Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy

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Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Systematic Anatomy
(For international students)
Department of Anatomy,Fudan University
Teaching contents
The visual organs
Dr.Hongqi Zhang (张红旗)
Email: zhanghq58@126.com
1 University
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan
Sensory organs
Dept.of Human Anatomy
Lectured by Dr. zhang Hongqi
Baroreceptor
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of
Anatomy-Fudan University
Oflactory
Taste
Auditory
Osmoreceptor
Vision
Pain,T,touch,pressure
Tension receptor
Temperature
Two factors－stimulation＋matched receptor
General description of sensory organs
Receptor
Exteroceptor: Skin,mucosa,eye and auditory organs
Interoceptor: Vescera,blood vessel
Proprioceptor : Skeleton m,tendon,joint. internal ear
Sensory organ : Receptor+accessory organ
Function:Convert stimulation into nerve impulse
Visual organ or eye
Eye is the window of the soul !
>90% information
Lovely language
Eyeball injured
and removed
General description of visual organs
Development: from cerebral vesicle
Organization:eyeball + accessory organs
Location: In the orbit
Function:Production of vision
Eagle
Star
Drosophila
humanUniversity
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan
Optic axis
Ocular axis
equator
Nasal
Temporal
section ofof right
eyeball
Copy Right-Horizental
Hongqi ZHANG-Department
Anatomy-Fudan
University
Structure of the eye
Eyeball + accessory organs
Walls
Eyeball
Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Retina
Lens
Contents Aqueous humor
Vitreous body
Eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus,
Accessory
organs
Extraocular muscles, blood vessels,
connective tissue in the orbit
Structure of the eye ball
Structure of eyeball
Ocular axis
From outside inwards
Wall of eyeball
Fibrous tunic
Cornea
Sclera
Vascular tunic
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid
Retina
Optic part
Ciliary part
Iridial part
Contents
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous Body
Blind
part
Optic axis
Wall of eyeball and contents
Outer coat - fibrous tunic
Cornea
Cornea
Ant.1/6, transparent
Highly curved
Non blood vessel
Sense sensitivity
Sclera
Post. 5/6,dense CT
white and opaque
Optic nerve
Thickness:ant.thin post.thick
Sinus venosus sclerae
Sinus venosus
sclerae
Sclera
Cornea transplantation
Structure of the cornea
Cornea is the most earliest transplanted organ in human.
Middle coat - Vascular tunic
Brown, rich in blood vessels & pigment cells,the function is to
provide the nutrition for the tissues inside the eyeball.
Iris a circular perforated diaphragm,pupil,sphincter pupillae
and dialater pupillae,color depends on different mankinds
Different
iris and pupils
pupil
Light reflex
Pay attention to both eyes !
Vascular tunic - ciliary body
Ciliary body: at inner surface of the junction between the
cornea and sclera, triangular in section
1. Sinus venosus sclerae
1
2. Ciliary m.
3. Ciliary ring
6
4. Ciliary zolule
5. Ciliary process
2 2
6. Iridocorneal angle
7. Dialator pupillae
5
3
8. Sphincter pupillae
9. Lens
4
9
7
Ciliary body
8
Iridocorneal angle
Ciliary Muscle
Dilator Pupillae
Sphincter
Pupillae
Lens
Iris
cornea
ciliary zonule
Pupil
Ciliary ring
Ciliary Processes
Iris
Lens
Ciliary body &iris
(posterior view
lens
Iris
Ciliary body
Pars plicata
Ciliary body
Pars plana
sclera
Zonular
fibers
choroid
Retina optical part
Ciliary
Ciliary m. Ora serrata
process
Vascular tunic - choroid
Choroid between the sclera and the retina.occupied post.
two thirds of the vascular tunic.contain rich pigment cells
& supplies the nutrition for outer layer of the retina.
Inner coat - Retina
Location:at the internal
surface of vascular tunic.
Retina
Three portions: from
behind forward;Optic
part,blind part locate the
ciliary part iridial part
Two layer :
outer - pigmented layer,
inner -nervous layer
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department
of Anatomy-Fudan
Structure
of theUniversity
retina
Local enlargement of retina
Inner
Nervous(inner) layer
Visual cell
Rod cell- dim light
Cone cell- bright light
Bipolar cell
Ganglion cell
outer
Pigmented layer
Outer layer
Copy RightHongqi
ZHANG-Department
of Anatomy-Fudan
University
Nervous
layer
detached from pigmented
layer - retinodialysis
Temporal
Nasal
Copy RightHongqi ZHANG-Department
of Anatomy-Fudan University
Thalmoscopic examination
Fovea
centralis
vision
sensitivity
Macula
lutea
Physiological blind spot
R side
Optic disc
Diagram -The fundus of the eyeball
Cone cell
Color blindness
Color weakness
Rod cells
Night blindness
Retinodialysis
Nerve
cells
areZHANG-Department
detached fromofthe
pigmentedUniversity
cells
Copy
RightHongqi
Anatomy-Fudan
Age related macular degeneration
advanced diabetic retinopathy
Patient with advanced glaucoma
Patient with retinitis pigmentosa
Contents of the eyeball
1
2
3
3
1-Aqueous humor
2-Lens
3-Vitreous body
Refractive function
Horizental section of right eyeball
Production and circulation of aqueous humor
Ant.chamber
Post.chamber
The horizental section of the eye ball
Functions
Colorless & transparent
• Helps focus light
• Helps maintain constant pressure (intraocular pressure, IOP) in eyeball
• Helps nourish the lens and cornea
Production and circulation of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
Glaucoma
increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the
outflow of aqueous humor; damages the optic disc and
impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness)
Acute glaucoma with a dilated pupil and scleral injection
Contents - lens
lens
 Between the iris & the
vitreous body
 Transparent & with elasticity
 Biconvex lens
 Non blood vessels
 Less convexity anteriorly
Lens
Scanning
Capsule of lens
Transplantation of lens & presbyopia
In the aged,the lens may also becomes opaque termed senile cataract.
Cataract – lens opaque
Intraocular lens
After operation
The elasticity of the lens decrease with age and
results in decrease of dioptric range. Thus focusing on
near objects becomes progressively more difficult ,which
is Copy
known
asHongqi
presbyopia.
RightZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Regulation of the lens
During near vision
During
Near vision
Ciliary muscle contract
Ciliary body anteromedially
Relaxes the ciliary zonule
increase the convexity of lens
Shorten the focal length
Form clear picture on the retina
During far vision
During
Far vision
The above condition is reversed
Also too form clear picture
on the retina
Contents -Vitreous body
Colorless,transparent, jelly-like body which fills
the post.four-fifth of the eyeball.surface formed
vitreous membrane.function-supporting the retina
Vitreous body
Hyaloid canal
Vitreous opacity
“spotted vision”
Refractive media of the eyeball
④
①
②③
④
Four materials
①Cornea ②Aqueous humor③Lens ④vitreous body
Feature :Transparent,non blood vessel & refractive
Copy Right-normal
Hongqi vision
ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University
Regulation of
vision
Myopia
ophthalmic glass
Hyperopia
ophthalmic
Copy RightHongqi glass
Accessory organs of the eye
Eyelid
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus
Extraocular m.
Connective tissue of orbit
Blood vessels
Nerves
Function: Protection,supporting the eyeball
and move the eyeball.
Eyelid-protect the eye
Conjunctiva
Three parts
 Palpebral conjunctiva - 1
lining inner surface of eyelids
 Bulbar conjunctiva - 2
1
lining anterior part of sclera, up
to corneal margin
4
 Conjuntival fornix - 3
(sup & inf.conjunctival fornices):
line of reflection of bulbar and
palpebral conjunctiva
2
3
 Conjunctival sac - 4
Conjunctiva
Bulbar conjunctiva
Palpebral conjunctiva
Conjunctival fornices
Conjuntival sac
Conjunctiva
Stye 麦粒肿
Zeis gland-acute
inflammation。
Chalazion 霰粒肿
（tarsal gland -inflammation）
Lacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal passage
Punctum
Lacrimal ductule
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal
duct
Lacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal punctum Opening of nasolacrimal duct
Inferior nasal meatus
Lacrimal
gland
Extraocular muscles
4 rectus, 2 obliquus,1 levator
1 – Superior rectus
2 –Inferior rectus
7
1
4
3 –Medial rectus
5
4 –Lateral rectus
4
3
2
6
5 –Superior obliquus
6 –Inferior obliquus
7 –levator palpebrae
superioris
Removed lat.wall of orbit and connect tissue
Extraocular muscles
7 3
4
3
21
5
5
1
4
4
2 – Inferior rectus
3 – Medial rectus
4 – Lateral rectus
5 – Superior obliquus
Common tendinous ring
6 – Inferior obliquus
7 – Levator palpebrae superioris
6
3
5
Extraocular muscles
1
2
6
Ant. view
Of right eye
4
3
7
3
5
1
2
Optic n.
5
2
1
Post. view
Of right eye
1 – Medial rectus
2 – Lateral rectus
4 – Inferior rectus
5 – Superior obliquus
6 – Inferior obliquus
7 – Levator palpebrae superioris
6
4
Coronal section
of right eye
Copy Right- Hongqi
4
Extraocular muscles – corona section
Levator palpebrae superioris
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Sup.rectus
Lacrimal gland
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior obliquus
Coronal section of right eye
Function of extracular muscles
To superolateral
Inferior obliquus
To superomedial
Superior rectus
Nasal
Temporal
To lateral
Lateral rectus
To inferolateral
Superior obliquus
To medial
Medial rectus
To inferomedial
Inferior rectus
Cooperation action of both eye movement
To the left：L-lat.rectus,R-med.rectus
Gaze to the middle：both med. rectus.
Look downward： both inf.rectus;both sup.obliquus
Look upward：both sup.rectus;both inf.obliquus
Extraocular muscles
Muscle
Action
Nerve
innervation
levator palpebrae
superioris
Raises upper eyelid
Ⅲ
Superior rectus
Turns eyeball superomedially
Ⅲ
Inferior rectus
Turns eyeball inferomedially
Ⅲ
Medial rectus
Turns eyeball medially
Ⅲ
Lateral rectus
Turns eyeball laterally
Ⅵ
Superior obliquus
Turns eyeball inferolaterally
Ⅳ
Inferior obliquus
Turns eyeball superolaterally
Ⅲ
Comparison between eye & camera
Eyelid
Refractive apparatus
Eyelid
Retina
Wall of the eyeball
Cover of lens
Lens
Shutter
Film
Out shell
Questions to the eye
Master structure & function of different parts of eye.
What’s pupil light reflex.
Master circulation & production of aqueous humor.
How does the lens is regulated during looking near
vision and during far vision.
What are the refractive apparatus.
Master production and drainage of tear.
Master the location and function of extraocular mm.
hardworking
harvest
Structure of the eye ball

Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy

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