ICEI 2014

Transcription

ICEI 2014

VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava
Faculty of Economics
Department of European Integration
International Conference on European Integration 2014
ICEI 2014
Proceedings
of the 2nd International Conference
on European Integration 2014
May 15 – 16, 2014
Ostrava, Czech Republic
VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava
Faculty of Economics
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference
May 15 - 16, 2014
Ostrava, Czech Republic
The conference is organized by:
VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava,
Faculty of Economics,
in cooperation with:
Proceedings of the 2st International Conference on European Integration 2014
Publisher: VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava
Sokolská třída 33, 701 21 Ostrava 1, Czech Republic
Editors: Iva Honová, Martin Hon, Lukáš Melecký, Michaela Staníčková
ISBN 978-80-248-3388-0
Copyright © 2014 by VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava
Copyright © 2014 by authors of the papers
Publication has been supported by the Representation of the European Commission in the Czech Republic
and the Government of the Czech Republic. Publication is not a subject of language check. Papers
are sorted by author’s names in alphabetical order. All papers passed a double-blind review process.
Programme Committee (in alphabetical order):
Dr. John Anchor
University of Huddersfield, Great Britain
Ass. Prof. Gianfranco Atzeni, PhD.
Centre for North South Economic Research, University of Sassari, Italy
prof. Ing. Peter Baláž, PhD.
Faculty of Business, University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia
prof. Edward Moxon-Browne,
Centre for European Studies, University of Limerick, Ireland
prof. Ing. Eva Cihelková, CSc.
Faculty of International Relations, University of Economics in Prague, Czech
Republic
prof. Dr. Ing. Dana Dluhošová
Faculty of Economics, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
doc. Ing. Lenka Fojtíková, Ph.D.
prof. Ing. Ľudmila Lipková, CSc.
Faculty of International Relations, University of Economics in Bratislava,
Slovakia
PhDr. Lucie Loskotová
European Affairs Information Department, Government of the Czech Republic
Ing. Mgr. Jan Michal
Representation of the European Commission in the Czech Republic
Ass. Prof. James A. Nelson, PhD.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, New Mexico State
University, United States of America
Prof. Alcina Maria de Almeida Rodrigues Nunes, Ph.D.
Polytechnic Institute of Braganca, Portugal
prof. PhDr. RNDr. Stanislav Polouček, CSc.
Jan Rielaender
OECD, France
prof. Dr. Dirk Rochtus
Lessius University College Antwerp, Belgium
Martin Sikora
Moravian-Silesian Region Office, Czech Republic
prof. Ing. Karel Skokan, Ph.D.
School of Business Administration in Karvina, Silesian University in Opava,
Czech Republic
doc. Ing. Pavel Tuleja, Ph.D.
School of Business Administration in Karvina, Silesian University in Opava,
Czech Republic
prof. PhDr. František Varadzin, CSc.
Prof. dr. hab. Helena Tendera-Właszczuk
Department of European Economic Integration, Cracow University
of Economics, Poland
Conference Guarantee
Organizing Committee (in alphabetical order):
Ing. Iva Honová, Ph.D.
Ing. Lukáš Melecký
Ing. Boris Navrátil, CSc.
Ing. Michaela Staníčková
Editors:
(in alphabetical order):
Ing. Martin Hon, Ph.D.
Reviewers
(in alphabetical order):
Ing. Magdaléna Drastichová, Ph.D.
Ing. Kateřina Dvoroková, Ph.D.
Ing. Martin Hodula
Ing. Martin Hon, Ph.D.
Ing. Radomír Kaňa, Ph.D.
Ing. Eva Kovářová, Ph.D.
Ing. Aleš Melecký, Ph.D.
Ing. Bc. Monika Mynarzová, Ph.D.
Ing. Boris Navrátil, CSc.
Ing. Eva Poledníková
Ing. Pavel Šimončík
Ing. Monika Šulganová
Ing. Bohdan Vahalík
Suggested citation:
Author, A. Title of the paper. In Honová, I. et al. (ed.). Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on European Integration 2014. Ostrava: VŠB - Technical
University of Ostrava, 2014, pp. xxx-xxx. ISBN 978-80-248-3388-0.
Foreword
Ladies and gentlemen, dear readers,
it is with pleasure that I can address you on the occasion of the International
Conference on European Integration (ICEI) taking place in Ostrava and organised
in the context of this year’s 10th anniversary of the Czech Republic’s membership
in the European Union. It was very encouraging to see that this anniversary
has revived national discussion not only about the past 10 years, but also about
the scope to which extent we can draw on the potential offered by the EU membership
to the Czech Republic. At the same time, we find ourselves only a short period ahead
of the European elections which are scheduled here in the Czech Republic
for 23 and 24 May. I therefore also trust that this moment will contribute to active
participation by voters.
What the EU membership has brought to the Czech Republic? Being a Czech national,
I can say that for me personally the main benefit lies in the November 1989 dream
of „The return to Europe“ becoming a reality. This was of course meant symbolically,
as the Czech place has always been in the centre of Europe – by its geographical
position, history or culture. In this sense, accession to the EU has had in the first
place a civilizational dimension: it has reflected Czech re-attachment
to the community of values based on freedom, democracy, respect to human rights and
principles of the rule of law.
The perspectives of membership have also had an enormous motivating potential
for the whole country. Here, I would add that the same applies to the full integration
into NATO in 1999. The EU accession was not an objective in itself, but it was also
a beginning of a new journey or story, which we live to date and which has brought
both successes and partial failures. In spite of that only few doubt today that our
country, the Czech Republic, has largely benefited from the EU membership.
We are now marking 10 years in the Union. I therefore trust that the conference will
contribute to further analysis of the achievements as well as of the unused potential
EU offers. I trust it will also discuss challenges ahead of us and the future of our
Union. The dialogue on EU’S future continues and you can be part of it.
Wishing you an inspirational experience
Jan Michal
Head of the Representation of the European
Commission in the Czech Republic
Table of Contents
Peter Baláž ................................................................................................................... 14
Globalization of the World Economy and the Impact of China´s
Expansion on the Competitivness of EU
Ana-Maria Bercu.......................................................................................................... 26
Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment - Key Issues
and Facts for Romanian Organizations
Hanne-Lore Bobáková, Martina Chylková .................................................................. 36
To Some Disparities between National and Global Education
in the European Context
Oľga Bočáková, Marcel Lincényi ................................................................................. 43
Perception of Slovakia's Membership in the European Union
from the Perspective of Slovaks
Kristýna Brzáková, Jana Šimanová.............................................................................. 51
Evaluation of the Implementation of Selected Regional Operational
Programs with a Focus on Public Projects Economic Efficiency
Peter Čajka, Rastislav Kazanský .................................................................................. 59
Non Military Aspect of Population Growth as Current Demographic
Problems of the EU Countries
Šárka Čemerková, Petr Vlček, Marta Wilczková ......................................................... 70
Road Safety and Increasing of Logistics Requirements: Case Study
Oleg Deev ..................................................................................................................... 79
Banking Integration in Europe: On the Road to the Banking Union
Magdaléna Drastichová ............................................................................................... 87
Measuring Sustainable Development in the European Union Using
the Adjusted Net Saving
Klára Drličková.......................................................................................................... 102
Experience with the Application of Article 5(1) Of Brussels I Regulation
Before Czech Courts
Kateřina Dvoroková ................................................................................................... 110
Impact of Economic Crisis on the International Monetary System
Maria Fic, Daniel Fic ................................................................................................ 119
Social and Economic Effects of Special Economic Zones in Poland
Lenka Fojtíková .......................................................................................................... 127
Foreign Trade of the Czech Republic after Ten Years of Membership
in the European Union
7
Olga Francová ........................................................................................................... 138
Institutional and Economic Aspects of Deeper Integration
of the Eurozone
Karin Gajdová, Pavel Tuleja...................................................................................... 147
Analysis of the Czech-Polish Border: Focused on the Economy
in Selected Regions
Patrizia Gazzola ......................................................................................................... 156
CSR and the European Integration Process: the Italian Case
Marcela Göttlichová, Radomila Soukalová ............................................................... 164
Ten Years of Membership in the EU - Quality of Education
and Employability of University Graduates on the Labour Market
Nicole Grmelová......................................................................................................... 173
Cooperation between Czech Courts and the Court of Justice
of the European Union Ten Years On
Olga Gubová .............................................................................................................. 182
Several Remarks on the Theory of Regionalism and Interregionalism
Jana Hakalová, Yvetta Pšenková, Miroslava Losová................................................. 192
First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards
for Business Corporations Based in EU Member State that Are Issuers
of Securities Admitted to Trading on Regulated Market
Martina Halásková, Renáta Halásková ..................................................................... 202
Role of Public Administration and Public Services in the European
Administrative Area
Ľubica Harakaľová .................................................................................................... 211
New Form of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union
After 2014
Tomáš Hauer .............................................................................................................. 219
Dromology and Globalization Antinomy
Katarína Havierniková ............................................................................................... 228
Convergence of the Slovak Republic Regions
Tomáš Heryán ............................................................................................................ 236
Russian Gas Policy Impacts on Selected European Countries
Martin Hodula ............................................................................................................ 244
On the Mechanics of European Banks Bailout under Banking Union
Conditions: Cost-benefit Analysis
Iva Honová, Martin Hon ............................................................................................ 253
Competitiveness Indices Methodology and Its Impact on Ranking
of Selected EU Countries
8
Michaela Horúcková, Marian Lebiedzik .................................................................... 262
Economic Development of Montenegro and Its Progress Towards EU
Membership
Jana Hvozdenská ........................................................................................................ 272
Convergence of the Bond Yields in Dependence on the EU Accession
and Financial Crisis: The Case of Visegrad Group
Simona Chuguryan,Rudolf Kucharčík ........................................................................ 280
Greenland Towards Independence and Its Eventual EU Membership
Eva Jančíková............................................................................................................. 288
SEPA – Integration in Payments - New Opportunity for Corporations
Jan Jonáš .................................................................................................................... 297
Incomplete EMU Integration as an Amplifier of Financial Crisis
Veronika Kajurová ..................................................................................................... 304
Determinants of iTraxx Europe Senior Financials Index Spreads
Radomír Kaňa, Monika Mynarzová ........................................................................... 310
European Union's Contribution to Global Security
Radka Knězáčková ..................................................................................................... 319
Analysis of Regional Differences in the Visegrad Countries and Their
Tendency to Migration
Veronika Končiková, Miroslav Hloušek ..................................................................... 327
Nature of Trade Growth Between the People’s Republic of China
and the European Union
Marcel Kordoš............................................................................................................ 335
Role of Innovations in the EU Industrial Policy and Competitiveness
Enhancement
Eva Kovářová ............................................................................................................. 343
Globalization and Africa: How Lost and Marginal is Africa's World
Economy Region in the Period of Globalization
Monika Kozerska ........................................................................................................ 355
Development of Intermodal Transport in Poland and in Europe
Karol Krajčo .............................................................................................................. 365
Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment in the Industry of the Slovak
Republic
Michal Krajňák........................................................................................................... 372
IAS/IFRS as One of the Tools of Accounting Harmonization
in the European Union
Aleš Kresta, Marco Cassader ..................................................................................... 382
Portfolio Optimization Assuming Different EU Stock Markets
9
Joanna Krzywda, Dariusz Krzywda ........................................................................... 390
Road Toll as a Tool for Implementing Environmental Policy in Relation
to Transport in Poland
Lumír Kulhánek .......................................................................................................... 401
Debt Crisis and Convergence in the European Union
Miroslav Kuric............................................................................................................ 410
Potential Threats to Slovak Economy Resulting from the EU Economic
Sanctions Against Russian Federation
Lenka Kyjonková ........................................................................................................ 417
Regional Disparities and Cohesion in the EU
Tereza Kyselovská....................................................................................................... 425
Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments under the Brussels I
Regulation in the Czech Republic
Ľudmila Lipková ......................................................................................................... 433
Crisis in the Eurozone – Case of Portugal
Ingrid Majerová ......................................................................................................... 439
Export Performance and Transformational Performance as Measurable
Indicators of Macroeconomic Competitiveness Regarding Selected EU
Countries and Switzerland
Florian Margan .......................................................................................................... 448
What Is the Perspective Eurozone and Why Is Important Bank Union
Jiří Mazurek ............................................................................................................... 457
Investigation of European Union Economic Cohesion by Cluster
Analysis
Lukáš Melecký, Michaela Staníčková......................................................................... 465
Regional Efficiency Evaluation by DEA Approach: Comparison
of Selected EU15 and EU13 Countries
Elena Mielcová ........................................................................................................... 476
Influence of Unemployment Rate on Aggregate Income Uncertainty
in Selected EU Countries
Grzegorz Michalski .................................................................................................... 484
Entrepreneurial Financial Liquidity Management Experiences
and Perspectives in EU and Outside EU: German, Austrian and French
Data Illustration
Kamila Moravčíková, Drahoslav Lančarič, Iveta Ubrežiová, Radovan Savov,
Jana Kozáková ........................................................................................................... 492
Is Human Resources Planning Influenced by Foreign Ownership?
Evidence from the Slovak Republic
10
Monika Mynarzová, Radomír Kaňa ........................................................................... 499
Theory and Practice of Industrial Policy of the EU in the Context
of Globalization Challenges
Boris Navrátil ............................................................................................................. 508
EU Governance in the Post-Crisis Period and Its Effects
Pavel Nezval ............................................................................................................... 514
Export Performance of Selected EU Countries and the Share of Trade
in Services in Their Foreign Trade
Pavlína Pawlasová, Vojtěch Spáčil, Jana Valečková................................................. 524
Image of the European Union Perceived by Generation Y
Pavlína Pawlasová, Vojtěch Spáčil, Jana Valečková................................................. 534
Perception of EU Economic Situation by Generation Y
Marie Pechrová .......................................................................................................... 545
The Impact of EU Membership on the Development of the Czech
Agriculture
Pavlína Pellešová ....................................................................................................... 553
Changes in the Structure of Employment in Various Sectors
of the Economy of the Czech Republic
Andrea Piterková, Tatiana Bányiová, Tatiana Bieliková ........................................... 564
How the Prediction of Financial Distress Changed Based
on Development of Agriculture in Slovakia?
Eva Poledníková ......................................................................................................... 572
Evaluation of Czech Regional Development in the Context of the EU
Cohesion
Dirk Rochtus ............................................................................................................... 581
Is Germany Dominating Europe? The Role of the Nation State
in the Euro Crisis
Małgorzata Rutkowska-Podołowska, Nina Szczygieł ................................................. 588
Ecological Insurance in Light of Environmental Investments: Polish
Insight
Pavel Salamon ............................................................................................................ 596
Business Cycles Alignment of Selected CEECc and the Euro Area
Jan Sedláček ............................................................................................................... 603
Higher Education Governance in the EU – Side Effects of Using
Measurable Performance Indicators
Peter Serenčéš, Adriana Rašovská, Zuzana Čierna, Tomáš Rábek, Marián Tóth ..... 610
Impact of European Integration on Agriculture in Slovakia
11
Karel Skokan, Lucie Zotyková .................................................................................... 618
European Competitiveness and Industry Cluster Based Policies: Case
of Czechia
Veronika Soósová ....................................................................................................... 626
Analysis of the Region´s Environment for the Formation of Clusters
Possibilities
Michaela Staníčková .................................................................................................. 634
Competitiveness Factors in Regional Growth: the Case of Central
and Eastern European Countries
Jan Sucháček .............................................................................................................. 644
European themes within national TV news reporting in the Czech
Republic
Jarmila Šebestová, Pavel Adámek, Thomas M. Cooney............................................. 651
Entrepreneurial Activity as a Driver of Economic Sustainability
in the Czech Republic: Lessons from Ireland
Alice Šedivá Neckářová .............................................................................................. 660
Absorption Capacity of the Czech Republic to the European Union
Funds
Milan Šimek, Lenka Janíčková ................................................................................... 667
Is Active Labour Market Policy Useful? The Case of the Chosen
Countries
Ondřej Šimpach, Jitka Langhamrová ......................................................................... 675
Development of Socio-Economic Indicators and Mortality Rates During
Ten Years of the CR Membership in the EU
Jan Široký, Kateřina Maková ..................................................................................... 684
Economic Crisis and the Movement of the Value Added Tax Rates
in the European Union Member States
Václav Šmejkal, Stanislav Šaroch .............................................................................. 693
EU as Highly Competitive Social Market Economy – Goal, Options,
and Reality
Ivan Šotkovský ............................................................................................................ 705
Regional Disparities of the Ageing Process in the European Union
Filip Tošenovský ......................................................................................................... 715
Distance-Based Optimization Approach to Building Competitiveness
Kamila Turečková ...................................................................................................... 723
Quaternary Sector as a Source of Growth and Competitiveness
in the EU
Bohdan Vahalík .......................................................................................................... 731
Export Diversification of the European Union and BRICS Countries
12
Impact of European Integration on Agriculture in Slovakia
Peter Serenčéš1, Adriana Rašovská2, Zuzana Čierna3, Tomáš Rábek4,
Marián Tóth5
Slovak university of agriculture in Nitra
Department of Finance
Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
Nitra, Slovak Republic
peter.serences@uniag.sk1, zuzana.cierna@uniag.sk2, tomas.rabek@uniag.sk3,
marian.toth@uniag.sk4, xpelikanova@is.uniag.sk5
Abstract
Slovakia is perceived as a leader among the European countries due to its size of farms.
Despite of a high concentration of farms - up to 95.1% of the utilized agricultural land
is farmed by large farms - the Slovak agriculture is considerably less productive.
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) develops not only the traditional role of agriculture,
a food production, but shapes the face of country, affects the quality of environment and also
helps to increase the potential of tourism development through the cooperation of direct
payments system, capping and greening. CAP greatly affects the agriculture in the EU mainly
through the subsidies as they are an indispensable source of funding of agricultural firms.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of CAP on the economy of farms based
on an analysis of a unique set of agricultural entities operating in Slovak Republic
Keywords: Agriculture, Common Agricultural Policy, Development, Influence, Subsidies
JEL Classification: M40, M69, Q29, Q49
1. Introduction
Slovakia's accession to the European Union had an impact on the entire economy,
especially on agriculture, representing the integration basis in Europe.
The independent Slovak agricultural policy was abolished after entering the EU and it
was needed to adopt the unified agricultural policy, which represents a set of
economic, institutional, legislative, and policy instruments to ensure a homogenous
market.
Profitability in the Slovak agriculture after 2004 period is deep below the average EU27 countries, as well as the support to agriculture calculated in Euros per hectare of
agricultural land. Slovakia is at low level with the amount of total agricultural output
per hectare of agricultural land. Not only it lags behind the average EU-27 (against
which it achieves only half of the value), but also keeps behind the Czech Republic,
Hungary and Poland, i.e. states which Slovakia joined the EU with.
The number of farms in the EU-27 gradually decreased and their average acreage
increased. A similar trend was also in Slovakia. Cooperatives and capital companies
dominated in the Slovak agriculture. They cultivate 90% of agricultural land, while
in the EU-15 is dominated by individuals (family farms).
610
By Slovakia's accession to the EU, the soil has become an essential means
for obtaining government funds from the Common Agricultural Policy. In Slovakia,
there is still a substantial portion of agricultural land farmed by farms with large
acreage farmed land.
The analysis of the group of agricultural farms (Szabo, 2006), operating in the best
climate and agricultural conditions, showed the great differentiation in performance
and utilization of factors of production, especially amplifying factors. In 2003 almost
the half of the farms was in loss, and many are threatened to destruction after entry to
European Union. Agrarian sector needed new strategic solution as modernization of
production capacities, conformity of production structure and demands, integration to
multinational production sale verticals, development of ecological production and
alternative activities.
The adoption of the CAP had a positive impact on the growth of the off-market and
total income but at the same time, its production efficiency decreased and the
production structure has changed. Less efficient sectors of the crop and livestock
production declined. Regarding the aspect of financing of the agricultural sector, the
European resources, mainly the direct payments, were determined. The total subsidies
into agriculture increased in comparison with the pre-accession period. The volume of
direct payments including the complementary national direct payments reached the
maximum level in 2007, 2008 and 2009. (Chrastinova, Burianova, 2012)
When analysing the impact of risk of agricultural farms on their profitability, studies
show that the lower level of risk, the lower level of profitability of farms may occur
(Piterková et al. 2013). The effort of farms is to increase the efficiency of business,
which is inextricably connected with achieving the lowest possible cost per unit of
output. The low costs represent an important competitive advantage for a farm.
(Váryová et al.2012) As confirmed by the results of research in quality management
by authors Savov et al. (2013) the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award criteria
significantly contribute to improve the productivity and efficiency of all business
processes.
The behaviour of agricultural farms in agriculture is significantly influenced by the
current support scheme and the level of support within the EU CAP but also by market
conditions. The impacts of the particular scenarios on the changes of production
indicate that Slovak agriculture will approach just slowly the 2008 production level.
This will be decisively influenced by the price development. Despite of this, it is
evident that the most favourable result can be achieved under the Flat Rate Scenario
while the absolute abolition of direct payments (Liberal Scenario) will bring very
unfavourable economic consequences with impacts on agricultural production in
Slovakia. (Božik, 2011)
In connection with the proposed reform of the current Common Agricultural Policy
for period 2014-2020, the direct support should be split more equally between the
Member States, namely by reducing the link to historical data and by taking into
account the overall context of the EU budget. All Member States with direct subsidies
below 90% of the EU average should reduce the difference between their current level
and this level by one third. This convergence should finance proportionally all
611
Member States with direct payments above the EU average. The discussion about the
future multiannual financial framework for the period commencing in 2021, should be
focused on the objectives of complete convergence through the equal distribution of
subsidies across the EU.
2. Data and Methodology
Our analysis was based on the database of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
development for agricultural farms over the period 2000-2012. The database contained
individual data including balance sheets and income statements for each farm. For our
analysis, data were selected according to the farm legal form to subset of the
agricultural production cooperatives and the subset of the capital companies - Joint
Stock Company (JSC) and Limited Liability Companies (Ltd.). These are the two
main legal forms in Slovak agriculture with respect to the utilised agricultural area
(UAA). In 2012 cooperatives cultivated 37.87% of UAA and companies 42.40% of
UAA. To measure the effects of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) we divided the
observed period into three parts:
1. Period before CAP implementation – years 2000-2003 in our analysis
2. Period of CAP1999-2006 implementation – years 2004-2006 in our analysis
3. Period of CAP2007-2013 implementation – years 2006-2012 in our analysis
Table 1 shows the number of cooperatives and companies included in the database.
Table 1: Number of Agricultural Cooperatives and Companies in the Analysis
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Cooperatives
714
665
640
616
573
572
560
539
525
540
506
518
523
Companies
486
558
594
718
709
832
799
820
725
839
793
876
951
TOTAL
1200 1223 1234 1334 1282 1404 1359 1359 1250 1379 1299 1394 1474
Source: Database of Ministry of agriculture and rural development, author’s calculations
The farm structure in Slovak agriculture is similar to the situation in Czech Republic.
Unlike in old EU Member states the majority of UAA is cultivated by large farms with
more than 1000 hectares per farm. The legal form and the double entry accounting
enable analyze the balance sheet structure (see table 2). Agricultural farms in 2012
compared to year 2000 had more assets per hectare (+ 917.20 €). This shows the
increasing asset intensity in agriculture.
612
Table 2: Balance Sheet Structure of Agricultural Farms (in €/ha)
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Total assets
1440.4
1556.4
1673.1
1790.9
2203.8
2272.6
2357.6
Fixed assets
916.1
973.2
978.5
1056.0
1291.2
1392.4
1424.8
Current assets
509.2
565.5
677.4
719.1
900.0
868.3
918.5
15.1
17.7
17.2
15.8
12.6
11.9
14.3
1440.4
1556.4
1673.1
1790.9
2203.8
2272.6
2357.6
Equity
909.4
937.3
985.4
1003.9
1144.1
1089.4
1109.7
Liabilities
495.2
540.0
616.0
674.1
923.3
976.6
1055.6
Accruals
Total Equity and
Liabilities
35.8
79.1
71.8
113.0
136.3
206.5
192.3
Accruals
When comparing legal forms the increase in assets in cooperatives was from 1563.60
€/ha in year 2000 to 2047.30 €/ha in 2012 (+31%). Higher increase in assets was in
case of companies. The value of assets per hectare increased sharply from 1205.40
€/ha in 2000 to 2654.20 €/ha in 2012 (+120%). On the Equity and Liability side of the
Balance sheet the ratio between equity and liabilities is changing in favour of
liabilities. Generally agricultural Cooperatives have higher proportion of equity
compared to agricultural Companies.
To analyze the impact of European integration on agriculture we focused on 4 ratios:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Subsidies per hectare
Profit per hectare
Profit without subsidies per hectare
Subsidies to Sales ratio
To describe the development of presented ratios in the whole dataset we used
descriptive statistics median, upper quartile and lower quartile. The data were
visualised by box and whisker plots and the significance of differences was measured
by ANOVA, T-test and Tukey Post Hoc test. Results are in the table 3.
Table 3: Significance of Differences in Ratios
Profit/
ha
Subsidies/
ha
Profit
without
Subsidies/
ha
difference between period 1 and 2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
difference in legal forms
Source: author’s calculations
613
Subsidies/
Sales
3. Results and Discussion
Agriculture in all European countries is supported by public funds in form of
subsidies. The total amount of subsidies received by agricultural farms in Slovakia
increased after 2004 after CAP introduction in 2004 (table 4, increase in median).
The increase in subsidies was followed also by higher profit per hectare in first years
of CAP introduction (table 4, median of profit/ha in years 2004-2008).
Table 4: Subsidies and Profit per hectare in Slovak Agriculture in 2000-2012
(€/ha)
Subsidies/ha
Profit/ha
lower
upper
lower
upper
quartile median quartile
107.51 138.38
168.67
-54.22
0.61
14.69
2000
77.03 114.17
146.02
-7.69
7.64
35.62
2001
66.39 106.09
136.53
-4.46
7.25
29.80
2002
76.03
107.53
135.67
-93.12
0.37
14.44
2003
148.84 166.00
195.39
3.51
22.43
69.51
2004
144.48 166.46
208.54
0.21
11.73
49.86
2005
157.86 194.91
259.47
2.04
16.23
52.55
2006
169.88 223.08
286.37
5.74
28.22
89.27
2007
188.05 247.42
317.96
0.40
16.67
67.42
2008
195.00 264.50
349.75
-147.09
0.85
23.26
2009
197.49 262.70
335.71
-46.22
7.02
49.21
2010
186.65 245.05
305.24
-2.25
19.81
93.16
2011
189.02 239.56
297.40
-30.58
11.38
69.38
2012
The profitability in agriculture depends on weather and climate conditions and during
the observed period 3 years were extremely negative. Adverse weather conditions in
2000, 2003 and 2009 resulted in very low profitability in the majority of agricultural
farms (table 4, profit/ha in 2000, 2003, 2009, lover and upper quartile, median).
Higher subsidies per hectare were not fully transformed into higher profit per hectare
(table 4, higher increase in median subsidies/ha compared to increase in median
profit/ha).
Increase in subsidies per hectare was confirmed also by comparing the 3 time periods
and legal forms (figure 1). Agricultural cooperatives and companies received in first
period (2000-2003) less on subsidies than after the integration into EU in 2004. In the
second period (2004-2006) the subsidies in new member state were much lower
compared to old member states and the situation improved in the third period (20072012). The majority of subsidies were linked to Single Area Payment Scheme (SAPS).
It allows a single annual payment to be made to farmers on the basis of the area of the
farm. Also there are significant differences between the legal forms measured by ratio
subsidies per hectare. The situation is the same in case of profit per hectare.
614
Figure 1: Subsidies and Profit per hectare in the Legal Forms (€/ha)
In each period companies generated higher profit per hectare compared to
cooperatives. Main reason is the history of agriculture in Slovakia before 1989.
Companies in Slovak agriculture are generally new entities driven by the profit
maximization in the market economy. Majority of the cooperatives existed also before
1989 and the higher numbers of owners increase the moral hazard and agency cost
which results in lower profitability.
In the next section we focused on the profitability of farms without the impact of
subsidies and the ratio between Subsidies and Sales (table 5). Subsidies represent
stable income without risk for each farm.
Table 5: Profit without Subsidies per hectare (€/ha) and Subsidies to Sales in
Slovak Agriculture in 2000-2012
(Profit without Subsidies)/ha
lower
upper
quartile
median quartile
-200.38 -153.95
-115.45
2000
-149.93 -108.34
-57.65
2001
-145.70
-99.74
-49.91
2002
-207.95 -132.13
-82.22
2003
-182.28 -138.91
-87.37
2004
-234.90
-166.85
-113.50
2005
-268.32 -187.86
-132.50
2006
-281.66 -191.47
-114.05
2007
-327.47
-236.11
-144.74
2008
-437.82 -324.28
-206.88
2009
-376.51 -272.71
-173.77
2010
-319.58 -216.72
-112.83
2011
-335.33 -230.74
-127.32
2012
615
Subsidies/Sales
lower
upper
0.17
0.31
0.61
0.09
0.21
0.45
0.07
0.17
0.39
0.08
0.19
0.43
0.15
0.29
0.59
0.15
0.30
0.70
0.17
0.34
0.78
0.18
0.32
0.74
0.19
0.35
0.83
0.27
0.48
1.05
0.23
0.43
1.04
0.17
0.33
0.80
0.17
0.30
0.68
Therefore the majority of farms in Slovak agriculture relay on subsidies and are less
motivated to produce agricultural production for the market. This fact can be observed
by both indicators in table 5. Farms generate loss from the market production and the
loss is increasing in years after CAP implementation (table 5, profit without subsidies
in 2004-2009). During the same period the proportion of subsidies on agricultural
production in form of sales increases (table 5, subsidies/sales in 2004-2009). An
opposite trend can be observed in 2010-2012.
The ability to generate profit without subsidies is different in the legal forms (figure
2). Both legal forms generate loss without subsidies. Loss without subsidies in case of
companies is lower than the loss without subsidies in case of cooperatives. Parallel
companies generate higher sales (figure 2, subsidies to sales by legal form).
Figure 2: Profit without Subsidies per hectare (€/ha) and Subsidies to Sales
Ratio in the Legal Forms
4. Conclusion
The process of integration into EU brought changes to Slovak agriculture. It was
followed by increase of public funds in form of CAP subsidies. Their main aim is to
support farm income as well as rural development. The Slovak agricultural farms in
our sample displayed low profitability measured by profit per hectare. On the other
hand after integration into EU in 2004 the majority of farms generate profit.
Significant differences in profit per hectare were observed between agricultural
cooperatives and companies, the prevailing legal forms in the Slovak agriculture.
Companies are more profitable compared to cooperatives.
Increase in subsidies was followed by lower ability to generate profit without
subsidies. Agriculture in Slovak Republic is not able to cover cost by revenues without
public support. This applies to both legal forms. Companies are more successful as the
loss generated without subsidies is lower. Better performance of companies is the
result of more factors. We only measured the difference in generated sales which are
in favour of companies.
There are several limitations of the study approach, e.g. reliability of the financial
statements used for tax purposes. Farms as any other entity are motivated to decrease
the profit because of tax optimisation. But the number of farms included in our
analysis should minimize this limitation.
616
Acknowledgements
This paper was created within the project VEGA „Transmission mechanism of CAP
instruments and their impact on the financial situation of farms“. Project registration
number 1/0796/14 and within the project VEGA “The Common agricultural policy
2014-2020 and its impact on the financial situation of agricultural enterprises
in the Slovak republic”. Project registration number is 1/0912/14.
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617
Authors Index
A
H
Pavel Adámek, 651
Jana Hakalová, 192
Martina Halásková, 202
Renáta Halásková, 202
Ľubica Harakaľová, 211
Tomáš Hauer, 219
Katarína Havierniková, 228
Tomáš Heryán, 236
Miroslav Hloušek, 327
Martin Hodula, 5, 244
Martin Hon, 2, 4, 5, 253, 774
Iva Honová, 2, 4, 5, 253, 774
Michaela Horúcková, 262
Jana Hvozdenská, 272
B
Peter Baláž, 3, 14
Tatiana Bányiová, 564
Ana-Maria Bercu, 26
Tatiana Bieliková, 564
Stanislav Bílek, 740
Hanne-Lore Bobáková, 36
Oľga Bočáková, 43
Kristýna Brzáková, 51
C
J
Marco Cassader, 382
Simona Chuguryan, 280
Martina Chylková, 36
Thomas M. Cooney, 651
Peter Čajka, 59
Šárka Čemerková, 70, 754
Zuzana Čierna, 610
Eva Jančíková, 288
Jan Jonáš, 297
Lenka Janíčková, 667
K
Veronika Kajurová, 304
Radomír Kaňa, 5, 310, 499
Rastislav Kazanský, 59
Radka Knězáčková, 319
Veronika Končiková, 327
Marcel Kordoš, 335
Eva Kovářová, 5, 343
Jana Kozáková, 492
Monika Kozerska, 355
Karol Krajčo, 365
Michal Krajňák, 372
Aleš Kresta, 382
Dariusz Krzywda, 390
Joanna Krzywda, 390
Rudolf Kucharčík, 280
Lumír Kulhánek, 401
Miroslav Kuric, 410
Lenka Kyjonková, 417
Tereza Kyselovská, 425
D
Oleg Deev, 79
Magdaléna Drastichová, 5, 87
Klára Drličková, 102
Kateřina Dvoroková, 5, 110
F
Daniel Fic, 119
Maria Fic, 119
Lenka Fojtíková, 3, 4, 5, 127
Olga Francová, 138
G
Karin Gajdová, 147
Patrizia Gazzola, 156
Marcela Göttlichová, 164
Nicole Grmelová, 173
Olga Gubová, 182
L
Drahoslav Lančarič, 492
Jitka Langhamrová, 675
771
Marian Lebiedzik, 262
Veronika Linhartová, 763
Ľudmila Lipková, 3, 433
Marcel Lincényi, 43
Miroslava Losová, 192
Vojtěch Spáčil, 524, 534
Michaela Staníčková, 2, 4, 5, 465, 634, 774
Jan Sucháček, 644
Nina Szczygieł, 588
Stanislav Šaroch, 693
Jarmila Šebestová, 651
Alice Šedivá Neckářová, 660
Jana Šimanová, 51
Milan Šimek, 667
Ondřej Šimpach, 675
Jan Široký, 684
Václav Šmejkal, 693
Ivan Šotkovský, 705
M
Ingrid Majerová, 439
Kateřina Maková, 684
Florian Margan, 448
Jiří Mazurek, 457
Lukáš Melecký, 2, 4, 5, 465, 774
Grzegorz Michalski, 484
Elena Mielcová, 476
Kamila Moravčíková, 492
Monika Mynarzová, 5, 310, 499
T
Filip Tošenovský, 715
Marián Tóth, 610
Pavel Tuleja, 4, 147
Kamila Turečková, 723
N
Boris Navrátil, 4, 5, 508
Pavel Nezval, 514
U
Iveta Ubrežiová, 492
P
V
Pavlína Pawlasová, 524, 534
Marie Pechrová, 545
Pavlína Pellešová, 553
Andrea Piterková, 564
Eva Poledníková, 5, 572
Yvetta Pšenková, 192
Bohdan Vahalík, 5, 731
Jana Valečková, 524, 534
Radka Vaníčková, 740
František Varadzin, 4, 746
Petr Vlček, 70, 754
Jolana Volejníková, 763
R
Tomáš Rábek, 610
Adriana Rašovská, 610
Dirk Rochtus, 3, 581
Małgorzata Rutkowska-Podołowska, 588
W
Marta Wilczková, 70, 754
Z
S
Robert Zeman, 740
Lucie Zotyková, 618
Pavel Salamon, 596
Radovan Savov, 492
Jan Sedláček, 603
Peter Serenčéš, 610
Karel Skokan, 4, 618
Veronika Soósová, 626
Radomila Soukalová, 164
772
Authors
Collective of Authors
Editors
Iva Honová, Martin Hon, Lukáš Melecký, Michaela
Staníčková
Department
Department of European Integration (120)
Title
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference
Place, Year, Edition
Ostrava, 2014, 1st edition
Number of pages
772
Publisher
VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Czech
Republic
Press
A.D.M. reprografické studio Ostrava
Number of copies
130
ISBN 978-80-248-3388-0
Katedra
VŠB -Technical University
of Ostrava
evropské
integrace
Faculty of
Economics
Department
of European
Integration
ISBN 978-80-248-3388-0

ICEI 2014

Transcription

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