Maps

Transcription

Maps

TOWARD A FAIRER ELECTORAL SYSTEM
DELIMITATION PROPOSALS BY TINDAK MALAYSIA
This effort is dedicated to the peoples of Malaysia
15th February 2013\
Page 1 of 13
TOWARD A FAIRER ELECTORAL SYSTEM
(4) Unbalanced or discriminatory delimitation is called gerrymandering.
(5) Malapportionment is defined as:
INTRODUCTION


This booklet is the culmination of efforts by a group of volunteers under the banner of TINDAK
MALAYSIA.
TINDAK MALAYSIA is a group of patriotic Malaysians who believes that the only salvation for
Malaysia lies in the restoration of democracy the start point of which is fair elections.
This delimitation effort at offering a more equitable representation for the Rakyat is not baseless
criticisms of the inadequacies of past delimitations of parliamentary constituencies. It is not about
sloganeering. It goes much farther. It demonstrates in tangible terms that a fairer delimitation and
which complies with international standards can readily be achieved in a matter of weeks if the spirit
is willing.
Maps (in print and digital format) that show the old constituency boundaries and the fairer
boundaries are included in this booklet. Advice is also given in this booklet on how to draw your own
constituency boundary. This empowering requires only basic computer skills.
It has been announced that the next delineation will be presented to Parliament soon, possibly as
early as March 2014. This will likely be one of the most defining moments in the history of Malaysia.
This coming delineation will determine whether Malaysia will continue to be governed by political
parties that do not represent the will of the people or whether Malaysia can have a government that
is “of the people, by the people and for the people”.
The unfair past need not continue into the future. You can change that and change that you must. It
is fitting to quote the words of Nehru in his Tryst with Destiny speech:
(6) The laws governing delimitation is defined in the Thirteenth Schedule of the Federal Constitution of
Malaysia
(7) Electoral quota is the number obtained by dividing the number of electors in the State by the total
number of constituencies.
1.2 HOW DOES DELIMITATION WORK AND HOW IT AFFECT ALL OF US?
(1) Delimitation may start in March 2014 (anytime 8 years after the last delimitation exercise, which was
in Mar 2003). The Election Commission of Malaysia (EC) does not have to carry out the delimitation if it
deems unnecessary. But once the starts, it has to be finished within 2 years
(2) Currently, in Malaysia's case, you can have a seat in Kapar which is 9 times the size of Putrajaya
but both can only vote in 1 Member of Parliament; that is the same as saying that if you stay at
Putrajaya, your vote is 9 times more valuable than if you stay at Kapar. This does not stay true to the
principle of democracy – one person one vote
(3) The boundary delimitation process has been a primary tool in the BN’s manipulation of the electoral
process:
“Before the birth of freedom we have endured all the pains of labour and our hearts are heavy with
the memory of this sorrow. Some of those pains continue even now. Nevertheless, the past is over
and it is the future that beckons to us now”.
CHAPTER 1
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.1 THE MEANINGS OF DELINEATION, DELIMITATION AND GERRYMANDERING
the creation of electoral districts with divergent ratios of voters to representatives.
poor or unfair apportionment of a legislative district or body

Elimination of constitutional safeguards protecting the independence of the EC.
The original constitution contained a provision allowing no more than 15 per cent deviation
between constituency populations. Constitutional amendments have removed the 15% limit
which, when coupled with the provision allowing for increase weight to be given to rural districts,
have allowed for gross discrepancies in constituency populations.

Lack of independence of the Election Commission.
The Government appoints all members of the EC, and all recommendations made by the EC
must pass through the Government in order to take effect. The BN has been able to hastily push
through delimitation proposals without serious debate in Parliament.
1.3 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALAPPORTIONMENT AND GERRYMANDERING?
(1) Delimitation is commonly known as re-delineation.
(2) Boundary delimitation (or simply delimitation) is the drawing of boundaries, particularly of
electoral districts
(3) In the context of elections, it can be called redistribution in order to ensure a balance of voter
population ratio across districts, in keeping with the one person one vote principle in democracy.
These are the 2 methods for manipulating the constituency boundaries:
(i)
Malapportionment
This term refers to inequalities between the numbers of voters in electoral districts which have the same
number of representatives. Voters in electoral districts with a large number of voters have less voting
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power than voters in electoral districts with only a few voters. For this reason, malapportionment is often
referred to as vote weighting.
(ii)
CHAPTER 2
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR DELIMITATION
Gerrymandering
2.1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
This involves dividing a state, country, etc., into election districts so as to give one political party a
majority in many districts while concentrating the voting strength of the other party into as few districts
as possible.
Malapportionment and/or gerrymandering cause election results that are not reflective of the people’s
will. Parties with minority votes get to rule the country. The purpose of electing a government based on
the vote of the majority, a core principle of democracy, is nullified.
A number of international organizations have published standards for delimitation. Their members are
encouraged to follow the standards. The organizations include:
(i) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Commission for Democracy
Through Law (the Venice Commission),
(ii) Commonwealth Secretariat,
(iii)International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES).
1.4 WHEN IS THE NEXT DELIMITATION EXERCIZE AND WHAT CAN BE EXPECTED?
2.2
VENICE COMMISSION
The Election Commission (EC) is empowered by law to re-draw the boundaries and recommend the
creation of seats. The EC has announced that the next delineation may start in March 2014. It can take
up to 2 years to complete.
The Venice Commission proposed the following guidelines in their report, “European Commission for
Democracy through Law: Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters, Guidelines and Explanatory
Reports adopted October 2002”:
The EC will then present their proposals to the Prime Minister who will submit to Parliament for approval
with or without amendments. The initiative therefore comes from the EC but the EC cannot directly
present the proposals to parliament; the Prime minister does that.
(i)
However changing the number of seats from the present 222 will require a two-thirds majority in
Parliament. As it stands, the ruling coalition does not have a 2/3 majority and so a change in the
number of seats is unlikely unless of course some of the current opposition parties decide to cross the
floor to join the other side.
So the likely scenario is that this delimitation exercise will involve re-drawing of boundaries and not the
creation of more seats. This can impact the next General Election significantly. For instance there are
some 40 seats where the majority is less than 5 %. It needs only a mere sleight of hand to swing the
seat.
If history were to repeat and unless there is a strong political will to move toward a true democracy, one
may well expect a delineation that will further perpetuate the rule of parties that do not have the support
of the majority of the people. Lim Kit Siang had said that it was common practice for EC to hold secret
discussions and consultations with UMNO on delineation (Parliamentary debate. House of
Representatives. 25th April 1994. Page 1148 to 1149).
There shall be equal voting power and seats must be evenly distributed between the
constituencies. This must at least apply to elections to lower houses of Parliament and regional
and local elections:
(ii)
A clear and balanced distribution of seats among constituencies on the basis of one of the
following allocation criteria: population, number of resident nationals (including minors), number
of registered voters, and possibly the number of people actually voting. An appropriate
combination of these criteria may be envisaged.
(iii)
Geographical criterion and administrative or possibly even historical boundaries may be taken
into consideration.
(iv)
The permissible departure from the norm should not be more than 10%, and should certainly not
exceed 15% except in special circumstances (protection of a concentrated minority, sparsely
populated administrative entity).
(v)
In order to guarantee equal voting power, the distribution of seats must be reviewed at least
every ten years, preferably outside election periods.
(vi)
With multimember constituencies, seats should preferably be redistributed without redefining
constituency boundaries, which should, where possible, coincide with administrative boundaries.
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(vii)
7. existing boundaries
8. community of interest
When constituency boundaries are redefined—which they must be in a single-member
system—it must be done:
She also suggests that the process should:
- impartially;
- without detriment to national minorities;
- taking account of the opinion of a committee, the majority of whose members are independent;
this committee should preferably include a geographer, a sociologist, and a balanced
representation of the parties and, if necessary, representatives of national minorities.




2.3
COMMONWEALTH SECRETARIAT
In their publication ‘Good Commonwealth Electoral Practices: A Working Document, June 1997’
the Commonwealth Secretariat identifies the following practices as necessary for proper
delimitation:


be managed by an independent and impartial body that is representative of society, comprising
persons with the appropriate skills;
be conducted on the basis of clearly identified criteria such as population, distribution, community of
interest, convenience, geographical features and other natural or administrative boundaries;
be made accessible to the public through a consultation process;
be devoid of manipulation of electoral boundaries to favour political groups or political interests;
be conducted by one body;
Include all spheres of government, both national and local.
IFES lists the most common standards as Impartiality, Equality, Representativeness, NonDiscrimination and Transparency.
(i) The delimitation of constituency boundaries is a function occasionally performed by an election
commission or otherwise by an independent boundaries commission, and in some cases after a
CHAPTER 3
population census.
(ii) General principles guiding the drawing of constituency boundaries include community of interest,
convenience, natural boundaries, existing administrative boundaries and population distribution,
BRIEF HISTORY OF MALAYSIA’S CONSTITUENCY DELIMITATION
This section is drawn largely from the following papers:
including minority groups. There should be no scope for any “gerrymandering”, and each vote
should, to the extent possible, be afforded equal value or weight, in recognition of the democratic
principle that all those of voting age participate equally in the ballot.
(iii) It is important that the general public play a part in the whole process and that the political parties
also have an opportunity to respond to proposals before they are finalized. Where the size of a
particular constituency is markedly out of line with the target “quota” of voters per seat, the reasons
should be capable of being readily understood and accepted by both the parties and the general
public.
2.4
IFES
In her study sponsored by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Dr. Lisa
Handley recommends the following considerations:
(i) ‘Electoral Politics in Malaysia: Managing Elections in a Plural Society’ by Lim Hong Hai. Electoral
Politics in Southeast and East Asia (2003)
(ii) ‘The Influence of Electoral Laws on the Conduct of Elections in Malaysia’ by Ng Chak Ngoon. 2nd
International Conference on Elections and Democracy 2013. Univ. Malaysia Sarawak. (2013).
1953 – 1954 INITIAL FORMULATIONS
The initial formulations were made by a 46 member committee of the Federal Legislature. This
committee accepted the equal size principle with constituencies having roughly equal populations but
qualified by accepting a weightage for rural constituencies (the rural weightage). It was deemed not
unreasonable if some rural constituencies had as few as half the constituents of the more populous
ones.
This was to ensure Malay political dominance.
The result was 52 constituencies.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
population density
ease of transportation and communication
geographic features
existing patterns of human settlement
financial viability and administrative capacity of electoral area
financial and administrative consequences of boundary determination
Page 4 of 13
1957 MALAYAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM BY THE REID COMMISSION
Article 46 (1) The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred elected members
except that the first House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and
four
The Reid Commission proposed the following:
(1) Propose formula for equitable distribution to constituents of 11 states on the basis of population
and the electorate. In those days significant numbers of the populace were not citizens and
therefore not eligible voters.
(2) Reduce the degree of permissible weightage as Malays and non- Malays were concentrated in
different states.
(3) Reduce the degree of permissible rural weightage within each state.
(3) Limit disparities among constituents to not more than 15% deviation from the average
constituent in each state.
(4) The EC was to comprise 3 members appointed by the Agong; their retirement age was 65 and
they had tenures as for judges
Articles 116 and 117 (later removed in 1962) are quoted in full:
Article 116.(3)
Article 116.(4)
Article 116.(5)
Constituencies shall be allocated to the several States in such manner that the
electoral quota of each State is as nearly equal to the electoral quota of the
Federation as it can be without causing undue disparity between the population
quota of that State and the population quota of the Federation
Each State shall be divided into constituencies in such manner that each
constituency contains a number of electors as nearly equal to the electoral quota
of the State as may be after making due allowance for the distribution of the
different communities and for differences in density of population and the means
of communication: but the allowance so made shall not increase or reduce the
number of electors in any constituency to a number differing from the electoral
quota by more than fifteen per cent
Article 46 (2) After completion of the first census to be taken after Merdeka day Parliament may
by law alter the number of members of the House of Representatives.
THE 1959 GENERAL ELECTIONS
(1) The Alliance won 9 out of 11 states but
(2) The Alliance lost considerable Malay support to PAS. A significant percentage of non- Malays voted
for the opposition in urban areas.
1960 RE-DELINEATION PROPOSALS
In 1960 the EC carried out a re-delineation. The EC’s adherence to the provisions of the constitution to
limit the rural weightage resulted in a markedly reduced discrepancy between the numbers of voters in
different constituencies. The EC presented its report on constituency delineation that would reduce the
number of seats from 104 to 100. UMNO could not accept this and made several attempts to remove
the EC chairman.
THE 1960 AMENDMENTS
The 1960 amendments were made to consolidate the position of the Alliance after the 1959 elections.
The amendments:
(i)
Introduced a 6 months residency in a constituency before being entitled to vote in that
constituency.
(ii)
Tried to replace the EC chairman
1961 LOCAL ELECTIONS
In this Article -
The Alliance won victory over PAS but did not improve their position in the urban areas.
(a) ‘electoral quota‘ means the number obtained by dividing the number of
electors in the Federation or State by the total number of constituencies or, as
the case may be, the number of constituencies in that State
CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT ACT OF1962
(b) ‘Population quota’ means the number obtained by dividing the population of
the Federation or of a State by the number of constituents or, as the case
may be, the number of constituencies in that State.
Malay dissatisfaction led to a working party formed from representatives of the British, Rulers and the
Alliance. The working party added an 8 to 10 year interval for review.
These alterations to the Reid Commission became part of the Federal Constitution at independence.
The Reid Commission delayed the general elections until 1959. At that election, the original 52 seats
were each split into 2 to form 104 seats.
UMNO was alarmed at the 1960 re-delineation. This resulted in the 1962 Constitution amendment. This
Amendment imposed extensive changes to constitutional provisions for citizenship and the electoral
system.
(1) The new constituencies delineated by the EC in 1960 were annulled thus retaining the 1959
constituencies until they were due for review.
(2) Provided new rules for delineation.
(3) Articles 116.(3), 116.(4) and 116.(5) of the Constitution (see above) were removed to give the
government a free hand. The rural weightage returned to that of the 1953-1954 formulation
where rural constituencies had as few as half the constituents of the more populous ones.
Page 5 of 13
[variance +/-33% of the electoral quota]
(4) The new principles were introduced as the 13th Schedule, an appendix to the Constitution.
(5) The final say on constituencies was transferred from the EC to the Parliament. The EC would
submit proposals on delineation to the prime minister who would present to Parliament with or
without modifications for approval by a simple majority. [Note: this does not involve a change in
number of seats which will require a 2/3 majority.]
Number of
seats
Seats as a
percentage of
total seats
Table 2
Sabah
Sarawak
16
24
10.1%
15.1%
Peninsular
Malaysia
104 + 15 =
119
74.8%
Total
159
100%
1969 GENERAL ELECTIONS
(6) Increased government control over the EC empowering the parliament to determine the terms of
office of EC members. The EC was thus converted from a fairly independent structure into an
advisory body of men with no certainty of tenure and whose office was subject to the dictation of
parliament.
The removal of the limits on variation of constituency sizes and replacement by the 13th Schedule
together with degradation of the EC , gave the ruling party unfettered freedom to malapportionment and
legitimized their violation of the universal principle of democracy viz. “One person one vote (of equal
weight)”. Presently we have “One Person, One Vote” but the weight can differ by as much as nine
times. In 2008, it was seventeen times!
1963 MALAYSIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM
1973 AMENDMENTS
Constitutionals (Amendment) Act (No.2) 1973 provided for the following.
(1) Remove EC’s power to apportion parliamentary constituencies among states.
(2) Number of constituencies and apportionment amongst states to be specified in the Constitution
(Article 46) and can only be changed by a 2/3 majority.
(3) Equal electorate weighting to be whittled further.
UMNO needed to overcome the 1.7 million largely Chinese Singaporeans and they did so by including
Sabah and Sarawak into Malaysia.
The proposed seat distribution is given in Table 1. Singapore was given a disproportionately lower
number of seats while Sabah and Sarawak disproportionately higher.
Percentage of
population
Number of
seats
Seats as a
percentage of
total seats
Table 1
The Alliance following its worst showing resorted to extreme political changes after the 1969 May 13
Riots and Emergency Rule.
Singapore
Sabah
Sarawak
Total
7.5%
Peninsular
Malaysia
71.0%
16.9%
4.6%
15
16
24
104
159
9.4%
10.1%
15.1%
65.4%
100%
100%
The new states of Sabah and Sarawak could carry out delineation reviews separately and at different
times.
1965 SINGAPORE SEPARATED FROM MALAYSIA
Following the separation of Singapore from Malaysia, the seat distribution was altered to that shown in
Table 2. The 15 seats that were allocated to Singapore were assigned to Peninsular Malaysia.
(4) Section 2c of Article 13A allowed the constituency schedule of 1962 to vary in size to an extent
that a rural constituency contains as little as one half the electors of an urban constituency. In
the 1973 act, this weightage was replaced by” a measure of weightage to be given to such (i.e.
rural) constituents’’. The specified constituent limits to rural weightage, already relaxed in 1962,
were completely removed in 1973.
“The number of electors within each constituency in a State ought to be approximately equal
except that, having regard to the greater difficulty of reaching electors in the country districts and
the other disadvantages facing rural constituencies; a measure of weightage for area ought to
be given to such constituencies”
(5) Creation of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur to excise the Chinese voters from voting in
Selangor state elections.
1984 AMENDMENTS
Constitution Amendments No.2 Act 1984 made Labuan a Federal territory and also contained
amendments to the electoral system:
(1) Relaxed conditions which provided the ruling party more power and control over constituency
delineation.
(2) Remove 10 year limit for review – “intervals of not less than 8 years between completion of one
and commencement of the next”. The constituents need not be reviewed even after 10 years.
Page 6 of 13
Timing of review after 8 years is not specified.
(3) New Clause 13A added to Article 113 that provides for review of affected areas whenever
Parliament or State Assembly changes the number of seats. With this amendment, parliament
can effect a change in constituencies at any time and for any part of the country or state. It also
absolves all such reviews from compliance with the principles of constituency delineation.
Figure 1, extracted from the paper by Ng Chak Ngoon clearly shows the intended outcome of
malapportionment.
120000
2008 Parliamentary Constituencies
100000
Kapar
PR
CHAPTER 4
BN
80000
No. of registered
voters
CONSEQUENCES OF MALAPPORTIONMENT
60000
This section is taken largely from the paper ‘The Influence of Electoral Laws on the Conduct of
Elections in Malaysia’ by Ng Chak Ngoon. 2nd International Conference on Elections and Democracy
2013. Univ. Malaysia Sarawak. (2013). Figure 1 was presented to the Parliamentary Select Committee
in Sabah in year 2011. The graphs by Ng Chak Ngoon are based on 2008 GE data.
110% A
A = Av. Voters / Constituency = 49,119
40000
90% A
Putra
Jaya
20000
Table 3 shows the ruling party secured 2/3 of the seats except for years 1969, 2008 and 2013. It is also
clear that the percentage of seats won by Alliance / BN exceeds greatly the percentage of votes that
they received. Conversely, for the opposition parties, the percentage of votes obtained was not
translated into an equivalent number of seats in Parliament but a significantly lower number.
Government*
0
1
BN won uncontested
51
101
151
Parliamentary Constituencies ranked by size
201
Figure 1
Opposition
Year
Total seats
Seats
% seats
% vote
Seats
% seats
% vote
89
85.58
58.5
15
14.42
41.5
104
1969
95
65.97
49.3
49
34.03
50.7
144
1974
135
87.66
60.7
19
12.34
39.3
154
1978
130
84.42
57.2
24
15.58
42.8
154
1982
132
85.71
60.5
22
14.29
39.5
154
1986
148
83.62
55.8
29
16.38
41.5
177
1990
127
70.55
53.4
53
29.45
46.6
180
1995
162
84.38
65.2
30
15.62
34.8
192
1999
148
76.68
56.5
45
23.32
43.5
193
2004
198
90.41
63.9
21
9.59
36.1
219
2008
140
63.06
50.27
82
36.94
46.75
222
2013
133
59.91
46.53
89
40.09
53.47
222
1964**
* "Government" means Alliance Party in 1964; Alliance and Sarawak United People's Party for 1969; and Barisan Nasional since 1974
** Sabah and Sarawak did not participate in respective edition.
Source: Arah Aliran Malaysia: Penilaian Pilihan Raya (PDF)
Table 3
Each column in Figure 1 represents a parliamentary constituency. The height of the column is the
number of registered voters in that constituency. Blue represents the Barisan Nasional (BN) seats; red
represents the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) seats.
It is apparent that:
(1) BN constituencies are generally much smaller than the PR ones.
(2) Since there is no valid or logical basis why bigger constituencies back PR and smaller
constituencies back BN, the only plausible explanation is that BN has carved out its strongholds
into smaller constituencies to create many more seats while opposition strongholds are lumped
into larger constituencies resulting in fewer seats.
(3) The same pattern is repeated state by state as illustrated in Figures 2 to 14.
Page 7 of 13
90000
90000
Federal Territory
80000
70000
BN
70000
Kedah
80000
BN
PR
PR
60000
60000
No. of registered
50000
voters
No. of registered
voters
50000
40000
40000
30000
30000
20000
20000
10000
10000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Figure 4 Kedah
Figure 2 Wilayah Persekutuan. Kuala Lumpur
90000
Kelantan
80000
100000
Johor
90000
80000
70000
PR
60000
BN
No. of registered
50000
voters
PR
70000
BN
60000
No. of registered
voters
40000
50000
30000
40000
20000
30000
10000
20000
0
1
10000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Figure 3 Johor
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Figure 5 Kelantan
11
12
13
14
Page 8 of 13
90000
70000
Melaka
80000
Pahang
60000
70000
BN
PR
BN
With names of BN
candidates
60000
PR
50000
No. of registered
voters
50000
No. of registered
40000
voters
40000
30000
30000
20000
20000
10000
10000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Figure 6 Melaka
Figure 8 Pahang
90000
Negri Sembilan
80000
70000
90000
BN
70000
PR
BN
PR
60000
60000
No. of registered
voters
50000
No. of registered
50000
voters
40000
40000
30000
30000
20000
20000
10000
10000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Figure 7 Negeri Sembilan
‘
Perak
80000
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Figure 9 Perak
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Page 9 of 13
70000
80000
P Pinang
60000
BN
50000
Sarawak
70000
BN
60000
PR
PR
50000
No. of40000
registered
voters
No. of registered
voters
40000
30000
30000
20000
20000
10000
10000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Figure 10 Pulau Pinang
Figure 12 Sarawak
50000
Sabah
45000
40000
120000
BN
PR
35000
Selangor
100000
BN
PR
30000
No. of registered
voters
80000
No. of registered
voters
25000
60000
20000
15000
40000
10000
5000
20000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Figure 11 Sabah
Figure 13 Selangor
17
18
19
20
21
22
Page 10 of 13
90000
(2) In the state of Kelantan where the Malays form more than 90% of the population, Tumpat has close
to 98,000 voters whereas Gua Musang has about 39,400 voters. The ratio is about 2.5. Both are rural
constituencies and hence the number of voters should not differ much from each other. The voter
number difference is even larger than the 2 : 1 ratio allowed for between urban and rural seats,
according to the 1953 formulations and the 1962 amendments. By no imagination can Tumpat be
classified as an urban seat !
Terengganu
80000
BN
PR
70000
No. of registered
60000
voters
50000
(3) The number of voters in the urban seat of Titiwangsa, in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur is
only about 55,400 compared to 98,000 for the rural seat of Tumpat, Kelantan. On top of that Tumpat
has a significantly higher percentage of Malay voters compared to Titiwangsa. The ratio of urban voters
in a constituency : rural voters within a constituency allowed for according to the 1953 formulations and
the 1962 amendments is 2:1 but in this example, urban Titiwangsa : rural Tumpat is a reversal at 1:2 ,
making it very apparent that the weightage can be manipulated whenever it is favourable to BN.
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(4) In Kedah in 2013, the rural seat of Baling has about 93,400 voters while urban Alor Setar has
significantly fewer voters about 69,200 – another contradiction of the oft repeated maxim of more
voters per urban constituency compared to fewer voters per rural constituency.
8
Figure 14 Terengganu
(5) Table 4 compares nearby urban / rural seats in Sarawak using 2013 GE data.
70
No. of BN MPs vs votes for BN
(2008 General Elections)
60
50
BN Parliamentary
majority (%)
40
Urban seat / Number voters
Rural seat / Number voters
Urban / rural ratio
Stampin / 84,820
Sibu / 64,732
Miri / 711,287
Mas Gading / 25,821
Igan / 17,815
Limbang / 24,335
3.3
3.6
2.9
Table 4
30
20
CHAPTER 5
10
WHAT TO EXPECT FROM THE PROPOSED 2014 DELIMITATION
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
BN votes (% of total votes)
Figure 15 How BN needed only 15.4% of the votes to win
In Figure 15 (extracted from Ng Chak Ngoon’s paper ) the number of BN MPs as a percentage of the
total is plotted against the number votes received by BN, again as a percentage of the total votes cast,
starting with the smallest to the largest constituency. It shows how effective this form of electoral
malapportionment is to ensure BN stays in power. Even with a mere 15.4% of the votes together with
the eight uncontested seats, BN could have won 51% of the seats in Parliament in the 2008 Elections.
The many changes to the constitution have resulted in a subservient EC with tremendous latitude to
malapportion seats. What is to come in the 2014 delimitation exercise can be guessed at from recent
statements by the current EC Chairman
(i)
Declared a maximum seat size of 100,000 voters for urban and current minimum size of
16,000 for rural seats.
This will mean a rural to urban ratio of 25: 4 or a weightage of 6.25. As there are
presently very few seats with more than 100,000 voters, it may well be that the EC will
lump more urban voters together toward the 100,000 limit. Note that rural : urban ratio
should not be more than 2:1 but with this declaration, 100,000 :16,000 is 6:25:1.
(ii)
The number of voters in each Parliament or state assembly (DUN) seat must take into
account whether that area is urban, suburban or rural.
This statement by the EC Chairman is new. There is nothing in the Constitution that
permits the EC to do this; the EC appears to act outside the provisions of the
Constitution.
The following cases further illustrate this travesty of democracy.
(1) In Selangor, Kapar with 144,369 voters is nearly four times the size of Sabak Bernam, with 37,390
voters; a ratio of 1 to 4. Again this goes against equitable representation of the people.
Page 11 of 13
It would therefore appear likely that the EC will in the 2014 delimitation, aim for extreme levels of
malapportionment and by so doing put an end to equitable representation (democracy in its true sense)
in Malaysia.
6.1.3 Data on Registered Voters
CHAPTER 6
Only the number of voters within each Daerah Mengundi is considered in this exercise as the Daerah
Mengundi constitutes the smallest unit in the EC maps.
A hard copy of the electoral roll is issued free to all candidates just before each GE. Data in electronic
form has to be purchased from SPR. The cost of data for the whole country is more than RM 50,000.
This places a very high financial hurdle against civil society attempting to carry out delimitation analysis.
TINDAK MALAYSIA’S PROPOSALS TOWARD A FAIRER DELIMITATION
6.2 CRITERIA
6.1
INFORMATION AVAILABILITY
6.1.1 General
The ability to prepare an alternative proposal is, to a significant extent, affected by availability and
reliability of the information.
The basic information that is required are:
(i) Maps showing the boundaries of Daerah Mengundi (wards), State assembly and Parliamentary
seats.
(ii) Data on the number of voters for each Daerah Mengundi.
6.1.2 Maps
Printed maps for both parliamentary and state seats can be purchased but only at the SPR offices of
the State where the constituency is located.
In most States, there is one map for each parliamentary seat – the boundaries of the State seats within
a parliamentary seat are shown on that same map together with the boundaries of all the Daerah
Mengundi. There are however exceptions:
(i)
Sarawak SPR produces one map for each State seat and does not provide Parliamentary seat
maps. Some Sarawak State seat maps do not show the boundaries of all the Daerah Mengundi
of GE 2013.
(ii)
Perak SPR has the most disorganised maps. Not only were the Parliamentary maps not
available, the State assembly seat maps were broken into as many as 8 parts. Piecing them
together to form each respective seat was painstakingly laborious.
Electoral maps are expected to be comprehensive and exhaustive. There was no uniformity in the SPR
maps within and between states. The map presentation and scales are all different. Some show
geographical features; others do not, even coordinates were not provided within.
It was decided that , for the time being, Tindak Malaysia’s proposal be based on the present 222
parliamentary seats and the present distribution of parliamentary seats to the different states and
territories notwithstanding the obvious inequalities (see Table 5).
The main reason for this is that it is expected that EC proposals will not obtain a 2/3 majority in
Parliament in which case the number and distribution of seats to the different states will remain
unchanged. Therefore the present alternative proposal by Tindak Malaysia will enable a direct
comparison with the existing boundaries as well as any changes that may be proposed by EC for the
2014 delimitation.
State/ Territory
No. Voters
No. parliament
seats
Average no.
voters per seat
Selangor
Johor
Perak
Sarawak
Kedah
Sabah
Kelantan
Palau Pinang
Pahang
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan
Melaka
Perlis
Kuala Lumpur
Labuan
Putrajaya
Grand total
Table 5
2,051,583
1,608,115
1,409,772
1,086,191
1,043,281
982,311
920,433
847,710
737,501
636,000
556,820
439,869
137,349
793,406
24,457
15,798
13,290,596
22
26
24
31
15
25
14
13
14
8
8
6
3
11
1
1
222
93,254
61,851
58,741
35,038
69,552
39,292
65,745
65,208
52,679
79,500
69,603
73,312
45,783
72,128
24,457
15,798
59,868
Tindak Malaysia’s criterion is that within each State and Territory, the voter distribution should be as
equal as possible and in accordance with the recommendations of International bodies (see Chapter 2)
not deviate more than 10 % from the electoral quota (the total number of voters in a State divided by the
number of seats ).
Page 12 of 13
The above shall not apply to the single seat federal territories of PutraJaya and Labuan. Tindak
Malaysia opines that these 2 territories should be combined with the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
to become a single entity.
6.3 METHODOLOGY
The methodology for producing maps of individual States with a more equitable distribution of voters
involves the following
(i) Convert all the printed maps purchased from SPR into digital format;
The maps also contain tabulations of the number of voters for each seat following EC’s 2003
Delimitation Exercise as well as for Tindak’s proposals. Plots comparing the two sets for state seats are
also given.
It is clear from the maps and plots that Tindak Malaysia’s proposals will serve to move toward a
democracy of one man one vote; at least for each State.
Tindak Malaysia wishes to stress that a “fair” delimitation does not address gerrymandering. That
requires an honest and unbiased EC. Issues like modification of the voting system to incorporate
Proportional Representation will be considered by our Project Partner on electoral reform – PROJEK
BERES.
(ii) Adjust all the individual maps onto the same scale, for each state or territory;
(iii) Merge all the respective maps together to form a state map with all the boundaries down to the
level of Daerah Mengundi;
CHAPTER 8
(iv) Shift the basic unit that is the Daerah Mengundi until all constituencies within each
Parliamentary seat lies within 10% of the electoral quota. This however is difficult to achieve in the
state of Sarawak where urban centres are of very high densities compared to the rural areas.
DOING YOUR OWN DELIMITATION
The paramount intention behind Tindak Malaysia’s proposal is simply to try to achieve an even
distribution of voters. Considerations for geographical features (such as crossing major rivers) and
administrative boundaries) are taken into account but not given over-riding consideration if equality of
voter size is not achieved. In many cases EC presently does not take these into account.
Very importantly, and it must be emphasized, is that Tindak Malaysia’s proposal does not take into
consideration racial composition.
In achieving equality of voters it was found that the physical size of rural seats can be significantly
enlarged e.g. Hulu Rajang. This is not considered to be problematic although extra efforts will have to
be expanded in organising the elections; modern technology can be put to good use. For example,
Durack, which is a Western Australian constituency that covers an area 5 times the size of Malaysia,
has only one Representative.
CHAPTER 7
TINDAK MALAYSIA’S PROPOSALS IN MAP FORM
The results of Tindak Malaysia’s proposed delineation are presented in maps (printed and digital
format) attached to this booklet. Each map is for each State and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur.
Where appropriate, the maps are in turn superimposed against the State maps.
Each map shows in colour the present EC 2003 constituencies. Superimposed over it are the red lines
that are the boundaries of constituencies proposed by Tindak Malaysia based on as much as possible
equal number of voters for each constituency.
The common way to object to EC’s proposal is to submit a letter of protest.
In the event you wish to protest you may also wish to submit the maps by TINDAK MALAYSIA
(attached with this booklet) with your protest. This will strengthen your protest as it will come with an
alternative delineation. It is always best not just to criticize but to be positive and offer an alternative.
Alternatively you can use the maps by TINDAK MALAYSIA as the basis for drawing your own
delineation boundaries. All you need is a basic knowledge of the readily available software EXCEL and
PHOTOSHOP. If you require the original scanned SPR maps and voter data you may contact TINDAK
MALAYSIA.
If you wish to draw your own maps, you should start from the merged Parliament maps.
The next step is to establish a CRITERION or SET OF CRITERIA which you must apply consistently.
Please note that Tindak Malaysia’s proposal is based on achieving as best as possible, equal number
of voters within each constituency in each State or Territory and ignores race distribution.
Your CRITERIA must be in numerical form. For example if you wish to have a weighting for rural areas
you must first establish a numerical weighting factor and apply that factor consistently. The EC now
claims to use an upper limit of 100,000 for urban seats, 40 to 60,000 for semi-urban seats and 20 to
40,000 for rural seats, although such numbers are not stated anywhere in the Constitution. You can
give this a try but we suspect you will experience difficulties in differentiating between rural, semi-urban
and urban areas.
Thereafter you can shift the Daerah Mengundi boundaries until your CRITERIA are met.
Please take note that you cannot limit your efforts to just one or two or three seats since changes in one
seat affect the other seats in the state. Your effort must encompass the entire state.
Detailed maps of parliamentary and state seats can be obtained upon application from
delimitation@tindakmalaysia.com.
Page 13 of 13
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 9
RECOMMENDATIONS ON EC MAPPING STANDARDS, CHARGES AND RELEASE OF
INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC
The following are recommendations to the EC for easier public access to their electoral data and maps.
It is the right of every citizen to have ready access to such information.
(i)
EC Maps throughout the country should be standardized and in colour.
(ii)
There shall be individual maps of every state assembly seat (DUN) and parliamentary seat.
Each DUN shall contain all the Daerah Mengundi (DM - polling districts/wards). All
parliamentary maps shall contain the DUN boundaries and the DM boundaries.
(iii)
These DUN and Parliamentary maps shall be overlaid against latest street maps that also
show geographical features and administrative boundaries such as districts and local
councils.
(iv)
There shall also be merged maps where all the parliament and state maps are combined to
form a State map that provides all the information on DM, DUN boundaries and
Parliamentary boundaries. These maps shall be overlaid against the State maps published
by the Survey department.
(v)
All maps shall be complete with detailed reference to national coordinate system used by the
Survey Department. All boundary lines shall have bearings (Direction from North) in the
manner used by the Survey Department.
(vi)
Detailed voter information for each DM shall be made available.
(vii)
All maps and data shall be accessible on line and can be downloaded by any registered
voter at minimal cost.
(viii)
All State EC offices shall be able to issue all the maps relating to that State, including the
State map itself.
(ix)
The EC office in Putrajaya shall be able to issue maps for the whole country, including the
constituency maps for DUN and Parliament of every State. Charges for hard-copies should
be enough to cover cost only without any element of profit.
AN APPEAL TO END INDIFFERENCE
We live , focussed only on our lives, shrugging off “little irritations and small shoves” that inched upon
us day by day, year after year, towards a precipice till we finally realise after 50 years of independence,
we are now standing precariously near the edge.
How did our country’s democratic electoral system deteriorate to be so distorted and subverted? Any
constitutional change necessitates a 2/3 parliamentary majority. That was able to happen simply by
several political parties banding together.
Many members of those parties which coalesced to form this alliance, and who voted for these changes
which started the decay in our Constitution, are no longer alive. Indeed there is much truth in
Shakespeare’s famous line, “The evil that men do lives after them”. But are those who so betrayed their
electorate the only ones to blame or does not the blame also lie in the indifference of those who allowed
it to be perpetuated and augmented?
The writer Elie Wiesel said, “Indifference can be tempting, even seductive, ….Indifference is always the
friend of the enemy, for it benefits the aggressor never his victim.” For the older generation that had
been indifferent before, think now of the future generations, for it was our indifference that has betrayed
their future.
BUT for the younger generation, indifference is no longer an option. The path into the future is by no
means easy.
You need to be involved in as positive a manner as possible.
You need to work towards a fairer electoral system and only then can there be a better tomorrow for
you and your children and theirs. Do not betray them with apathy and indifference as those before had.
There is no other choice. It is in YOUR hands. The time is NOW.
DELIMITATION PROPOSALS BY TINDAK MALAYSIA
CONSTITUENCY MAPS AND ELECTORATE DATA
FOR ALL STATES AND THE FEDERAL TERRITORY OF KUALA LUMPUR
SEQUENCE OF MAPS AND DATA
– For each State, first sheet is histograms, second sheet is map
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Perlis
Kedah
Kelantan
Terengganu
Pulau Pinang
Perak
Selangor
WP Kuala Lumpur
Negeri Sembilan
Melaka
Pahang
Johor
Sarawak
Sabah
Note: Putrajaya and WP Labuan constituencies remain unchanged.
GE13 Parliamentary Consituencies :
Perlis (%EQ)
Electoral Quotient (EQ)
Proposed Voter Pop.
140.00
140.00
120.00
120.00
100.00
100.00
80.00
80.00
60.00
60.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
P002
P003
0.00
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Perlis
Proposed Voter Pop.
50,000
40,000
40,000
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
-
P001
P002
60,000
43,876
41,974
50,000
PS03
(Population)
51,207
60,000
PS02
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Perlis
(Population)
GE13 Voters Pop.
PS01
P003
-
PS01
PS02
45,102
P001
43,637
0.00
48,318
GE13 Voters Pop.
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies:
Perlis (%EQ)
PS03
Ki1
P004
0
3 6
9 12
Kilometers
P006
P005 KD2
KD3
P007
KD4
KD5
KD1
P008
P010 P009
KD6
KD7
P011
P013
Kedah
Proposed Parliamentary
Constituency Boundaries
KD1
Reference
P004
Current Reference
KD9
KD8
P012
Coloured zones represent old
Parliamentary Constituencies
KD10 P014
KD11P015
Present Parliamentary
Constituencies
Total Voters % of EQ
37536
P004 Langkawi
53.82
52383
P005 Jerlun
75.47
65550
P006 Kubang Pasu
94.45
41960
P007 Padang Terap
60.46
80714
P008 Pokok Sena
116.29
69009
P009 Alor Star
99.43
95238
P010 Kuala Kedah
137.22
70135
P011 Pendang
101.05
74410
P012 Jerai
107.21
46786
P013 Sik
67.41
85908
P014 Merbok
123.78
93176
P015 Sungai Petani
134.25
93168
P016 Baling
134.24
74095
P017 Padang Serai
106.76
60910
P018 Kulim-Bandar
87.76
Baharu
1041068
Total
P016
KD12
KD13
KD14
Constituencies
P017
KD1
KD2
KD3
KD4
KD5
KD6
KD7
KD8
KD9
KD10
KD11
KD12
KD13
KD14
KD15
Total
KD15
P018
Number of Parliamentary Constituencies
15
Electoral Quotient
69405
Maximum deviation (%)
10
Max voters/ constituency
76346
Min voters/ constituency
62465
Note:
Ki1 is made up of former Langkawi and section of former Kuala Kedah Parliamentary Constituencies
Danesh Prakash Chacko20142401rev2_Mukim Base Map
0
5
10
20
No. of Voters
72095
72980
76236
64696
75684
76239
74685
69659
62863
67164
66846
65908
64826
65495
65692
1041068
30
% of EQ
103.88
105.15
107.80
93.22
109.05
109.85
107.61
100.37
90.57
96.77
96.31
94.96
93.40
94.37
94.65
40
Kilometers
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Kedah
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Kedah
(% EQ)
93,168
KD15
KD14
KD13
KD12
KD11
KD10
KD8
KD7
KD6
65,692
65,495
64,826
65,908
66,846
KD7
67,164
74,685
KD6
62,863
76,239
KD5
69,659
75,684
KD2
76,236
KD1
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
-
70,000
64,696
60,910
80,000
72,980
90,000
74,095
93,176
85,908
74,410
70,135
100,000
72,095
40,000
110,000
46,786
50,000
37,536
60,000
Proposed Voter Pop.
95,238
52,383
70,000
41,960
65,550
80,000
69,009
80,714
90,000
KD5
P018
(Population)
(Population)
100,000
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Kedah
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Kedah
110,000
KD3
0.00
KD1
0.00
P017
20.00
P016
20.00
P015
40.00
P014
40.00
P013
60.00
P012
60.00
P011
80.00
P010
80.00
P009
100.00
P008
100.00
P007
120.00
P006
120.00
P005
140.00
P004
140.00
GE13 Voter Pop.
Proposed Voters Pop.
160.00
KD4
KD2
GE 13 Voters Pop.
160.00
KD9
(%EQ)
P004 P005 P006 P007 P008 P009 P010 P011 P012 P013 P014 P015 P016 P017 P018
KD3
KD4
KD8
KD9
KD10 KD11 KD12 KD13 KD14 KD15
Constituencies
P019 Tumpat
P020 Pengkalan Chepa
P021 Kota Baru
P022 Pasir Mas
P023 Rantau Panjang
P024 Kubang Kerian
P025 Bachok
P026 Ketereh
P027 Tanah Merah
P028 Pasir Puteh
P029 Machang
P030 Jeli
P031 Kuala Kerai
P032 Gua Musang
Total
EQ = Electoral Quotient
Total votes
97769
67377
82379
64348
53511
62073
80817
66190
59081
75882
56900
46184
63882
39435
915828
Tindak Malaysia
% of EQ
149.46%
103.00%
125.93%
98.37%
81.80%
94.89%
123.54%
101.18%
90.32%
116.00%
86.98%
70.60%
97.66%
60.28%
KN2
KN1
P019
P020
P021
P022 P024
KN3
KN4
P025
P023
KN5
P026
KN8
KN10
Constituencies
KN1
KN2
KN3
KN4
KN5
KN6
KN7
KN8
KN9
KN10
KN11
KN12
KN13
KN14
Total
No.of Voters
68893
68226
66992
69044
63158
62073
62891
66190
65003
63860
66336
63030
67863
62269
915828
% of EQ
105.32%
104.30%
102.41%
105.55%
96.55%
94.89%
96.14%
101.18%
99.37%
97.62%
101.41%
96.35%
103.74%
95.19%
P027
KN9
P029
KN12
KN13
P030
P031
No.of parliamentary
14
constituencies
Electoral quotient
65,416
10
Max voters / constituency 71,958
Min voters / constituency 58,874
KN14
Kelantan
Constituency Boundary
KN1
Reference
P019
Current Reference
Coloured zones represent
Old Parliamentary Constituencies
TEHWEILOON/KY 20140205 rev1 _ Mukim Base Map
P032
KN7
KN6
P028
KN11
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Kelantan
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Kelantan
(% EQ)
97,769
KN 14
KN 13
KN 12
KN 11
KN 10
KN 9
67,863
KN 9 KN 10 KN 11 KN 12 KN 13 KN 14
62,269
KN 8
63,030
KN 7
66,336
KN 6
63,860
KN 5
65,003
KN 4
66,190
69,044
KN 3
62,891
66,992
KN 2
62,073
68,226
KN 1
63,158
68,893
80,000
63,882
46,184
56,900
75,882
59,081
66,190
80,817
62,073
53,511
64,348
67,377
82,379
100,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
20,000
-
120,000
39,435
40,000
KN 7
Proposed Voter Pop.
120,000
60,000
KN 6
P032
(Population)
(Population)
80,000
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Kelantan
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Kelantan
100,000
KN 5
0.00
KN 3
0.00
KN 1
20.00
P031
20.00
P030
40.00
P029
40.00
P028
60.00
P027
60.00
P026
80.00
P025
80.00
P024
100.00
P023
100.00
P022
120.00
P021
120.00
P020
140.00
P019
140.00
GE13 Voter Pop.
160.00
KN 4
KN 2
GE 13 Voters Pop.
160.00
KN 8
(%EQ)
P019 P020 P021 P022 P023 P024 P025 P026 P027 P028 P029 P030 P031 P032
Tindak Malaysia
Terengganu
TG1
P033
P034
TG1
Reference
P033
Current Reference
TG2
P035TG3
TG6
P036
TG4
P037
P038
TG5
P039
Constituencies
P033 BESUT
P034 SETIU
P035 KUALA NERUS
P036 KUALA TERENGGANU
P037 MARANG
P038 HULU TERENGGANU
P039 DUNGUN
P040 KEMAMAN
Total
Total Votes
72,566
67,280
76,238
94,406
90,795
63,543
78,174
91,942
634,944
% of EQ
91.43%
84.77%
96.06%
118.95%
114.40%
80.06%
98.50%
115.84%
TG7
Constituencies
TG8
No. of Voters
72,566
82,237
75,159
84,261
83,334
84,877
79,415
73,095
634,944
P040
TG1
TG2
TG3
TG4
TG5
TG6
TG7
TG8
Total
% of EQ
91.43%
103.61%
94.70%
106.16%
105.00%
106.94%
100.06%
92.10%
No. of parliamentary constituencies
Electoral quotient
8
79,368
10
Max voters / constituency
87,304
Min voters / constituency
71,431
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies :
Terengganu (% EQ)
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies :
Terengganu (%EQ)
P040
Terengganu (Population)
83,334
84,877
TG 4
TG 5
TG 6
73,095
84,261
72,566
70,000
60,000
60,000
50,000
50,000
40,000
40,000
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
0
75,159
91,942
80,000
63,543
76,238
100,000
90,000
78,174
90,795
94,406
70,000
67,280
80,000
72,566
90,000
Proposed Voter Pop.
79,415
Terengganu (Population)
100,000
TG 8
0.00
TG 7
0.00
TG 6
20.00
TG 5
20.00
TG 4
40.00
TG 3
40.00
TG 1
60.00
P039
60.00
P038
80.00
P037
80.00
P036
100.00
P035
100.00
P034
120.00
P033
120.00
GE13 Voter Pop.
140.00
82,237
140.00
TG 2
GE 13 Voters Pop.
0
P033
P034
P035
P036
P037
P038
P039
P040
TG 1
TG 2
TG 3
TG 7
TG 8
Tindak Malaysia
Pulau Pinang
Pi1
P041
P041
Reference
Current Reference
Pi1
Pi2
Pi8
Pi9
P048
P043
P049
Pi3
P050
P051
Pi11
P042
Pi4
P044
Pi10
P053
Pi13
Pi12
Pi5
P052
P045
Pi6
P046
Constituencies
Total votes
P041 Kepala Batas
51,635
P042 Tasek Gelugor
54,042
P043 Bagan
68,503
P044 Permatang Pauh
71,699
P045 Bukit Mertajam
78,996
P046 Batu Kawan
57,500
P047 Nibong Tebal
59,345
P048 Bukit Bendera
71,085
P049 Tanjong
51,487
P050 Jelutong
71,247
P051 Bukit Gelugor
81,897
P052 Bayan Baru
79,155
P052 Balik Pulau
49,641
Total
846,232
EQ = Electoral Quoent
No.of parliamentary constuenies
Electoral quoent
Deviaon permied (%)
Max voters / constuency
Min voters / constuency
Constituencies
% of EQ
79.32%
83.02%
105.24%
110.15%
121.35%
88.33%
91.17%
109.20%
79.10%
109.45%
125.81%
121.60%
76.26%
Pi1
Pi2
Pi3
Pi4
Pi5
Pi6
Pi7
Pi8
Pi9
Pi10
Pi11
Pi12
Pi13
Total
13
65095
10
71605
58586
SIMON/CNN 20140206 rev13 _ Mukim Base Map option 1
No.of Voters
65,674
65,285
60,914
62,536
62,011
62,477
62,823
66,688
64,989
69,407
68,763
69,000
65,665
846,232
% of EQ
100.89%
100.29%
93.58%
96.07%
95.26%
95.98%
96.51%
102.45%
99.84%
106.62%
105.63%
106.00%
100.88%
Pi7
P047
Pulau Pinang (%EQ)
GE13 Voters Pop.
Pulau Pinang (%EQ)
Proposed Voter Pop.
140.00%
140.00%
120.00%
120.00%
100.00%
100.00%
80.00%
80.00%
60.00%
60.00%
40.00%
40.00%
20.00%
20.00%
P041
P042
P043
P044
P045
P046
P047
P048
P049
P050
P051
P052
P053
0.00%
Pi1
Pulau Pinang (Population)
GE13 Voters Pop.
Pi4
Pi5
Pi6
Pi7
Pi8
Pi9
Pi10
Pi11
Pi12
Pi13
Proposed Voter Pop.
79,155
P049
P050
P051
P052
P053
Pi4
Pi5
Pi6
Pi7
Pi8
Pi9
Pi10
Pi11
Pi12
65,665
Pi3
69,000
10,000
P048
68,763
10,000
P047
69,407
20,000
P046
64,989
20,000
P045
66,688
30,000
P044
62,823
30,000
P043
Pi2
50,000
40,000
P042
Pi1
60,000
40,000
P041
62,477
50,000
62,011
49,641
51,487
70,000
62,536
80,000
65,285
90,000
65,674
81,897
71,247
71,085
59,345
57,500
71,699
68,503
51,635
70,000
54,042
80,000
78,996
100,000
90,000
-
Pi3
Pulau Pinang (Population)
100,000
60,000
Pi2
60,914
0.00%
-
Pi13
Present Parliamentatry
Constituencies
P054 Gerik
P055 Lenggong
P056 Larut
P057 Parit Buntar
P058 Bagan Serai
P059 Bukit Gantang
P060 Taiping
P061 Padang Rengas
P062 Sungai Siput
P063 Tambun
P064 Ipoh Timor
P065 Ipoh Barat
P066 Batu Gajah
P067 Kuala Kangsar
P068 Beruas
P069 Parit
P070 Kampar
P071 Gopeng
P072 Tapah
P073 Pasir Salak
P074 Lumut
P075 Bagan Datok
P076 Telok Intan
P077 Tanjong Malim
Total
Total Voters % of EQ*
32725
55.83
27950
47.68
46577
79.46
51422
87.73
54792
93.48
71257
121.57
78148
133.33
28518
48.65
51596
88.03
89435
152.58
81818
139.59
77761
132.67
87587
149.43
33540
57.22
49205
83.95
33503
57.16
63619
108.54
97092
165.65
45485
77.60
51498
87.86
88300
150.65
39924
68.11
60483
103.19
64499
110.04
1406734
Number of Parliamentary Constituencies
*Electoral Quotient
24
58614
10
64475
52753
P054
Pk1
Pk1
P055
Pk3
P056
Pk3
Pk4
P057
P058
Pk5
Pk5
Pk6
P060
Pk6
Pk7
P061
Pk7
Perak
Pk1
Reference
P110
Current Reference
Coloured zones of present
Parliamentary constituencies
0
10
20 km
Constituencies
Pk1
Pk2
Pk3
Pk4
Pk5
Pk6
Pk7
Pk8
Pk9
Pk10
Pk11
Pk12
Pk13
Pk14
Pk15
Pk16
Pk17
Pk18
Pk19
Pk20
Pk21
Pk22
Pk23
Pk24
Total
Pk2
P062
Pk2
Total Voters % of EQ
56847
96.99
55273
94.30
56285
96.03
55050
93.92
58666
100.09
62666
106.91
59605
101.69
60725
103.60
63451
108.25
60336
102.94
63510
108.35
63425
108.21
57528
98.15
64387
109.85
63418
108.20
55324
94.39
56316
96.08
56762
96.84
54583
93.12
54925
93.71
57839
98.68
56656
96.66
55740
95.10
57417
97.96
1406734
Pk13
Pk11
P059
Pk8
Pk8
P063
Pk10
Pk10
P065
11
1312
P064
P066 14
P071
Pk15
15
P069 16
Pk16
P068
P070
17Pk17
Pk20
20
Pk18
18P074
21
P073
Pk21
19
Pk19
Pk9
Pk9
P067
Pk12
Pk14
Pk24
Pk24
P075
Pk22
P076
Pk23
23
P077
22
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Perak
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Perak
(% EQ)
40,000
20,000
-
Pk22
Pk23
Pk24
56,656
55,740
57,417
Pk21
Pk20
Pk19
Pk18
Pk17
Pk16
Pk15
Pk13
Pk12
Pk11
Pk10
Pk9
Pk8
Pk6
57,839
54,925
54,583
56,762
56,316
55,324
63,418
64,387
57,528
63,425
63,510
60,336
63,451
60,725
59,605
62,666
58,666
55,050
56,285
60,000
55,273
80,000
56,847
64,499
60,483
100,000
39,924
45,485
51,498
88,300
97,092
33,503
49,205
33,540
120,000
63,619
87,587
77,761
81,818
89,435
28,518
51,596
54,792
78,148
71,257
27,950
32,725
60,000
51,422
46,577
80,000
-
Pk5
Proposed Voter Pop.
100,000
20,000
Pk4
(Population)
120,000
40,000
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Perak
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Perak (Population)
GE13 Voter Pop.
Pk3
Pk1
P077
P076
P075
P074
P073
P072
0.00
P071
0.00
P070
20.00
P069
20.00
P068
40.00
P067
40.00
P066
60.00
P065
60.00
P064
80.00
P063
80.00
P062
100.00
P061
100.00
P060
120.00
P059
120.00
P058
140.00
P057
140.00
P056
160.00
P055
160.00
P054
Poposed Voters Pop.
180.00
Pk7
Pk2
GE 13 Voters Pop.
180.00
Pk14
(%EQ)
Constituencies
Tindak Malaysia
SL1
Reference
P092
Current Reference
Total Votes
37,318
42,837
85,697
42,333
62,298
105,895
123,290
83,135
83,857
127,347
133,139
107,010
101,236
79,558
85,401
128,543
99,957
144,159
97,073
105,909
88,474
84,362
2,048,828
P092 SABAK BERNAM
P093 SUNGAI BESAR
P094 ULU SELANGOR
P095 TANJONG KARANG
P096 KUALA SELANGOR
P097 SELAYANG
P098 GOMBAK
P099 AMPANG
P100 PANDAN
P101 HULU LANGAT
P102 SERDANG
P103 PUCHONG
P104 KELANA JAYA
P105 PJ SELATAN
P106 PJ UTARA
P107 SUBANG
P108 SHAH ALAM
P109 KAPAR
P110 KLANG
P111 KOTA RAJA
P112 KUALA LANGAT
P113 SEPANG
Total
Selangor
Constituencies
% of EQ
40.07%
46.00%
92.02%
45.46%
66.89%
113.71%
132.39%
89.27%
90.04%
136.74%
142.96%
114.91%
108.71%
85.43%
91.70%
138.03%
107.33%
154.79%
104.23%
113.72%
95.00%
90.59%
SL1
SL2
SL3
SL4
SL5
SL6
SL7
SL8
SL9
SL10
SL11
SL12
SL13
SL14
SL15
SL16
SL17
SL18
SL19
SL20
SL21
SL22
Total
No. of Voters
92,240
93,354
84,889
101,317
93,615
92,477
94,133
96,568
100,576
95,652
92,750
91,703
93,295
93,843
94,834
91,627
94,971
92,222
92,389
83,909
84,718
97,746
2,048,828
% of EQ
99.05%
100.24%
91.15%
108.79%
100.52%
99.30%
101.08%
103.69%
108.00%
102.71%
99.59%
98.47%
100.18%
100.77%
101.83%
98.39%
101.98%
99.03%
99.21%
90.10%
90.97%
104.96%
P092
Electoral quotient
93,129
SL1
22
v10
102,441
83,816
P093
SL13
P094
SL2
P105
P095
SL3
SL14
P096
SL6
SL5
SL4 P097
P099
P098
P107
P106
SL16
SL15
SL17 P108
P109
SL18
P110
P111
SL21
P104
SL12
P101
P103
SL9
P102
SL20
P112
SL19
SL8
P100 SL7
SL22
P113
SL10
SL11
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Selangor
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Selangor
(% EQ)
40,000
42,333
42,837
37,318
60,000
SL22
SL21
SL20
SL19
SL18
SL17
SL16
SL15
SL14
SL13
SL11
SL10
SL9
SL8
SL5
SL4
Proposed Voter Pop.
144,159
128,543
160,000
97,746
84,718
83,909
92,389
92,222
94,971
91,627
94,834
93,843
93,295
91,703
92,750
95,652
100,576
96,568
94,133
92,477
93,615
101,317
84,889
100,000
93,354
84,362
120,000
88,474
105,909
97,073
140,000
99,957
85,401
101,236
107,010
133,139
79,558
62,298
80,000
83,857
100,000
83,135
85,697
120,000
123,290
105,895
140,000
127,347
160,000
SL3
(Population)
(Population)
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Selangor
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Selangor
GE13 Voter Pop.
SL2
SL1
P113
P112
P111
P110
P109
P108
P107
0.00
P106
0.00
P105
20.00
P104
20.00
P103
40.00
P102
40.00
P101
60.00
P100
60.00
P099
80.00
P098
80.00
P097
100.00
P096
100.00
P095
120.00
P094
120.00
P093
140.00
P092
140.00
SL7
160.00
SL6
92,240
GE 13 Voters Pop.
160.00
SL12
(%EQ)
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
20,000
0
0
SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4 SL5 SL6 SL7 SL8 SL9 SL10 SL11 SL12 SL13 SL14 SL15 SL16 SL17 SL18 SL19 SL20 SL21 SL22
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : W. P. Kuala
Lumpur (%EQ)
GE13 Voters Pop.
Proposed Parliament Constituencies: W.P. Kuala
Lumpur (%EQ)
Proposed Voter Pop.
140
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
P114
P115
P116
P117
P118
P119
P120
P121
P122
P123
P124
0
WP 1
W.P. Kuala Lumpur (Population)
GE13 Voters Pop.
WP 5
WP 6
Proposed Voter Pop.
WP 7
WP 8
WP 9
WP 10
WP 11
WP 7
70,100
WP 6
71,921
WP 5
75,237
WP 4
72,919
20,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
P120
71,886
30,000
P119
71,307
30,000
P118
70,741
40,000
P117
68,973
40,000
P116
WP 3
WP 9
WP 10
WP 11
60,000
50,000
P115
WP 2
70,000
50,000
P114
74,474
80,000
74,210
91,136
72,663
86,114
72,533
100,000
90,000
55,887
60,000
55,388
62,390
67,858
75,744
85,536
68,157
90,000
0
WP 4
110,000
100,000
70,000
WP 3
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : W.P.
Kuala Lumpur (Population)
110,000
80,000
WP 2
71,638
0
P121
P122
P123
P124
0
WP 1
WP 8
Negeri Sembilan (%EQ)
GE13 Voters Pop.
Negeri Sembilan (%EQ)
Proposed Voter Pop.
150.00%
150.00%
140.00%
140.00%
130.00%
130.00%
120.00%
120.00%
110.00%
110.00%
100.00%
100.00%
90.00%
90.00%
80.00%
80.00%
70.00%
70.00%
60.00%
60.00%
50.00%
50.00%
40.00%
40.00%
30.00%
30.00%
20.00%
20.00%
10.00%
10.00%
P129
P130
P131
P132
P133
0.00%
NS 1
Negeri Sembilan (Population)
30,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
P128
P129
NS 1
NS 2
NS 3
NS 4
NS 5
NS 6
72,028
30,000
P127
NS 8
NS 7
NS 8
50,000
40,000
P126
NS 7
60,000
40,000
0
NS 6
70,524
70,000
68,583
57,290
65,213
80,000
66,684
50,000
90,000
47,671
60,000
44,937
70,000
Proposed Voter Pop.
70,524
90,000
80,000
NS 5
100,000
79,661
100,000
NS 4
110,000
88,403
110,000
NS 3
Negeri Sembilan (Population)
102,305
GE13 Voters Pop.
NS 2
65,320
P128
66,071
P127
73,799
P126
72,995
0.00%
Electoral Quotient (%)
P130
P131
P132
P133
0
Tindak Malaysia
Parliamentary
Present
Constituencies
Constituencies
Melaka
P134MASJID
MASJIDTANAH
TANAH
P134
P135ALOR
ALORGAJAH
GAJAH
P135
P136TANGGA
TANGGABATU
BATU
P136
P137
BUKIT
KATIL
P137 BUKIT KATIL
P138KOTA
KOTAMELAKA
MELAKA
P138
P139
JASIN
P139 JASIN
Total
Total
EQ==Electoral
ElectoralQuotient
Quotient
EQ
MA1
Reference
P134
Current Reference
TotalVotes
Votes
Total
45,952
45,952
63,591
63,591
73,282
73,282
99,438
99,438
92,322
92,322
64,455
64,455
439,040
439,040
ofEQ
EQ
%%of
62.80%
62.80%
86.91%
86.91%
100.15%
100.15%
135.89%
135.89%
126.17%
126.17%
88.09%
88.09%
Parliamentary
Proposed
Constituencies
Constituencies
MA1
MA1
MA2
MA2
MA3
MA3
MA4
MA4
MA5
MA5
MA6
MA6
Total
Total
No.of
ofVoters
Voters
No.
71,610
71,610
74,425
74,425
72,583
72,583
73,244
73,244
72,465
72,465
74,713
74,713
439,040
439,040
No.of
ofparliamentary
parliamentaryconstituencies
constituencies
No.
Electoral
quotient
Electoral quotient
Maximumdeviation
deviation(%)
(%)
Maximum
Maxvoters
voters//constituency
constituency
Max
Minvoters
voters//constituency
constituency
Min
P135
P134
MA1
MA2
P139
MA3
P136
MA4
P137
MA5 P138
MA6
ofEQ
EQ
%%of
97.86%
97.86%
101.71%
101.71%
99.19%
99.19%
100.10%
100.10%
99.03%
99.03%
102.10%
102.10%
66
73,173
73,173
10
10
80,490
80,490
65,856
65,856
GE13 Parliamentary Consituencies : Melaka (%EQ)
GE13 Voters Pop.
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies: Melaka
(%EQ)
Proposed Voter Pop.
140.00
140.00
120.00
120.00
100.00
100.00
80.00
80.00
60.00
60.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
P134
P135
P136
P137
P138
P139
0.00
MA 1
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Melaka
(Population)
GE13 Voters Pop.
MA 4
MA 5
MA 6
Proposed Voter Pop.
73,244
72,465
74,713
MA 2
MA 3
MA 4
MA 5
MA 6
45,952
60,000
40,000
40,000
20,000
20,000
P134
72,583
80,000
74,425
100,000
64,455
73,282
63,591
80,000
92,322
99,438
120,000
100,000
0
MA 3
(Population)
120,000
60,000
MA 2
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Melaka
71,610
0.00
P135
P136
P137
P138
P139
0
MA 1
Tindak Malaysia
Constituencies
P078 CAMERON HIGHLANDS
P079 LIPIS
P080 RAUB
P081 JERANTUT
P082 INDERA MAHKOTA
P083 KUANTAN
P084 PAYA BESAR
P085 PEKAN
P086 MARAN
P087 KUALA KRAU
P088 TEMERLOH
P089 BENTONG
P090 BERA
P091 ROMPIN
Total
Pahang
PH1
P078
Reference
Current Reference
Constituencies
Total Votes
27,980
32,324
54,214
58,364
64,219
56,280
48,067
80,260
38,436
43,003
66,105
62,266
50,997
53,596
736,111
% of EQ
53.21%
61.48%
103.11%
111.00%
122.14%
107.04%
91.42%
152.64%
73.10%
81.79%
125.72%
118.42%
96.99%
101.93%
PH1
PH2
PH3
PH4
PH5
PH6
PH7
PH8
PH9
PH10
PH11
PH12
PH13
PH14
Total
No. of Voters
50,304
50,151
51,917
49,658
56,526
56,280
55,760
51,225
54,654
55,382
49,114
50,547
50,997
53,596
736,111
Electoral quotient
57838
47322
P081
P078
PH5
P082
P080
PH3
P089
PH12
PH7
PH4
PH11
P084
PH10
P087
P088
P086
PH6
P083
PH9
PH8
P085
PH13
P090
PH14
P091
10
PH2
P079
14
52580
PH1
% of EQ
95.67%
95.38%
98.74%
94.44%
107.50%
107.04%
106.05%
97.42%
103.94%
105.33%
93.41%
96.13%
96.99%
101.93%
Pahang (%EQ)
Proposed Voter Pop.
160.00
160.00
140.00
140.00
120.00
120.00
100.00
100.00
80.00
80.00
60.00
60.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
P086
P087
P088
P089
P090
P091
0.00
PH 1
Pahang (Population)
50,000
PH 7
PH 8
PH 9 PH 10 PH 11 PH 12 PH 13 PH 14
PH 1
PH 2
PH 3
PH 5
PH 6
PH 7
53,596
51,917
60,000
50,151
53,596
50,997
66,105
43,003
38,436
70,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
P078
PH 6
80,000
20,000
0
PH 5
90,000
50,304
30,000
32,324
40,000
27,980
50,000
48,067
56,280
64,219
54,214
60,000
58,364
80,000
PH 4
Proposed Voter Pop.
62,266
90,000
70,000
PH 3
Pahang (Population)
80,260
GE13 Voters Pop.
PH 2
50,997
P085
50,547
P084
49,114
P083
55,382
P082
54,654
P081
51,225
P080
55,760
P079
56,280
P078
56,526
0.00
49,658
GE13 Voters Pop.
Pahang (%EQ)
P079
P080
P081
P082
P083
P084
P085
P086
P087
P088
P089
P090
P091
0
PH 4
PH 8
PH 9 PH 10 PH 11 PH 12 PH 13 PH 14
Constituencies
Tindak Malaysia
JO1
P140
Total Votes
47,009
43,066
37,714
46,793
69,316
67,202
48,208
56,896
42,913
44,816
88,272
40,143
86,732
41,588
44,497
39,694
41,894
37,999
90,482
101,041
96,321
100,490
106,726
83,991
49,633
51,875
1,605,311
P140 SEGAMAT
P141 SEKIJANG
P142 LABIS
P143 PAGOH
P144 LEDANG
P145 BAKRI
P146 MUAR
P147 PARIT SULONG
P148 AYER HITAM
P149 SRI GADING
P150 BATU PAHAT
P151 SIMPANG RENGGAM
P152 KLUANG
P153 SEMBRONG
P154 MERSING
P155 TENGGARA
P156 KOTA TINGGI
P157 PENGERANG
P158 TEBRAU
P159 PASIR GUDANG
P160 JOHOR BAHRU
P161 PULAI
P162 GELANG PATAH
P163 KULAI
P164 PONTIAN
P165 TANJONG PIAI
Total
Johor
Reference
Current Reference
Constituencies
% of EQ
76.14%
69.75%
61.08%
75.79%
112.27%
108.84%
78.08%
92.15%
69.50%
72.58%
142.97%
65.02%
140.47%
67.36%
72.07%
64.29%
67.85%
61.54%
146.55%
163.65%
156.00%
162.76%
172.86%
136.03%
80.39%
84.02%
No. of Voters
56,300
56,044
56,298
56,767
56,160
57,297
58,113
67,837
58,825
63,322
60,572
61,398
56,430
56,703
62,683
67,080
67,520
64,229
67,087
66,775
56,554
67,548
66,915
62,680
67,337
66,837
1,605,311
JO1
JO2
JO3
JO4
JO5
JO6
JO7
JO8
JO9
JO10
JO11
JO12
JO13
JO14
JO15
JO16
JO17
JO18
JO19
JO20
JO21
JO22
JO23
JO24
JO25
JO26
Total
Electoral quotient
JO1
10
67,917
55,569
P141
JO2
P142
JO5
JO6
P144
JO14
P143
JO4
JO3
P145 P147
JO15
P148
P152
JO7
JO13
P146JO9
JO8
P154
P153
P149
JO11
JO10
P150
P151
P155
P163
P164
JO25
JO12
P156
JO16
JO24
JO23
P157
JO26
P161
JO22
JO17
P158
P165 P162
26
61,743
P140
% of EQ
91.18%
90.77%
91.18%
91.94%
90.96%
92.80%
94.12%
109.87%
95.27%
102.56%
98.10%
99.43%
91.39%
91.84%
101.52%
108.64%
109.36%
104.03%
108.66%
108.15%
91.60%
109.40%
108.38%
101.52%
109.06%
108.25%
P159
JO20
P160
JO21
JO19
JO18
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Johor
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Johor
(% EQ)
106,726
JO 26
JO 25
JO 24
JO 23
JO 22
JO 21
JO 20
JO 19
JO 18
JO 17
JO 16
JO 14
JO 13
JO 12
JO 11
JO 10
JO 9
JO 7
JO 6
JO 5
66,837
67,337
62,680
66,915
67,548
56,554
66,775
67,087
64,229
67,520
67,080
62,683
56,703
56,430
61,398
60,572
63,322
58,825
58,113
57,297
56,160
56,767
56,298
56,044
60,000
56,300
51,875
49,633
80,000
67,837
100,000
83,991
100,490
96,321
101,041
90,482
120,000
37,999
41,894
39,694
44,497
41,588
86,732
40,143
44,816
42,913
56,896
48,208
46,793
Proposed Voter Pop.
88,272
40,000
37,714
43,066
60,000
47,009
80,000
67,202
69,316
100,000
JO 4
(Population)
(Population)
120,000
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Johor
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Johor
GE13 Voter Pop.
JO 3
JO 1
P165
P164
P163
P162
P161
P160
0
P159
0
P158
20
P157
20
P156
40
P155
40
P154
60
P153
60
P152
80
P151
80
P150
100
P149
100
P148
120
P147
120
P146
140
P145
140
P144
160
P143
160
P142
180
P141
180
P140
200
JO 8
JO 2
GE 13 Voters Pop.
200
JO 15
(%EQ)
40,000
20,000
20,000
0
P165
P164
P163
P162
P161
P160
P159
P158
P157
P156
P155
P154
P153
P152
P151
P150
P149
P148
P147
P146
P145
P144
P143
P142
P141
P140
0
JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO JO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
30,000
20,000
27,822
24,335
18,883
71,287
240
240
220
220
200
200
180
180
160
160
140
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
SW5
SW6
SW7
SW8
SW9
SW10
SW11
SW12
SW13
SW14
SW15
SW16
SW17
SW18
SW19
SW20
SW21
SW22
SW23
SW24
SW25
SW26
SW27
SW28
SW29
SW30
SW31
260
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Sarawak
(Population)
50,000
40,000
30,000
10,000
10,000
0
0
38,054
39,683
40,046
41,195
37,770
41,597
41,048
30,153
38,211
34,634
38,880
31,215
32,637
32,792
31,314
35,988
31,359
31,783
28,965
35,510
33,577
31,860
34,798
30,188
33,503
37,011
35,847
34,955
34,656
34,640
30,646
70,000
28,417
GE13 Voter Pop.
60,033
GE 13 Voters Pop.
26,551
25,502
26,283
21,772
80,000
57,223
64,732
90,000
84,820
100,000
38,221
42,415
33,764
260
19,876
27,416
29,877
19,346
26,378
27,630
19,267
17,815
36,611
22,566
19,490
60,000
49,839
53,429
P192
P193
P194
P195
P196
P197
P198
P199
P200
P201
P202
P203
P204
P205
P206
P207
P208
P209
P210
P211
P212
P213
P214
P215
P216
P217
P218
P219
P220
P221
P222
(%EQ)
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
SW5
SW6
SW7
SW8
SW9
SW10
SW11
SW12
SW13
SW14
SW15
SW16
SW17
SW18
SW19
SW20
SW21
SW22
SW23
SW24
SW25
SW26
SW27
SW28
SW29
SW30
SW31
40,000
25,821
37,094
50,000
P192
P193
P194
P195
P196
P197
P198
P199
P200
P201
P202
P203
P204
P205
P206
P207
P208
P209
P210
P211
P212
P213
P214
P215
P216
P217
P218
P219
P220
P221
P222
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Sarawak
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Sarawak
(% EQ)
Proposed Voter Pop.
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Sarawak
(Population)
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
20,000
Constituencies
Tindak Malaysia
SB1
Reference
P167
Current Reference
Total Votes
47,249
42,197
51,467
48,276
53,374
50,516
37,490
44,323
38,771
26,628
30,097
29,177
39,053
43,691
25,304
26,194
24,688
39,772
30,199
37,058
24,748
51,662
41,549
51,538
46,793
981,814
P167 KUDAT
P168 KOTA MARUDU
P169 KOTA BELUD
P170 TUARAN
P171 SEPANGGAR
P172 KOTA KINABALU
P173 PUTATAN
P174 PENAMPANG
P175 PAPAR
P176 KIMANIS
P177 BEAUFORT
P178 SIPITANG
P179 RANAU
P180 KENINGAU
P181 TENOM
P182 PENSIANGAN
P183 BELURAN
P184 LIBARAN
P185 BATU SAPI
P186 SANDAKAN
P187 KINABATANGAN
P188 SILAM
P189 SEMPORNA
P190 TAWAU
P191 KALABAKAN
Total
Sabah
Constituencies
% of EQ
120.31%
107.45%
131.05%
122.92%
135.91%
128.63%
95.46%
112.86%
98.72%
67.80%
76.64%
74.29%
99.44%
111.25%
64.43%
66.70%
62.86%
101.27%
76.90%
94.36%
63.02%
131.55%
105.80%
131.23%
119.15%
No. of Voters
37,388
43,522
45,063
36,852
44,265
35,222
37,490
44,323
38,771
34,661
35,841
40,704
44,132
35,827
43,691
36,284
34,549
44,852
42,556
44,369
35,221
36,089
37,265
36,174
36,703
981,814
SB1
SB2
SB3
SB4
SB5
SB6
SB7
SB8
SB9
SB10
SB11
SB12
SB13
SB14
SB15
SB16
SB17
SB18
SB19
SB20
SB21
SB22
SB23
SB24
SB25
Total
Electoral quotient
% of EQ
95.20%
110.82%
114.74%
93.84%
112.71%
89.69%
95.46%
112.86%
98.72%
89.26%
91.26%
103.64%
112.37%
91.23%
111.25%
92.39%
87.97%
114.21%
108.36%
112.98%
89.68%
91.89%
94.89%
92.11%
93.46%
25
39,273
15
45,164
33,382
P167
SB1
SB17
P169
SB3 SB2
SB14
P168
SB4
P170
SB5 P171
SB13
SB6 P172
P174
SB7 P173
P179
P175
SB9
SB15
P176
P180
SB8
P177 SB10
SB11
P183
SB18
P184
P186
SB20
P187
P188
P178
SB21
SB22
SB12
P181
SB19
P185
SB16
P182
SB25
P189
P191
P190
SB24
SB23
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Sabah
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Sabah
(% EQ)
30,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
0
0
SB23
SB24
SB25
37,265
36,174
36,703
SB22
SB21
SB20
SB19
SB18
SB17
SB16
SB15
SB13
SB12
SB11
SB10
SB9
SB8
SB5
SB6
36,089
35,221
44,369
42,556
44,852
34,549
36,284
35,827
43,691
44,132
40,704
35,841
34,661
38,771
44,323
37,490
35,222
36,852
44,265
45,063
43,522
37,388
50,000
40,000
24,748
60,000
46,793
41,549
51,538
51,662
37,058
30,199
24,688
26,194
25,304
39,772
43,691
39,053
29,177
30,097
44,323
50,516
53,374
48,276
51,467
42,197
Proposed Voter Pop.
38,771
26,628
30,000
37,490
40,000
47,249
50,000
SB4
(Population)
(Population)
60,000
Proposed Parliamentary Constituencies : Sabah
GE13 Parliamentary Constituencies : Sabah
GE13 Voter Pop.
SB3
SB1
P191
P190
P189
P188
P187
P186
P185
P184
P183
0.00
P182
0.00
P181
20.00
P180
20.00
P179
40.00
P178
40.00
P177
60.00
P176
60.00
P175
80.00
P174
80.00
P173
100.00
P172
100.00
P171
120.00
P170
120.00
P169
140.00
P168
140.00
P167
Poposed Voters Pop.
160.00
SB7
SB2
GE 13 Voters Pop.
160.00
SB14
(%EQ)

Maps

Transcription

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