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Cro-Magnon
1
Cro-Magnon
The Cro-Magnon (pronounced /kroʊˈmæɡnən/, French [kʁomaɲɔ̃])
were the first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens) of
the European Upper Paleolithic. The earliest known remains of
Cro-Magnon-like humans are radiometrically dated to 35,000 years
before present.
The original "Old man of Crô-Magnon", Musée
de l'Homme, Paris
Etymology
The name derives from the Abri de Cro-Magnon (French: rock shelter
of Cro-Magnon, the big cave in the local dialect) near the commune of
Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil in southwest France, where the first
specimen was found.[1] Being the oldest known modern humans
(Homo sapiens) in Europe, the Cro-Magnon were from the outset
linked to the well-known Lascaux cave paintings and the Aurignacian
culture that flourished in southern France and Germany. As additional
remains of early modern humans were discovered in archaeological
sites from Western Europe and elsewhere, and dating techniques
improved in the early 20th century, new finds were added to the
taxonomic classification.
Abri de Cro-Magnon, site of the first discovery in
1868
The term "Cro-Magnon" soon came to be used in a general sense to describe the oldest modern people in Europe. By
the 1970s the term was used for any early modern human wherever found, as was the case with the far-flung Jebel
Qafzeh remains in Israel and various Paleo-Indians in the Americas.[2] However, analyses based on more current
data[3] concerning the migrations of early humans have contributed to a refined definition of this expression. Today,
the term "Cro-Magnon" falls outside the usual naming conventions for early humans, though it remains an important
term within the archaeological community as an identifier for the commensurate fossil remains in Europe and
adjacent areas. Current scientific literature prefers the term "European Early Modern Humans" (or EEMH), instead
of "Cro-Magnon". The oldest definitely dated EEMH specimen[3] with a modern and archaic (possibly Neanderthal)
mosaic of traits is the Cro-Magnon Oase 1 find,[4] which has been dated back to 34,000–36,000 years before
present.[5]
Cro-Magnon
2
Assemblages and specimens
The French geologist Louis Lartet discovered the first five skeletons of this type in March 1868 in a rock shelter
named Abri de Crô-Magnon. Similar specimens were subsequently discovered in other parts of Europe and
neighboring areas.
Peştera cu Oase
The oldest non-archaic human remains from Europe are the finds from Peştera cu Oase (the Cave with Bones) near
the Iron Gates in Romania. The site is situated in the Danubian corridor, which may have been the Cro-Magnon
entry point into Central Europe. The cave itself appears to be a hyena or cave bear den; the human remains may have
been prey or carrion. No tools are associated with the finds.
Oase 1 holotype is a robust mandible combine a variety of archaic, derived early modern, and possibly Neanderthal
features. The modern attributes place it close to European early modern humans among Late Pleistocene samples.
The fossil is one of the few finds in Europe which could be directly dated and is considered the oldest known early
modern human fossil from Europe. Two laboratories independently yielded collagen 14C age averaging to 34 950,
+990, and –890, equivalent to about 45 000 calendar years .[4] The Oase 1 mandible was discovered on February 16,
2002. A nearly complete skull of a young male (Oase 2) and fragments of another (Oase 3) were found in 2005,
again with mosaic features, some of which are paralleled in the Oase 1 mandible.[6]
Cro-Magnon site
The original Cro-Magnon find was discovered in a rock shelter at Les
Eyzies, Dordogne, France. The type specimen from this find is
Cro-Magnon 1, carbon dated to about 28 000 14C years old.[7] (27,680
± 270 BP). Compared to neanderthals, the skeletons showed the same
high forehead, upright posture and slender (gracile) skeleton as
modern humans.
The condition and placement of the remains of Cro-Magnon 1, along
with pieces of shell and animal tooth in what appear to have been
pendants or necklaces raises the question whether they were buried
intentionally. If Cro-Magnons buried their dead intentionally it
suggests they had a knowledge of ritual, by burying their dead with
necklaces and tools, or an idea of disease and that the bodies needed to
be contained.[8]
Female Cro-Magnon skull
Analysis of the pathology of the skeletons shows that the humans of
this period led a physically difficult life. In addition to infection,
several of the individuals found at the shelter had fused vertebrae in their necks, indicating traumatic injury; the adult
female found at the shelter had survived for some time with a skull fracture. As these injuries would be life
threatening even today, this suggests that Cro-Magnons believed in community support and took care of each other's
injuries.[8]
Cro-Magnon
Předmostí
A fossil site at Předmostí is located in the Moravian region of what is
today the Czech Republic. The site was discovered in the late 19th
century. Excavations were conducted between 1884 and 1930. The
original material was lost during the 2nd World War. In the 1990s new
excavations were conducted.[9]
The Předmostí site appear to have been a living area with associated
burial ground with some 20 burials, including 15 complete human
interments, and portions of five others, representing either disturbed or
Male Cro-Magnon skull
secondary burials. Cannibalism has been suggested, though it is not
widely accepted. The non-human fossils are mostly mammoth. Many
of the bones are heavily charred, indicating they were cooked. Other remains include fox, reindeer, ice-age horse,
wolf, bear, wolverine, and hare.
The Předmostí site is dated to between 24 000 and 27 000 years old. The people were essentially similar to the
French Cro-Magnon finds. Though undoubtedly modern, they had robust features indicative of a big-game hunter
lifestyle. They also share square eye socket openings found in the French material.[10]
Mladeč
Though younger than the Oase skull and mandible, the finds from Mladeč Caves in Moravia (Czech Republic) is one
of the oldest Cro-Magnon sites. The caves have yielded the remains of several individuals, but few artifacts. The
artifacts found have tentatively been classified as Aurignacian. The finds have been radiocarbon dated to around
31 000 radiocarbon years (possibly somewhat older in calendar years.,[11] Mladeč 2 is dated to 31 320 +410, -390,
Mladeč 9a to 31 500 +420, -400 and Mladeč 8 to 30 680 +380, -360 14C years.[12]
Other
All EEMH dates are direct fossil dates provided in 14C years B.P.[12]
•
•
•
•
Kostenki 1 = 32,600 ± 1,100. tibia and fibula[12] [13] [14]
Muierii 2 = 30 150 ± 800, cranial and postcranial remains [12]
Cioclovina 1 = 29 000 ± 700, complete neurocranium from a robust individual, Cioclovina Cave, Romania[12] [15]
Kent's Cavern 4 > 30 900 ± 900 [12]
Not direct dates. Radiocarbon dated were elements from adjacent layers.
• Les Roisà Mouthiers << 32 k [12]
• La Quina Aval ≈ max 33 - 32 k (juvenile partial mandible)[12]
Calendar years
• The Lapedo child from Abrigo do Lagar Velho, about 24 000 years old, a fairly complete and quite robust
skeleton, possibly showing some Neanderthal traits.[16]
Other sites, assemblages or specimens: Brassempouy, La Rochette, Vogelherd. Engis, Hahnöfersand, St. Prokop,
Velika Pećina [17]
3
Cro-Magnon
4
Origin of the Cro-Magnon people
It is theorized that anatomically modern humans emerged in East Africa, speculated at some 100 000 to 200 000
years ago. An exodus from Africa over the Arabian Peninsula around 60 000 years ago brought modern humans to
Eurasia, with one group rapidly settling coastal areas around the Indian Ocean and one group migrating north to
steppes of Central Asia.[18] A mitochondrial DNA sequence of two Cro-Magnons from the Paglicci Cave, Italy,
dated to 23 000 and 24 000 years old (Paglicci 52 and 12), identified the mtDNA as Haplogroup N, typical of the
latter group.[19] The inland group is the founder of North and East Asians (the "Mongol" people), Caucasoids and
large sections of the Middle East and North African population. Migration from the Black Sea area into Europe
started some 45 000 years ago, probably along the Danubian corridor. By 20 000 years ago, the whole of Europe was
settled.
Migration of modern humans into Europe, based on simulation by Currat & Excoffier
(2004)[20]
Up to 37 500 YBP
Up to 35 000 YBP
Up to 32 500 YBP
Up to 30 000 YBP
Cro-Magnon life
Physical attributes
Cro-Magnon were anatomically modern, straight limbed and tall
compared to the contemporary Neanderthals. They are thought to
have been 166 to 171 cm (about 5'5" to 5'7") tall.[21] They also
differ from modern day humans in having a more robust physique
and a slightly larger cranial capacity.[21] The Cro-Magnons had
long, fairly low skulls, with a wide face, a prominent nose and
moderate to no prognathism, similar to features seen in modern
Europeans.[22] A very distinct trait is the rectangular orbits.[23]
Several works on genetics, blood types and cranial morphology
indicate that the Basque people may be part descendents of the
19th century impression of life in the upper Paleolithic.
original Cro-Magnon population.[24] A 2006 study of Basque
Artist: Viktor Vasnetsov, 1883
DNA has shown a 1% incidence of mtDNA haplogroup U8a dated
to the time of Cro-Magnon but noted that the low incidence of this
ancestry and recent gene flow from neighbouring populations means the current Basque population cannot
considered reliable examples of the physical charactertics of Cro-Magnon.[25]
Cro-Magnon
Mitochondrial DNA analysis place the early European population
as sister group to the Asian ("Mongol") groups, dating the
divergence to some 50 000 years ago.[26] While the skin and hair
colour of the Cro-Magnons can at best be guessed at, light skin is
known to have evolved independently in both the Asian and
European lines,[27] and may have only appeared in the European
line as recently as 6000 years ago[28] suggesting Cro-Magnons
could have been medium brown to tan-skinned.[29] A small ivory
bust of a man found at Dolní Věstonice and dated to 26 000 years
indicate the Cro-Magnons had straight hair, though the somewhat
later Venus of Brassempouy may show curly hair, or possibly
braids.
5
Cave painting from Lascaux, France dated to
approximately 16,000 years ago (Upper Paleolithic).
Cro-Magnon culture
The flint tools found in association with the remains at Cro-Magnon have associations with the Aurignacian culture
that Lartet had identified a few years before he found the first skeletons. The Aurignacian differ from the earlier
cultures by their finely worked bone or antler points and flint points made for hafting, the production of Venus
figurines and cave painting.[30]
Like Neanderthals, the Cro-Magnon were primarily big-game hunters, killing mammoth, cave bears, horses and
reindeer.[31] They would have been nomadic or semi-nomadic, following the annual migration of their prey. In
Mezhirich village in Ukraine, several huts built from mammoth bones possibly representing semi-permanent hunting
camps have been unearthed.[32]
Finds of spun, dyed, and knotted flax fibers among Cro-Magnon artifacts in Dzudzuana shows they made cords for
hafting stone tools, weaving baskets, or sewing garments, and suggest that they knew how to make woven
clothing.[33] Apart from the mammoth bone huts mentioned, they constructed shelter of rocks, clay, branches, and
animal hide/fur. These early humans used manganese and iron oxides to paint pictures and may have created the first
calendar around 15,000 years ago.[34]
Other contemporary humans in Europe
Neanderthals
The Cro-Magnon shared the European landscape with
Neanderthals for some 10 000 years or more, before the latter
disappear from the fossil record. The nature of their co-existence
and the extinction of Neanderthals has been debated. Suggestions
include peaceful co-existence, competition, interbreeding,
assimilation and genocide.[3] [35] Other modern people, like the
Qafzeh humans seem to have co-existed with Neanderthals for up
to 60 000 years in the Levant.[36]
The Spreading of early modern man (red) from Africa,
based on genetic studies. Green fields are Homo
erectus, yellow Neanderthals. In Europe, the first
modern humans (Cro-Magnons) would have run into
the latter.
Earlier studies argue for more than 15 000 years of Neanderthal
and modern human co-existence in France.[37] [38] A simulation
based on a slight difference in carrying capacity in the two groups
indicates that the two groups would only be found together in a narrow zone, at the front of the Cro-Magnon
immigration wave.[20]
Cro-Magnon
6
The Neanderthal Châtelperronian culture appears to have been
influenced by the Cro-Magnons, indicating some sort of cultural
exchange between the two groups.[39] At the original
Châtelperronian site layers of Châtelperronian artifacts alternate
with Aurignacian, though this may be a result of interstratified
("chronologically mixed") layers, or disturbances from earlier
excavations.[40] The "Lapedo child" found at Abrigo do Lagar
Velho in Portugal has been quoted as being a possible
Neanderthal/Cro-Magnon hybrid, though this interpretation is
disputed.[16] Recent genetic studies of a wide selection of modern
humans do however indicate some form of hybridization with
archaic humans took place after modern humans emerged from
Africa. About 1 to 4 percent of the DNA in Europeans and Asians
appears to be derived from Neanderthals, though none of it can
conclusively be tied to a European.[41]
Contemporary early modern humans in Europe?
The Grimaldi skeletons from Monaco may have
belonged to a different ethnic group
The so-called Grimaldi Man may have been a contemporary group
of modern humans, distinct from the Cro-Magnons.[42] The find is
from the "Grotte des Enfants" near Menton on the French Riviera. The two known skeletons are shorter and more
gracile than the Cro-Magnon, and the skulls are taller and less robust, with signs of prognathism, all interpreted as
African traits.[43] [44] The interpretation of the Grimaldi finds as belonging to a "negroid" race is complicated by the
two skeletons being that of a woman and an adolescent and some dubious reconstruction work.[45] The finds were
classified as Cro-Magnon under the wide use of the term in the mid-20th century.[43] Due to the reconstruction and
racist theory forwarded by the early description, the Grimaldi finds have been largely ignored in recent literature.
Genetics
A 2003 sequencing on two Cro-Magnons, 23,000 and 24,000 years old Paglicci 52 and Paglicci 12, mitochondrial
DNA, published by an Italo-Spanish research team led by David Caramelli, identified the mtDNA as Haplogroup
N.[19] Haplogroup N is found among modern populations of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia,
and represent the northern branch of the out of Africa migration of modern humans. Its descendant haplogroups are
found among modern North African, Eurasian, Polynesian and Native American populations.[46]
Cro-Magnon
Further reading
• Brian Fagan Cro-Magnon: How the Ice Age Gave Birth to the First Modern Humans (Bloomsbury Press; 2010)
295 pages
External links
• Cro-Magnon 1 [47]: Smithsonian Institution – The Human Origins Program
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[42] Verneau, R. (1906): Les fouilles du Prince de Monaco aux Baoussé Roussé. Un nouveau type humain. L'anthropologie no 13, pages
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[43] Legoux, P. (1966): Détermination de l'âge dentaire de fossiles de la lignée humaine, Paris, Maloine
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Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Cro-Magnon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=415954083 Contributors: 5 albert square, Abu-Fool Danyal ibn Amir al-Makhiri, ActivExpression, Adam Zivner, Adamsan,
Addshore, Aeusoes1, AfricaGomez, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Ale jrb, AlecTrevelyan402, Alison, Alphachimp, Amakuru, Amodio11, AnakngAraw, Andre Engels, Angela, Antandrus, Antientropic,
Aremisasling, Aubadaurada, Aunt Entropy, Autodidactyl, Avenged Eightfold, Avnjay, Azalea pomp, Baa, Backtable, Bardak, BeforeTheFoundation, Benbest, BigDunc, Bkell, Black-Velvet,
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Chris Roy, Chrisbbehrens, Chrisdab, Ciaccona, Cirbryn, ClamDip, Comradeash, Coolxal, Corvus cornix, Couloir007, Crowlic8, Crusadeonilliteracy, Cuchullain, D, DARTH SIDIOUS 2,
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Dlohcierekim, Donreed, Dougweller, Dpv, Dreadstar, Drmies, Dubkiller, Dwayne, Easyid, Ehrenkater, El C, Enkyklios, Epbr123, Epf, Erebus Morgaine, Esprit15d, Evice, Exert, Fama Clamosa,
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IAMTrust, IRP, Iain99, Ian.thomson, Igoldste, Ikariam3944, Ikiroid, Imagine Reason, Inoen, Iridescent, J JMesserly, J.delanoy, JForget, JLaTondre, Jackiestud, Jake Rydell, JamesBWatson,
Javierito92, Jhd, Jimp, JoJan, JoanneB, JodyB, Joeyconnick, John, John254, Jooler, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jossi, Joyous!, Julesd, Juliancolton, Jusdafax, K1da42, Kevin Myers, KittenKlub,
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Patstuart, Paul August, Pdeitiker, Pedant17, Penfold, Petter Bøckman, Pgan002, Philip Trueman, Phlebas, Pikiwyn, Pil56, Pill, Pinethicket, PinkNinja13, Piotrus, Pithecanthropus, Promethean,
R'n'B, Randomuser1983, RenniePet, Res2216firestar, Revcasy, Rfarnese, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Richardchilton, Rimshot, Rjd0060, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rob117, Robert Merkel, Ronhjones,
Runoldhare, Ryubahamut, SCEhardt, Sabri76, SaintedLegion, Sajt, Saukkomies, SchfiftyThree, Scottaylor, SebastianRiikonen, SergeyPosokhov, Shanes, Shanew2, Shawnc, Shenme,
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Teapotgeorge, Tempodivalse, The Cro-Magnon, The Rambling Man, TheAlt, ThePointblank, Thincat, Thingg, ThingoeCRB, Tide rolls, Timc, TimidGuy, Tobus2, Tom, Tommy2010, Tonzerz,
Trafford09, TrickyM, Twas Now, UtherSRG, VMS Mosaic, Valerius Tygart, Vancouvercanucks, Village Explainer, Villagran007, WJBscribe, WadeSimMiser, Wapondaponda, Wayne Slam,
WeniWidiWiki, Who then was a gentleman?, Whoelius, WikiParker, Wikinist, Wildhartlivie, Wmahan, Wtmitchell, Wutwatwot, Xaxafrad, Xook1kai Choa6aur, Yamaguchi先生, Yamanbaiia,
Zulu, King Of The Dwarf People, 829 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:Cro-Magnon.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cro-Magnon.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: User:120
File:Abri de Cro-Magnon - Les Eyzies de Tayac - 20090925.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Abri_de_Cro-Magnon_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_20090925.jpg
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Sémhur
Image:Cro-Magnon-female Skull.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cro-Magnon-female_Skull.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Guety, Quadell
Image:Cro-Magnon-male-Skulll.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cro-Magnon-male-Skulll.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Guety, Nishkid64, Quadell, 1
anonymous edits
File:Cro-Magnon range 37,500 ybp.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cro-Magnon_range_37,500_ybp.svg License: Attribution Contributors: Original uploader was
Saukkomies at en.wikipedia
File:Cro-Magnon range 35,000 ybp.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cro-Magnon_range_35,000_ybp.svg License: Attribution Contributors: Original uploader was
Saukkomies at en.wikipedia
File:Cro-Magnon range 32,500 ybp.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cro-Magnon_range_32,500_ybp.svg License: Attribution Contributors: Original uploader was
Saukkomies at en.wikipedia
File:Cro-Magnon range 30,000 ybp.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cro-Magnon_range_30,000_ybp.svg License: Attribution Contributors: Original uploader was
Saukkomies at en.wikipedia
File:Каменный век. Пиршество.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Каменный_век._Пиршество.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Beaumain, Butko
Image:Lascaux2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lascaux2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Cro-Magnon peoples
File:Spreading homo sapiens.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spreading_homo_sapiens.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
Altaileopard SVG by Magasjukur2
File:Monaco.Musée d'Anthropologie002.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Monaco.Musée_d'Anthropologie002.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Contributors: User:JoJan
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