, we studied resource allocation,
developmental time, life span and metabolic rate in five species of Asobara, parasitoids of Drosophila larvae. We
measured fat content and egg load at eclosion. Parasitoid wasps can take up carbohydrates as adults and we
therefore compared developmental time and life span of the species in presence and absence of a carbohydrate
food resource. Two out of five species with long development time and high fat reserve showed long life span
when we supplied them carbohydrate food source although this pattern disappeared when we deprived them of
food. Metabolic rate appeared to trade off with longevity of the species. A. japonica had the highest metabolic
rate and lived shortest both with and without food. A. pleuralis had the lowest metabolic rate and was the longest
lived species in the no food treatment and relatively long lived in the food treatment. We found no clear link
between initial egg load and longevity of the species. We suggest that life span is adapted to different life
strategies in parasitoids independent of developmental time. Metabolic rate and life span are likely to combine to
produce the optimal lifestyle for a given environment. Different strategies in using stored fat for making more eggs
in early adult life may explain why in some fat species lived short when deprived of food and others long.
Page 55 of 152
MULTI-OBJECTIVE PROXIMATE BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS IN PARASITIC WASPS: HOW TO OPTIMIZE SEVERAL
BEHAVIORS SIMULTANEOUSLY TO INCREASE THE GLOBAL NUMBER OF PROGENY PRODUCED?
Eric Wajnberg - INRA
400 Route Des Chappes – BP 167
06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex – France
Phone: +33.492386447/FAX: +33.492386557
wajnberg@sophia.inra.fr
Behavioral ecology aims at understanding the behavior animals should adopt to maximize their offspring
production. During the last decades, such a scientific approach was developed on a large variety of parasitoid
species and several important results were obtained leading to the understanding of how parasitic wasps should
adjust their behavior (e.g., patch residence time, progeny and sex allocation, etc.) in an optimal way. In almost all
cases, the proximate behavioral mechanisms adopted by animals to achieve such a goal have been identified.
However, each of the behaviors analyzed within such a framework has always been studied separately, although
parasitoids are under strong selective pressures leading them to optimize all behaviors simultaneously. For this
reason, it would be better if proximate behavioral rules were designed to attain several goals simultaneously.
However, such multi-objective proximate behavioral rules remain to be discovered.
This issue was addressed experimentally by analyzing how Trichogramma chilonis (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)
females manage their patch time and sex allocation strategies simultaneously. The patch residence time of mated
females was measured on patches of different quality along with the sex of each progeny laid. Using the results
obtained, we demonstrated that females are simultaneously following accurately the prediction of the Marginal
Value Theorem for their patch residence time, and those of the Local Mate Competition model for the sex ratio
they produced. A Cox regression model was used to unravel the multi-objective proximate behavioral rules used by
the females, and computer simulations demonstrated why such behavioral mechanisms are optimal.
Page 56 of 152
Sugar discrimination by the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes
Keiji Takasu- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
takasu@brs.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Khac Hoang Le – Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
Most of parasitic wasps need sugars for sustaining their life and reproduction. Since different sugars have different
effects on longevity and reproduction in parasitic wasps, they may need to discriminate among sugars to search for
food effectively. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine effect of different sugars on longevity and
feeding response to them by the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes, and then if they can discriminate different
sugars. This species survives only 2 to 3 days with water only. However, wasps given a solution of either sucrose,
fructose, or glucose live for more than 20 days and those given a solution of maltose live for 10 days, suggestion
the former three sugars are better diets than the latter. Wasps accepted solutions of sucrose, fructose and glucose
in lower concentrations than maltose solution, and their feeding time was longer in the former three sugars than
in the latter. These results suggest a correlation between sugar quality and appetitive response. We also examined
feeding response of wasps when given two different sugars in sequence. When given maltose after fructose or
sucrose, feeding time was significantly reduced than those given maltose only. After feeding on sucrose, the
feeding response by wasps to fructose changed. Soon after feeding on sucrose, wasps only briefly fed on fructose
before leaving. Since then, they repeatedly visited the food source only for feeding briefly. These results suggest
that M. croceipes can discriminate among sucrose, fructose and maltose, even when sucrose and fructose are
similar effect on longevity.
Page 57 of 152
THE ELUSIVE PARADOX: RESPECT FOR OWNERSHIP AND CONTEST OUTCOMES IN PARASITOID WASPS
Marlene Goubault – Universite de Tours
IRBI CNRS 6035
Parc De Grandmont
37200 Tours, France
+33 2 47 36 73 49
marlene.goubault@univ-tours.fr
Tom Bentley - University of Nottingham
Tristan T Hull- University of Nottingham
Ian CW Hardy- University of Nottingham
School of Biosciences
Sutton Bonington Campus
Loughborough, Le12 5rd
United Kingdom
+44 115 9516052
ian.hardy@nottingham.ac.uk
Ownership status is one of the main factors affecting outcomes of dyadic contest for indivisible resources.
Theoretical models have predicted that such a role asymmetry (owner vs. intruder) can be sufficient for an
evolutionary stable contest resolution. Resource can be either retained by the owner (‘common-sense’ outcome)
or taken over by the intruder (‘paradoxical’ outcome). However, recent models predict paradoxes to be rare and
empirical evidence of such counterintuitive outcomes are scarce.
We have recently reported possible paradoxical outcomes in Goniozus legneri, a parasitoid wasp species where
females directly compete for hosts. Here, we investigated further factors affecting contest outcomes: contest
ability (i.e. body size) and the value that owner place into the host (in terms of the developmental stage reached
by the owner’s offspring) additionally to ownership status. We also assessed females’ respect for ownership by
measuring contestants’ attack behaviours. Goniozus legneri females showed only partial respect for role
asymmetries, with intruders often driving attacks towards owners. Such a partial respect for ownership is
predicted by recent models taking into account population-feedback on resource value. Contest outcomes are
mainly affected by contestants’ difference in body size and resource value and are generally common sense.
Examples of paradoxical contest outcomes therefore remain elusive.
Page 58 of 152
HOW MUCH DOES IT COST A PARASITOID TO BE UNMATED?
Richard F. Green
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
University of Minnesota Duluth
Duluth, MN 55812
ABSTRACT:
Parasitic wasps have the ability to choose the sex of their offspring. Some solitary wasps are known to produce
daughters in large hosts and sons in small hosts. This pattern of sex allocation can be understood if we assume
that daughters benefit more from large hosts than do sons. If we know how the fitness of each sex depends on
host size, and if we know the distribution of host size, then we can determine which sex should be assigned to
which hosts. The optimal sex allocation strategy is known for the case in which all female wasps are mated. But if
some of the females are unmated and are only able to produce sons, then the optimal sex allocation strategy for
mated females is different. I show how to find the optimal sex allocation strategy for mated females in the
presence of unmated females.
The method used to determine optimal sex allocation can also be used to measure the cost of being unmated. I do
this by making comparable the fitness functions for the two sexes and then comparing the average fitness of an
offspring produced by a mated female with the average fitness of a son produced by an unmated female. The
difference between these averages is the cost of being unmated. This cost, which can be substantial even when
almost all females are mated, is greater when the proportion of unmated females is greater. The method of
comparing the fitnesses of the sexes also can be used to measure the cost of producing sons or daughters in the
wrong-sized hosts.
Page 59 of 152
Does Kin Recognition Mediate Competition Among Nasonia longicornis Broods?
Morgan Hoffman – UBC Okanagan
3333 University Way, Kelowna BC, Canada, V1V 1V7
250-808-0210
morgan_hoffman@hotmail.com
Bob Lalonde – UBC Okanagan
3333 University Way, Kelowna BC, Canada, V1V 1V7
250-807-8764
robert.lalonde@ubc.ca
Kin recognition and cooperation are important factors in determining foraging success among many taxa, yet few
have considered these factors in parasitoid systems. The parasitoid Nasonia longicornis (NL) (Chalcidoidea:
Pteromalidae) develops gregariously inside fly pupa (Protocalliphora spp). Multiple females may exploit one host,
resulting in competition between broods. Previous results have shown that Nasonia fitness is highly correlated
with the relative size of broods. We hypothesize that larval NL that are close kin (i.e. brood mates) cooperate for
limited resources, producing these otherwise inexplicable brood size effects. Here we test the hypothesis that
larval NL can recognize kin by evaluating whether cooperation (based on kin recognition) breaks down when
competing broods are closely related. To do this we manipulated the degree of relatedness (probability of shared
genes through common descent) between competing broods by hybridization with common males (preserving
matrilines) and then allowed females with known relatedness to parasitize the same host. We identified the
mothers of all competing progeny using the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene, which is maternally inherited and is
polymorphic for this species. Finally we evaluated their feeding success by measuring the tibia of all eclosed
offspring. This work contributes to our understanding of parasitoid behavior as it increases out understanding of
competition in light of social context.
Page 60 of 152
Geographic variation in courtship acoustics and genetic divergence of populations of Cotesia sesamiae
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Cotesia flavipes
Andrea L. Joyce – Texas A&M University
Dept. of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tx 77843 USA
(979) 847-9484
ajoyce@neo.tamu.edu
S. Bradleigh Vinson - Texas A&M University
(979) 845-9754
bvinson@neo.tamu.edu
Julio S. Bernal - Texas A&M University
(979) 862-8378
juliobernal@neo.tamu.edu
Randy E. Hunt – Indiana University Southeast
Dept. of Biology, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany IN 47150 USA
(812) 941-2380
rhunt01@ius.edu
Fritz Schulthess – International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
ICIPE, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
245-02-861680-4
fschulthess@icipe.org
Raul F. Medina - Texas A&M University
(979) 845-8304
rfmedina@neo.tamu.edu
We examined four populations of Cotesia sesamiae and three populations of C. flavipes for divergence in courtship
acoustic signals and for genetic divergence. C. sesamiae were collected in Kenya, and included two populations
from each of the two host associated strains of this species. For C. flavipes, two of the three populations were
collected outside of their native range of Pakistan/India (i.e., Kenya and Texas), while the third population was
collected in Australia. The airborne component of male wing fanning during courtship was recorded for courting
males from each population. Each male was subsequently used to create a genetic fingerprint using amplified
fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Structure 2.2 software was used to determine the number of genetically
distinct populations. We found significant differences in acoustic signals among populations within each of the two
species. For C. sesamiae, differences in acoustics signals of the two strains were largest when populations occurred
in close proximity geographically, but it is unknown if the two strains occur in sympatry. The AFLP data revealed
two genetically distinct groups for C. sesamiae, which correspond to the two strains in this species. For C. flavipes,
the Kenya and Texas populations had similar courtship buzz durations, which in both were significantly shorter
than in the Australian population. The AFLP data for C. flavipes showed that the Australian population was
genetically isolated from the Kenya and Texas populations, while the Kenya and Texas populations were genetically
similar. Our behavioral and genetic data support the recent separation of the Australian population as a new
species Cotesia nonagriae, distinct from C. flavipes.
Page 61 of 152
Multiple mating of a parasitoid fly, Exorista japonica (Diptera: Tachinidae): Do females intend to use sperms of
larger males?
Satoshi Nakamura - Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS)
Tsukuba, 305-8686, Japan
s.nakamura@affrc.go.jp
Ryoko. T. Ichiki – JIRCAS
Exorista japonica is an endoparasitoid of lepidopteran insects. Males of this species are larger than females. Large
males appear to have a better chance to control female’s resistance against male mating attempts than small
males, and they enjoy the advantage of being large. In the previous study, we found that females mating with a
large male would have a possibility to increase their fecundity and emergence rate of their offspring from
parasitized hosts. We investigated sperm competition in E. japonica when a female mated with two males
successively. To identify which sperm are used by females, we used an isogenic line of a mutant strain which has
an eye-colour mutation. Adults of the mutant have red eyes, whereas those of a normal (wild) strain have brown
eyes. The mutant phenotype is controlled by a single autosomal recessive allele. In this study, mutant females
were allowed to mate to either a mutant or a wild male, and the proportions of individuals with red and brown
eyes in the following generation were determined. The results indicated that the proportion of offspring sired by
the first male to mate was generally greater than that of offspring sired by the second. However, females that
were first inseminated by a small male and then mated to a large male tended to produce more offspring sired by
the large male than those sired by the small male. We discuss the implications of the multiple mating and female's
resistant behaviour to male’s mating attempts.
Page 62 of 152
CAN WE MANIPULATE PLANT SIGNALS INVOLVED IN TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN ORDER TO ENHANCE
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL?
Ted Turlings – University of Neuchatel
Rue Emile Argand 11, Cp 158, Ch-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland
Phone: +41 32 718 30 00, Fax: +41 32 718 30 01
TED.TURLINGS@UNINE.CH
Host location by many parasitoids is largely facilitated by volatile signals emitted by plants in response to
herbivory. A good understanding of these so-called tritrophic interactions and the key signals that are involved
may help to select or manipulate crop varieties in order to optimize biological control. We have used several
behavioral, chemical and molecular approaches to identify parasitoid attractants. Our results suggest that there
are compounds -probably emitted in very small amounts- that are essential for innate parasitoid attraction,
whereas other plant volatiles are mainly learned by parasitoids during host encounters and subsequently used to
find more hosts. As yet, key parasitoid attractants remain to be identified. This is different for belowground
tritrophic interactions, where we identified the sesquiterpene (E)-β-caryophyllene as the main compound emitted
by maize roots in response to feeding by the Western corn rootworm. (E)-β-Caryophyllene is highly attractive to
entomopathogenic nematodes that infect and kill this important maize pest, but most American maize varieties
have lost the ability to emit this nematode attractant. Using a transgenic approach we were able to restore the
signal in one of those lines and thereby significantly increased the efficacy of a nematode in the control of the
rootworm. This example illustrates the potential of improving plant traits in order to enhance biological control.
Page 63 of 152
DOES INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE AGAINST PATHOGENS ALSO INCREASE THE PARASITISM
OF CATERPILLARS IN MAIZE?
Georg Von Mérey1, Ted Turlings1, George Mahuku2, Marco D’Alessandro1
1
2
University Of Neuchatel, Institute of Biology, Lab of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology
Emile Argand 11, Cp 158, Ch-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland
Phone: +41 32 718 30 00, Fax: +41 32 718 30 01
International Centre For Improvement of Maize And Wheat (CIMMYT) Apdo Postal 6-641; 06600 Mexico, D.F;
Mexico
Phone: +52 (55)58 04-2004, EXT.1916
Plants under attack by caterpillars emit volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of these
herbivores. In maize, the production of volatiles upon herbivore attack involves the phytohormone jasmonic acid
(JA), whereas pathogen attack up-regulates the salicylic acid (SA)-pathway, leading to systemic acquired resistance
(SAR) against pathogens. Activation of the SA-pathway has often been found to repress JA-dependent direct
defenses. Curiously, a recent laboratory study shows that induction of SAR in maize, elicited chemically by applying
the SA-mimic benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), strongly increases the attraction of
the solitary parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris (Rostas and Turlings, 2008). Because the pathogen resistance
enhancing property of BTH is applied in agriculture, we proceeded to conduct a field experiment in the tropical
lowlands of Mexico, where we tested if BTH treatment of maize plants affects volatile emissions, herbivory, and
parasitism of caterpillars. We will report on whether, besides increasing resistance to pathogens, BTH can also
increase the parasitization of caterpillars on maize.
REFERENCES
Rostás, M. and T. C. J. Turlings (2008). Induction of systemic acquired resistance in Zea mays also enhances the plant's
attractiveness to parasitoids. Biological Control 46(2): 178-186.
Page 64 of 152
LEAF EPICUTICULAR WAXES EFFECTS EGG PARASITOID’S RESPONSE TO HOST ADULT FOOTPRINT CONTACT
KAIROMONE
Stefano Colazza – University of Palermo
Viale Delle Scienze 13
+390917028825
COLAZZA@UNIPA.IT
Mauro Lo Bue - University of Palermo
Daniela Lo Giudice - University of Palermo
Ezio Peri - University of Palermo
E.PERI@UNIPA.IT
Chemical footprints left behind by true bugs are perceived as a contact kairomones by scelionid egg parasitoids. In
the system Nezara viridula and its egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis, previous studies have shown that the
kairomone mediating such behavior is part of N. viridula’s cuticular hydrocarbons. In this study, the effect of
epicuticular waxes of leaves of broad bean, Vicia faba, on wasp response to footprints of N. viridula females are
investigated. Plants with intact waxes layer were used (1) without host chemical contamination, or (2)
contaminated by host female footprints. Mechanically de-waxed plants were tested (3) without host chemical
contamination, or (4) de-waxed a few minutes after being contaminated, or (5) de-waxed about 30 min before
being contaminated by host female footprints. And, finally, female wasps were tested on the side of the gum
arabic film that had been appressed to (6) the adaxial leaf surface of plants without host chemical contamination,
and (7) to plants contaminated by host footprints. Direct contact solid-phase microextraction of the adaxial leaf
surface of broad bean plants analyzed by GC/MS showed that epicuticular waxes contained high concentrations of
hydrocarbons and alcohols, and low concentrations of aldehydes and esters. Scanning electron microscopy
revealed that the epicuticular waxes occurred as a film densely crystallized as irregularly shaped platelets with
spherical granules randomly distributed. These findings demonstrated that epicuticular waxes of broad bean
leaves can mediate the foraging behaviour of T. basalis females by absorbing host adult footprints contact
kairomone.
Page 65 of 152
HOW DO PARASITIC PHORID FLIES LOCATE FIRE ANT HOSTS: DO ANT VENOM ALKALOIDS PLAY A ROLE?
Henry Fadamiro – Auburn University
Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849
Phone: 334-844-5098; Fax: 334-844-5005
fadamhy@auburn.edu
Li Chen - Beijing Forestry University
Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
Phone: + 86-13693097232
chenli@bjfu.edu.cn
Decapitating phorid flies, Pseudacteon spp are introduced parasitoids of imported fire ants, Solenopsis spp. in the
United States. However, little is known about their host location cues. Previous studies by our group demonstrated
attraction of Pseudacteon tricuspis to live and body extracts of the red imported fire ant, Solenopis invicta workers,
suggesting that the response of the parasitoid to fire ant hosts is odor-mediated. In this paper, we present the
results of follow-up studies to determine the identity of the chemicals mediating fire ant-phorid fly interactions.
First, we demonstrated response of P. tricuspis to extracts of the venom gland of S. invicta workers. Next, using
bioassay-guided analytical techniques such as silica gel column chromatography and coupled gas chromatography
mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified several novel alkaloids from the venom of S. invicta workers. Further
studies with electrophysiological techniques (i.e., electroantennogram (EAG) and GC-EAD) and behavioral
bioassays demonstrated response of P. tricuspis to some fractions/components of the venom alkaloids of S. invicta
workers. The results suggest that fire ant venom alkaloids may play a role in mediating fire ant-phorid fly
interactions.
Page 66 of 152
Dietary restriction in parasitoids: the effect of caloric intake on longevity
Jacintha Ellers - Institute of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam
De Boelelaan 1085
1081 HV Amsterdam
Phone: +31 20 5987076/FAX: +31 20 5987123
jacintha.ellers@falw.vu.nl
Bas Ruhé - Institute of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam
De Boelelaan 1085
1081 HV Amsterdam
sb.ruhe@gmail.com
Bertanne Visser - Institute of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam
De Boelelaan 1085
1081 HV Amsterdam
Phone: +31 20 5987073/FAX: +31 20 5987123
bertanne.visser@falw.vu.nl
Dietary restriction refers to a moderate reduction of food intake compared to a normal diet, and has been found
to extend the life span of a wide range of organisms including rodents, insects and fish. Life-extending effects of
dietary restriction are generally attributed to caloric energy restriction, but recently this view has been challenged
by experiments suggesting that specific proteins rather than energy are responsible, and that longevity extension is
mediated by reduced fecundity. Parasitoid wasps form an excellent study system to study the effect of energy
restriction because they have a relatively simple diet: many species depend solely on carbohydrates during their
adult life, and do not resorb eggs.
In this experiment we manipulated dietary food intake of A. tabida and T. drosophilae by offering females a range
of sucrose solutions, or allowing different feeding durations per day. We measure the longevity and fecundity of
the females to assess life span extension due to caloric restriction. We find that both dietary dilution and
intermittent feeding lead to a reduction in longevity, without any evidence for beneficial effects of caloric
restriction on life span. Fecundity is not affected by caloric restriction. We discuss possible reasons as to why
dietary restriction has an effect in some species but not in others, and we consider the effect of other dietary
components.
Page 67 of 152
HOST REGULATION BY PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA: MOLECULAR BASES AND APPLIED PERSPECTIVES
F. Pennacchio
Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria “F. Silvestri”
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
tel. +39 081 2539195, fax +39 081 7755145, e-mail: f.pennacchio@unina.it
The successful development of parasitic Hymenoptera highly depends on molecules and genes that the
ovipositing female injects along with the egg into the host’s body or that offspring produces during the course of
development. Parasitic wasps induce a number of host pathologies, characterized by severe disruption of both
immune and endocrine systems, which are crucial for the development of their progeny. The functional and
molecular bases of the major alterations of host physiology, development and reproduction induced by regulation
factors, both of maternal and embryonic/larval origin, are presented and the impact of these changes on host
suitability and parasitoid fitness analyzed with a comparative approach.
The growing number of virulence and host regulation factors isolated and characterized may offer
interesting opportunities for developing new bioinsecticides and novel strategies of pest control. A brief overview of
the current research efforts in this new area will be provided.
Page 68 of 152
The Importance of Destructive Feeding in the Development of the Koinobiont Endoparasioid Toxoneuron
nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).
Ruth E. Henderson – Texas A&M University
Texas A&M Department of Entomology
Minnie Bell Heep Center room 412
College Station, TX 77843-2475
979-847-9484
ruthend@tamu.edu
Indira Kuriachan – Texas A&M University
979-845-8975
indira@tamu.edu
S. Bradleigh Vinson – Texas A&M University
979-845-9754
bvinson@tamu.edu
This study focuses on the importance of destructive feeding in the development of the koinobiont endoparasitoid,
Toxoneuron nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). T. nigriceps is a solitary parasitoid of Heliothis virescens
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. As they develop within the host, T. nigriceps larvae feed by absorbing nutrients
from the host hemolymph. When they emerge from the host as third instar larvae, the parasitoids then chew a
hole in the host cuticle and begin destructive tissue feeding, leaving only the cuticle, trachea and head capsule. By
examining how post-egression feeding influences the development of T. nigriceps, we may be able to gain a better
understanding of what it will take to create an effective artificial rearing system for this koinobiont.
In this study larval mass, cocoon mass and adult mass, as well as the cocoon formation and survival rate, will be
compared between parasitoids subjected to several post-egression feeding treatments. The treatments include
larvae allowed to host feed normally (control), larvae not allowed to host feed, larvae fed tissue that has been
scraped out of the host remains, and larvae fed a non-insect derived food, such as processed meat. Preliminary
data show that parasitoids from the control treatments have greater larval mass, cocoon mass and adult mass than
both the non-feeding and the scraped tissue feeding treatments. There is no significant difference in cocoon
formation among treatments; however, adult emergence is significantly reduced in the non-feeding treatment.
Page 69 of 152
A SERPIN FROM THE PARASITOID WASP LEPTOPILINA BOULARDI
TARGETS THE DROSOPHILA PHENOLOXIDASE CASCADE
Dominique Colinet – INRA, CNRS, University of Nice
66 (0)4 92 38 64 09
dominique.colinet@sophia.inra.fr
Aurore Dubuffet – University of Leeds
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Clarendon Way
University of Leeds, Ls2 9jt Leeds, Uk
44 (0)113 34 32 837
a.dubuffet@leeds.ac.uk
Dominique Cazes - INRA, CNRS, University of Nice
66 (0)4 92 38 64 09
dominique.cazes@sophia.inra.fr
Marylene Poirie - INRA, CNRS, University of Nice
66 (0)4 92 38 64 09
marylene.poirie@sophia.inra.fr
Endoparasitoid wasps have developed different strategies, mainly based on the use of virulence factors,
to circumvent the immune defenses of their insect hosts. Toward parasitoid eggs, the insect immune response is
encapsulation, which involved different categories of haemocytes as well as activation of the phenoloxidase
cascade. This cascade, whose last step is activation of the prophenoloxidase enzyme (proPO) to its active form
phenoloxidase (PO), is tightly regulated by serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors of the serpin
superfamily. As a key component of the insect immune system, it constitutes a major target for inhibition by
several parasitoid wasps. However, the underlying mechanisms of this inhibition are largely undescribed.
We recently demonstrated that the venom of Leptopilina boulardi females (from the ISy strain) inhibits
proPO activation in the hemolymph of Drosophila yakuba larvae. In parallel, we characterized a serine protease
inhibitor of the serpin superfamily (LbSPNy) among the venom proteins. Quantitative PCR experiments and assays
with the recombinant LbSPNy protein led us to identify LbSPNy as the first serpin evidenced to be used as a
virulence factor by a parasitoid wasp, based on its inhibitory effect on the activation of the Drosophila PO cascade.
Interestingly, the venom of ISm L. boulardi females, that have different virulence properties compared to ISy
females, does not seem to contain any abundant protein potentially corresponding to LbSPNy. Our results will thus
provide insights both on the origin of intra-specific variation of parasitoid virulence and on the regulation of the PO
cascade in Drosophila species.
Page 70 of 152
HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERFERENCE IN THE HOST-PARASITOID SYSTEM DIATRAEA SACCHARALIS - COTESIA
FLAVIPES
Fernando L Cônsoli – University of São Paulo, ESALQ/USP-Entomology
AV. PÁDUA DIAS 11, 13418900, PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL
+55-19-34294199, EXT.228
FCONSOLI@ESALQ.USP.BR
The evolutionary history of host-parasitoid interactions led to the development of specialized mechanisms for host
immune system regulation, suggesting the use of specific molecules and/or the interference with specific targets.
Therefore, host-parasitoid associations are interesting models for understanding the mechanisms of host
interference employed by insect parasitoids and the discovery of new regulatory molecules or metabolic pathways
that are prone of regulation. In here we have studied the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which the
parasitoid C. flavipes interferes with the host cellular (encapsulation) and humoral (phenoloxidase, nitric oxide and
lysozyme activity) immune responses at different stages during parasitoid development. The differential gene
expression of hemocytes from control and parasitized larvae was also evaluated during the first 24 h after
parasitization. There was a drastic reduction of the cellular activity of the host immune system throughout
parasitoid development, but the effects on the humoral response were time dependent. The nitric oxide activity
was affected early in the parasitism while the phenoloxidase activity was reduced later during parasitoid
development. The lysozyme activity was variable at the different stages sampled, but extremely higher at day 9 in
parasitized larvae as compared to the control. The evaluation of the differential expression of hemocytes by DDPCR allowed the identification of a number of transcripts that are differentially expressed in hemocytes of
parasitized larvae, demonstrating C. flavipes interferes both at the physiological and molecular level in regulating
the host immune defense of D. saccharalis.
Page 71 of 152
HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE INDUCED BY THE ENDOPARASITIC WASP GLYPTAPANTELES LIPARIDIS
Christa Schafellner
University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences
Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology & Forest Protection
Address Hasenauerstraße 38, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
Phone 0043-1-3686352-38
Fax 0043-1-3686352-97
Email christa.schafellner@boku.ac.at
Axel Schopf
Phone 0043-1-3686352-29
Fax 0043-1-3686352-97
Email axel.schopf@boku.ac.at
To investigate host-parasitoid-polydnavirus interactions, we use the gregarious, multivoltine braconid wasp
Glyptapanteles liparidis that must obligatorily parasitize alternate host species to complete its life cycle. Thus, the
parasitoid’s PDV, acting alone or in combination with other wasp derived factors, must suppress both the immune
reaction of the main host Lymantria dispar and the alternate/overwintering hosts which are yet largely unknown.
In this study, two host species are compared: the permissive host L. dispar and the closely related, but completely
non-permissive host Lymantria monacha. First, second, third, and even fourth instar nun moths are readily
parasitized by the female wasps but no wasp larvae hatch from the injected eggs. Instead, the eggs are invariably
encapsulated by the host's hemocytes and no further development of the parasitoids is possible. Interestingly, the
first signs of hemocyte attachment were not observed until 60 hours post parasitization (pp) of the host larvae.
The parasitoid eggs were completely encapsulated at 72 hours pp which is shortly before the parasitoids hatch in
the permissive host. In L. dispar larvae, such heavy immune reactions against experimentally injected, washed eggs
and parasitoid larvae were provoked only in the absence of wasp maternal secretions, while implanted parasitoids
were able to develop and emerge successfully from virus-injected hosts.
Host refractoriness of L. monacha therefore offers the opportunity to investigate whether the parasitoid is not
effective in suppressing the defence, or alternatively nun moths have the ability to recognise and encapsulate the
parasitoid eggs before host immune suppression becomes effective.
Page 72 of 152
Vegetational diversity and the third trophic level
David A. Andow
University of Minnesota, Entomology
1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN, USA
dandow@umn.edu
Nancy Schellhorn
CSIRO
120 Meiers Toad
Indooroopilly Qld, 4068 Australia
F: 530-752-1537
Nancy.Schellhorn@Csiro.Au
Jason Harmon
University of Wisconsin
430 Lincoln Dr
Madison, Wi 53706
W: 608-469-3986
F: 608-265-6320
Jharmon@Wisc.Edu
Vegetational diversity reduces the population density of functionally monophagous herbivores, primarily via plant
resource-related effects. However, plants benefit little from this kind of herbivore suppression. In the less
common cases when herbivore suppression is caused by the third trophic level, plants may be able to benefit
substantially. We examined the contrasting forces acting on predators enmeshed in the simplified, but not simple,
food webs of the maize agroecosystems to understand how the third trophic level can suppress herbivores in
vegetationally diverse habitats. We showed that symmetric intra-guild predation reduced the numbers of each
predator species, thereby reducing predation rates on target herbivores. Cannibalism mitigates this effect, but
does not reverse it. Thus, the occurrence of intra-guild interactions may reduce the likelihood that predators
suppress herbivores in diverse habitats. In contrast, co-occurrence of multiple prey species can alter the functional
response of a predator in unexpected ways that result in greater predation on the target herbivore. Together,
these results suggest that the ability to suppress herbivores in diverse habitats may relate to a balance between
the numerical and functional responses of the predators to intra-guild predators and multiple food resources.
Interestingly, the subsystems driving each may act independently, which may help explain why herbivore
suppression in diverse habitats has been difficult to predict.
Page 73 of 152
FOOD-WEB INTERACTIONS AND EVOLUTION DETERMINE HOW AN INVASIVE SPECIES RESPONDS TO
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
Jason P. Harmon – University of Wisconsin
Department of Zoology
430 Lincoln Dr.
Madison, Wi 53706
Phone: 608-262-9226
Email: jharmon@wisc.edu
Nancy Moran – University of Arizona
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of Arizona
Tucson Arizona 85721
Phone: 520-621-3581
Email: nmoran@email.arizona.edu
Anthony R. Ives – University of Wisconsin
Department of Zoology
430 Lincoln Dr.
Madison, Wi 53706
Phone: 608-262-1519
Email: arives@wisc.edu
How environmental change impacts species abundances depends on both the food web within which species
interact and their potential to evolve. Using field experiments, we investigated both ecological and evolutionary
responses of an invasive pest species, pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), to increased frequency of episodic heat
shocks. Heat shocks are one predicted aspect of future climate change and normally can have a strong negative
effect on aphid populations. The ecological responses we tested were the aphid's interactions with two invasive
predatory species that had been introduced to help regulate aphid populations. One of these predator species
ameliorated the normal decrease in aphid population growth caused by increasing the frequency of heat shocks
while the second predator did not, with this contrast caused by behavioral differences between two seemingly
similar predators. We also compared aphid strains with stably inherited differences in heat tolerance caused by
bacterial endosymbionts and showed the potential for rapid evolution for heat-shock tolerance. A mathematical
model derived from our experimental results predict that the predators are unlikely to influence how quickly heatshock tolerance evolves as heat shocks become more common. In contrast, both interactions with predators and
the evolution of tolerance will influence the abundance of pea aphid populations in the face of climate change.
Our results illustrate how both ecological and evolutionary complexities should be incorporated into predictions of
the consequences of environmental change for species’ populations.
Page 74 of 152
Interactions between bacterial endosymbionts within a shared parasitoid host
Jennifer A. White – University of Kentucky
S@225 Agric. Sciences Ctr. N. Lexington, KY 40546
Phone: 859-257-6693
jenawhite@uky.edu
Suzanne Kelly – University of Arizona
410 Forbes Building, Tucson, AZ 85721
520suekelly@ag.arizona.edu
Steve Perlman – University of Victoria
Department of Biology,
PO Box 3020, Stn CSC, Victoria, B.C., Canada
250-721-6319
stevep@uvic.ca
Martha Hunter – University of Arizona
410 Forbes Building, Tucson, AZ 85721
520-621-9350
mhunter@ag.arizona.edu
Many bacterial endosymbionts of insects are capable of manipulating their host’s reproduction for their own
benefit. Theory suggests that maternally-inherited endosymbionts can promote their spread and persistence in
host populations by enhancing the production of daughters by infected hosts, either by improving overall host
fitness, or through reproductive manipulation to favor production of daughters. In the doubly-infected parasitoid
Encarsia inaron, we have found that Wolbachia manipulates host reproduction through cytoplasmic
incompatibility, but Cardinium does not. We therefore investigated the fitness costs and/or benefits of infection
by each bacterium in this parasitoid, as a potential explanation for persistence of Cardinium in the population. We
differentially cured E. inaron of Wolbachia, Cardinium, or both, introgressed the infected lines with the fully cured
line to create a similar genetic backround, and evaluated several fitness parameters. We found that symbiontinfected wasps had lower initial eggloads than wasps without symbionts, but that wasps bearing Cardinium alone
lived longer than the other lines, and produced more male offspring over their lifetime than wasps in the other
treatments. Female production did not differ among treatments, however, so Cardinium persistence in the
population cannot be explained by this apparent fitness benefit. Investment in female offspring declined with age
in all lines, suggesting that increased male production in the Cardinium line may have been a direct consequence
of increased survivorship. Interestingly, this apparent Cardinium surviviorship benefit disappeared when both
symbionts co-occurred in the host, indicating potentially interactive costs to multiple symbiont infection in a
shared host.
Page 75 of 152
Density-dependent apparent competition between an aphid and its parasitoid
Jeremy M. Chacón – University of Minnesota
219 Hodson Hall
1980 Folwell Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
phone: 612-625-7055
chaco001@umn.edu
George E. Heimpel - University of Minnesota
219 Hodson Hall
1980 Folwell Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
Intraguild predation theory predicts a positive relationship between shared resource productivity and intraguild
predation due to density-dependent apparent competition between the shared resource and the intraguild prey.
While the demographic result of this relationship, exclusion of the intraguild prey at high productivity, has been
demonstrated in various settings, the causal mechanism - apparent competition - has not been examined. We
determined whether increasing production of the shared resource in an IGP system increases apparent
competition by deploying sentinel potted plants with different densities of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, but
constant densities of its parasitoid Binodoxys communis into soybean fields. More predators aggregated to plants
with higher aphid densities, leading to stronger intraguild predation. Thus, density-dependent apparent
competition occurred between the aphids and their parasitoid. This result supports the central prediction of
intraguild predation theory that apparent competition mediates exclusion of intraguild prey species as resource
productivity rises.
Page 76 of 152
Determinants of the field oviposition rate of the soybean aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
Christine Dieckhoff – University of Minnesota
PRIMARY AUTHOR ADDRESS
1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108
PRIMARY AUTHOR PHONE/FAX
612-625-7055
PRIMARY AUTHOR EMAIL
dieck009@umn.edu
George E. Heimpel – University of Minnesota
CO-AUTHOR ADDRESS
1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108
CO-AUTHOR PHONE/FAX
612-624-3480
CO-AUTHOR EMAIL
Heimp001@umn.edu
The ability of parasitoids to suppress host populations is linked to their per-capita oviposition rate. A release-andrecapture study featuring the soybean aphid parasitoid B. communis was conducted in soybean plots in the
summers of 2007 and 2008. Parasitoids were recaptured between 9 AM and 4 PM on two consecutive days
following each release and females were dissected to determine their egg load. Control females caught between 9
AM and 11 AM were individually caged for eight hours with a clean soybean plant in the field to estimate the
baseline field egg maturation rate. A comparison of the wasps caught in the morning and caged for eight hours
with females caught in the afternoon provided an estimate of the field oviposition rate of B. communis. In 2007,
females caught in the morning and the afternoon had similar egg loads of 81.5 +/- 7.1 and 85.5 +/- 9.1, while caged
females without host access had an egg load of 134.3 +/- 14.4, resulting in an estimated oviposition rate of
approximately six eggs per hour. Females matured approximately the same number of eggs as they laid over the
course of the day, allowing egg loads of field-collected parasitoids to remain relatively constant. Parasitoid size and
age, aphid density and temperature played minor roles in determining the oviposition rate. These results suggest
that egg maturation has the capability to stave off egg limitation in B. communis foraging in the field, potentially
facilitating the ability of this parasitoid to suppress populations of the soybean aphid.
Page 77 of 152
NITROGEN AND WATER AFFECT DIRECT AND INDIRECT PLANT SYSTEMIC INDUCED DEFENSE IN COTTON
Dawn Olson
Crop Protection and Management Research Unit,
USDA-ARS, TIFTON, GA 31793, USA
(229) 387-2374/ (229)387-2321
dawn.olson@ars.usda.gov
Anne-Marie Cortesero
Laboratoite D’ecobiologie Des Insectes Parasitoïdes,
Universite De Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, France
Anne-Marie.Cortesero@univ-rennes1.fr
Glen Rains
Department of Biological And Agricultural Engineering,
University Of Georgia, Tifton, Ga 31793, USA
(229) 391-3735/ (229) 386-3958
Tom Potter
Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory,
(229) 386-7073/ (229) 386-7215
Tom.potter@ars.usda.gov
W. Joe Lewis
Crop Protection and Management Research Unit,
(229) 387-2371/ (229) 387-2321
joe.lewis@ars.usda.gov
Plants have direct and indirect constitutively produced and inducible defenses against herbivores and
pathogens, which can substantially aid in their ability to defend themselves. However, very little is known about
the influence of agronomic factors on such defenses. Here, we tested the effects of nitrogen levels and water
availability on the ability of cotton plants to deter feeding by Spodoptera exigua through induction of antifeedants, and to attract Microplitis croceipes through systemic induction of volatile emission. Cotton plants were
grown with various nitrogen levels and were either exposed to water stress or normal water before being exposed
to S. exigua for 48 hours for induction of defenses. Dual choices of various nitrogen and water treatments were
provided to M. croceipes in flight tunnel bio-assays. Dual choices of leaf tissue from the various nitrogen and
water treatments were provided to S. exigua larvae. Both water stress and nitrogen levels under and over the
recommended levels increased leaf tissue consumption and decreased attraction of M. croceipes to the plants.
Analyses of induced volatiles released from herbivore damaged plants indicate that their concentrations differ
among the nitrogen levels tested with plants receiving no nitrogen or twice the recommended dose having
amounts much lower than plants receiving the recommended dose. Because both direct and indirect plant defense
mechanisms are negatively affected by improper nitrogen and insufficient water, we argue that these factors
should be considered for a better natural control of pests in cotton and most probably in other crops.
Page 78 of 152
Decisions, decisions – how diet affects the short-term behavior of parasitic wasps
Presenter: Jana Lee
USDA ARS, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon
Adding sugar to agricultural habitats is expected to enhance pest control by improving the longevity and
physiological status of parasitoids. We investigated the effect of diet on the physiology and short-term behavior of
two parasitoids: Diadegma insulare, a parasitoid of diamondback moth larvae (Plutella xylostella), and Apanteles
aristoteliae Viereck, a parasitoid of the orange tortrix (Argyrotaenia franciscana). For D. insulare, a significantly
lower percentage of sucrose-fed females entered a cabbage patch infested with hosts than females with access to
only water (starved) females (60% vs. 91%). For A. aristoteleae, females with higher levels of fructose or weight
gain from a recent sugar meal were less likely to make a choice in the olfactometer. Among wasps that made a
choice in the olfactometer, wasps fed 10% or 25% sucrose significantly preferred host versus food cues, while
starved wasps were just as likely to select food as host cues. Females that orient towards host cues in the
olfactometer were then marginally likely to oviposit more in hosts when introduced into an arena with host larvae.
Page 79 of 152
HOST PATCH COLONIZATION OF A PARASITOID: SPEED, SPATIAL PATTERN AND SPATIAL SCALE
Nancy A. Schellhorn - CSIRO Entomology
Indooroopilly, QLD, 4068, Australia
Nancy.schellhorn@csiro.au
Parasitoids are likely to be most effective at suppressing their hosts if they arrive at a plant patch shortly after their
host. Using a parasitoid, Eretmocerus hayati, and its host silverleaf whitefly (SLW) as a model system, we
determined the: speed, proportion and spatial pattern of the plant patch colonized, and the relationship between
adult colonization and parasitism / oviposition. Further we tested several hypotheses to elucidate the scale and
process governing these colonisation patterns. Non-attractive sticky-traps and patches of sentinel plants (half
infested with hosts and half un-infested “clean”) were placed in bare fields either adjacent to (< 100 m) or far (>
300 m) from existing plant patches. They were arranged in a 100 m x 75 m 20 point grid and left for four days,
removed and replaced three times. Parasitoids colonised plant patches quickly, within 4 days. There was no
difference in adult parasitoids captured on traps. However, parasitism was significantly higher in patches adjacent
to existing plant patches. The majority of the variation in parasitism was explained by proximity to an existing
plant patch and the number of source patches of parasitoids within 2 km. Their host, SLW, also colonized within 4
days. For adults, colonization was significantly higher on plant patches adjacent to an existing patch, but there was
no difference in oviposition. Although the parasitoid colonizes patches as quickly as its host, their oviposition
patterns are different. Understanding the fundamental population process of colonization has implications for
predicting successful biological control.
Page 80 of 152
The Importance of Non-Prey Foods to Entomophagous Insects: Coccinellids as a Case Study
Jonathan Lundgren – North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS
2923 Medary Avenue, Brookings, SD, USA, 57006
605-693-5211
Jonathan.Lundgren@ars.usda.gov
Non-prey foods are an integral component of the diets of most entomophagous species, and are used to increase
survival when prey is scarce or of poor quality, reduce mortality during diapause, fuel migration, and enhance
reproductive capacity. Coccinellids provide an excellent study group for understanding the life history adaptations
undertaken by natural enemies to better exploit non-prey foods. Meta-analyses of literature were used to assess
whether 1) some non-prey foods and prey are equivalent foods for coccinellids, and 2) prey-only diets and mixed
diets involving prey and non-prey foods are equally suitable for coccinellids. The analyses revealed that pollen is
inferior to prey for supporting larval and adult performance, but that adult performance in sugar-fed adults was
equal to that of prey-fed adults (although sugar alone does not support reproduction). Larval performance was
enhanced substantially when they were reared on mixed diets compared to prey-only diets. Adding sugar to mixed
diets strongly improved adult performance and reproduction over prey-only diets, but this was not the case with
pollen in mixed diets. Another important question is why nutritionally rich foods like pollen are insufficient on their
own for supporting lady beetle development. Experiments involving Coleomegilla maculata and corn pollen
indicate that there is substantial intraspecific variability in pollen nutrition, and that sterols are one of the limiting
nutrients in pollen for C. maculata development. Moreover, the ability to use pollen-based resources changes in C.
maculata larvae as they age. The data presented here suggests that prey and non-prey foods are both critical
components of a complete diet for natural enemies, and that the quality and availability of non-prey foods are
important considerations when designing biological control programs.
Page 81 of 152
ADAPTATION OF NATIVE PARASITOIDS TO A NOVEL HOST, THE INVASIVE LADYBIRD HARMONIA AXYRIDIS
Remy L. Ware
Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge
Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, Cb2 3eh
+441223 276190/ +441223 333992
RLW29@CAM.AC.UK
Richard J. Hall
Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia
140 East Green Street, Athens, Ga 30602-2202, USA
+1 706 542 3971/ +1 706 542 4819
DR.RICHARD.HALL@GMAIL.COM
Laura Jane Michie
Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge
Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EH
+441223 276190/ +441223 333992
LJM56@CAM.AC.UK
The invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is native to central and eastern Asia but has
had a long history of use in the biological control of aphids and coccids in North America and continental Europe.
More recently, it has become established in Great Britain. In its introduced range, H. axyridis threatens many nonpest insects through competition and predation, and this raises the need for appropriate control measures to be
investigated. One strategy could be to consider the introduction of natural enemies (predators, parasites and
pathogens) that regulate H. axyridis populations in its native range. Indeed, escape from natural enemies is likely
to have contributed to its invasive success (the so-called ‘enemy release hypothesis’). However, re-uniting H.
axyridis with its own enemies requires rigorous and time-consuming risk assessment to ensure there are no
unwanted side effects on native species. Moreover, the introduction of alien enemies may be unnecessary if the
organisms that attack native ladybirds in Britain also attack H. axyridis. Here we present field data which indicates
that one species of parasitoid wasp, Dinocampus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and two species of
parasitoid fly, Phalacrotophora spp (Diptera: Phoridae) are adapting to H. axyridis in Britain as a novel and
abundant host. This may provide some level of natural population regulation.
Page 82 of 152
ECOLOGY OF INTRAGUILD INTERACTIONS: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND VICE
VERSA BSTRACT
Jacques Brodeur
Université de Montréal
4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Qc, Canada H1X 2B2
1 514 872 4563
jacques.brodeur@umontreal.ca
Considerable attention has been given to intraguild predation among natural enemies in natural and agricultural
ecosystems over the past two decades. A common approach in biological control is the use of ecological theory to
better interpret the prevalence, nature and outcome of guild interactions and, from a more applied perspective, to
implement biological control programs. On the other hand, fundamental aspects of intraguild predation have
significantly progressed through analyses from biological control studies. In this talk, the exchange of concepts and
experimental designs between ecologists and biological control practitioners will be discussed. Case studies will be
explored as examples which include a diversity of approaches in population ecology, behavior, modelling,
molecular ecology and field experimentation. We will also describe how the perception of biological control
practitioners toward intraguild predation has changed over time, and how ecological theory can contribute to
design more efficient biological control programs.
Page 83 of 152
Plant resistance attenuates the consumptive and non-consumptive impacts of predators on prey
Ian Kaplan – Cornell University
Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853
607-405-2929
ikaplan@cornell.edu
Jennifer S. Thaler – Cornell University
Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853
607-405-2929
thaler@cornell.edu
Plant resistance and predation are known to have strong independent and interacting effects on
herbivore survival, behavior, and patterns of herbivory. Historically, research has emphasized variation in the
consumption of herbivores on plants of differing quality. Yet recent work demonstrates that predators also elicit
changes in the traits (e.g., behavior) of their prey via the non-consumptive pathway. We used a tri-trophic system
consisting of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta), and predaceous stinkbugs
(Podisus maculiventris) to quantify how the consumptive and non-consumptive effects of predators vary along a
gradient of plant resistance. Resource quality was manipulated using plants that were genetically modified to alter
the expression of jasmonate, a phytohormonal pathway that is central in mediating plant resistance to leafchewing insects. The consumptive and non-consumptive effects of stinkbug predators were experimentally
assessed by comparing the impact of ‘lethal’ predators that could both kill and scare prey with ‘risk’ predators
whose mouthparts were surgically impaired to prevent killing. Across several field experiments, the total cascading
effect (i.e., killing + scaring) of predators on plant damage was 98.7 and 62.2% lower, respectively, on jasmonateoverexpressing (highly resistant) plants compared to that on wild-type or jasmonate-insensitive (low resistance)
plants. This dramatic attenuation of predator effects was due in part to a 66% reduction in consumption on high
resistance plants, but also because of a 55-75% decline in non-consumptive effects. Our results provide novel
mechanistic insight into plant-herbivore-enemy interactions by demonstrating that plant resistance substantially
weakens both the consumptive and non-consumptive impacts of predators.
Page 84 of 152
Cannibalism and resource partitioning improve prey suppression despite intraguild predation
Law, Yao-Hua – University of California, Davis
1 Shields Avenue
Davis, CA 95616
Tel: 530-7524481
ylaw@ucdavis.edu
Rosenheim, Jay - University of California, Davis
1 Shields Avenue
Davis, CA 95616
Tel: 530-7524395
jarosenheim@ucdavis.edu
Natural enemies of pests are employed to control pests and increase yield in agriculture. Theories and experiments
have shown that multiple natural enemies can either improve biocontrol or conversely engage in intraguild
predation that releases the pests from top-down control. Here we present a case where intraguild predation
involving a self-limiting intermediate predator improves prey suppression. Past experiments have shown that
combination of Zelus renardii (intraguild predator) and Geocoris pallens (intraguild prey) suppressed the herbivore
pest Lygus hesperus better than either alone. Z. renardii increased mortality of L. hesperus adults but not nymphs,
whereas G. pallens decreased L. hesperus nymphs but not adults. Despite abundant food and absence of
predators, G. pallens female adult numbers in the ‘G. pallens only’ treatment did not increase from the introduced
level and were similar to those in treatments with Z.renardii predation. These results were consistent over two
summers. Lab experiments confirmed intense cannibalism within G. pallens. Cannibalism and resource partitioning
could have explained for improved prey suppression despite intraguild predation.
Page 85 of 152
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MATING SYSTEM OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS: THE CASE OF ORIUS LAEVIGATUS
Moshe Coll – The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Department of Entomology, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100 Israel
Phone: 972-8-948-9153/ Fax: 972-8-946-6768
COLL@AGRI.HUJI.AC.IL
The ability of natural enemies to establish themselves and rapidly build up populations in the field depends upon
many factors, including their mating behavior. The nature of pair formation, copulation and post-copulatory
interactions also influences our ability to mass-produce natural enemies effectively. Despite this, characteristics
and importance of the mating system of most natural enemies have not been explored. Little is known, for
example, about the mating system of Orius laevigatus, a predator commonly mass-produced for the biological
control of several important agricultural pests. We therefore studied the mating system of this predator and
examined the implications of intersexual interactions for its reproduction. Virgin females were never found to lay
eggs, and copulations shorter than 105 sec did not induce egg deposition. Females were found to be monandrous:
mated females avoided any additional mating 1, 7, and 14 days after the first mating. Furthermore, females
deposited significantly fewer eggs in the presence of five virgin males than in their absence. Male copulation and
insemination abilities were tested by allowing a virgin male to copulate sequentially with three virgin females
either in one day, or with 1- or 2-day intervals between matings. Results showed the males to be polygamous:
they successfully inseminated all the offered females. Yet the total number of eggs laid by the first female to mate
was significantly higher than the number laid by subsequent females. Time elapsed between matings had no
significant effect on the reproductive output of the males. Implications of these results for mass rearing and field
release of Orius laevigatus will be discussed.
Page 86 of 152
FACTORS AFFECTING ORIUS INSIDIOSUS OVIPOSITON DECISIONS: PLANT QUALITY AND THE PRESENCE OF FOOD
RESOURCES
Michael P. Seagraves – USDA-ARS NCARL
NCARL, 2923 MEDARY AVENUE - BROOKINGS, SD 57006
605-693-5212/605-693-5240
michael.seagraves@ars.usda.gov
Jonathan G. Lundgren – USDA-ARS NCARL
NCARL, 2923 MEDARY AVENUE - BROOKINGS, SD 57006
605-693-5211
jonathan.lundgren@ars.usda.gov
Anthocorids are an important component of natural enemy communities in agroecosystems around the world.
Orius insidiosus females preferentially oviposit in plants that are of higher quality for newly-emerged first instars
that rely on plant feeding in the absence of prey. This presentation will report how the manipulation of factors
such as plant species, plant quality, prey presence, and alternative food influence the egg-laying decisions by O.
insidiosus females in choice studies. This presentation will also report on efforts to provide plants preferred for O.
insidiosus oviposition in crop fields to augment biological control of the soybean aphid. Oats, rye, slender
wheatgrass, clover, hairy vetch, and alfalfa were all examined for O. insidiosus oviposition preference in
comparison to soybean. Patches of living cover crop plants and a weed previously documented to be a preferred
plant were placed in soybean plots and monitored for O. insidious reproduction as well as seasonal abundance of
soybean aphid and its natural enemies. Understanding the factors that affect maternal behavior may provide tools
for more efficient mass rearing and could lead to novel strategies to conserve and indirectly augment endemic
populations of key natural enemies.
Page 87 of 152
CAN MATRIX MODELS AID THE SELECTION OF PARASITOIDS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL INTRODUCTIONS: LIGHT
BROWN APPLE MOTH IN CALIFORNIA
Nick Mills – UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Department of Environmental Science, Policy And Management
Mulford Hall, Berkeley, Ca 94720-3114, USA
510-642-1711
nmills@nature.berkeley.edu
The light brown apple moth (LBAM, Epiphyas postvittana) invaded California from S.E. Australia in 2007 and has
become established in two coastal regions around San Francisco and Santa Cruz. As LBAM is not considered a key
pest in Australian crops, due to the activity of its natural enemies, one of the management options for this new
invader in California is classical biological control. From a series of studies in Australia much is known of the life
history and population ecology of LBAM, and as is typical for tortricids, it is attacked by a number of different
parasitoids throughout its life cycle. In an effort to maximize the potential impact of biological control
introductions in California, we use a stage-structured matrix model to analyze the life cycle of LBAM for
vulnerabilities to parasitism. This approach has been used in biological weed control to guide the selection of
natural enemies for introduction, but has been neglected as a tool for the selection of parasitoids to use against
new invasive insect pests. The results of a demographic analysis for LBAM will be presented and the value of this
approach as a tool in biological control will be discussed more generally.
Page 88 of 152
Intraspecific host specialization of an African parasitoid Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)
Antoine Branca – IRD/CNRS
Bât 5 1 avenue de la terrasse 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette FRANCE
+33 (0)1 69 82 37 37
antoinebranca@yahoo.fr
Stephane Dupas – IRD/PUCE
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE) Departamento de Biología PO Box 17-12-184 12 de Octubre
1076 y Roca, Quito, ECUADOR
Stephane.Dupas@legs.cnrs-gif.fr
Bruno Le Rü – IRD/ICIPE
Duduville Campus, Kasarani P.O. Box 30772 – 00100 Nairobi, KENYA
+254 (0)20 8632000
bleru@icipe.org
Catherine Gitau – Charles Stuart University
Charles Stuart University, Orange Campus, AUSTRALIA
+61 (02) 6365 7897
cgitau@csu.edu.au
Jean-François Silvain - IRD
Bât 5 1 avenue de la terrasse 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette FRANCE
+33 (0)1 69 82 37 38
Jean-Francois.Silvain@legs.cnrs-gif.fr
Revealing intraspecific diversity of parasitoids for host specialization can allow us to better target pests and
increase biological control success. Cotesia sesamiae is an African braconid parasitoid widespread across Subsaharan regions, attacking various lepidopteran stem borers. Particularly, it is used as biological control agent
against the stem borer pest of maize and sorghum crops Busseola fusca. However, all populations of C. sesamiae
have not the same ability to develop in B. fusca. One of the main factors controlling virulence in braconid wasp is a
symbiotic virus called bracovirus. This is a virus with segmented DNA completely integrated to wasp chromosomes
at one locus. In our work we studied the intraspecific diversity of a bracovirus gene, CrV1, coding for a protein
directly implied in suppression of host immune response. We found a correlation between CrV1 genotype and the
host species in which the parasitoid had developed, suggesting that CrV1 can be a discriminating marker of host
specialization in Cotesia sesamiae. However, neutral genetic differentiation may give the same result
independently of virulence of the parasitoids. Therefore, we genotyped 11 microsatellite loci to consider
geographic factors and recent genetic differentiation in our results. We found that association between CrV1 and
the host species in which the parasitoid had developed is independent of genotype on microsatellite loci.
Consequently, our results show that (i) CrV1 gene of the bracovirus can be a useful tool for detecting host
specialization (ii) generalist parasitoid C. sesamiae is a hidden specialist.
Page 89 of 152
RARITY CONFRONTED WITH INVASION: FATE OF COCCINELLA NOVEMNOTATA FOLLOWING THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF EXOTIC LADY BEETLES IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST (NORTH AMERICA)
Edward W. Evans – UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Biology
Utah State University
Logan, UT 84322-5305
PHONE 435-797-2552/FAX 435-797-1575
ewevans@biology.usu.edu
Many entomologists and conservation biologists fear that the highly successful establishment and spread through
North America of introduced lady beetles (especially Coccinella septempunctata L. and Harmonia axyridis [Pallas])
may be having substantial adverse effect on populations of native North American lady beetles. At the extreme, it
has been suggested that the arrival especially of C. septempunctata in northeastern North America might have
been a major factor in driving the once abundant congener, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, to apparent near or
complete extinction in this geographic region. This native lady beetle was also abundant in the intermountain
west in the middle twentieth century, but had become rare by several decades later when C. septempunctata
invaded this region and established itself in large numbers in the early 1990s. I will assess the fate of C.
novemnotata over the past two decades to the present, with the arrival first of C. septempunctata and
subsequently of H. axyridis. I will do so by reviewing long-term sampling records from alfalfa fields (a habitat that
historically has supported high numbers of C. novemnotata in the intermountain west), and from native habitats in
northern Utah. These data address whether the establishment of exotic lady beetles may be imperiling the longterm persistence of a now rare, native lady beetle that once was a far more common member of the Coccinellid
fauna of the intermountain west.
Page 90 of 152
Non-target effects of neonicotinoid seed treatments; mortality of coccinellid larvae related to zoophytophagy
Susan E. Moser, USDA-ARS, CICGRU
Genetics Laboratory c/o Insectary, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
Phone: 515-294-0668, Fax: 515-294-2265
smoser@iastate.edu
John J. Obrycki, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky
S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY
Phone: 859-257-7450, Fax: 859-323-1120
john.obrycki@uky.edu
Coccinellid larvae will feed directly on leaf tissue from corn seedlings; therefore they may be at risk if the seedlings
are chemically treated. Neonicotinoids are broad-spectrum systemic insecticides that are frequently applied to
corn seeds prior to planting to protect seedlings from early-season leaf feeders. In this study, coccinellid larvae
were exposed to corn seedlings that had been grown from seeds treated with neonicotinoid seed treatments
containing thiamethoxam or clothianidin. Neurotoxic symptoms were observed in 72% of the larvae and recovery
following neurotoxic symptoms rarely occurred (7%). Larvae spent similar periods of time on seedlings grown from
treated and untreated seeds, suggesting that leaf tissue suitability was determined through ingestion rather than
from contact cues. Hunger may increase tissue consumption; however, there was no difference in the number of
starved or satiated larvae that displayed neurotoxic symptoms and mortality. Neurotoxic symptoms and larval
mortality occurred more often if larvae were exposed to seedlings grown from seeds treated with clothianidin
compared to thiamethoxam. Coccinellids are abundant in agroecosystems in that neonicotinoid seed treatments
are likely to be applied. Therefore, the use of neonicotinoids may have negative effects on these non-target
species if early-season leaf feeding also occurs in the field.
Page 91 of 152
POSTER SESSION ABSTRACTS
Page 92 of 152
Molecular Genetic Studies Confirm that Populations of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from
Texas and Florida are a Single Species: Natural Enemies of the Asian Citrus Psyllid
Jesse H. de León
United States Department of Agriculture
Agriculture Research Service
Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center
Beneficial Insects Research Unit
2413 East Highway 83
Weslaco, TX USA 78596
Tel: 956-969-4856
Fax: 956-969-4888
Email: jesus.deleon@ars.usda.gov
Mamoudou Sétamou
Citrus Center
Texas A&M University-Kingsville
312 International Blvd
Tel: 956-447-3370
Fax: 956-969-0649
Email: msetamou@ag.tamu.edu
Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a natural enemy of the Asian citrus pysllid
[Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae]). D. citri is an important economic world-wide pest of citrus
that recently invaded Texas, among several other states in the U. S. D. citri vectors a bacterium belonging to the
genus Liberibacter of Asian origin that causes a deadly citrus disease known as Huanglongbing (= greening disease).
In the present study, we genetically characterized populations of T. radiata from Texas and Florida by two
molecular methods, ISSR-PCR DNA fingerprinting and DNA sequencing of a mitochondrial gene [cytochrome
oxidase subunit I gene (COI)] and a nuclear gene fragment [internal transcribed spacer region I (ITS1)]. The DNA
fingerprinting method utilizing two sensitive ISSR primers independently showed that both populations of T.
radiata had the same DNA banding patterns and therefore did not detect any genetic differentiation between the
two populations. Lending support to this observation was the fact that the DNA sequencing data with both genes
did not uncover any sequence divergence between the two populations. Taken together, the current molecular
data highly suggest that the two populations of T. radiata from Texas and Florida are a single species. These data
are in agreement with the morphological observations. The results of the present work are important to the
development of a biological control program of D. citri in Texas.
Page 93 of 152
Molecular Markers Discriminate Closely Related Encarsia spp. (E. diaspidicola and E. berlesei): Candidate
Biocontrol Agentsf White Peach Scale in Hawaii
Jesse H. de León
Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center
Beneficial Insects Research Unit
2413 East Highway 83
Tel: 956-969-4856
Fax: 956-969-4888
Email: jesus.deleon@ars.usda.gov
Gabor Neumann1, Peter A. Follett2, and Robert G. Hollingsworth3
U. S. Pacific Basin
P. O. Box 4459
Hilo, Hawaii USA 96720
1
Tel: 808-987-6516
2
Tel: 808-959-4303
3
Tel: 808-959-4349
1, 2
Fax: 808-959-5470
3
Fax: 808-959-5470
1
Email: gabor.neumann@ars.usda.gov
2
Email: peter.follett@ars.usda.gov
3
Email: robert.hollingsworth@ars.usda.gov
The white peach scale (WPS), Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozetti (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a serious
economic pest of papaya in Hawaii. In 2006, Encarsia diaspidicola Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was
imported from Samoa to perform host-range studies. Another potential future candidate for WPS includes E.
berlesei Howard, which closely resembles E. diaspidicola and these species have at times been confused. The
objectives of our work were to 1) genetically characterize both Encarsia spp. by implementing a phylogenetic
approach inferred by the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and ISSR-PCR DNA fingerprinting (ISSR-PCR) and
2) develop species-specific COI molecular markers that discriminate the two Encarsia spp., in addition to using the
markers to detect parasitism of WPS. The COI sequence data readily discriminated the two Encarsia spp. as 46
base pair differences were observed between the two; of the 46 base pairs, eight lead to amino acid substitutions.
The levels of COI genetic divergence between the two species was 9.7%. ISSR-PCR discriminated the two Encarsia
spp. as each was observed with fixed species-specific DNA banding patterns, making ISSR-PCR a diagnostic tool to
discriminate the two species. The Encarsia-specific COI molecular markers were highly specific toward the species
that they were designed for as cross-reactivity was not observed with non-target species. The E. diaspidicolaspecific markers were successful at detecting parasitism of WPS by E. diaspidicola, conversely, E. diaspidicola was
not detected in a non-target host, the native palm scale (Colobopyga pritchardiae). These molecular markers are
important to the biocontrol program of WPS in Hawaii.
Page 94 of 152
ADVANCES IN THE CHROMOSOMAL STUDY OF PARASITIC WASPS
Vladimir E. Gokhman - MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY
Botanical Garden, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 RUSSIA
PHONE + 7 495 939 3477/FAX + 7 495 939 2450
GOKHMAN@BG.MSU.RU
Chromosomes of about 420 species of parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to the superfamilies Ichneumonoidea,
Evanioidea, Diaprioidea, Platygastroidea, Cynipoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Chalcidoidea and Chrysidoidea have been
studied up to now. Almost all existing information on karyotypes of parasitic wasps is reviewed in my newly
published monograph "Karyotypes of parasitic Hymenoptera" (Gokhman 2009). However, new karyotypic data for
certain groups of chalcid wasps were obtained and published during the last year. These results include the first
chromosome record for the family Agaonidae (Blastophaga psenes (Linnaeus); n = 6; Gokhman et al. in press).
Moreover, two papers by Fusu (both published in 2008) contain new results of karyotypic study of 15 species of
the families Eupelmidae (n = 5-10) and Torymidae (n = 4-10). These data as well as those described in our recent
paper on chromosomes of Eurytomidae (n = 5-10; Gokhman & Mikhailenko 2008) blur the apparent border
between "high-numbered" and "low-numbered" families of Chalcidoidea. Nevertheless, Eupelmidae and
Encyrtidae (as well as Eurytomidae and Aphelinidae) seem to have higher initial n values than Torymidae do (n =
10-11 and 6 respectively). Independent transitions to substantially lower chromosome numbers therefore took
place in Aphelinidae, Eupelmidae, and Eurytomidae, whereas n = 10 found in Torymidae is obviously secondary.
New perspectives of chromosomal research of parasitic wasps presume an extensive search for sibling species and
population morphs of those insects using morphometric analysis of chromosomes as well as differential
chromosome staining of various kinds (including application of fluorochromes selectively binding to AT or GC
pairs).
Page 95 of 152
Pan Trap Color Preference For Braconid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) in a Forest Clearing
Robert R. Kula - SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY LABORATORY, USDA-ARS
Smithsonian Institution, NMNH; 10th & Constitution Ave. Nw; P.O. Box 37012; Washington, DC 20013-7012
202-382-1781/202-786-9422
ROBERT.KULA@ARS.USDA.GOV
Abigail R. Kula - BEHAVIOR, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS PROGRAM, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLANDCOLLEGE PARK
3204 Biology-Psychology Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
301-405-4552
AKULA@UMD.EDU
Pan traps are commonly used to collect entomophagous insects. Yellow pans are considered the most
effective for sampling species diversity, but studies of pan color preference have tested few taxa and colors. Color
preference is virtually unknown for hymenopterans other than bees. Yellow pans are frequently used to sample
parasitoid wasps, but the efficacy of yellow has never been compared statistically to other colors. This research
tests if braconid wasp species richness, composition, and abundance differ with pan color. Solo™ bowls were used
to sample insects in a forest clearing in Maryland, USA. Bowls were arranged in 16 transects each with 21 bowls:
three each for blue (B), fluorescent blue (FB), yellow (Y), fluorescent yellow (FY), red (R), white (W), and clear (C).
The contents of each bowl were collected every other day for 27 continuous days. For each transect, bowls of the
same treatment were combined (i.e., seven samples/transect/collection). Braconids were sorted to
morphospecies. Richness and abundance matrices were analyzed statistically. The samples yielded 778 braconid
specimens representing 98 species. Richness was highest for Y (n=60 species) followed by FY (n=47). Levels of
richness were similar for the other colors (n=22–28) and C (n=27). Composition was most similar between Y and FY
(Morisita-Horn index=0.799, max=1; shared species=36) and least similar between B and FY (0.186; 12). For the 21
species with ≥10 specimens, 10 were more abundant in Y than in the other treatments. Patterns within subfamilies
are discussed, as are implications for surveying and monitoring braconids in agroecosystems.
Page 96 of 152
The Effect of Parasitoid Foraging Behavior on Community Dynamics
Lee M. Henry – Simon Fraser University
Department of Biological Sciences
8888 University Drive Burnaby BC, Canada V5A 1S6
(778) 782-4512
lhenry@sfu.ca
Jordan A. Bannerman* – Simon Fraser University
(778) 782-4512
jordan_bannerman@sfu.ca
Bernard D. Roitberg – Simon Fraser University
(778) 782-4512
bernard_roitberg@sfu.ca
David R. Gillespie - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
POB 1000, 6947 # 7 Highway Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
(604)796-1707
Dave.Gillespie@agr.gc.ca
* Presenting Author
In this study we set out to explore how different modes of predator foraging behavior influenced the community
dynamics. Previous research has demonstrated that prey respond to predation through dynamic antipredator
behaviours in an attempt to escape attack. The foraging behavior of the predator may dramatically influence the
magnitude of the response in the prey. The objective of our study was to investigate the dynamic antipredator
response in a prey species using two predators with dramatically different foraging behaviours to determine if prey
respond differently to the threat of a predator by varying the magnitude of their antipredator behavior and to
determine how the magnitude of the antipredator behavior influences community dynamics through traitmediated indirect interactions. Our study system consisted of a single aphid species, the foxglove aphid, feeding
on pepper plants. We used two parasitoid wasps (Aphelinus abdominalis and Aphidius matricariae) which have
evolved very different foraging strategies to overcome aphid defenses. We found that the two parasitoids foraging
behaviour impacted the dynamic antipredator response in aphids, with A. matricariae resulting in a much stronger
behavioural response in the aphids. The behavioural response to the different parasitoids influenced aphid
dispersal, as determined by the numbers of plants that became infested over time. Community dynamics where
significantly influenced. Parasitoids had substantially different levels of parasitism, as indicated by the mummies
produced at the end of the trials. Aphid population density was much lower in treatment groups that contained
female parasitoids and also had a higher proportion of alates individuals produced.
Page 97 of 152
Mitigation of Egg Limitation in Parasitoids: Immediate Hormonal Response and Enhanced Oogenesis After Host
Use
Jerome Casas - UNIVERSITE FRANCOIS RABELAIS DE TOURS
Institut de Recherches Sur La Biologie de L’insecte
UMR CNRS 6035
Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
TEL + 33 (0)2 47 36 69 78, FAX + 33 (0)2 47 36 69 66
JEROME.CASAS@UNIV-TOURS.FR
David Giron, Nicole Mandon, Jean-Paul Monge, Fabrice Vannier
Universite Francois Rabelais de Tours
Institut de Recherches Sur La Biologie de L’insecte
UMR CNRS 6035
Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
TEL + 33 (0)2 47 36 69 11, FAX + 33 (0)2 47 36 69 66
DAVID.GIRON@UNIV-TOURS.FR
Jean Paul Delbecque - CNRS, Universite de Bordeaux
Centre de Neurosciences Integratives et Cognitives
UMR CNRS 5228
Avenue Des Facultes, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
Synovigenic insects may suffer from transient egg limitation due to the stochastic nature of encounters with
patchy hosts and the low availability of ripe eggs at any given time point. The aim of this study was to identify, in a
highly controlled setting, the physiological processes responsible for egg manufacture after varying host use by a
synovigenic parasitoid. We quantified the time course of the reproductive hormonal response and subsequent egg
production in the host feeding bruchid parasitoid, Eupelmus vuilleti (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) for three
treatments: (1) host examination without further host use, (2) host feeding, and (3) host feeding followed by
oviposition. We carried out continuous behavioral observations with single hosts, enzyme immunoassays for
quantifying ecdysteroids, and ovary dissection. Ecdysone levels increased within two minutes of contact with a
host, the fastest hormonal response reported for any insect. Even simple contact with a host, without further host
use, triggered an increase in hormone levels, leading to the maturation of a single egg, using body reserves only.
Feeding on the host caused a much larger increase in ecdysone levels and was followed by a marked increase in
oogenesis. Oviposition had a weak effect on hormone levels, but increased oogenesis.
We discuss the implications of these positive feedbacks for the life histories of
synovigenic insects and for the population dynamics of host-parasitoid systems
Page 98 of 152
Eggs and Egg Loads of Field-Collected Ctenoplematine Ichneumonidae
Heather M. Cummins – Texas A& University
Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843 USA
(979) 845-9719/(979) 845-6305
pigs_fly@tamu.edu
Robert A. Wharton - Texas A& University
(979) 845-9719/(979) 845-6305
rawbaw2@tamu.edu
Aubrey M. Colvin - Texas A& University
(979) 845-9719/(979) 845-6305
amcolvin@tamu.edu
Ctenoplematine Ichneumonidae were sampled with malaise traps from February to May 2008 in College Station,
Texas. All female ctenopelmatines were dissected and mature eggs were counted and measured. For comparison,
eggs of selected Xorodinae, Labeninae, and Tryphoninae were also counted and measured. All ctenopelmatines
were synovigenic, based on presence of gradually enlarging oocytes along the length of the ovarioles. Egg size in
ctenopelmatines was quite variable, but always smaller than eggs of Xorides and Labena, even after adjustment for
body size.
Page 99 of 152
The Behavioral Responses of the Egg Parasitoid Ooencyrtus telenomicida to Semiochemicals from First and
Second Trophic Level
Antonino Cusumano - University of Palermo
Viale Delle Scienze 90128 Palermo, Italy
+390917028816/+390917028882
CUSUMANOANTONINO@TISCALI.IT
Ezio Peri - Dipartimento University of Palermo
+390917028809/+390917028882
E.PERI@UNIPA.IT
Stefano Colazza - University of Palermo
+390917028825/+390917028882
COLAZZA@UNIPA.IT
In this study the responses of females of the egg parasitoid Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev) (Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae) to volatile and contact chemicals from its host Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and
from host plant Solanum lycopersicum L. were investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer and in open arena. Our results
in the Y-tube olfactometer tests showed that: (1) female wasps were attracted to volatiles from adult host virgin
male and to volatiles from a host mated female, showing a clear preference for the volatiles emitted from the
former; volatiles from host virgin females did not attract O. telenomicida females; (2) only volatiles produced by
host-damaged plant complex were attractive to wasp females, while volatiles from undamaged, damaged or egg
carrying damaged tomato plants were not. In open arena tests, O. telenomicida females did not respond to
chemical traces left by N. viridula adults in the different sexes and/or physiological conditions. The behavioral
implications of these results are discussed matching up to different strategies adopted by the egg parasitoid
Trissolcus basalis and focusing on possible intraguild interactions between these two parasitoid species which in
field can share the same N. viridula egg masses.
Page 100 of 152
Patterns of Parasitism in the Egg Parasitoid Uscana semifumipennis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Joseph Deas Jr. – Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona
Department of Entomology at the University of Arizona
Forbes 410, PO Box 2100: (36)
Tucson, AZ 85721-0036
(619) 244-8914
JBDEAS@EMAIL.ARIZONA.EDU
Martha S. Hunter – Department of Entomology, University of Arizona
Department of Entomology at the University of Arizona
Forbes 410, PO Box 2100: (36)
Tucson, AZ 85721-0036
(520) 621-9350
MHUNTER@AG.ARIZONA.EDU
In parasitoid wasps, fitness is directly tied to the outcome of oviposition decisions. In solitary parasitoids,
successful parasitism equals one offspring, and the quality of the host determines the size and fecundity of the
offspring. Therefore, in an environment with variable host quality, wasps should prefer the ‘best’ host (e.g.,
largest, youngest, unparasitized, least defended). Uscana semifumipennis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is a
solitary egg parasitoid of native bruchids on desert legumes that encounters substantial variation in host egg size.
From smallest to largest are eggs of Stator limbatus on catclaw acacia, S. limbatus on blue palo verde, and
Mimosestes amicus on blue palo verde. Based on theory and results from a pilot experiment, we hypothesized that
U. semifumipennis females would attack relatively large eggs, parasitism rate would increase with host egg size,
and wasp body size would be correlated with host egg size. Interestingly, field data indicated that parasitism did
increase with host egg size, but wasps emerging from the largest egg size group (M. amicus) were not significantly
different in mean body size from the second largest egg size group (S. limbatus on blue palo verde). Additionally,
the emergence rate of wasps decreased for M. amicus, suggesting that preference for these large eggs may be
maladaptive in some contexts. Future laboratory experiments will test whether greater wasp mortality on M.
amicus occurs as a consequence of excess resources (i.e because the eggs are bigger), or because of a lower
suitability of this species of host for U. semifumipennis.
Page 101 of 152
Host Plant Resistance to Greenbug Schizaphis graminum Rond. (Hom: Aphididae) on 5 Wheat Cultivars
Somayeh Fattah-Hosseini – University of Tehran
Departmant of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
+98 261 2818705 / +98 261 2238529
S_f_2230@yahoo.com
Hossein Allahyari - University of Tehran
+98 261 2818705 / +98 261 2238529
Allahyar@ut.ac.ir
Abstract
Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rond. is the second destructive aphid after the Russian aphid, in grain fields and
the average rate of loss is estimated approximately 20 percent for this pest in the world. This aphid has shown
resistance to some pesticides until now. Natural enemies and resistant plants utilization are two main factors that
cause significant decrease in population growth rate of greenbug. To evaluate the potential resistance of host
plant towards greenbug, the most important parameter of aphid life table, the intrinsic rate of growth (rm) is
calculated by means of Wyatt and White method for various wheat cultivars that 3 generations of aphid were fed
on each (Non-shifting and No-choice test). This trial considered as antibiosis effect of cultivars. The selected
cultivars were Iranian commercial wheat namely Pishtaz (PZ), Shiraz (SZ), Chamran (CN), Mahdavi (MI) and
Marvdasht (MT). The highest value of rm, was considered for the most susceptive and the lowest of all, for the
most resistant host that were for SZ (0.366) and MI (0.309) respectively. Antixenosis (choice test) were also done
and let the aphids selected the preferable host freely. The result of the antixenosis was in agreement with the
antibiosis test and showed that the resistant cultivar (MI) has the both antibiosis and antixenosis effect on
greenbug.
Key words Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, Resistance, Antibiosis, Antixenosis, Wyatt and White, Non-shifting
Page 102 of 152
The Pea Aphid; Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Aphididae: Homoptera) from developmental to reproductive
aspects on broad bean
Somayeh Fattah-Hosseini – University of Tehran
+98 261 2818705 / +98 261 2238529
S_f_2230@yahoo.com
Hossein Allahyari - University of Tehran
+98 261 2818705 / +98 261 2238529
Allahyar@ut.ac.ir
Abstract
It is believed that pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), as an important pest of leguminous crops, may cause
up to 30 percent losses. In comparison to many other aphid species that are entirely host specific, this pest is
found on a few different families of plants as well as alfalfa, clover, and field beans. Broad bean; Faba vulgaris
Moench is one of the most common host of pea aphid that have been poorly studied from the point of biological
parameters of mentioned destructive pest. The fertility life table parameters of pea aphid were evaluated in
laboratory under controlled circumstances of 23±1˚C, 70±10% and 16:8 L:D on broad bean. Aphids had been
reared for a variety of generations on this host plant through non-shifting method. The result of the investigation
of biology indicated that the duration of nymphal period and aphid fecundity rate were 7.98 days and 48.62
nymphs on broad bean. Net reproductive rate (R0); mean generation time (T), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of
increase ( λ ) were measured as well. Based on Birch method, gross reproductive rate (GRR) was 83.50. rm, R0, λ ,
T, and DT were 0.25, 49.42, 1.29, 15.49 and 2.75, respectively. Additionally, rm was calculated by means of Wyatt
and White method that was 0.32. The recent method is a quick, simple and imprecise way of calculation of rm,
commonly used by many biologists. As a matter of fact, the results show that broad bean is a suitable host for
rearing the aphid in different laboratory studies.
Key words Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Fertility life table parameters, Birch, Wyatt and White
Page 103 of 152
Physiological Costs of Cold Storage of Aphidius ervi (Hymenopter: Aphidiidae)
Mohannad Ismail - University of Rennes 1
UMR 6553 ECOBIO - Université de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu - Avenue du Général Leclerc.
35 042 Rennes cedex. France
Tel: +(33) 2 23 23 50 27
Fax: +(33) 2 23 23 50 26
E-mail: mohannad.ismail@univ-rennes1.fr
Philippe Vernon – University of Rennes 1
Station Biologique de Paimpont
35380 PAIMPONT, FRANCE
Tel : +33 (0)2.99.61.81.69
Fax : +33 (0)2.99.61.81.87
E-mail : philippe.vernon@univ-rennes1.fr
Thierry Hance – University Catholic of Louvain
Unité d'écologie et de biogéographie- Centre de recherche sur la Biodiversité
Place Croix du Sud, 5
1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
Tél.: 32 10 47 34 93
Fax: 32 10 47 34 90
E-mail : thierry.hance@uclouvain.be
Joan van Baaren – University of Rennes 1
UMR 6553 ECOBIO - Université de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu - Avenue du Général Leclerc.
35 042 Rennes cedex. France
Tel: (33) 2 23 23 50 27.
Fax: (33) 2 23 23 50 26
E-mail: joan.van-baaren@univ-rennes1.fr
Cold storage of natural enemies can be used to obtain large number of individuals. However, several studies
pointed out the negative effects of storage on survival of parasitoids and life history traits (longevity, fertility...).
These effects increase with decreasing of the temperature and with the duration of cold exposure. Moreover, the
surviving individuals do not represent the original population because they are selected. Here, we evaluated the
physiological costs induced by a short period of storage, which did not produce a high mortality rate, on the
parasitoid Aphidius ervi. This parasitoid is used to control different species of aphids.
We compared 5 treatments at 7°C on 1-day-old mummies (control at 20°C, 1 and 2 wk at 7°C constant, 1 and 2 wk
at 7°C fluctuate). This temperature is above the development threshold of A. ervi (6.6°C).
Our results showed that fecundity at emergence and life time fecundity were not affected at all treatments. In
contrast, we found that the longevity of females in the treatment constant 2 wk declined significantly. Hence, we
suggested that males were more tolerant to the cold storage than females. The progeny sex ratio was male biased
after 2 wk in the constant treatment..
Water content decreased significantly in all treatments, whereas fat content decreased significantly only in the
constant treatments. We suggested that the fluctuating treatments had an important role in economizing fat
reserve.
We suggested that the decreased longevity is probably linked to the diminution in fat content and water content.
A. ervi can therefore be stored successfully for 2 wk at 7°C in the fluctuating treatments without any detrimental
effects.
KEY WORDS: A. ervi, cold storage, fluctuating temperature, Life History Traits (LHTs), physiological costs, fat
content, water content.
Page 104 of 152
WHY DRYINIDS SPIN TWO LAYERS OF COCOON?
S. Manickavasagam and A. Prabhu
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture,
Annamalai University, Chidambaram – 608 002. Tamilnadu, India.
drmanicks2003@yahoo.co.in
Rice crop is attacked by a series of leaf and plant hoppers. These hoppers are parasitized and predated by the
dryinid pseudogonatopus nudus Perkins. After four days of parasitization of the hopper, the typical symptom of
thalacium (larval sac) is visible in between two abdominal tergites of the hopper. The mature dryinid larva after
coming out of thalacium, searched for a suitable site for pupation and started spinning cocoon. The larva
constructs a characteristic cocoon made up of two layers, the outer loosely woven layer in about six hours and the
compact and densely woven inner layer in about eight hours. After 24 h of spinning, a constriction appeared
almost at the centre of the larval body and the second half became darker. The cocoon is bigger when compared
to the larval size and elongated oval in shape. The elongated size of the cocoon might be to suit the elongated and
linear body size of the adult dryinid and the apparent constriction at the centre of the larval body during cocoon
formation might be coinciding with the constriction in the adult dryinid either between mesosoma and metasoma
or constriction within the thorax. However, it is not clear for what purpose the cocoon size is larger than the size
of larva and adult? Further the purpose of two layers of cocoon is discussed.
Page 105 of 152
Interspecific Contest in Two Sympatric Parasitoid Species
Rihab Mohamad – Universite De Tours
Jean-Paul Monge - Universite De Tours
Marlene Goubault - Universite De Tours
IRBI UMR CNRS 6035
PARC DE GRANDMONT
37200 TOURS, FRANCE
+33 2 47 36 69 11
rihab.mohamad@etu.univ-tours.fr
marlene.goubault@univ-tours.fr
When two species exploit the same ecological niche, interspecific competition may lead to the exclusion of one of
them. For the two species to co-exist, resource exploitation strategies developed by both species must somehow
counter-balance each other.
Eupelmus vuilleti and Dinarmus basalis are two solitary parasitoid species exploiting the same hosts, larvae and
pupae of Callosobruchus maculatus. In West Africa, this Coleopteran species is an important pest attacking cowpea
seeds stored in granaries. Within these relatively closed storage systems, hosts can be abundant and parasitoid
populations may highly fluctuate, potentially leading to high intra- and interspecific competition levels.
When confronted to parasitized hosts (exploitative competition), D. basalis females tend to avoid superparasitism
and multiparasitism. In contrast, E. vuilleti females tend to accept parasitized hosts, even sometimes preferring
them to healthy hosts. They also often commit ovicide before ovipositing. Eupelmus vuilleti therefore seems to be
dominant and potentially able to exclude D. basalis. How can D. basalis persist when in sympatry with E. vuilleti?
Here, we proposed to investigate the females’ ability to directly protect their hosts (and therefore their offspring)
against allospecific females (contest competition). We explored the effect of female differences in competitive
ability (body size) and host value (in terms of egg load and habitat quality) on contest outcomes. We showed that
D. basalis females aggressively and successfully defend their host against E. vuilleti and can even take over host
being explored by E. vuilleti. Therefore, when simultaneously exploiting a host, D. basalis females seem to
outcompete E. vuilleti females.
Page 106 of 152
Biological Characteristics of Tetrastichus brontispae, a Pupal Parasitoid of the Coconut Hispine Beetle
Thi Tar Oo – Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS)
Ryoko. T. Ichiki – JIRCAS
Shun-ichiro Takano - Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
Satoshi Nakamura - JIRCAS
Keiji Takasu - Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
takasu@brs.kyushu-u.ac.jp
The parasitoid wasp Tetrastichus brontispae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) has been recognized as one of the
promising natural enemies to control the coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae) which was accidentally introduced and became a serious pest of coconut in Southeast Asia
recently. Since little information has been available on the biology and the oviposition behavior of T. brontispae,
the time of stinging, development time, adult longevity, fecundity and parasitization were studied at 25ºC, 60% RH
and 12L: 12D. Food positively influenced their longevity, and females survived significantly longer than males.
When provided with 10 % honey solution, the mean longevity was 9 and 14 days for males and females,
respectively. Females started oviposition on the first day of emergence and parasitized 2.7 hosts (1 – 4) in their
lifetime. The stinging time by females ranged from 4 – 95min. The average number of parasitoids emerged per
host was 13.1 with a sex ratio of 0.82 (female).
Page 107 of 152
Attraction of Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to conventional versus transgenic maize and
associated host odors
Ricardo Ramirez-Romero - Universidad de Guadalajara
Departamento de Botanica y Zoologia, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km. 15.5 Carr. Guadalajara-Nogales,
Las Agujas, Apartado Postal 139, CP 45110 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
(52) 33 37 77 11 92
rramirez@cucba.udg.mx
Nicolas Desneux - INRA
Unité de Recherches Intégrées en Horticulture, INRA, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
(33) 4 92 38 64 27
nicolas.desneux@sophia.inra.fr
Aimé H. Bokonon-Ganta - Direction de l’agriculture
Direction de l’agriculture, Service de Protection des Végétaux, BP 58, Porto-Novo, Benin.
Julio S. Bernal - Texas A&M University
Biological Control Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843, USA.
(979) 862-8378
juliobernal@tamu.edu
Abstract: Attraction of Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), a parasitoid of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda
[Smith]), to transgenic versus conventional maize seedlings and associated host-related odors was investigated in
the laboratory using a four-arm olfactometer. Maize seedlings were of commercial hybrids, and transgenic
seedlings produced Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) endotoxins [Cry1Ab, event MON810]. Females of C.
marginiventris exhibited similar responses to conventional and transgenic maize seedlings damaged by and
harboring fall armyworm larvae, and these were significantly stronger than responses to blank control odors. In
contrast, the responses of C. marginiventris females to frass were significantly and consistently strongest towards
frass from fall armyworm fed conventional maize tissue, followed by frass from fall armyworm fed transgenic
maize tissue, and blank control odors. Reduced attraction toward odor of frass from hosts fed on antibiotictreated conventional maize was also observed. Therefore, Bt endotoxins present in transgenic maize tissue may
lead to lower attractiveness of frass via an antibiotic effect on microorganisms present in frass responsible for
producing odors attractive to C. marginiventris females. The attraction of C. marginiventris females to hostassociated odors from transgenic versus conventional maize is relevant to potential impacts of transgenic crop
cultivars on natural enemies, and implications for biological control of pests that are not targeted by transgenic
cultivars, such as fall armyworm.
Page 108 of 152
Sexual communication in the egg parasitoid Trissolcus brochymenae
G. Salerno1, F. Frati1, E. Conti1, E. Peri2 & S. Colazza2
1
DSAA, University of Perugia; salerno@unipg.it
2
S.En.Fi.Mi.Zo, University of Palermo
The males of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus brochymenae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) exploit a short range
pheromone for recognition of the other gender. To evaluate the role of this pheromone, the behavior of virgin
males has been studied in closed arena when exposed to the following cues: 1) virgin females (alive, dead
“washed” with solvents, dead “unwashed”); 2) dissected and re-assembled virgin females (females dissected into
head, mesosoma, and gaster, then reassembled using two solvent “washed” parts and an “unwashed” part, or
“unwashed” legs assembled with entire “washed” body); 3) “washed” females treated with acetone extracts (of
virgin females and of legs).
Males antennate and mount virgin “washed” females with lower frequency and duration compared to dead
“unwashed” females, where physical and semiochemical stimuli are maintained. The extrusions of the penis never
occur when “washed” females are employed. The site of production and/or release of the sex pheromone is the
mesosoma with legs and wings. Stimuli from females with only the mesosoma “unwashed” induce more intense
male response in terms of antennation, mounting and penis extrusion compared to stimuli from females
assembled with “unwashed” head or gastro. The males antennate intensely and mount, without penis extrusion,
the dead females treated with extracts of virgin females. Instead, mounts never occur when extract of legs was
applied. The chemical analysis of acetone extracts of virgin males and females showed qualitative differences.
Key words: oooparasitoids, sex pheromones, sexual behavior, GC-MS
Page 109 of 152
Morphology and Development of Immature Stages of Fidiobia dominica (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae:
Sceliotrachelinae)
Josep-Anton Jacas – Universitat Jaume I, Campus del Riu Sec
Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural
E – 12071 – Castelló de la Plana, Spain
Phone: +34 964729401/ fax: +34 964728216
jacas@camn.uji.es;
Jorge E. Peña – University of Florida - TREC
18905 SW 280 St., Homestead, FL 33177, USA
305-246-7000
jepe@ifas.ufl.edu
Rita E. Duncan - University of Florida - TREC
305-246-7000
ritad@ufl.edu
The external morphology and development of immature stages of Fidiobia dominica Evans & Peña (Hymenoptera:
Platygastridae), a Neotropical solitary endoparasitoid of the eggs of Diaprepes spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae),
are reported. This species behaves as a solitary idiobiont endoparasitoid. It has a stalked egg and two instars. The
first instar is cyclopoid and seven-segmented, whereas the second instar is hymenopteriform and 11-segmented.
Mandibulae are conspicuous in both instars. On completion of the larval development, the host egg turns amber
transparent, making parasitized eggs easily recognizable. The pupa is exarate. F. dominica is a protandrous species
and once emerged, males help females to emerge.
Page 110 of 152
COMPARING ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING AND PRIMING OF RESPONSE TO HOST-RELATED ODOR IN A SPECIALIST
AND A GENERALIST PARASITOID WASP SPECIES
Maggie Jordan – Auburn University
Phone: 334-844-2495; Fax: 334-844-5005
jordamp@auburn.edu
Esther Ngumbi – Auburn University
Phone: 334-844-2495; Fax: 334-844-5005
enn0002@auburn.edu
Henry Fadamiro – Auburn University
Phone: 334-844-5098; Fax: 334-844-5005
fadamhy@auburn.edu
The ability of parasitoids to learn a wide range of volatiles, including ecologically relevant and novel odors
and respond favorably to the learned stimuli has been documented for various species. However, comparative
studies of odor learning in specialist and generalist parasitoids are rare in the literature. In this study, we compared
odor learning and priming of response in two parasitoids of cotton caterpillar pests with different degree of host
specificity: Microplitis croceipes (a specialist parasitoid) and Cotesia marginiventris (a generalist parasitoid). The
major hypothesis tested was that the generalist parasitoid, C. marginiventris will show greater associative learninginduced increase in response to host-related volatiles than the specialist, M. croceipes. The responses of naïve
versus trained (trained to associate honey water with the test compounds) females of both parasitoid species to
select constitutive (trans-2-hexanal and α-pinene) and induced (cis-3-hexenyl butyrate, and farnesene) hostrelated compounds were compared using a Y-tube olfactometer. Compared to naïve females, trained females of
the generalist, C. marginiventris showed an increased attraction (% response) to all tested compounds. On the
contrary, trained females of the specialist, M. croceipes showed an increased response (relative to naïve females)
only to farnesene and α-pinene, but not to the other two host-related compounds. Overall, the generalist
appeared to benefit more (in terms of increased response to host-related odor) than the specialist from associative
learning, suggesting that associative learning of odor may be used to enhance the foraging success of generalist
parasitoids than specialists.
Page 111 of 152
Is post egression host tissue feeding critical for the development of koinobiont wasps?
Indira Kuriachan, Rachel Laca and S. Bradleigh Vinson
Department Entomology
979-845-9754
bvinson@tamu.edu
Abstract
The kionobiont wasps start their life as hemolymph feeders inside the host body. But before they egress from the
host, they become tissue predators. One species, Toxoneuron nigriceps egresses before becoming a tissue
predator and reinserts its head into the host body after egression from the host. Through this project we have
evaluated the importance of host tissue feeding after egression, on the development of T.nigriceps which has
served as a model for major innovative studies like discovery of PolyDNA viruses, teratocytes, host immunity, host
location and parasitoid learning. The results showed that host tissue feeding after egression is not essential for
cocoon formation/pupation and subsequent adult emergence. However, it is confirmed that the body mass, size
and survival of the adult wasps were significantly affected by host tissue feeding after egression.
Page 112 of 152
Exclusion of Campoletis sonorensis Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) by two species of Plusiinae loopers
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Henry Murillo – University of Windsor
Biological Sciences, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
(519) 253-3000 ext. 4776 Fax: 519-971-3609
murillo@uwindsor.ca
Sherah L. VanLaerhoven- University of Windsor
Biological Sciences, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
(519) 253-3000 ext. 2713 Fax: 519-971-3609
vanlaerh@uwindsor.ca
David W. A. Hunt
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre
2585 County Road 20 Harrow, Ontario N0R 1G0, Canada.
(519-738-2251 (427) Fax: 519-738-2929
david.hunt@agr.gc.ca
The exclusion of endoparasitoids by cuticular encystment is relatively a novel defense system that has been found
to be a very common in Lepidoptera noctuidae Plusiinae. In this study we examined this defensive mechanism on
two species of Plusiinae, Trichoplusia ni and Chrysodeixis spp when their larvae are parasitised by Campoletis
sonorensis. The preliminary results of the effect of formaldehyde, the host age and superparasitism on this
mechanism and the possible implication for an augmentation biocontrol program will be presented.
Page 113 of 152
DEVELOPMENT, MORPHOLOGY, AND FUNCTION OF THE CALYX CELLS IN THE ENDOPARASITIC WASP
GLYPTAPANTELES LIPARIDIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Martina Olifiers
Phone 0043-1-3686352-38
Fax 0043-1-3686352-97
Email martina.olifiers@boku.ac.at
Christa Schafellner
Phone 0043-1-3686352-38
Fax 0043-1-3686352-97
Email christa.schafellner@boku.ac.at
Axel Schopf
Phone 0043-1-3686352-38
Fax 0043-1-3686352-97
Email axel.schopf@boku.ac.at
The braconid species Glyptapanteles liparidis is a gregarious endoparasitic wasp that develops in young gypsy
moth larvae. The wasp carries a symbiotic polydnavirus (PDV) that replicates only in the calyx cells of the female
ovary. During oviposition, the co-injection of PDV particles and venom along with the eggs is a prerequisite for
successful parasitoid development; both factors are involved in the developmental arrest of the host and interfere
with the host’s immune reaction. In this study, ultrastructural and histological analyses as well as molecular
genetic and physicochemical methods are applied to investigate the development and differentiation of the female
reproductive system of G. liparidis wasps during pupal-adult development. The main focus of the present work is
to identify the particular stages, when replication of the virus in the calyx cells begins, viral envelopes appear in the
cell nuclei, mature virions with nucleocapsids occur, and cells finally disintegrate to release the virions into the
oviduct lumen. The DNA content of the nuclei and the viral genome size are analyzed and the virions are
characterized according to morphological features. Furthermore, we correlate the maturation of the female
reproductive tracts with the externally visible, progressing pigmentation pattern during the development from
freshly molted pupae to adult wasps.
Page 114 of 152
Host stage selection by a koinobiont parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum
Ai Yamashita – Graduate School of Bioresource and environmental Sciences,
Kyushu University
81-92-642-3027/81-92-642-3028
aiindigo320@yahoo.co.jp
Keiji Takasu – Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
Koinobiont parasitoids allow hosts to continue to feed and grow after parasitization, and many of them regulate
host physiology to successfully complete their development. Thus, unlike idiobiont species, the relationship
between the host size at oviposition and the fitness gain of the koinobiont parasitoid is generally not obvious.
However, We examined oviposition and immature development of the eulophid wasp Asecodes hispinarum in the
coconut hispine beetle Brontispa longissima and found that there was a clear relation between host size at
oviposition and the fitness gain in this koinobiont species. When females were given a larva of either 1st, 2nd, 3rd
or 4th instar, acceptance rate increased with advancing instar from 70% at the 1st instar to 100% at the 4th instar.
The oviposition time also increased with advancing instar. The proportion of which parasitized hosts produced
parasitoid adults also increased with instars from less than 20% in 1st instar to 70% in 4th instar. The development
time from oviposition to adult emergence was 19-20 days, regardless of instar at oviposition. Most of parasitized
larval hosts of 1st to 3rd instar did not molt before being mummified. The number of adults emerged per host
significantly increased from 1st instar to 4th instar. We also confirmed that this wasp can parasitize the host pupae
with low successful emeregence and parasitized pupae normally developed to adults when parasitism was failed.
These results suggest that A. hispinarum does not regulate host growth after parasitism and is capable of
parasitizing a wide range of host stages.
Page 115 of 152
FATE OF SOUTHERN GREEN STINK-BUG EGGS IN BT-COTTON,
ROUND-UP READY COTTON, SOYBEANS AND PEANUTS
D. M. Olson
USDA-ARS
Tifton, GA
J.R. Ruberson
UGA Department of Entomology
Tifton, GA
There is a need to determine the life history of stink bugs relative to major crops in the southeastern US. To this
end, we investigated Southern green stink bug egg mortality by placing sentinel egg masses in plots of soybean, Btcotton, Round up Ready (RR) cotton and peanut plants in the Southeast. Egg masses were photographed at
placement and at 12h, 24h and 48h after placement to help evaluate relative predation and parasitism in the
crops. After 72h, surviving egg masses were collected and held in the laboratory to assess parasitism. Predation of
eggs was high in peanuts (74%) and soybeans (65%), and similarly lower in Bt (26%) and RR cotton (21%). Most
egg predation in cotton and peanuts was attributable to fire ants. Parasitism was low overall but higher in the
cotton (8%) than the peanuts (0.17%) and soybeans (2%). Both predation and parasitism were higher at plot edges
than the centers of all three crops. Future studies will continue to investigate relative egg mortality as well as stink
bug reproduction and longevity in the various crops used by these species.
Page 116 of 152
BEING A PARASITOID OF PARASITES – BIOLOGY OF IXODIPHAGUS HOOKERI A PARASITOID OF TICKS
Jana Collatz - University of Hohenheim
Institute of Zoology 220c, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
++49 711 459 23764
collatz@gmail.com
Philipp Selzer - University of Hohenheim
++49 711 459 24242
philipp-selzer@gmx.net
Rainer M. Oehme – State Health Office Baden-Wuerttemberg
Nordbahnhofstr. 135, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
Ute Mackenstedt - University of Hohenheim
Institute of Zoology 220b, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
Johannes L. M. Steidle - University of Hohenheim
++49 711 459 23667
jsteidle@uni-hohenheim.de
The parasitic wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri is a specialist parasitoid of larvae and nymphs of many hard tick species
worldwide. To assess its potential for biological control in temperate regions we investigated several aspects of the
wasp’s biology in natural populations in Germany.
In bioassays we could demonstrate that I. hookeri uses odors from wild boar and deer for host location, while tick
feces arrested wasps only at very short distance. Thus, it is likely that ticks are parasitized during feeding on their
vertebrate hosts. Thereby preferences for mammals and tick species vary according to the geographic origin of the
wasps. Field studies at a forest habitat over three successive years revealed the presence of adult wasps only in
late summer. Furthermore, laboratory data show that the development of wasps is delayed in autumn and winter
independently of light and temperature. These results suggest that I. hookeri in Central Europe is univoltine. Its
presence is not correlated to the main activity peak of ticks in spring but rather seems to be constrained due to
overwintering and diapause of the tick host. To assess parasitisation rate and geographical extension of I. hookeri a
PCR-based technique was developed. This method enabled us to detect wasp eggs in questing tick nymphs and
revealed a broader spread of the parasitoid than assumed. Further studies will address the environmental
conditions present at natural habitats of I. hookeri. These data will form the base of release experiments for
biological control of ticks in the future.
Page 117 of 152
Factors influencing the effect of Orius insidiosus on soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) population growth in the
field.
Nicolas Desneux1,3, Ho Jung S. Yoo2,3, Robert J. O'Neil3
1
2
Unité de Recherches Intégrées en Horticulture, INRA, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
nicolas.desneux@sophia.inra.fr
Division of Biological Sciences, University of California – San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0116, La Jolla, CA 92093,
USA. hojungyoo@gmail.com
3
Department of Entomology, Purdue University, Smith Hall, 901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Previous studies have demonstrated that the generalist predator Orius insidiosus can reduce population growth of
the invasive pest, Aphis glycines (SBA), early in the soybean cropping season. In addition, soybean thrips, which is a
common alternative prey for O. insidiosus, has been shown to have both positive (short term) and negative (long
term) indirect effects on SBA. In the field, we evaluated to what extent O. insidiosus could limit SBA population
growth as initial aphid densities increase. We established aphid populations of increasing density and measured
population growth in the presence of the predator in the field. We also assessed the impact of thrips on O.
insidiosus efficacy in limiting aphid populations experimentally established in the field. We evaluated how SBA
population growth relates to thrips presence and thus the potential disturbing effect of thrips on predation of SBA
by O. insidiosus. Results showed that SBA populations are limited by O. insidiosus in the field but that there is a
threshold in aphid density for which the predator is no longer able to provide effective control. Thrips proved to
have no adverse effect on the ability of O. insidiosus to limit SBA population growth. These findings hint at the
potential of O. insidiosus for preventing SBA population growth primarily at initial infestation but not later in the
season, and that thrips must be taken into consideration in IPM because a positive short-term interaction between
SBA and thrips is offset by an indirect negative effect of thrips on SBA.
Page 118 of 152
French Wasps in the New World: Experimental Biological Control Introductions Reveal a Demographic Allee
Effect
Xavier Fauvergue – INRA-CNRS-UNSA
400 Routes des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
33-4-92 38 64 63
xavier.fauvergue@sophia.inra.fr
Keith R. Hopper – USDA-ARS
501 South Chapel St., Newark, DE 19713, USA
1-302-731-7330
Keith.Hopper@ars.usda.gov
Many populations introduced into a novel environment fail to establish. One underlying process is the Allee effect,
i.e., the difficulty of individuals to survive and reproduce when rare. Although observations showing a positive
relation between release size and establishment probability suggest that the Allee effect could be widespread in
biological invasions, experimental tests are scarce. Here, we used a biological control program against the Russian
wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, in the United States to manipulate release size of the parasitoid Aphelinus asychis
introduced from France. For eight populations and three generations after introduction, we measured spatial
distribution and spread, density, mate-finding, and population growth. Dispersal was lower in small populations
during the first generation. Smaller initial population size nonetheless resulted in lower density during the three
generations studied. The proportion of mated females and population sex ratio were not affected by release size
or population density. Net reproductive rate decreased with density within each generation, suggesting negative
density-dependence. But for a given density, net reproductive rate was smaller with small releases than with large
releases. Hence our results demonstrate a demographic Allee effect. Matefinding was excluded as an underlying
mechanism, and other component Allee effects may have been overwhelmed by negative density-dependence in
reproduction. However, impact of generalist predators provide one potential explanation for the relationship
between initial population size and net reproductive rate. On the other hand, the continuing effect of release size
on population growth suggests genetic processes may have been involved in the observed demographic Allee
effect.
Page 119 of 152
ENHANCING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CABBAGE PESTS
BY COMPANION PLANTS
C. Geneau – Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (Fibl)
ACKERSTRASSE, POSTFACH
CH-5070 FRICK, SWITZERLAND
Tel: +41 62 865 72 81 / Fax: +41 62 865 72 73
celine.geneau@fibl.org
H. Luka – Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (Fibl)
Tel: +41 62 865 72 44 / Fax: +41 62 865 72 73
henryk.luka@fibl.org
L. Pfiffner – Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (Fibl)
Tel: +41 62 865 72 46 / Fax: +41 62 865 72 73
lukas.pfiffner@fibl.org
O. Balmer – Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (Fibl)
Tel: +41 62 865 72 75 / Fax: +41 62 865 72 73
oliver.balmer@fibl.org
Loss of biodiversity affects ecosystem services such as biological control. By combining wildflower strips and
companion plants, we enhance functional biodiversity in intensive cropping systems such as cabbage crops. Access
to flower resources will provide food sources and structures to natural enemies. This should lead to a more
efficient biological control, a reduction of pesticide use and a higher biodiversity in the crop field.
Our research focuses on larval and egg parasitoids of three main cabbage pests: Mamestra brassicae, Plutella
xylostella, Pieris rapae. Seven annual wildflower species are tested under lab and field conditions to identify
species that attract and increase longevity and effectiveness of parasitoids but not pest species. Agronomic
parameters such as yield, plant-plant competition and wildflower establishment are also tested in the field.
First experiments have identified several plant species attractive to the parasitoids tested. Anethum graveolens
seems to be attractive to Diadegma semiclausum, whereas Iberis amara shows the opposite effect. I. amara was
also not suitable to increase the longevity of Trichogramma brassicae. Competition between companion plant and
cabbage did not affect cabbage yield. Future work will focus on further optimizing companion plant choice and
assessing the effect of companion plants on the spatial distribution of parasitoids in the entire field.
Page 120 of 152
Dispersal and field progeny production of released Trichogramma species in an olive grove in Egypt
Esmat M.Hegazi – Alexandria University
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE,,EL-SHATBY,EGYPT
0122425977/FAX:002035922780
eshegazi@hotmail.com
Essam Agamy – Cairo University
FACULTY OF AGRICUTURE,EL-GIZA,CAIRO,EGYPT
0020123110439
essamagamy@yahoo.com
Dispersal and field progeny production of egg parasitoids released for biological control are essential factors for
their spatial and population dynamics.
Dispersal of native Trichogramma species (T.bourarachae, T. cordubensis, T.euproctidis) and of a commercially
available one (T. evanscens) and their progeny production were studied in an olive grove by monitoring the
parasitism of sentinel eggs at different trees and canopy levels. Five releases of each species were performed on
four trees of the same variety, age, shape and height and 500 m far from each other during mild weather
conditions and low occurrence of egg predators.
(1) All wasp species parasitized fewer eggs at the upper third level than at the middle or lower level of the canopy.
(2) All wasp species achieved highest parasitism on the tree where they had been initially released. (3) Progeny
production was highest for T. bourarachae, followed by T. euproctidis and then T. cordubensis. T. evanescens
propagated less under field conditions. (4) T. bourarachae and T. evanescens parasitized most eggs on southern
part of release trees, T. euproctidis on the northern part and T. cordubensis on the western part. (5) T. bourarachae
spread to a greater extent than the other egg parasitoid species.
Native egg parasitoid species were more productive in the field than the commercial species. Dispersal of all
species except T. bourarachae was quite restricted and, for biological control, releasing material should therefore
be distributed on each olive tree, preferably also at different levels of the canopy.
Page 121 of 152
The Role of the Indigenous Parasitoid Brachyufens osborni in the Classical Biological Control Program of
Diaprepes abbreviatus in Florida
Josep-Anton Jacas – Universitat Jaume I, Campus del Riu Sec
Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural
E – 12071 – Castelló de la Plana, Spain
Phone: +34 964729401/ fax: +34 964728216
jacas@camn.uji.es
Bryan J. Ulmer - Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc.
408 Herzog Drive
Watertown, SD 57210
mobile: 605-323-7716; office/fax: 605-753-6481
bryan_james.ulmer@syngenta.com
Jorge E. Peña – University of Florida - TREC
305-246-7000
jepe@ifas.ufl.edu
Rita E. Duncan - University of Florida - TREC
305-246-7000
ritad@ufl.edu
Diaprepes abbreviatus is an exotic root weevil occurring in southern USA. It is a highly polyphagous species of
economic importance. The lack of native egg parasitoids for this weevil in Florida triggered efforts to evaluate
candidate egg parasitoids from the Caribbean Region. Four species have been released so far (Aprostocetus
vaquitarum, Haeckeliania sperata, Fidiobia dominica and Quadrastichus haitiensis) and establishment has only
been recorded in South Florida.
Brachyufens osborni is a weevil egg endoparasitoid native to Florida where it is presumed to occur on weevil egg
masses of D. abbreviatus, as well as on indigenous weevils such as Pachnaeus litus. Although this parasitoid has
been reported parasitizing up to 81% of eggs of P. litus, its effect on D. abbreviatus remains unclear.
Results from our laboratory experiment show that B. osborni is a highly effective parasitoid, both against D.
abbreviatus and P. litus (82.0 to 100 % egg mortality). However, it will not reproduce on D. abbreviatus and
therefore its effect in the field is difficult to quantify. Furthermore, when concurrent with the introduced
parasitoids, the probability that the exotic species would complete their cycle significantly decreased, both on P.
litus and on D. abbreviatus.
These results show the important role that this native natural enemy may be playing in the biological control
program developed against D. abbreviatus. Its effect on D. abbreviatus and its introduced parasitoids should not
be ignored.
Page 122 of 152
CURRENT STATUS OF CHALCIDID PARASITOIDS IN CAUVERY DELTA ZONE OF INDIA
R. Kanagarajan and S. Manickavasagam
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai university, Chidamabaram- 608 002 India.
krkanagarajan@yahoo.com
A survey on chalcidid parasitoids of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) ecosystem in cauvery Delta zone of Tamilnadu, India
covering a total area of 1.45 million hectares through net sweeping method revealed the prevalence of genera
Brachymeria Westwood, Antrocephalus Kirby, Hockeria walker and Dirhinus Dalman with the former more
abundant than the rest. Further with in Brachymeria, B. lasus (Walker) was more common than other species.
Through host rearing of paddy pests pupae [Pelopidas mathias Fab., Melanitis leda ismene Cramer and Sesamia
inferens (Walker)] also, mainly B. lasus was recovered. Multiple parasitism was also found from S. inferens pupae
representing eulophids, tachnids and chalcidids. Further instances of gregariousness was also noticed for B. lasus
through P. mathias pupa. Further details on various genera and species recorded through this survey, effect of
weather factors on chalcidid population fluctuation and their possible role in biological control of paddy pests are
discussed in detail in the paper.
Page 123 of 152
Short and long-term effects of temperature on parasitoid-host interactions
Matthew Meisner – University of Wisconsin-Madison
1106 Shorewood Blvd., Madison, WI 53705
608.234.8161
mmeisner@mit.edu
Temperature can critically influence insect physiology and behavior, including interactions between parasitoids
and their hosts. However, little work has been done to understand how changes in short-term processes
ultimately influence long-term dynamics. We performed several laboratory experiments to investigate the effect
of temperature on interactions between the parasitoid Aphidius ervi and pea aphids, its primary host. In shortterm, plant-level laboratory experiments we investigated various aspects of the effectiveness of A. ervi to control
pea aphids at two temperatures: 20°C and 26.9°C. On a short time scale, elevated temperatures lead to increased
parasitism rates of pea aphids, possibly due to increased A. ervi activity including movement and attack rates. At a
higher temperature, A. ervi was also able to develop more quickly and more successfully than it did at lower
temperatures. This apparent benefit of higher temperatures for A. ervi did not translate to the longer-term when
parasitoid and hosts were kept together for 4 months in a laboratory cage experiment. The parasitoids were
initially more effective at 26.9°C, quickly reducing aphids to a low level. However, this crash was followed by pea
aphids flourishing at much higher levels during the rest of the experiment. At 20°C, parasitism rates were initially
lower, allowing A. ervi to persist for longer and allowing them to eventually eliminate the entire pea aphid
population. These results illustrate the importance of connecting short-term processes to long-term dynamics and
suggest that parasitoid-host interactions could ultimately shift under future climate change.
Page 124 of 152
Evaluate of Aphidoletes aphidomyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) defensive mechanisms in the presence of Orius
laevigatus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Ahmad R. Mohandesi- University of Tehran
Plant Protection Department College of Agriculture & Natural Resources,
University of Tehran, 31587-11167 Karaj, Iran
0989364093015
Ar.mohandesi@gmail.com
Ahmad Ashouri -University of Tehran
ashouri@ut.ac.ir
Hossein Allahyari- University of Tehran
allahyar@ut.ac.ir
Nowadays, various biological agents contemporary might be used at biological control’s program in greenhouses
to increased success. The simultaneous utilizing of biological control’s agents might make various interactions like
Intraguild predation that could effect on biological control process. Eggs and larvae of aphidophagous midge
Aphidoletes aphidomyza Rondani are vulnerable to intraguild predators in laboratory. In this research, the female
gall midge’s ability to select oviposition site without predators was evaluate with measured as the number of eggs
laid in difference site on cucumber. Additionally, the operative defensive mechanism of larvae and effect of that on
larvae survival as well as effect of Aphis gossypii Glover size on this larvae defensive mechanism induction was
determined. The results showed female gall midge could distinguish Orius laevigatus Fibber presence at
oviposition site and she laid a few eggs on that site. Likewise, dropping from plant was determined as an effective
defensive mechanism to protect midge larvae from predators. Furthermore, increase aphid’s size and its defensive
power could induce intraguild predation and larvae defense. These results showed oviposition site selection ability
by female and larvae defensive mechanism could rescue this aphidophagous from intraguild predation partly.
Keywords: intraguild predation, gall midge, aphidophagous, oviposition site, Aphidoletes aphidomyza
Page 125 of 152
Uffda! Selling Biological Control to Norwegian Bachelor Farmers in the Upper Midwests
Kelley J. Tilmon – SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY
PLANT SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, BOX 2140-C
605/688/4601; 605/688/4452
KELLEY.TILMON@SDSTATE.EDU
Matthew E. O’Neal – IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
515/294/8622; 515/294/7406
ONEAL@IASTATE.EDU
In 2008, seven States in the Midwestern US participated in the release of the parasitoid Binodoxys communis
(Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for classical biological control of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura
(Hemiptera: Aphididae). Several states also included an Extension and outreach component as part of the release
program, to educate soybean producers and the public about the benefits of biological control. In this
presentation we discuss what we have learned about communicating effectively with the public about parasitoids
and classical biological control.
Page 126 of 152
Interaction between the invasive species Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its
parasitoid complex (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from the Volga River Basin (Russia)
Zoya A.Yefremova
Ul’yanovsk State Pedagogical University,
432700, pl.Lenina, 4, Russia,
Tel.: 8422530942, Fax: 8422443046,
eulophids@mail.ru
The leaf-miner Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was discovered in the European part of
Russia in 1988 and was reported from the Middle Volga in 2003. In general, populations of P. issikii increased in the
Middle Volga over a four-year period by 100% of infected trees. The research project was initiated in 2006-2007 in
order to study the parasitoid complex of this invasive species. Corresponding counts were 29 parasitoids/100
leaves in 2006 and 37 parasitoids/100 leaves in 2007. In both years, the overall parasitism averaged ca 50% and 22
parasitoid species were recorded, of which 12 are mentioned for the first time. The dominant parasitoids in
Udmurtia were Sympiesis gordius (Walker), Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker 1839) and Pnigalio soemius (Walker
1839) in 2005. In Ulyanovsk province dominant species were S. gordius in 2006 and Minotetrastichus frontalis
(Nees) in 2007, both of which constituted ca 70% of the parasitoid complex. Using a plot for P. issikii that is similar
to that of P. platani (Godfray et al., 1995), we were able to predict dominant species that have a suppressing effect
(M. frontalis instead M. platanellus in UK). M. frontalis with shorter generation times than those of P. issikii has
greater suppressing effects than S. gordius, which has generation times as long as those of the pest. We observed
two types of fluctuations of sex ratios (females to males) in both species, which were caused by differing
temperatures in the summers of 2006 and 2007. In samples of the gregarious M. frontalis, this species was
represented by both sexes at least 1.3 times more than the solitary S. gordius, which allowed the males to fertilize
the females before over-wintering. Both parasitoids have different suppressing effects on their host, which allow
them to regulate pest populations that might otherwise inflict strong damage on the host-plants.
Page 127 of 152
INDEX
A
D
Agamy, Essam · 121
Akiva, Ira · 19, 50
Allahyari, Hossein · 29, 102, 103, 125
Alon, Uri · 20, 53
Andow, David · 23, 73
Anselme, Caroline · 17, 34
Ashouri, Ahmad · 29, 125
Askari Seyahooei, Majeed · 20, 55
Asplen, Mark · 18, 37
Daane, Kent · 19, 52
D'Alessandro, Marco · 21, 64
De Boer, Jetske · 18, 36, 37
De León, Jesse · 26, 93, 94
Deas, Joseph Jr. · 26, 101
Delbecque, Jean Paul · 26, 98
den Blanken, Frank J. · 18
Desjardins, Christopher A. · 32
Desneux, Nicolas · 27, 28, 108, 118
Dieckhoff, Christine · 23, 77
Dorn, Silvia · 18, 19, 38, 49
Dubuffet, Aurore · 22, 70
Duncan, Rita E. · 27, 28, 110, 122
Dupas, Antoine · 89
Dupas, Stéphane · 25
B
Balmer, Oliver · 28, 120
Bannerman, Jordan · 19, 26, 47
Barrette, Maryse · 19, 48
Benrey, Betty · 18, 43
Bentley, Tom · 20, 58
Bernal, Julio · 21, 27, 61, 108
Blanken, Frank J. den · 44
Boivin, Guy · 19, 48
Bokonon-Ganta, Aimé · 27, 108
Branca, Antoine · 25, 89
Brodeur, Jacques · 19, 25, 48, 83
Bue, Mauro Lo · 65
C
Casas, Jerome · 26, 98
Cazes, Dominique · 17, 22, 34, 70
Chacón, Jeremy · 23, 76
Chen, Li · 21, 66
Colazza, Stefano · 21, 26, 27, 65, 100, 109
Colinet, Dominique · 17, 22, 34, 70
Coll, Moshe · 25, 86
Collatz, Jana · 28, 117
Colvin, Aubrey · 26, 99
Cônsoli, Fernando · 22, 71
Conti, Eric · 27, 109
Cortesero, Anne-Marie · 23, 78
Cummins, Heather · 26, 99
Cusumano, Antonino · 26, 100
E
Elias, Jan · 18, 38
Ellers, Jacintha · 18, 21, 67
Evans, Edward W. · 90
Evans, Ted · 25
F
Fadamiro, Henry · 21, 27, 66, 111
Fattah-Hosseini, Somayeh · 102, 103
Fauvergue, Xavier · 28, 119
Feder, Jeffrey · 17, 33
Follett, Peter · 26, 94
Forbes, Andrew · 17, 33
Fortuna, Taiadjana · 19, 46
Frati, Francesca · 27, 109
G
Geneau, Celine · 28, 120
Gerling, Dan · 19, 50
Gillespie, David · 19, 26, 47
Giraldeau, Luc-Alain · 19, 48
Giron, David · 26, 98
Gitau, Catherine · 25, 89
Giudice, Daniela Lo · 65
Page 128 of 152
Gokhman, Vladimir · 26, 95
Goubault, Marlene · 20, 27, 58, 106
Green, Richard · 20, 59
H
Hall, Richard · 23, 82
Hance, Thierry · 26, 104
Hardy, Ian · 20, 58
Harmon, Jason · 23, 73, 74
Harvey, Jeffrey · 18, 19, 44, 46
Hegazi, Esmat · 121
Heimpel, George E. · 18, 23, 37, 76, 77
Hein, Silke · 19, 49
Henderson, Ruth · 22, 69
Henry, Lee · 19, 26, 47
Heraty, John · 17, 35
Hirose, Yoshimi · See
Hoffman, Morgan · 20, 60
Hollingsworth, Robert · 26, 94
Hopper, Keith · 17, 28, 35, 119
Hull, Tristan · 20, 58
Hunt, David · 27, 113
Hunt, Randy · 21, 61
Hunter, Martha · 23, 26, 75, 101
I
Ichiki, Ryoko · 21, 27, 62, 107
Ismail, Mohannad · 26, 104
Ives, Anthony · 23, 74
J
Jacas, Josep-Anton · 27, 28, 110, 122
Jordan, Margaret · 27, 111
Joyce, Andrea · 21, 61
K
Kanagarajan, Rasappan · 28, 123
Kaplan, Ian · 25, 84
Kelly, Suzanne · 23, 75
Kenyon, Sarah G. · 18, 43
Kraaijeveld, Alex · 20, 55
Kula, Abigail · 26, 96
Kula, Robert · 26, 96
Kuriachan, Indira · 22, 27, 69, 112
L
Laca, Rachel · 27, 112
Lalonde, Bob · 20, 60
Lann, Cécile Le · 44
Law, Yao-Hua · 25, 85
Le Lann, Cecile · 18
Le Rü, Bruno · 25, 89
Le, Khac Hoang · 20, 57
Lee, Jana · 23, 79
Lewis, Joe · 23, 78
Lo Bue, Mauro · 21
Lo Giudice, Daniela · 21
Low, Candace · 20, 54
Luka, Henryk · 28, 120
Lundgren, Jonathan · 23, 25, 81, 87
M
Mackenstedt, Ute · 28
Mahuku, George · 21, 64
Mandon, Nicole · 26, 98
Manickavasagam, Sagadai · 27, 28, 105, 123
Mazzi, Dominique · 18, 38
Medina, Raul · 21, 61
Meisner, Matthew · 28, 124
Michie, Laura · 23, 82
Mills, Nick · 25, 88
Mohamad, Rihab · 27, 106
Mohandesi, Ahmad Reza · 29, 125
Monge, Jean-Paul · 26, 27, 98, 106
Moran, Nancy · 23, 74
Moser, Susan · 25, 91
Murillo, Henry · 27, 113
N
Nakamura, Satoshi · 21, 27, 28, 62
Neumann, Gabor · 26, 94
Ngumbi, Esther · 27, 111
Notter-Hausmann, Claudia · 49
O
O’Neal, Matthew · 29, 126
Page 129 of 152
Obrycki, John · 25, 91
Oehme, Rainer · 28, 117
Olifiers, Martina · 27, 114
Olson, Dawn · 23, 28, 78, 116
O'Neil, Robert · 28, 118
Oo, Thi Tar · 27, 107
P
Peña, Jorge E. · 27, 28, 110, 122
Pennacchio, Francesco · 21, 68
Peri, Ezio · 21, 26, 27, 65, 100, 109
Perlman, Steve · 23, 75
Pfiffner, Lukas · 28, 120
Poirie, Marylene · 17, 22, 34, 70
Potter, Tom · 23, 78
Prabhu, A. · 27, 105
R
Rains, Glen · 23, 78
Ramirez-Romero, Ricardo · 27, 108
Roitberg, Bernie · 19, 26, 47
Rosenheim, Jay · 20, 25, 53, 85
Ruberson, John · 28, 116
Rugman-Jones, Paul · 18, 40
Ruhé, Bas · 21, 67
S
Salerno, Gianandrea · 27, 109
Schafellner, Christa · 22, 27, 72, 114
Schellhorn, Nancy · 23, 73, 80
Schopf, Axel · 22, 27, 72, 114
Schulthess, Fritz · 21, 61
Seagraves, Michael · 25, 87
Selzer, Philipp · 28, 117
Sétamou, Mamoudou · 26, 93
Shinar, Guy · 20, 53
Shuker, David · 18, 42
Silvain, Jean-François · 25, 89
Sime, Karen · 19, 52
Steidle, Johannes · 28, 117
Stouthamer, Richard · 18, 39, 40
T
Takano, Shun-ichiro · 27, 107
Takasu, Keiji · 20, 27, 28, 57, 107, 115
Tatsuta, Kazuki · 19, 51
Thaler, Jennifer · 25, 84
Tilmon, Kelley · 29, 126
Turlings, Ted · 21, 63, 64
U
Ulmer, Bryan J. · 28, 122
V
Van Alphen, Jacques J. M. · 18, 20, 44, 55
van Baaren, Joan · 26, 104
VanLaerhoven, Sherah · 27, 113
Vannier, Fabrice · 26, 98
Vernon, Philippe · 26, 104
Vet, Louise · 18, 19, 45, 46
Vinson, S. Bradleigh · 21, 22, 27, 61, 69, 112
Visser, Bertanne · 18, 21, 44, 67
Von Mérey, Georg · 21, 64
W
Wajnberg, Eric · 20, 56
Ware, Remy · 23, 82
Werren, John H. · 17, 31, 32
Wharton, Robert · 18, 26, 40, 99
White, Jen · 23, 75
Whitfield, James · 18, 37
Woolley, James · 17, 35
Y
Yamada, Yoshihiro · 19, 51
Yamashita, Ai · 28, 115
Yefremova, Zoya · 29, 127
Yoo, Ho Jung · 28, 118
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