2_EEDAL2015 - Whaley (ID 95)

Dr David M. Whaley, Dr Stephen R. Berry
Barbara Hardy Institute (School of Engineering),
University of South Australia,
Mawson Lakes,
South Australia, 5095
david.whaley@unisa.edu.au
Overview
• Background
• Lighting Policies
• Methodology
– Case study of two monitored housing developments
• Lochiel Park Estate
– House features,
– Monitoring systems,
• Lighting Comparison
– Energy
– Power profiles / peak demand
• Summary / Conclusions
• Acknowledgements
2
Background
• Provision of energy services major contributor to anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions,
– Thermal comfort, lighting, water heating, food refrigeration etc.
– Many countries are adopting energy efficiency programs to mitigate
• Lighting:
– is a significant energy end use, %5-16%,
– demand increasing, as becoming more
convenient, affordable and available
• Lighting policies:
– Mandatory labelling of lamp efficiency,
– Introduction of minimum energy performance standards,
– Phase out of incandescent bulbs / free compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
• Lighting policies in Australia:
– Phase out of inefficient light bulbs (<15 lumens/W)
– Building Code of Australia (BCA) new requirements 2010 (enforced 2011)
3
Background
• Provision of energy services major contributor to anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions,
– Thermal comfort, lighting, water heating, food refrigeration etc.
– Many countries are adopting energy efficiency programs to mitigate
• Lighting:
•
Aggregate lamp power density of
– is a significant energy end use, %5-16%,
fixed lighting not to exceed:
– demand increasing, as becoming more
convenient, affordable and available
• 5W/m2 for indoor,
2 for outdoor,
•
4W/m
Lighting policies:
• 3W/m2 for garage.
– Mandatory labelling of lamp efficiency,
– Introduction of minimum energy performance standards,
– Phase out of incandescent bulbs / free compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
• Lighting policies in Australia:
– Phase out of inefficient light bulbs (<15 lumens/W)
– Building Code of Australia (BCA) new requirements 2010 (enforced 2011)
4
Methodology
• Case study of two South Australian (SA) housing estates:
– Mawson Lakes
– Lochiel Park
(built 2000-2010), data 04/2002-03/2004
(built 2009-2014), data 01/2014-12/2014
• Monitored lighting data + survey data
Conditioned
Habitable
Lochiel Park
(LP)
Mawson Lakes
(ML)
250
200
150
100
AVG LP
AVG ML
0
House 1
House 2
House 3
House 4
House 5
House 6
50
L47ZS
L02OZ
L30OO
L35OT
L37OT
L62OF
L08OS
L10ON
L49TO
L34TT
L43TF
L14TO
L24TT
L15TT
L53TF
L03TS
L01TS
L51TE
L16TN
L39FS
L59FN
L04FO
L06FS
L21FE
L05SZ
L68SO
L26ST
L46SF
L25SS
L22SS
L52SZ
L36SS
L23SS
L32SN
Floor Area (m2)
300
Averages
350
5
Building Envelope
http://www.yourhome.gov.au/sites/prod.yourhome.gov.au/files/images/PD-Orientation-Sunpaths-02_fmt.png
• Correct orientation is important
– Block summer / allow winter sunlight
– Maximise natural day light?
• Reduce transfer
– Insulation (R6)
– Double-glazed windows ...
(why is this still a new concept in Australia??)
6
Lochiel Park - Location
• 8km NE of Adelaide CBD, along Torrens River
• Total development area of 14.7Ha
– 4.2Ha for residential dwellings
– 10.5Ha of open space, i.e. wetlands, water recycling plant, community
garden, ovals, fitness track
• 103 dwellings (78 houses, 2 mews and 23 apartments)
7
House Features - 2005
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Passive design: homes with minimum 7.5 stars,
Use low embodied energy building materials,
Use of solar electricity: 1kW/100m2 floor area,
Electrical load limiting devices (3, 4 or 5 kW),
Best available energy efficient appliances (AC), limit to 4kVA
Special bundled tariff incorporating green power,
Use of rain water and storm water,
Water sensitive urban design/efficient appliances,
Gas boosted solar hot water systems,
Day lighting, skylights and energy efficient lights,
Smart metering, energy and water usage display
• Were set before changes to Building Code of Australia
8
Recent Aerial Photo
9
System
GHG
(kg)
Temp
Living , Lounge,
Bed rooms (6 A)
Gas
(L)
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions*
Hot Water (D)
Tank
Level
(%)
Mains (D)
Water (L)
Volume (A)
Rain*
Mains Hot (D)
Hot Usage (D)
Electricity (kWh)
Recycled (D)
Mains (D)
Individual
appliances (D)
Net*
Total*
Export (D)
Import (D)
Solar (D)
What is monitored?
/ RH
General
Detailed
10
Components
• Australia’s most comprehensively monitored housing estate
• All sensors are hard-wired
11
In-home Display, Electricity
12
In-home Display, Analyse
13
User Behaviour - Large
Variation of Energy Usage
300
Annual Primary Energy Consumed (GJ)
Annual Primary Energy Consumed (GJ)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
250
200
150
100
50
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
1
House style
Age of Construction
Av floor area
Climate Zone (Building Code)
NatHERS star rating (thermal load,
MJ/m2)
Occupancy profile (avg)
Major Appliances
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
House
House
Lochiel Park(LP)
2 storey townhouse (modern)
Less than 8 years old
197m2
5
7.5 – 7.7 (58 – 53)
Mount Gambier(MG)
Single storey, 2 bed unit
50-60 years old
135m2 (all similar)
6
< 3 stars
2 – 5 (2.7) persons
3 persons
Gas-boosted solar water heaters and Mainly
electric (ducted and Split system) AC
Electric off-peak storage heaters, gas wall
furnaces
14
L47ZS
L02OZ
L30OO
L35OT
L37OT
L08OS
L10ON
L49TO
L34TT
L43TF
L14TO
L24TT
L15TT
L53TF
L01TS
L51TE
L16TN
L39FS
L59FN
L04FO
L06FS
L21FE
L05SZ
L26ST
L46SF
L25SS
L22SS
L52SZ
L36SS
L23SS
L32SN
Lighting Capacity (W)
1,200
800
L47ZS
L02OZ
L30OO
L35OT
L37OT
L08OS
L10ON
L49TO
L34TT
L43TF
L14TO
L24TT
L15TT
L53TF
L01TS
L51TE
L16TN
L39FS
L59FN
L04FO
L06FS
L21FE
L05SZ
L26ST
L46SF
L25SS
L22SS
L52SZ
L36SS
L23SS
L32SN
Fixed
Fixed
Portbale
80
60
40
20
0
Portable
Outdoor / Shed
2,800
2,400
2,000
1,600
Fixed Lighting Density (W/m2)
L47ZS
L02OZ
L30OO
L35OT
L37OT
L08OS
L10ON
L49TO
L34TT
L43TF
L14TO
L24TT
L15TT
L53TF
L01TS
L51TE
L16TN
L39FS
L59FN
L04FO
L06FS
L21FE
L05SZ
L26ST
L46SF
L25SS
L22SS
L52SZ
L36SS
L23SS
L32SN
Number of Lights
Surveyed Lighting Info.
• Lochiel Park:
• Mawson Lakes:
– Mainly CFL lights, some LED, fluoro.
– Ceiling fans in all bed/living rooms
Outdoor / Shed
6
– No lighting technology or
quantities recorded,
– Few ceiling fans
120
100
8
7
5
BCA requirement 2011
4
3
2
1
0
400
0
15
Habitable Floor Area (m2)
200
150
100
50
0
Lighting Capacity (W)
250
300
DEC
NOV
OCT
SEP
AUG
JUL
Estate AVG
Energy Density (W/m2)
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
JUN
MAY
APR
MAR
FEB
JAN
Electrical Energy
Consumption (kWh)
Representative Houses?
Detailed AVG
1000
800
600
400
200
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
16
Lighting Usage - Annual
Annual Lighting Energy (kWh)
1,000
Lochiel Park (LP)
900
Mawson Lakes (ML)
Averages
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
AVG ML
AVG LP
House 6
House 5
House 4
House 3
House 2
House 1
L23SS
L22SS
L26ST
L68SO
L05SZ
L06FS
L04FO
L01TS
L03TS
L62OF
L02OZ
0
• Wide variation in both estates, hence focus on averages.
• Avg. in ML = 547.5kWh, Avg. in LP = 326.5kWh.
– 40% reduction in LP, despite these houses being 30% larger (HFA).
• UK (2013):
• Norway (2014):
508kWh/yr
1,050kWh/yr
17
Normalised Lighting Usage
Normalised Annual Lighting
Energy (kWh/m2)
8
Lochiel Park (LP)
Mawson Lakes (ML)
Averages
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
AVG ML
AVG LP
House 6
House 5
House 4
House 3
House 2
House 1
L23SS
L22SS
L26ST
L68SO
L05SZ
L06FS
L04FO
L01TS
L03TS
L62OF
L02OZ
0
• Savings become more significant when normalised (HFA)
• Avg. ML = 3.49kWh/m2, Avg. LP = 1.72kWh/m2
– 50% reduction in normalised lighting energy in LP.
• UK (2013):
• Norway (2014):
6.7kWh/m2/yr
8.8kWh/m2/yr
18
1.8
Lochiel Park (LP)
1.6
Mawson Lakes (ML)
Averages
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
AVG ML
AVG LP
House 6
House 5
House 4
House 3
House 2
House 1
L23SS
L22SS
L26ST
L68SO
L05SZ
L06FS
L04FO
L01TS
L03TS
L62OF
0.0
L02OZ
Peak Lighting Power (kW for 15m)
Power Profiles - Peak
• Lighting energy circuit peak power shown for 15 minutes
• Avg. ML = 1,080W, Avg. LP = 412W
• 61% reduction in peak lighting power, achieved in LP,
despite higher penetration of ceiling fans in LP
19
Power Profiles - Seasonal
LP
ML
LP
ML
22:00
20:00
18:00
16:00
14:00
0.00
12:00
22:00
20:00
18:00
16:00
14:00
12:00
10:00
8:00
6:00
4:00
2:00
0.00
0.05
10:00
0.05
0.10
8:00
0.10
0.15
6:00
0.15
Winter
0.20
4:00
0.20
0.25
2:00
Summer
0:00
0.25
Lighting Power (kW)
0.30
0:00
Lighting Power (kW)
0.30
• Estate average shown by dashed lines
• Peaks are shifted by one hour,
• Magnitude of peaks in LP reduced:
– Summer: 52.8%
– Winter: 63.6%
– Year:
64.3%
20
Lighting Impact, Peak Demand
Estate
Lochiel
Park
Mawson
Lakes
House
Peak Power
(kW)
Time
Lighting Power
(kW) at peak
Contribution of
Lighting at peak
Date
L02OZ
4.290
16/01/2014
14:45
0.045
1.05%
L62OF
5.920
16/01/2014
19:15
0.024
0.41%
L03TS
6.987
02/02/2014
16:45
0.105
1.50%
L01TS
9.279
14/07/2014
10:15
0.050
0.54%
L04FO
6.413
07/02/2014
18:15
0.195
3.04%
L06FS
4.377
11/08/2014
07:30
0.000
0.00%
L05SZ
3.135
24/08/2014
11:00
0.023
0.74%
L68SO
7.118
14/12/2014
00:00
0.132
1.85%
L22SS
7.071
23/07/2014
16:30
0.025
0.35%
L23SS
6.996
11/08/2014
21:45
0.045
0.64%
AVG
6.159
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.01%
House 1
7.560
20/01/2003
19:45
0.312
4.13%
House 2
4.704
12/07/2002
17:45
0.192
4.08%
House 3
10.608
22/12/2002
08:30
0.000
0.00%
House 4
8.904
07/01/2003
17:15
0.024
0.27%
House 5
8.208
30/07/2002
18:45
0.456
5.56%
House 6
13.320
04/10/2002
23:45
0.456
3.42%
AVG
8.884
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.91%
21
Summary & Conclusions
Summary:
• Lighting circuit energy and peak power monitored data
compared in two SA estates, before BCA changes made..
Conclusions:
• Application of energy efficient lighting and improved daylight
significantly reduces lighting energy requirements, by 40%,
50% when normalised by habitable floor area,
• Significant reduction in peak lighting power demand, varies
with season, but 61% reduction overall,
Future Work:
• Lighting power / energy disaggregation needed to confirm
lighting patterns / determine importance of efficiency.
• Can we further reduce BCA lighting density requirements?
22
Acknowledgements
• Renewal SA
(formerly the Land Management Corporation)
– Andrew Bishop,
– Phil Donaldson.
• CSIRO (Intelligent Grid Cluster)
• Utilities:
– SA Power Networks
(formerly ETSA Utilities)
– SA Water,
– APA Group.
23
Thank you
24
Questions?
http://www.tabletwallpapers.org/download/bright-idea-wallpaper_1024x768.jpg
25
This slide is intentionally left blank.
26
Extra Information
Type
Electricity A
(Import/Export)
Electricity B
(Solar / Appliance Wattmeter)
Electricity C
(Solar / Appliance Wattmeter)
Electricity D
(Solar / Appliance Wattmeter)
Gas (mains)
Water (mains)
Temperature / RH*
Rain Water Tank Level
*Actaris
Meter
AMPY EM1210
Sensor
-
Resolution
1Wh
ACTARIS ACE1000
SMO
Lanx Australis
LXEM145
Lanx Australis
LXEM150
AMPY 750
ACTARIS* TD8
-
-
1.25Wh
-
0.5Wh
-
1Wh
ELSTER IN-Z61
ACTARIS* Cyble
KIMO TH100
AQUAMETA
AN420-15
10L
1L
0.1°C, 0.1% RH
now known as Itron
27
Energy Consumption and
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Average Annual Household Energy purchased from Utilities
Average Annual Household Greenhouse
Gas Emissions - by location
9
61.2%
reduction
50
40
30
20
10
0
AUS AVG.
DEWHA (2008)
SA AVG.
ESCOSA (2010)
LP AVG.
(monitoring)
Total Household Greenhouse Gas
Emissions (T CO2-e)
Total Household Energy (GJ)
60
64.5%
reduction
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
AUS AVG.
ABS (2010)
SA AVG.
ESCOSA (2010)
LP AVG.
(monitoring)
28