MỤC LỤC Mục lục Trang 1 Tóm tắt Trang 2 Giới thiệu Trang 2 Cơ

Transcription

MỤC LỤC
Mục lục
Tóm tắt
Giới thiệu
Cơ sở lý luận
Phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu và kết quả
Kết luận
Tài liệu tham khảo
Sách tham khảo về cải biến câu
Phần lý thuyết
Phần mẫu câu
Trình độ A1
Trình độ A2
Trình độ B1
Trình độ B2
Trình độ C1 và C2
Bài tập ôn tổng quát
Trang 1
Trang 2
Trang 2
Trang 3
Trang 6
Trang 10
Trang 12
Trang14
Trang 14
Trang 21
Trang 21
Trang 25
Trang 96
Trang 215
Trang 275
Trang 316
1
CẢI BIẾN CÂU TRONG TIẾNG ANH
Tóm tắt: Cải biến câu là vấn đề đang phát sinh trong việc học tiếng Anh. Đề thi kiểm tra
năng lực Anh ngữ theo Khung tham chiếu châu Âu sử dụng cải biến câu là một trong
những công cụ kiểm tra năng lực các thí sinh. Việc ra đời của một sách tham khảo hoàn
thiện sẽ giúp rất nhiều cho các thí sinh và ngƣời học tiếng Anh. Sách trình bày theo tiến
trình học tập của ngƣời học, do đó bất kỳ học viên nào đều có thể hƣởng lợi ở sách từ cấp
độ thấp nhất đến cao nhất.
Từ khóa: Cải biến câu, cấu trúc chìm, cấu trúc nổi
Abstract: Sentence transformation is an issue rising in learning English nowadays. The
tests of Common European Framework of Reference use sentence transformation as a
tool to test students‟ competence. The birth of a complete textbook on this issue is very
useful for English candidates andlearners. The book is presented in the progress of
leaners, so any of them can get benefit at both lowest and highest levels from the book.
Key words: Sentence transformation, deep structure, surface structure
I. GIỚI THIỆU:
Trong khi viết, sinh viên thƣờng gặp khó khăn khi diễn đạt một ý bằng nhiều cấu
trúc, nhất là lúc dẫn ý hoặc lặp lại ý mà không cần dùng lại cấu trúc ban đầu. Môn học
Viết 1 của Khoa Ngoại ngữ, trƣờng Đại học Sài Gòn có một số cấu trúc cải biến câu đƣợc
giới thiệu, nhƣng quá ít, sinh viên phải tự học và tìm kiếm các mẫu câu chuyển đổi từ các
sách khác. Các sách TOEIC, TOFEL và IELTS cũng giới thiệu một số cấu trúc cải biến
câu. Nhƣng với những mẫu câu này, ngƣời học luôn bị ám ảnh khi phải thực hiện phần
bài tập về cải biến câu, bởi vì ngƣời ra đề luôn có những mẫu câu mới lạ mà ngƣời thi
không thể nào lƣờng hết đƣợc.Theo chƣơng trình của Khung tham chiếu châu Âu, tiếng
Anh đƣợc giảng dạy ở sáu cấp: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 và C2. Ngay từ cấp thấp nhất là A1
và A2, các cấu trúc cải biến câu đã đƣợc đƣa vào. Học sinh từ lớp 3 đã học những cấu
trúc cải biến câu đơn giản. Theo sự tăng của các cấp độ của Khung tham chiếu châu Âu,
các cấu trúc cải biến câu cũng đƣợc xây dựngtăng dần về độ khó. Nhƣng các sách của các
kỳ thi KET, PET, FCE, CAE và CPE chỉ ra bài tập và có đáp án về cải biến câu chứ
không có phần riêng biệt để giới thiệu các mẫu chuyển đổi câu. Ngƣời dạy cũng nhƣ
ngƣời học điều cần có một quyển sách cải biến câu tƣơng đối đầy đủ, nhất là theo các cấp
độ của Khung tham chiếu châu Âu.
Cải biến câu có từ lâu đời khi các điểm ngữ pháp của các ngôn ngữ đƣợc xây dựng
có hệ thống, tuy nhiên nó chƣa đƣợc công nhận là một mục riêng biệt.Những cấu trúc cải
biến câu cơ bản và có từ lâu nhất là hình thức chuyển đổi dạng câu: chủ động và bị động;
câu gián tiếp và trực tiếp; các loại câu so sánh về tính từ và trạng từ; các loại câu diễn tả
ƣớc muốn và câu điều kiện. Đến năm 1957, học giả ngƣời Mỹ, Noam Chomsky, chính
thức đƣa ra lý thuyết cải biến tạo sinh (generative transformation) là cơ sở ban đầu cho
ngữ pháp tạo sinh (generative grammar). Kể từ đó thuật ngữ cấu trúc chìm (deep
structure) là hữu hạn có thể tạo ra rất nhiều những cấu trúc nổi (surface structure) là vô
hạn xuất hiện và dẫn đến sự ra đời của một loại hình bài tập mới trong các kỳ thi: Cải
biến câu. Nhƣng mãi đến thập niên 1990 cải biến câu mới phổ biến trên thế giới. Ở Việt
Nam, đến năm 2000 cải biến câu mới chính thức xuất hiện với nhiều mẫu đa dạng trong
các kỳ thi, trƣớc hết là kỳ thi chọn học sinh giỏi quốc gia. Những tác giả đầu tiên biên
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soạn sách cải biến câu ở Việt Nam phải kể đến Bạch Thanh Minh (năm 2000, với khoảng
50 mẫu câu), Lê Văn Sự (năm 2000, với khoảng 60 mẫu câu) và Nguyễn Thành Đạt cùng
một số cộng sự (năm 2004, với khoảng gần 60 mẫu câu). Thế nhƣng, tất cả các công trình
này đều chỉ đáp ứng một phần hay từng giai đoạn của nhu cầu làm bài về cải biến câu.
Trƣớc tình hình trên, với mong muốn đóng góp cho khoa học ngôn ngữ để đáp
ứng tình hình học tập của sinh viên và học sinh, trƣớc hết là sinh viên của Đại học Sài
Gòn, chúng tôi sƣu tầm ngữ liệu trong nƣớc và ngoài nƣớc từ các kỳ thi, từ các sách
TOEIC, TOEFL, IELTS, chủ yếu là các cấu trúc trong các sách của Khung tham chiếu
châu Âu, để biên soạn một sách tham khảo hữu ích phục vụ cho sinh viên.
Kết hợp phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu định lƣợng và định tính, chúng tôi sƣu tập ngữ
liệu từ nhiều nguồn, khảo sát việc học tập của sinh viên, biên soạn những cấu trúc bằng
các công thức cô đọng dễ hiểu. Bƣớc đầu cho thấy sinh viên học tập hiệu quả hơn và khi
đƣợc thăm dò, tất cả các sinh viên đều hài lòng với kiến thức thu đƣợc từ những phần thô
của sách tham khảo.
Công trình nghiên cứu của chúng tôi bao gồm phần giới thiệu và phần điểm qua lý
thuyết và vận dụng lý thuyết của các học giả đi trƣớc để làm cơ sở nghiên cứu biên soạn.
Phần quan trọng nhất của công trình là nội dung chính của quyển sách tham khảo bao
gồm các cấu trúc cải biến câu. Phần bài tập giúp sinh viên thực hành các cấu trúc sau khi
đã nắm vững chúng. Sau khi hoàn tất sách tham khảo chúng tôi có hƣớng đề xuất tiếp tục
nghiên cứu công trình để phục vụ mở rộng cho nhu cầu học tập và nghiên cứu của ngƣời
học, góp phần nhỏ vào thành công của Đề án Ngoại ngữ Quốc gia 2020.
II. CƠ SỞ LÝ LUẬN:
Cải biến câu (sentence transformation) để tạo ra các cấu trúc câu mới có nghĩa tƣơng
đồng với các cấu trúc sâu/chìm (deep structure). Câu đƣợc cải biến hay các cấu trúc câu
mới đƣợc xem là cấu trúc nổi/bề mặt (surface structure).
Trƣớc Noam Chomsky cấu trúc câu trong các ngôn ngữ đƣợc cải biến tập trung ở phạm
trù dạng: chủ động và bị động. Theo ông, câu bị động trong ngữ pháp cải biến – tạo sinh
gắn với phép cải biến động từ là một phổ niệm hình thức của các ngôn ngữ. Mặc dù cả
cấu trúc chủ động và cấu trúc bị động ở đây đều là cấu trúc nổi, nhƣng trong quan niệm
của hầu hết các nhà ngữ pháp cải biến-tạo sinh thì cấu trúc chủ động đƣợc coi là gần gũi
với sự biểu hiện của cấu trúc sâu còn cấu trúc bị động đƣợc phái sinh từ cấu trúc chủ
động nhờ “phép cải biến bị động” (passive transformation). Chomsky đã lý giải về điều
này nhƣ sau: “Nếu ngữ pháp chứa trong cơ sở của nó cả câu chủ động và bị động thì sẽ
trở nên phức tạp hơn nhiều so với khi câu bị động đƣợc đƣa ra khỏi bộ phận cơ sở và
đƣợc miêu tả bằng cải biến” (Chomsky 1962: 488).
Câu trực tiếp đƣợc ví nhƣ câu nguyên cấp do ngƣời nào đó nói hoặc viết ban đầu. Ví dụ,
Bác Hồ nói: Không có gì quý hơn độc lập và tự do. Sau này ý của lời nói ban đầu đƣợc
dẫn lại, nhƣng cấu trúc câu ban đầu có thể đƣợc chuyển đổi để phù hợp với mạch văn
hoặc ngữ cảnh. So với cấu trúc trực tiếp, các cấu trúc gián tiếp rất đa dạng, nhất là khi
đƣợc chuyển dịch sang các ngôn ngữ khác. Ngƣời ta thƣờng trích dẫn các câu nói của các
danh nhân theo ngôn ngữ của họ. Mặc dù có độ chênh về cấu trúc câu, nhƣng các ý luôn
đƣợc giữ hầu nhƣ chính xác với ý nghĩa ban đầu.
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Theo lý thuyết vết (Trace Theory) đƣợc phát triển bởi Fiengo (1974;1977) và Chomsky
(1975;1976), nhiều ngôn ngữ trình bày sự phi đối xứng trái-phải nằm trong việc xử lý cú
pháp. Vì vậy, thí dụ nhƣ, hầu hết thuyết dời chỗ trong tiếng Anh đều dời chỗ các yếu tố
sang trái; các thí dụ tƣơng tự là việc đặt câu hỏi, sự đƣa lên trƣớc, thao tác chủ đề hóa và
sự cải biến thành tiểu cú liên quan. GS. Nguyễn Đức Dân (2012) cho rằng sự dời chỗ thể
hiện quan hệ của những thành tố giữa hai cấp độ, trong đó một yếu tố đƣợc dời từ một vị
trí này sang vị trí khác để hình thành cấu trúc mới. Theo đó, nguyên lý “Move-α” nghĩa là
dời một phạm trù α nào đó tới một chỗ nào đó (Chomsky, 1982, Some Concepts and
Consequences of the Theory Binding: The Pisa Lectures. Mouton de Gruyter. P. 15).
Chúng ta có thể nêu một số kiểu dời chỗ nhƣ dời –NP: Dời chỗ một NP từ vị trí A tới một
vị trí A không đƣợc đánh dấu θ (non – θ – marked) thì NP sẽ để lại một vết t ở vị trí A,
gọi là vết – danh ngữ (NP-trace) hoặc dời – Wh: Sự dời chỗ của “cú đoạn-Wh” từ vị trí A
tới vị trí – không A của một đặc thù C sẽ để lại một vết-wh (wh-trace) ở vị trí A hoặc dời
chỗ-V: Dời chỗ một V tới INFL (inflection) và một VI tới trung tâm của một cú đoạn C.
Phép dời đƣợc thực hiện theo các ngữ cảnh khác nhau, nhƣng điều căn bản là ý nghĩa gốc
không thay đổi.
Cải biến câu cũng đƣợc Chomsky giải thích dựa trên lý thuyết chi phối và gắn kết
(Government and Binding Theory, 1980). GB miêu tả sự hiểu biết về ngôn ngữ nhƣ là
một tập hợp những lý thuyết bộ phận gắn kết với nhau, bao gồm những nguyên lý phổ
quát và tham biến vận dụng cho từng ngôn ngữ cụ thể. Trong tiếng Anh lý thuyết GB
đƣợc thể hiện qua sự chi phối của các quy tắc cú pháp trong việc kết hợp câu. Các cấu
trúc chìm, trên thực tế, đƣợc vận dụng linh hoạt để tạo ra các cấu trúc nổi theo lý thuyết
này.
Mô hình lý thuyết GB của Chomsky đƣợc thể hiện nhƣ sau:
Cấu trúc chìm
Sự dời chỗ
Cấu trúc nổi
thành phần PF
thành phần LF
Lƣu ý: PF: dạng thức ngữ âm; LF: dạng thức lôgic
Chuyển đổi ý từ cấu trúc này sang cấu trúc khác sử dụng khung tham chiếu thích hợp
(Tertium Comparationis). Các cấu trúc câu phải dựa trên sự tƣơng đƣơng để cải biến. Các
tác giả L. Spalatin (1969), T. Krzeszowski, A. Mettinger (1990) và Bùi Mạnh Hùng
(Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu, nxb Giáo dục, 2008) đã đề ra các khung tƣơng đƣơng để làm
nền tảng cho sự cải biến từ câu này sang câu khác. Theo Bùi Mạnh Hùng, những cuộc
tranh luận về các kiểu TC thƣờng xoay quanh các kiểu tƣơng đƣơng. Cho đến nay, các
kiểu tƣơng đƣơng theo xác định của T. Krzeszowski (1990) có vẻ đa dạng hơn cả. Ông
dùng khái niệm “2-text”, đƣợc xác định là bất kì hai văn bản nào, dƣới dạng viết hoặc
nói, để diễn đạt cùng một ý, dù có các cấu trúc khác nhau, đều đƣợc gọi là tƣơng đƣơng.
Cho đến nay, các tác giả Việt Nam đã biên soạn một số sách về cải biến câu hay còn gọi
là chuyển đổi câu. Đi đầu trong lĩnh vực này là Lê Văn Sự với quyển sách “Bài tập biến
đổi câu tiếng Anh” nxb Đồng Nai, 1999. Trong quyển sách của mình ông đƣa ra khoảng
50 mẫu câu chuyển đổi dƣới hình thức tự luận. Sách trình bày cô động và dễ hiểu, tuy
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nhiên theo kiểu ngẫu hứng, không theo một trình tự thích hợp về mặt hình thái hay cú
pháp. Năm 2000, Bạch Thanh Minh biên soạn “Bài tập biến đổi câu tiếng Anh” nxb
Thanh Niên. Về cơ bản, quyển sách này có những điểm chung với quyển sách của Lê
Văn Sự, nhƣng nhiều hơn về mặt cấu trúc (khoảng 60). Đến năm 2004, Nhà xuất bản Đại
học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh phát hành sách Tài liệu hƣớng dẫn ôn thi cao học
và nghiên cứu sinh môn tiếng Anh, trong đó có khoảng 60 cấu trúc cải biến câu do tác giả
Nguyễn Hoàng Tuấn chủ biên. Một số tác giả khác biên soạn các sách ôn thi cũng dành
một phần trong sách viết về các cấu trúc cải biến câu. Các sách này đều đƣa ra các cấu
trúc câu dạng thực hành và không dựa trên các lý thuyết về ngôn ngữ. Các mẫu cấu trúc
chỉ phục vụ trong các kỳ thi nội bộ cho nên số lƣợng quá ít, không đáp ứng đƣợc nhu cầu
thi của các thí sinh trong các kỳ thi quốc gia và quốc tế.
Khi đã sƣu tập đƣợc ngữ liệu, chúng tôi tiến hành giảng dạy và chính qua quá trình giảng
dạy với một phƣơng pháp mới, chúng tôi đã điều chỉnh lại cách trình bày khối ngữ liệu
này. Trong giảng dạy chúng tôi đã đặc biệt chú ý đến sự thụ đắc ngôn ngữ của sinh viên
(second language acquisition).
Thụ đắc ngôn ngữ thứ hai là một công trình nghiên cứu giảng dạy ngoại ngữ có thành tựu
to lớn đƣợc Stephen Krashen công bố vào cuối thế kỷ trƣớc.Theo Stephen Krashen, hầu
hết các lớp học ngoại ngữ ngày nay, nhƣ trong quá khứ, ít quan tâm về những phát hiện
của nghiên cứu hiện đại trong ngôn ngữ học ứng dụng và các lý thuyết thử nghiệm hiện
trƣờng của thụ đắc ngôn ngữ thứ hai. Các giáo viên đã gây thiệt hại cho học sinh, khi họ
sử dụng những ý tƣởng đã lỗi thời hoặc chƣa đƣợc kiểm chứng nhƣ là cơ sở của phƣơng
pháp sƣ phạm của họ.Cho đến nay chƣa có nghiên cứu thực nghiệm về cải biến câu gắn
kết với lý thuyết thụ đắc ngôn ngữ thứ hai cũng nhƣ một phƣơng pháp giảng dạy phù hợp
với lý thuyết này.
Lý do cơ bản của chƣơng trình và thao tác thực hành giảng dạy tiếng nƣớc ngoài đƣợc
chấp nhận rộng rãi hiện nay xuất phát từ tâm lý học nhận thức, có thể hữu ích trong việc
giải thích một số quá trình học tập, nhƣng "vẫn chƣa tƣơng quan với các lý thuyết ngôn
ngữ học và xã hội của ngôn ngữ và thụ đắc và khám phá thông qua nghiên cứu về thụ đắc
ngôn ngữ thứ hai "(Met, 1992, p.866). Stephen Krashen đƣa ra lý thuyết về thụ đắc ngôn
ngữ thứ hai, bao gồm năm giả thuyết về cách chúng ta học và sử dụng một ngôn ngữ thứ
hai, đã đƣợc thử nghiệm và hỗ trợ bởi rất nhiều các nghiên cứu trong nhiều ngữ cảnh
khác nhau.
Phƣơng pháp văn phạm dịch (grammar translation) đã lỗi thời. Nếu áp dụng phƣơng pháp
này sinh viên sẽ tiếp thuthụ động và hiệu quả sẽ thấp. Sinh viên cần đƣợc phát huy sự tích
cực và chủ động trong học tập. Phƣơng pháp dạy ngôn ngữ giao tiếp (communicative
language teaching) là một phƣơng pháp hiện đại phù hợp với xu thế hội nhập hiện nay.
Tuy nhiên, rập khuôn theo phƣơng pháp này, hiệu quả giảng dạy và học tập chƣa đƣợc
phát huy ở mức cao nhất.
Dựa trên lý thuyết thụ đắc ngôn ngữ thứ hai chúng tôi đã tiến hành thủ pháp Tiến trình:
biết-phân tích-hiểu-áp dụng. Theo trình tự, chúng tôi đƣa ra hai câu đã cải biến để sinh
viên nhận diện (biết); các em đƣợc yêu cầu phân tích để hiểu hai cấu trúc câu có cùng ý
nghĩa; các em thảo luận để đƣa ra công thức của hai cấu trúc và cuối cùng tự cho ví dụvề
cặp câu cải biến này(vận dụng). Trong quá trình giảng dạy giáo viên chỉ đƣa ra từng mẫu
5
câu, sau đó hƣớng dẫn, theo dõi và động viên các học sinh tiến hành các bƣớc. Các học
sinh/sinh viên làm việc theo nhóm và có sự thi đua giữa các nhóm để tìm ra công thức cải
biến cho từng cặp câu và vận dụng kiến thức này để tạo ra các cặp câu khác.Đây là sự
vận dụng sáng tạo của chúng tôi vào thực tiễn năng động của việc giảng dạy và học tập
của môn học này.Đặc biệt, do tập trung vào việc luyện thi, các sách không quan tâm đến
việc giáo dục các học sinh từ các cấp độ thấp những khái niệm cơ bản về cải biến câu cho
nên lúc bắt đầu học học sinh hầu nhƣ không đƣợc tiếp cận những khái niệm này.
Vận dụng các lý thuyết ngôn ngữ về cải biến câu của các học giả trong và ngoài nƣớc, và
dựa vào các tài liệu biên soạn trƣớc đây về cải biến câu của các tác giả Việt Nam, và các
sách TOEIC, TOEFL, IELTS, đặc biệt là các sách sử dụng trong Khung tham chiếu châu
Âu, chúng tôi có cơ sở và kho ngữ liệu vô giá để tiến hành công trình nghiên cứu này.
III. PHƢƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU VÀ KẾT QUẢ:
Chúng tôi tiến hành nghiên cứu theo phƣơng pháp định lƣợng: dựa vào các cấu trúc chìm
hữu hạn của các mẫu câu để sƣu tầm rất nhiều cấu trúc nổi của các mẫu câu trên thực tế.
Trong quá trình thu thập dữ liệu chúng tôi cũng tiến hành thử nghiệm phƣơng pháp dạy
các mẫu câu này ở các lớp Phát triển kỹ năng viết 1 của sinh viên năm thứ hai Khoa
Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Sài Gòn.Trong quá trình dạy thực tế này, chúng tôi có cơ hội điều
chỉnh các mẫu câu một cách cô đọng và xúc tích hơn.
Chúng tôi lấy mẫu câu trƣớc hết từ các sách của các tác giả Việt Nam, bởi lẽ các mẫu câu
này đơn giản, dễ hiểu và đồng thời định hƣớng cho chúng tôi sƣu tầm các mẫu khác từ
các sách nƣớc ngoài. Kế đó chúng tôi thu thập các mẫu cải biến câu từ các kỳ thi trong
nƣớc và nƣớc ngoài. Các mẫu câu này đa dạng hơn và khó hơn so với các mẫu câu trong
các sách Việt Nam.Tuy nhiên, khối ngữ liệu nhiều nhất mà chúng tôi có đƣợc trích ra từ
các sách nƣớc ngoài nhƣ TOEIC, TOEFL, IELTS và đặc biệt là sách dùng cho Khung
tham chiếu châu Âu. Chính các sách theo Khung tham chiếu châu Âu đã gợi cho chúng
tôi phƣơng thức sắp xếp các mẫu câu từ dễ đến khó theo 6 cấp độtăng dần: A1- Movers,
A2 – KET, B1 – PET, B2 – FCE, C1 – CAE và C2 – CPE. Các mẫu câu này đã qua giảng
dạy thực tiễn và áp dụng rộng rãi trên toàn thế giới, tuy nhiên chƣa có ai sƣu tầm và biên
soạn chúng thành một quyển sách cô đọng nhƣng tƣơng đối đầy đủ.
Sau khi đã sƣu tầm các mẫu câu, chúng tôi tiến hành thử nghiệm thủ pháp Tiến trình –
biết- phân tích- hiểu và áp dụng nhƣ sau:
Khi giảng dạy chuyển đổi từng mẫu câu bị động, trƣớc tiên chúng tôi trình bày
từng cấu trúc. Ví dụ: cấu trúc tổng quát của cặp câu chủ động và thụ động sau:
Active: He helps them.
Passive: They are helped by him.
Khi nhìn cặp cấu trúc này, sinh viên nhận biết đây là cặp câu bị động và chủ động
qua đối chiếu với nghĩa tiếng Việt.Các em sẽ đƣợc yêu cầu cho biết nghĩa tiếng Việt của
hai câu và chúng tôi giúp các em khẳng định hai cấu trúc khác nhau nhƣng cùng một
nghĩa.Đây là cốt lỏi của ngữ pháp cải biến tạo sinh của N. Chomsky.Kế đó các em sẽ
đƣợc yêu cầu thảo luận để phân tích chúng.Theo các cấu trúc mẫu câu đã học các em sẽ
dễ dàng phân tích đƣợc các mẫu câu và chúng tôi sẽ giúp các em chỉnh sửa nếu nhƣ các
em phân tích sai. Kết quả phân tích sẽ nhƣ sau:
Active: S + V + O
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Passive: S + Be PP + By O
Theo kết quả phân tích (đồng thời là mẫu câu) trên các sinh viên sẽ hiểu đƣợc cấu
trúc của câu bị động.Theo từng nhóm các em sẽ thảo luận để viết ra các cặp câu khác có
cấu trúc tƣơng tự với mẫu bên trên.Khi viết ra các cặp câu, các em đồng thời so sánh sự
tƣơng đồng trong cặp và sự tƣơng đồng trong cấu trúc Anh-Việt.Chúng tôi sẽ yêu cầu cả
lớp nhận xét về các cặp câu của các em.Cuối cùng, sau khi đã chỉnh sửa các câu tự viết
(nếu có), chúng tôi cho các em bài tập về nhà hoặc tham khảo cùng dạng cấu trúc.
Đối với các cấu trúc phức tạp hơn, thí dụ:
Active: She hears him sing in the room.
Passive: He is heard to sing in the room.
Chúng tôi phải giải thích thêm về động từ cảm nhận của các giác quan (listen,
watch, observe, notice, etc.) và yêu cầu các em thảo luận để phân tích qua mẫu:
Active: S + Perceptive verbs + O + V ...
Passive: S + Be + Perceptive verbs + To V…
Hoặc khi cấu trúc có tên cụ thể, chúng tôi sẽ yêu cầu các em cho biết tên cấu trúc
đó. Thí dụ:
Active: They will have someone cut the tree down.
Passive: They will have the tree cut down.
The tree will have to be cut down.
(Cấu trúc của câu sai bảo: Causative form)
Kế đó các em sẽ thảo luận và phân tích để tìm ra mẫu câu có cấu trúc nhƣ sau:
Active: S + Have + Operson + V + Othing
Passive: S + Have + Othing + PP (passive 1)
Sthing + Have + to be + PP (passive 2)
Có lúc cấu trúc giống nhau, tùy theo ý nghĩa của động từ ta có các cấu trúc bị động
khác nhau. Lúc đó chúng tôi sẽ cho các em thảo luận và xếp động từ vào các nhóm để có
các mẫu cấu trúc chính xác.
Trƣờng hợp 1:
Active: Don't eat a lot of guavas.
Passive: Don't let a lot of guavas be eaten.
Trƣờng hợp 2:
Active: Don't smuggle opium.
Passive: Opium mustn't be smuggled.
Trong trƣờng hợp 1 câu mệnh lệnh chủ động với các động từ diễn tả các hành
động sinh hoạt bình thƣờng, do vậy khi đổi ra câu chủ động ta dùng mẫu cấu trúc bình
thƣờng:
Active: Don't + V + O
Passive: Don't + let + O + Be PP
Trái lại trong trƣờng hợp 2 câu mệnh lệnh chủ động với các động từ diễn tả các
hành động mang tính chất bị cấm theo nội quy hoặc luật pháp. Đối với trƣờng hợp này,
mẫu cấu trúc bị động có nét đặc biệt khác với mẫu bình thƣờng qua việc sử dụng động từ
tình thái MUST.
Active: Don't + V + O
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Passive: S + Mustn't + Be PP
Ngay sau phần giới thiệu ngắn của giáo viên, các sinh viên đã nhận biết cặp câu và
tham gia phân tích.Nhận thức rằng chính mình là ngƣời đóng góp ghi ra công thức cấu
trúc câu, các em tích cực thảo luận trong nhóm để tìm ra cấu trúc chính xác.Và sau khi
cấu trúc đã đƣợc chấp nhận các em tiếp tục dựa vào cấu trúc để tạo ra các cặp câu khác
và cuối cùng các em đƣợc cho bài tập để làm tại nhà.Sinh viên đóng vai trò trung tâm và
thực hiện tất cả các bƣớc trong tiến trình của bài học.Trong suốt buổi giảng vai trò của
giảng viên chỉ là ngƣời khởi xƣớng (initiator), ngƣời hƣớng dẫn (guide) và ngƣời trợ giúp
(facilitor).Vai trò của sinh viên là chủ đạo và xuyên suốt.Thậm chí ngay sau buổi học các
sinh viên đƣợc gợi mở tham khảo thêm tài liệu ngoài việc làm bài tập về nhà.
Cũng cần lƣu ý là vai trò của giáo viên chỉ tập trung vào bƣớc chuẩn bị trƣớc giờ
lên lớp. Giáo viên phải thu thập tài liệu và thiết kế bài giảng, chủ yếu là các cấu trúc câu
mẫu. Sau buổi dạy giáo viên cần kiểm tra bài tập ở nhà và động viên các sinh viên tham
khảo tài liệu.Ở đây giáo viên cần phải có danh mục sách và địa chỉ internet để các sinh
viên tra cứu sau giờ học.
Sơ đồ tóm tắt hoạt động buổi học:
Biết 
Phân tích 
Hiểu 
Áp dụng
SV
SV
SV
SV
Lƣu ý: Trong sơ đồ này chúng ta không thấy vai trò của giảng viên.
Mặc dù nguồn ngữ liệu thu đƣợc từ các đề thi và từ các sách trong và ngoài nƣớc là
những mẫu câu thực tiễn, nhƣng chúng chƣa đƣợc sắp xếp hợp lý và quy thành công thức
cô đọng dễ hiểu. Chính quá trình giảng dạy đã giúp chúng tôi có cách sắp xếp và tạo ra
các công thức phù hợp với ngƣời học.Đây là những cơ sở để chúng tôi hoàn thành công
trình nghiên cứu của mình.
Ngữ liệu mà chúng tôi thu thập đƣợc qua quá trình dạy thực nghiệm đƣợc sắp xếp nhƣ
sau: (Xem quyển sách tham khảo ở phần phụ lục bao gồm 734 mẫu câu)
Các mẫu câu chìm trong tiếng Anh:
1. Các cụm từ:
- Cụm danh từ
- Cụm trạng từ
- Cụm tính từ
2. Câu đơn trong tiếng Anh:
- Mẫu 1
- Mẫu 2
- Mẫu 3
- Mẫu 4
- Mẫu 5
3. Câu ghép trong tiếng Anh:
- Câu ghép nhóm AND.
- Câu ghép nhóm BUT.
- Câu ghép nhóm SO.
- Câu ghép nhóm OR.
- Câu ghép với FOR.
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4. Câu phức trong tiếng Anh:
a. Câu phức với mệnh đề danh từ.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề danh từ làm chủ ngữ.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề danh từ làm tân ngữ.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề danh từ làm bổ ngữ.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề danh từ làm chủ ngữ giả.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề danh từ làm đồng ngữ
- Câu phức với mệnh đề danh từ làm tân ngữ của giới từ
b. Câu phức với mệnh đề tính từ.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề tính từ bắt đầu bằng who.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề tính từ bắt đầu bằng whom.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề tính từ bắt đầu bằng which.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề tính từ bắt đầu bằng that.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề tính từ bắt đầu bằng whose.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề tính từ bắt đầu bằng of which.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề tính từ bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ khác.
c. Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thời gian.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ so sánh.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ mục đích.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ nguyên nhân.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ sự nhƣợng bộ.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ thể cách.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ điều kiện.
- Câu phức với mệnh đề trạng từ chỉ kết quả.
5. Câu phức ghép và tổng hợp câu:
- Câu phức ghép.
- Câu tổng hợp
Các mẫu câu nổi trong tiếng Anh.
1. Sự biến đổi giữa câu đơn và cụm từ:
- Cụm danh từ
- Cụm động từ
- Cụm tính từ
2. Sự biến đổi giữa câu phức và cụm từ:
- Cụm danh từ
- Cụm tính từ
3. Sự biến đổi giữa câu phức và cụm từ:
- Cụm danh từ
- Cụm tính từ
4. Sự biến đổi giữa câu phức ghép - tổng hợp câu và cụm từ:
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- Cụm danh từ
- Cụm tính từ
5. Sự biến đổi giữa câu đơn vừ câu ghép:
- Câu ghép nhóm AND.
- Câu ghép nhóm BUT.
- Câu ghép nhóm SO.
- Câu ghép nhóm OR.
- Câu ghép với FOR.
6. Sự biến đổi giữa câu đơn và câu phức:
7. Sự biến đổi giữa câu ghép và câu phức:
8. Sự biến đổi giữa câu đơn và câu đơn:
9. Sự biến đổi giữa câu ghép và câu ghép:
10. Sự biến đổi giữa câu phức và câu phức:
Các ngữ cố định hay thành ngữ:
1. Câu đơn
2. Câu ghép
3. Câu phức
Bài tập:
1. Bài tập cho mỗi dạng mẫu câu.
2. Bài tập tổng hợp.
IV. KẾT LUẬN:
So với những quyển sách bao gồm khoảng 60 mẫu câu, công trình nghiên cứu của chúng
tôi đã đạt đƣợc những thành tựu nhất định. Đặt biệt các mẫu câu này đƣợc sắp xếp một
cách khoa học theo trật tự cú pháp và trên cơ sở các lý thuyết ngôn ngữ hiện đại. Cùng
với những mẫu cải biến câu này, chúng tôi đã đề xuất một thủ pháp (approach) để tiến
hành giảng dạy hoặc tự học.
Với 734 mẫu cải biến câu mà chúng tôi sƣu tầm đƣợc chắc chắn chƣa liệt kê hết tất cả
các mẫu câu trong tiếng Anh.Nhƣng những mẫu câu này khái quát hết những cấu trúc cải
biến câu trong tiếng Anh và định hƣớng đƣợc cách xử lý các mẫu khác khi ngƣời học gặp
phải.Điều quan trọng là học viên nắm đƣợc các mẫu câu chìm và từ các cấu trúc câu chìm
này họ có thể chuyển đổi thành các cấu trúc câu nổi một cách linh hoạt. Với thủ pháp tiến
trình đề ra và đã qua thực nghiệm, chúng tôi tin rằng việc dạy và học cải biến câu trở nên
dễ dàng hơn, nhất là các sinh viên có thể tự học các mẫu cải biến câu khác bên ngoài lớp
học.
Công trình nghiên cứu của chúng tôi mang tính tổng kết những kiến thức đã có từ sách và
bài thi, nhƣng chƣa đƣợc ai thu thập hoàn chỉnh. Với thời gian có hạn, chúng tôi chƣa thể
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thu thập đầy đủ tất cả các mẫu câu trong tiếng Anh. Đây là việc làm lâu dài và công sức
của nhiều ngƣời. Hơn nữa, theo xu thế phát triển của thời đại, có những mẫu câu sẽ trở
nên ít dùng và có những mẫu câu mới xuất hiện để đáp ứng nhu cầu của con ngƣời hiện
đại. Do vậy, sự tiếp sức nghiên cứu trong tƣơng lai về cải biến câu là vấn đề tất yếu.
Khi tiến hành thu thập dữ liệu để nghiên cứu, chúng tôi soạn ra bài tập ở dạng tự luận.
Điều này rất tốt để phát triển kỹ năng viết của sinh viên.Tuy nhiên, bài tập trắc nghiệm
cũng rất cần thiết để rèn luyện khả năng phản xạ nhanh của sinh viên trong khi thi.Trắc
nghiệm khách quan sẽ giúp giáo viên dễ chấm và kiểm tra đƣợc một dải rộng kiến thức
của sinh viên và làm cho các kỳ thi đa dạng hơn.Chúng tôi đề nghị tiếp tục nghiên cứu
phần bài tập cải biến câu ở dạng trắc nghiệm trong tƣơng lai. Công trình này sẽ đóng góp
hoàn thiện phần nghiên cứu hiện nay của chúng tôi.
11
REFERENCES
1. Bạch Thanh Minh, Bài tập biến đổi câu tiếng Anh, nxb Thanh Niên, 2000
2. Cambridge Examinations, Certificates and Diplomas, Business English Certificate 1,
Cambridge Examinations Publishing, 1997
3. Cambridge Examinations, Certificates and Diplomas, Business English Certificate 2,
4. Chomsky N., Transformational Analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of
Pennsylvania, 1955
5. Chomsky N., Syntactic Structures, La Haye:Mouton& Company 1957
6. Chomsky N., Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Cambridge:MIT, 1965
7. Chomsky N., Conditions on Transformation, Fontana/Collins, 1973
8. Chomsky, N., "On Wh-Movement", in Culicover, P. W., Wasow, Thomas, and
Akmajian, Adrian (eds), Formal Syntax, New York, 1977
9. Chomsky, N., Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and
Binding. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Six. MIT Press, 1982
10. Diana L. Fried Booth – Louise Hashemi, PET Practice Tests 1, Cambridge University
Press, 1997
11. 7. Diana L. Fried Booth – Louise Hashemi, PET Practice Tests 2, Cambridge
University Press, 1997
12. Emmon Bach, An introduction to transformational grammars, Holt. Rinehart and
Winston, 1966
13. G. Leech – J. Svartvik, A communicative grammar of English, Longman, 1998
14. Hà Văn Bửu, Văn Phạm Anh văn miêu tả, Verbals, forms, subjunctive, NXB Thành
phố Hồ Chí Minh, 1996
15. Hà Văn Bửu, Văn Phạm Anh văn miêu tả, Articles, nouns, pronouns, NXB Thành
phố Hồ Chí Minh, 1996
16. Hà Văn Bửu, Văn Phạm Anh văn miêu tả, tính từ, giới từ, trạng từ, liên từ, NXB
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 1996
17. Hà Văn Bửu, Văn Phạm Anh văn miêu tả, Verbs, NXB Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh,
1996
18. Hà Văn Bửu, Văn Phạm Anh văn miêu tả, sentences, NXB Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh,
1996
19. Jake Allsop – Patricia Aspinall, Practice Tests for the Cambridge Business English
Certificate Level One, Cambridge University Press, 2001
20. Jake Allsop – Patricia Aspinall, Practice Tests for the Cambridge Business English
Certificate Level Two, Cambridge University Press, 2001
21. L.G. Alexander, Longman English grammar, Longman, 1992
22. Lê Văn Sự, Bài tập biến đổi câu tiếng Anh, nxb Đồng Nai, 1999
23. Louise Hashemi and Barbara Thomas, Cambridge Practice Tests for PET 1,
12
27. Michael Swan, Practical English usage, Oxford University Press, 1992.
28. Nguyễn Đức Dân, Những mô hình ngôn ngữ. Trƣờng Đại học Tổng hợp Thành phố
Hồ Chí Minh, 1994
29. Nguyễn Đức Dân, Ngữ pháp tạo sinh, nxb Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí
Minh, 2012
30. Nguyễn Hoàng Tuấn và nhóm biên soạn, Tài liệu hƣớng dẫn ôn thi môn tiếng Anh
(Trình độ B & C), nxb Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 2005
31. Paul Carne – Louise Hashemi – Barbara Thomas, Cambridge Practice tests for First
Certificate 1, Cambridge Examinations Publishing, 2000
32. Paul Carne – Louise Hashemi – Barbara Thomas, Cambridge Practice tests for First
Certificate 2, Cambridge Examinations Publishing, 2000
33. Randolph Quirk – Sidney Greenbaum – Geoffrey Leech – Jan Svartvik,
Comprehensive English Grammar, Longman, 1985
34. Roderick A. Jacobs, English syntax, NXB Oxford American English, 1995
35. Rodney Huddleston, English Grammar - an outline, Pergamon Press Inc., 1990
36. University of Cambridge - Local Examinations Syndicate, Cambridge First
Certificate Examination Practice 1, Cambridge Examinations Publishing, 1995
40. University of Cambridge - Local Examinations Syndicate, Cambridge Proficiency
Examination Practice 1, Cambridge Examinations Publishing, 1987
45. V.J. Cook, Chomsky‟s Universal Grammar – an introduction, Blackwell, 1954
13
SÁCH THAM KHẢO VỀ CẢI BIẾN CÂU
THEORY
Deep structures in English:
1. Phrases:
- Noun phrases: They play the roles of S, O, C.
Ex: To master English is not easy.
Her hope is mastering English.
She likes mastering English.
- Adverb phrases: Adverb phrases: They modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases,
clauses or the whole sentences.
Ex: Students go to school to learn English.
The car stops in front of the house.
Coming home, she rushes into the kitchen.
- Adjective phrases: They modify nouns.
Ex: The first man to fly into space is Gagarin.
The tree in front of the house is blooming.
The boy coming home is her son.
2. Simple sentence patterns in English:
• Pattern 1: S+ Vi(She is sleeping).
• Pattern 2: S+ Vl + C (She is a doctor)
• Pattern 3: S+ Vt+ O (She loves a doctor)
• Pattern 4: S+ Vt+Oi+ Od (He gives me a pen)
S+ Vt+Od+Prep.+ Oi (He gives a pen to me)
• Pattern 5:S+ Vt+O+C (We elect him our monitor)
* Besides S, V, O and C (main sentence elements), there are attribute (Attr.) and adverb
(Adv).
3. Compound sentences:
Two simple sentences that are combined with a coordinating (coordinate) conjunction
will become a compound sentence. The two simple sentences are called independent
clauses.
Coordinate conjunctions are classified into four groups:
- AND group (addition): and, both…and, not only … but also, in addition, moreover,
what is more, etc.
Ex: He reads a report and he drinks coffee. (Full)
He reads a report and drinks coffee. (normal)
- BUT group (contrast): but, yet, however, whereas, nevertheless, while, etc.
Ex: She is beautiful, but she learns badly.
Ly Thong was wicked, while Thach
Sanh was kind.
- OR group (choice): or, otherwise, or else,
whether … or, etc.
Ex: You must learn hard or you will be jobless.
- SO group (consequence): so, therefore, hence, consequently, accordingly, etc.
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Ex: He learns hard so he gets good marks.
Hoa learns well therefore her parents are pleased.
*Notes: At home, look up “for” as a conjunction.
He gets good marks for he learns very hard.
He gets good marks because he learns very hard.
4. Complex sentences:
Two simple sentences that are combined with a subordinating (subordinate) conjunctions
will become a complex sentence. In a complex sentence there are two clauses: one is a
main clause and the other is a subordinate clause.
There are three kinds of subordinate clauses: noun, adjective and adverb.
A. Noun clauses:
In the sentence, noun clauses play the roles of subjects, objects or complements.
1. Subject:
Ex: Who he isis a secret.
S
That the Taliban was destroyed makes us relieved.
S
How rich he is does not matter.
S
What he says is false.
S
How she is makes him worried.
S
What he does does affect their marriage.
Where he will move is clear.
S
2. Object:
Ex: He said that he had bought a second-hand car.
O
She wonders if he remembers her birthday.
O
He knows what he should do.
O
Mary told me when she had stolen the purse.
O
He explained why he had been there.
O
The captain showed where the target was on the map.
O
He confessed which he had chosen.
O
The victim notified the policeman who had hurt him.
O
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3. Complement:
Ex: The question is why she was absent from her class.
C
Why he is rich seems what everybody wants to know.
S
C
Thanks to his teacher, he becomes what he is today.
C
After his graduation, his problem appears where he works.
C
4. Object of a preposition
Ex: We are surprised at what he has just confessed.
O
He thanked me for what I had done for him.
O
She is interested in when the fair is open.
O
We have paid our attention to who will be elected the prime minister.
O
5. Appositive to a noun:
Ex: The news that the Hau Giang bridge is going to be built excites people in the
Mekong delta.
The story that Romeo and Juliet killed themselves makes us sad.
The report that Binladen is still alive is not convinced.
6. Real subject:
Ex: It is sure that English will be learned by more and more people.
It is a pity that a lot of Africans die of hunger every year.
It was terrible that thousands of people were killed in WTC buildings.
* It is formal subject. The underlined part is real subject.
7. Complement of predicative adjective Ex: We are very happy that some of you win
national prizes.
I am certain that some of you will win national prizes.
She was glad that you visited her.
8. Object complement:
Ex: My teacher makes me what I am today.
They elect him what he is now in the company.
She caused him how miserable he was.
She has made him how he is now.
A. Adjective clauses:
1. WHO:
Ex: Binladen, who was in charge of the plane crashes into the World Trade Center, has
been chasen by the US forces.
We are talking about the fireman who bravely saved a boy in the burning house.
Those who learn well will find their life pleasant.
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2. WHOM:
Ex: Giuliani, whom the Americans elected mayor of the year, was very devoted to his
duty.
Jack likes the friend whom I introduced to him.
Thomas, whom the students at school admire very much, have studied excellently.
3. WHICH:
Ex: The book which she bought is very interesting.
I always remember the coach which took us to Ha Noi.
The roses which are grown in her front yard are in full bloom.
4. WHOSE:
Ex: We admire doctor Hoang, whose two children study excellently.
The book whose cover is torn is mine.
Those whose ambition is great may be successful some day.
5. OF WHICH:
Ex: The book the cover of which is torn is mine.
The book whose cover is torn is mine.
We collected money for the temple the roof of which was blown away by the typhoon.
We collected money for the temple whose roof was blown away by the typhoon.
6. THAT:
Ex: I always remember the coach that took us to Ha Noi.
The book that she bought is very interesting.
The doctor that has two excellent children is Mr Hoang.
We admire the doctor that you introduce.
The roses that are grown in her front yard are in full bloom.
It is the communist party that has led our people to one after another success.
It was the blue scarf that she wanted yesterday.
It will be Hau Giang bridge that helps local people travel more easily.
Yuri Gagarin was the first man that flew into space.
The most beloved leader that is recognized in Vietnam history is Uncle Ho.
The only hope that he is expecting is his wife's return.
He seized any chance that he was given.
We saw a farmer and a buffalo that were walking to the field.
7. ø: No Relative pronoun
Ex: The book she bought is very interesting.
We admire the doctor you introduce.
The girl he loves lives next door.
8. WHICH: It stands for the whole preceding clause.
Ex: He studies excellently, which makes his parents proud.
The door was locked, which forced them to sleep outside.
* It is also called connective clause. It always follows the main clause and there is a
comma (,) between the two clauses.
9. WHERE:
Ex: We know the village where Uncle Ho was born.
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* WHICH... Prep = Prep + WHICH = WHERE
Ex: She buys the house in which she stayed formerly.
She buys the house which she stayed in formerly.
She buys the house where she stayed formerly.
10. WHEN:
Ex: The day when Uncle Ho declared the independence of Vietnam is September 2nd.
* WHICH... Prep = Prep + WHICH = WHEN
Ex: I remember the day on which I first met my wife.
I remember the day which I first met my wife on.
I remember the day when I first met my wife.
The day on which lovers exchange presents is Valentine.
The day when lovers exchange presents is Valentine.
11. WHY:
Ex: We do not know the reason why she is sad.
* WHICH... For = For + WHICH = WHY
Ex: We do not know the reason for which she is sad.
We do not know the reason which she is sad for.
The reason for which she moved to another company is economic.
The reason why she moved to another company is economic.
12. AS: After SAME andSUCH.
Ex: That girl is wearing the same dress as I am.
He never hears such a story as you tell.
13. BUT: After NOTHING, NOBODY, ETC.
Ex: There is nobody but likes delicious food and beautiful clothes.
We find nothing but is worn out for all time.
C. Adverb clauses:
1. Adverb clause of place:
Conjunctions: where, wherever
Ex: A wife often goes wherever her husband goes.
The old man comes back where he was born.
The hunter crawled where a deer lay.
The ants move wherever there is something sweet and delicious.
2. Adverb clause of time:
Conjunctions: When, While, After, Before, Until, Since, As, As soon as, No sooner...
than, As long as, By the time, Once, Scarcely (Hardly) ...when, etc.
Ex: It gets cold when winter comes.
After he had passed level B examination, he felt relieved.
I will wait until you come back.
No sooner had she come home than she went into the kitchen.
We feel happy once we have done something for somebody.
By the time the police arrived, the robbers had gone away.
The Christmas tree will have been decorated when it is dark.
3. Adverb clause of manner:
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Conjunctions: As, As if, As though, In that
Ex: Jack spends a lot of money as if he were rich. (In fact, he is poor).
He supports his family in that he sells waste glass and duck feather.
He works hard as a slave does.
He walks slowly as if he is sick.( It is true that he is sick).
4. Adverb clause of cause:
Conjunctions: Because, Since, As, Seeing that, Now that, etc.
5. Adverb clause of purpose:
Conjunctions: So that, In order that, Lest, For fear that, In case, etc.
Ex: We learn hard so that we can get level C certificate in August.
He locked the door carefully lest some thief might not enter the house.
The little girl broke her money box in order that she could donate all of it to the victims
of the flood.
6. Adverb clause of concession:
Conjunctions: Though, Although, As, Even though, Even if, However + Adv/Adj, No
matter what( who, where, how, etc), Whatever + nouns, Whoever, Whether... Or not, In
spite of the fact that, etc.
Ex: Hard as he tries, he fails.
No matter how rich he is, she will never marry him.
Whether you like English or not, you should try hard to learn it.
Whatever difficulties he meets, he will be able to overcome them.
Poor as he was, he won a national prize.
It doesn't matter what you say, I will not forgive you.
No matter where he lives, everybody loves him.
He can enter university although all his four limbs have been paralyzed.
Whatever difficulties he meets, he will be able to overcome them.
Poor as he was, he won a national prize.
It doesn't matter what you say, I will not forgive you.
No matter where he lives, everybody loves him.
He can enter university although all his four limbs have been paralyzed.
7. Adverb clause of comparison:
Conjunctions: as, than.
Ex: Today it rains as heavily as it did yesterday.
We made more progress last year than the year before.
More people learn English than any other foreign language.
Not so much oil was exploited in the past as today.
8. Adverb clause of result:
Conjunctions: so…that, such…that
Ex: He runs so fast that they can not follow him.
He made so many mistakes that the teacher was very angry.
He has so little money that he can not buy even a loaf of bread.
She has so few books that she can read all of them in a few days.
He had drunk so much wine that he lay in bed all day.
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Special cases:
He is such an intelligent boy that he can enter university at the age of ten.
He is so intelligent a boy that he can enter university at the age of ten.
Such…that:
Mr Smith has such an intelligent son that he is very proud.
He drank such contaminated water that he had diarrhea.
Inversion:
Ex: So many mistakes did he make that the teacher was very angry.
Such an intelligent son does Mr Smith have that he is very proud.
So little money does he have that he can not buy even a loaf of bread.
So fast does he run that they can not follow him.
9. Adverb clause of condition:
Conjunctions: if, unless, supposing, provided, as long as, so long as, etc.
Ex: If it rains well, the farmers will get good crops.
You can use my telephone if you need.
If he wanted to learn well, he had to keep silent in class.
Jack would have passed the test last time unless he had spent so much time in the
nightclub.
Mixed condition:
Ex: If he had learned hard in the past, he might pass the exam now.
Inversion:
Ex: Were I you, I would learn English hard
Had the World Trade Center not been destroyed, leader Omar and his men would not
have been attacked.
10. Adverb clause of reservation:
Conjunctions: Except that, for the fact that
Ex: It is a good teaching period except that a lot of students are absent.
• The same clause can play three roles:
I don 't know where he lives.
N. CL
She will go where he lives.
ADV. CL
She knows the house where he lives.
ADJ. CL
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SENTENCE PATTERNS OF SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
A1 LEVEL
1.
Have  There Be
(Existential)
Does your class have twenty-five students?
Are there twenty-five students in your class?
Exercise:
Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence:
1. The room has twenty desks.
There _________________________________________________________
2. The garden has many beautiful flowers.
There _________________________________________________________
3. The school bag has a book and two notebooks.
There _________________________________________________________
4. The rooms have new students.
There _________________________________________________________
5. Tom‟s books have some pictures.
There _________________________________________________________
2.
Have Possessive case
Mr. Minh has a daughter, Lan.
Mr. Minh is Lan‟s father.
Exercise:
1. Jack has a sister, Mary.
Jack _________________________________________________________
2. Henry has a brother, Tom.
Henry ________________________________________________________
3. Mr. Smith has a car.
It _________________________________________________________
4. Lan has ten books.
They _______________________________________________________
5. He has a dog.
It _________________________________________________________
3.
Belong to Possessive case
That book belongs to Nam.
That is Nam‟s book.
Exercise:
1. The car belongs to Mr. Hai.
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That _________________________________________________________
2. The houses belong to Ms. Brown.
They _________________________________________________________
3. The ruler belongs to Mai.
That _________________________________________________________
4. The pens belong to Linh.
That _________________________________________________________
5. The flowers belong to Betty.
They _________________________________________________________
4.
Like  Favorite
She likes noodles.
Her favorite food is noodles.
Exercise:
1. They like ice-cream.
Their _________________________________________________________
2. Hoa likes a kite.
Hoa _________________________________________________________
3. He likes Jazz.
His _________________________________________________________
4. James likes football.
James _________________________________________________________
5. Margaret likes Doremon.
Margaret _______________________________________________________
5.
N + be + Adj S + be + Adj N
The car is blue.
It is a blue car.
Exercise:
1. The house is new.
It _________________________________________________________
2. The windows are large.
They _______________________________________________________
3. The book is old.
It _________________________________________________________
4. The bags are brown.
They _______________________________________________________
5. The horse is fast.
It _________________________________________________________
6.
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N + Place  There be N + Place
The picture is on the wall.
There is a picture on the wall.
Exercise:
1. The kite is in the corner.
There _________________________________________________________
2. The students are in the room
There _________________________________________________________
3. The flowers are in the garden.
There _________________________________________________________
4. The book is in the bag.
There _________________________________________________________
5. The birds are in the tree.
There _________________________________________________________
7.
Full There be a lot of
The bus is full of people.
There are a lot of people on the bus.
Exercise:
1. The bag is full of books.
There_________________________________________________________
2. The yard is full of children.
There_________________________________________________________
3. The park is full of flowers.
There_________________________________________________________
4. The glass is full of water.
There_________________________________________________________
5. The wardrobe is full of clothes.
There_________________________________________________________
8.
Whose  Who owns
Whose mobile phone is it?
Who owns this mobile phone?
Exercise:
1. Whose bracelet is it?
Who owns _________?
2. Whose handbag is it?
Who owns _________?
3. Whose watch is it?
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Who owns _________?
4. Whose camera is it?
Who owns _________?
5. Whose car is it?
Who owns _________?
9.
Own  Be + Possession
Do you own that car?
Is that car yours?
Exercise:
1. Jack owns the bike.
It ________________________________________________________
2. They own the villa.
It ________________________________________________________
3. She owns the shop.
It ________________________________________________________
4. He owns the yatch.
It ________________________________________________________
5. We own the lot of land.
It ________________________________________________________
10.
What is the price of  How much is/are
What is the price of this book? (singular)
How much is this book?
What is the price of these apples? (plural)
How much are these apples?
Exercise:
1. What is the price of this car?
How much _____________________________________________________?
2. What is the price of these pens?
How much _____________________________________________________?
3. What is the price of this house?
How much _____________________________________________________?
4. What is the price of these grapes?
How much _____________________________________________________?
5. What is the price of this ruler?
How much _____________________________________________________?
11.
The way to  How to get to
Can you tell me the way to the museum?
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Can you tell me how to go/get to the museum?
Exercise:
1. Can you tell me the way to the museum?
Can _______________________________________________________?
2. Can you tell me the way to the market?
Can _______________________________________________________?
3. Can you tell me the way to the theatre?
Can _______________________________________________________?
4. Can you tell me the way to the stadium?
Can _______________________________________________________?
5. Can you tell me the way to the cinema?
Can _______________________________________________________?
12.
Adj. + N  V + Adv.
They are fast workers. (Adj + N)
They work fast. (V + Adv)
Exercise:
1. He is a slow driver.
He _________________________________________________________
1. He is a slow driver.
He _________________________________________________________
2. She is a good student.
She _________________________________________________________
3. They are hard workers.
They ________________________________________________________
4. He is a lazy student.
He _________________________________________________________
5. She is a loud reader.
She _________________________________________________________
A2 LEVEL
13.
Everybody + likes Who does not + like
Everybody likes to eat delicious food. (Everybody +V)
Who does not like to eat delicious food? (Who does not + V)
Exercise:
1. Everybody likes beautiful clothes.
Who _________________________________________________________?
2. Everybody likes kind people.
Who _________________________________________________________?
3. Everybody likes good things.
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Who _________________________________________________________?
4. Everybody likes delicious drink.
Who _________________________________________________________?
5. Everybody likes sweet flowers.
Who _________________________________________________________?
14.
Adj/Adv  Negative + antonym
He becomes richer in the city. (Negative + antonym)
He doesn‟t become poorer in the city.
Exercise:
1. She likes beautiful clothes.
She _________________________________________________________
2. They buy good things.
They ________________________________________________________
3. He gets good marks.
He __________________________________________________________
4. She is a lazy girl.
She _________________________________________________________
5. They play football well.
They ________________________________________________________
15.
Go on + V-ing  Not stop + V-ing
He goes on eating all through the conversation. (go on + V-ing)
He does not stop eating all through the conversation. (not stop + V-ing)
Exercise:
1. She goes on drinking in the class.
She _________________________________________________________
2. He goes on reading in the break.
He __________________________________________________________
3. They go on playing football.
They ________________________________________________________
4. Mary went on watching TV.
Mary ________________________________________________________
5. She went on listening to music.
She _________________________________________________________
16.
There is no one who does not + V  Everybody + V
There is no one who does not love it.
Everybody loves it.
Exercise:
26
1. There is no one who does not like beautiful clothes.
Everybody_______________________________________________________
2. There is no one who does not love sweet flowers.
Everybody _______________________________________________________
3. There is no one who does not eat delicious food.
Everybody _______________________________________________________
4. There is no one who does not wear clothes.
Everybody _______________________________________________________
5. There is no one who does not breathe air.
Everybody _______________________________________________________
17.
Not much difference  Very similar
There isn‟t much difference between the policies of the two countries.
The policies of the two countries are very similar.
Exercise:
1. There isn‟t much difference among their clothes.
Their ______________________________________________________
2. There isn‟t much difference among their behaviors.
Their ______________________________________________________
3. There isn‟t much difference between two brothers.
Two ______________________________________________________
4. There isn‟t much difference among their books.
Their ______________________________________________________
5. There isn‟t much difference among their hobbies.
Their ______________________________________________________
18.
No one survived  No survivors
No one survived the traffic accident.
There were no survivors in the traffic accident.
Exercise:
1. No one survived the storm.
There _________________________________________________________
2. No one survived the typhoon.
There _________________________________________________________
3. No one survived the earthquake.
There _________________________________________________________
4. No one survived the battle.
There _________________________________________________________
5. No one survived the fire.
There _________________________________________________________
19.
27
not to change  no change
The program is probably not going to change.
There will probably be no change in the program.
Exercise:
1. His behavior is probably not going to change.
There _________________________________________________________
2. Her hobby is probably not going to change.
There _________________________________________________________
3. Their work is probably not going to change.
There _________________________________________________________
4. His appearance is probably not going to change.
There _________________________________________________________
5. Her smile is probably not going to change.
There _________________________________________________________
20.
No  Not any
There are no books on the shelf.
There are not any books on the shelf.
I know no Chinese at all.
I don‟t know any Chinese at all.
Exercise:
1. She has no money.
She _________________________________________________________
2. He reads no newspaper.
He _________________________________________________________
3. They watch no news.
They _________________________________________________________
4. She listens to no music.
She _________________________________________________________
5. Icook no meal.
I___________________________________________________________
21.
Adj. + N  N + be + Adj.
The garden has very abundant trees.
The trees in the garden are very abundant.
Exercise:
1. She is in favorable situation.
Her _________________________________________________________
2. The book contains may beautiful pictures.
The _________________________________________________________
28
3. These are very nice dresses.
These ________________________________________________________
4. The house has large doors.
The _________________________________________________________
5. He is in good mood.
His _________________________________________________________
22.
Be + Adj.  Behave + Adv.
He was very kind to her.
He behaved very kindly to her.
Exercise:
1. She is helpful to us.
She _________________________________________________________
2. She is nice to you.
She _________________________________________________________
3. He is good to them.
She _________________________________________________________
4. You are bad to me.
You _________________________________________________________
5. They are polite to us.
They ________________________________________________________
23.
V … Adv. Be + Adj. + Prep. V-ING
She delivers her lecture very well.
She is very good at delivering her lecture.
Exercise:
1. He plays football badly.
He _________________________________________________________
2. We watch the football matchexcitedly.
We _________________________________________________________
3. He talksto thempolitely.
He _________________________________________________________
4. They play music skilfully.
They _______________________________________________________
5. She treats him cruelly.
She ________________________________________________________
24.
V + Adv. Adj. +Prep. + N
She acted wisely.
She was wise in her action.
Exercise:
29
1. He decided blindly.
He _________________________________________________________
2. She contributed greatly.
She ________________________________________________________
3. He memorizedquicky.
He _________________________________________________________
4. Theyapprovedaccuratey.
They _______________________________________________________
5. He behaved kindly.
He _________________________________________________________
25.
V + Prep. N V + Adv.
She handled the china wares with care.
She handled the china wares carefully.
Exercise:
1. He speaks English with eloquence.
He _________________________________________________________
2. She talks to me with elegance.
She ________________________________________________________
3. They work there with patience.
They _______________________________________________________
4. She paints the picture with talent.
She ________________________________________________________
5. He treats us with wisdom.
He _________________________________________________________
26.
It + Be + Adj + To Inf To Inf + Be + Adj
It is interesting to listen to nice music.
To listen to nice music is interesting.
It was easy to catch fish in the old days.
To catch fish in the old days was easy.
It will be faster to travel from Ca Mau to HoChiMinh city in the future.
To travel from Ca Mau to Hochiminh city in the future will be faster.
Exercise:
1. It will be terrible to stay with terrorists.
To stay ________________________________________
2. It has been pleasant to work in this company.
To work _______________________________________
3. It will be fantastic to colonize other planets in the universe.
To colonize _____________________________________
30
4. It is hot to live in the desert.
To live ________________________________________
5. It was dangerous to contact poisonous snakes.
To contact _______________________________________________
27.
It + Be + Adj + V-ING To Inf + Be + Adj
It is nice living in an air-conditioning room.
To live in an air-conditioning room is nice.
Exercise:
1. It will be nice living in a palace.
To live ________________________________________
2. It was hard living without electricity.
To live ________________________________________
3. It is dirty playing in a ditch.
To play ________________________________________
4. It was obligatory complying with the royal rules.
To comply _____________________________________
5. It will be fantastic inhabiting Mars.
To inhabit ______________________________________
28.
To Inf + Be + N/Adj S + V + It + N/Adj + To Inf
To be accurate is a necessary thing.
I find it a necessary thing to be accurate.
To go to school on time is compulsory.
We consider it compulsory to go to school on time.
Exercise:
1. To travel by air is the most expensive.
People find _____________________________________
2. To help people is charitable.
We call ________________________________________
3. To invest in this project will be profitable.
We believe _____________________________________
4. To angling crocodiles was interesting.
People found ____________________________________
5. To smoke cigarettes is harmful.
We call ________________________________________
29.
Adj. (active)  Adj. (Passive)
My sister can be so annoying sometimes.
I am annoyed by my sister sometimes.
31
Exercise:
1. The story was exciting.
They _________________________________________________________
2. The film is interesting.
We _________________________________________________________
3. The show was boring to us.
We _________________________________________________________
4. The lecture was amusing.
They _________________________________________________________
5. The news was surprised to him.
He _________________________________________________________
30.
V  Adj. (passive meaning)
This film bores me.
I am bored with this film.
Exercise:
1. The story interests us.
We _________________________________________________________
2. The show amused her.
She _________________________________________________________
3. The circus excites him.
He _________________________________________________________
4. The story interests us.
We _________________________________________________________
5. The news surprises me.
I __________________________________________________________
31.
So + V + S  S + V + too
He learns English. I learn English.
He learns English. So do I
He learns English. I do, too
Exercise:
1. He likes music. She likes music.
He _________________________________________________________
1. He likes music. She likes music.
He _________________________________________________________
2. He played a game. She played a game.
He _________________________________________________________
3. I learn French. You learn French.
I __________________________________________________________
32
4. They support her. I support her.
They _______________________________________________________
5. Jack gets good marks. Mary gets good marks.
Jack _________________________________________________________
32.
Neither + V + S  S + V not + either
He isn‟t tall. I am not tall.
He isn‟t tall. Neither am I.
He isn‟t tall. I am not either.
Exercise:
1. Thomas isn‟t short. You aren‟t short.
Thomas _______________________________________________________
1. Thomas isn‟t short. You aren‟t short.
Thomas _______________________________________________________
2. They don‟t go to the cinema. I don‟t go to the cinema.
They _________________________________________________________
3. Martha didn‟t buy the book. Betty didn‟t buy the book.
Martha _______________________________________________________
4. Nam won‟t attend the party. Minh won‟t attend the party.
Nam ________________________________________________________
5. I don‟t like music. They don‟t like music.
I ___________________________________________________________
33.
Why … Adj.  What … Adj.
Why was he late?
What made him late?
Exercise:
1. Why is she sad?
What _________________________________________________________
2. Why are they tired?
What _________________________________________________________
3. Why is he bored?
What _________________________________________________________
4. Why is she excited?
What _________________________________________________________
5. Why are they happy?
What _________________________________________________________
34.
Why + V  What + V
Why did he take the bike?
What made him take the bike?
33
Exercise:
1. Why does she smile?
What _________________________________________________________
2. Why does he cry?
What _________________________________________________________
3. Why did she leave?
What _________________________________________________________
4. Why did they laugh?
What _________________________________________________________
5. Why do youstop?
What _________________________________________________________
35.
Be + Adj.  Make + O + Adj.
The audience was strongly impressed by his performance.
His performance made the audience strongly impressed.
Exercise:
1. He is interested in the book.
The book ______________________________________________________
2. She is amazed at the news.
The news ______________________________________________________
3. They were bored of the film.
The film ______________________________________________________
4. He is shocked at the accident.
The accident ___________________________________________________
5. We were excited about his arrival.
His arrival ____________________________________________________
36.
Feel + Adj. + Prep. + N N + Make + Adj.
She felt happy with the news.
The news made her happy.
Exercise:
1. He feels surprised at the fact.
The fact ______________________________________________________
2. She feels bored of the story.
The story _____________________________________________________
3. They feel pleased with the car.
The car ______________________________________________________
4. He feltrelaxed with vacation.
The vacation __________________________________________________
5. Hoa feels amazed at the lesson.
34
The lesson ____________________________________________________
37.
S + Be + Adj. When S + V V-ING + Make + O + Adj.
He is always nervous when he travels by air.
Travelling by air makes him nervous.
Exercise:
1. He is healthy when he stays by the sea.
Staying ______________________________________________________
2. He is happy when he studies at SGU.
Studying _____________________________________________________
3. She is interested when she talks to him.
Talking ______________________________________________________
4. Henry was excited when he watched the match.
Watching ____________________________________________________
5. Jane is beautiful when she wears the dress.
Wearing ______________________________________________________
38.
Remember + To V  Not forget + To V
Remember to check the machine.
Don‟t forget to check the machine.
Exercise:
1. Jim remembers to send the email.
Jim _________________________________________________________
2. Natasha remembered to water the flowers.
Natasha ______________________________________________________
3. Mary remembers to cover the sand.
Mary ________________________________________________________
4. Joana remembered to buysome sugar.
Joana _______________________________________________________
5. They remember to callme.
They ________________________________________________________
39.
Mind + V-ING Not forget + To V
Mind locking the door.
Don‟t forget to lock the door.
Exercise:
1. Mind to close the windows.
Don‟t ________________________________________________________
2. Mind to turn off the lights.
Don‟t ________________________________________________________
35
3. Mind to mend the shirt.
Don‟t ________________________________________________________
4. Mind to buy some milk.
Don‟t ________________________________________________________
5. Mind to clean the tables.
Don‟t ________________________________________________________
40.
Very Adj. What + Adj.
He is a very handsome boy.
What a handsome boy he is!
Exercise:
1. Diana is a very beautiful girl.
What ________________________________________________________!
1. Diana is a very beautiful girl.
What ________________________________________________________!
2. It is a very intelligent student.
What ________________________________________________________!
3. The book is very interesting.
What ________________________________________________________!
4. They are very kind people.
What ________________________________________________________!
5. Hans is a very honestman.
What ________________________________________________________!
41.
How + V + Adv. Adj. + N
How fast Tom runs!
Tom is a fast runner.
Exercise:
1. How hard he learns!
He ________________________________________________________
2. How slowlyshe drives!
She _______________________________________________________
3. How quicklytheywalk!
They ______________________________________________________
4. How carefully he writes!
He ________________________________________________________
5. How loudlyyouspeak!
You _______________________________________________________
42.
V + Adv. How Adv. … V
She sang very beautifully.
36
How beautifully she sang!
Exercise:
1. She works very hard.
How _________________________________________________________!
2. Theystudy very carefully.
How _________________________________________________________!
3. Yourun very fast.
How _________________________________________________________!
4. He dances very skilfully.
How _________________________________________________________!
5. She plays the guitar very badly.
How _________________________________________________________!
43.
Like  Be fond of
He likes sentimental films.
He is fond of sentimental films.
Exercise:
1. He likes to watch operas.
He _________________________________________________________
2. She liked to read detective stories.
She ________________________________________________________
3. They like to fish in the lake.
They _______________________________________________________
4. Mr. Smith likes to play chess.
Mr. Smith ____________________________________________________
5. Betty likes to drawpictures.
He _________________________________________________________
44.
Let + O + V  Allow + O + To V
Her father let her keep the kitten.
Her father allowed her to keep the kitten.
Exercise:
1. John lets them pick some guavas.
John _________________________________________________________
2. Joana let him borrow the car.
Joana ________________________________________________________
3. Jane lets them play in the yard.
Jane _________________________________________________________
4. Jack let her take a picture away.
Jack _________________________________________________________
37
5. Jim lets me eat some cake.
Jim _________________________________________________________
45.
Be scared of  Be afraid of
Mary is scared of depth.
Mary is afraid of depth.
Exercise:
1. Martha was scared of dogs.
Martha _________________________________________________________
2. Mary is scared of snakes.
Mary _________________________________________________________
3. Myamy was scared of lizards.
Myamy _________________________________________________________
4. Macbeth is scared of water.
Macbeth _________________________________________________________
5. Margaret was scared of darkness.
Margaret _________________________________________________________
46.
In my opinion  I suggest + antonym
In my opinion you are lazy.
I suggest that you be hard.
Exercise:
1. In my opinion he is slow.
I _________________________________________________________
2. In my opinion she is oftenlate.
I _________________________________________________________
3. In my opinion the car is fast.
I _________________________________________________________
4. In my opinion the meal is hot.
I _________________________________________________________
5. In my opinion she is proud.
I _________________________________________________________
47.
Advise + O + To V Suggest + That clause (present subjunctive)
The doctor advised him to give up smoking.
The doctor suggested that he give up smoking.
Exercise:
1. The teacher advised his students to learn hard.
The teacher _____________________________________________________
2. The boss advised his workers to be calm.
38
The boss_______________________________________________________
3. They advised him to stay at home.
They_________________________________________________________
4. We advised Jack to do morning exercises.
We __________________________________________________________
5. The director advised her to save power.
The director _____________________________________________________
48.
Why don‟t you  Suggest + That clause (present subjunctive)
“Why don‟t you drink lemonade, Tom?” said Peter.
Peter suggested that Tom drink lemonade.
Exercise:
1. “Why don‟t you do morning exercises, Jack?” said Mary.
Mary ________________________________________________________
2. “Why don‟t you play sports, Jim?” said Margaret.
Margaret _____________________________________________________
3. “Why don‟t you go swimming regularly, John?” said Mai.
Mai_________________________________________________________
4. “Why don‟t you buy this book, Jane?” said Henry.
Henry _______________________________________________________
5. “Why don‟t you build a garage, James?” said Daisy.
Daisy ________________________________________________________
49.
Possessive duty S + be + supposed to
It is your duty to obey her.
You are supposed to obey her.
Exercise:
1. It is her duty to clean the board.
She ________________________________________________________
2. It is his duty to check the program.
He ________________________________________________________
3. It is their duty to tidy the rooms.
They ________________________________________________________
4. It is her duty to cook the meals.
She ________________________________________________________
5. It is your duty to support your brother.
You ________________________________________________________
50.
Be + PP. + to be Be + supposed to
Milk is thought to be good for her.
Milk is supposed to be good for her.
39
Exercise:
1. Gold is believed to be precious.
Gold _________________________________________________________
2. Gambling is believed to lose money.
Gambling _____________________________________________________
3. Sports is thought to be useful.
Sports _________________________________________________________
4. Swimming is believed to help her.
Swimming _____________________________________________________
5. Alcohol is believed to be harmful.
Alcohol _______________________________________________________
51.
Negative imperative  Should not
Don't touch this button.
This button should not be touched.
Exercise:
1. Don‟t tease the animals.
The animals____________________________________________________
2. Don‟t pick the flowers.
The flowers ____________________________________________________
3. Don‟t harm the trees.
The trees _____________________________________________________
4. Don‟t break the waste glass.
The waste glass _______________________________________________
5. Don‟t take thismedicine.
The medicine _________________________________________________
52.
Not a good idea Shouldn‟t
It is not a good idea for you to wear this shirt.
You shouldn't wear this shirt.
Exercise:
1. It is not a good idea for you to smoke cigarattes.
You ________________________________________________________
2. It is not a good idea for him to drink beer.
He _________________________________________________________
3. It is not a good idea for them to swim far from the shore.
They _______________________________________________________
4. It is not a good idea for her to eat a lot of ice cream.
She ________________________________________________________
5. It is not a good idea for Mary to buy the car.
40
Mary _______________________________________________________
53.
Would prefer + O  Would rather + past subjunctive
He would prefer her to go with him.
He'd rather she went with him.
Exercise:
1. She'd prefer him not to smoke.
She ________________________________________________________
2. He'd prefer her to stay at home.
He ________________________________________________________
3. They'd prefer me not to make noise.
They _______________________________________________________
4. We'd prefer you not to tease the dog.
We ________________________________________________________
5. She'd prefer them to work hard.
She ________________________________________________________
54.
Like... more than... Would rather ... than...
I like to drink lemonade more than coke.
I'd rather drink lemonade than coke.
Exercise:
1. She likes to watch films more than cartoons.
She _________________________________________________________
2. She likes to read books more than newspapers.
She _________________________________________________________
3. He likes to drink wine more than beer.
He _________________________________________________________
4. She likes to watch operas more than news.
She _________________________________________________________
5. They like to catch fish more than crabs.
They _________________________________________________________
55.
V  Adj. (V-ING)
The machine annoys the neighbors.
The neighbors find the machine annoying.
Exercise:
1. We must clean and tidy our yard.
We _________________________________________________________
2. The film interests them.
They ________________________________________________________
41
3. We should surprise the guests.
The guests ____________________________________________________
4. They amuse the children.
The children ___________________________________________________
5. The match excited the spectators.
The spectators __________________________________________________
56.
V-ED V-ING
He got disappointed by the children.
He found the children disappointing.
Exercise:
1. He was excited about the match.
He ________________________________________________________
2. She was amused at the play.
She ________________________________________________________
3. We are shocked at the news.
We ________________________________________________________
4. They were surprised at the show.
They _______________________________________________________
5. We were pleased with result.
We ________________________________________________________
57.
Have no problem Find it easy
Mary has no problems in doing the test.
Mary finds it easy to do the test.
Exercise:
1. Daisy has no problems in solving the case.
Daisy _______________________________________________________
2. Jack has no problems in winning the prize.
Jack _______________________________________________________
3. Betty has no problems in writing the essay.
Betty _______________________________________________________
4. Dick has no problems in speaking Spanish.
Dick _______________________________________________________
5. Dane has no problems in flying the helicopter.
Dane _______________________________________________________
58.
Find + that clause Find it Adj. + To V
He finds that it is easy to climb a tree.
He finds it easy to climb a tree.
Exercise:
42
1. He finds that it is difficult to solve that problem.
He _________________________________________________________
2. We find that it is hard to lift that stone.
We _________________________________________________________
3. She finds that it is wasteful to read that book.
She _________________________________________________________
4. I find that it is useful to do that exercise.
I__________________________________________________________
5. He finds that it is easy to cook stew.
He _________________________________________________________
59.
Find + O + Adj. Find + that clause
He found the atmosphere in the meeting interesting.
He found that the atmosphere in the meeting was interesting.
Exercise:
1. He finds the book boring.
He _________________________________________________________
2. She finds the filminteresting.
She _________________________________________________________
3. They find the newssurprising.
They ________________________________________________________
4. We find the resultpleasing.
We _________________________________________________________
5. I find the journeyexciting.
I___________________________________________________________
60.
Verbs of perception + N phrase  Verbs of perception + that clause
He saw the bag full of money.
He saw that the bag was full of money.
They noticed the car approaching.
They noticed that the car was approaching.
Exercise:
1. He felt his throat burning.
He _________________________________________________________
2. He saw the bird flying.
He _________________________________________________________
3. She felt her throat hot.
She _________________________________________________________
4. Wesmellsomethingsweet.
We _________________________________________________________
43
5. He felt his back cold.
He _________________________________________________________
61.
V + N  V + that clause
He confessed to being angry.
He confessed that he was angry.
Exercise:
1. Mary admitted breaking the vase.
Mary _________________________________________________________
2. Daisy denied writing the report.
Daisy _________________________________________________________
3. Margaret considered registering for the course.
Margaret _______________________________________________________
4. Joana admitted losing the key.
Joana _________________________________________________________
5. Jones denied locking the drawer.
Jones _________________________________________________________
62.
N of N Adj. N
Mary is a girl of great beauty.
Mary is a very beautiful girl.
Exercise:
1. Mr. Smith is a man of talent.
Mr. Smith ____________________________________________________
2. Jack is a man of action.
Jack ________________________________________________________
3. Mrs. Brown is a woman of work.
Mrs. Brown __________________________________________________
4. Ms. Green is a woman of science.
Ms. Green ___________________________________________________
5. Mr. Jones is a man of law.
Mr. Jones ___________________________________________________
63.
Be of N Be Adj.
The issue is of great importance.
The issue is very important.
Exercise:
1. The property is of value.
The property __________________________________________________
2. The man is of talent.
44
The man __________________________________________________
3. The thing is of use.
The thing __________________________________________________
4. The girl is of action.
The girl ___________________________________________________
5. The paper is of science.
The paper _________________________________________________
64.
Would like + you + To V  Do you mind + V-ING
I would like you to open the window.
Do you mind opening the window?
Exercise:
1. I would like you to buy some vinegar on the way home.
Do you ___________________________________________?
2. I would like you to check the mail box.
Do you ___________________________________________?
3. I would like you to boil some water.
Do you ___________________________________________?
4. I would like you to make some coffee.
Do you ___________________________________________?
5. I would like you to clean the house.
Do you ___________________________________________?
65.
Manage to V  Succeed in V-ING
Mary managed to catch a big fish.
Mary succeeded in catching a big fish.
Exercise:
1. Jack managed to run his family business.
Jack _________________________________________________.
2. Mr. Kennedy managed to solve the problem.
Mr. Kennedy__________________________________________.
3. Mary managed to mend herdress.
Mary_________________________________________________.
4. Hans managed to repair the lock.
Hans _________________________________________________.
5. Hoa managed to fix herbike.
Hoa _________________________________________________.
66.
Using  By means of
The prisoner escaped using a disguise.
The prisoner escaped by means of a disguise.
45
Exercise:
1. She teaches English using teaching aids.
She ________________________________________________
2. He fixes the lock using a string.
He ________________________________________________
3. They catch fish using rods.
They ________________________________________________
4. She draws a line using a book.
She ________________________________________________
5. We solve the problem using calculators.
We ________________________________________________
67.
Meanon purpose
I didn‟t mean to hurt you.
I didn‟t hurt you on purpose.
Exercise:
1. She doesn‟t mean to insult him.
She _________________________________________________
2. He doesn‟t mean to help you.
He _________________________________________________
3. We don‟t mean to harm him.
We _________________________________________________
4. They don‟t mean to support her.
They ________________________________________________
5. Mary doesn‟t mean to break the toy.
Mary ________________________________________________
68.
Describe  Be/Look like
Can you describe her?
What‟s she like?/What does she look like?
Exercise:
1. Can you describe the man?
What ________________________________________?
2. Can you describe the girl?
What ________________________________________?
3. Can you describe the boy?
What ________________________________________?
4. Can you describe the woman?
What ________________________________________?
5. Can you describe the bag?
46
What ________________________________________?
69.
Be happy  Not mind
I am happy to support you in this case.
I don‟t mind supporting you in this case.
Exercise:
1. He is happy to help her.
He _________________________________________
2. She is happy to make him some coffee.
She ________________________________________
3. We are happy to clean her house.
We _________________________________________
4. Theyare happy to work for her.
They _______________________________________
5. He is happy to fix her computer.
He _________________________________________
70.
Like  Appeal to
She doesn‟t like tennis.
Tennis does not appeal to her.
Exercise:
1. He doesn‟t like hot dog.
Hot dog _______________________________
2. She likes musical films.
Musical films ___________________________
3. We don‟t like that city.
That city _______________________________
4. They like that toy.
That toy _______________________________
5. She doesn‟t like sports.
Sports ________________________________
71.
So/Too  Both
Mary is a dancer and Janet is, too.
Both Mary and Janet are dancers.
Exercise:
1. Mai likes music and so does Hoa.
Both _________________________________________________________
2. Margaret is a good student and so is Hans.
47
Both _________________________________________________________
3. Mr. Smith is a businessman and Mr. Jones is too.
Both _________________________________________________________
4. Kim Chol plays tennis and Il Ka does too.
Both _________________________________________________________
5. Jack is tall and so is Jim.
Both _________________________________________________________
72.
Both … and Not only … but also
He is both poor and lazy.
Not only is he poor but also lazy.
Exercise:
1. He is both handsome and intelligent.
No only ______________________________________________________
2. She is both beautiful and industrious.
No only ______________________________________________________
3. He is both rich and hard-working.
No only ______________________________________________________
4. Theyare both economic and patient.
No only ______________________________________________________
5. Joana is both slim and nice.
No only ______________________________________________________
73.
V-INg Be Adj. It Be Adj. + To V
Eating pancake is enjoyable.
It is enjoyable to eat pancake.
Exercise:
1. Sipping tea is pleasant.
It is _______________________________________________________
2. Reading books is amusing.
It is _______________________________________________________
3. Watching a football match is exciting.
It is _______________________________________________________
4. Attending this ceremony is boring.
It is _______________________________________________________
5. Playing computer games is terrific.
It is _______________________________________________________
74.
Probably Likely
He‟ll probably buy the car.
He‟s likely to buy the car.
48
Exercise:
1. She‟ll probably move to London.
She‟s _____________________________________________________
2. They‟ll probably change theircar.
They‟re _____________________________________________________
3. He‟ll probably take the card.
He‟s _____________________________________________________
4. We‟ll probably choose the blue ones.
We‟re _____________________________________________________
5. John‟ll probably drink beer.
John‟s _____________________________________________________
75.
VN
Who teaches you English?
Who is your English teacher?
Exercise:
1. Who works in the factory?
Who _______________________________________________________
2. Who writes the book?
Who _______________________________________________________
3. Who paints the picture?
Who _______________________________________________________
4. Who cooks the food?
Who _______________________________________________________
5. Who reads the story?
Who _______________________________________________________
76.
Time  An alternative time
They need seven days to discuss it.
They need a week to discuss it.
Exercise:
1. It takes them thirty days to finish the work.
It _______________________________________________________
2. He spends fourteen days repairing the machine.
He _______________________________________________________
3. It takes them three months to build the house.
It _______________________________________________________
4. It took her sixty minutes to write the essay.
It _______________________________________________________
5. They spent forty-eight hours making the table.
49
It _______________________________________________________
77.
Not enough  Short of
She doesn‟t have enough money.
She‟s short of money.
Exercise:
1. We don‟t have enough rice.
We _________________________________________________________
2. They don‟t have enough sugar.
They ________________________________________________________
3. He doesn‟t have enough wine.
He _________________________________________________________
4. She doesn‟t have enough thread.
She ________________________________________________________
5. We don‟t have enough cement.
We _________________________________________________________
78.
Never  Not once
She has never telephoned us.
Not once has she telephoned us.
Exercise:
1. They have never talked to her.
Not once _____________________________________________________
2. She has never written to me.
Not once _____________________________________________________
3. He has never called them.
Not once _____________________________________________________
4. We have never drunk Whisky.
Not once _____________________________________________________
5. They have never givenme anything.
Not once _____________________________________________________
79.
It isn‟t necessary to V There is no need to V
It isn‟t necessary to water these flowers.
There is no need to water these flowers.
Exercise:
1. It isn‟t necessary to buy a fan.
There is _______________________________________________________
2. It isn‟t necessary to read this book.
There is _______________________________________________________
50
3. It isn‟t necessary to discuss this problem.
There is _______________________________________________________
4. It isn‟t necessary to feed wild cats.
There is _______________________________________________________
5. It isn‟t necessary to paint the walls.
There is _______________________________________________________
80.
Needn‟t V There is no need to V
You needn‟t learn French.
There is no need to learn French.
Exercise:
1. You needn‟t buy that book.
There is ______________________________________________________
2. You needn‟t buy clean the house.
There is ______________________________________________________
3. You needn‟t wash the dishes.
There is ______________________________________________________
4. You needn‟t talk to her.
There is ______________________________________________________
5. You needn‟t mend that shirt.
There is ______________________________________________________
81.
It‟s not worth trying to V There‟s no need to V
It‟s not worth trying to advise him to go home.
There‟s no need to advise him to go home.
Exercise:
1. It‟s not worth trying to help her.
There‟s _______________________________________________________
2. It‟s not worth trying to repair that machine.
There‟s _______________________________________________________
3. It‟s not worth trying to take this medicine.
There‟s _______________________________________________________
4. It‟s not worth trying to support this idea.
There‟s _______________________________________________________
5. It‟s not worth trying to learn that artificial language.
There‟s _______________________________________________________
82.
S needn‟t V There‟s no need for O to V
They needn‟t drink a lot of beer.
There is no need for them to drink a lot of beer.
Exercise:
51
1. Jack needn‟t do his homework today.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
2. She needn‟t go to class today.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
3. He needn‟t repair his bike.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
4. Mary needn‟t cook her meal today.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
5. We needn‟t feedthe fish.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
83.
It is pointless There is no point
It is quite pointless to help him.
There‟s no point in helping him.
Exercise:
1. It is pointless to read this comic.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
2. It is pointless to behold this dustbin.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
3. It is pointless to lock this window.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
4. It is pointless to listen to this music.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
5. It is pointless to write this essay.
There‟s ______________________________________________________
84.
S be not worth V-INGIt‟s pointless to V
That old camera is not worth buying.
It‟s pointless to buy that old camera.
Exercise:
1. This book is not worth reading.
It‟s_________________________________________________________
2. The picture is not worth beholding.
It‟s _________________________________________________________
3. The small is not worth catching.
It‟s _________________________________________________________
4. That man is not worth helping.
It‟s _________________________________________________________
5. The magazine is not worth buying.
It‟s _________________________________________________________
52
85.
S be proud of V-INGS pride Reflexive Pro. On V-ING
He is proud of his playing football.
He prides himself on playing football.
Exercise:
1. Kathy is proud of being a good dancer.
Kathy _______________________________________________________
2. Frank was proud of being a good researcher.
Frank _______________________________________________________
3.I am proud of being a good teacher.
I___________________________________________________________
4.They were proud of being Vietnamese citizens.
They _______________________________________________________
5.She is proud of being such a good cook.
She_________________________________________________________
86.
Few/Little/Almost no  Hardly …any
She does almost no work.
She hardly does any work.
Exercise:
1. She knew very little of what her husband did.
She _________________________________________________________
2. The students had almost no exercise.
The class ____________________________________________________
3. She atefew vegetables to be healthy.
She _________________________________________________________
4. He spoke few words to make them understand.
He __________________________________________________________
5. Theycooked almost nomeal for him.
They _________________________________________________________
87.
Used to V  No longer V
She used to visit me.
She no longer visits me.
Exercise:
1. Jack used to go camping.
Jack _________________________________________________________
2. Mary used to mend her clothes.
Mary _________________________________________________________
3. Jim used to play computer games.
53
Jim _________________________________________________________
4. Janet used to cook her meals.
Janet _________________________________________________________
5. Hoa used to play tennis.
Hoa _________________________________________________________
88.
Adj. N  V Adv.
There has been considerable rise in the value of gold for three years.
The value of gold has risen considerably for three years.
Exercise:
1. There has been fast growth in the height of the tree.
The height ______________________________________________________
2. There has been slowreduction in the weight of the cow.
The weight ______________________________________________________
3. There has been quickincrease in the width of the river.
The width ______________________________________________________
4. There has been gradualdecrease in the depth of the lake.
The depth ______________________________________________________
5. There has been fast increase in the price of the goods.
The price ______________________________________________________
89.
To do + O + Adj. To Be + Adj. for + O
Exercises are supposed to do you good.
Exercises are supposed to be good for you.
Exercise:
1. Smoking is supposed to do him harmful.
Smoking _______________________________________________________
2. Drinking is supposed to do her bad.
Drinking _______________________________________________________
3. Sports is supposed to do us good.
Sports ________________________________________________________
4. Swimming is supposed to do everyone healthy.
Swimming _______________________________________________________
5. Writing is supposed to do us active.
Writing _______________________________________________________
90.
Be ignorant  Not know
I‟m totally ignorant about her wedding.
I don‟t know anything about her wedding.
Exercise:
54
1. She was totally ignorant about cybernetics.
She ________________________________________________________
2. I was totally ignorant about aeronautics.
I __________________________________________________________
3. They are totally ignorant about Me Coc.
They _______________________________________________________
4. She is totally ignorant about French.
She ________________________________________________________
5. We were totally ignorant about South Africa.
We ________________________________________________________
91.
No point Not succeed
There‟s no point in your trying to please her.
You can try to please her but you will not succeed.
Exercise:
1. There‟s no point in your trying to help her.
You _________________________________________________________
2. There‟s no point in his trying to support them.
He _________________________________________________________
3. There‟s no point in her trying to pass the exam.
She _________________________________________________________
4. There‟s no point in their trying to do the test.
They _________________________________________________________
5. There‟s no point in our trying to avoid the flood.
We _________________________________________________________
92.
But for  Keep … out of
But for the talent of the lawyer we could have been put in jail.
The talent of the lawyer kept us out of prison.
The thing that kept us out of prison was the talent of the lawyer.
Exercise:
1. But for the umbrella we could have been wet.
The umbrella_________________________________________________
2. But for the horse he could not have been on time.
The horse ___________________________________________________
3. But for her competence she couldn‟t pass the examination.
Hercompetence ______________________________________________
4. But for hispatiencehe could not have been successful.
Hispatience _________________________________________________
5. But for the batterythe machine could have been out of order.
55
The battery_________________________________________________
93.
How + AdjNoun
- How old age:
Can you tell me how old she is?
Can you tell me her age?
- How long length/duration
- How heavy weight
- How deep  depth
- How wide  width
Exercise:
1. I don‟t know how long the Red River is.
I don‟t ___________________________________________
2. Can you tell me how long you will study at Sai Gon University?
I don‟t ___________________________________________
3. I don‟t know how heavy the bag is.
I don‟t ___________________________________________
4. I don‟t know how wide the lake is.
I don‟t ___________________________________________
5. I don‟t know how deep the valley is.
I don‟t ___________________________________________
94.
How …  What + N…
How much  Price/amount
How many  number
How deep  depth
How wide  width
How high/tall  height
How far  distance
How heavy  weight
How  the way
How tall is Jack?
What is Jack‟s height?
Exercise:
1. How high is the wall?
What ______________________________________________?
2. How much is car?
What ______________________________________________?
3. How far is forest?
What ______________________________________________?
4. How wide is road?
56
What ______________________________________________?
5. How long is the wall?
What ______________________________________________?
95.
Be pleased to V …soon  Look forward to V-ING
I am pleased to meet you soon.
I am looking forward to meeting you.
Exercise:
1. I am pleased to contact you soon.
I ________________________________________________
2. I am pleased to talk to you soon.
I ________________________________________________
3. I am pleased to deal with you soon.
I ________________________________________________
4. I am pleased to phone you soon.
I ________________________________________________
5. I am pleased to see you soon.
I ________________________________________________
96.
Have  with (parts of the body)
I saw a girl. She had long hair and an oval face.
I saw a girl with long hair and an oval face.
Exercise:
1. They met a boy. He had short black hair.
They met _________________________________________
2. Jack is a handsome boy. He has a square bright face.
Jack is ____________________________________________
3. I know the woman. She has long arms like a monkey‟s.
I know ____________________________________________
4. The police have been looking for a man. He has peckles on his face.
The police ____________________________________________
5. Mary is the girl. She has a beautiful oval face.
Mary is ______________________________________________
97.
Wear  in (clothes)
He is looking for the girl. She wears a white dress.
He is looking for the girl in a white dress.
Exercise:
1. They witnessed a boy. He was wearing a T-shirt and jeans.
57
They witnessed _____________________________________
2. You know the boy. He wears blue jeans.
You know _____________________________________
3. They met the man. He wore a black overcoat.
They met _____________________________________
4. Daisy was acquainted with a girl. She wore a yellow T-shirt.
Daisy was _____________________________________
5. The mailman was looking for a woman. She wore a green hat.
The mailman ____________________________________
98.
No V-ING  Be not allowed to V
No parking.
You are not allowed to park here.
Exercise:
1. No fishing.
You ________________________________________________________
2. No picking flowers.
You ________________________________________________________
3. No teasing animals.
You ________________________________________________________
4. No driving on the left.
You ________________________________________________________
5. No swimming.
You ________________________________________________________
99.
Always  Never (antonymous words)
He always gets the right answer.
He never fails to get the right answer.
He never gets the wrong answer.
Exercise:
1. He always answers the questions correctly.
He ________________________________________________________
2. He is always on time.
He ________________________________________________________
3. They always wear the beautiful clothes.
They ______________________________________________________
4. She always behavesnicely.
She ________________________________________________________
5. You always supportus.
You _______________________________________________________
100.
58
Neither…nor  Both…and (Negative)
Neither Tom nor Jack can swim.
Both Tom and Jack can‟t swim.
Exercise:
1. Neither Mary nor Daisy is tall.
Both ________________________________________________________
2. Neither they nor he is late.
Both ________________________________________________________
3. Neither you nor she is sad.
Both ________________________________________________________
4. Neither he nor they won the price.
Both ________________________________________________________
5. Neither you nor I am wrong.
Both ________________________________________________________
101.
And  So/too/the same
Tom and Jack went to this school.
Tom went to this school and Jack did, too.
Tom went to this school and so did Jack.
Tom and Jack went to the same school.
Exercise:
1. Mary and Daisy like the book.
Mary ________________________________________________________
2. Nancy and Betty are students.
Nancy ________________________________________________________
3. Hoa and Mai like to read books.
Hoa_________________________________________________________
4. Jim and Johnare tall.
Jim_________________________________________________________
5. Martha and Susy play tennis.
Martha ________________________________________________________
102.
V-ING + Interest + O  S + Be + Interested in V-ING
Reading books interests Jack.
Jack is interested in reading books.
Exercise:
1. Watching films interests Jim.
Jim ________________________________________________________
2. Reading comics interests Joana.
Joana ________________________________________________________
59
3. Collecting stamps amuses Jane.
Jane ________________________________________________________
4. Fishing excites Janet.
Janet ________________________________________________________
5. Gardening pleases Jack.
Jack ________________________________________________________
103.
Member  Belong to
Are you a member of the club?
Do you belong to the club?
Exercise:
1. He is a member of the HCM Communist Youth Union.
He ________________________________________________________
2. He is a member of the Vietnamese Communist Party.
He ________________________________________________________
3. She is a member of the Bonsai Club.
She ________________________________________________________
4. They are members Trade Union.
They ________________________________________________________
5. He is a member of the Ping-pong Club.
He ________________________________________________________
104.
Certainly not  By no means
She is certainly not rich.
She is by no means rich.
Exercise:
1. He is certainly not poor.
He ________________________________________________________
2. She is certainly not kind.
She ________________________________________________________
3. He is certainly not intelligent.
He ________________________________________________________
4. She is certainly not beautiful.
She ________________________________________________________
5. They are certainly not religious.
They _______________________________________________________
105.
Intention  Mean
It was not my intention to invite you here.
I did not mean to invite you here.
Exercise:
60
1. It is not my intention to hurt you.
I ________________________________________________________
2. It was not my intention to support you.
I ________________________________________________________
3. It is not his intention to tease you.
He ________________________________________________________
4. It is not her intention to play tricks on you.
She ________________________________________________________
5. It was not their intention to help you.
They ________________________________________________________
106.
In … time  It + take + time
In six months‟ time he will have finished his thesis.
It will take him six months to finish his thesis.
Exercise:
1. In two years‟ time he will get his MA degree.
It ________________________________________________________
2. In two hours‟ time he will finish his essay.
It ________________________________________________________
3. In thirty minutes‟ time he will have done his test.
It ________________________________________________________
4. In two days‟ time he will get to Hanoi.
It ________________________________________________________
5. In two weeks‟ time the Olympic Games will take place.
It ________________________________________________________
107.
ImperativeInterrogative
Stop talking.
Will you stop talking?
Get out of here.
Will you get out of here or not?
The interrogative is a milder or more polite form of the imperative. However, the addition
of or not (see the last example) adds a touch of threat to the command.
Exercise:
1. Shut the door.
Will ________________________________________________________
2. Close your books.
Will ________________________________________________________
3. Sit down.
Will ________________________________________________________
61
4. Wash the dishes.
Will ________________________________________________________
5. Take the medicine.
Will ________________________________________________________
108.
WH-question  Another WH-question
How can I help you?
What can I do for you?
Exercise:
1. How can I support you?
What ________________________________________________________
2. How can I aid you?
What ________________________________________________________
3. How can I assist you?
What ________________________________________________________
4. How can I be for you?
What ________________________________________________________
5. How can I give you a hand?
What ________________________________________________________
109.
Noun  Adjective
Mr. Smith is a man of intelligence.
Mr. Smith is intelligent.
Exercise:
1. King Lear did not have the courage to write to his estranged daughter.
King Lear ____________________________________________________
2. He takes much pride in his wealth.
He __________________________________________________________
3. The man hashis industry to finish his hard work.
The man_____________________________________________________
4. She is a woman of action.
She ____ ____________________________________________________
5. The boxer has the strength to knock out his oponent.
The boxer ____________________________________________________
110.
Noun  Adverb clause
In all probability, the conference will be held tomorrow.
It is probable that the conference will be held tomorrow.
Exercise:
1. In all probability, the congress will take place soon.
62
It is probable______________________________________________
2. In all probability, the accident will happen soon.
It is probable ______________________________________________
3. In all probability, the flood will occur soon.
It is probable ______________________________________________
4. In all probability, the storm will come tomorrow.
It is probable ______________________________________________
5. In all probability, the test will be held soon.
It is probable ______________________________________________
111.
Verb  Adjective
He who shirks labor cannot prosper.
He who shirks labor cannot be prosperous.
Exercise:
1. He who is lazy cannot succeed.
He ________________________________________________________
2. The region which is productive can develop.
The region ___________________________________________________
3. He who works hard can succeed.
He ________________________________________________________
4. He who is patient can progress.
He ________________________________________________________
5. He who is studious can help others.
He ________________________________________________________
112.
Noun  Noun
Health is wealth.
The healthy are the wealthy.
Exercise:
1. Goodness is quality.
The good ______________________________________________________
2. Badness is ugliness.
The bad ______________________________________________________
3. Wrongness is badness.
The wrong _____________________________________________________
4. Right is goodness.
The right ______________________________________________________
5. Depth is goodness.
The deep ______________________________________________________
113.
Plans  Be going to V
63
Have you got any plans for Sunday morning?
What are you going to do on Sunday morning?
Exercise:
1. Have you got any plans for tonight?
What ________________________________________________________
2. Have you got any plans for tomorrow?
What ________________________________________________________
3. Have you got any plans for next Friday?
What ________________________________________________________
4. Have you got any plans for the weekend?
What ________________________________________________________
5. Have you got any plans for next week?
What ________________________________________________________
114.
Go to  Be in/on/at
Mary and Daisy went to the cinema last night.
Mary and Daisy were in the cinema last night.
Exercise:
1. They went to Sai Gon University last week.
They ________________________________________________________
2. She went to Nha Trang last month.
She _________________________________________________________
3. They will go New York next week.
They ________________________________________________________
4. He will go to Ha Long bay next vacation.
He__________________________________________________________
5. Betty went to Shanghaithree weeks ago.
Betty ________________________________________________________
115.
Birth day  When …was born
Tell me about her birthday.
Tell me when she was born.
Birthplace, death anniversary, Date of foundation, Date of collapse, Date of launch,
grave, tomb, etc.
Exercise:
1. Do you know her birthplace?
Do ________________________________________________________
2. Tell me about his death anniversary.
Tell ________________________________________________________
3. Who knows the date of foundation of the Vietnamese Communist Party?
64
Who ________________________________________________________
4. Do you know Darwin‟s tomb?
Do ________________________________________________________
5. Tell me aboutthe launch date of this product.
Tell ________________________________________________________
116.
Maybe … will  Might
Maybe it will be sunny tomorrow.
It might be sunny tomorrow.
Exercise:
1. Maybeit will be foggy next week.
It ________________________________________________________
2. Maybe he will buy that car.
He ________________________________________________________
3. Maybe she will visit us next time.
She _______________________________________________________
4. Maybe they will hold a party next month.
They _______________________________________________________
5. Maybe Mary will open a new shop soon.
Mary _______________________________________________________
117.
Was/Were + silly/stupid/foolish/not intelligent/unwise/awkward to V
 Should have PP
He was silly to touch the lion.
He should not have touched the lion.
Exercise:
1. The man was unwise to tease the bees.
The man ______________________________________________________
2. The woman was awkward to tie the strings.
The woman ____________________________________________________
3. The boy was stupid to stain the rug.
The boy ______________________________________________________
4. The girl was not intelligent to make the mistake.
The girl ______________________________________________________
5. The man was foolish to catch the crab.
The man ______________________________________________________
118.
Not expect  Be surprised (Conditional sentence)
She does not expect to meet her old friend.
She would be surprised if she met her old friend.
Exercise:
65
1. Jack does not expect to win the prize.
Jack ________________________________________________________
2. Jim does not expect to get the gift.
Jack ________________________________________________________
3. They do not expect to see me here.
They ________________________________________________________
4. She does not expect to win the contest.
She ________________________________________________________
5. John does not expect to catch a big fish.
John ________________________________________________________
119.
Exceed  Comparative degree
The number of people who understand his ideas exceeds his expectation.
More people understand his ideas than he expects.
Exercise:
1. The number of relatives who come to the party exceeds her expectation.
More ________________________________________________________
2. The money whichshe gets exceeds her hope.
More ________________________________________________________
3. The quantity of rice whichthey harvest exceeds their wish.
More ________________________________________________________
4. The amount of coffee whichthey produce exceeds their expectation.
More ________________________________________________________
5. The number of students who come to the class exceeds her prediction.
More ________________________________________________________
120.
Use + O + To V  S + Be + For V-ING
We use this knife to cut meat.
This knife is for cutting meat.
Exercise:
1. They use the hoe to dig the ditch.
Thehoe ______________________________________________________
2. They use the fork to eat noodles.
The fork ______________________________________________________
3. They use the key to lock the trunk.
The key ______________________________________________________
4. They use the truck to carry the goods.
The truck ______________________________________________________
5. They use the laptop to contact him.
The laptop _____________________________________________________
66
121.
Sure … will  Be bound to
I am sure it will be sunny tomorrow.
It is bound to be sunny tomorrow.
Exercise:
1. He is sure it will be rainy tomorrow.
It ________________________________________________________
2. He is sure it will be windy tomorrow.
It ________________________________________________________
3. Theyare sure it will be foggy tomorrow.
It ________________________________________________________
4. She is sure it will be hot tomorrow.
It ________________________________________________________
5. He is sure it will be cold tomorrow.
It ________________________________________________________
122.
Can  Be possible
Can I visit you this evening?
Is it possible (for me) to visit you this evening?
Exercise:
1. You can solve this problem.
It ________________________________________________________
2. They can catch that crocodile.
It ________________________________________________________
3. She can sew a nice dress.
It ________________________________________________________
4. He can climb up that tall tree.
It ________________________________________________________
5. Mary can paint a beautiful picture.
It ________________________________________________________
123.
Be + job  Work as + job
He is an engineer.
He works as an engineer.
Exercise:
1. She is a nurse.
She ________________________________________________________
2. He is a pilot.
He ________________________________________________________
3. They are masons.
67
They _______________________________________________________
4. Jane is a secretary.
Jane ________________________________________________________
5. Samson is a businessman.
Samson ______________________________________________________
124.
If continue  Double comparative
If you continue to be lazy, you will get less money.
The lazier you are, the less money you get.
Exercise:
1. If you continue to eat a lot, you will be fatter.
The more ________________________________________________________
2. If you continue to eat less, you will be thinner.
The less ________________________________________________________
3. If he continues to sleep a lot, he will be more foolish.
The more ________________________________________________________
4. If she continues to work a lot, she will be more exhausted.
The more ________________________________________________________
5. If you continue to do a lot of exercises, you will be fitter.
The more ________________________________________________________
125.
Have a conviction for  Be convicted of
He has a conviction for stealing the vase.
He is convicted of stealing the vase.
Exercise:
1. She has a conviction of killing the bear.
She ________________________________________________________
2. Jane has a conviction of breaking the sample.
Jane ________________________________________________________
3. He has a conviction of ignoring the victim.
He ________________________________________________________
4. They have a conviction of abandoning the refugees.
They _______________________________________________________
5. He has a conviction of robbing awoman.
He ________________________________________________________
126.
And  In addition to
Jack has a Jaguar and a Mercedes.
In addition to a Jaguar, Jack has a Mercedes.
Exercise:
68
1. He wrote a book and a novel.
In addition _____________________________________________________
2. She made a cake and some biscuits.
In addition _____________________________________________________
3. Theybuilt a house and a villa.
In addition _____________________________________________________
4. He saved a man and two boys.
In addition _____________________________________________________
5. He drank a bottle of whisky and ten cans of beer.
In addition _____________________________________________________
128.
It + Be + Adj. + To V  There + Be + N + To V
Is it necessary to take this course?
Is there any need to take this course?
Exercise:
1. It is obligatory to finish this work.
There ________________________________________________________
2. It is necessary to take this medicine.
There ________________________________________________________
3. It is dutiful to supportold parents.
There ________________________________________________________
4. It is lawful to obey theregulations.
There ________________________________________________________
5. It is mandatory to take care of thechild.
There ________________________________________________________
129.
Not important  Not matter
It is not important if you learn French or not.
It does not matter if you learn French or not.
Exercise:
1. It is not important if you eat this food or not.
It does ______________________________________________________
2. It is not important if he helps me or not.
It does ______________________________________________________
3. It is not important if she attends this meeting or not.
It does ______________________________________________________
4. It is not important if they support our ideas or not.
It does ______________________________________________________
5. It is not important if you follow my advice or not.
It does ______________________________________________________
130.
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Had better  It‟s time
You had better go now.
It‟s time you went now.
Exercise:
1. You had better leave this room.
It‟s ________________________________________________________
2. You had better go to the airport.
It‟s ________________________________________________________
3. You had better leave for the meeting.
It‟s ________________________________________________________
4. You had better go to school.
It‟s ________________________________________________________
5. You had better take this medicine.
It‟s ________________________________________________________
131.
N +Be called  The name/title of N Be
The novel is called “Endless fields”.
The title of the novel is “Endless fields”.
Exercise:
1. The book is called “The kingdom of birds”.
The title ________________________________________________________
2. The article is called “The clappse of an empire”.
The title ________________________________________________________
3. The paper is called “A busy man”.
The title ________________________________________________________
4. The report is called “The killing man”.
The title ________________________________________________________
5. The minute is called “A terrible accident”.
The title ________________________________________________________
132.
There + Be + N + Place  Place + Be showing + N
There is a fantastic film on at Thang Long cinema.
Thang Long cinema is showing a fantastic film.
Exercise:
1. There is a circus at Thong Nhat stadium.
Thong Nhat _____________________________________________________
2. There is an exciting play at the Odeon cinema.
The Odeon _____________________________________________________
3. There is a musical show at the theatre.
The theatre _____________________________________________________
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4. There is a good film at Thanh Hoa cinema.
Thanh Hoa _____________________________________________________
5. There is anopera at the concert hall.
Theconcert _____________________________________________________
133.
N + Be + popular  Everyone + like + N
This film star is very popular.
Everyone likes this film star.
Exercise:
1. This beach is very unpopular.
Nobody ________________________________________________________
2. This bay is very popular.
Everyone ________________________________________________________
3. This theatre is very popular.
Everyone ________________________________________________________
4. This band is very popular.
Everyone ________________________________________________________
5. This player is very unpopular.
Nobody ________________________________________________________
134.
N + begin/end + with N There + Be … at the beginning/end of …
The meeting begins with a musical show.
There is a musical show at the beginning of the meeting.
Exercise:
1. The lesson begins with a warm up.
There ________________________________________________________
2. The musical show begins with a nice song.
There ________________________________________________________
3. The story ends with a happy party.
There ________________________________________________________
4. The partyends with a delicious dessert.
There ________________________________________________________
5. The conference begins with a sadspeech.
There ________________________________________________________
135.
It + V (weather)  There + Be + N
It rained a lot yesterday.
There was a lot of rain yesterday.
Snow, blow, shine, storm, flood
Exercise:
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1. It snows today.
There ________________________________________________________
2. It blows strongly today.
There ________________________________________________________
3. It shines brightly today.
There ________________________________________________________
4. It is flooded today.
There ________________________________________________________
5. It is stormy today.
There ________________________________________________________
136.
Make + V-ING + Adj.  Make + It + Adj. + To V
The storm makes travelling very dangerous.
The storm makes it very dangerous to travel.
Exercise:
1. The rain makes playing football difficult.
The rain ________________________________________________________
2. The fine weather makes holding the fair convenient.
The fine ________________________________________________________
3. The flood makes going to school hard.
The flood _______________________________________________________
4. The typhoon makes traveling by air impossible.
The typhoon ______________________________________________________
5. The storm makes building the bridge infeasible.
The storm________________________________________________________
137.
How much + Be  How much + Do
How much is this book?
How much does this book cost?
Exercise:
1. How much are the pens?
How ________________________________________________________
2. How much is the truck?
How ________________________________________________________
3. How much are the chickens?
How ________________________________________________________
4. How much is a pot?
How ________________________________________________________
5. How much are ten tickets?
How ________________________________________________________
138.
72
Neither  Not either
So I took neither!
So I didn‟t take either!
Exercise:
1. Between two singers I choose neither.
I don‟t ________________________________________________________
2. Between two shirts I buy neither.
I don‟t ________________________________________________________
3. Between two lessons I chose neither.
I didn‟t ________________________________________________________
4. Between two books I selected neither.
I didn‟t ________________________________________________________
5. Between two places I visited neither.
I didn‟t ________________________________________________________
139.
Not suppose + S + V  S + happen to V
I don‟t suppose you have milk, do you?
Do you happen to have milk?
Exercise:
1. I don‟t suppose she buys the book.
She ________________________________________________________
2. I don‟t suppose he finds the key.
He ________________________________________________________
3. I don‟t suppose they meet her.
They _______________________________________________________
4. I don‟t suppose you visit me.
You ________________________________________________________
5. I don‟t suppose Martha helps you.
Martha ______________________________________________________
140.
V (imperative form)  I‟d rather you V-ED (Past)
Come to visit me.
I‟d rather you came to visit me.
Exercise:
1. Learn French.
I‟d ________________________________________________________
2. Drink whisky.
I‟d ________________________________________________________
3. Take this medicine.
I‟d ________________________________________________________
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4. Wear this shirt.
I‟d ________________________________________________________
5. Talk to him.
I‟d ________________________________________________________
141.
S + Be + Adj. When … V…  V-ING… + Make + O + Adj
She is curious when she sees the picture.
Seeing the picture makes her curious.
Exercise:
1. He is eager when he is waiting for her.
Waiting ________________________________________________________
2. She is nervous when she talks to him.
Talking ________________________________________________________
3. He is timid when he visitsus.
Visiting ________________________________________________________
4. Theyareexcited when theywatchthe film.
Watching _______________________________________________________
5. Jones is happy when he livesin London.
Living ________________________________________________________
142.
Something + Be + Somebody‟s interest  Somebody + Be interested in
Something
Playing football is his interest.
He is interested in playing football.
Exercise:
1. Books are his interest.
He ________________________________________________________
2. Films are her interest.
She ________________________________________________________
3. Plays are their interest.
They _______________________________________________________
4. Collecting stamps is his interest.
He ________________________________________________________
5. JoggingisHoa‟s interest.
Hoa ________________________________________________________
143.
Adverb  Main clause
Luckily, the child found the way home.
It was lucky that the child found the way home.
Exercise:
74
1. The Minister will obviously be re-elected.
It is ________________________________________________________
2. Naturally, it often rainsin summer.
It is ________________________________________________________
3. Accidentally Jack met a friend in Paris.
It is ________________________________________________________
4. Luckily he found his lost key.
It is ________________________________________________________
5. Funnily the baby can say the first words.
It is ________________________________________________________
144.
Noun clause  Infinitive phrase
Verbs: expect, hope, wish, etc.
He hopes that she will visit his family soon.
He hopes her to visit his family soon.
Exercise:
1. I wish that he would supportme soon.
I ________________________________________________________
2. I expect that they will gain the victory.
I ________________________________________________________
3. I hope that she will be successful.
I ________________________________________________________
4. He expects that I will support him.
He _______________________________________________________
5. She wishes that he would win the game.
She _______________________________________________________
145.
Not V  Without V-ING
He didn‟t have any money when he came to the city.
He came to the city without any money.
Exercise:
1. He doesn‟t have any books when he goes to school.
He ________________________________________________________
2. She doesn‟t have any rice when she is ready to cook.
She ________________________________________________________
3. They don‟t have any news when theymeet her.
They ______________________________________________________
4. Jane doesn‟t buy anything when she is in the bookshop.
Jane _______________________________________________________
5. I didn‟t read any book when Istayed in the library.
I_________________________________________________________
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146.
Noun clause: certain/sure  Be bound to V
It is certain that she will offer that position.
She is bound to offer that position.
Exercise:
1. It is sure that he will marry Hoa.
He ________________________________________________________
1. It is sure that he will marry Hoa.
He ________________________________________________________
2. It is certain that they will win the match.
They ______________________________________________________
3. It is sure that we will be successful.
We ________________________________________________________
4. It is certain that Daisy will get good marks.
Daisy ______________________________________________________
5. It is sure that Peter will solve the problem.
Peter ______________________________________________________
147.
Everyone … before  the last
Everyone took a candy before I did.
I was the last person to take a candy.
Exercise:
1. All of them read the book before I read.
I ________________________________________________________
2. Everyone bought the book before he bought.
He ________________________________________________________
3. Everyone drank his class before I drank.
I ________________________________________________________
4. All of them reached the place before I reached.
I ________________________________________________________
5. All of them clapped theirhands before heclapped.
He ________________________________________________________
148.
Be unknown  noun clause: mystery
The missing of the boy is unknown.
It is a mystery how the boy was missing.
Exercise:
1. The loss of the sword is unknown.
It is ________________________________________________________
2. The disappearance of the doctor is unknown.
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It is ________________________________________________________
3. The absence of the president is unknown.
It is ________________________________________________________
4. The missing of the child is unknown.
It is ________________________________________________________
5. The loss of the vase is unknown.
It is ________________________________________________________
149.
Do anything  Go to any lengths
They do anything to support him.
They go to any lengths to support him.
Exercise:
1. They do anything to help him.
They ________________________________________________________
2. We do anything to be against him.
We ________________________________________________________
3. She does anything to aid him.
She ________________________________________________________
4. The workers do anything to assist the director.
The workers __________________________________________________
5. The parents do anything to protect their child.
The parents ____________________________________________________
150.
What a surprise to V  Fancy V-ING
What a surprise to see you again!
Fancy seeing you again.
Exercise:
1. What a surprise to read the news!
Fancy ________________________________________________________
2. What a surprise to see you here!
Fancy ________________________________________________________
3. What a surprise to have this gift!
Fancy ________________________________________________________
4. What a surprise to get good marks!
Fancy ________________________________________________________
5. What a surprise to buy this hat!
Fancy ________________________________________________________
151.
Not pay tax  Be exempt from paying tax
The local people do not have to pay the tax.
The local people are exempt from paying the tax.
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Exercise:
1. They do not have to pay the salt tax.
They ________________________________________________________
2. We do not have to pay the land tax.
We ________________________________________________________
3. The local people do not have to pay the fishery tax.
The local ____________________________________________________
4. They do not have to pay the automobile tax.
They ________________________________________________________
5. We do not have to pay the house tax.
We_________________________________________________________
152.
As + not want to V  Rather than V
He turned off the TV as he did not want to bother other people.
Rather than bother other people, he turned off the TV.
Exercise:
1. She turned off the fan as she did not want to make him cold.
Rather than ____________________________________________________
2. He didn‟t make noise as he did not want to wake up the child.
Rather than ____________________________________________________
3. They kep silent as they did not want to annoy him.
Rather than ____________________________________________________
4. She cooked other food as she did not want to make him fed up.
Rather than ____________________________________________________
5. She turned on the recorder as she did not want to make him bored.
Rather than ____________________________________________________
153.
Be V-ING shortly  Be about to V
Thomas is setting off shortly.
Thomas is about to set off.
Exercise:
1. The man is leaving shortly.
The man ______________________________________________________
2. The woman is speaking shortly.
The woman _____________________________________________________
3. The boy is crying shortly.
The boy ______________________________________________________
4. The students are doing a test shortly.
The students ___________________________________________________
5. The horse is running away shortly.
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The horse _____________________________________________________
154.
Why don‟t we…  What about…
Why don‟t we go to the cinema?
What about going to the cinema?
Exercise:
1. Why don‟t weplay a football game?
What about ____________________________________________________
2. Why don‟t we listen to some music?
What about ____________________________________________________
3. Why don‟t we drink something?
What about ____________________________________________________
4. Why don‟t we go to the theatre?
What about ____________________________________________________
5. Why don‟t we visit the safari?
What about ____________________________________________________
155.
Insist on  Nothing but… satisfy
Jack insisted on being bought a new shirt.
Nothing but a new shirt satisfied Jack
Exercise:
1. Mary insisted on watching a cartoon.
Nothing ________________________________________________________
2. Mai insisted on playing tennis.
Nothing ________________________________________________________
3. Minh insisted on fishing in the lake.
Nothing ________________________________________________________
4. Henry insisted on holding a party.
Nothing ________________________________________________________
5. Hans insisted on visiting Ha Long bay.
Nothing ________________________________________________________
156.
Be V-ED (Adj.)  Find … V-ING
They are interested in films.
They find films interesting.
Exercise:
1. They are amused at the news.
They ________________________________________________________
2. Thomas is excited about the match.
Thomas ______________________________________________________
79
3. Thanh is surprised at the gift.
Thanh ________________________________________________________
4. Tommy is pleased with the marks.
Tommy_______________________________________________________
5. They are shocked at the accident.
They ________________________________________________________
157.
Try Make an effort
Can you try a little to do this exercise?
Can you make an effort to do this exercise?
Exercise:
1. He tried to reach the top of the hill.
He ________________________________________________________
2. She tried to solve the problem.
She ________________________________________________________
3. They tried to keep the news secret.
They _______________________________________________________
4. Henry tries to please his parents.
Henry ______________________________________________________
5. Jack tried to tempt the wild cat.
Jack _______________________________________________________
158.
Exclamatory sentence  Very
How beautiful Mary is!
Mary is very beautiful.
Exercise:
1. How fast the car is!
The car ________________________________________________________
2. How slowly the turtle is!
The turtle _______________________________________________________
3. How modern the machine is!
The machine ____________________________________________________
4. How impressive the building is!
The building ____________________________________________________
5. How handsome the star is!
The star _______________________________________________________
159.
Like + Noun  Noun but not Noun
As + Noun  Be + Noun
He looks like a teacher.
He looks like a teacher, but he is not a teacher.
80
He works as a teacher.
He is a teacher.
Exercise:
1. She looks like her sister.
She ________________________________________________________
2. He looks like a film star.
He ________________________________________________________
3. They look like students.
They _______________________________________________________
4. Jane looks like her cousin.
Jane ________________________________________________________
5. Mike looks like his brother.
Mike ________________________________________________________
160.
Could  Managed to
They could solve the problem well.
They managed to solve the problem well.
Exercise:
1. Mr. Smith could control the situation.
Mr. Smith _____________________________________________________
2. The president could convince the strikers.
The president ___________________________________________________
3. Michael could negotiatewith them.
Michael _____________________________________________________
4. Lan could tempt the big pig.
Lan________________________________________________________
5. Ms. Nga could drive the van.
Ms. Nga _____________________________________________________
161.
Favorite  Like the most
Books are her favorite things.
Books are the things that she likes most.
Exercise:
1. Films are his favorite things.
Films ________________________________________________________
2. Sports is his favorite thing.
Sports ________________________________________________________
3. Chess is their favorite thing.
Chess ________________________________________________________
4. Football is his favorite thing.
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Football ______________________________________________________
5. Collecting stamps is his favorite thing.
Collecting ____________________________________________________
162.
Before  NOT … Until
Before Jack goes to bed, he finishes his work.
Jack doesn‟t go to bed until he has finished his work.
Exercise:
1. Before I go on a vacation, the term is over.
I don‟t _____________________________________________________
2. Before he buys a laptop, he earns enough money.
He doesn‟t __________________________________________________
3. Before they hold a party, they invite their friends.
They don‟t___________________________________________________
4. Before she leaves the party, she talks a lot to them.
She doesn‟t __________________________________________________
5. Before Mai goestoclass, she does her homework.
Mai doesn‟t ___________________________________________________
163.
Number Adj. As Adj. as number
The tree is 3m high.
The tree is as high as 3m.
Exercise:
1. The lake is 2m deep.
The lake ________________________________________________________
2. The lake is 200m wide.
The lake ________________________________________________________
3. The lake is 2,000m long.
The lake ________________________________________________________
4. The man is 2m tall.
The man ________________________________________________________
5. The bag is 2kg heavy.
The bag ________________________________________________________
164.
V + N As Adj. as + N
V: have, wait, last, etc.
The house has three stories.
The house is as high as three stories.
Exercise:
1. He waited for her from 5pm to 7pm.
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He ________________________________________________________
1. He waited for her from 5pm to 7pm.
He ________________________________________________________
2. The meeting lasted three hours.
The meeting __________________________________________________
3. The play has three acts.
The play _____________________________________________________
4. The project had four stages.
The project ____________________________________________________
5. Thebookhas 7 chapters.
The book ______________________________________________________
165.
N + Adj. As Adj. as N
It‟s razor sharp.
It is as sharp as a razor.
Dog-tired/crystal clear/ post deaf/ nail tough/ lead heavy
Exercise:
1. It‟s dog tired.
It ________________________________________________________
2. It‟scrystal clear.
It ________________________________________________________
3. It‟spost deaf.
It ________________________________________________________
4. It‟snail tough.
It ________________________________________________________
5. It‟slead heavy.
It ________________________________________________________
166.
But  comparative degree
She‟s 21 but he‟s 19.
He‟s younger than she is.
Exercise:
1. This book is ten dollars, but that book is fifteen dollars.
This book ________________________________________________________
2. This event is important, but that event is very important.
This book ________________________________________________________
3. Jack makes some progress, but Mary makes a lot of progress.
Jack ____________________________________________________________
4. This river is 25km, but that river is 75km
This river ________________________________________________________
5. Mary is forty pounds, but Daisy is fiftypounds.
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Mary___________________________________________________________
167.
Prevent …from  can‟t … because of
The rain prevented them from going out.
They couldn‟t go out because of the rain.
Exercise:
1. Poverty prevents him from learning English.
He ________________________________________________________
2. Sickness prevents her from working hard.
She ________________________________________________________
3. The storm preventedthe plane from taking off.
The plane ___________________________________________________
4. The typhoon preventedfishermen from going to sea.
Fishermen ___________________________________________________
5. Disability prevented him from joining the army.
He ________________________________________________________
168.
Have to wait + time Only after time + wait
They had to wait two hours before the bus left.
Only after a two-hour wait did the bus leave.
Exercise:
1. She had to wait two years before her younger sister got married.
Only after ________________________________________________________
2. He had to wait tenminutes before the teacher arrived.
Only after ________________________________________________________
3. Jane had to wait threehours before the party was over.
Only after ________________________________________________________
4. Samantha had to wait two days before the strike dispersed.
Only after ________________________________________________________
5. The president had to wait tendays before the soldiers stopped firing.
Only after ________________________________________________________
169.
Conditional sentence In case of
If there is an emergency, call the police.
In case of emergency call the police.
Exercise:
1. If there is a fire, press the red button.
In case ________________________________________________________
1. If there is a fire, press the red button.
In case ________________________________________________________
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2. If there is anaccident, dial 119.
In case ________________________________________________________
3. If there is a robbery, call the police.
In case ________________________________________________________
4. If the machine breaks down, telephone the mechanic.
In case ________________________________________________________
5. If the yard is flooded, notify the authorities.
In case ________________________________________________________
170.
AND  WHY
You haven‟t bought the cheap car and it makes me surprised.
I wonder why you haven‟t bought the cheap car.
Exercise:
1. You haven‟t got good marks and it makes me surprised.
I wonder ____________________________________________________
2. He hasn‟t got the gift and it makes heramazsed.
She wonders ____________________________________________________
3. They haven‟t attended the party and it makes himshocked.
He wonders ____________________________________________________
4. You haven‟t eatensome cake and it makes me surprised.
I wonder ____________________________________________________
5. We haven‟t drunk any beer and it makes them surprised.
They wonder _________________________________________________
171.
When clause  Adverb of time
She goes out when the sun begins to rise.
She goes out in the early morning.
Exercise:
1. The hunter came back when it became dark.
The hunter ____________________________________________________
2. The flowersarein bloom when spring comes.
The flowers __________________________________________________
3. Theyhave lunch when it is twelve o‟clock.
They________________________________________________________
4. She went to bed when it was twelve o‟clock.
She ___________________________________________________________
5. The birds came back to their nests when the sun set.
The birds ____________________________________________________
172.
Have not PP yet  still need V/To be PP
The bike has not been repaired yet.
85
The bike still needs repairing/to be repaired.
Exercise:
1. The stew has not been cooked yet.
The stew ________________________________________________________
2. The book has not been written yet.
The book ________________________________________________________
3. The house has not been built yet.
The house ________________________________________________________
4. The shirt has not been mended yet.
The shirt _________________________________________________________
5. The papers have not been corrected yet.
The papers ________________________________________________________
173.
N + Be + free Not have to pay for N
Primary education is free in Vietnam.
We don‟t have to pay for primary education in Vietnam.
Exercise:
1. Entrance is free today.
Wedon‟t ________________________________________________________
2. Drinking is free today.
People don‟t _____________________________________________________
3. Reading in the library is free.
We don‟t ________________________________________________________
4. Using the internet is free here.
People don‟t ______________________________________________________
5. Swimming in this pool is free.
We don‟t ________________________________________________________
174.
After phrase  After clause
After many years of hard work she retired.
After she had worked hard for many years, she retired.
Exercise:
1. After a ten-minute wait, he entered the hall.
After he ________________________________________________________
2. Afterfour-yearstudy, he graduatedfrom university.
After he ________________________________________________________
3. After an hour observation, she gave the result.
After she ________________________________________________________
4. After a twenty-minute discussion, theyapproved of theapplication.
After they _______________________________________________________
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5. After some minute thought, he chose the red bulb.
After he ________________________________________________________
175.
Comparative + when  The less time…, the comparative
He learns better when he is pressed for time.
The less time he has, the better he learns.
Exercise:
1. She works harder when she is pressed for time.
The ________________________________________________________
2. They study better when they are pressed for time.
The ________________________________________________________
3. He runs faster when he is pressed for time.
The ________________________________________________________
4. She does better research when she is pressed for time.
The ________________________________________________________
5. You work more carefully when you are pressed for time.
The ________________________________________________________
176.
No- Not any- (compound words)
I know nobody.
I don‟t know anybody.
Exercise:
1. I know nothing.
I ________________________________________________________
2. She knows nobody.
She ______________________________________________________
3. I know none.
I ________________________________________________________
4. I know no one.
I ________________________________________________________
5. He knows nothing.
He ________________________________________________________
177.
Comparative Adj. + N V + comparative Adv.
She is a better dancer than her sister.
She dances better than her sister.
Exercise:
1. Jack is a faster reader than Jim.
Jack ________________________________________________________
2. Tom is a betterplayer than Peter.
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Tom ________________________________________________________
3. Mary is a worsepainter than Daisy.
Mary ________________________________________________________
4. John is a slower runner than Henry.
John ________________________________________________________
5. Theyaremore carefulworkers than he.
They ________________________________________________________
178.
S + unable To V It + Be + impossible To V
He is unable to answer the question.
It is impossible for him to answer the question.
Exercise:
1. Hoa is unable to speak English.
It is ________________________________________________________
2. I am unable to speak Arabic.
It is ________________________________________________________
3. You are unable to help him.
It is ________________________________________________________
4. They are unable to protect themselves.
It is ________________________________________________________
5. The soldier was unable to go forward.
It is ________________________________________________________
179.
You are requested To V  Please V
You are requested to wait for them.
Please wait for them.
Exercise:
1. You are requested to help her.
Please ________________________________________________________
2. You are requested to support him.
Please ________________________________________________________
3. You are requested to keep silent.
Please ________________________________________________________
4. You are requested to stay outside.
Please ________________________________________________________
5. You are requested to check the machine.
Please ________________________________________________________
180.
Soon  Not long before
She is soon accustomed to living in HCMC.
It is not long before she is accustomed to living in HCMC.
88
Soon = not long before
Exercise:
1. He is used to speaking English soon.
It is ________________________________________________________
2. We are used to working here soon.
It is ________________________________________________________
3. She is used to using chopsticks soon.
It is ________________________________________________________
4. He is accustomed to suffering from the heat soon.
It is ________________________________________________________
5. Jack is accustomed to drinking strong tea soon.
It is ________________________________________________________
181.
Die  After death
Be born – birth
Jack‟s father died. He sold his car.
Jack sold his father‟s car after his death.
Exercise:
1. Her mother died. She left the village.
She ________________________________________________________
2. Her child was born. She moved to a large house.
She ________________________________________________________
3. His teacher died. He went to town.
He ________________________________________________________
4. Her brother was born. She was abandoned by her parents.
She ________________________________________________________
5. Her parents died. The property was divided.
The property ___________________________________________________
182.
O1, not O2 It Be O1…, not O2
Iwant to hire him, not her.
It is him that I want to hire, not her.
Exercise:
1. He wants to eat rice, not bread.
It is ________________________________________________________
2. She wants to drink coke, not lemonade.
It is ________________________________________________________
3. They want to attend the party, not the meeting.
It is ________________________________________________________
4. We want to help her, not him.
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It is ________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Smith wants to buy a laptop, not an ipad.
It is ________________________________________________________
183.
If  So long as
I can give you the book if you learn hard.
So long as you learn hard, I can give you the book.
Exercise:
1. I will give you some candy if you keep silent.
So long as _____________________________________________________
2. I can keep my promise if he works hard.
So long as _____________________________________________________
3. I will give you some money if you work for me.
So long as _____________________________________________________
4. I will protect you if you stay next to me.
So long as _____________________________________________________
5. I will lend you some money if you return it.
So long as _____________________________________________________
184.
Clause…fault Blame …for
She said what happened was Jack‟s fault.
She blamed Jack for what happened.
Exercise:
1. She said the accident was his fault.
She ________________________________________________________
2. Theyconfirmed the incident was her fault.
They ________________________________________________________
3. He said the failure was my fault.
He ________________________________________________________
4. She said the defect was their fault.
She ________________________________________________________
5. He said the collapse was her fault.
She ________________________________________________________
185.
Not anywhere  Nowhere
You won‟t find a market anywhere whose goods are cheap.
Nowhere will you find a market whose goods are so cheap.
Exercise:
1. He will not visit any placeas beautiful as this one.
Nowhere ________________________________________________________
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2. She will not see any sight as spectacular as this one.
Nowhere ________________________________________________________
3. They will not stay in any place as comfortable as this one.
Nowhere ________________________________________________________
4. He will not behold any place as fabulous as this one.
Nowhere ________________________________________________________
5. We will not witness any place as terrible as this one.
Nowhere ________________________________________________________
186.
The same N  N + Be + like
Many others have the same situation as you.
Your situation is like that of many others.
Exercise:
1. Others have the same latop as you.
Your ________________________________________________________
2. Others wear the same dress as you.
Your ________________________________________________________
3. Others own the same watch as you.
Your ________________________________________________________
4. Others possess the same car as you.
Your ________________________________________________________
5. Others earn the same money as you.
Your ________________________________________________________
187.
When clause  By + V-ING phrase
He will make the vegetables better when he fertilizes them.
He will make the vegetables better by fertilizing them.
Exercise:
1. The farmer will get rid of weeds when he sprays them.
The farmer ____________________________________________________
2. The farmer will get good crops when he uses organic material.
The farmer ____________________________________________________
3. The hunter will catch a lot of animals when he uses trap.
The hunter ____________________________________________________
4. The teacher will interests the students when he uses teaching aids.
The teacher ____________________________________________________
5. The wood-cutter will get a lot of wood when he uses electric sawers.
The wood-cutter ________________________________________________
188.
Because + clause  For + phrase
They went to the park because they wanted to walk.
91
They went to the park for a walk.
Exercise:
1. They dig a pond because they want to swim.
They ________________________________________________________
2. They buy a boat because they want to row.
They ________________________________________________________
3. They collect the data because they want to do research.
They ________________________________________________________
4. They listento the media because they want to improve their listening.
They ________________________________________________________
5. They make a tank because they want to raise some fish.
They ________________________________________________________
189.
Not suppose + clause with would  Future with antonymous meaning
I don‟t suppose that she would be for us, would she?
She will probably be against us.
Exercise:
1. I don‟t suppose that she would accept our invitation.
She will ______________________________________________________
2. I don‟t suppose that he would refuse our invitation.
He will ______________________________________________________
3. I don‟t suppose that they would leave us soon.
They will ______________________________________________________
4. I don‟t suppose that Kathy would approve of the suggestion.
Kathywill ______________________________________________________
5. I don‟t suppose that Bob would succeed in his business.
Bob will _______________________________________________________
190.
Tag question Tag question with antonymous meaning
The goods in this shop are very expensive, don‟t you think?
The goods in this shop are not cheap, are they?
Exercise:
1. He learns English hard, don‟t you think?
He ________________________________________________________
2. She fails her examination, don‟t you think?
She ________________________________________________________
3. Theymake progressin learning English, don‟t you think?
They ________________________________________________________
4. The bike is new, don‟t you think?
The bike _____________________________________________________
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5. He remembers to help us, don‟t you think?
He ________________________________________________________
191.
Advise + O + Not to V  S + had better V
Hans advised Jack not to drink more coffee.
Jack had better not drink more coffee.
Exercise:
1. He is advised to drink orange juice.
He ________________________________________________________
2. She is advised not to swimwhen it is windy.
She ________________________________________________________
3. Theyare advised to stay at home.
They ________________________________________________________
4. Henry advisedher to go to school on time.
She ________________________________________________________
5. They advised you to doexercises.
You ________________________________________________________
192.
Once V-ED  Used to V
He once smoked only cigars.
He used to smoke only cigars.
Exercise:
1. She once drank only tea.
She ________________________________________________________
2. They once leanred only Chinese.
They ________________________________________________________
3. He once gotup late.
He ________________________________________________________
4. Betty once playedcomputer games.
Betty ________________________________________________________
5. We once livedin Paris.
We ________________________________________________________
193.
Not … any more  Used to V
He does not smoke cigarettes any more.
He used to smoke cigarettes.
Exercise:
1. She does not drink tea any more.
She ________________________________________________________
2. He does not support us any more.
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He ________________________________________________________
3. They do not listen to music any more.
She ________________________________________________________
4. She does not buy toys any more.
She ________________________________________________________
5. Samson does not fly kites any more.
She ________________________________________________________
194.
Because … want to V  To V
Mary went shopping because she wanted to buy some clothes.
Mary went shopping to buy some clothes.
Exercise:
1. He went to the library because he wanted to borrow some books.
He ________________________________________________________
2. She went to the sea because she wanted to swim.
She ________________________________________________________
3. They went to the stationary because they wanted to get some pens.
They ________________________________________________________
4. Hoa went to Hanoi because she wanted to visit her relatives.
Hoa ________________________________________________________
5. Michaelopened to the windows because he wanted to get some fresh air.
He ________________________________________________________
195.
V + N  V + that clause
That proved his goodness.
That proved that he was very good.
Exercise:
1. The proof showed her innocence.
The proof ________________________________________________________
2. The evidence showed his guilt.
The evidence ______________________________________________________
3. The story showed her kindness.
The story ________________________________________________________
4. The letterconfirmed her stay.
The letter ________________________________________________________
5. The speech statedtheir decision.
The speech ________________________________________________________
196.
Be used to V-ING  Be accustomed to V-ING
Mary isn‟t accustomed to eating durian.
Mary isn‟t used to eating durian.
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Exercise:
1. Jonathan isn‟t accustomed to drinking tea.
Jonathan ______________________________________________________
2. Joana isn‟t accustomed to getting up early.
Joana ______________________________________________________
3. Martha isn‟t accustomed to writing emails.
Martha ______________________________________________________
4. Mr. Green isn‟t accustomed to taking medicine.
Mr. Green ____________________________________________________
5. Johny isn‟t accustomed to learning hard.
Johny ______________________________________________________
197.
Often V  Be used to V-ING
He often goes to the theatre.
He is used to going to the theatre.
Exercise:
1. She often gets up early.
She ________________________________________________________
2. He often goes swimming.
He ________________________________________________________
3. They often go to the zoo.
They ________________________________________________________
4. Hans often sends me emails.
Hans ________________________________________________________
5. Kathy often drinks milk in the morning.
Kathy ________________________________________________________
198.
Find V-ING difficult  Be not used to V-ING
Janet finds playing tennis difficult.
Janet isn‟t used to playing tennis.
Exercise:
1. The child finds eating hot pepper difficult.
The child ____________________________________________________
2. They find getting up early difficult.
They _______________________________________________________
3. Thomas finds walking difficult.
Thomas ____________________________________________________
4. The woman finds climbing up the steps difficult.
The woman _________________________________________________
5. The patient finds raising hands difficult.
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The patient __________________________________________________
199.
The first time  Be not used to V-ING
This is the first time that I have eaten durian.
I am not used to eating durian.
Exercise:
1. This is the first time that she has drunk beer.
She ________________________________________________________
2. This is the first time that they have visited Ha Long bay.
They ________________________________________________________
3. This is the first time that I havestayed in a five-star hotel.
I__________________________________________________________
4. This is the first time that we havemeta pilot.
We _________________________________________________________
5. This is the first time that Susan has eatenhot pot.
Susan _______________________________________________________
200.
Clause and clause  Conditional sentence 1
She works hard and she will earn a lot of money.
If she works hard, she will earn a lot of money.
Exercise:
1. He learns hard and he gets good marks.
If he ________________________________________________________
2. He learns lazily and he fails his examination.
If he ________________________________________________________
3. They keep silents and they get some gifts.
If they ________________________________________________________
4. He keeps clean and he is healthy.
If he ________________________________________________________
5. We doexercises regularly and we become strong.
If we ________________________________________________________
B1 LEVEL
201.
Adverb clause of cause  Adverb clause of condition
He was punished because he was lazy.
If he hadn‟t been lazy, he wouldn‟t have been punished.
Exercise:
1. He walked home because he had no money.
If he ______________________________________________________
2. She failed the examination because she didn‟t learn hard.
96
If she ______________________________________________________
3. He brokethe vase because he wascareless.
If he ______________________________________________________
4. Theycalled us because theyneeded our support.
If they _____________________________________________________
5. She cried bitterly because she wasunhappy.
If she ______________________________________________________
202.
Can Conditional sentence 1
She can avoid waiting by booking the booths in advance.
If she books the booths in advance, she can avoid waiting.
Exercise:
1. He can avoid traffic jams by starting early.
If he ________________________________________________________
2. He can buy a car by saving money now.
If he ________________________________________________________
3. They can helpher by taking care ofher child.
If they ________________________________________________________
4. Jack can getgood marks by learning hard.
If Jack _______________________________________________________
5. We can conserve our environment by putting litter in the dustbin.
If we ________________________________________________________
203.
But  Conditional sentence 2/3
He wanted to take the train, but he was late.
If he hadn‟t been late, he would have taken the train.
Exercise:
1. She wanted to buy a dress, but she had no money.
If she _______________________________________________________
2. He wanted to fly to Paris, but the weather was bad.
If he _______________________________________________________
3. Betty wanted to paint the door, but the paint ran short.
If Betty _____________________________________________________
4. They wanted to visitPhong Nha cave, but there was a terrible typhoon.
If they ______________________________________________________
5. We wanted to hold a meeting, but otherswent away.
If we _______________________________________________________
204.
On/in/atNot…until
Margaret will be back on Saturday.
Margaret will not be back until Saturday.
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Exercise:
1. They will finish the house in June.
They ________________________________________________________
2. Thomas will start the project in March.
Thomas ______________________________________________________
3. Thanh will get the result on Sunday.
Thanh ________________________________________________________
4. Kathy will open her shop in July.
Kathy ________________________________________________________
5. Mike will leaveSydneyon Thursday.
Mike_________________________________________________________
205.
When  Not…until
He returned the borrowed money when he sold his car.
He didn‟t return the borrowed money until he sold his car.
Exercise:
1. He could be relieved when he had passed all the exams.
He ________________________________________________________
2. He could go home when he had finished all the work.
He ________________________________________________________
3. She could go to bed when she had washed all the clothes.
She ________________________________________________________
4. Mike could watch TV when he had done his homework.
Mike________________________________________________________
5. Jenny could play games when she had written her essay.
Jenny ________________________________________________________
206.
Antonym until Not until
They were unsafe until they had reached the police station.
Not until they had reached the police station were they safe.
Exercise:
1. They didn‟t feel relieved until they met their son.
Not until ________________________________________________________
2. They didn‟t say a word until they came home.
Not until ________________________________________________________
3. Bobby didn‟t feel happy until he got the gift.
Not until ________________________________________________________
4. Nathan didn‟t feel pleased until he got the result.
Not until ________________________________________________________
5. Julia didn‟t come home until the storm was over.
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Not until ________________________________________________________
207.
Normal sentence  Causative sentence (have)
Someone will cut my hair next Sunday.
I will have my hair cut next Sunday.
Exercise:
1. Someone will paint my house next Sunday.
I ________________________________________________________
2. Someone will repair her car next Monday.
She _______________________________________________________
3. Someone will check his computer next Tuesday.
he ________________________________________________________
4. A worker mended her water pines yesterday.
She _______________________________________________________
5. Someone corrected my essay last Sunday.
I ________________________________________________________
208.
Causative sentence (get) Normal sentence
He got a woman to wash his clothes.
He asked a woman to wash his clothes.
Exercise:
1. I got someone to do my hair.
I ________________________________________________________
2. He got someone to fix his computer.
He ________________________________________________________
3. She had someone do hermachine.
She ________________________________________________________
4. They got someone to buildtheirgarage.
They _______________________________________________________
5. My parentshad someone designtheir tombs.
My parents ___________________________________________________
209.
AND clause Adverb clause of result
He is kind and everyone likes him.
He is so kind that everyone likes him.
Exercise:
1. He is stubborn and everybody doesn‟t contact him.
He ________________________________________________________
2. He is greedy and everybody doesn‟t like him.
He ________________________________________________________
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3. She is selfish and everybody doesn‟t contact her.
She ________________________________________________________
4. They are rude and everybody doesn‟t like them.
They ______________________________________________________
5. He is aggressive and everybody doesn‟t like him.
He ________________________________________________________
210.
Keep + V-ING Be always V-ING
He keeps complaining about his fate.
He is always complaining about his fate.
Exercise:
1. He keeps making noise.
He is _________________.
2. They keep playing the drum.
They are ______________.
3. She keeps playing the stereo very noisily.
She is _________________.
4. You keep playing tricks on me.
You are ________________.
5. The child keeps teasing the dog.
The child is ______________.
211.
Permit Sb. To V  Would you mind if … V-ED…
Will you permit me to pick some star-fruit?
Would you mind if I picked some star-fruit?
Exercise:
1. Will you permit me to drive your car?
Would you mind __________________________?
2. Will you permit her to mend your shirt?
Would you mind __________________________?
3. Will you permit him to check your car?
Would you mind __________________________?
4. Will you permit me to check your passport?
Would you mind __________________________?
5. Will you permit the children to play in the yard?
Would you mind __________________________?
212.
V-ING … Pleasure  Enjoy + V-ING
Walking along the river gives her pleasure.
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She enjoys walking along the river.
Exercise:
1. Listening to music gives her pleasure.
She enjoys ______________________.
2. Reading comics gives the boys pleasure.
The boys enjoy ______________________.
3. Playing games gives the girl pleasure.
The girl enjoys ______________________.
4. Singing folk songs gives the woman pleasure.
The woman enjoys ______________________.
5. Drinking alcohol gives the old man pleasure.
The old man enjoys ______________________.
213.
So  Because
Because  So
Because he is poor, he can‟t study English.
He is poor so he can‟t study English.
Exercise:
1. Because the river is very deep, the children are not allowed to swim.
The river ____________________________________.
2. Because he lacks money, he can‟t buy the camera.
He lacks ____________________________________.
3. Because she got up late, she couldn‟t catch the bus.
She got ____________________________________.
4. Because he is lazy, he is fired by his boss.
He is ____________________________________.
5. Because it rained very hard, they stayed at home.
I rained ____________________________________.
214.
Cleft sentence in the passive
A sentence It + Be (For emphasizing)
She bought a new hat yesterday.
It is a new hat that was bought by her yesterday.
Exercise:
1. They grew some trees in the garden yesterday.
It is ___________________________________.
2. The farmer caught a big turtle in the field.
It is ___________________________________.
3. He has helped Mary many times.
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It is ___________________________________.
4. The car hit the old man on the street.
It is ___________________________________.
5. A peddler tempted the boy last week.
It is ___________________________________.
215.
Present participle phrases (Active meaning)Adjective clause
He saw a coach going towards Hanoi.
He saw a coach which was going towards Hanoi.
He saw an eagle perching in a tree.
He saw an eagle that was perching in a tree.
Exercise:
1. Mary saw a crocodile swimming in the pond.
Mary saw a crocodile which _______________________
2. We notice a boy lying in the hammock.
We notice a boy who _____________________________
3. She helped a woman catching a cold.
She helped a woman who _________________________
4. The police arrested the man beating a girl.
The police arrested a man who______________________
5. They hate the seller asking for high price.
They hate the seller who __________________________
216.
Past participle phrases (Passive meaning)Adjective clause
He adopted the abandoned baby.
He adopted the baby who had been abandoned.
The girl kidnapped in the supermarket is the mayor's daughter.
The girl who was kidnapped in the supermarket is the mayor's daughter.
The student punished by the teacher cried bitterly.
The student who was punished by the teacher cried bitterly.
Exercise:
1. The doctor saved the boy hit by the truck.
The doctor saved the boy who ______________________
2. The dog beaten by him is very loyal.
The dog which __________________________________
3. The farmer bitten by a snake died on the way to hospital.
The farmer who _________________________________
4. He collects the things thrown away everywhere.
He collects the things which _______________________
5. The shark caught at sea weighs two hundred kilos.
The shark which _________________________________
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217.
Phrases of placeAdjective clause
The New World is the place for the tourists to stay comfortably.
The New World is the place where the tourists can stay comfortably.
Exercise:
1. Phong Nha cave is the place for tourists to behold.
Phong Nha cave _________________________________
2. Uncle Ho‟s Mausoleum is the place for the Vietnamese to visit.
Uncle Ho‟s Mausoleum ___________________________
3. Altars are the place for us to worship our ancestors.
Altars are ______________________________________
4. Churches are the place for Christians to be to.
Churches are ___________________________________
5. Dining-room is the place for meals.
Dining-room ___________________________________
218.
Phrases of time Adjective clause
Youth is the time for the best study.
Youth is the time when people can study the best.
Exercise:
1. Old age is the time for the review of lifetime.
Old age _______________________________________
2. Marriage is the time for forgettable memory.
Marriage is _____________________________________
3. Graduation is also the time for leaving school.
Graduation is ___________________________________
4. Early age is the time for innocence.
Early age is ____________________________________
5. Christmas is the time for festival.
Christmas is ____________________________________
219.
Adjective + Noun Noun + Relative pronoun + be + Adjective
A hard student will be successful.
A student who is hard will be successful.
He dug a jar full of gold under a tree.
He dug a jar which was full of gold under a tree.
Exercise:
1. A lazy student will fail in the future.
A student ______________________________________
2. He entered the room crowded with children.
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He entered _____________________________________
3. A wicked man will harm his folks.
A man ________________________________________
4. She is a woman thirsty for fame.
She is _________________________________________
5. Bac Lieu is the place famous for aromatic longan.
Bac Lieu _______________________________________
220.
Prepositional phrase Relative pronoun + be + Prepositional phrase
The tree in front of my house is in full bloom.
The tree which is in front of my house is in full bloom.
Exercise:
1. The forest beyond the Saigon river is known for ecology.
The forest ______________________________________
2. The bird sanctuary in U Minh possesses a lot of species of birds.
The bird sanctuary _______________________________
3. He remembers the plum tree behind his grandparent‟s house.
He remembers __________________________________
4. The letter in the book reminds him of his girlfriend.
The letter ______________________________________
5. I accidentally found the ring in the corner of the drawer.
I accidentally ___________________________________
221.
Appositive phrase Relative pronoun + be + Noun
My friend, a doctor, can cure this disease.
My friend, who is a doctor, can cure this disease.
Exercise:
1. His girlfriend, a nurse, works in Cho Ray hospital.
His girlfriend ___________________________________
2. Mary introduced me her lover, a lawyer in a big city.
Mary introduced ________________________________
3. His father, a famous scientist, invented a new enzyme.
His father ______________________________________
4. She thinks of her old friend, a patient in an asylum.
She thinks of ___________________________________
5. Their teacher, a mathematician, is very devoted to them.
Their teacher ___________________________________
222.
To V (Infinitive phrase)Adjective clause
The first guest to come to the party was Mr Brown.
The first guest that came to the party was Mr Brown.
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The most intelligent student that studied in our course was jobless.
The most intelligent student to study in our course was jobless.
Exercise:
1. The guard remembered the first man to enter the hall.
The guard ______________________________________
2. The fattest woman to touch the fence shocked him.
The fattest ______________________________________
3. They admired the richest farmer to buy a tractor.
They admired ___________________________________
4. The fastest car to arrive at the finish won the first prize.
The fastest _____________________________________
5. The best student to win the prize was also offered a trip to Shanghai.
The best student _________________________________
223.
Anywhere/Somewhere  Anywhere/Somewhere + S + V
You may stay anywhere.
You may stay anywhere you like.
For a chance you should go somewhere.
For a chance you should go somewhere you like.
Exercise:
1. Everyone may live anywhere.
Everyone_______________________________________
2. The driver may drop by somewhere.
The driver ______________________________________
3. Children may learn English anywhere.
Children _______________________________________
4. In this house you may stay anywhere.
In this house ___________________________________
5. You may buy food and drink anywhere.
You may ______________________________________
224.
Prepositional phrase Time clause
He was sad about the news of her death.
He was sad when he knew the news of her death.
Once seeing a mountainous girl by the well, the hunter remembers her image for good.
Once the hunter saw a mountainous girl by the well, he remembers her image for good.
Since a child, she has dreamed of studying overseas.
Since she was a child, she has dreamed of studying overseas.
Exercise:
1. Since a child, she has been able to play the piano.
105
Since she _______________________________________
2. On seeing an accident, he stopped.
When he _______________________________________
3. She was happy about the news of her success.
She was ________________________________________
4. Once finishing the task, the soldier came back to the barracks.
Once the soldier _________________________________
5. At sunset, the woodcutter came home.
When the sun ___________________________________
225.
Present participle phrase Time clause
Having finished the work, he went home.
After he had finished the work, he went home.
Walking along the bank, he saw a fish stirring water in the river.
While he was walking along the bank, he saw a fish stirring water in the river.
Going to bed, she had done her homework.
Before she went to bed, she had done her homework.
Meeting her for the first time, he loved her.
As he met her for the first time, he loved her.
Exercise:
1. Listening to the music, he was writing his letter.
While he ______________________________________
2. Having bought the cassette-player, he found its defect.
After he _______________________________________
3. Going overseas, she had learned English for two years.
Before she _____________________________________
4. Saying goodbye, the guest left the party.
When the guest _________________________________
5. Lying in the hammock, he was reading a newspaper.
While he was ___________________________________
226.
Present perfect + for + time  It is + time + since + simple past
He has not seen me for three years.
It is three years since he last saw me.
Mary has studied in Paris for two months.
It is two months since Mary began to study in Paris.
Exercise:
1. He has not drunk wine for five years.
It is ___________________________________________
2. He has learned English for ten years.
It is ___________________________________________
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3. They have not eaten anything for two days.
It is ___________________________________________
4. Tuong Linh has stayed in Dalat for four days.
It is ___________________________________________
5. Mr Hai has not smoked for a week.
It is ___________________________________________
227.
Negative Present perfect + Before It is the first time that + Present perfect.
I have not eaten this kind of food before.
It is the first time that I have eaten this kind of food.
He has never met her before.
It is the first time that he has met her.
Exercise:
1. I have never drunk whisky before.
It is the first time ________________________________
2. She has not eaten curry before.
3. Anh Dung has never loved a girl before.
4. Yen Phi has never been to HCM city before.
5. Danh has never visited Vung Tau before.
228.
Negative present perfect + Since +Time  The last time + Simple past + Time
Notes:
- At + hour.
- On + day
- In + month/season/year
I have not smoked since June.
The last time I smoked was in June.
She has not seen him since Monday.
The last time she saw him was on Monday.
Exercise:
1. They have not used the telephone since May.
The last time ___________________________________
2. I have not seen the cat since eight o'clock.
The last time ___________________________________
3. Thao has not taken the medicine since Sunday.
The last time ___________________________________
4. The doctor has not treated a patient since autumn.
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The last time ___________________________________
5. He has not come back to the village since 1990.
The last time ___________________________________
229.
Negative simple past + until clause  It was not + until clause + That clause
He did not smoke until he was eighteen.
It was not until he was eighteen that he smoked.
Jack did not play the guitar until he lived in Rome.
It was not until Jack lived in Rome that he played the guitar.
Exercise:
1. He did not drink wine until he was thirty years old.
It was not until __________________________________
2. I did not love until I met my wife.
It was not until __________________________________
3. She did not sew until she came to the city.
It was not until __________________________________
4. We did not believe him until he offered his properties.
It was not until __________________________________
5. They did not help us until we asked them many times.
It was not until __________________________________
230.
Without phrase If clause (Fututre or normal case)
You should not go overseas without a passport.
If you do not have a passport, you should not go overseas.
You can not apply for a job without any qualifications.
If you do not have any qualifications, you can not apply for a job.
Exercise:
1. We can not make a trip without money.
If we __________________________________________
2. We can not succeed without our teachers' help.
If our teacher ___________________________________
3. She can not stay up late without coffee.
If there is_______________________________________
4. Bang can not go to school without his bicycle.
If there is_______________________________________
5. Without air we can not live.
If there is_______________________________________
231.
Present participle phrase If clause
Having finished your work, you can go out.
If you finish your work, you can go out.
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Winter coming, it will get cold.
If winter comes, it will get cold.
Exercise:
1. Having done your homework, you can watch TV.
If you _________________________________________
2. Summer coming, we will make a trip to Ha Long bay.
If summer ______________________________________
3. Helping me, you will get some money.
If you _________________________________________
4. Eating hot pepper, a baby will cry.
If a baby _______________________________________
5. Swimming in a large river, you will find it difficult.
If you _________________________________________
232.
Prepositional phrase If clause
In your free time, you should go on trips.
If you have free time, you should go on trips.
With a lot of money, he can build a castle.
If he has a lot of money, he can build a castle.
Exercise:
1. With a key,he will open the door.
If he __________________________________________
2. In case of heavy rain, the farmers will get bad crops.
If it ___________________________________________
3. At sunset, the hunter will return.
If the sun _______________________________________
4. On arrival of the queen, children will get gifts.
If the queen ____________________________________
5. Due to severe weather, old people can die.
If the weather ___________________________________
233.
To/In order to inf. So that clause
He went to Singapore to study English.
He went to Singapore so that he could study English.
In order to catch fish, the farmer had the water in the pond pumped out.
The farmer had the water in the pond pumped out so that he could catch fish.
Exercise:
1. In order to propose to her, he has bought a lot of things.
He has bought __________________________________
2. They went to HCM City to learn computer science.
109
They went ______________________________________
3. In order to be rich he has taken a lot of bribes.
He has taken ____________________________________
4. They collected a lot of sticks to make fire.
They collected __________________________________
5. In order to learn English, she buys some books and cassette tapes.
She buys ______________________________________
234.
Phrase of purpose So that phrase
She went to the department store for some sugar.
She went to the department store so that she might buy some sugar.
Exercise:
1. Mr Smith goes to the chemist's for some medicine.
Mr Smith ______________________________________
2. On purpose of getting money, he can get any job.
He can _________________________________________
3. On serving the guests, he killed two chickens.
He killed ______________________________________
4. For her, he bought a diamond ring.
He bought ___________________________ to please her.
5. With the intention of teasing her, they put some mice into her mosquito net.
They put _______________________________________
235.
Adverb phrase of manner Clause of manner
I will do the job to the best of my ability.
I will do the job as well as I can.
The rich man gets dressed like a poor one.
The rich man gets dressed as if he were a poor one.
He worked hard like a slave.
He worked as hard as a slave did.
Exercise:
1. She talks in the public like an orator.
She talks ______________________________________
2. He wrote the declaration to the best of his knowledge.
He wrote ______________________________________
3. The crocodile lies like a death.
The crocodile ___________________________________
4. We consider him our brother.
We consider ____________________________________
5. He looks weak like a baby.
He looks _______________________________________
110
236.
Too ... to So ... That
Phrase  Clause
Jack is too short to reach the top of the table.
Jack is so short that he can not reach the top of the table.
Bill Gates is intelligent enough to become the richest man.
Bill Gates is so intelligent that he becomes the richest man.
It is too cold for everybody to go out.
It is so cold that everybody can not go out.
His pain was too sharp for him to sleep.
His pain was so sharp that he could not sleep.
Exercise:
1. That girl is too ugly to participate in the beauty contest.
That girl _______________________________________
2. The car travels too slowly to get there on time.
The car ________________________________________
3. Khanh Nhu is too busy to go to the cinema.
Khanh Nhu ____________________________________
4. Jane learns too lazily to pass any exam.
Jane learns _____________________________________
5. The river is too large for us to swim across.
The river ______________________________________
237.
Too ... to Such ... That
Phrase  Clause
It is too cold for everybody to go out.
It is such a cold day that everybody can not go out.
His pain was too sharp for him to sleep.
He had such a sharp pain that he could not sleep.
Exercise:
1. It is too hot for the dog to go out.
It is such ______________________________________
2. The chicken is too big for him to eat alone.
It is such ______________________________________
3. His dog is too fierce for the strangers to enter the house.
He has such ____________________________________
4. He was too sick to work in the workshop.
He has such ____________________________________
5. The fish was too big for him to carry.
It was such _____________________________________
238.
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Enough ... to So ... That
Phrase  Clause
The woman is credulous enough to be cheated.
The woman is so credulous that she is cheated.
The tea is cool enough for you to drink now.
The tea is so cool that you can drink it now.
The wind was strong enough for the mill to work well.
The wind was so strong that the mill could work well.
Exercise:
1. He is old enough to retire.
He is so _______________________________________
2. They are rich enough to buy a yacht.
They are so ____________________________________
3. He is ill enough to be taken to hospital.
He is so ________________________________________
4. He is intelligent enough to learn ten languages.
He is so ________________________________________
5. The river is deep enough to carry sea-going ships.
The river is so ___________________________________
239.
Enough ... to Such ... That
Phrase  Clause
The wind was strong enough for the mill to work well.
It was such a strong wind that the mill could work well.
Exercise:
1. He was strong enough to root a big tree out.
He was such ____________________________________
2. She was witty enough to make up funny stories.
She is such _____________________________________
3. He was patient enough to wait for her in the rain.
He was such ____________________________________
4. The foreigner spoke clearly enough for us to understand.
The foreigner spoke such _________________________
5. His daughter is beautiful enough to take part in the beauty contest.
He has such_____________________________________
240.
As phrase Adverb of concession
As a doctor, he can not support his family.
Though he is a doctor, he can not support his family.
Exercise:
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1. As a hard worker, he can not earn enough money.
Though he works ________________________________
2. As a chairman of a province, he is very poor.
Although he is __________________________________
3. As a householder, he always depends on his wife.
Though he is
4. As a city-dweller, he never goes to a restaurant.
Although he is __________________________________
5. As a farmer, Mr Danh can make a plane.
Though he is ____________________________________
241.
In spite of/ Despite phrase Adverb of concession
In spite of a lot of hardship, Vietnam Communist Party has led Vietnamese people to one
after another victory.
Although there has been a lot of hardship, Vietnam Communist Party has led Vietnamese
people to one after another victory.
Despite the long distance between Hue and Lang Son, his mother pays a visit to him
every month.
Even though there is the long distance between Hue and Lang Son, his mother pays a
visit to him every month.
Exercise:
1. Despite his poverty, he learns excellently.
Although he is __________________________________
2. In spite of heavy rain, they went out to look for her.
Though it rained _________________________________
3. Despite his blindness at early age, Louis Braille invented Braille.
Although Louis Braille ___________________________
4. In spite of his defect, he won a gold medal in Para Games.
Although he was ________________________________
5. Despite a master of mathematics, he solves some exercises in the textbook wrongly.
Although he is __________________________________
242.
Past participle  Adverb of concession
Wounded seriously in the battle, Tru Van Tho tried to cover the hole of the blockhouse
with his own body.
Although Tru Van Tho was wounded seriously in the battle, he tried to cover the hole of
the blockhouse with his own body.
Exercise:
1. Beaten bitterly by its master, the dog was always loyal to him.
Although the dog ________________________________
2. Treated badly by his step-mother, Man Tu Khien loved and respected her.
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Although Man Tu Khien __________________________
3. Abandoned by his wife, he was not disappointed.
Though he was __________________________________
4. Born into a farmer family, he can speak many languages.
Though he was __________________________________
5. Punished by the teacher, she still admires him.
Although she is __________________________________
243.
Present participle  Adverb of concession
Staying very far from the lighthouse, we can see its light every night.
Though we stay very far from the lighthouse, we can see its light every night.
Exercise:
1. Living in the countryside, he can access internet.
Though he lives _________________________________
2. Mastering all the laws, that lawyer still committed a terrible crime.
Although that lawyer mastered _____________________
3. Riding horses for five years, the jockey fell off that horse.
Though the jockey has ___________________________
4. Living with him for a long time, she has not known he is a spy.
Although she has lived ___________________________
5. Eating delicious food, the patient can not enjoy the taste.
Although the patient eats __________________________
244.
Without phrase  Adverb of concession
Without money, he managed to enter the stadium to watch an important football match.
Although he had no money, he managed to enter the stadium to watch an important
football match.
Exercise:
1. Without any qualification, he became a director.
Although he did not have _________________________
2. Without handsome appearance, he could marry her.
Though he had no _______________________________
3. Without a ticket, the boy could enter the theatre.
Though the boy had no ____________________________
4. He can learn English without any fee.
Although he does not _____________________________
5. That man can catch snakes without any tools.
Though that man has no ___________________________
245.
Appositive phrase  Adverb of concession
He, a poor student, can win a national prize.
114
He can win a national prize although he is a poor student.
Exercise:
1. Mr Danh, a farmer, can make a plane.
Mr Danh can ____________________________________
2. Mrs Lan, a weak and thin woman, can support her family.
Although Mrs Lan is _____________________________
3. Thomas Edison, an elementary student, invented hundreds of useful things.
Although Thomas Edison is ________________________
4. The man, a humble soldier, did not betray his country.
Though that man was ____________________________
5. That weapon, a small box, can kill a lot of people.
Though that weapon is ____________________________
246.
Prepositional phrase  Adverb of concession
In a remote small village, he gains a worldwide fame.
Although he lives in a remote small village, he gains a worldwide fame.
From a soldier at first, he becomes a general today.
Though he was a soldier at first, he becomes a general today.
Whether poor or rich, all people can learn English well.
Although people are poor or rich, all of them can learn English well.
Exercise:
1. Whether a man or a woman, any person can be a candidate.
Although a person is ______________________________
2. Under the capitalism, Carl Marx could realize the approach of socialism.
Though Carl Marx _______________________________
3. In spite of a newcomer in the party, he holds a high position.
Though he is ____________________________________
4. In prison, Uncle Ho could compose immortal poems.
Though Uncle Ho was ____________________________
5. At the bottom of the division, the footballers did not feel ashamed.
Although their team was __________________________
245.
Present participle phrase  Adverb clause of concession
Working very hard, he can not earn his living.
Hard as he works, he can not earn his living.
Exercise:
1. Studying very hard, he could not pass the exam.
Hard as he ______________________________________
2. Living very honestly, he is believed by few people.
Honestly as he __________________________________
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3. Serving her mother-in-law very dutifully, she could not gain any love.
Dutifully as she__________________________________
4. Working very enthusiastically, he is not chosen “a good teacher”.
Enthusiastically as he _____________________________
5. Fighting bravely in the field, he was blamed by his officer.
Bravely as he ___________________________________
248.
Prepositional phrase  Adverb clause of cause
Because of her stubbornness, her friends do not like her.
Because she is stubborn, her friends do not like her.
Due to the bad crop, the farmer is in debt.
Because the crop is bad, the farmer is in debt.
Thanks to the teacher's devoted help, he finished his doctorate thesis.
As the teacher had helped him devotedly, he finished his doctorate thesis.
Owing to the heavy rain, the tomato crop was destroyed.
Since it rained heavily, the tomato crop was destroyed.
In urgent need of money, he went to the bank.
As he was in urgent need of money, he went to the bank.
Without rice, people in the area eat sweet potatoes.
People in the area eat sweet potatoes because there is no rice.
He stays at home by reason of his illness.
He stays at home since he is ill.
On account of the shortage of fuel, the government request people to save it.
Because fuel becomes short, the government requests people to save it.
Behind a tall man, she could not see the corpse.
As she stood behind a tall man, she could not see the corpse.
Exercise:
1. Because of illness, she could not take the exam.
Because she ____________________________________
2. Due to the muddy road, he could not drive fast.
Because the road ________________________________
3. Thanks to his friend‟s money, he could pay his tuition fee.
Because he had __________________________________
4. Owing to wounded leg, the soldier stayed in a cave.
Because his leg __________________________________
5. In urgent need of knowledge, they have bought a lot of books.
Because they____________________________________
249.
Present participle phrase  Adverb clause of cause
Having broken the vase, Mary was punished.
Because Mary had broken the vase, she was punished.
Living in the countryside, people have some disadvantages.
116
Because they live in the countryside, they have some disadvantages.
Exercise:
1. Having committed a crime, he was put in prison.
Because he had __________________________________
2. Having lived near the airport for twenty years, the old man became deaf.
Because the man had _____________________________
3. Playing with bad friends, the boy becomes spoiled.
Because the boy _________________________________
4. Touching the ink, his hand is very dirty.
Because he _____________________________________
5. Sleeping on the board, he had a backache.
Because he slept _________________________________
250.
Past participle phrase  Adverb clause of cause
Tied at the tree, he could not run away.
Because he was tied at the tree, he could not run away.
Put in prison, he can not have participated in the robbery.
Because he was put in prison, he can not have participated in the robbery.
Exercise:
1. Wounded in the battle, the soldier could not run away.
Because the soldier _______________________________
2. Punished by his father, the boy stayed at home.
Because the boy _________________________________
3. Broken into pieces, the vase could not be on display.
Because the vase_________________________________
4. Stunk by some bees, he was taken to hospital.
Because he was _________________________________
5. Forbidden by her mother, the girl could not go to the party.
Because the girl _________________________________
251.
Except + phrase Except that + clause
She was an excellent student except her sickness.
She was an excellent student except that she was sick.
Except the scar on her face, she is a beautiful girl.
She is a beautiful girl except that there is a scar on her face.
Exercise:
1. Except his laziness, the boy is very good.
The boy is _____________________________________
2. Except his running nose, he is very healthy.
He is very _____________________________________
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3. Except her black complexion, the girl was very beautiful.
The girl was ____________________________________
4. He answered all the question except question 8.
He answered ____________________________________
5. He is very handsome except his rotten armpits.
He is very ______________________________________
252.
Do you want me/would you like me  Shall I
Do you want me to shut the door?
Shall I shut the door?
Exercise:
1. Do you want me to clean the house?
Shall I _____________________________________________?
2. Would you like me to arrange the tables?
Shall I _____________________________________________?
3. Do you want me to water the flowers in the garden?
Shall I _____________________________________________?
4. Where do you want me to put the bookcase?
Where shall I ________________________________________?
5. Would you like me to scratch your back?
Shall I _____________________________________________?
253.
Let’s  Shall we
Let‟s go to the zoo.
Shall we go to the zoo?
Exercise:
1. Let‟s set up a meeting to solve this problem.
Shall we _____________________________________________?
2. Let‟s stop here and drink something fresh.
Shall we _____________________________________________?
3. Let‟s go swimming in the river.
Shall we _____________________________________________?
4. Let‟s watch a video film now.
Shall we _____________________________________________?
5. Let‟s cut that big tree down tomorrow.
Shall we _____________________________________________?
254.
Let’s Why don’t we/What about/How about
Let‟s play a game.
Why don‟t we play a game?/ What about playing a game?/How about playing a game?
118
Exercise:
1. Let‟s help that old woman living in the small hut.
Why don‟t we _____________________________________________?
2. How about planting some roses in the garden?
Let‟s _____________________________________________________?
3. What about holding a party next week?
Shall we ___________________________________________________?
4. Shall we collect the old clothes for homeless children?
How about _________________________________________________?
5. Let‟s raise some chickens for Tet holiday.
Why don‟t we _______________________________________________?
255.
Never … such  superlative degree
I have never seen such a big fish.
It is the biggest fish I have ever seen.
Exercise:
1. I have never been to such a big party.
It is ___________________________________________
2. He has never eaten such delicious food.
That is ___________________________________________
3. I have never seen such a sad scene.
That is ___________________________________________
4. She has never made such a nice dress.
It is ___________________________________________
5. They have never played such a beautiful game.
It is ___________________________________________
256.
Never … positive degree  superlative degree
I have never eaten a meal as delicious as this.
This is the most delicious meal I have ever eaten.
Exercise:
1. I have never written a composition as long as this.
This is ___________________________________________
2. The baker has never baked a loaf of bread as long as this.
This is ___________________________________________
3. The farmer has never harvested a pumpkin as big as that.
That is ___________________________________________
4. He has never watched a film as horrible as this.
This is ___________________________________________
119
5. Mr Smith has never taught a student as intelligent as this.
This is ___________________________________________
257.
Two nouns/pronouns What
He is eating something. I am not interested in it.
I am not interested in what he is eating.
Exercise:
1. He is drawing something. I do not pay attention to it.
I do not ___________________________________________
2. He said something. I didn‟t hear it.
I didn‟t ___________________________________________
3. She grasps something. He wants to see it.
He wants ___________________________________________
4. He gave her something. They couldn‟t see it.
They couldn‟t _______________________________________
5. He was awarded with many things. She wanted to get them.
She wanted _________________________________________
258.
The way/how
This is the way. She cooks it in this way.
This is the way she cooks it/this is how she cooks it.
Exercise:
1. This is the way. Theymake it in this way.
This is _________________________________________________
2. It was the way. We carried out the plan in that way.
It was _________________________________________________
3. It will be the way. They will work in that way.
It will_________________________________________________
4. It is the way. The workers will build that bridge in this way.
It is ___________________________________________________
5. That is the way. The snake kills the frog in that way.
That is _________________________________________________
259.
The reason/why
He didn‟t know the reason. She had failed for that reason.
He didn‟t know the reason why she had failed.
She doesn‟t know the reason. He didn‟t come for that reason.
She doesn‟t know the reason why he didn‟t come.
Exercise:
120
1. She doesn‟t know the reason. He didn‟t come for that reason.
She doesn‟t ________________________________________________
2. They will understand the reason. I quit my job for the reason.
They will ________________________________________________
3. Jack knew the reason. She left him for that reason.
Jack knew ________________________________________________
4. You don‟t consider the reason. You failed for that reason.
You don‟t ________________________________________________
5. Mary hasn‟t known the reason. I gave her a gift for that reason.
Mary hasn‟t ________________________________________________
260.
Inversion with adverb clause of concession: as
She learns very lazily, but she gets good marks.
Lazily as she learns, she gets good marks.
Exercise:
1. He tried so hard, but he failed in his business.
Hard as _________________________________
2. They work very hard, but they cannot earn enough money.
Hard as _________________________________
3. Kathy jogs very slowly, but she wins the contest.
Slowly as ________________________________
4. Michael eats very little, but he is fat.
Little as _________________________________
5. Mai eats a lot, but she is slim.
A lot as _________________________________
261.
Inversion with adverb clause of time: no sooner … than
He had no sooner come back than he had to return to the front.
No sooner had he come back than he had to return to the front.
Exercise:
1. She had no sooner come home than she cooked the meal.
No sooner _________________________________________
2. They had no sooner graduated from university than they got good jobs.
No sooner _________________________________________
3. He had no sooner worked than he finished the task.
No sooner _________________________________________
4. I had no sooner come home than it rained very hard.
No sooner _________________________________________
5. We had no sooner giver him some money than he begged some more.
No sooner _________________________________________
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262.
Inversion with adverb clause of result: such … that
She is such an excellent student that she can pass any examination.
Such an excellent student is she that she can pass any examination.
Exercise:
1. He is such a handsome boy that he can attract a lot of girls.
Such a ______________________________________________________
2. She cooked such a big chicken that they couldn‟t eat it out.
Such a ______________________________________________________
3. The students have such a difficult problem that they can‟t solve it.
Such a ______________________________________________________
4. Hong Nhung has such a good bike that she can ride it everywhere.
Such a ______________________________________________________
5. Toan is such a hard student that he goes to class even on a rainy day.
Such a ______________________________________________________
263.
Inversion with negative and semi-negative words
Negative or semi-negative words: No, never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely,...
He has never drunk wine before.
Never has he drunk wine before.
He stops learning in no circumstance.
In no circumstance does he stop learning.
Exercise:
1. They have never been to Sapa before.
Never _________________________________________
2. He will abandon his friends in no circumstance.
In no circumstance _______________________________
3. She has hardly worn her new dress.
Hardly _________________________________________
4. I seldom drink wine.
Seldom ________________________________________
5. You rarely helped me then.
Rarely _________________________________________
264.
Inversion with Only
He began to learn German only when he stayed in Ho Chi Minh city.
Only when he stayed in Ho Chi Minh city did he begin to learn German.
They decided on the trip only yesterday.
Only yesterday did they decide on the trip.
Exercise:
122
1. He began to love only when he worked in a company.
Only when _____________________________________
2. He stayed only in a cheap hotel.
Only in ________________________________________
3. They make a trip only in summer.
Only in ________________________________________
4. She went to bed only at ten o'clock.
Only at ________________________________________
5. Timothy can smoke only the cigars from Cuba.
Only at ________________________________________
265.
Inversion with Conditional sentences
If you were there now, you could enjoy the fun.
Were you there now, you could enjoy the fun.
If they had studied Japanese at university, they could have found good jobs.
Had they studied Japanese at university, they could have found good jobs.
Exercise:
1. If he were a millionaire, he would move to the sea.
Were he _______________________________________
2. If they had witnessed the scene, they would have been very disappointed.
Had they _______________________________________
3. She could win the prize if she tried her best.
Did she ________________________________________
4. I would have given you some paper if I had had my briefcase.
Had I __________________________________________
5. If she were beautiful, she could be a model.
Were she _______________________________________
266.
Inversion with SO…THAT
He ran so fast that nobody could catch him.
So fast does he run that nobody could catch him.
Exercise:
1. They worked so hard that they became exhausted.
So hard ________________________________________
2. He is so intelligent that he can solve the upper exercises.
So intelligent ___________________________________
3. He was so lazy that he did nothing yesterday.
So lazy ________________________________________
4. We were so poor that we ate only sweet potatoes.
So poor ________________________________________
5. The case iss so heavy that she can not carry it.
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So heavy ______________________________________
267.
Inversion with “Not until”
He hadn‟t been married until he was forty years old.
Not until he was forty years old had he been married.
Exercise:
1. The refugees continued to feel unsafe until they had crossed the border.
Not until ____________________________________________
2. She hadn‟t seen Ho Chi Minh‟s Mausoleum until she had a chance to go to Hanoi.
Not until ____________________________________________
3. They hadn‟t seen a huge wave until they were in Phuket last year.
Not until ____________________________________________
4. Toan hadn‟t learned English well until he met his teacher.
Not until ____________________________________________
5. Thao hadn‟t known an English writer until she met her teacher.
Not until ____________________________________________
268.
Noun clause  Infinitive phrase
He hopes that she will accept his proposition.
He hopes her to accept his proposition.
Exercise:
1. I expect that he will get there by lunchtime.
I expect ___________________________________
2. They wish that she would cooperate with them.
They wish ____________________________________________
3. She expected that he would buy a present for her.
She expected ____________________________________________
4. They wanted that Mary could win a national prize.
They wanted ____________________________________________
5. She desires that her husband will be successful in his business.
She desires ____________________________________________
269.
Be successful  break the record
Her first attempt on the Olympic Games record was successful.
She broke the Olympic Games record at/on her first attempt.
Exercise:
1. His second attempt on the world record was successful.
He broke _______________________________________
2. Onga‟s third attempt on the world record was lucky.
124
Onga broke _______________________________________
3. Mike‟s first attempt on the world record was victorious.
Mike broke _______________________________________
4. Martha‟s only attempt on the world record was successful.
Martha broke _______________________________________
5. Henry‟s last attempt on the world record was successful.
Henry broke _______________________________________
270.
Main clause in negative form  Phrase with “without”
Jack doesn‟t say anything when he waves to them.
Jack waves to them without saying anything.
Exercise:
1. She didn‟t say a word as she left the room.
She left _____________________________________
2. John didn‟t give her anything when he said goodbye.
Jack has ______________________________________________
3. They don‟t support us when they live with us.
They lived _____________________________________________
4. Thomas doesn‟t meet his penpal in America when he contacts him via e-mails.
Thomas contacted _______________________________________
5. They didn‟t feed the cows when they raised them in the steppe.
They raise ______________________________________________
271.
Never  At no time
He is never interested in his father-in-law‟s property.
At no time is he interested in his father-in-law‟s property.
Exercise:
1. The result of the match was never in doubt.
At no time ________________________________
2. She has never been to Ho Chi Minh city.
At no time ________________________________
3. Khoa never stays in Sapa for a day.
At no time ________________________________
4. Dat is never accustomed to cold weather.
At no time ________________________________
5. Thao has never drunk beer in her life.
At no time ________________________________
272.
Phrase with “Immediately after”  No sooner … than
Immediately after their saying goodbye, she went to bed.
125
No sooner had they said goodbye than she went to bed.
Exercise:
1. Immediately after his arrival, things went wrong.
No sooner _________________________________________
2. Immediately after her leaving, they began their work.
No sooner _________________________________________
3. Immediately after other students‟ coming home, Khoa put the stools and table away.
No sooner _________________________________________
4. Immediately after the student‟s paying his fee, the cashier gave him a receipt.
No sooner _________________________________________
5. Immediately after my support, the students made great progress.
No sooner _________________________________________
273.
“Apply for the job” clause  “Application” ..phrase
He applied for the job but the boss turned down.
His application for the job was turned down by the boss.
Exercise:
1. I applied for the job but was turned down.
My application ________________________________
2. Martin applies for the position but is turned down.
Martin‟s application _____________________________
3. You applied for the job but was turned down.
Your application ________________________________
4. We apply for the position but are turned down.
Our application ________________________________
5. She applied for the job but was turned down.
Her application ________________________________
274.
Be determined  have no intention of
The general was determined to withdraw the forces.
The general had no intention of attacking.
Exercise:
1. The Prime Minister was determined to remain in office.
The Prime Minister ______________________________
2. The director is determined to stop the project.
The director _____________________________________________
3. The principal was determined to cut down the courses.
The principal _____________________________________________
4. The chairman was determined to prolong the meeting.
126
The chairman ____________________________________________
5. The leader is determined to launch a campaign.
The leader _____________________________________
275.
Should have been +PP  deserved + N
Jack‟s excellent accomplisment should have been awarded with a gold medal.
Jack deserved a gold medal for his excellent accomplisment.
Exercise:
1. The students‟ riotous behaviour should have been severely punished.
The students deserved _______________________________________
2. Khoa‟s hard work should have awarded with some prize.
Khoa deserves _______________________________________________
3. Mr Danh‟s own plane should have been awarded with compliments.
Mr Danh deserved ____________________________________________
4. The student‟s honesty should have been praised.
The student may deserve _______________________________________
5. The peddler‟s dishonest should have been punished.
The peddler deserves __________________________________________
276.
The chances are that In all probability
The chances are that he may be admitted to a university next year.
In all probability he may be admitted to a university next year.
Exercise:
1. The chances are that the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term.
In all probability _________________________________________________
2. The chances are that you may get a good job in the future.
3. The chances are that the farmers will have a good crop next year.
4. The chances are that he may get married to a rich wife.
5. The chances are that the level of sea water will be high.
277.
Be proud of being  pride oneself on
He is proud of being a good student.
He prides himself on studying well.
Exercise:
1. She is proud of being such a good cook.
127
She prides _______________________________
2. They were proud of being Vietnamese citizens.
They pride _______________________________
3. I am proud of being a good teacher.
I prided _________________________________
4. Frank was proud of being a good researcher.
Frank prides _______________________________
5. Kathy is proud of being a good dancer.
Kathy prides _______________________________
278.
Be ignored  Not take any notice of
The victim‟s protest is ignored.
Nobody takes any notice of the victim‟s protest.
Exercise:
1. My protests were ignored.
Nobody took _______________________
2. Your protest will be ignored in the future.
Nobody took _______________________
3. Our protests may be ignored by the council.
The council took ____________________
4. Their protest was ignored by the referee.
The referee took ____________________
5. Her protests have been ignored by the authorities.
The authorities took _________________
279.
By mistake Not … deliberately
It is certain that she got the parcel by mistake.
It is certain that she didn‟t get the parcel deliberately.
Exercise:
1. I‟m sure he took your briefcase by mistake.
I‟m sure _________________________________
2. She is sure that Jack put on her coat by mistake.
She‟s sure _________________________________
3. It is clear that the drunkard entered the house by mistake.
It is clear _________________________________
4. They are sure that their son took the bike by mistake.
They are sure ______________________________
5. He confirms that he breaks the vase by mistake.
He‟s sure _________________________________
280.
128
N (time)  Adj (time) instalment
He pays £1 a day for a period of one month.
He pays in thirty successive daily instalments of £1.
Exercise:
1. You pay £20 a month for a period of one year.
You pay _________________________________
2. She pays $5 a day for a period of one week.
She pays _________________________________
3. They paid €10 a week for a period of one year.
They pay _________________________________
4. We pay ¥500 a quarter for a period of one year.
They pay _________________________________
5. I paid $50 a day for a period of one week.
I pay ____________________________________
281.
Two simple sentences with future tenses Once clause with present perfect
She will cook the lunch. Then she will leave home.
Once she has cooked the lunch, she will leave home.
Exercise:
1. He‟ll settle down. Then his performance will improve.
Once __________________________________________
2. They will dig a pond. Then they will grow some vegetables.
Once __________________________________________
3. I will finish my homework. Then I will watch a football match on TV.
Once __________________________________________
4. Khoa will take Vy to her class. Then he will go to his school.
Once __________________________________________
5. Toan will buy a tank. Then he can raise some fish.
Once __________________________________________
282.
Would prefer + phrase  would rather + clause
I‟d prefer you not to take that course.
I‟d rather you didn‟t take that course.
Exercise:
1. We‟d prefer you not to smoke.
We‟d _________________________________
2. He‟d prefer her to accept his invitation.
He‟d _________________________________
3. Hong Nhung‟d prefer Dat to copy the material.
129
Hong Nhung‟d _______________________________
4. Margaret„d prefer him not to follow her.
Margaret‟d _________________________________
5. Bob‟d prefer Daisy not to buy that card.
Bob‟d ____________________________________
283.
Should +V It’s (high) time
He should wash his clothes today.
It‟s high time he washed his clothes today.
Exercise:
1. You really should be able to dress yourself by now!
It‟s high time ________________________________
2. She should clean the room now.
It‟s high time ________________________________
3. Thao should learn English regularly nowadays
It‟s high time ________________________________
4. Vy should not stay in the sun.
It‟s high time ________________________________
5. They should go to work on time.
It‟s high time ________________________________
284.
Provided  So long as
Provided he keeps silent, he may follow them.
So long as he shows his silence, he may follow them.
Exercise:
1. Provided your handwriting is legible the examiner will accept your answer.
So long as _____________________________________________________
2. Provided he is dutiful, his parents will let him inherit some property.
So long as _____________________________________________________
3. Provided you work hard, the boss will give you high salary.
So long as _____________________________________________________
4. Provided he believes in her, she will be loyal to him.
So long as _____________________________________________________
5. Provided she accepts his proposition, he will do everything for her.
So long as _____________________________________________________
285.
Without phrase  If clause (Present past unreal)
Without her support, he would never be successful in his examination.
If she didn‟t support him, he would never be successful in his examination.
Exercise:
130
1. Without his help we would all have died.
If it ________________________________________________
2. Without the director‟s approval, he couldn‟t have worked in the factory.
If the director ___________________________________________
3. Without fine weather, the farmers couldn‟t harvest a good crop.
If the weather __________________________________________
4. Without her money, he couldn‟t have finished his university degree.
If she ________________________________________________
5. Without Jack‟s loaf of bread, the man would have died of hunger in the forest.
If Jack ________________________________________________
286.
May…?  Would you mind…?
May I use you mobile phone?
Would you mind allowing me to use you mobile phone?
Exercise:
1. May I borrow your pen?
Would you mind _______________________?
2. May I see your passport?
Would you mind _______________________?
3. May I take a photograph in this place?
Would you mind _______________________?
4. May I turn on the air-conditioner?
Would you mind _______________________?
5. May I pick some guavas in the orchard?
Would you mind _______________________?
287.
As…as …, and …  No matter WH
You can drink as much beer as you like, and you shouldn‟t make any trouble.
No matter how much beer you drink, you you shouldn‟t make any trouble.
Exercise:
1. You can use it as long as you like, and it won‟t wear out.
No matter how ___________________________________
2. He can spend as much money as he likes, and he doesn‟t gamble.
No matter how ___________________________________
3. She can stay here as long as she likes, and she doesn‟t make noise.
No matter how ___________________________________
4. They can pick as many plums as they like, and they don‟t break the sticks.
No matter how ___________________________________
5. We stay up as late as we like, and we don‟t bother the neighbours.
131
No matter how ___________________________________
288.
Complex sentence with coditional clause  Compound sentence
If he learns at C level, he can speak English well.
He learns at C level, and he can speak English well.
Exercise:
1. If the work is finished by lunchtime you can go home.
Get the work___________________________________
2. If she has a beautiful dress, she can participate in the contest.
She has had _____________________________________________
3. If they dig a pond, they can raise fish.
They dug _______________________________________________
4. If he clears the meadow, he can grow roses.
He clears ________________________________________________
5. If Nam Anh leaves his bad friends, he can learn well.
Nam Anh leaves __________________________________________
289.
Accuse sb of  put blame on sb
They accused him of breaking the vase.
They put the blame on him for breaking the vase.
Exercise:
1.They accused me of causing the accident.
They put ______________________________
2. He accused you of scratching the paint of his car.
Hey put ______________________________
3. She accused us of frightening her beloved cat.
She put ______________________________
4. The man accused them of stealing the car.
The man put ___________________________
5. The girl accused him of copying her paper.
The girl put _____________________________
290.
Compulsory  have to
Is English compulsory at secondary school in Vietnam?
Have
Do the students have to learn English at secondary school in Vietnam?
Exercise:
1. Is homework compulsory at that school?
Have
132
Do they have _________________________________?
2. Is singing the national anthem compulsory at flag salute in Vietnam?
Have
A. Do people have _______________________________________?
3. Is mathematics compulsory in Vietnamese graduation examinations?
Have
A. Do the students have _________________________________?
4. Is football a compulsory event in the Olympic Games?
Have
Will the players have ___________________________________?
5. Is electricity compulsory in modern life?
Have
Will people have ____________________________________?
291.
Empty  nothing left
The tank was completely empty.
Left
There was nothing left in the tank.
Exercise:
1. The fridge is completely empty.
Left
There‟s ________________________
2. The basket is completely empty.
Left
There‟s _________________________________
3. The glass was completely empty.
Left
There was _______________________________
4. The trolley is completely empty.
Left
There„s _________________________________
5. The drawer was completely empty.
Left
There will _______________________________
292.
Must  Be essential
He must obey the officer.
It is essential that he obey the officer.
Exercise:
1. You must be on time for your interview.
133
Essential
It is essential __________________________________
2. She must do her assignment at work.
Essential
It is essential ___________________________________
3. The architect must show the design to the engineers.
Essential
It is essential ___________________________________
4. They must comply with the discipline.
Essential
It is essential ___________________________________
5. The driver must drive on the right in Vietnam.
Essential
It is essential ___________________________________
293.
Would rather Preference
He‟d rather they registered for the course.
His preference would be/is the registration for the course.
that they should register for the course.
Exercise:
1. I‟d rather we started at seven.
Preference
My preference would be/is ______________________
2. She‟d rather she learned English now.
Preference
Her preference would be ________________________________
3. They‟d rather they grew roses in the garden.
Preference
Their preference would be ________________________________
4. The director‟d rather the company launched a new campaign.
Preference
The director‟s preference would be ____________________________
5. Jack‟d rather he attended the picnic.
Preference
Jack‟s preference would be ________________________________
294.
Two simple sentences Double comparative
He was thirty. He became tired.
The thirtier he was, the more tired he became.
Exercise:
134
1. New Year comes near. People are busy.
The nearer ___________________________
2. He studies more. His study becomes more difficult.
The more ___________________________
3. It becomes dark. It becomes cold.
The darker ___________________________
4. He becomes fat. His health becomes worse.
The fatter ___________________________
5. She becomes old. She becomes weak.
The older ___________________________
295.
As soon as  No sooner than
She went to bed as soon as she turned off the lights.
No sooner had she turned off the lights than she went to bed.
Exercise:
1. The soldier jumped onto the shore as soon as the ship touched it.
No sooner ______________________________________________
2. The fire brigade came to the scene as soon as he called them.
No sooner ______________________________________________
3. The phone rang as soon as he entered the office.
No sooner ______________________________________________
4. The bell rang as soon as he came into the exam room.
No sooner ______________________________________________
5. He turned on the TV as soon as he finished his work.
No sooner ______________________________________________
296.
Though/Although  … as …
Although he is industrious, he hasn‟t succeeded.
Industrious as he is, he hasn‟t succeeded.
Exercise:
1. Though he learned lazily, he passed any exam in his life.
Lazily as __________________________________________
2. Though she is beautiful, nobody loves her.
Beautiful as ___________________________
3. Although Thomas is fat, he runs very fast.
Fat as ________________________________
4. Though Sang lives remotely in the countryside, he gets an MA. Degree of economics.
As remotely _________________________________
5. Though she is very kind, everyone around her doesn‟t like her.
Kind as _____________________________
135
297.
No matter WH  WH-EVER
He will wear the shirt she gave, no matter how worn it is.
However worn the shirt she gave is, he will wear it.
Exercise:
1. I‟ll find the woman, no matter how long it takes.
However long ____________________________
2. He can conquer the bufallo, no matter how fierce it is.
However fierce ____________________________
3. The police will find the criminal, no matter where he hides.
Wherever ________________________________
4. The cat can catch the mouse no matter how fast it is.
However fast ______________________________
5. He will read the book, no matter what book it is.
However fast ____________________________
298.
Habit be used to +V-ing
It was not a habit of hers to get up late in the morning.
She was not used to getting up late in the morning.
Exercise:
1. It is not a habit of mine to sleep in the morning.
I am not _________________________________
2. It is not a habit of his to sing at home.
He is not _________________________________________
3. It was not a habit of Phong‟s to leave class early.
Phong was not ___________________________________
4. It is not a habit of yours to yell at everyone.
A. You are not ___________________________________
5. It was not a habit of theirs to treat us badly.
They were not ___________________________
299.
Any  WH-EVER
She could choose any of the item; it cost only 5$.
Whichever item she could choose, it cost only 5$.
Exercise:
1. You can do any of the exercise; it will still take you about twenty minutes to do it.
Whichever __________________________________________________________
2. He could learn any foreign language at university; all of them were considered equally.
Whichever __________________________________________________________
136
3. The customers can eat any dish at the buffet; they don‟t pay any more.
Whichever __________________________________________________________
4. You can sit at any place; you can see the film on the screen clearly.
Whichever __________________________________________________________
5. She could use any pen; all of them were good.
Whichever __________________________________________________________
300.
Someone’s wish Someone wants
It is her wish that her son could study overseas.
She wants her son to study overseas.
Exercise:
1. It was his father‟s wish that he should become a doctor.
His father wanted ___________________________________
2. It is his wish that his daughter could enter the school for gifted students.
He wanted ________________________________________
3. It was his grandmother‟s wish that he could become an engineer.
His grandmother wanted _____________________________
4. It was the king‟s wish that his army would beat the enemy.
The king wanted ___________________________________
5. It is my wish that you will gain the victory.
I want ___________________________________________
301.
WHETHER .. OR NOT  WH-EVER
Tigers are very dangerous, whether they are hungry or not.
However hungry tigers are, they are very dangerous.
Exercise:
1. Driving fast is dangerous, whether you are an experienced driver or not.
However ___________________________________________________
2. He can lift a cow, whether he is sick or not.
However ___________________________________________________
3. Maradona led Argentina successfully, whether he was blamed so much.
However ___________________________________________________
4. Mary can draw very beautifully, whether she is so sad.
However ___________________________________________________
5. The thief could break into the house, whether the lock was very modern.
However ___________________________________________________
302.
WHAT + S + V…  AS FAR AS + S + V
What she knows is that he has won a lot of medals.
As far as she knows, he has won a lot of medals.
137
Exercise:
1. What I know is that he still needs medical treatment.
As far as ____________________________________
2. What he knew was that she had supported him secretly.
As far as ____________________________________
3. What the director knows is that the staff has worked very lazily.
As far as ____________________________________
4. What I know is that she has suffered from a lot of miseries.
As far as ____________________________________
5. What he knows is that England have a lot of football stars.
As far as ____________________________________
303.
To V  and V
He must work hard to make up for the lost time.
This sentence can be made into two parts and those two parts can be joined by a
conjunction „and‟.
He work hard and make up the lost time.
Exercise:
1. She had to check very carefully to find the defect.
She checked _______________________________
2. They must be careful to avoid the thorns on the way.
They are ___________________________________
3. You must water the flowers to make them fresh.
You water ___________________________________
4. He must iron the clothes to make them more attractive.
He irons ____________________________________
5. I must feed the fish to make them more beautiful.
I must ______________________________________
304.
Prep. Phrase  and this is Prep. Phrase
To his eternal disgrace, he betrayed his country.
He betrayed his country and this was to his eternal disgrace.
Exercise:
1. To my surprise, he won the match.
He won _______________________
2. For them, she tried her best to work.
She tried _______________________
3. Up to her ability, she works very hard.
She works _______________________
4. To their certainty, Jack will get good marks.
138
Jack will _______________________
5. To his country, he devoted all his life.
He devoted _______________________
305.
Besides  Not only … but also
Besides robbing the poor child, he also murdered the child.
He not only robbed the poor child but also murdered the child.
Exercise:
1. Besides learning English, she also learns French.
She learns not only ________________________________
2. Besides studying at university, Jack also works for a company.
Jack not only _______________________________________
3. Besides being beautiful, Mary is also very intelligent.
Mary is not only _____________________________________
4. Besides a Mercedes, Mr. Smith also has two BMWs.
Mr. Smith has not only ________________________
5. Besides a report, Hans must write an essay.
Hans must write not only _______________________
306.
For  So
The teacher punished the children for disobedience.
The children were disobedience so the teacher punished them.
Exercise:
1. They stay at home for not doing the homework.
They don‟t ___________________________________
2. He had to go home for the shortage of money.
He was short _________________________________
3. Mary was absent from class for her sickness.
Mary was ____________________________________
4. Albert went to the market for some sugar.
Albert needed some _____________________
5. Diana felt terrified for being alone at home.
Diana was _____________________________
307.
Or  To V
We must eat or we cannot live.
We must eat to live.
Exercise:
1. We must learn or we cannot get jobs.
139
We must _____________________________
2. Jack must do homework or he cannot watch TV.
Jack must _____________________________
3. Barbara must buy sugar or she cannot cook sweet soup.
Barbara must _____________________________
4. George must practice hard or he cannot attend the contest.
George must must _____________________________
5. Jenny must get some thread or she cannot mend the trousers.
Jenny must ___________________________________
308.
Either … or  Failing …must…
You must either pay the bill at once or return the goods.
Failing prompt payment, the goods must be returned by you.
Exercise:
1. You must either learn hard or get bad marks.
Failing to learn _______________________________
2. Alex must either lock the door or he lets the thief enter the house.
Failing to lock _________________________________
3. You must write the thesis or you cannot graduate.
Failing to write _______________________________
4. He must check the gas or he might be short of it on the way.
Failing to check _______________________________
5. We must pay the tuition fee or we may not continue to learn.
Failing to pay _______________________________
309.
Not…or In the event of
He must not be late or he will be returned.
In the event of his being late, he will be returned.
Exercise:
1. She must water the flowers or they will wither.
In the event of ________________________________
2. We must feed the fish or they will die.
In the event of ________________________________
3. We must turn off the cooker or there will be a fire.
In the event of ________________________________
4. We must drive carefully or there will be accident.
In the event of ________________________________
5. John must take care or he may break the crystal cup.
In the event of ________________________________
140
310.
Yet  In spite of
He is rich, yet he is not contented.
In spite of being rich, he is not contented.
Exercise:
1. She is beautiful, yet she is not contented.
In spite of ________________________________________
2. He earn a lot of money, yet he is not pleased.
In spite of ________________________________________
3. Kathy works hard, yet she cannot support her family.
In spite of ________________________________________
4. Jimmy was careful, yet he broke the vase.
In spite of ________________________________________
5. Thanh came early, yet she could not buy a ticket.
In spite of ________________________________________
311.
For + clause  For + phrase
This coat cannot be mine, for it is too big.
For its big size, it cannot be mine.
Exercise:
1. He could not wear the trousers, for they were too small.
For their _________________________________________
2. He could not pick the fruit, for it was too high.
For its _________________________________________
3. The old woman could not carry the bag, for it was too heavy.
For its _________________________________________
4. They cannot buy the car, for it is too expensive.
For their _________________________________________
5. He cannot hear the song, for it is too low.
For their _________________________________________
312.
But  In spite of
He is very poor, but he does not complain.
In spite of being poor, he does not complain.
Exercise:
1. She tried hard, but she failed again.
In spite of _____________________________
2. Martha eats a little, but she is fat.
In spite of _____________________________
3. Michael is lazy, but he always gets good marks.
141
In spite of _____________________________
4. Hoa is not beautiful, but everybody likes her.
In spite of _____________________________
5. It was very late, but they still stayed up late.
In spite of _____________________________
313.
N  Clause
He confessed his crime.
Here the noun (his crime) has been changed into a subordinated clause.
He confessed that he was guilty of the crime.
Exercise:
1. We know his success in business.
We know that __________________________________
2. I am interested in his winning the lottery.
I am interested that ______________________________
3. Her wish is overseas study.
Her wish is that __________________________________
4. A lot of people were worried about the plane crashes in New York.
A lot of people were worried that ______________________
5. His hope is the return of his wife.
His hope is that ____________________________
314.
Prep. Phrase  Adv. Clause of time
On the arrival of the mails, the steamer will leave.
Here the adverbial phrase has been changed into a subordinate clause.
The steamer will leave as soon as the mails arrive.
Exercise:
1. He was sad about the news of her death.
He was ________________________________________
2. Once seeing a mountainous girl by the stream, the hunter remembers her image for
good.
Once the hunter _________________________________
3. Since a child, she has dreamed of studying overseas.
Since she was ____________________________________
4. On seeing the accident, she was terrified.
When she ________________________________
5. On doing a survey, they found many interesting things.
When they _______________________________
315.
Adj Adj. Clause
142
I saw a wounded bird.
Here the adjective phrase has been changed into a subordinate clause.
I saw a bird that was wounded.
Exercise:
1. He met a beautiful girl.
He met _____________________________
2. Jack has an honest friend.
Jack has ____________________________
3. Kate is a kind girl.
Kate is ______________________________
4. The student got very good marks.
The student ______________________
5. Jimmy bought a very modern car.
Jimmy bought _____________________
316.
N. Clause (object)  Noun
He declared that he was an innocent.
This Complex Sentence has been changed into a Simple Sentence as follows.
He declared his innocence.
Exercise:
1. They stated that they were successful.
They stated _____________________________
2. Mike claimed that he behaved well.
Mike claimed ____________________________
3. James considered that he was right.
James considered ________________________
4. They announced that she was unsuccessful.
They announced ___________________
5. Nancy told that her story was sad.
Nancy told ________________________
317.
N. Clause (subject) Noun phrase
How long I will stay is a doubtful?
Here, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into a Noun Clause.
The duration of my stay is doubtful.
Exercise:
1. How widethe machine is is kept secret.
The width ___________________________
2. How highthe model is is just revealed.
The height __________________________
143
3. How fast the automobile is surprises everyone.
The speed ___________________________
4. How deep the lake is is a shock to us.
The depth ______________________
5. How long submarine is is a mystery.
The length ______________________
318.
N. Clause (object)  Noun
Tell me where you live.
Here also, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into a Noun Clause.
Tell me your address.
Exercise:
1. Tell me where you were born.
Tell me ____________________________
2. Tell me when you were born.
Tell me ____________________________
3. Tell me when your father died.
Tell me ____________________________
4. Tell me where your father died.
Tell me ____________________________
5. Tell me when you were robbed.
Tell me ____________________________
319.
Adj. Clause Adv. Phrase of place
He died in the village where he lived.
Here the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adverb phrase.
He died in his native place.
Exercise:
1. He met her in the place where he learned.
He met her _____________________________
2. They made friends in the place where they worked.
They made friends ________________________
3. He saw her when he was in afuneral.
He saw __________________________________
4. Kathy‟s father died in the place where he was treated.
Kathy‟s father ______________________
5. He proposed to her in the place where they used to dance.
He proposed _________________________
320.
N. Clause (subject) Noun phrase
144
The moment that is lost is lost for ever.
Here also the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adjective Clause.
The lost moment is lost forever.
Exercise:
1. The mirror that is broken cannot be mended.
The broken mirror __________________________
2. The water that is thrown cannot be withdrawn.
The thrown water __________________________
3. The words that are spoken cannot be withdrawn.
The spoken words ___________________________
4. The man that dies cannot be revives.
The dead man _______________________
5. The tile that is paved cannot be repaved.
The paved tile ________________________
321.
Unless clause Prep. Phrase
He will not pay unless he is compelled.
Here also, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adverb Clause.
He will pay only under compulsion.
Exercise:
1. He will not work unless he is supervised.
He will ______________________________
2. She will not come unless she is invited.
She will ______________________________
3. They will help not you unless they are forced.
They will ____________________________
4. I will not finish the work unless you pay me in advance.
I will ______________________________
5. You will not given the gift unless you behave well.
You will ______________________________
322.
Whose fault At fault/Be to blame
Whose fault was it?
Who was at fault?
Who was to blame?
Exercise:
1. It was his fault.
He _________________________
2. It was her fault.
She _________________________
145
3. It was their fault.
They _________________________
4. I don‟t know whose fault it was.
I don‟t know ___________________
5. It was your fault.
You _________________________
323.
Not possible Can‟t have PP
I don‟t think it is possible that he won the prize.
He can‟t have won the prize.
Exercise:
1. It is impossible that she passed the exam.
Shecan‟t _________________________
2. It is impossible that he visited her.
He can‟t _________________________
3. It is impossible that they finished the work.
They can‟t _________________________
4. It is impossible that the baby killed a snake.
The baby can‟t ______________________
5. It is impossible that she broke the record.
She can‟t _________________________
324.
Must It is time S + V-ED
You must learn hard if you want to pass the examination.
It‟s time you learned hard if you want to pass the examination.
Exercise:
1. You must go to bed now.
It‟s time _________________________
2. They must finish their work now.
It‟s time _________________________
3. You must leave the party now.
It‟s time _________________________
4. You must check the machine.
It‟s time _________________________
5. You must boil some water.
It‟s time _________________________
325.
Not … any more Used to
I don‟t smoke cigarettes any more.
I used to smoke cigarettes.
146
Exercise:
1. They don‟t drink alcohol any more.
They _________________________
2. I don‟t eat chocolate any more.
I ____________________________
3. He doesn‟t visit me any more.
He _________________________
4. Mary doesn‟t learn here any more.
Mary _________________________
5. I don‟t playtennis any more.
I _____________________________
326.
advise + O + To V Suggest + That clause
I advise you to learn English.
I suggest that you learn English.
Exercise:
1. He advises me to buy a laptop.
He suggests _________________________
2. They advise me to learn French.
They suggest _________________________
3. She advises me to grow some flowers.
She suggests _________________________
4. I advise you to raise some fish.
I suggest ____________________________
5. They advise you to build a fence.
They suggest _________________________
327.
Be against + O + V-ING Try to stop + O + V-ING
People are against them building a factory.
People try to stop them building a factory.
Exercise:
1. People are against them building a hydraulic dam.
People try to _________________________
2. I am against you raising a dog.
I try to ______________________________
3. She is against him to grow some trees in the garden.
She tries to __________________________
4. He is against me buying the car.
He tries to ____________________________
5. They are against him breaking the wall.
147
They try to ___________________________
328.
Not expect To V Be surprised if …V…
She does not expect to see him there.
She would be surprised if she saw him there.
Exercise:
1. I do not expect to get the gift.
I would _________________________
2. He does not expect to get the money.
He would _________________________
3. She does not expect to get high salaries.
She would _________________________
4. They do not expect to see their old teacher again.
They would _________________________
5. I do not expect to win an award.
I would _________________________
329.
S + V + Adv. + Clause It + Be + For O + To V + Clause
She can understand easily what he says.
It is easy for her to understand what he says.
Exercise:
1. Mary can solve comfortably what the teacher assigns her.
It is _________________________
2. Jack can guess easily what the riddle is.
It is _________________________
3. You can live conveniently where you like.
It is _________________________
4. You can take independently what you choose.
It is _________________________
5. You can eat freely what you like.
It is _________________________
330.
As well as Not only … but also
She learns French as well as she works in the factory.
Not only does she learn French but also she works in the factory.
Exercise:
1. They get the gifts as well as take the car away.
Not only _________________________
2. She ate some food as well as took other home.
Not only _________________________
148
3. He learns at school as well as work part time.
Not only _________________________
4. He wrote an essay as well as did his homework.
Not only _________________________
5. He pulls weeds as well as grows some vegetables.
Not only _________________________
331.
It + take + O + time + To V S + spend + time + V-ING
It took her three hours to watch the film.
She spent three hours watching the film.
Exercise:
1. It took me three hours to write the essay.
I spent _________________________
2. It takes them three months to build the house.
They spend ______________________
3. It will take them five years to finish the project.
They will spend ___________________
4. It took her two hours to mend the shirt.
She spent _________________________
5. It takes us one hour to wash the dishes.
We spend __________________________
332.
Never … before It is the first time that … (present perfect)
She has never visited Paris before.
This is the first time that she has never visited Paris.
Exercise:
1. We have never been to Ha Long bay before.
It is the first _________________________
2. She has never eaten it before.
It is the first _________________________
3. They have never worked in the company before.
It is the first _________________________
4. I have never seen them before.
It is the first _________________________
5. He has never drunk it before.
It is the first _________________________
333.
Not necessary for O to V S don‟t have to/needn‟t V
It is not necessary for you to go to class on Sunday.
You needn‟t go to class on Sunday.
You don‟t have to go to class on Sunday.
149
Exercise:
1. It is not necessary for her to wash the clothes.
She needn‟t _________________________
2. It is not necessary for them to build the fence.
They needn‟t _________________________
3. It is not necessary for us to hold a party.
We don‟t have to _______________________
4. It is not necessary for him to learn Chinese.
He doesn‟t have to ______________________
5. It is not necessary for me to mend it.
I don‟t have to __________________________
334.
Still Need + V-ING Haven‟t been PP… yet
This car still needs painting.
This car has not been painted yet.
Exercise:
1. The machine still needs checking.
The machine has not been _________________________
2. The tree still needs watering.
The tree has not been _____________________________
3. The door still needs cleaning.
The door has not been _____________________________
4. The house still needs redecorating.
The house has not been _____________________________
5. The project still needs adjusting.
The project has not been _____________________________
335.
This is the last time that S + will + V S won‟t V … again
This is the last time I will help you.
I won‟t help you again.
Exercise:
1. This is the last time I will talk to you.
I won‟t _________________________
2. This is the last time she will visit me.
She won‟t _________________________
3. This is the last time he will give us some money.
He won‟t _________________________
4. This is the last time they will fly to Bermuda.
They won‟t _______________________
5. This is the last time Jenny will send hm a letter.
150
Jenny won‟t _________________________
336.
Not … so + clause So as not to V…, Clause
They didn‟t spend much money so they could save some.
So as not to spend much money, they could save some.
Exercise:
1. He didn‟t drink much beer so he could be healthy.
So as not to _________________________
2. Jack didn‟t work hard so he could save his energy.
So as not to _________________________
3. Kathy didn‟t stay up late so she could get up on time.
So as not to _________________________
4. I didn‟t learn Chinese so I could have time to focus on my project.
So as not to _________________________
5. The students didn‟t study minor subjects so they could spend time on their theses.
So as not to _________________________
337.
Sure + Clause Must have PP
I am sure that he attended the meeting.
He must have attended the meeting.
Exercise:
1. He is sure that she stole his watch.
She must have _________________________
2. They are sure that they locked the door.
They must have ________________________
3. She is sure that she sent him an email.
She must have ________________________
4. I am sure that you broke the vase.
You must have ________________________
5. I am sure that she supported you.
She must have ________________________
338.
How long … since …When did ….
How long is it since I last lend you some money?
When did I last lend you some money?
Exercise:
1. How long is it since we last saw each other?
When did _________________________
2. How long is it since they last visited us?
When did _________________________
151
3. How long is it since he last drank beer?
When did _________________________
4. How long is it since she last cooked meals?
When did _________________________
5. How long is it since you last decorated the house?
When did _________________________
339.
Would like to V Be interested in V-ING
Would you like to read this book?
Are you interested in reading this book?
Exercise:
1. Would you like to drink some tea?
Are you interested _________________________
2. Would you like to go to the cinema?
3. Would you like to go to the restaurant?
4. Would you like to watch TV?
5. Would you like to have some chicken?
340.
It + Be + time‟s N It + take + O + time + To V
It‟s an hour‟s drive.
It takes her an hour to drive.
Exercise:
1. It‟s two hours‟ stay for us.
It takes _________________________
2. It‟s three hours‟ rest for him.
It takes _________________________
3. It‟s ten days‟ revision for them.
It takes _________________________
4. It‟s two weeks‟ practice for us.
It takes _________________________
5. It‟s five hours‟ sleep for her.
It takes _________________________
341.
Do you want me/would you like me  Shall I
Do you want me to make a cup of coffee?
Shall I make a cup of coffee?
Would you like me to cook chicken soup?
152
Shall I cook chicken soup?
Exercise:
1. Do you want me to clean the house?
Shall I _________________________?
2. Would you like me to arrange the tables?
Shall I _________________________?
3. Do you want me to water the flowers in the garden?
Shall I _________________________?
4. Where do you want me to put the bookcase?
Where shall I _________________________?
5. Would you like me to scratch your back?
Shall I _________________________?
342.
Let’s  Shall we
Let‟s go to the cinema tonight.
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
Exercise:
1. Let‟s set up a meeting to solve this problem.
Shall we _________________________?
2. Let‟s stop here and drink something fresh.
Shall we _________________________?
3. Let‟s go swimming in the river.
Shall we _________________________?
4. Let‟s watch a video film now.
Shall _________________________?
5. Let‟s cut that big tree down tomorrow.
Shall we _________________________?
343.
Let’s Why don’t we/What about/How about
Let‟s watch tonight‟s football match.
Why don‟t we watch tonight‟s football match?
How about watching tonight‟s football match?
What about watching tonight‟s football match?
Exercise:
1. Let‟s help that old woman living in the small hut.
Why don‟t we _____________________________?
2. How about planting some roses in the garden?
Let‟s _____________________________.
3. What about holding a party next week?
153
Why don‟t we _____________________________?
4. Shall we collect the old clothes for homeless children?
How about _____________________________?
5. Let‟s raise some chickens for Tet holiday.
Why don‟t we _____________________________?
344.
Never … such  superlative degree
She has never seen such a terrible scene.
It is the most terrible scene she has ever seen.
Exercise:
1. I have never been to such a big party.
It is _____________________________.
2. He has never eaten such delicious food.
That is _____________________________.
3. I have never seen such a sad scene.
That is _____________________________.
4. She has never made such a nice dress.
It is _____________________________.
5. They have never played such a beautiful game.
It is _____________________________.
345.
Never … positive degree  superlative degree
She has never eaten a dish as delicious as this.
This is the most delicious dish she has ever eaten.
Exercise:
1. I have never written a composition as long as this.
This is _____________________________.
2. The baker has never baked a loaf of bread as long as this.
This is _____________________________.
3. The farmer has never harvested a pumpkin as big as that.
That is _____________________________.
4. He has never watched a film as horrible as this.
This is _____________________________.
5. Mr Smith has never taught a student as intelligent as this.
This is _____________________________.
346.
Two nouns/pronouns What
They are watching some film. She ignores it.
She ignores what they are watching.
Exercise:
154
1. He is eating something. I am not interested in it.
I am not _____________________________.
2. He said something. I didn‟t hear it.
I didn‟t _____________________________.
3. She grasps something. He wants to see it.
He wants _____________________________.
4. He gave her something. They couldn‟t see it.
They couldn‟t _____________________________.
5. He was awarded with many things. She wanted to get them.
She wanted _____________________________.
347.
the way  how
That is the way. She makes coffee in the way.
That is the way she makes coffee.
That is how she makes coffee.
Exercise:
1. This is the way. She cooks it in this way.
This is _____________________________.
2. It was the way. We carried out the plan in that way.
It was _____________________________.
3. It will be the way. They will work in that way.
It will be _____________________________.
4. It is the way. The workers will build that bridge in this way.
It is _____________________________.
5. That is the way. The snake kills the frog in that way.
That is _____________________________.
348.
the reason/why
He didn‟t know the reason. She had failed for that reason.
He didn‟t know the reason why she had failed.
Exercise:
1. She doesn‟t know the reason. He didn‟t come for that reason.
She doesn‟t _____________________________.
2. They will understand the reason. I quit my job for the reason.
They will _____________________________.
3. Jack knew the reason. She left him for that reason.
Jack knew _____________________________.
4. You don‟t consider the reason. You failed for that reason.
You don‟t _____________________________.
155
5. Mary hasn‟t known the reason. I gave her a gift for that reason.
Mary hasn‟t _____________________________.
349.
Be successful (on the … record)  break the record
Her first attempt on the Olympic Games record was successful.
She broke the Olympic Games record at/on her first attempt.
Exercise:
1. His second attempt on the world record was successful.
He broke _____________________________.
2. Onga‟s third attempt on the world record was lucky.
Onga broke _____________________________.
3. Mike‟s first attempt on the world record was victorious.
Mike broke _____________________________.
4. Martha‟s only attempt on the world record was successful.
Martha broke _____________________________.
5. Henry‟s last attempt on the world record was successful.
Henry broke _____________________________.
350.
Main clause in negative form  Phrase with “without”
Jack doesn‟t say anything when he waves to them.
Jack waves to them without saying anything.
Exercise:
1. She didn‟t say a word as she left the room.
She left _____________________________.
2. John didn‟t give her anything when he said goodbye.
Jack said _____________________________.
3. They don‟t support us when they live with us.
They live _____________________________.
4. Thomas doesn‟t meet his pen pal in America when he contacts him via e-mails.
Thomas contacts _____________________________.
5. They didn‟t feed the cows when they raised them in the steppe.
They raised _____________________________.
351.
By mistake Not … deliberately
It is certain that she got the parcel by mistake.
It is certain that she didn‟t get the parcel deliberately.
Exercise:
1. I‟m sure he took your briefcase by mistake.
I‟m sure _____________________________.
156
2. She is sure that Jack put on her coat by mistake.
She is sure _____________________________.
3. It is clear that the drunkard entered the house by mistake.
It is clear _____________________________.
4. They are sure that their son took the bike by mistake.
They are sure _____________________________.
5. He confirms that he breaks the vase by mistake.
He confirms _____________________________.
352.
N (time)  Adj (time) instalment
He pays £1 a day for a period of one month.
He pays in thirty successive daily instalments of £1.
Exercise:
1. You pay £20 a month for a period of one year.
You pay _____________________________.
2. She pays $5 a day for a period of one week.
She pays _____________________________.
3. They paid €10 a week for a period of one year.
They paid _____________________________.
4. We pay ¥500 a quarter for a period of one year.
We pay _____________________________.
5. I paid $50 a day for a period of one week.
I paid _____________________________.
353.
Two simple sentences with future tenses Once clause with present perfect
She will cook the lunch. Then she will leave home.
Once she has cooked the lunch, she will leave home.
Exercise:
1. He‟ll settle down. Then his performance will improve.
Once he has _____________________________.
2. They will dig a pond. Then they will grow some vegetables.
Once they have _____________________________.
3. I will finish my homework. Then I will watch a football match on TV.
Once I have _____________________________.
4. Khoa will take Vy to her class. Then he will go to his school.
Once Khoa has _____________________________.
5. Toan will buy a tank. Then he can raise some fish.
Once Toan has _____________________________.
354.
Should +V It’s (high) time
157
He should wash his clothes today.
It‟s high time he washed his clothes today.
Exercise:
1. You really should be able to dress yourself by now!
It‟s high time _____________________________.
2. She should clean the room now.
It‟s high time _____________________________.
3. Thao should learn English regularly nowadays
It‟s high time _____________________________.
4. Vy should not stay in the sun.
It‟s high time _____________________________.
5. They should go to work on time.
It‟s high time _____________________________.
355.
Provided  So long as
Provided he keeps silent, he may follow them.
So long as he shows his silence, he may follow them.
Exercise:
1. Provided your handwriting is legible, the examiner will accept your answer.
So long as _____________________________.
2. Provided he is dutiful, his parents will let him inherit some property.
So long as _____________________________.
3. Provided you work hard, the boss will give you high salary.
So long as _____________________________.
4. Provided he believes in her, she will be loyal to him.
So long as _____________________________.
5. Provided she accepts his proposition, he will do everything for her.
So long as _____________________________.
356.
May…?  Would you mind…?
May I use your mobile phone?
Would you mind allowing me to use your mobile phone?
Exercise:
1. May I borrow your pen?
Would you mind _____________________________?
2. May I see your passport?
Would you mind _____________________________?
3. May I take a photograph in this place?
Would you mind _____________________________?
158
4. May I turn on the air-conditioner?
Would you mind _____________________________?
5. May I pick some guavas in the orchard?
Would you mind _____________________________?
357.
Habit be used to +V-ING
It is not a habit of mine to sleep in the morning.
I am not used to sleeping in the morning.
Exercise:
1. It is not a habit of his to drink tea every morning.
He is ____________________________________.
2. It is not a habit of hers to mend her dress.
She is ____________________________________.
3. It was not a habit of theirs to fight each other.
They were ________________________________.
4. It is not a habit of yours to tease my dog.
You are __________________________________.
5. It was not a habit of mine to cook my breakfast.
I am ____________________________________.
358.
Any  WH-EVER
You can do any of the exercise; it will still take you about twenty minutes to do it.
Whichever exercise you can do, it will still take you about twenty minutes to do it.
Exercise:
1. You may eat any food; you will not be able to gain weight.
Whichever food ____________________________________.
2. He can sew any shirt; it will take him about an hour.
Whichever shirt ____________________________________.
3. You may eat any banana; you will feel full.
Whichever banana __________________________________.
4. They can build any castle; it will take them about four months to finish it.
Whichever castle ___________________________________.
5. Jenny can make any cake; it will take her about an hour to finish it.
Whichever cake ____________________________________.
359.
WHAT + S + V…  AS FAR AS + S + V
What I know is that he still needs medical treatment.
As far as I know, he still needs medical treatment.
Exercise:
159
1. What I know is that she is still single.
As far as ________________________.
2. What she knows is that he still loves her.
As far as ________________________.
3. What I know is that the police are searching for the missing child.
As far as ________________________.
4. What I know is that my teacher has collected so many stamps.
As far as ________________________.
5. What he knows is that his friend always supports him.
As far as ________________________.
360.
Two negative sentences  … either/ Neither…
Jack doesn‟t like music. Mary doesn‟t like music.
Jack doesn‟t like music, and neither does Mary.
Jack doesn‟t like music, and Mary doesn‟t either.
Exercise:
1. Ba Vi mount is not high. Sam mount is not high.
Ba Vi mount ________________________________.
2. Jenny doesn‟t play tennis. May doesn‟t play tennis.
Jenny doesn‟t ________________________________.
3. Monika didn‟t go to the cinema. Maria didn‟t go to the cinema.
Monika didn‟t ________________________________.
4. Tom won‟t go on a picnic. Margaret won‟t go on a picnic.
Tom won‟t __________________________________.
5. Henry couldn‟t row a boat. Fiona couldn‟t row a boat.
Henry couldn‟t _______________________________.
361.
Only Adj  the only thing
I‟m only interested in why he did it.
The only thing I‟m interested in is why he did it.
Exercise:
1. She is only surprised at what he has eaten.
The only thing _______________________.
2. He is only good at what he likes.
The only thing _______________________.
3. They are only ready for what they support.
The only thing _______________________.
4. He was only amused at what she played.
The only thing _______________________.
5. The girl is only afraid when she is left at home.
160
The only thing _______________________.
362.
There + be +… + St./place  Somebody + Have + … + St./Place
There is a beautiful place for them to behold.
They have a beautiful place to behold.
Exercise:
1. There are many ponds for the boys to go fishing.
The boys have ____________________________.
2. There are a lot of games for the girls to play.
The girls have ____________________________.
3. There was a tavern for him to drink something.
He had __________________________________.
4. There will be a lighthouse for the fishermen to locate the points at sea.
The fishermen will ________________________.
5. There is a new gym for people to do exercises.
People have ______________________________.
363.
Stop off  Break out
We will stop off in France on our way to Germany.
We will break out in France on our way to Germany.
Exercise:
1. They stopped off at the station.
They broke _________________.
2. The driver is stopping off at the gas station.
The driver is breaking _________________.
3. He will stop off on the way to Italy.
He will break _________________.
4. We stopped off in front of the statue.
We broke _________________.
5. Hans will stop off on the way home from school.
Hans will break _________________.
364.
Because The reason why
I cannot go to the cinema tonight because I do not have my car.
The reason why I cannot go to the cinema tonight is I do not have my car.
Exercise:
1. She won‟t attend the contest because she has no ticket to get there.
The reason why _________________________________________.
2. He will win the contest because his girl friend supports him.
161
The reason why _________________________________________.
3. The building will collapse because the material is not sufficient.
The reason why _________________________________________.
4. Jack failed the examination because he had spent a lot of time on video games.
The reason why _________________________________________.
5. Nancy said good bye to her boy friend because he had hurt her.
The reason why _________________________________________.
365.
Never  Neither … nor
She and I have never been there before.
Neither she nor I have been there before.
Exercise:
1. Jack and Tom have never met Kathy before.
Neither Jack nor _______________________.
2. I and they have never eaten that kind of food before.
Neither I nor _______________________.
3. Fiona and Daisy have never beheld such a landscape.
Neither Fiona nor _______________________.
4. You and he have never watched this film before.
Neither you nor _______________________.
5. He and they have never drunk that kind of wine before.
Neither he nor _______________________.
366.
VN
I couldn‟t understand why he refused to come to my party.
His refusal to come to my party made me not understand.
Exercise:
1. I don‟t know why she fails the contest.
Her failure _______________________.
2. She can‟t understand why he is annoyed in the class.
His annoyance _______________________.
3. You couldn‟t understand why she succeeded in her business.
Her success _______________________.
4. I wonder why you behaved strangely there.
Your strange _______________________.
5. Mark didn‟t know why I telephoned at that time.
My telephone call ___________________.
367.
remember not forget
162
You remembered posting the letter, didn‟t you?
You didn‟t forget posting the letter, did you?
Exercise:
1. He remembers giving her some flowers, doesn‟t he?
He doesn‟t __________________________________.
2. She remembered accepting his proposition, didn‟t she?
She didn‟t __________________________________.
3. They remember helping me last time, don‟t they?
They don‟t __________________________________.
4. You remember receiving my parcel last month, don‟t you?
You don‟t __________________________________.
5. He could remember meeting her there, couldn‟t he?
He couldn‟t __________________________________.
368.
I thought …, but… be…, but not …
I thought her last name was “Best”, but it was “Past”
She was “Past”, but not “Best”
Exercise:
1. I thought he was successful, but he was unlucky.
He was __________________________________.
2. You thought she was my cousin, but she was his cousin.
She was __________________________________.
3. They thought it was sunny, but it was dull.
It was __________________________________.
4. I thought the road was asphalted, but it was paved.
The road was ____________________________.
5. He thought she was very happy, but she was miserable.
She was __________________________________.
369.
Thing + V-ING  Person + V-ED
It was exciting to listen to the story of his adventures.
How excited I am to listen to the story of his adventures.
Exercise:
1. It is interesting to watch this film.
How _________________________.
2. It was amusing to read that story.
How _________________________.
3. It will be exciting to see that picture.
How _________________________.
163
4. It is boring to listen to that music.
How _________________________.
5. It was surprising to meet him there.
How _________________________.
370.
How  so... that
How clever of the boys to solve the problem so quickly.
The boys are so clever that they can solve the problem quickly.
Exercise:
1. How kind of you to help me pass the examination.
You are __________________________________.
2. How stupid of her to touch the monkey in the cage.
She is __________________________________.
3. How brave of him to rescue the boy in the burning house.
He is __________________________________.
4. How indifferent of them to avoid helping the old man.
They are __________________________________.
5. How courageous of Tom to save a little girl.
Tom is __________________________________.
371.
What  such ... that
What a clever son she has to make woodwork well!
She has such a clever son that he can make woodwork well.
Exercise:
1. What an intelligent student Mr. Smith teaches to be the first at the contest.
Mr. Smith teaches ____________________________________.
2. What a fast car he had to win a gold medal at the race.
He had _____________________________________________.
3. What fat ducks he raised to serve the guests at the wedding party.
He raised ___________________________________________.
4. What a skillful daughter he has to play the piano well.
He has _____________________________________________.
5. What good children she has to do the chores at home.
She has _____________________________________________.
372.
Adj+N-ED  with Adj +N
A fat-fingered baby is sleeping.
A baby with fat fingers is sleeping.
Exercise:
164
1. A round-headed boy came to see you.
A boy __________________________.
2. An oval-faced girl won the silver medal.
A girl __________________________.
3. A long-armed man quarreled with her.
A man __________________________.
4. The big-bellied man lives next door.
The man ________________________.
5. A long-faced woman tempted him to gamble.
A woman ________________________.
373.
Please, V…  I’d rather you +V-ED
No, please don‟t tell him.
I‟d rather you didn‟t tell him.
Exercise:
1. Please shut the door.
I‟d rather ____________.
2. Please don‟t pick the green guavas.
I‟d rather ____________.
3. Please look at your books carefully.
I‟d rather ____________.
4. Please don‟t make noise at noon.
I‟d rather ____________.
5. Please cook this food for an hour.
I‟d rather ____________.
374.
Why don’t you  I suggest that you should
Why don‟t you ask her yourself?
I suggest that you should ask her yourself.
Exercise:
1. Why don‟t you ask him for some money?
I suggest that ________________________.
2. Why don‟t you plant some flowers?
I suggest that ________________________.
3. Why don‟t you do exercises every day?
I suggest that ________________________.
4. Why don‟t you save some money for your future?
I suggest that ________________________.
5. Why don‟t you wash your clothes regularly?
I suggest that ________________________.
165
375.
V  It is + N
We must hope that we will have better time.
It is our hope that we will have better time.
Exercise:
1. We expect that he will win a gold medal.
It is our expectation __________________.
2. They decided that they would build a new castle.
It was their decision __________________.
3. She managed that she could save enough money.
It was her management __________________.
4. I arrange that I will meet her there.
It is my arrangement __________________.
5. She hopes that she can get a good job in the city.
It is her hope __________________.
376.
the time for  the best time when
Youth is the time for the formation of characters.
The best time when we form our characters is youth.
Exercise:
1. Childhood is the time for going to school.
The best time ________________________.
2. Old age is the time for the consideration of the past.
The best time ________________________.
3. Puberty is the time for the beginning of love.
The best time ________________________.
4. University is the time for getting the practical knowledge for life.
The best time ________________________.
5. Summer is the time for relaxing and entertainment.
The best time ________________________.
377.
N … confessed sb’s crime  confessed … N
The malefactor confessed his crime.
He confessed that he was the malefactor.
Exercise:
1. The thief confessed his crime.
He confessed ______________.
2. The burglar confessed his crime.
He confessed ______________.
166
3. The shoplifter confessed her crime.
She confessed ______________.
4. The robber confessed his crime.
He confessed ______________.
5. The kidnapper confessed her crime.
She confessed ______________.
378.
May I + V Would you mind + V-ING (antonym)
May I borrow your pen?
Would you mind lending me your pen?
Exercise:
1. May I take this ruler?
Would you mind _____________?
2. May I buy this hat?
3. May I borrow your hoe?
4. May I propose to you?
5. May I stand behind you?
379.
How + Adj  What + … N
How high is the tree?
What is the height of the tree?
Exercise:
1. How tall are you?
What ___________?
2. How deep is this river?
What ___________?
3. How heavy is the pig?
What ___________?
4. How far is it from your house to your school?
What ___________?
5. How long is the Red river?
What ___________?
380.
Because The reason why … is
I cannot go to the cinema tonight because I do not have my car.
The reason why I cannot go to the cinema tonight is I do not have my car.
167
Exercise:
1. He cannot buy the laptop because he does not have enough money.
The reason why __________________________________________
2. She cannot go home because her parents are very angry with her.
The reason why __________________________________________
3. They cannot hold a party becaseu a lot f friends go away.
The reason why __________________________________________
4. He cannot solve the problem because he is stupid.
The reason why __________________________________________
5. I cannot help you now because I am very busy.
The reason why __________________________________________
381.
S + spend + time + V-ing  V-ing… takes + O+ time
He spends two hours a week sorting out the stamps.
Sorting out his stamps takes him two hours a week.
Exercise:
1. She spent three hours reading the novel.
Reading the novel ____________________.
2. They spent two hours doing the test.
Doing the test _______________________.
3. I spend an hour making a cake.
Making a cake _________________________.
4. You will spend four hours working on the machine.
Working on the machine _________________.
5. Mr Smith spent two days making the chair.
Making the chair ______________________.
382.
I will… if you…  Would you mind … if I V- ED
I‟ll pick up the children if you like.
Would you mind if I picked up the children?
Exercise:
1. I‟ll decorate the living-room if you like.
Would you mind _______________________________
2. I‟ll buy you a gift if you like.
Would you mind _______________________________
3. I‟ll paint the door if you like.
Would you mind _______________________________
4. I‟ll play music if you like.
Would you mind _______________________________
168
5. I‟ll open the windows if you like.
Would you mind _______________________________
383.
Not understand why …  … make… not understand
I couldn‟t understand why he refused to come to my party.
His refusal to come to my party made me not understand.
Exercise:
1. I don‟t understand why he invites me to his house.
His invitation _______________________________
2. I wonder why he behaves very strange today.
His behavior _______________________________
3. Mike does not know why she is angry with him.
Her anger _______________________________
4. They wonder why you left the party so early.
Your leaving _______________________________
5.I don‟t understand why she is successful in her business.
Her success _______________________________
384.
Present participle phrase  Subordinate clause
Drinking too much at his girlfriend‟s birthday party, he found it difficult to drive home.
As he drank too much at his girlfriend‟s birthday party, he found it difficult to drive
home.
Exercise:
1. Getting bad marks, the boy was afraid of going home.
Because ______________________________________.
2. Being a poor student, he won a national prize.
Although _____________________________________.
3. Walking in the park, he met his old friend.
While ________________________________________.
4. Breaking the vase, the girl stayed in her room.
Because _____________________________________.
5. Winning the lottery, he will buy a big house.
If ___________________________________________.
385.
Past participle phrase  Subordinate clause
Hit on the face, the boy cried bitterly.
When the boy was hit on the face, he cried bitterly.
Exercise:
1. Punished by the teacher, the student felt very sad.
169
When the student ___________________________.
2. Wounded in the battle, he became a war-invalid.
After he ___________________________________.
3. Broken at the party, the vase became useless.
When the vase ______________________________.
4. Abandoned by his wife, Mr. Smith is used to drinking alcohol.
Because Mr. Smith ___________________________.
5. Called by someone, Harry turned around to look for the caller.
When Harry _________________________________.
386.
One of + poss. adj. +N  a + N + poss. Pronoun
I saw one of my friends in the street this morning.
I saw a friend of mine in the street this morning.
Exercise:
1. He likes one of her dress very much.
Hers
He likes ________________________.
2. One of your dog has bitten the old man.
Yours
A dog __________________________.
3. They let one of their guards drive the tenants away.
Theirs
They let _________________________.
4. The children broke one of our windows yesterday.
Ours
The children ______________________.
5. He has torn one of my pictures on the wall.
Mine
He has torn ________________________.
387.
How +Adj + of N + To V  N +Be + so… that…
How clever of the boys to solve the problem so quickly.
The boys are so clever that they can solve the problem quickly.
Exercise:
1. How kind of you to give us a hand in this situation.
You are _____________________________________
2. How stupid of him to touch the lion in the cage.
He is _______________________________________
3. How brave of you to tease that woman.
You are _____________________________________
170
4. How lucky of you to win the lottery.
You are _____________________________________
5. How hospitable of you to serve us.
You are _____________________________________
388.
How long  When
How long is it since you last saw Mary?
When did you last see Mary?
Exercise:
1. How long is it since he last wrote to you?
When did ________________________?
2. How long is it since she last visited you?
When did ________________________?
3. How long is it since they last gave you their hands?
When did ________________________?
4. How long is it since you last stole my money?
When did ________________________?
5. How long is it since she last called you?
When did ________________________?
389.
I wish I hadn’t + PP  I regret + V-ING
I wish I hadn’t told him what we were planning to do this evening.
I regret telling him our plans for this evening.
Exercise:
1. I wish I hadn‟t drunk so much alcohol at the party.
I regret ___________________________.
2. I wish I hadn‟t helped him quit his job.
I regret ___________________________.
3. I wish I hadn‟t telephoned her yesterday.
I regret ___________________________.
4. I wish I hadn‟t bought that machine last month.
I regret ___________________________.
5. I wish I hadn‟t sent the parcel to him.
I regret ___________________________.
390.
“Don’t…”  S + remind + Sb. + To V
“Don’t forget to phone the police,” she told him.
She reminded him to phone the police.
Exercise:
171
1. “Don‟t forget to send me your new address,” he told her.
He reminded ____________________________________.
2. “Don‟t forget to write emails to me,” I told him.
I reminded ____________________________________.
3. “Don‟t forget to close the windows when it rains,” she told him.
She reminded ____________________________________.
4. “Don‟t forget to do your bed when you get up,” she told me.
She reminded ____________________________________.
5. “Don‟t forget to turn off the lights when you go to bed,” Mother told him.
Mother reminded ____________________________________.
391.
Takes + Sb. + Time + To V  Sb. wastes + Time + V-ING
It takes him three weeks to read the book.
He wastes three weeks reading the book.
Exercise:
1. It takes her two hours to mend the shirt.
She wastes ________________________.
2. It took him three hours to play the game.
He wasted _________________________.
3. It will take them three years to stay in the countryside.
They will waste _____________________.
4. It takes her an hour to chat with her friends.
She wastes _________________________.
5. It took him two days to cross the desert.
He wasted _________________________.
392.
If I were you  I suggest V-ING
If I were you, I’d look for another job.
I suggest looking for another job.
Exercise:
1. If I were you, I‟d choose that one.
I suggest _______________________.
2. If I were you, I‟d go to the cinema now.
I suggest _______________________.
3. If I were you, I‟d drink soft drinks.
I suggest _______________________.
4. If I were you, I‟d learn German.
I suggest _______________________.
5. If I were you, I‟d wear this dress.
I suggest _______________________.
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393.
Such … like  Superlative
He drinks such soft drinks like Coca Cola.
He likes to drink coca cola the most.
Exercise:
1. He eats such sour fruits like guavas.
He likes _________________________.
2. She wears such light clothes like silk ones.
She likes _________________________.
3. Mary watches such foreign films like Korean ones.
Mary likes _________________________.
4. Daisy learns such apt subjects like drawing.
Daisy likes _________________________.
5. I listen to such soft music like classical one.
I like ______________________________.
394.
Imperative – Future simple  Imperative, otherwise (Warning)
Put your coat on. You will get cold.
Put your coat on, otherwise you will get cold.
Exercise:
1. Don‟t touch the socket. You will be shocked.
Don‟t touch ____________________________.
2. Stand still. You will be shot.
Stand still ______________________________.
3. Keep silent. You will be punished.
Keep silent _____________________________.
4. Do these exercises carefully. You may get bad marks.
Do these _________________________________.
5. Check the stove carefully. It may cause a fire.
Check the stove ____________________________.
395.
Cause > result/consequence So
Ann always keeps up with the latest fashions. She works for a famous fashion house.
Ann works for a famous fashion house, so she always keeps up with the latest fashions.
Exercise:
1. He always gets good marks. He learns very hard.
He learns _________________________________.
2. The girl was punished. She broke a vase.
The girl __________________________________.
173
3. The boy was awarded with a medal. He saved a little girl.
The boy __________________________________.
4. Mary gets a reply. She has sent a letter to her pen pal.
Mary _____________________________________.
5. There are a lot of floods. People destroyed forests.
People _____________________________________.
396.
Main Clause. However…  Although/Though clause, main clause
Mike graduated with a good degree. However, he joined the ranks of the unemployed.
Although Mike graduated with a good degree, he joined the ranks of the unemployed.
Exercise:
1. He learns hard. However, he fails the examination.
Although he ________________________________.
2. She was very dutiful. However, her step-mother hated her.
Although she ________________________________.
3. They checked the car carefully. However, it broke down on the way.
Though they ________________________________.
4. He wore a raincoat. However, he was wet when he came home.
Though he ________________________________.
5. Jack is lazy. However, he always gets good marks.
Although Jack ________________________________.
397.
Clause. Also,… Not only (inversion), clause with also
They drove fifteen miles off the main road. Also, they had nothing to eat for the day.
Not only did they drive fifteen miles off the main road, they also had nothing to eat for
the day.
Exercise:
1. He learns well. Also, his family is very rich.
Not only ______________________________.
2. Mary is beautiful. Also, she is very kind.
Not only ______________________________.
3. That woman is very ugly. Also, she is wicked.
Not only ______________________________.
4. The book is old. Also, it is torn.
Not only ______________________________.
5. He is strong. Also, he practices martial arts.
Not only ______________________________.
398.
I think In my opinion
I think it is more enjoyable to play a sport than to watch it on TV.
174
In my opinion, to play a sport is more enjoyable than to watch it on TV.
Exercise:
1. I think it is easy to do this exercises.
In my opinion, ___________________________.
2. I think it is interesting to watch this film.
In my opinion, ___________________________.
3. I think it is necessary to build a fence around the house.
In my opinion, ___________________________.
4. I think it is compulsory to teach English at school.
In my opinion, ___________________________.
5.I think it is boring to attend that ceremony.
In my opinion, ___________________________.
399.
Imperative and clause in future simple Conditional sentence type 1
Take this route and you will get to the village.
You will get to the village if you take this route.
Exercise:
1. Buy a raincoat and it will be useful for you.
The raincoat __________________________.
2. Do morning exercises regularly and you will be healthy.
You will ______________________________.
3. Check the car carefully and you will have a good trip.
You will ______________________________.
4. Learn English well and you will find it useful in the future.
You will ______________________________.
5. Stay away from the snake and you will be safe.
You will ______________________________.
400.
Two sentences  in that (manner)
He lives in the city. He sells peanuts.
He lives in the city in that he sells peanuts.
Exercise:
1. Jack studies overseas. He has learned hard to get a scholarship.
Jack studies __________________________________________.
2. Mary pleased her baby brother. She gave him a lot of toys.
Mary pleased _________________________________________.
3. The pioneers help an old woman. They do the chores for her.
The pioneers __________________________________________.
4. Benny is helpful to his wife. He washes the dishes after the meals.
175
Benny is _____________________________________________.
5. He makes her happy. He gives her a bundle of roses.
He makes _____________________________________________.
401.
Descriptive adjectives  … of … (person)
Descriptive adjectives  … for … (thing)
Thank you for lending me a pen. It was very kind.
It was very kind of you to lend me a pen.
Why did the boy tease a fierce dog? It was very dangerous.
It was very dangerous for the boy to tease a fierce dog.
Exercise:
1. Why did John refuse to help his friend? It was unfair.
It is ________________________________________________.
2. The explorers could not went through the forest. It was very difficult.
It _____________________________________________________.
3. They offered us a delicious meal. It was very hospitable.
That ___________________________________________________.
4. The climber could not reach the top. It was impossible.
It _____________________________________________________.
5. Why did he offend them? It was very rude.
That ___________________________________________________.
402.
Concession Except that
That family is very cruel and wicked, but the youngest son is very kind.
That family is very cruel and wicked except that the youngest son is very kind.
Exercise:
1. He gets an average mark of 6.5, but his English is very good.
Except that
He gets ____________________________________________.
2. Mary is very beautiful and intelligent, but she is slightly lazy.
Except that
Mary is ____________________________________________.
3. The house is very nice, but the back door is cracked.
Except that
The house __________________________________________.
4. Henry is ugly and poor, but he is very studious.
Except that
Henry is ____________________________________________.
5. The students in this school are stubborn and lazy, but they are very athletic.
Except that
176
The students _________________________________________.
403.
Allow + V-ING  Allow that … should be + PP
The officer allowed holding a party the next Sunday.
The officer allowed that a party should be held the next Sunday.
Notes: Allow may be replaced by suggest, advise, permit, etc.
Exercise:
1. The captain permitted playing games in the evening.
The captain __________________________________.
2. The mandarin suggested building a new bridge over that river.
The mandarin __________________________________.
3. The director allowed organizing a carnival that evening.
The director __________________________________.
4. The manager permitted buying some new equipment.
The manager __________________________________.
5. The king allowed digging a large lake in front of the palace.
The king __________________________________.
404.
It doesn’t matter to O  S do not mind
It doesn‟t matter to them which film they go to.
They don‟t mind which film they go to.
Exercise:
1. It doesn‟t matter to him what food he will eat.
He doesn‟t _____________________________.
2. It doesn‟t matter to her which room she will stay in.
She doesn‟t _____________________________.
3. It doesn‟t matter to them how he will treat them.
They don‟t _____________________________.
4. It doesn‟t matter to me when we will leave.
We don‟t _____________________________.
5. It doesn‟t matter to Daisy which school she will learn in.
Daisy doesn‟t _____________________________.
405.
So  The reason
He didn‟t work hard enough, so he lost his job.
The reason he lost his job was that he didn‟t work hard enough.
Exercise:
1. He isn‟t careful, so he breaks the glass.
The reason _______________________.
177
2. The student is lazy, so he gets bad marks.
The reason _______________________.
3. The door is very old, so it collapses suddenly.
The reason _______________________.
4. The road was very muddy, so the accident happened.
The reason _______________________.
5. Jack has made a terrible mistake, so he is fired by the manager.
The reason _______________________.
406.
Because  If
(Cause) (Conditional)
He failed the driving test because he didn‟t keep calm.
Had he kept calm, he wouldn‟t have failed the driving test.
Exercise:
1. She ignored the warning, so the incident took place.
Had she _______________________.
2. They neglected ironing the clothes, so the clothes looked rough.
Had they _______________________.
3. She didn‟t buy that ticket, so she didn‟t win the lottery.
Had she _______________________.
4. He drank a lot of beer, so he lost his temper.
Had he _______________________.
5. You didn‟t accept her invitation, so you didn‟t get the gift.
Had you _______________________.
407.
Simple sentence  Cleft sentence in the passive
They sent us this photograph last month.
It was this photograph that was sent to us last month
Exercise:
1. He will visit Ha Long bay next month.
Sent
It is _____________________________.
2. The workers will elect him their chairman.
Elected
It is _____________________________.
3. Kathy has bought some items in that shop.
Bought
It is _____________________________.
4. Martha drew that picture in Paris.
Drawn
178
It was _____________________________.
5. The farmer caught a big boa in Soc Trang.
Caught
It is _____________________________.
408.
So…/…, tooBoth … and
The USA possesses spaceships. So does Russian. (Russian does, too)
Both the USA and Russia possess spaceships.
Exercise:
1. Mary has long hair. Daisy does, too.
Both Mary ______________________.
2. He learns very well. So does she.
Both he _________________________.
3. Tony went to the party. Jenny did, too.
Both Tony ______________________.
4. They support you. I do, too.
Both they _______________________.
5. Hans can ski. So can Henry.
Both Hans _______________________.
409.
The same as … as
John and Jack earn the same money.
John earns as much money as Jack does.
Exercise:
1. He and his wife are the same age.
He is ________________________.
2. You and I have the same weight.
You are ______________________.
3. They and she got the same marks.
They got _____________________.
4. Jack and Jenny are the same height.
Jack is
5. Your house and my house are the same height.
Your house ______________________________.
410.
Adjective clause  Noun clause
Alex won all the games, which surprised us.
That Alex won all the games surprised us.
Exercise:
179
1. A tornado destroyed hundreds of houses, which terrified people.
That a tornado _________________________________________.
2. A big boa was in the corn field, which horrified a farmer.
That a big _____________________________________________.
3. The baby looks very funny, which interests his parents.
That the baby __________________________________________.
4. The monkey jumped in the tree, which excited the children in the yard.
That the monkey _______________________________________.
5. The toy makes the baby laugh, which amuses the mother.
That the toy _______________________________________.
411.
N + Be + unpredictable  Nobody knows … V
His reactions are quite unpredictable.
Nobody knows how he is going to react.
Exercise:
1. His behavior is quite unpredictable.
Nobody knows __________________.
2. Her treatment is quite unpredictable.
Nobody knows __________________.
3. Their actions are quite unpredictable.
Nobody knows __________________.
4. His plan is quite unpredictable.
Nobody knows __________________.
5. Her activities are quite unpredictable.
Nobody knows __________________.
412.
It comes as no surprise to Sb. Sb. +Be not + surprised …
It came as no surprise to her that John had failed his examination.
She was not surprised that John had failed his examination.
Exercise:
1. It came as no surprise to her that the accident happened on the road.
She was _________________________________________________.
2. It came as no surprise to him that they allowed him to enter the castle.
He was _________________________________________________.
3. It came as no surprise to them that she won the contest.
They were _________________________________________________.
4. It came as no surprise to her that their relation was broken off.
She was _________________________________________________.
5. It came as no surprise to me that he left the party early.
I was _________________________________________________.
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413.
Sb. + find + it Adj. + To V  It + Be Adj. + for Sb. + To V
She found it difficult to learn Russian.
It was difficult for her to learn Russian.
Exercise:
1. They found it hard to get good marks in the test.
It was ___________________________________.
2. I found it easy to talk to them in English.
It was ___________________________________.
3. He found it interesting to listen to that music.
It was ___________________________________.
4. She found it impossible to accept his proposition.
It was ___________________________________.
5. Mary found it boring to watch that film.
It was ___________________________________.
414.
No + Noun … made  Nothing … V-ED (P.P.)
No decision has yet been made.
Nothing has been decided yet.
Exercise:
1. No application has yet been made.
Nothing has __________________.
2. No arrangement has yet been made.
Nothing has __________________.
3. No plan has yet been made.
Nothing has __________________.
4. No suggestion has yet been made.
Nothing has __________________.
5. No advice has yet been made.
Nothing has __________________.
415.
If  Only by
If you want to save your eyesight, we must operate immediately.
Only by operating immediately, can you save your eyesight.
Exercise:
1. If you want to improve your English, you must learn it hard.
Only by ___________________________________________.
2. If you want to get good marks, you must be very studious now.
Only by ___________________________________________.
181
3. If you want to please her, you must do this work immediately.
Only by ___________________________________________.
4. If you want to work in this company, you must fill this application.
Only by ___________________________________________.
5. If you want to be rich, you must work very hard.
Only by ___________________________________________.
416.
Would V  If only
I would love to be rich and famous
If only I were rich and famous.
Exercise:
1. I would love to become a film star.
If only ________________________.
2. I would love to have a modern car.
If only ________________________.
3. I would love to have a big house.
If only ________________________.
4. I would love to have a lot of money.
If only ________________________.
5. I would love to get good marks.
If only ________________________.
417.
Not any more  No longer
He doesn't work for that construction company any more.
No longer does he work for that company.
Exercise:
1. He doesn‟t study at university any more.
No longer __________________________.
2. They don‟t visit him any more.
No longer __________________________.
3. She won‟t work for that factory any more.
No longer __________________________.
4. He can‟t play football for Chelsea any more.
No longer __________________________.
5. He isn‟t the director of the company any more.
No longer __________________________.
418.
What a pity If only
What a pity we were late for the seminar.
If only we hadn‟t been late for the seminar.
182
Exercise:
1. What a pity he didn‟t pass the examination.
If only ___________________________.
2. What a pity she refused his invitation.
If only ___________________________.
3. What a pity you didn‟t buy that item.
If only ___________________________.
4. What a pity I didn‟t take an umbrella.
If only ___________________________.
5. What a pity they don‟t grow roses in the garden.
If only ___________________________.
419.
No + V-NG You are not allowed + To V
No fishing here.
You are not allowed to fish here.
Exercise:
1. No taking picture here.
You are not __________________.
2. No picking flowers here.
You are not __________________.
3. No making noise here.
You are not __________________.
4. No smoking here.
You are not __________________.
5. No littering here.
You are not __________________.
420.
Cleft sentence in the active
The boy broke the window of his neighbor.
It is the boy that broke the window of his neighbor.
Exercise:
1. A woman stood on the hill then.
It is ___________________________________.
2. A boy tried to climb up the tower.
It is ___________________________________.
3. Henry has supported the plan.
It is ___________________________________.
4. Kathy will go to the capital.
183
It is ___________________________________.
5. They will drill a new oil well.
It is ___________________________________.
421.
No Use + V-ING  Not Worth + V-ING
It‟s no use listening to that music.
That music is not worth listening to.
Exercise:
1. It‟s no use reading this book.
This book _________________.
2. It‟s no use talking to that man.
That man _________________.
3. It‟s no use eating this food.
This food _________________.
4. It‟s no use drinking this medicine.
This medicine _________________.
5. It‟s no use doing this task.
This task _________________.
422.
Strange  Not used to
Mai finds it strange to drive on the left.
Mai is not used to driving on the left.
Exercise:
1. Mary finds it strange to eat with chopsticks.
Mary is not ___________________________
2. Jack finds it strange to eat dog meat.
Jack is not ___________________________
3. Martha finds it strange to ride a camel.
Martha is not ___________________________
4. We find it strange to use dog-sleds.
We are not ___________________________
5. Nancy finds it strange to eat rice day after day.
Nancy is not ___________________________
423.
Be sure to Remember to
Be sure to awake me in the morning.
Remember to awake me in the morning.
Exercise:
1. Be sure to go to class on time.
184
Remember to __________________
2. Be sure to lock the doors.
Remember to __________________
3. Be sure to check your mails.
Remember to __________________
4. Be sure to take your raincoat.
Remember to __________________
5. Be sure to ask for permission.
Remember to __________________
424.
There was once There used to be
There was once a school near here.
There used to be a school near here.
Exercise:
1. There were once a lot of fish in the waters.
There used to be _____________________
2. There was once a bayan tree here.
There used to be _____________________
3. There was once a high tower in the village.
There used to be _____________________
4. There was once a ferry-boat.
There used to be _____________________
5. There was once a market near the theatre.
There used to be _____________________
425.
Never  didn’t use to
He never went to the cinema.
He didn‟t use to go to the cinema.
Exercise:
1. She never ate dog meat.
She didn‟t use to ________________
2. They never drank coke.
They didn‟t use to _______________
3. She never stayed up late.
She didn‟t use to ___________________
4. The students never used computers.
The students didn‟t use to _____________
5. They never travelled by plane.
They didn‟t use to ___________________
426.
185
Two simple sentences  Complex sentence with connective conjunction
Tom teased a poisonous snake. It was very dangerous.
Tom teased a poisonous snake, which was very dangerous.
Exercise:
1. He jumps over a fire. It is stupid.
He jumps _______________________
2. He teased the crabs. It is foolish.
He teased _______________________
3. The boys throw stones at a beehive. It is risky.
The boys _______________________
4. She buys a lot of clothes. It is wasteful.
She buys _______________________
5. They tempted a girl. It is dishonest.
They tempted ____________________
427.
A new experience This is the first time
This kind of food is a new experience for me.
This is the first time I have eaten this kind of food.
Exercise:
1. This journey is a new experience for them.
This is the first time _______________________
2. This ceremony is a new experience for her.
3. This holiday is a new experience for us.
4. This festival is a new experience for me.
5. This rite is a new experience for them.
428.
Cannot afford  so expensive that
She cannot afford the camera.
The camera is so expensive that she cannot buy it.
Exercise:
1. He cannot afford the house.
The house ___________________
2. The boy cannot afford the toy.
The toy ______________________
3. The girl cannot afford the gift.
186
The gift ______________________
4. The old man cannot afford the shoes.
The shoes _____________________
5. I cannot afford that bike.
That bike ______________________
429.
Not necessary (past) needn’t have +PP
She took a raincoat, but it was not necessary.
She needn‟t have taken a raincoat.
Exercise:
1. He learned Russian, but it was not necessary.
He needn‟t have ________________________
2. She used two locks for the door, but it was not necessary.
She needn‟t have ________________________
3. He took an extra helmet, but it was not necessary.
He needn‟t have ________________________
4. Mary bought a lot of clothes, but it was not necessary.
She needn‟t have ________________________
5. Thomas bought an extra course book, but it was not necessary.
She needn‟t have ________________________
430.
It’s time  Must…now.
It‟s time we did our homework.
We must do our homework now.
Exercise:
1. It‟s time they leaft the party.
They must __________________
2. It‟s time she did her homework.
She must __________________
3. It‟s time he fed the fish.
He must __________________
4. It‟s time they went to bed.
They must __________________
5. It‟s timewe cooked our meal.
We must __________________
431.
Be…adj. or adj.  whether +adj. or adj.
Be he healthy or sick, we will choose him in our team.
We will choose him in our team whether he is healthy or sick.
Exercise:
187
1. Be the child male or female, the couple will have one.
The couple ____________________________________
2. Be the child good or naughty, parents will love him/her.
Parents will ____________________________________
3. Be it sunny or rainy, the students will go to school.
The students will_________________________________
4. Be it small or large, the house is ours.
The house will __________________________________
5. Bethey good or bad, parents are ours.
Parents are _____________________________________
432.
Normal simple sentence  Cleft-structure (emphasizing O)
Jack likes music very much.
It is music that Jack likes very much.
Note: Using “it + be…that” emphasizes the object.
Exercise:
1. Henry learns Russian.
It is ___________________________
2. Samantha supports his idea.
It is ___________________________
3. The students choose the blue hat.
It is ___________________________
4. The villagers elect Mr. Smith.
It is ___________________________
5. Mary bought a chicken.
It is ___________________________
433.
Normal simple sentence  Cleft-structure (emphasizing S)
It is Jack that likes music very much.
Note: Using “it + be…that” emphasizes the subject.
Exercise:
1. Henry learns Russian.
It is ___________________________
2. Samantha supports his idea.
It is ___________________________
3. The students choose the blue hat.
It is ___________________________
4. The villagers elect Mr. Smith.
188
It is ___________________________
5. Mary bought a chicken.
It is ___________________________
434.
Normal simple sentence  Cleft-structure (emphasizing C)
Jack is a good student.
It is a good student that Jack is.
Note: Using “it + be…that” emphasizes the complement.
Exercise:
1. Kathy is an excellent dancer.
It is ___________________________
2. Susy becomes a famous singer.
It is ___________________________
3. The students get studious during the examination period.
It is ___________________________
4. The villagers seem happy.
It is ___________________________
5. Marthalooks pleased now.
It is ___________________________
435.
Normal simple sentence  Cleft-structure (emphasizing Adv)
It is very much that Jack likes music.
Note: Using “it + be…that” emphasizes the adverb.
Exercise:
1. Henry met Hans at school.
It is ___________________________
2. Samantha supports his idea in the meeting.
It is ___________________________
3. The students choose the blue hat in the contest.
It is ___________________________
4. The villagers elect Mr. Smith during the election.
It is ___________________________
5. Mary bought a chicken in the supermarket.
It is ___________________________
436.
Cleft sentence in the active
The boy broke the window of his neighbor.
189
It is the boy that broke the window of his neighbor.
Exercise:
1. A woman stood on the hill then.
It is ___________________________________.
2. A boy tried to climb up the tower.
It is ___________________________________.
3. Henry has supported the plan.
It is ___________________________________.
4. Kathy will go to the capital.
It is ___________________________________.
5. They will drill a new oil well.
It is ___________________________________.
437.
Normal simple sentence  Pseudo-cleft structure
His success surprised me most.
What surprised me most was his success.
Note: Using “what + V…” emphasizes the subject (thing).
Exercise:
1. Her prize makes everybody happy.
What ______________________________________
2. Their arrival shocked the villagers.
What ______________________________________
3. The match excited the spectators.
What ______________________________________
4. The darkness terrified the children.
What ______________________________________
5. The big fish makes people curious.
What ______________________________________
438.
Normal simple sentence  Pseudo-cleft structure
His son surprised me most.
Who surprised me most was his success.
Note: Using “who + V…” emphasizes the subject (person).
Exercise:
1. The students disappointed the teacher most.
Who _________________________________.
2. That clown interested her most.
Who _________________________________.
3. This actor makes me bored most.
190
Who _________________________________.
4. The son made the father angry most.
Who _________________________________.
5. Jack amazed Mary most.
Who _________________________________.
439.
Normal complex sentence  Postponement
The time will come when everyone uses computers.
The time when everyone uses computers will come.
Exercise:
1. The time will come when no one will write by hand any more.
The time when _______________________________________.
2. The time will take place when everyone travels in the space
The time when _______________________________________.
3. The time will occur when everyone uses sky.
The time when _______________________________________.
4. The time will happen when everyone owns a computer.
The time when _______________________________________.
5. The time will come when computers are popular.
The time when _______________________________________.
440.
Normal simple sentence  raising movement
We believe Tom to be sinless.
We believe that Tom is sinless.
Exercise:
1. They know Jack to be lazy.
They know that ___________________________________
2. I expect him to help us soon.
I expect that ______________________________________
3. We hope her to be our friends.
We hope that _____________________________________
4. Bob believes me to be his honest friend.
Bob believes that __________________________________
5. Nancy desires him to be her good husband.
Nancy desires that _________________________________
441.
Normal simple sentence  Lowering movement
The gold price will probably rise.
(=It is possible that the gold price will rise.)
*Probably > main clause
191
You will necessarily do exercises every day.
(=It is advisable that you will do exercises every day.)
Exercise:
Find the sentence that is closest in meaning to the original
1. He will possibly visit us.
It is possible ____________________.
2. A lazy student will impossibly pass the final exam.
It is impossible ____________________.
3. He will necessarily help his wife at home.
It is necessary ____________________.
4. She will unnecessarily do the gardening.
It is unnecessary ____________________.
5.They will frequently support that old woman.
It is frequent ____________________.
442.
Normal simple sentence  Tough movement
Such a husband is a pain to live with for so long.
(=It is a pain to live with such a husband for so long.)
So hard to work in that case is a surprise.
It is a surprise to work so hard in that case.
*It is formal subject; Infinitive phrase is real subject; adverb/object is converted.
Exercise:
1. Such a problem is difficult to finish.
It is difficult ____________________________.
2. So easily to pass a PCE test is a surprise.
It is a surprise ____________________________.
3. Such a meeting is a nonsense to take part in.
It is a nonsense ____________________________.
4. So difficult to finish this task is a shock.
It is a shock ____________________________.
5. Such a man is a stress to work with.
It is a stress ____________________________.
443.
Normal simple sentence  Extra-position movement
It‟s a wonder that no one was hurt.
(= That no one was hurt is a wonder.)
*It=formal subject; That-clause=real subject.
It is a surprise that he wins the contest.
(=That he wins the contest is a surprise.)
Exercise:
192
1. It is a nice surprise that you have visited us.
That you have _______________________.
2. It was a shock that he killed himself.
That he _______________________.
3. It will be a strange thing that the queen comes to this place.
That the queen _______________________.
4. It is a wonder that he offers us a gift.
That he offers _______________________.
5. It was a terror that he had robbed an old woman.
That he had _______________________.
444.
Normal simple sentence Preposing
This one you can keep.
You can keep this one.
Exercise:
1. This subject he can learn.
He can _________________
2. That gift you can get.
You can _________________
3. This food she can eat.
She can _________________
4. That music we can listen to.
We can _________________
5. This man they can help.
They can _________________
445.
Normal simple sentence Postposing
I've lent to Jill the only copy that has been corrected.
I've lent the only copy that has been corrected to Jill.
Exercise:
1. We explain to Jack what we have learned.
We explain what _______________________
2. They transfer to me the parcel that they have got.
They transfer __________________________
3. She borrows from him a book that he has bougt.
She borrows ___________________________
4. I get from you the letter that she wrote.
I get __________________________________
5. I understand from him the situation that he has experienced.
193
I understand ____________________________
446.
Normal simple sentence Inversion
In the bag was a gold watch.
A gold watch was in the bag.
Exercise:
1. In the room stood the audience.
The audience ________________
2. In the room they stood.
They stood __________________
3. In the book was the note.
The note ____________________
4. In the book it was.
It was ______________________
5. Under the situation he was stuck.
He was _____________________
447.
Normal simple sentence Dislocation
It's excellent, this curry.
This curry is excellent.
Exercise:
1. It‟s interesting, this film.
This film __________________
2. It‟s boring, this book.
This book _________________
3. It‟s amusing, this story.
This story _________________
4. It‟s spectacular, this sight.
This sight _________________
5. It‟s wonderful, this victory.
This victory _______________
448.
What clause  deleted
What he likes to do is to listen to music. He is interested in it.
He is interested in listening to music.
Exercise:
1. What he likes to do is to eat pan cake. He is fond of it.
He is fond _______________________
2. What they like to do is listen to birds singing. They are excited about it.
194
They are excited ___________________
3. What she likes to do is to watch sentimental films. She loves it.
She loves ________________________
4. What Henry likes to do is to watch a football match. He is happy with it.
Henry is happy ___________________
5. What we like to do is to go fishing. We like it.
We like _________________________
449.
Before clause  When clause
She had left the house before he came in.
When he came in, she had left the house.
Exercise:
1. The robbers had gone away before the police arrived.
When the police ______________________________
2. The train had left the station before he arrived.
When he arrived ______________________________
3. She had learned English before she came to the United States.
When she came ______________________________
4. He had saved money for a long time before he bought the car.
When he bought ______________________________
5. They had lived there for five years before the war broke out.
When the war ______________________________
450.
Be difficult to V Have difficulty (in) V-ing
It will be difficult for you to pass the exam.
You will have difficulty (in) passing the exam.
Exercise:
1. It is difficult for her to pass the exam.
She has __________________________
2. It was difficult for him to support his family.
He had __________________________
3. It will be difficult for them to build the dam.
They will have ____________________
4. It is difficult for me to translate this text.
I have ___________________________
5. It was difficult forus to write this essay.
We had __________________________
451.
Not so much  More … than
It is not so much a love as a hatred.
195
It is more of a hatred than a love.
Exercise:
1. It is not so much a peace as a war.
It is more of __________________
2. It is not so much a meeting as a farewell
It is more of __________________
3. It is not so much a friendship as an opposition.
It is more of __________________
4. It is not so much a support as a fight.
It is more of __________________
5. It is not so much a good relation as astrike.
It is more of __________________
452.
Cardinal number + years old  Ordinary number + birthday
Mary will be sixteen next week.
It‟s Mary‟s sixteenth birthday next week.
Exercise:
1. Jack will be twenty years old next month.
It‟s Jack‟s ____________________________________
2. They will have lived as a couple for eighteen years by next June.
It‟s their ____________________________________
3. He will be fifty-two years old next February.
It‟s his _____________________________________
4. The club will be ten years old next Sunday.
It‟s the ______________________________________
5. The bridge will be five years old next week.
It‟s the _______________________________________
453.
Probably Likely
He‟ll probably buy the car.
He‟s likely to buy the car.
Exercise:
1. They‟ll probably choose the red car.
They‟re likely _______________________
2. He‟ll probably get the gift.
He‟s likely _______________________
3. She‟ll probably elect Mary to be the monitor.
She‟s likely _______________________
4. Jack‟ll probably watch a film this evening.
196
Jack‟s likely _______________________
5. You‟ll probably play some music.
You‟re likely _______________________
454.
The first time … V  The first N
This will be the first time that he has decided on his study.
This will be his first decision on his study.
Exercise:
1. This will be the first time that she has suggest to her parents.
This will be her first __________________________________
2. This will be the first time that he has written a book.
This will be his first __________________________________
3. This will be the first time that they have collaborated.
This will be their first __________________________________
4. This will be the first time that he has invented in his life.
This will be his first __________________________________
5. This will be the first time that she has made a cake.
This will be her first __________________________________
455.
Although Adj./Adv. As + S + V
She is unable to make both ends meet although she works very hard.
Hard-working as she is, she unable to make both ends meet.
Exercise:
1. They cannot support their families though they are very hard.
Hard as _____________________________________________
2. He cannot pass the exam although he is very studious.
Studious as ___________________________________________
3. She cannot convince him although she is very eager.
Eager as _____________________________________________
4. I cannot hlp them although I am very willing.
Willing as _____________________________________________
5. He cannot catch the train although he runs very fast.
Fast as _____________________________________________
456.
It + come + as no surprise to + O S + be not surprised
It came as no surprise to her that he had been married to a rich woman.
She was not a bit surprised to hear that he had been married to a rich woman.
Exercise:
197
1. It comes no surprise to me that he has failed the examination.
I am not ____________________________________________
2. It comes no surprise to her that he has left her.
She is not ___________________________________________
3. It comes no surprise to him that you haven‟t helped him.
He is not ____________________________________________
4. It comes no surprise to me that you have won the prize.
I am not ____________________________________________
5. It comes no surprise to them that you have accepted their invitation.
They are not _________________________________________
457.
S + be + Adj. + that clause S + be + Adj. + To V
He is careful that he says the right thing.
He is careful to say the right thing.
Exercise:
1. He is happy that he lives with her.
He is __________________________
2. She is glad that you come with her.
She is __________________________
3. They are pleased that you have finished the work.
They are __________________________
4. We are relaxed that the work has been done.
We are __________________________
5. You are sad that she has left for London.
She is __________________________
458.
S + be + adj + To VIt + be + adj + To V + O
She is nice to talk to.
It is nice to talk to her.
Exercise:
1. These things are interesting to know.
It is ______________________________
2. His house is convenient to find.
It is ______________________________
3. This book is easy to read.
It is ______________________________
4. This fruit is all right to eat.
It is ______________________________
5. This play is boring to watch.
It is ______________________________
459.
198
N + V  It Be V-ING N
The house is burning.
It is a burning house.
Exercise:
1. The candidates are failing.
They are _____________________
2. The trees are growing.
They are _____________________
3. The food is boiling.
It is ________________________
4. The situation is changing.
It is _______________________
5. The snow is melting.
It is ________________________
460.
N + Adv.  Compound Adj. + N
The police are conducting a search from house to house.
The police are conducting a house-to-house search.
Exercise:
1. The flower-beds extend from one side to the other.
They are _____________________________________
2. They have a lot of games from one hour to the next.
They are _______________________________________
3. The fight finally became hand to hand.
It was __________________________________________
4. The advertisement went from door to the next.
They had _______________________________________
5. They fought shoulder by shoulder in the war.
They were ______________________________________
461.
; However + full clause But + contracted clause
She understood that he said he loved her; however, he didn‟t love her any more.
She understood that he said he loved her but he didn‟t.
Exercise:
1. She claims it wasn‟t told; however he says it was told.
She claims _____________________________________
2. She feels she‟d like to buy something; however, she doesn‟t know whether or not she
should buy anything.
199
She feels _______________________________________
3. They think that he says he is innocent; however, he isn‟t innocent at all.
They think ______________________________________
4. He stated that he tried his best to do the work; however, he didn‟t try his best to do the
work.
He stated ______________________________________
5. They report that they witnessed the accident; however, they didn‟t witness the
accident.
They report ____________________________________
462.
Each one …himself They…themselves
Each one helps himself to a piece of cake.
They help themselves to a piece of cake.
Exercise:
1. Each one criticizes himself at the end-of-year meeting.
They criticize ________________________________
2. Each one shaves himself every day
They shave __________________________________
3. Each one takes care of himself in the journey
They take ___________________________________
4. Each one serves himself at the party
They serve ___________________________________
5. Each one supports himself at the debate.
They support ________________________________
463.
Each one…the other They…each other
Each one helps the other to win.
They help each other to win.
Exercise:
1. Each one supports the other to learn.
They support ___________________________________________
2. Each one assists the other to finish the work.
They assist ___________________________________________
3. Each one serves the other to complete the task.
They serve ___________________________________________
4. Each one aids the other overcome the difficulties.
They aid ___________________________________________
5. Each one gives the other a hand to end the work.
They give ___________________________________________
464.
200
Out + V Comparative degree
She outran the others.
She ran faster than the others.
Exercise:
1. She outlived the others.
She lived ______________________
2. He outguessed the others.
He guessed better ________________
3. The third chapter outlasted the others.
The third chapter _________________
4. That comppetitor outranked the others.
That competitor ___________________
5. China‟s population outnumbers the others‟.
China‟s ______________________________
465.
It + V + O + that clause  S + Be + Adj. + that clause
It surprises me that she wins the prize.
I‟m surprised that she wins the prize.
irritate /annoy/please/upset/shock/amaze/interest/…
Exercise:
1. It irritates her that the noise is too loud.
She is _______________________________
2. It annoyed her that the music was terrible.
She was _______________________________
3. It pleases me that he gives me a good.
I am __________________________________
4. It upsets them thatthe baby is treated badly.
They are ______________________________
5. It amazed us that the gift was very big.
We were _______________________________
466.
Adj. clause Adj. phrase
She is a woman who is hard to convince.
She is a hard woman to convince.
Exercise:
1. He is a person who is interesting to know.
He is ________________________________
201
2. It is a poem that is nice to memorize.
It is ________________________________
3. It is a course that is easy to pass
It is ________________________________
4. It is a way that is better to solve.
It is ________________________________
5. It is a baby that is easy to please.
It is ________________________________
467.
That clause  Prepositional phrase
She was delighted that she passed.
She was delighted about her passing.
Exercise:
1. He is worried that he is not on time.
He is ____________________________
2. She is happy that he has succeeded.
She is ____________________________
3. They are surprised that he gives them a gift.
They are ____________________________
4. We are sure that they will win the contest.
We are ____________________________
5. He is excited that the match will be on Monday.
He is ____________________________
468.
Sentence  Noun phrase
She is careful to check the machine. I‟m impressed with that.
I‟m impressed with her care to check the machine.
Exercise:
1. He is willing to help them. They are surprised at it.
They are ___________________________
2. He is able to solve this problem. We are confident of it.
We are ____________________________
3. The suface is inclined. We are used to it.
We are _____________________________
4. The course becomes eligible. They are glad about it.
They are ____________________________
5. The man is very kind. I am shocked at this.
I am _______________________________
469.
202
It + Be + N + To V  N + Be + Adj. + To V
It is a wise announcement to make.
The announcement is wise to make.
Exercise:
1. It is a nice person to contact.
The person is _________________________
2. It is an easy language to learn.
The language is _______________________
3. It is an impossible person to argue with.
The person is __________________________
4. It is a funny analysis to listen to.
The analysis is __________________________
5. It is an interesting lecture to listen to.
The lecture is __________________________
470.
S + Be + Adj.  It + Be + Adj. + of O
He is kind to think of them.
It is kind of him to think of them.
Exercise:
1. He is clever to do the task.
It is clever ___________________
2. She is foolish to play that trick.
It is foolish ___________________
3. They are wrong to do that work.
It is wrong ___________________
4. Jack is stupid to tease a beehive.
It is stupid ____________________
5. Mary is polite to greet them.
It is polite ____________________.
471.
Be + PP + Ord. number  Ord. number + N + to be PP
Jack was asked first in the class.
The first student to be asked in the class was Jack.
Exercise:
1. Mary was avoided first in the group.
The first person _______________________
2. Bob was accused first in the robbery.
The first person _______________________
3. Nancy was ranked second in the class.
The second person _____________________
203
4. Mr. Smith was invited third in the block.
The third person ______________________
5. Ms. Bush was told first in the group.
The first person ______________________
472.
Clause  Phrase
I don‟t know what shirt I should wear.
I don‟t know what shirt to wear.
Exercise:
1. I don‟t know how much I sell the chicken.
I don‟t know ___________________________
2. He doesn‟t know who he should talk to.
He doesn‟t know _________________________
3. I don‟t know where I can find a job.
I don‟t know ___________________________
4. He doesn‟t know how he should write an application.
He doesn‟t know _________________________
5. They don‟t know what they should serve at the party.
They don‟t know _________________________
473.
And  If
We are thinking about a vacation in Paris and it would be wonderful.
It would be wonderful if we can have a vacation in Paris.
Exercise:
1. The weather is fine and they go on a picnic.
They will go __________________________
2. She makes a dress and it will be lovely.
The dress _____________________________
3. They will hold a party and it will be fantastic.
It will _________________________________
4. She will take that course and it will be a mistake.
It will be _________________________________
5. The doctor will cure that disease and it will be miracle.
It will be _________________________________
474.
Conversion of S and C
Making cake is her job.
Her job is making cake.
Exercise:
204
1. Going to school on time is the compulsory thing.
The compulsory thing __________________
2. Collecting stamps is her hobby.
Her hobby __________________________
3. Scratching head is his habit.
His habit ____________________________
4. Giving advice to students is his task.
His task ____________________________
5. Listening to music is their pastime.
Their pastime _____________________
475.
And clause  Phrase
I collect stamps and I am fond of that.
I am fond of collecting stamps.
Exercise:
1. She watches films amd she is interested in it.
She is __________________________________.
2. He goes fishing and he pleased with it.
He is __________________________________.
3. He eats noodle every day and he is fed up with it.
He is __________________________________.
4. They play football and they are happy with it.
They are ________________________________.
5. He writes books and he earger with it.
He is __________________________________.
476.
Simple sentence  Inserted subordinate clause
Kuweit produces the most petrol.
Kuweit is the country that produces the most petrol.
Exercise:
1. Most of the world's petrol comes from Kuweit.
Kuweit is the place ____________________________
2. The English drink the most tea.
The English __________________________________
3. Nicaragua produces the most bananas.
Nicaragua is ___________________________________
4. Vietnam produces the most rice.
Vietnam is _____________________________________
5. Brazil produces the most coffee.
Brazil is _______________________________________
205
477.
Time  Adverb clause of time
They have a rest at 8 o‟clock.
8 o‟clock is the time when they have a rest.
Exercise:
1. They will fly to Bermuda on Sunday.
Sunday is __________________________
2. They will get married in June.
June is ____________________________
3. Jack will return the books on Monday.
Monday is _________________________
4. He will start his schooling in September.
September is _______________________
5. The performance will begin at 7 o‟clock.
7 o‟clock is ________________________
478.
N  Adjective clause
They have high belief in their leader.
Their leader is the person in whom they have their high belief.
Exercise:
1. He should ask, “When will we get married?”
“When will we get married?” is _____________________
2. He likes the witty girl.
The girl ________________________________________
3. They show their respect to the teacher.
The teacher is ___________________________________
4. They pay their great attention to the woman in blue.
The woman in blue _______________________________
5. He shows his interest in the toy.
The toy is _____________________________________
479.
And then  When
It was 11 o‟clock and then he went home.
He went home when it was 11 o‟clock.
Exercise:
1. He will finish his work and then he will put out the light.
He will __________________________________
2. It is twelve o‟clock and then they have lunch.
They have lunch __________________________
206
3. He stops writing and then he goes to bed.
He goes __________________________________
4. He finishes his work and then he waters the flowers.
He waters __________________________________
5. It is break time and then the students go to the canteen.
The students _________________________________
480.
And  Such…that
It is an interesting book and I read it twice.
It is such an interesting book that I read it twice.
Exercise:
1. She is very beautiful and I want to make friend with her.
She is such ______________________________________
2. It is a famous book and I like to buy it.
It is such ________________________________________
3. He is an excellent student and he gets only high marks.
He is such _______________________________________
4. Ha Long is a fantastic bay and a lot of tourists have been there.
Ha Long is such ___________________________________
5. Old Faithful is a wonderful geyser and people like to visit it.
Old Faithful is such ________________________________
481.
During N  While clause
It took place during the lesson.
It took place while he was learning.
Exercise:
1. The meeting takes place during the tea break.
The meeting _______________________________
2. He met her during the training.
He met her __________________________________
3. He was hurt during the attack.
He was hurt __________________________________
4. Jack bought the souvenir during the visit.
Jack bought ___________________________________
5. He saw her during the ceremony.
He saw ____________________________________________
482.
If Double comparative
If you learner harder, you will get better marks.
207
The harder you learn, the better marks you get.
Exercise:
1. If he is lazier, he will get less money.
The lazier _____________________________
2. If Jack is fatter, he will become slower.
The fatter ______________________________
3. If you practice more, you will be ore skillful.
The more ______________________________
4. If she eats less, she will be slimmer.
The less ________________________________
5. If they are less curious, people will be less annoyed.
The less __________________________________
483.
Passive voice in the Adj. clause
He remembers the question that she raised.
He remembers the question that was raised.
Exercise:
1. The information that they gave is interesting.
The information that _________________________
2. The book that he writes is interesting.
The book that ______________________
3. The pen that she bought was very good.
The pen that ________________________
4. He remembers the story that his grandmother told long time ago.
He remembers ________________________
5. He likes the picture that his wife drew.
He likes ______________________________
484.
Only by… The only way… is by…
Only by learning hard can she pass the exam.
The only way she can pass the exam is by learning hard.
Exercise:
1. Only by working hard can he support his family.
The only way _________________________________
2. Only by accompanying her can he marry her.
The only way _________________________________
3. Only by practicing English every day can he master it.
The only way _________________________________
4. Only by swimming regularly can she treat her heart problem.
The only way _________________________________
208
5. Only getting up early can she catch the first train.
The only way _________________________________
485.
Not… until after It be … that…
The baby didn‟t stop crying until after the mother came home.
It was not until after the mother came home that the bay stopped crying.
Exercise:
1. It didn‟t stop raining until after the train arrived at the station.
It was not __________________________________________
2. The war didn‟t end until after the leader died.
It was not __________________________________________
3. The gambling didn‟t stop until after the police came in.
It was not __________________________________________
4. The fight didn‟t stop until after the security guards arrived.
It was not __________________________________________
5. The flood wasn‟t over until after it was sunny for a week.
It was not __________________________________________
486.
Make/earn  Salary
Jack makes three thousand dollars a month.
Jack‟s salary is three thousand dollars a month.
Exercise:
1. Henry earns ten thousands a week.
Henry‟s salary _____________________
2. A worker makes two thousand dollars a month.
A worker‟s salary _________________________
3. A doctor can earn ten thousand pounds a month.
A doctor‟s salary _________________________
4. A teacher earns six thousand dollars a month.
A teacher‟s salary _________________________
5. An actor may earn tens of thousand dollars a month.
An actor‟s salary _________________________
487.
No matter how much  Whatever price
He will not sell the bike no matter how much you offer him.
Whatever price you offer him for the bike, he will not sell it.
Exercise:
1. He will buy the souvenir no matter how much it is.
209
Whatever price ______________________________
2. He can afford the house no matter how much it is.
Whatever price ______________________________
3. That millionaire can buy a helicopter no matter how much it is.
Whatever price ______________________________
4. That man can‟t buy even a loaf of bread no matter how much it is.
Whatever price ______________________________
5. The old woman can buy a diamond ring no matter how much it is.
Whatever price ______________________________
488.
Wish To V + comparative  Not like To V … such…
She wishes to live in a larger house.
She doesn‟t like to live in such a small house.
Wish > such
Exercise:
1. He wishes to use a faster laptop.
He doesn‟t like _____________________________
2. She wishes to raise a smaller dog.
She doesn‟t like _____________________________
3. They wish to buy a larger car.
They don‟t like _____________________________
4. Kathy wishes to have a bigger room.
Kathy doesn‟t like ___________________________
5. He wishes to learn in a larger university.
He doesn‟t like _____________________________
489.
Don‟t call + O + by name That is …name to use for + O
Don‟t call her by that insulting name.
That is an insulting name to use for her.
Exercise:
1. Don‟t call him by that humble name.
That is _________________________
2. Don‟t call her Hui.
That is _________________________
3. Don‟t call him Teo.
That is _________________________
4. Don‟t call her by that joking name.
That is _________________________
5. Don‟t call them by those humble names.
210
Those are _______________________
490.
Cleft clause Conditional sentence
It is her naughty that makes her parents sad.
If she weren‟t naughty, her parents wouldn‟t be sad.
Exercise:
1. It is his failure that makes her unhappy.
If he _________________________________
2. It is her sickness that makes him worried.
If she _________________________________
3. It is their strikes that make their country poor.
If they _________________________________
4. It is our bad marks that make our teacher sad.
If we _________________________________
5. It is her disability that makes them refuse her application
If she _________________________________
491.
It + Be + impossible for O + To V S + can‟t V
It‟s impossible for him to pass the exam.
He can‟t pass the exam.
Exercise:
1. It‟s impossible for him to buy the car.
He can‟t __________________________
2. It‟s impossible for her to solve that problem.
She can‟t __________________________
3. It‟s impossible for us to follow the horse.
We can‟t __________________________
4. It‟s impossible for them to build a big house.
They can‟t __________________________
5. It‟s impossible for him to marry her.
He can‟t __________________________
492.
Not know whether But not sure
He doesn‟t know whether she is early.
She may be early but he is not sure.
Exercise:
1. I don‟t know whether he is pleased.
211
He may _________________________
2. They don‟t know whether it will be sunny tomorrow.
It may _________________________
3. She doesn‟t know whether he will invite her to the cinema.
He may _________________________
4. We don‟t know whether he will help us.
He may _________________________
5. He doesn‟t know whether she will accept his invitation.
She may _________________________
493.
Never…when  Every time… not
She is never at home when we visit her.
Every time we visit her, she isn‟t at home.
Exercise:
1. He never accepts our invitation when we invite him.
Every time ___________________________________
2. He is never in the yard when it is recess.
Every time ___________________________________
3. She is never in the canteen when we have a break.
Every time ___________________________________
4. She never smiles when we meet her.
Every time ___________________________________
5. He never invites us to eat anything when we get together.
Every time ___________________________________
494.
Always…when  Every time…
She is always in the yard when it is recess.
Every time it is recess, she is in the yard.
Exercise:
1. They are always in the canteen when we have a break.
Every time ___________________________________
2. He always helps us when we have difficultes.
Every time ___________________________________
3. She always smiles with us when we meet her.
Every time ___________________________________
4. They always refuse our request when we ask them.
Every time ___________________________________
5. He always gets good marks when we take tests.
Every time ___________________________________
495.
212
Be Adj. to O Behave Adv. to O
She is very kind to him.
She behaves very kindly to him.
Exercise:
1. They are very kind to me.
They behave _______________________
2. She is very generous to us.
She behaves _______________________
3. He is very honest to her.
He behaves _______________________
4. You are very rude to her.
You behave _______________________
5. Jack is very polite to everyone.
Jack behaves _______________________
496.
Wish … V  Sorry … not V
I wish I had washed your clothes yesterday.
I am sorry that I didn‟t wash your clothes yesterday.
Exercise:
1. I wish I had supported your idea in the meeting.
I am sorry ________________________________
2. He wishes he had sent a gift to you.
He is sorry ________________________________
3. She wishes she had checked her mail box.
She is sorry ________________________________
4. They wish they had visited her.
They are sorry ______________________________
5. I wish I had called you last time.
I am sorry ________________________________
497.
Only  The only thing
He‟s only interested in why she visits him.
The only thing he‟s interested in is why she visits him.
Exercise:
1. He‟s only fond of reading books.
The only thing _____________________________
2. The child is only excited about what they will give him.
The only thing _____________________________
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3. The students only pay their attention to what marks they will get.
The only thing _____________________________
4. The workers are only concerned about the project.
The only thing _____________________________
5. The kingfish observed only the fish it was going to catch.
The only thing _____________________________
498.
Will not … again  The last time
She won‟t meet him again.
That‟s the last time she meets him.
Exercise:
1. They won‟t aid her again.
That‟s the last time ______________________
2. He won‟t behaves like that again.
3. Jack won‟t smoke cigarettes again.
4. She won‟t break her words again.
5. We won‟t use it again.
499.
S + V + That clause  N + Be + That clause
We believe that she is innocent.
Our belief is that she is innocent.
Exercise:
1. We think that he is honest.
Our thought __________________
2. She hopes that he will visit her again.
Her hope __________________
3. I expect that the boat will return.
My expectation ______________
4. He desires that he will win the lottery.
His desire __________________
5. We admire that he has invented great thing.
Our admiration _______________
500.
It + Be + pointless/not necessary  Not need
214
It is pointless (not necessary) to install this program.
This program does not need to be installed.
Exercise:
1. It is pointless (not necessary) to watch this film.
This film __________________________________
2. It is pointless (not necessary) to wait for the bus here.
The bus __________________________________
3. It is pointless (not necessary) to catch this fish.
This fish __________________________________
4. It is pointless (not necessary) to buy this thing.
This thing __________________________________
5. It is pointless (not necessary) to save this rod.
This rod __________________________________
B2 LEVEL
501.
Think + May Look as if + Will
I think it may be sunny.
It looks as if it will be sunny.
Exercise:
1. I think it may be foggy.
It looks as if ________________________
2. I think it may be rainy.
It looks as if ________________________
3. I think it may be snowy.
It looks as if ________________________
4. I think it may be windy.
It looks as if ________________________
5. I think it may be stormy.
It looks as if ________________________
502.
May have pp.  Look as if + Past perfect
The flowers may not have been watered for many days.
It looked as if the flowers hadn‟t been watered for many days.
Exercise:
1. The fish may not have been fed for a long time.
It looked as if _________________________________
2. The house may not have been cleaned for a long time.
It looked as if _________________________________
215
3. The machine may not have been checked last time.
It looked as if _________________________________
4. The door may not have been locked yesterday.
It looked as if _________________________________
5. The clothes may not have been ironed.
It looked as if _________________________________
503.
May V Perhaps …will V
It may rain, but I have to leave this region.
Perhaps it will rain, but I have to leave this region.
Exercise:
1. It may be foggy, but theplane has to take off.
Perhaps it will __________________________
2. It may be stormy, but the boat has to go to the island.
Perhaps it will __________________________
3. It may be very windy, but the ferry has to cross the river.
Perhaps it will __________________________
4. It may be sunny, but the children have to stay home.
Perhaps it will __________________________
5. It may be snowy, but we have to take the victim to the hospital.
Perhaps it will __________________________
504.
A moment ago  just
He finished his work a moment ago.
He has just finished his work.
Exercise:
1. The tiger ate a duck a moment ago.
The tiger has just _______________________
2. The doctor examined the patient a moment ago.
The doctor has just _______________________
3. The driver left the car a moment ago.
The driver has just _______________________
4. I drank a glass of beer a moment ago.
I have just _____________________________
5. We covered the pile of sand a moment ago.
We have just ___________________________
506.
It + Be + Adj. + N. clause N. clause + Be + Adj.
It is interesting why he solved that problem quickly.
216
Why he solved that problem quickly is interesting.
Exercise:
1. It is easy when you decide on your project.
When you decide _______________________
2. It is nice where he chooses his house.
Where he chooses _______________________
3. It is important what topic you select.
What topic you ___________________________
4. It is successful how you conduct the project.
How you conduct ________________________
5. It is lucky when I meet you here.
When I meet ____________________________
507.
Seem to have PP. Look as if …Had PP.
The cake seemed to have been left for a long time.
It looked as if the cake had been left for a long time.
Exercise:
1. The house seemed to have been abandoned for a long time
It looked as if _________________________________
2. The book seemed to have been lost for a month.
It looked as if _________________________________
3. The car seemed to have been left last week.
It looked as if _________________________________
4. The dog seemed to have been injured for some days.
It looked as if _________________________________
5. The child seemed to have been hungry for many hours.
It looked as if _________________________________
508.
Not have to  Not necessary
You don‟t have to cut the lawn today.
It‟s not necessary for you to cut the lawn today.
Exercise:
1. He doesn‟t have to be on duty today.
It‟s not necessary for _____________________________
2. You don‟t have to wash the dishes toady.
3. She doesn‟t have to clean the house toady.
4. They don‟t have to oil the machine now.
217
5. He doesn‟t have to fix the laptop now.
509.
Only when  Not until
Only when they had got the salary rise did they buy a new car.
They didn‟t buy a new car until after their salary rise.
Exercise:
1. Only when you graduate from university can you get a job.
You can‟t ________________________________________
2. Only when they finish their work can they watch the film.
They can‟t _______________________________________
3. Only when she has left the room can the child play games.
The child can‟t ____________________________________
4. Only when Jack returns can Mary get the gift.
Mary can‟t _______________________________________
5. Only when they arrive does the show begin.
The show doesn‟t ___________________________________
510.
Can‟t…any more Too…to
He can‟t learn any more because he is angry.
He is too angry to learn any more.
Exercise:
1. She can‟t go any further because she is tried.
She is too _____________________________
2. They couldn‟t work any more because they were exhausted.
They were too __________________________
3. We can‟t work any more because we are very hungry.
We are too _____________________________
4. I can‟t join the game any more because I am very bored.
I am too _____________________________
5. She can‟t take part in the contest because she is very young.
She is too _____________________________
511.
Conditional sentence  But
If my wife does not have any money, I will borrow it for you.
My wife may not have any money but I will borrow it for you.
Exercise:
1. If you don‟t like this film, I will change it.
218
You may not ___________________________
2. If Jack does not come, I will replace him.
Jack may not ___________________________
3. If Thomas refuses the offer, she will take it.
Thomas may not __________________________
4. If they get to the concert, we will leave our seats for them.
They may not ___________________________
5. If he does not complete the work, I will do it for him.
He may not ___________________________
512.
Adj. + Noun clause  Adj. + Prep. Phrase
He is annoyed that he has to clean the toilet.
He is annoyed at cleaning the toilet.
Exercise:
1. She is interested that she will attend the game.
She is __________________________________
2. They are excited that they watch an excellent match.
They are _________________________________
3. He is irritated that he has to feed the pigs.
He is _____________________________________
4. We are pleased that we get big gifts.
We are ____________________________________
5. Martha is bored that she does the same work day after day.
Martha is ___________________________________________
513.
Deserve  Should
The boy deserved being awarded for his good marks.
The boy‟s good marks should be awarded.
Exercise:
1. Jenny deserved being offered a good job for her excellent competence.
Jenny‟s excellent competence should ______________________________
2. He deserved being given a gift for his good performance.
His good performance should ____________________________________
3. They deserved being aided some amount for their poverty.
Their poverty should ____________________________________________
4. That player deserved being awarded a gold medal for his fair play.
That player‟s fair play should ______________________________________
5. That boxer deserved being awarded a prize for his excellent strength.
That boxer‟s excellent strength should ______________________________
514.
S + Be + Adj. + When clause V-ING + Make + O + Adj.
219
I am happy when I see you.
Seeing you makes me happy.
Exercise:
1. She is bored when she watches this film.
Watching ___________________________
2. They are excited when they play the game.
Playing ___________________________
3. He is annoyed when he discovered the scheme.
Discovering ___________________________
4. Hebert is pleased when he gets good marks.
Getting ________________________________
5. Mai is amused when she buys a good toy.
Buying __________________________________________
515.
According to  Consider/regard
According to him the book is very interesting.
He considers the book very interesting.
Exercise:
1. According to her the film is fantastic.
She considers ________________________
2. According to them the circus shows are terrific.
They regard ________________________
3. According to the director the project is feasible.
The director considers __________________
4. According to him the play is amusing.
He considers ________________________
5. According to Kathy the toy is wonderful.
Kathy regards ________________________
516.
Not need more  All + need
She doesn‟t need more than ten dollars.
Ten dollars is all she needs.
Exercise:
1. She doesn‟t need more than five books.
Five books is all she needs.
2. He doesn‟t need more than a hundred pounds.
A hundred pounds is all he needs.
3. They don‟t need more than two kilos rice.
Two kilos rice is all they need.
220
4. We don‟t need more than ten chickens.
Ten chickens is all we need.
5. Samantha doesn‟t need more than sixnotebooks.
Six notebooksis all Samantha needs.
517.
Open Not certain
It‟s open to question whether she will visit us.
It‟s not certain that she will visit us..
Exercise:
1. It‟s open to question whether he will go to the party.
It‟s not certain _____________________
2. It‟s open to question whether they will be present at the meeting.
It‟s not certain _____________________
3. It‟s open to question whether you will accept it.
It‟s not certain _____________________
4. It‟s open to question whether they will approve of it.
It‟s not certain _____________________
5. It‟s open to question whether he will choose it.
It‟s not certain _____________________
518.
Adj. clause  Adv. Clause
The story she told him made him sad.
He was sad when she told him the story.
Exercise:
1. The book she bought made him amused.
He was _______________________________
2. The report they wrote caused her annoyed.
She was _______________________________
3. The letter she sent made him happy.
He was _______________________________
4. The picture he saw made him irritated.
He was _______________________________
5. The strike she saw made her terrified.
She was _______________________________
519.
The moment  As soon as
The moment he went home, he rushed into the kitchen.
He rushed into the kitchen as soon as he went home.
Exercise:
1. The moment she saw the accident, she was frightened.
221
She was ______________________________________
2. The moment he witnessed the corpse, he was terrified.
He was ______________________________________
3. The moment the student was punished, he began to cry.
The student ______________________________________
4. The moment the doctor received the patient, he devoted to him.
The doctor ______________________________________
5. The moment the soldier was at the front, he became awared of any moving point.
The soldier became ______________________________________
520.
Rather than Because
Rather than make her sad, I said nothing to her.
I said nothing to her because I didn‟t want to make her sad.
Exercise:
1. Rather than make him unhappy, I left the party.
I left ______________________________________
2. Rather than cause her annoyed, I avoided her.
I avoided ___________________________________
3. Rather than make him upset, she pleased him.
She pleased ___________________________________
4. Rather than cause the meeting chaotic, he kept silent.
He kept ______________________________________
5. Rather than make them angry, she said nothing.
She said ______________________________________
521.
Not a(n) N Inversion
He did not say a word when he met her.
Not a word did he say when he met her.
Exercise:
1. She did not say a word when she left the party.
Not a word did ___________________________
2. He did not give a penny when he stayed at their house.
Not a penny did ___________________________
3. They did not spend a minute with her when they were at the meeting.
Not a minute did ___________________________
4. She did not drink a glass of water when she visited him.
Not a glass of water did _______________________
5. He did not save a penny when he worked in the city.
Not a penny did ___________________________
522.
Conditional sentence 3 Reason
222
If the test hadn‟t been easy, I couldn‟t have passed it.
I found the test easy, and that‟s why I was able to pass it.
Exercise:
1. If he hadn‟t been kind, he wouldn‟t have accepted the request.
He was _____________________________________________
2. If she hadn‟t been honest, the money would have been lost.
She was _____________________________________________
3. If they hadn‟t helped us, we couldn‟t have overcome the difficulties.
Theyhelped ___________________________________________
4. If the director hadn‟t felt a pity, he would have been fired.
The director felt _________________________________________
5. If the soldiers hadn‟t retreated, a violent battle would have taken place.
The soldiers retreated ______________________________________
523.
Noun clause Independent clause
I am sure that he didn‟t steal the purse.
He didn‟t steal the purse and I am sure of it.
Exercise:
1. It is certain that he will attend the ceremony.
He will __________________________________
2. It is confirmed that the president will sign the application.
The president ______________________________
3. I am certain that she will donate some money to the program.
She will __________________________________
4. They are sure that he will quit the job.
He will __________________________________
5. I believe that the right will be accepted.
The right _________________________________
524.
Would rather not Not really want
I‟d rather not eat the cake.
I don‟t really want to eat the cake.
(Would rather not = don‟t really want)
Exercise:
1. He‟d rather not smoke cigarettes.
He doesn‟t really ___________________
2. They‟d rather not catch that fish.
They don‟t really ___________________
3. She‟d rather not visit him.
She doesn‟t really ___________________
223
4. I‟d rather not drink any beer.
I don‟t really ______________________
5. Jack‟d rather not give her anything.
He doesn‟t really ___________________
525.
No problem Find it easy
He has no problem to do the work.
He finds it easy to do the work.
Exercise:
1. He has no problem to solve the task.
He finds it __________________
2. I have no problem to do this work.
I find it _____________________
3. She has no problem to fix the laptop.
She finds it __________________
4. We have no problem to stay here.
We find it ____________________
5. He has no problem to sign the contract.
He finds it __________________
526.
Often V … used to it Be used to + V-ING
She often visits her grandparents and she is used to it.
She is used to visiting her grandparents.
Exercise:
Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence:
1. She often gives beggars some money and she is used to it.
She is used to __________________________________
2. We often do our homework and we are used to it.
We are used to __________________________________
3. They often defragment the drivers and they are used to it.
They are used to __________________________________
4. I often get up early and I am used to it.
I am used to _____________________________________
5. Suzy often goes shopping and she is used to it.
She is used to __________________________________
527.
When S + Be + … years old At the age of …
When he was three, he started to learn English.
At the age of three he started to learn English.
Exercise:
224
1. When she was six, she went to an elementary school.
At the age of _________________________________
2. When he was twenty-two, he got married.
At the age of _________________________________
3. When Betty was ten, her family moved to the city.
At the age of _________________________________
4. When Kathy was seven, she won a gold medal.
At the age of _________________________________
5. When she was sixteen, her father died in a traffic accident.
At the age of _________________________________
528.
Sorry + That clause  Regret + V-ING
She is sorry that she didn‟t buy that pet.
She regrets not buying that pet.
Exercise:
1. He is sorry that he didn‟t support our idea.
He regrets _________________________________
2. She is sorry that she ignored their advice.
She regrets _________________________________
3. We are sorry that we didn‟t go to the party.
We regret _________________________________
4. They are sorry that they didn‟t help us.
They regret _________________________________
5. He is sorry that he broke the vase.
He regrets _________________________________
529.
V + Adv.  Adj. + N
He recovered more rapidly than expected.
He made more rapid recovery than expected.
Exercise:
1. She decided on the project very slowly.
She made ___________________________
2. They arranged the program very carefully.
They made ___________________________
3. We responded the request very promptly.
We made ___________________________
4. He suggested his idea very well.
He made ___________________________
5. I supposed the theory practically.
I made ______________________________
530.
225
Result  And this leads to
Jack‟s failure is the result of his learning too lazy.
Jack learns too lazy and this leads to his failure.
Exercise:
1. My success is the result of your support.
You have supported ____________________
2. The collapse of the company is the result of the director‟s corruption.
The director has ________________________
3. The bad marks are the result of his playing truant often.
He has played __________________________
4. The accident is the result of his driving carelessly.
He drives ______________________________
5. The incident is the result of the engineer‟s bad management.
The engineer manages _____________________
531.
Please don‟t V + O  S + not + want to be PP.
Please don‟t bother me.
I don‟t want to be bothered.
Exercise:
1. Please don‟t annoy me.
I don‟t want ___________________
2. Please don‟t interrupt me.
I don‟t want ___________________
3. Please don‟t ask me.
I don‟t want ___________________
4. Please don‟t request me.
I don‟t want ___________________
5. Please don‟t touch me.
I don‟t want ___________________
532.
Can‟t + S + V + comparative … + N  Is this + superlative N …
Can‟t you cook more delicious meal?
Is this the most delicious meal you can cook?
Exercise:
1. Can‟t you write a better essay?
Is this the best _____________________?
2. Can‟t you do more homework?
Is this the most _____________________?
3. Can‟t you make a more attractive dress?
226
Is this the most _____________________?
4. Can‟t you draw better pictures?
Is this the best _____________________?
5. Can‟t you build a more solid boat?
Is this the most _____________________?
533.
Have been + job + for time Career + began + time ago
He has been a teacher for twenty years.
His career as a teacher began twenty years ago.
Exercise:
1. She has been a doctor for ten years.
Her career as ________________________
2. Susan has been a tailor for five years.
Susan‟s career as _____________________
3. They have been sailors for twenty years.
Their career as ________________________
4. He has been anactor for ten years.
His career as ________________________
5. Jack has been a worker for ten months.
Jack‟s career as ________________________
534.
Not…in/on time Not early enough
Mai doesn‟t come to Sai Gon University in time to attend the workshop.
Mai doesn‟t come to Sai Gon University early enough to attend the workshop.
Exercise:
1. They didn‟t go to the stadium on time to take part in the ceremony.
They didn‟t ____________________________________________
2. He doesn‟t go to school on time to take the exam.
He doesn‟t ____________________________________________
3. The workers didn‟t go to the factory on time to start their work.
The workers didn‟t ______________________________________
4. Mr. Smith didn‟t go to the station on time to catch the coach.
Mr. Smith didn‟t _________________________________________
5. He didn‟t come to the hall on time to hear her speech.
He didn‟t ______________________________________________
535.
Can‟t …because  Too…to
She can‟t learn French at Indicaf because she is poor.
She is too poor to learn French at Indicaf.
Exercise:
227
1. He can‟t buy the bike because he has little money.
He has too ________________________________
2. She can‟t carry the bag because she is very weak.
She is too ________________________________
3. They can‟t continue their work because they are tired.
They are too ______________________________
4. Bobby can‟t catch the bus because he is late.
Bobby is too ______________________________
5. Ms. Simpson can‟t eat the food because it is very tough.
The food is too ____________________________
536.
Will V  promise to V (Indirect speech)
“I will return the book, Jack” said Tom.
Tom promised to return Jack‟s book.
Exercise:
1. “I will help you, Mary” said Suzy.
Suzy promised ________________________
2. “I will support you, Betty” said Samantha.
Samantha promised ____________________
3. “I will give you a hand, Tom” said Jack.
Jack promised ________________________
4. “I will come to your party, Jenny” said Mary.
Mary promised ________________________
5. “I will buy you a present, Jane” said George.
George promised _______________________
537.
Would you like  Invite (Indirect speech)
“Would you like to stay for lunch?” asked Mary.
Mary invited me to stay for lunch.
Exercise:
1. “Would you like to drink some tea?” asked John.
John offered _____________________
2. “Would you like to eat something?” asked Henry.
Henry invited ____________________
3. “Would you like to listen to music?” asked Nancy.
Nancy invited ___________________
4. “Would you like to get some gift?” asked Jenny.
Jenny offered _____________________________
5. “Would you like to take some toy?” asked Mum.
Mum offered ____________________________
538.
228
Be required to V  Must V
Students are required to be present at the meeting.
Students must be present at the meeting.
Exercise:
1. Students are required to do homework.
Students must ______________________
2. The workers are required to be punctual.
The workers must ____________________
3. The teachers are required to do scientific research.
The teachers must ____________________
4. The doctors are required to follow the regulations.
The doctors must _____________________
5. The swimmers are required to obey the restrictions.
The swimmers must ____________________
539.
Possible … will  May
It is possible that he will visit us tomorrow.
He may visit us tomorrow.
Exercise:
1. It is possible that she will visit them.
She may __________________________
2. It is possible that they will give us some money.
They may __________________________
3. It is possible that he will send us an email.
He may __________________________
4. It is possible that it will be foggy tomorrow.
It may __________________________
5. It is possible that we will get a gift.
We may __________________________
540.
Be … or …  Whether…or…
Be he rich or poor, he will be our friend.
He will be our friend whether he is rich or poor.
Exercise:
1. Be she beautiful or ugly, she will be our friend.
She will _________________________________
2. Be he honest or not, he will be our friend.
He will _________________________________
3. Be they rich or poor, they will be our customers.
They will _________________________________
229
4. Be she timid or proud, she will be our friend.
She will _________________________________
5. Be they dead or alive, they will be our patients.
They will _________________________________
541.
Can‟t help + V-ING  Stop + O + from V-ING
Mary can‟t help crying when she hears the bad result.
Mary can‟t stop herself from crying at the bad result.
Exercise:
1. Henry can‟t help laughing when he sees the scene.
Henry can‟t stop _____________________________
2. Jack can‟t help secreting saliva when he looks at a tamerind.
Jack can‟t stop _____________________________
3. Hans can‟t help looking at the corpse when he passes an accident.
Hans can‟t stop _____________________________
4. Ms. Lan can‟t help buying the bag when she sees it in a shopwindow.
Ms. Lan can‟t stop _____________________________
5. Betty can‟t help chatting when she meets her old friends.
Betty can‟t stop _____________________________
542.
S + Be + Adj. That clause  That clause + make + O + Adj.
I am happy that you come here with me.
That you come here with me makes me happy.
Exercise:
1. She is glad that he visits her.
That he _______________________
2. He is pleased that his son learns well.
That his son _____________________
3. They are sad that their daughter failed the examination.
That their _______________________
4. I am lucky that your help me this time.
That you _______________________
5. He is eager that the circus will come soon.
That the circus __________________
543.
V when S was a child  used to V
Tom cried a lot when he was a child.
Tom used to cried a lot when he was a child.
Exercise:
1. Jack got bad marks when he was an elementary student.
230
Jack used to ____________________________________
2. He borrowed my money when we were in the same class.
He used to ____________________________________
3. She played tricks on her friends when they studied at school.
She used to ____________________________________
4. You made water in bed when you were a child.
You used to ____________________________________
5. He was dirty when he was a little child.
He used to ____________________________________
544.
Not …until later  Only later
She didn‟t know what she should do until later.
Only later did she know what she should do.
Exercise:
1. He didn‟t know when he should leave until later.
Only later did _________________________________
2. They didn‟t know where they should live until later.
Only later did _________________________________
3. She didn‟t know how she should behave until later.
Only later did _________________________________
4. We didn‟t know what we should learn until later.
Only later did _________________________________
5. They didn‟t know what color they should choose until later.
Only later did _________________________________
545.
Want to V… that‟s why…  In order to V
She wants to read books. That‟s why she goes to the library.
She goes to the library in order to read books.
Exercise:
1. He wants to borrow some money. That‟s why he goes to the bank.
He goes to _____________________________________________
2. She wants to buy some rice. That‟s why she goes to the market.
She goes to _____________________________________________
3. He wants to get some books. That‟s why he goes to the bookshop.
He goes to _____________________________________________
4. She wants to get an electric socket. That‟s why she goes to the hardware shop.
She goes to _____________________________________________
5. She wants to catch some fish. That‟s why she goes to the lake.
She goes to _____________________________________________
546.
A new experience  This is the first time
231
This pasta is a new experience for me.
This is the first time I have tried this pasta.
Exercise:
1. This sushi is a new experience for me.
This is the first time ____________________
2. This journey is a new experience for her.
3. This visit is a new experience for them.
4. This drink is a new experience for him.
5. This stay is a new experience for us.
547.
Agree withBe in favor of
I agree with walking in the evening.
I am in favor of walking in the evening.
Exercise:
1. I agree with swimming in the morning.
I am in favor of _________________
2. He agrees with reading books.
He is in favor of _________________
3. They agree with fixing the car.
They are in favor of _______________
4. We agree with holding a party.
We are in favor of _________________
5. She agrees with doing some needlework.
She is in favor of _________________
548.
S + Be + Responsible for + Something wrong Something wrong + Be +
Possessive case + Fault
Jack is responsible for broking the vase.
Broking the vase is Jack‟s fault.
Exercise:
1. We are responsible for cracking the pot.
Cracking the pot _______________________
2. They are responsible for spoiling the cake.
Spoiling the cake _______________________
3. He is responsible for burning the food.
Burning the food _______________________
232
4. Jack is responsible for violating the rule.
Violating the rule _______________________
5. Mary is responsible for cancelling the class.
Cancelling the class _______________________
549.
So (compound conjunction)  Owing to
It rained hard so they stayed home.
They stayed home owing to hard raining.
Exercise:
1. It is very cold so the students have days off.
The students ___________________________
2. It is stormy so the plane can‟t take off.
The plane can‟t __________________________
3. There is a strike so the workers can‟t work.
The workers can‟t _________________________
4. Hans is absent so he can‟t understand the lesson.
Hans can‟t _______________________________
5. He often misses the promise so his friends don‟t like him.
His friends don‟t ___________________________
550.
(Un)Fair  Deserve
It is unfair that Tom is punished.
Tom does not deserve being punished.
Exercise:
1. It is fair that Tom is sacked in the company.
Tom deserves __________________________
2. It is unfair that she gets the prize.
She doesn‟t deserve ________________________
3. It is fair that Teddy is awarded with a gold medal.
Teddy deserves __________________________
4. It is unfair that Mary gets good marks.
Mary doesn‟t deserve ________________________
5. It is unfair that the boy receives a nice toy.
The boy doesn‟t deserve _______________________
551.
At the end  The moment … finish
She'll have to perform at the end of his introduction.
The moment he finishes his introduction, she‟ll have to perform.
Exercise:
1. They‟ll have to work at the end of the month.
233
The moment ____________________________
2. He‟ll have to sing at the end of the meeting.
The moment ____________________________
3. Jack‟ll have to submit the report at the end of the conference.
The moment ____________________________
4. We‟ll have to write a minute at the end of the seminar.
The moment ____________________________
5. She‟ll have to check the machine at the beginning of the journey.
The moment ____________________________
552.
Did Not …for time  Time + Before
The parcel didn't arrive for a month.
It was a month before the parcel arrived.
Exercise:
1. The work didn‟t finish for two weeks.
It was two ____________________________
2. The match was not over for five minutes.
It was five ____________________________
3. The lesson didn‟t end for ten minutes.
It was ten____________________________
4. The letter didn‟t come for ten days.
It was ten ____________________________
5. He didn‟t return the book for three months.
It was three____________________________
553.
Interrogative Assertive
Why worry about what people say?
It is foolish to worry about what people say.
Exercise:
1. What does it matter whether we win or lose?
It matters little _________________________
2. Why talk about what people behave?
It is curious ___________________________
3. What does it matter whether he stays or leaves?
It matters little _________________________
4. Why observe what other people do?
It is curious ____________________________
5. What does it matter whether she is married or single?
It is talkative ____________________________
554.
Absolute phrase  Adverb clause
234
The weather being rough, they cancelled the voyage.
Because the weather was rough, they cancelled the voyage.
Exercise:
1. The sea being peaceful, the fishermen go to sea.
Because the sea ___________________________
2. The roads being muddy, the traffic was jammed.
Because the roads __________________________
3. The teacher being sick, the students had a day off.
Because the teacher _________________________
4. The door being locked, they stayed out all night.
Because the door ___________________________
5. The train coming late, a lot of people were waiting on the platform.
Because the train ___________________________
555.
Think the same  Agree
Jack thinks that Tom will pass the examination and Mary thinks the same.
Mary agrees with Jack that Tom will pass the examination.
Exercise:
1. Jenny thinks that the dress is nice and Peggy thinks the same.
Peggy agrees _________________________________
2. John thinks that the result is fair and Jim thinks the same.
Jim agrees _________________________________
3. He thinks that the match is excellent and Bobby thinks the same.
Bobby agrees _________________________________
4. She thinks that the game is useful and Mary thinks the same.
Mary agrees _________________________________
5. Kathy thinks that the painting is spectacular and Margaret thinks the same.
Margaret agrees _________________________________
556.
Start + V-ING + Before  Continuous tense + When
She started dancing before Tom entered the room.
She was dancing before Tom entered the room.
Exercise:
1. He starts reading before she comes.
He is __________________________
2. They started watching a film before she arrived.
They were ______________________
3. We start playing tennis when she calls us.
We are __________________________
4. He started writing a letter when it rains.
235
He is ____________________________
5. I started listening to music when the old man appeared.
I was __________________________
557.
Noun clause: V  Noun clause: N
Most people know that Paris is an ancient city.
It is common knowledge that Paris is an ancient city.
Exercise:
1. She hopes that she will win the contest.
It is her hope ______________________
2. They expect that we will remember their anniversary.
It is their expectation ________________
3. She desires that they will give her many gifts.
It is her desire ______________________
4. He wishes that she would buy that dress.
It is his wish ______________________
5. We think that the bright day will come soon.
It is our thought ____________________
558.
Not … until  It be only when
I didn‟t realize that I was wrong until you reminded me.
It was only when you reminded me I realized that I was wrong
Exercise:
1. They didn‟t check the mail until you called them.
It was only when __________________________
2. She didn‟t know the news until you told her.
It was only when __________________________
3. He didn‟t discover the scheme until he saw them in the forest.
It was only when __________________________
4. She didn‟t have the gift until she opened the parcel in the corner.
It was only when __________________________
5. I didn‟t read the book until I saw it in the top shelf by accident.
It was only when __________________________
559.
Noun  Noun clause (Subject)
The cause of the fire is still unknown.
What caused the fire is still unknown.
Exercise:
1. The duration of the play affects the audience.
How long the play ________________________
236
2. The knowledge of his is very profound.
What he knows __________________________
3. The depth of the river can be measured.
How deep the river ________________________
4. The truth of the story can be revealed.
How true the story ________________________
5. The thought of hers is wonderful.
What she thinks _________________________
560.
People say that S + V  S + Be credited with V-ING
People say that Einstein made up the relative theory.
Einstein is credited with making up the relative theory.
Exercise:
1. People say that Columbus discovered Americas.
Columbus is credited with ___________________
2. People say that Darwin set up the theory of evolution.
Darwin is credited with _____________________
3. People say that President Ho Chi Minh founded the DRV.
President Ho Chi Minh is credited with __________
4. People say that Tran Hung Dao led people to defeat the Mongolian army three times.
Tran Hung Dao is credited with ________________
5. People say that General Vo Nguyen Giap led our people to win the Dien Bien Phu
victory.
General Vo Nguyen Giap is credited with ___________
561.
Adj. Cl.  N. Cl.
(…Which > That…)
Tom learns English excellently, which makes his parents proud. (Adj. Cl.)
That Tom learns English excellently makes his parents proud. (N. Cl.)
Exercise:
1. Henry gets a university degree, which helps him get a good job.
That Henry gets _______________________________________
2. She wins a gold medal, which makes us proud.
That she wins _________________________________________
3. He failed the examination, which makes his parents sad.
That he failed ___________________________________
4. Dorothy won the contest, which testifies her competence.
That Dorothy won _________________________________
5. His salary is little, which can‟t help him support his family.
That his salary is ___________________________________
562.
237
Counterpart preposing
You can keep this one.
This one you can keep.
Exercise:
1. He can read this book.
This book ____________
2. She can help that man.
That man ______________
3. They can buy this car.
This car _______________
4. We can solve this problem.
This problem _____________
5. He can lift this machine.
This machine _____________
563.
Lucky … may There is a good chance that…will
If she is lucky, she may win the lottery.
There is a good chance that she will win the lottery.
Exercise:
1. If he is lucky, he may get the prize.
There is a good chance _______________
2. If she is lucky, she may get a good job.
3. If we are lucky, we may work for that billionnare.
4. If I am lucky, I may win the lottery.
5. If they are lucky, they may find some gold in the mine.
564.
May V In all probability/likelihood
The patient may get over tomorrow.
In all probability/likelihood the patient will get over tomorrow.
Exercise:
1. The adventurers may find the way home.
In all probability ________________________
2. The pilot may find an oasis in the desert.
In all likelihood ___________________________
3. They may send us some dollars.
238
4. She may accept his proposition.
In all likelihood ___________________________
5. The victims may be released soon.
565.
Fairly unlikely little chance of / Not much chance
It is fairly unlikely that she will visit us tomorrow.
There is little chance of her visiting us tomorrow.
Exercise:
1. It is fairly unlikely that he will return the money.
There is little chance of ________________________
2. It is fairly unlikely that they will approve of the application.
3. It is fairly unlikely that he will choose the red flag.
4. It is fairly unlikely that she will make that dress.
5. It is fairly unlikely that he will organize a party.
566.
Likely Much chance
It is likely that he will study French.
There is much chance that he will study French.
Exercise:
1. It is likely that she will move to London.
There is much chance ______________________
2. It is likely that he will learn French.
3. It is likely that Jack will select a prose.
4. It is likely that she will cook stew.
5. It is likely that they will arrange the brokerage.
567.
Likely There is likelihood
It is likely that she will buy some perfume.
There is likelihood that she will buy some perfume.
Exercise:
1. It is likely that he will give them some books
239
There is likelihood that _____________________
2. It is likely that they will offer us jobs.
3. It is likely that he will propose to her.
4. It is likely that he will make that decision.
5. It is likely that Mary will tell the truth.
568.
Should V  Would rather …V-ED
You should admit that you cannot solve the problem.
I‟d rather you admitted that you couldn‟t solve the problem.
Exercise:
1. He should buy the red car.
I‟d rather ______________________
2. Mary should stay at home.
I‟d rather ______________________
3. You should do your homework.
I‟d rather ______________________
4. He should practice English every day.
I‟d rather ______________________
5. Hans should play tennis regularly.
I‟d rather ______________________
569.
The only N  But for
The only thing that supported us to get the loan was his convince to the manager.
But for his convince to the manager, we could have got the loan.
Exercise:
1. The only way to solve the problem is her support.
But for ______________________________________
2. The only way we can do the homework is keeping quiet.
But for ______________________________________
3. The only difficulty we meet with is sympathy.
But for ______________________________________
4. The only thing that helps us is his money.
But for ______________________________________
5. The only thing that is effective to us is their donation.
But for ______________________________________
570.
What a surprise to V Fancy V-ING
240
What a surprise to work with you!
Fancy working with you!
Exercise:
1. What a surprise to get a nice gift!
Fancy _________________________
2. What a surprise to meet you here!
Fancy _________________________
3. What a surprise to win the prize!
Fancy _________________________
4. What a surprise to get the ticket!
Fancy _________________________
5. What a surprise to have a delicious meal!
Fancy _________________________
571.
Can … but … not succeed  No point
You can try to learn Latin, but you won‟t succeed.
There's no point to learn Latin.
Exercise:
1. You can try to do business with him, but you won‟t succeed.
There's no point ______________________________
2. He can try to propose to her, but he won‟t succeed.
There's no point ______________________________
3. She can try to touch the lion, but she won‟t succeed.
There's no point ______________________________
4. I can try to borrow his money, but I won‟t succeed.
There's no point ______________________________
5. They can try to tame that wild fox, but they won‟t succeed.
There's no point ______________________________
572.
But  Contrary to
You think everyone likes him, but you are wrong.
Contrary to what you think, everyone doesn‟t like him.
Exercise:
1. You expect everyone admires him, but you are wrong.
Contrary to what ____________________________
2. You desire everyone elects her, but you are wrong.
Contrary to what ____________________________
3. You consider everyone accepts his behaviour, but you are wrong.
Contrary to what ____________________________
4. You say everyone wants to do the good, but you are wrong.
241
Contrary to what ____________________________
5. You confirm everyone is honest, but you are wrong.
Contrary to what ____________________________
573.
Wrong  Contrary to
She is wrong to believe that he can speak French.
Contrary to what she believes, he can‟t speak French.
Exercise:
1. She is wrong to think that he speaks French well.
Contrary to _________________________________
2. She is wrong to hope that they will visit her.
Contrary to _________________________________
3. She is wrong to consider that we can support her.
Contrary to _________________________________
4. She is wrong to confirm that she can solve that problem.
Contrary to _________________________________
5. She is wrong to show that she can do that task.
Contrary to _________________________________
574.
Gerund + Be + N  As long as
Working hard is the secret of being rich.
As long as you work hard, you will be rich.
Exercise:
1. Patience is the key to your victory.
As long as ______________________________
2. Learning is the key to the treasure of knowledge.
As long as ______________________________
3. Being calm is the key to convincing her.
As long as ______________________________
4. Being modesty is his policy to win.
As long as ______________________________
5. Being honesty is his behavior to everyone.
As long as ______________________________
575.
Sorry  Apologize
Mary said she was sorry that she had broken my vase.
Mary apologized for having broken my vase.
Exercise:
1. He is sorry that he bothers you.
He apologises for ___________________
242
2. She is sorry that she broke her promise.
She apologises for ___________________
3. He is sorry that he broke the vase.
He apologises for ___________________
4. They are sorry that they didn‟t come to the party.
They apologise for ___________________
5. She is sorry that she forgets our invitation.
She apologises for ___________________
576.
Insist on  Nothing but … would satisfy
She insisted on getting the gift.
Nothing but getting the gift would satisfy her.
Exercise:
1. They insisted on playing video games.
Nothing but ______________________________
2. He insisted on buying the toy.
Nothing but ______________________________
3. She insisted on going to the zoo.
Nothing but ______________________________
4. We insisted on holding a party.
Nothing but ______________________________
5. The child insisted on going home.
Nothing but ______________________________
577.
Not anything and Nothing but
He doesn‟t like anything and he is only fond of tea.
He likes nothing but tea.
Exercise:
1. He doesn‟t like anything and he is only fond of comics.
He likes nothing _________________________
2. She doesn‟t like anything and she is only fond of beautiful clothes.
She likes nothing _________________________
3. Jack doesn‟t like anything and he is only fond of ice cream.
Jack likes nothing _________________________
4. They don‟t like anything and they are only fond of music.
They like nothing _________________________
5. Mary doesn‟t like anything and she is only fond of travelling.
Mary likes nothing _________________________
578.
Simple FuturePresent Perfect
She will be calm and she will behave better.
243
Once she has been calm, she will behave better.
Exercise:
1. My son will reach the age of 18 and then he will be able to vote.
Once my son has ________________________________________.
2. She will get the money and she will be pleased.
Once she has got __________________________________________
3. They will register for the course and they will learn English.
Once they have __________________________________________
4. He will meet his relatives and he will be happy.
Once he has _____________________________________________
5. We will pass the examination and we will be relaxed.
Once we have ___________________________________________
579.
Noun clause Adverd clause
She will do what she has said.
Once she has said something, she will do it.
Exercise:
1. He will buy what he has promised.
Once he has ______________________________
2. She will return what she has borrowed.
Once she has ______________________________
3. They will give their family what they have earned.
Once they have _____________________________
4. The scientist will donate what he has won.
Once the scientist has _________________________
5. He will offer his mother what he has begged.
Once he has ______________________________
580.
So… that Prevent …from
He is so ill that he can‟t take the exam.
His illness prevents him from taking the exam.
Exercise:
1. She is so weak that she can‟t walk further.
Her weakness prevents ___________________
2. She is so ugly that she can‟t apply for a job.
Her ugliness prevents _____________________
3. They are so poor that they can‟t learn Englsh.
Their poverty prevents ______________________
4. He is so tired that he can‟t work any longer.
His tiredness prevents ______________________
244
5. Jack is so unhappy that he can‟t attend the festival.
Jack‟s unhappiness prevents __________________
581.
Can V … Because of 
He can‟t take the exam because of his illness.
He is so ill that he can‟t take the exam.
Exercise:
1. Thomas can‟t travel overseas because of his poverty.
Thomas is so _________________________________
2. She can‟t take part in the contest because of her ugliness.
She is so _________________________________
3. We can‟t work any more because of our weakness.
We are so _________________________________
4. They can‟t eat any more because of their anger.
They are so _________________________________
5. She can‟t sit still because of her eagerness.
She is so _________________________________
582.
So that Prevent…from
They held a party so that she couldn‟t leave them.
They prevented her from leaving them by holding a party.
Exercise:
1. They gave the child a toy so that he couldn‟t make noise.
They prevented ___________________________________
2. The teacher gives students homework so that they can‟t be idle.
The teacher prevents ________________________________
3. The hunter tied the deer so that it couldn‟t run away.
The hunter prevented ________________________________
4. The fisherman put the crabs in a sink so that they couldn‟t crawl out.
The fisherman prevented ______________________________
5. The host locked the bike so that the thief couldn‟t steal it.
The host prevented ___________________________________
583.
NeverSuperlative degree
He has never watched such a good film.
This is the best film that he has ever watched.
Exercise:
1. He had never suffered from such a sharp pain.
It was the sharpest _________________________
2. She will never enjoy any dish more delicious than this one.
245
This is the most delicious _____________________
3. I have never seen a more beautiful girl.
It is the most beautiful ________________________
4. He has never met such an ugly woman.
It is the ugliest ______________________________
5. She has never contacted such a rude man.
It is the rudest ______________________________
584.
Increase Double comparative
His fondness for chess increases with his proficiency.
The more proficient he is, the more the likes chess.
Exercise:
1. Her happiness with the family increases with her long stay.
The happier _____________________________________
2. His pain inceases with the cold weather.
The more painful _________________________________
3. Their luck increases with their long stay with her.
The luckier _______________________________________
4. Her sadness increases with more information.
The sadder ________________________________________
5. Their poverty increases with their laziness.
The poorer ______________________________
585.
Hope…Soon  Double comparative
Success is hoped to be reached soon.
The sooner success is reached, the better it will be.
Exercise:
1. Victory is hoped to be gained soon.
The sooner _________________________
2. Award is expected to be won soon.
The sooner _________________________
3. Lottery is expected to be won soon.
The sooner _________________________
4. Achievements are hoped to be gained soon.
The sooner _________________________
5. Progress is hoped to be made soon.
The sooner _________________________
586.
Don‟t you think Tag question
Don‟t you think man has put his step on the moon?
246
Man has put his step on the moon, hasn‟t he?
Exercise:
1. Don‟t you think man will travel to other planets?
Man will __________________________
2. Don‟t you think man will cure aids?
Man will __________________________
3. Don‟t you think man will cure cancer?
Man will __________________________
4. Don‟t you think man will change his appearance?
Man will __________________________
5. Don‟t you think man will enlarge his brain?
Man will __________________________
587.
So … congratulate  Congratulate on
You have just passed the exam so I must congratulate you.
I must congratulate you on your passing the exam.
Exercise:
1. You have just made some progress so I must congratulate you.
I must congratulate _______________________________
2. You have just won the lottery so I must congratulate you.
3. You have just gained the victory so I must congratulate you.
4. You have just gained the achievement so I must congratulate you.
5. You have just won the gold medal so I must congratulate you.
588.
Beyond  Never
His luck went beyond his expectation.
Never had he expected that he was so lucky.
Exercise:
1. The success went beyond her dream.
Never had _______________________
2. The victory went beyond their hope.
Never had _______________________
3. The result went beyond his desire.
Never had _______________________
4. The development went beyond their prediction.
247
Never had _______________________
5. The happiness went beyond her wish.
Never had _______________________
589.
Not until  Only later
I didn‟t understand him until later.
Only later did I understand him.
Exercise:
1. I didn‟t check the mail box until later.
Only later did _______________________
2. He didn‟t love his wife until later.
Only later did _______________________
3. She didn‟t like music until later.
Only later did _______________________
4. They didn‟t help us until later.
Only later did _______________________
5. We didn‟t pay attention to him until later.
Only later did _______________________
590.
V  Owe N
It was Jack who had saved the girl.
The girl owes saving her life to Jack.
Exercise:
1. It was Alexander de Ross that invented the Vietnamese alphabet.
The Vietnamese owe ___________________________
2. It was you that have supported us a lot.
We owe _____________________________________
3. It was they that have given him a lot of money.
He owes _____________________________________
4. It was she that has done them a favor.
They owe _____________________________________
5. It was Mr. Smith that has donated them a house.
They owe ____________________________________
591.
Had better  It‟s high time
He had better begin his work.
It‟s high time he began his work.
Exercise:
1. He had better do regular exercises.
It‟s high time _____________________
248
2. She had better cook the meals for her husband.
It‟s high time _____________________
3. They had better learn French.
It‟s high time _____________________
4. We had better leave this chaos.
It‟s high time _____________________
5. They had better leave the strike.
It‟s high time _____________________
592.
Silly/Pity  If only
It‟s silly of you to tease that lion.
If only you did not tease that lion.
What a pity she doesn‟t get his gift.
If only she got his gift.
Exercise:
1. It‟s silly of her to argue with that fish seller.
If only she ___________________________
2. What a pity he throws a stone at a beehive.
If only he ___________________________
3. It‟s silly of them to raise snakes in the house.
If only they ___________________________
4. What a pity we didn‟t buy the lottery ticket.
If only we ___________________________
5. It‟s silly of him to ignore the warning.
If only he ___________________________
593.
Why didn‟t  should have PP.
Why didn‟t you visit her?
You should have visited her.
Exercise:
1. Why didn‟t you buy that book?
You should have _________________
2. Why didn‟t you check your mail box?
You should have _________________
3. Why didn‟t you send her a letter?
You should have _________________
4. Why didn‟t you lock the door carefully?
You should have _________________
5. Why didn‟t you grow some vegetables in the garden?
You should have _________________
594.
249
Couldn‟t have PP.  Not believe … Could have PP.
She couldn‟t have passed the exam.
I don‟t believe that she could have passed the exam.
Exercise:
1. They couldn‟t have won the medal.
I don‟t believe _____________________
2. She couldn‟t have gained the success.
I don‟t believe _____________________
3. He couldn‟t have made any progress.
I don‟t believe _____________________
4. You couldn‟t have cause her happy.
I don‟t believe _____________________
5. He couldn‟t have catch that crocodile.
I don‟t believe _____________________
595.
Noun The fact that clause
His support for her can be known by her friends.
The fact that he supported her can be known by her friends.
Exercise:
1. His donation for them is reported to the authorities.
The fact that he _______________________________
2. Your help for her is praised by everyone.
The fact that you _______________________________
3. Their offer for the old man is admired by me.
The fact that they _______________________________
4. Our assistance for the director is not mentioned.
The fact that we _______________________________
5. Her devotion to the cause is awarded with a medal.
The fact that she _______________________________
596.
Although  Contrary to
Although the man appeared kind, he was, in fact, wicked.
Contrary to his kind appearance, the man was, in fact, wicked.
Exercise:
1. Although the crocodile looked dead, it was, infact, alive.
Contrary to its look, _______________________________
2. Although the man seemed old, he was, infact, very strong.
Contrary to the man‟s state, _________________________
3. Although the doctor looked foolish, he was, infact, an excellent doctor.
Contrary to the doctor‟s look, ________________________
250
4. Although the girl seemed slim, she was, infact, very fit.
Contrary to the girl‟s look, _______________________________
5. Although the turtle‟s slow movement on the shore, it was, infact, very quick in the
water.
Contrary to the turtle‟sslow movement ________________________
597.
It doesn‟t matter whether  No matter how
It doesn‟t matter whether you are happy or not, she will sing a song for you.
No matter how happy you are, she will sing a song for you.
Exercise:
1. It doesn‟t matter whether you are pleased or not, he will buy you a present.
No matter how _____________________________
2. It doesn‟t matter whether she is lucky or not, he will give her a charm.
No matter how _____________________________
3. It doesn‟t matter whether they are rich or not, she will give them some money.
No matter how _____________________________
4. It doesn‟t matter whether we are thirsty or not, they will make us some drink.
No matter how _____________________________
5. It doesn‟t matter whether you are hungry or not, I will cook something for you.
No matter how _____________________________
598.
But  No matter how
He is intelligent, but he failed in the exam.
No matter how intelligent he is, he failed in the exam.
Exercise:
1. He is very rich, but she doesn‟t accept his proposition.
No matter how ________________________________
2. She is very wise, but she looks very confused in that situation.
No matter how ________________________________
3. They are very poor, but they send all their children to school.
No matter how ________________________________
4. We are very tired, but we continue our work.
No matter how ________________________________
5. He is very talented, but his application for a job is refused.
No matter how ________________________________
599.
Adj. Prep + N  N + make + O + Adj.
They are interested in his performance.
His performance makes them interested.
Exercise:
251
1. She is excited about the match.
The match makes _____________
2. They were surprised at the news.
The news caused _____________
3. He is amuased at the comedy.
The comedy makes _____________
4. He is ashamed of her behavior.
Her behaviour makes _____________
5. The boss is satisfied with her work.
Her workcauses _________________
600.
Clause + And + clause  V-ING + V … (Simple sentence)
He sings well and this leads to his prosperity.
His singing well leads to his prosperity.
Exercise:
1. He writes a lot and this leads to his fame.
His writing a lot _________________________
2. He works hard and this leads to his promotion.
His working hard __________________________
3. Thomas drives carefully and this leads to his prestige to the passengers.
Thomas‟ driving carefully ____________________
4. Mary learns excellently and this leads to her good marks.
Mary‟s learning excellently _____________________
5. He criticizes very honestly and this leads to his high credit.
His criticizing very honestly _____________________
601.
S + Began + V-ING + Time ago S + Have/Has P.P. + For Time
She began working in this company ten years ago.
She has worked in this company for ten years.
They commenced living in Nha Trang ten months ago.
They have lived in Nha Trang for ten months.
Exercise:
1. They started checking the machines two hours ago.
They have _____________________________________
2. He began fixing the bicycle ten minutes ago.
He has ________________________________________
3. She commenced cooking the soup half an hour ago.
She has ________________________________________
4. We began doing the test an hour ago.
We have _______________________________________
5. Jack began planting flowers three hours ago.
252
Jack has _______________________________________
602.
S + Began + V-ING + in/on/at + Time S + Have/Has P.P. + Since Time
They started playing football at three o' clock.
They have been played football since three o' clock.
She began learning French in April.
She has learned French since April.
Exercise:
1. Nam Anh started learning English in 1998.
Nam Anh has ___________________________________
2. Bobby began raising birds in January.
Bobby has ______________________________________
3. Tom and Jack commenced doing the test at one o‟clock.
Tom and Jack have _______________________________
4. Martha started collecting stamps on Sunday.
Martha has _____________________________________
5. Hans began listening to music at eight o‟clock.
Hans has _______________________________________
603.
S + V + ... + Time It + Take + O + Time + To Inf ...
Notes: S O
I watched the film in two hours.
It took me two hours to watch the film.
They will build the bridge in five years.
It will take them five years to build the bridge.
The exam lasts three hours.
It takes the students three hours to do the exam.
Exercise:
1. She did the test in two hours.
It took _________________________________________
2. Nancy will cook the soup in one hour.
It will _________________________________________
3. The match lasts ninety minutes.
It takes ________________________________________
4. Danny talked on the phone in ten minutes.
It took _________________________________________
5. Thomas travels from Kent to Bornmouth in thirty-five minutes.
It takes ________________________________________
604.
S + Have + O(man) + V + O (thing) S + Have + O (thing) + P.P.
253
I will have someone repair the car.
I will have the car repaired.
He had someone paint the gate.
He had the gate painted.
Exercise:
1. Minh has someone check his car.
Minh has _______________________________________
2. Nancy will have them build a swimming-pool.
Nancywill ______________________________________
3. Myamy had someone clean her toilet yesterday.
Myamy had _____________________________________
4. George has had one boy send the letter.
George has _____________________________________
5. Betty will have the tailor make a new dress.
Betty will ______________________________________
605.
S + Get + O(man) + To Inf + O (thing) S + Get + O (thing) + P.P.
She got them to push the car away.
She got the car pushed away.
They get someone to dig a ditch.
They get a ditch dug.
Exercise:
1. Andy gets them to publish his photos every week.
Andy Ro gets ___________________________________
2. Mr. Hung gets them to reserve a table in the restaurants.
Mr. Hung gets ___________________________________
3. Nancy will get them to cut the tree down.
Nancy will _____________________________________
4. Lily got a man to catch the dragonfly.
Lily got ________________________________________
5. Thomas will get them to trap the crazy elephant.
Thomas will ____________________________________
606.
Because of + N, S+ Not V ... N + prevent + O +From+
V-ing ...
SO
Because of the flood, children could not go to school.
The flood prevented children from going to school.
Because of his physical defect, he can not go overseas to study.
His physical defect prevents him from going overseas to study.
Exercise:
254
1. Because of the heavy rain, they could not play the match.
The heavy rain __________________________________
2. Because of the typhoon, the boats could not go to sea.
The typhoon ____________________________________
3. Because of a chicken plague, foreign tourists can not make trips to Vietnam.
A chicken plague ________________________________
4. Because of hot weather, the tourists can not go out.
Hot weather ____________________________________
5. Because of muddy roads, the truck could not arrive on time.
Muddy roads ___________________________________
607.
It + Be + Adj + For + O + To Inf S + Modal + V
O S Adj Modal
It is necessary for you to get up early tomorrow.
You have to get up early tomorrow.
It is possible for them to pass the exam.
They can pass the exam.
Exercise:
1. It is advisable to keep quiet in the pagodas.
People should ___________________________________
2. It is lawful for people to drive on the left in England.
People must ____________________________________
3. It is possible for him to learn at university.
He can ________________________________________
4. It was lawful for people to obey kings in the feudalism.
People had to ___________________________________
5. It is necessary for you to take this medicine.
You need ______________________________________
608.
S + V + To Inf / V-ING S + Make + N + To Inf
V Make N
They decided to hold a party.
They made a decision to hold a party.
He suggested playing a game.
He made a suggestion to play a game.
Exercise:
1. He arranged to get a passport.
He made _______________________________________
2. They offered to play a game.
They made _____________________________________
255
3. She suggested swimming in the lake.
She made ______________________________________
4. They attempted to reach the top of the mountain.
They made _____________________________________
5. We try to jump over the fence.
We make _______________________________________
609.
Comparative Positive
Jack is taller than Peter.
Peter is not as tall as Jack.
Films are more interesting than books.
Books are not so interesting as films.
Exercise:
1. Kathy is more beautiful than Nancy.
Nancy is not ____________________________________
2. This house is bigger than that one.
That house is____________________________________
3. London is more crowded than Hanoi.
Hanoi is not ____________________________________
4. Mai learns better than Hoa.
Hoa does not ____________________________________
5. Nhan was richer than Nghia.
Nghia was not __________________________________
610.
More ... than Not so many/much ... as
More women go to school nowadays than in the past.
Not so many women went to school in the past as nowadays.
More rice is produced in Vietnam than in Laos.
Not so much rice is produced in Laos as in Vietnam.
Exercise:
1. More students win national prizes in HoChiMinh city than in Bac Ninh.
Not so many ____________________________________
2. More coffee is produced in Ban Me Thuot than in Binh Duong.
Not so much ____________________________________
3. More people learn English nowadays than in the past.
Not so many people ______________________________
4. More salt is produced in Bac Lieu than in Kien Giang.
Not so much salt _________________________________
5. More women work at school than men.
Not so many ____________________________________
611.
256
Superlative Positive
(With No Other)
Mary is the thinnest in the class.
No other student in the class is as thin as Mary.
Thi No is the ugliest in Vu Dai village.
No other girl in Vu Dai village is as ugly as Thi No.
Exercise:
1. Mr Thanh is the fattest in the village.
No other man ___________________________________
2. Russia is the largest in the world.
No other country_________________________________
3. The Nile is the longest in the world.
No other river ___________________________________
4. Balkan is the deepest in the world.
No other lake ___________________________________
5. Everest is the highest in our globe.
No other mountain _______________________________
612.
Little Not much
Few Not Many
Little sugar makes the lemonade tasteless.
Not much sugar makes the lemonade tasteless.
Few people can use computers in Vietnam now.
Not many people can use computers in Vietnam now.
Exercise:
1. Little coffee is put in the white coffee for children.
Not much ______________________________________
2. Few people can speak German in Vietnam.
Not many ______________________________________
3. Little wine made the party short.
Not much ______________________________________
4. Few climbers can conquer mount Everest.
Not many ______________________________________
5. Few students can win national prizes.
Not many ______________________________________
613.
Every - Not anyEverybody is out of the room.
There is not anybody in the room.
Everything is all right.
There is not anything wrong.
257
Exercise:
1. Everyone left the room.
There was _____________________________________
2. Everything is in order.
There is _______________________________________
3. Every student has a textbook.
There is _______________________________________
4. Every bird has a beak.
There is _______________________________________
5. Everyone has his own relatives.
There is _______________________________________
614.
Antonym
He promises not to be lazy.
He promises to be hard.
John is too young to go to school.
John is not old enough to go to school.
Exercise:
1. He decided not to leave the city.
He decided _____________________________________
2. Betty swears not to stop fighting.
Betty swears ____________________________________
3. She is too fat to take part in the beauty contest.
She is _________________________________________
4. Quoc was too thin to be a soldier.
Quoc was ______________________________________
5. Hoa promised not to abandon him.
Hoa promised __________________________________
615.
Yes-No question Negative form
Is the world afraid of terrorism?
The world is certainly not afraid of terrorism.
Were we born to enjoy happiness?
We were not born simply to enjoy happiness.
Exercise:
1. Are the criminals not punished?
The criminals ___________________________________
2. Are we idle all the time?
We should _____________________________________
3. Can we live without money?
258
We can ________________________________________
4. Do we live on our parents for ever?
We should _____________________________________
5. Should we violate the laws?
We should _____________________________________
616.
Negative meaning Interrogative form
There is nothing more precious than independence and freedom.
Is there anything more precious than independence and freedom?
A good man never abandons his friend.
How does a good man abandon his friend?
Exercise:
1. There was nobody more beautiful than Tay Thi.
Was there ______________________________________
2. A faithful husband never loves another woman.
How does ______________________________________
3. There is nothing faster than a UFO.
Is there ________________________________________
4. A monk in the pagoda never eats meat.
How does ______________________________________
5. There is nothing better than happiness.
Is there ________________________________________
617.
Why + V + ... It + be + Adj + To Inf ...
Why waste time in chatting with friends?
It is useless to waste time in chatting with friends.
Why be in a hurry?
It is unnecessary to be in a hurry.
Exercise:
1. Why gamble to lose money?
It is ___________________________________________
2. Why wear new clothes all the time?
It is ___________________________________________
3. Why stay in the rain?
It is ___________________________________________
4. Why smile all the time?
It is ___________________________________________
5. Why drink a lot of beer?
It is ___________________________________________
618.
Why-question Affirmative form
259
Why don't you ask Peter?
You should ask Peter.
Why are you standing still?
You should do something.
Exercise:
1. Why don‟t you try this dish?
You should _____________________________________
2. Why are you smiling all the time?
You should _____________________________________
3. Why don‟t you give him a hand?
You should _____________________________________
4. Why don‟t you support your family?
You should _____________________________________
5. Why are you always playing tricks on me?
You should _____________________________________
619.
What + N + (S + V)! Affirmative form
What a fantastic display of firework!
It is a very fantastic display of firework.
What nice students in uniform!
The students in uniform are very nice.
Exercise:
1. What a beautiful girl!
She is _________________________________________
2. What a delicious dish!
It is ___________________________________________
3. What intelligent students!
They are _______________________________________
4. What stale rice!
The rice ________________________________________
5. What good children you have!
You have ______________________________________
620.
How Adj/Adv + (S + V)! S + V + +very + Adj/Adv
How beautifully she dances!
She dances very beautifully.
How horrible the monster was!
What a horrible monster it was!
The monster was very horrible.
How bravely the martyr fought!
The martyr fought very bravely.
260
Exercise:
1. How impressive Uncle Ho‟s Mausoleum is!
2. How high the Pyramids are!
The Pyramids ___________________________________
3. How fluently she speaks English!
She speaks _____________________________________
4. How dutiful Luc Van Tien was!
Luc Van Tien ___________________________________
5. How wonderful Ha Long Bay is!
Ha Long Bay ___________________________________
621.
S + Wish + That clause O That clause!
We wish that Uncle Ho were alive.
O that Uncle Ho were alive!
Exercise:
1. We wish that they were here now.
O that _________________________________________
2. We wish that there were no terrorist in the world.
O that _________________________________________
3. We wish that people did not starve in Africa.
O that _________________________________________
4. We wish that everyone could speak English.
O that _________________________________________
5. We wish that everyone were friendly with each other.
O that _________________________________________
622.
Not so/as ... as (more) than
She is not so intelligent as he is.
He is more intelligent than she is.
Mary does not learn as well as Daisy.
Daisy learns better than Mary.
Exercise:
1. Ly Thong was not as kind as Thach Sanh.
Thach Sanh ____________________________________
2. Sound is not as fast as jet planes.
Jet planes ______________________________________
3. Horses are not so quick as birds.
Birds _________________________________________
4. English is not so difficult as German.
261
German ________________________________________
5. Nhung did not learn as hard as Trang.
Trang _________________________________________
623.
Superlative Comparative/Positive
The Nile is the longest river in the world.
The Nile is longer than any other river in the world.
No other river in the world is so long as the Nile.
Ho Chi Minh City's turnover is the most in Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh City's turnover is more than anywhere in Vietnam.
The turnover nowhere is as much as Ho Chi Minh City's.
Exercise:
1. Tam is the tallest in the class.
Tam is _________________________________________
No other student _________________________________
2. Mount Everest is the highest in the world.
Mount Everest __________________________________
No other mount__________________________________
3. Whales are the biggest animals.
Whales are _____________________________________
No other animals ________________________________
4. The Great Wall is the longest building.
The Great Wall _________________________________
No other building _______________________________
5. Africa is the poorest continent.
Africa is _______________________________________
No other continent _______________________________
624.
Positive Comparative/superlative
Some schools are as big as his school.
His school is not bigger than some other schools.
His school is not the biggest of the schools.
We have never watched such an interesting film as this.
This film is more interesting than any other film that we have ever watched.
This is the most interesting film that we have ever watched.
Exercise:
1. Some houses are as modern as this house.
This house is ____________________________________
This house is ____________________________________
2. Some billionaires are as rich as this man.
This man ______________________________________
262
This man ______________________________________
3. Some students are as studious as Hoang.
Hoang is _______________________________________
Hoang is _______________________________________
4. Many cities are as large as HCM city.
HCM city is ____________________________________
HCM city is ____________________________________
5. A lot of pagodas attract pilgrims as much as this pagoda.
This pagoda ____________________________________
This pagoda ____________________________________
625.
Active: S + V +
O
Passive: S + Be PP + By O
* Adverbs of place are before By O; Adverbs of time are after By O.
Mary cooked curry yesterday.
Curry was cooked by Mary yesterday.
Daisy takes some flowers into the living-room.
Some flowers are taken into the living-room by Daisy.
Exercise:
1. They will carry that table into the dining-room.
That table ______________________________________
2. Jack has typed the article recently.
The article _____________________________________
3. The soup was cooked by Mary yesterday.
Mary cooked ____________________________________
4. The Paris agreement was signed in 1973.
Vietnam and the United States _____________________
5. Tran does her homework every day.
Tran‟s homework ________________________________
626.
S + Make + O + V ... S + Be + Made + To Inf ...
The boss made him clean the toilets.
He was made to clean the toilets by the boss.
He will make his son learn computer science.
His son will be made to learn computer science.
Exercise:
1. His wife made him stay at home last week.
He was ________________________________________
2. The police will make her leave the room.
She will ________________________________________
3. The government can made farmers destroy sick chickens.
263
Farmers can ____________________________________
4. Her parents made her marry an old man.
She was _______________________________________
5. John will make me water the flowers.
I will _________________________________________
627.
S + Perceptive verbs + O + V ... S + Be + Perceptive verbs
+ To V
She hears him sing in the room.
He is heard to sing in the room.
They watched her feed the poultry.
She was watched to feed the poultry.
Exercise:
1. They heard her cry in the room.
She was ________________________________________
2. Teacher noticed him sleep in the class.
He was ________________________________________
3. Tuong Linh listens to Dan Truong sing on the cassette.
Dan Truong is __________________________________
4. Hieu smells something burn in the kitchen.
Something is ____________________________________
5. Mr. Cang watched her tease the dog.
She was ________________________________________
628.
S1 + V1 + That + S2 + V2... It + Be V1(PP) + That + S2 +
V2...
V1 before V2
People say that he will move to London.
It is said that he will move to London.
Exercise:
1. They said that he would leave his hometown.
It was _________________________________________
2. People say that Yen Vy will win the prize.
It is ___________________________________________
3. They rumour that the director will commit a crime.
It is ___________________________________________
4. They state that a new ambassador will come.
It is ___________________________________________
5. The police report that he will hold a party.
It is ___________________________________________
629.
264
S1 + V1 + That + S2 + V2... S2 + Be V1(PP) + To Inf (V2)
...
V1 and V2 are simultaneous.
They rumoured that he lived with a young girl.
He was rumoured to live with a young girl.
Exercise:
1. They say that he is miserable now.
He is __________________________________________
2. People thought that she was happy then.
She was ________________________________________
3. We think that you stay at home.
You are _______________________________________
4. We know that they sell good food.
They are _______________________________________
5. People believed that the earth was square in the old days.
The earth was ___________________________________
630.
S1 + V1 + That + S2 + V2... S2 + Be V1(PP) + To Have V2
(PP) ...
V1 after V2
They think that she sold her own car.
She is thought to have sold her own car.
Exercise:
1. They say that he bought a new house.
He is __________________________________________
2. They think that she has met him before.
She is _________________________________________
3. People rumoured that he had married a woman before.
He was ________________________________________
4. They say that you were there then.
You are _______________________________________
5. They reported that the prisoner had escaped.
The prisoner was ________________________________
631.
S1 + V1 + That clause (object) That clause (subject) + Be
+ V1 (PP)
People say that money is the root of all evil.
That money is the root of all evil is said.
Exercise:
1. They think that keeping found money is sinful.
265
That keeping ____________________________________
2. People say that seeing is believing.
That seeing _____________________________________
3. They report that a man broke the car door.
That a man _____________________________________
4. People rumour that he will invest in that company.
That he ________________________________________
5. We know that terrorists can destroy buildings.
That terrorists ___________________________________
632.
S + let + O1 + V + O2S + let + O2 + Be + V (PP)
Reflexive passive
He has let people cheat him.
He has let himself be cheated.
Don't let anyone help you.
Don't let yourself be helped.
Exercise:
1. She let them help her then.
She let _________________________________________
2. Don‟t let people insult you.
Don‟t let _______________________________________
3. He will let the police arrest him tomorrow.
He will ________________________________________
4. They have let someone treat them.
They have ______________________________________
5. Let someone recommend you there.
Let yourself ____________________________________
633.
V + O Let + O + Be + V (PP)
Imperative passive
Do this homework now.
Let this homework be done now.
Eat this cake.
Let this cake be eaten.
Exercise:
1. Drink this glass of milk.
Let this ________________________________________
2. Cut the grass in the lawns.
Let the grass ____________________________________
3. Catch that fish over there.
Let that fish_____________________________________
266
4. Watch this film today.
Let this film ____________________________________
5. Check this machine now.
Let this machine ________________________________
634.
S + Have + Operson + V + Othing S + Have + Othing + V (PP)
(passive 1)
Sthing + Have + to be + V (PP)
(passive 2)
Causative passive
They will have someone cut the tree down.
They will have the tree cut down. (passive 1)
The tree will have to be cut down. (passive 2)
He can have someone repair his car.
He can have his car repaired.
His car can have to be repaired.
Exercise:
1. They can have someone paint the house.
The house ______________________________________
2. He will have them photocopy the document.
The document __________________________________
3. She should have someone cut her hair.
Her hair ________________________________________
4. They must have someone check the brakes.
The brakes _____________________________________
5. She will have people publish her book.
Her book _______________________________________
635.
S + V1 + O1 + To Inf (V2) + O2 S + V1 + To be + V2 (PP)
Notes: - V1 :want, like, hope, love, dislike, etc.
- S and O2are the same person.
He wants others to help him.
He wants to be helped.
They hope someone to hear them
They hope to be heard.
Exercise:
1. They like people to admire them.
They like _______________________________________
2. She wanted them to praise her.
She wanted ____________________________________
3. He hopes them to find him.
267
He hopes _______________________________________
4. She dislikes him to follow her.
She dislikes _____________________________________
5. I love them to visit me.
I love _________________________________________
636.
S + V1 + O1 + To Inf (V2) + O2 S + V1 + O2 + To be + V2
(PP)
Notes: - V1 :want, like, hope, love, dislike, etc.
- S and O2 are the different.
She likes someone to decorate her house.
She likes her house to be decorated.
(She likes her house decorated).
Mary dislikes others to use her telephone.
Mary dislikes her telephone to be used.
Mary dislikes her telephone used.
Exercise:
1. He wanted them to help his son.
He wanted ______________________________________
2. They like me to talk about their country.
They like _______________________________________
3. She hoped them to notice her new dress.
She hoped ______________________________________
4. I dislike anyone to discuss my problem.
I dislike _______________________________________
5. She loves them to upgrade her beauty.
She loves ______________________________________
637.
S + V1 + To Inf (V2 ) + O S + V1 + That + S + should be
+ V2 (PP)
Notes: V1: decide, determine, refuse, promise, manage, etc.
They decided to vote for that candidate.
They decided that that candidate should be voted for.
He determined to check the machine.
He determined that the machine should be checked.
Exercise:
1. He decides to take that course.
He decides _____________________________________
2. She refused to accept her proposition.
She refused ____________________________________
3. They managed to follow his example.
268
They managed __________________________________
4. He promises to obey his officer.
He promises ____________________________________
5. She determined to choose the red skirt.
She determined __________________________________
638.
S + V1 + O1 + To Inf (V2) + O2S + V1 + That + S2 +
should be + V2 (PP) + By O1
S1 + Be +V1 (PP) + To Inf (V2) + O2
Notes: V1: urge, allow, permit, order, request, beg, etc.
They urged him to cancel the meeting.
They urged that the meeting should be cancelled by him.
He was urged to cancel the meeting
Someone begged her to adopt the boy.
Someone begged that the boy should be adopted by her.
She was begged to adopt the boy.
Exercise:
1. They ordered him to clean the yard.
They ordered ___________________________________
He was ________________________________________
2. Someone requested her to manage the factory.
Someone requested _______________________________
She was ________________________________________
3. He begs me to give up smoking.
He begs ________________________________________
I am __________________________________________
4. She urged you to finish your task.
She urged ______________________________________
You were ______________________________________
5. They allowed us to pick some fruit in the orchard.
They allowed ___________________________________
We were _______________________________________
639.
S + V1 + V2-ing + O S + V + That + S + should be + V2
(PP)
Notes: V1 : suggest, permit, allow, advice, etc.
A mandarin suggested building a new castle.
A mandarin suggested that a new castle should be built.
The guard allowed picking some plums.
The guard allowed that some plums should be picked.
Exercise:
269
1. They advised destroying the sick chickens.
They advised ___________________________________
2. He allowed playing football in the yard.
He allowed _____________________________________
3. She suggested skipping rope.
She suggested ___________________________________
4. They permitted holding a party in the living-room.
They permitted _________________________________
5. You suggested learning Japanese.
You suggested __________________________________
640.
Don't + V + O Don't + let + O + Be + V (PP)
Let + O + Not Be + V (PP)
Normal negative imperative:
Don't eat a lot of guavas.
Don't let a lot of guavas be eaten.
Let a lot of guavas not be eaten.
Don't watch this film.
Don't let this film be watched.
Let this film not be watched.
Exercise:
1. Don‟t throw paper away.
Don‟t let _______________________________________
Let paper _______________________________________
2. Don‟t cook soup today.
Don‟t let _______________________________________
Let soup _______________________________________
3. Don‟t iron this shirt.
Don‟t let _______________________________________
Let this shirt ____________________________________
4. Don‟t give him money.
Don‟t let _______________________________________
Let him _______________________________________
5. Don‟t pull the grass in the lawn.
Don‟t let _______________________________________
Let the grass ____________________________________
641.
Don't + V + O S + Mustn't + Be + V (PP)
S + Be + Not To Be + V (PP)
Negative imperative with meaning “prohibition”
Don't touch this switch.
This switch mustn't be touched.
270
This switch isn't to be touched.
Don't smuggle opium.
Opium mustn't be smuggled.
Opium isn't to be smuggled.
Exercise:
1. Don‟t hurt other people.
Other people mustn‟t _____________________________
Other people aren‟t _______________________________
2. Don‟t smuggle any goods.
Any goods mustn‟t ______________________________
Any goods aren‟t ________________________________
3. Don‟t cheat teachers in the exam room.
Teachers mustn‟t ________________________________
Teachers aren‟t __________________________________
4. Don‟t use guns illegally.
Guns mustn‟t ___________________________________
Guns aren‟t ____________________________________
5. Don‟t catch fish in the private pond.
Fish mustn‟t ____________________________________
Fish aren‟t ______________________________________
642.
S + V + Possessive Adj + V-ing + O  S + V + O (poss.) +
Being + V (PP) + By O
Notes: V: remember, regret, forget, etc.
He remembers my helping his wife.
He remembers his wife's being helped by me.
You forget his supporting your son.
You forget your son's being supported by him.
Exercise:
1. She remembers his cheating her husband.
She remembers _________________________________
2. He forgets my lending his son a computer.
He forgets ______________________________________
3. They regret their son‟s breaking my vase.
They regret _____________________________________
4. I forgot his punishing my son.
I forgot ________________________________________
5. He remembered your beating his dog.
He remembered _________________________________
643.
It + be + Adj + To Inf + O It + be + Adj + For + O + To
271
be + V (PP)
It is difficult to refuse parents' suggestion.
It is difficult for parents' suggestion to be refused.
It was easy to angle fish in the old days.
It was easy for fish to be angled in the old days.
It will be funny teasing a monkey.
It will be funny for a monkey to be teased.
Exercise:
1. It is exciting to watch a football match.
It is ___________________________________________
2. It was happy to visit his relatives.
It was _________________________________________
3. It is easy to do this exercise.
It is ___________________________________________
4. It will be thrilling to pass Hai Van tunnel.
It will _________________________________________
5. It was fantastic to enjoy games in Suoi Tien.
It was _________________________________________
644.
S + V + O1+ O2S1 + Be + V (PP) + O2 + By O
S2 + Be + V (PP) + Prep. + O1 +
By O
O1is person; O2is thing.
A vassal offered the king a precious jug.
The king was offered a precious jug by a vassal.
A precious jug was offered to the king by a vassal.
Mary buys him a tie.
He is bought a tie by Mary.
A tie is bought for him by Mary.
Exercise:
1. Jack gave me some money yesterday.
I was _________________________________________
Some money was ________________________________
2. Mrs Brown makes us some coffee.
We are ________________________________________
Some coffee ____________________________________
3. Mai has sent Jane a letter.
Jane has _______________________________________
A letter has _____________________________________
4. My mother bought me a new dress.
I was _________________________________________
272
A new dress ____________________________________
5. They offered us some dry fish last month.
We were _______________________________________
Some dry fish ___________________________________
645.
S + V1 + O1 and V2 + O2S1 + Be + V1 (PP) + and + S2 +
Be + V2 (PP) + By O
Mr Smith will receive the money and buy a car.
The money will be received, and a car will be bought by Mr Smith.
Jack can play the piano and operate a computer.
The piano can be played, and a computer can be operated by Jack.
Exercise:
1. She will cook dinner and wash clothes.
Dinner will _____________________________________
2. You should learn your lesson and do the exercises.
Your lesson ____________________________________
3. He can buy the house and deposit some money in the bank.
The house can __________________________________
4. I dug a hole and planted the tree.
A hole was _____________________________________
5. They are drinking coffee and listening to the music.
Coffee is _______________________________________
646.
S + V1 + O1 but V2 + O2S1 + Be + V1 (PP) + but + S2 + Be
+ V2 (PP) + By O
Tom hated Mary but loved Daisy.
Mary was hated, but Daisy was loved by Tom.
The teacher praised Janet but punished Betty.
Janet was praised, but Betty was punished by the teacher.
Exercise:
1. He beat Hung, but defended Tam.
Hung was ______________________________________
2. I blame you, but praise him.
You are ________________________________________
3. They supported my idea, but cancel his plan.
My idea _______________________________________
4. I accepted his invitation, but refused their offer.
His invitation was _______________________________
5. He saved the boy, but abandoned the girl.
The boy was ____________________________________
647.
273
S + V1 + To inf (V2) + O S + V1 + To be + V2 (PP) + By
O
They began to dig a tunnel.
A tunnel began to be dug by them.
Hans continued to type the letter.
The letter continued to be typed by Hans.
Exercise:
1. They will begin to receive guests.
Guests will _____________________________________
2. She continued to write her thesis.
Her thesis ______________________________________
3. I commenced to read the book.
The book ______________________________________
4. She started to pick the flowers.
The flowers ____________________________________
5. He will begin to trade medicine next month.
Medicine will ___________________________________
648.
S + V1 + O + Whom/Which (object)+ S + V2
S + Who/Which (subject) + Be + V2 (PP) + By O + Be +
V1 (PP) + By O
The gangsters beat the old man whom we had met.
The old man who had been met by us was beaten by the gangsters.
Betty broke the vase which her mother had bought.
The vase which had been bought by Betty's mother was broken by her.
Exercise:
1. They met the man whom she had mentioned before.
The man _______________________________________
2. He loves the girl whom they have introduced.
The girl ________________________________________
3. Jack found the book which he had lost.
The book ______________________________________
4. Mary has just bought the blouse which she likes.
The blouse _____________________________________
5. We know the student whom you talk about.
The student _____________________________________
649.
S +Who/Which (subject)+ V + O + V + O
S + Be PP + By O + By Whom/Which (object) + S + Be
PP
The man who loves her hates me.
274
She is loved by the man by whom I am hated.
The rain which watered the mango trees damaged the tomatoes.
The tomatoes were damaged by the rain by which the mango trees were watered.
Exercise:
1. The doctor who has met the girl has saved me.
The girl ________________________________________
2. The dog that bit the boy had attacked many people.
The boy________________________________________
3. The man who has helped her calls her husband.
She has ________________________________________
4. The woman who visited him yesterday stole his watch.
He was ________________________________________
5. The artist who drew my portrait telephoned me.
My portrait _____________________________________
650.
S + V + O + Who/Which (subject) + V + O
S + By Whom/Which (object) + S + Be + V (PP) + Be +
V (PP) + By O
Daisy admired the man who had saved a boy.
The man by whom a boy had been saved was admired by Daisy.
Mai hates the car which has hit Linh.
The car by which Linh has been hit is hated by Mai.
Exercise:
1. He beats the dog which has bitten the boy.
The dog _______________________________________
2. She thanked the man who had helped her son.
The man _______________________________________
3. I admire the policeman who has arrested the robber.
The policeman __________________________________
4. Nga remembers the coach which took her to Hai Phong.
The coach ______________________________________
5. The carpenter instructed the boy who made the chair.
The boy _______________________________________
C1 AND C2 LEVEL
651.
S + V + O1 + V-ing + O2S + V + Being + V (PP)
Subject and O2are one person. Verbs: remember, regret, forget, ...
She remembers someone praising her.
She remembers being praised.
He regrets people blaming him.
He regrets being blamed.
275
Exercise:
1. I remember someone cheating me in the market.
I remember _____________________________________
2. They forget someone helping them.
They forget ____________________________________
3. We regret someone cursing us.
We regret ______________________________________
4. He forgets someone knocking him out.
He forgets ______________________________________
5. Mary remembers someone calling her today.
Mary remembers ________________________________
652.
S + V + O1 + V-ing + O2S + V + O2 + Being + V (PP)
Subject and O2 are different. Verbs: remember, regret, forget, ...
They forget someone hurting their son.
They forget their son being hurt.
She remembers someone stealing her flower pots.
She remembers her flower pots being stolen.
Exercise:
1. He forgot them breaking his class window.
He forgot ______________________________________
2. They regret someone staining their carpet.
They regret _____________________________________
3. We remembered someone blaming her then.
We remembered _________________________________
4. I forget him taking my computer.
I forget ________________________________________
5. Nhung remembers someone checking her car.
Nhung remembers _______________________________
653.
Wh- words + additional questions + Active form
Wh- words + additional questions + Passive form
The added question is unchanged.
What do you think he can do?
What do you think can be done by him?
Who did she say had helped her?
Who did she say she had been helped by?
By whom did she say she had been helped?
Exercise:
1. How do you think he can solve that problem?
276
How do ________________________________________
2. When do you say she visited them?
When do _______________________________________
3. What do you think Jack bought in the market?
What do _______________________________________
4. Why do you know Betty broke the vase?
Why do ________________________________________
5. Who do you report he loves?
Who do ________________________________________
654.
S1 + V1 + S2 + Who/Which + V2 + ... S2 + Who/Which +
Be + V1(PP) + To inf (V2) + ...
People say that Mr Micawber, who is a picture of Dickens' s father, is always in debt.
Mr Micawber, who is said to be a picture of Dickens' s father, is always in debt.
They rumoured that the big old tree which was haunted stood near the cemetery.
The big old tree which was rumoured to be haunted stood near the cemetery.
Exercise:
1. They say that the doctor who lives next door has won three lottery tickets.
The doctor _____________________________________
2. People reported that the car which crashed into the fence was destroyed.
The car ________________________________________
3. People believe that the big tree which stand beside the temple is going to collapse.
The big tree ____________________________________
4. They know that the engineer who graduated in 1974 is very qualified.
The engineer ____________________________________
5. They inform that the man who owns a big shop died yesterday.
The man _______________________________________
655.
S + V1 + rather than + V2 + O S + be + V1 (PP) + rather
than + V2 (PP)
We are to pity rather than despise the homeless boys.
The homeless boys are to be pitied rather than despised.
People should love rather than hate domestic animals.
Domestic animals should be loved rather than hated.
Exercise:
1. We have to learn lessons rather than play games on the computer.
Lessons have ___________________________________
2. They should destroy rather than raise chickens during the bird flu.
Chickens should _________________________________
3. She would rather help than insult the poor.
The poor would _________________________________
277
4. We must defend rather than beat our pets.
Our pets must __________________________________
5. John would rather play than watch football.
Football would __________________________________
656.
Two or three passive forms in a sentence (Two or
threepassive structures in a sentence)
We haven't moved anything since they sent you away to cure you.
Anything hasn't been moved since you were sent away to be cured.
Jack drives the truck to carry the vegetables to the market.
The truck is driven for the vegetables to be carried to the market.
Exercise:
1. They want you to respect yourself wherever you contact people.
You are _______________________________________
2. People no longer say that they like plays more than films.
It is ___________________________________________
3. It surprised him to hear that they awarded him with a prize.
He was ________________________________________
4. Someone told her that Jack loved her.
She was ________________________________________
5. They advised Hoa to look after herself when he dealt with her.
Hoa was _______________________________________
657.
Hidden passive
Please walk to the right.
People are advised to walk to the right.
Please keep silent in the exam room.
Candidates are requested to keep silent in the exam room.
Exercise:
1. Keep off the grass.
People are ______________________________________
2. Don't smoke in the room.
People are ______________________________________
3. Drive to the right.
People are ______________________________________
4. Move away from this place.
People are ______________________________________
5. Don't swim far away from the shore.
People are ______________________________________
658.
It + be + Possessive + Noun + To Inf Spossessive + Be + V
278
(PP) + To Inf
* We should choose the appropriate PP for the pattern.
It is your duty to clean the floor.
You are supposed to clean the floor.
It was their obligation to pay the debt.
They were requested to pay the debt.
Exercise:
1. It was her obligation to serve her mother-in-law.
She was ________________________________________
2. It is our assignment to clean the classroom.
We are ________________________________________
3. It will be his service to join the army.
He will ________________________________________
4. It is my task to check the machine.
I am ___________________________________________
5. It was their duty to obey their parents.
They were ______________________________________
659.
Phrase + Simple sentence Compound Sentence with
suitable coordinate conjunctions
To our surprise, the laziest student gets the highest marks.
The laziest student gets the highest marks, and we are surprised.
The laziest student gets the highest marks, so we are surprised.
You must work hard to earn your living.
You must work hard, or you can not earn your living.
In spite of his poverty, he learns very well.
He is very poor, but he learns very well.
He finished his homework and went to bed.
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
Learning lazily, you will fail.
You must learn hard, or you will fail.
Thanks to Duong Le 's secret help, Luu Binh succeeded finally.
Duong Le secretly helped Luu Binh, so the latter succeeded finally.
Passing the room, he saw her there.
He passed the room, and he saw her there.
Eating a lot of sugar, you will be fat.
You should not eat a lot of sugar, or you will be fat.
Exercise:
1. Despite the wound, he continued to fight.
He was ________________________________________
279
2. Being idle, you will become a beggar.
You must ______________________________________
3. Thanks to hard work, he can earn a lot of money.
He works ______________________________________
4. Because of heavy rain, the farmers had bad crops.
It rained _______________________________________
5. Seeing her, he stopped.
He saw ________________________________________
660.
Choose appropriate verbs.
The criminal confessed his crime.
The criminal confessed that he had committed a crime.
The news of his trip to Australia interests us.
The news that he has made a trip to Australia interests us.
We are surprised at his story.
We are surprised at what he has told.
Exercise:
1. We believe in his talent.
We believe that _________________________________
2. The story of his supernatural strength surprised us.
The story that ___________________________________
3. The statement of their attempt to swim across the estuary astonished them.
The statement that _______________________________
4. They admitted their arrangement.
They admitted that _______________________________
5. The notice of his proposition to her is clear.
The notice that __________________________________
661.
Choose appropriate parts of speech
We know his success in business.
We know that he has succeeded in business.
I am interested in his winning the lottery.
I am interested that he has won the lottery.
It is certain of her innocence.
It is certain that she is innocent.
Her wish is overseas study.
Her wish is that she may study overseas.
The economic development affects the other aspects.
That the economy develops affects the other aspects.
A lot of people were worried about the plane crashes in New York.
A lot of people were worried that the planes had crashed in New York.
His hope is the return of his wife.
280
His hope is that his wife will return.
Exercise:
1. He denied his stealing a bicycle.
He denied that___________________________________
2. We are sure of his ability.
We are sure that _________________________________
3. He has heard of her marriage.
He has heard that ________________________________
4. We are interested in his success.
We are interested that _____________________________
5. The report on the death of the hostage disappoints us.
The report that __________________________________
662.
Clause with WISH
Notes:
- Use antonymous sentence.
- The verbs go back into the past one step.
Mai can't speak English well.
I wish Mai could speak English well.
She broke a precious vase.
She wishes she had not broken a precious vase.
Exercise:
1. He can not solve the problem.
He wishes ______________________________________
2. They did not come yesterday.
I wish _________________________________________
3. He is very weak.
I wish _________________________________________
4. They missed the train.
I wish _________________________________________
5. She did not accept his proposition.
He wished ______________________________________
663.
Present participle phrase (Active meaning) Adj. clause
He saw a coach going towards Hanoi.
He saw a coach which was going towards Hanoi.
He saw an eagle perching in a tree.
He saw an eagle that was perching in a tree.
Exercise:
281
1. Mary saw a crocodile swimming in the pond.
Mary saw a crocodile which _______________________
2. We notice a boy lying in the hammock.
We notice a boy who _____________________________
3. She helped a woman catching a cold.
She helped a woman who _________________________
4. The police arrested the man beating a girl.
The police arrested a man who______________________
5. They hate the seller asking for high price.
They hate the seller who __________________________
664.
Present participle phrase (passive meaning) Adj. clause
He adopted the abandoned baby.
He adopted the baby who had been abandoned.
The girl kidnapped in the supermarket is the mayor's daughter.
The girl who was kidnapped in the supermarket is the mayor's daughter.
The student punished by the teacher cried bitterly.
The student who was punished by the teacher cried bitterly.
Exercise:
1. The doctor saved the boy hit by the truck.
The doctor saved the boy who ______________________
2. The dog beaten by him is very loyal.
The dog which __________________________________
3. The farmer bitten by a snake died on the way to hospital.
The farmer who _________________________________
4. He collects the things thrown away everywhere.
He collects the things which _______________________
5. The shark caught at sea weighs two hundred kilos.
The shark which _________________________________
665.
Time phrase Adj. clause
Youth is the time for the best study.
Youth is the time when people can study the best.
Exercise:
1. Old age is the time for the review of lifetime.
Old age _______________________________________
2. Marriage is the time for forgettable memory.
Marriage is _____________________________________
3. Graduation is also the time for leaving school.
Graduation is ___________________________________
4. Early age is the time for innocence.
282
Early age is ____________________________________
5. Christmas is the time for festival.
Christmas is ____________________________________
666.
Place phrase Adj. Clause
The New World is the place for the tourists to stay comfortably.
The New World is the place where the tourists can stay comfortably.
Exercise:
1. Phong Nha cave is the place for tourists to behold.
Phong Nha cave _________________________________
2. Uncle Ho‟s Mausoleum is the place for the Vietnamese to visit.
3. Altars are the place for us to worship our ancestors.
Altars are ______________________________________
4. Churches are the place for Christians to be to.
Churches are ___________________________________
5. Dining-room is the place for meals.
Dining-room ___________________________________
667.
Adj. + N.N. + Adj.clause
A hard student will be successful.
A student who is hard will be successful.
He dug a jar full of gold under a tree.
He dug a jar which was full of gold under a tree.
Exercise:
1. A lazy student will fail in the future.
A student ______________________________________
2. He entered the room crowded with children.
He entered _____________________________________
3. A wicked man will harm his folks.
A man ________________________________________
4. She is a woman thirsty for fame.
She is _________________________________________
5. Bac Lieu is the place famous for aromatic longan.
Bac Lieu _______________________________________
668.
Prep. phraseAdj. Clause
The tree in front of my house is in full bloom.
The tree which is in front of my house is in full bloom.
Exercise:
283
1. The forest beyond the Saigon river is known for ecology.
The forest ______________________________________
2. The bird sanctuary in U Minh possesses a lot of species of birds.
The bird sanctuary _______________________________
3. He remembers the plum tree behind his grandparent‟s house.
He remembers __________________________________
4. The letter in the book reminds him of his girlfriend.
The letter ______________________________________
5. I accidentally found the ring in the corner of the drawer.
I accidentally ___________________________________
669.
Appositive phraseAdj. Clause
My friend, a doctor, can cure this disease.
My friend, who is a doctor, can cure this disease.
Exercise:
1. His girlfriend, a nurse, works in Cho Ray hospital.
His girlfriend ___________________________________
2. Mary introduced me her lover, a lawyer in a big city.
Mary introduced ________________________________
3. His father, a famous scientist, invented a new enzyme.
His father ______________________________________
4. She thinks of her old friend, a patient in an asylum.
She thinks of ___________________________________
5. Their teacher, a mathematician, is very devoted to them.
Their teacher ___________________________________
670.
To V Adj. Clause
The first guest to come to the party was Mr Brown.
The first guest that came to the party was Mr Brown.
The most intelligent student that studied in our course was jobless.
The most intelligent student to study in our course was jobless.
Exercise:
1. The guard remembered the first man to enter the hall.
The guard ______________________________________
2. The fattest woman to touch the fence shocked him.
The fattest ______________________________________
3. They admired the richest farmer to buy a tractor.
They admired ___________________________________
4. The fastest car to arrive at the finish won the first prize.
The fastest _____________________________________
5. The best student to win the prize was also offered a trip to Shanghai.
284
The best student _________________________________
671.
Anywhere/Somewhere  Anywhere/Somewhere + S + V
You may stay anywhere.
You may stay anywhere you like.
For a chance you should go somewhere.
For a chance you should go somewhere you like.
Exercise:
1. Everyone may live anywhere.
Everyone_______________________________________
2. The driver may drop by somewhere.
The driver ______________________________________
3. Children may learn English anywhere.
Children _______________________________________
4. In this house you may stay anywhere.
In this house ___________________________________
5. You may buy food and drink anywhere.
You may ______________________________________
672.
Negative present perfect + Since +Time  The last time
+ Simple past + Time
Notes:
- At + hour.
- On + day
- In + month/season/year
I have not smoked since June.
The last time I smoked was in June.
She has not seen him since Monday.
The last time she saw him was on Monday.
Exercise:
1. They have not used the telephone since May.
The last time ___________________________________
2. I have not seen the cat since eight o'clock.
The last time ___________________________________
3. Thao has not taken the medicine since Sunday.
The last time ___________________________________
4. The doctor has not treated a patient since autumn.
The last time ___________________________________
5. He has not come back to the village since 1990.
The last time ___________________________________
673.
285
Negative simple past + until clause  It was not + until
clause + That clause
He did not smoke until he was eighteen.
It was not until he was eighteen that he smoked.
Jack did not play the guitar until he lived in Rome.
It was not until Jack lived in Rome that he played the guitar.
Exercise:
1. He did not drink wine until he was thirty years old.
It was not until __________________________________
2. I did not love until I met my wife.
It was not until __________________________________
3. She did not sew until she came to the city.
It was not until __________________________________
4. We did not believe him until he offered his properties.
It was not until __________________________________
5. They did not help us until we asked them many times.
It was not until __________________________________
674.
Present participle phrase If clause
Having finished your work, you can go out.
If you finish your work, you can go out.
Winter coming, it will get cold.
If winter comes, it will get cold.
Exercise:
1. Having done your homework, you can watch TV.
If you _________________________________________
2. Summer coming, we will make a trip to Ha Long bay.
If summer ______________________________________
3. Helping me, you will get some money.
If you _________________________________________
4. Eating hot pepper, a baby will cry.
If a baby _______________________________________
5. Swimming in a large river, you will find it difficult.
If you _________________________________________
675.
Prepositional phrase If clause
In your free time, you should go on trips.
If you have free time, you should go on trips.
With a lot of money, he can build a castle.
If he has a lot of money, he can build a castle.
Exercise:
286
1. With a key,he will open the door.
If he __________________________________________
2. In case of heavy rain, the farmers will get bad crops.
If it ___________________________________________
3. At sunset, the hunter will return.
If the sun _______________________________________
4. On arrival of the queen, children will get gifts.
If the queen ____________________________________
5. Due to severe weather, old people can die.
If the weather ___________________________________
676.
To/In order to inf So that clause
He went to Singapore to study English.
He went to Singapore so that he could study English.
In order to catch fish, the farmer had the water in the pond pumped out.
The farmer had the water in the pond pumped out so that he could catch fish.
Exercise:
1. In order to propose to her, he has bought a lot of things.
He has bought __________________________________
2. They went to HCM city to learn computer science.
They went ______________________________________
3. In order to be rich he has taken a lot of bribes.
He has taken ____________________________________
4. They collected a lot of sticks to make fire.
They collected __________________________________
5. In order to learn English, she buys some books and cassette tapes.
She buys ______________________________________
677.
Adverb phrase of manner Clause of manner
I will do the job to the best of my ability.
I will do the job as well as I can.
The rich man gets dressed like a poor one.
The rich man gets dressed as if he were a poor one.
He worked hard like a slave.
He worked as hard as a slave did.
Exercise:
1. She talks in the public like an orator.
She talks ______________________________________
2. He wrote the declaration to the best of his knowledge.
He wrote ______________________________________
287
3. The crocodile lies like a death.
The crocodile ___________________________________
4. We consider him our brother.
We consider ____________________________________
5. He looks weak like a baby.
He looks _______________________________________
678.
As phrase Adverb of concession
As a doctor, he can not support his family.
Though he is a doctor, he can not support his family.
Exercise:
1. As a hard worker, he can not earn enough money.
Though he works ________________________________
2. As a chairman of a province, he is very poor.
Although he is __________________________________
3. As a householder, he always depends on his wife.
Though he is
4. As a city-dweller, he never goes to a restaurant.
Although he is __________________________________
5. As a farmer, Mr Danh can make a plane.
Though he is ____________________________________
679.
In spite of/ Despite phrase Adverb of concession
In spite of a lot of hardship, Vietnam Communist Party has led Vietnamese people to one
after another victory.
Although there has been a lot of hardship, Vietnam Communist Party has led Vietnamese
people to one after another victory.
Despite the long distance between Hue and Lang Son, his mother pays a visit to him
every month.
Even though there is the long distance between Hue and Lang Son, his mother pays a
visit to him every month.
Exercise:
1. Despite his poverty, he learns excellently.
Although he is __________________________________
2. In spite of heavy rain, they went out to look for her.
Though it rained _________________________________
3. Despite his blindness at early age, Louis Braille invented Braille.
Although Louis Braille ___________________________
4. In spite of his defect, he won a gold medal in Para Games.
Although he was ________________________________
5. Despite a master of mathematics, he solves some exercises in the textbook wrongly.
288
Although he is __________________________________
680.
Past participle  Adverb of concession
Wounded seriously in the battle, Tru Van Tho tried to cover the hole of the blockhouse
with his own body.
Although Tru Van Tho was wounded seriously in the battle, he tried to cover the hole of
the blockhouse with his own body.
Exercise:
1. Beaten bitterly by its master, the dog was always loyal to him.
Although the dog ________________________________
2. Treated badly by his step-mother, Man Tu Khien loved and respected her.
Although Man Tu Khien __________________________
3. Abandoned by his wife, he was not disappointed.
Though he was __________________________________
4. Born into a farmer family, he can speak many languages.
Though he was __________________________________
5. Punished by the teacher, she still admires him.
Although she is __________________________________
681.
Present participle  Adverb of concession
Staying very far from the lighthouse, we can see its light every night.
Though we stay very far from the lighthouse, we can see its light every night.
Exercise:
1. Living in the countryside, he can access internet.
Though he lives _________________________________
2. Mastering all the laws, that lawyer still committed a terrible crime.
Although that lawyer mastered _____________________
3. Riding horses for five years, the jockey fell off that horse.
Though the jockey has ___________________________
4. Living with him for a long time, she has not known he is a spy.
Although she has lived ___________________________
5. Eating delicious food, the patient can not enjoy the taste.
Although the patient eats __________________________
682.
Appositive phrase  Adverb of concession
He, a poor student, can win a national prize.
He can win a national prize although he is a poor student.
Exercise:
1. Mr Danh, a farmer, can make a plane.
Mr Danh can ____________________________________
289
2. Mrs Lan, a weak and thin woman, can support her family.
Although Mrs Lan is _____________________________
3. Thomas Edison, an elementary student, invented hundreds of useful things.
Although Thomas Edison is ________________________
4. The man, a humble soldier, did not betray his country.
Though that man was ____________________________
5. That weapon, a small box, can kill a lot of people.
Though that weapon is ____________________________
683.
Prepositional phrase  Adverb of concession
In a remote small village, he gains a worldwide fame.
Although he lives in a remote small village, he gains a worldwide fame.
From a soldier at first, he becomes a general today.
Though he was a soldier at first, he becomes a general today.
Whether poor or rich, all people can learn English well.
Although people are poor or rich, all of them can learn English well.
Exercise:
1. Whether a man or a woman, any person can be a candidate.
Although a person is ______________________________
2. Under the capitalism, Carl Marx could realize the approach of socialism.
Though Carl Marx _______________________________
3. In spite of a newcomer in the party, he holds a high position.
Though he is ____________________________________
4. In prison, Uncle Ho could compose immortal poems.
Though Uncle Ho was ____________________________
5. At the bottom of the division, the footballers did not feel ashamed.
Although their team was __________________________
684.
Present participle phrase  Adverb clause of concession
Working very hard, he can not earn his living.
Hard as he works, he can not earn his living.
Exercise:
1. Studying very hard, he could not pass the exam.
Hard as he ______________________________________
2. Living very honestly, he is believed by few people.
Honestly as he __________________________________
3. Serving her mother-in-law very dutifully, she could not gain any love.
Dutifully as she__________________________________
4. Working very enthusiastically, he is not chosen “a good teacher”.
Enthusiastically as he _____________________________
5. Fighting bravely in the field, he was blamed by his officer.
290
Bravely as he ___________________________________
685.
Prepositional phrase  Adverb clause of cause
Because of her stubbornness, her friends do not like her.
Because she is stubborn, her friends do not like her.
Due to the bad crop, the farmer is in debt.
Because the crop is bad, the farmer is in debt.
Thanks to the teacher's devoted help, he finished his doctorate thesis.
As the teacher had helped him devotedly, he finished his doctorate thesis.
Owing to the heavy rain, the tomato crop was destroyed.
Since it rained heavily, the tomato crop was destroyed.
In urgent need of money, he went to the bank.
As he was in urgent need of money, he went to the bank.
Without rice, people in the area eat sweet potatoes.
People in the area eat sweet potatoes because there is no rice.
He stays at home by reason of his illness.
He stays at home since he is ill.
On account of the shortage of fuel, the government request people to save it.
Because fuel becomes short, the government requests people to save it.
Behind a tall man, she could not see the corpse.
As she stood behind a tall man, she could not see the corpse.
Exercise:
1. Because of illness, she could not take the exam.
Because she ____________________________________
2. Due to the muddy road, he could not drive fast.
Because the road ________________________________
3. Thanks to his friend‟s money, he could pay his tuition fee.
Because he had __________________________________
4. Owing to wounded leg, the soldier stayed in a cave.
Because his leg __________________________________
5. In urgent need of knowledge, they have bought a lot of books.
Because they____________________________________
686.
Present participle phrase  Adverb clause of cause
Having broken the vase, Mary was punished.
Because Mary had broken the vase, she was punished.
Living in the countryside, people have some disadvantages.
Because they live in the countryside, they have some disadvantages.
Exercise:
1. Having committed a crime, he was put in prison.
Because he had __________________________________
291
2. Having lived near the airport for twenty years, the old man became deaf.
Because the man had _____________________________
3. Playing with bad friends, the boy becomes spoiled.
Because the boy _________________________________
4. Touching the ink, his hand is very dirty.
Because he _____________________________________
5. Sleeping on the board, he had a backache.
Because he slept _________________________________
687.
Past participle phrase  Adverb clause of cause
Tied at the tree, he could not run away.
Because he was tied at the tree, he could not run away.
Put in prison, he can not have participated in the robbery.
Because he was put in prison, he can not have participated in the robbery.
Exercise:
1. Wounded in the battle, the soldier could not run away.
Because the soldier _______________________________
2. Punished by his father, the boy stayed at home.
Because the boy _________________________________
3. Broken into pieces, the vase could not be on display.
Because the vase_________________________________
4. Stunk by some bees, he was taken to hospital.
Because he was _________________________________
5. Forbidden by her mother, the girl could not go to the party.
Because the girl _________________________________
688.
Except + phrase Except that + clause
She was an excellent student except her sickness.
She was an excellent student except that she was sick.
Except the scar on her face, she is a beautiful girl.
She is a beautiful girl except that there is a scar on her face.
Exercise:
1. Except his laziness, the boy is very good.
The boy is _____________________________________
2. Except his running nose, he is very healthy.
He is very _____________________________________
3. Except her black complexion, the girl was very beautiful.
The girl was ____________________________________
4. He answered all the question except question 8.
He answered ____________________________________
5. He is very handsome except his rotten armpits.
292
He is very ______________________________________
689.
Clause 1 + But + Clause 2 Main clause + Adverb clause
of concession
He is very rich, but he learns very badly.
Although he is very rich, he learns very badly.
The boat was very old, but it could glide at sea every day.
Though the boat was very old, it could glide at sea every day.
Exercise:
1. He easily loses his temper, but he is a kind man.
Although he ____________________________________
2. The man is old, but he is very strong
Although the man ________________________________
3. She is very rich, but she is not happy.
Although she is __________________________________
4. He eats a lot, but he is not fat.
Although he ____________________________________
5. The competitor ran very fast, but he did not feel tired.
Although the competitor __________________________
690.
Clause 1 + and + Clause 2 Main clause + Adverb clause
of condition
You drink a lot of wine, and you can not control yourself.
If you drink a lot of wine, you can not control yourself.
Exercise:
1. You work hard, and you can earn a lot of money.
If you work ____________________________________
2. I eat a lot of plums, and then I have diarrhea.
If I eat ________________________________________
3. You sleep outside the mosquito net, and you will be stunk a lot.
If you sleep ____________________________________
4. You do not salt the fish, and they become stale.
If you do not ____________________________________
5. People do morning exercises regularly, and they will become healthy.
If people do ____________________________________
691.
Clause 1 + so + Clause 2 Main clause + Adverb clause
of cause
He has broken the vase, so she is very angry.
Because he has broken the vase, she is very angry.
Exercise:
293
1. The boy got bad marks, so his father was very angry.
Because the boy _________________________________
2. He has smoked a lot; therefore, he catches cancer.
Because he has __________________________________
3. He stayed in the rain for an hour, hence he had a cold.
Because he stayed________________________________
4. Her husband came back, so she was very happy.
Because her husband _____________________________
5. He stole the bicycle. Consequently, the police arrested him.
Because he stole ________________________________
692.
Clause 1 + or + Clause 2 Main clause + Adverb clause of
condition
You should work hard; otherwise you will not earn your living.
If you do not work hard, you will not earn your living.
You are right, or he is wrong.
If you are right, he will be wrong.
Exercise:
1. You learn hard or you will have no job in the future.
If you learn ____________________________________
2. You must pay the tuition fee; otherwise you can not continue your study.
If you do not ____________________________________
3. We had to fight, or we became slaves.
If we had not ____________________________________
4. You must wear your uniform, or you are not permitted to enter the class.
If you do not ___________________________________
5. He has to stay up late; otherwise he can not finish his homework.
If he does not ___________________________________
693.
Clause 1 + and + Clause 2 Main clause + Noun clause
She is a good teacher, and I think so.
I think that she is a good teacher.
You will win some national prizes, and I am sure of it.
I am sure that you will win some national prizes
Exercise:
1. She will win the medal, and I believe so.
I believe that ___________________________________
2. He will pass the exam, and she is sure of it.
She is sure that __________________________________
3. The patient will die, and the doctor thinks so.
294
The doctor thinks ________________________________
4. He is staying in Dalat now, and I guess so.
I guess that _____________________________________
5. Vietnam will become an Asian dragon, and we hope so.
We hope that ___________________________________
694.
Clause 1 + and + Clause 2 Adverb clause of time
He studied at university and went to work at the same time.
While he studied at university, he went to work.
Exercise:
1. He did his homework and listened to the music at the same time.
While he was doing ______________________________
2. She chews gum and talks to him simultaneously.
While she is ____________________________________
3. She looks after the baby and cooks meals at the same time.
While she is ____________________________________
4. He picks fruit and watches the house at the same time.
While he is _____________________________________
5. She watches TV and lullabies the baby simultaneously.
While she is ____________________________________
695.
Compound sentence with And  Adverb clause of
comparison
Tom and Jack work equally hard.
Tom works as hard as Jack.
Exercise:
1. Tom and Jack are the same age.
Tom is as ______________________________________
2. Mrs Nga and Mrs Truc are the same weight.
Mrs Nga is as ___________________________________
3. Duy and Khanh learn equally well.
Duy learns as ___________________________________
4. Tim and Don have the same marks.
Tim's marks are _________________________________
5. Both of the shirts are the same size.
This shirt is _____________________________________
696.
Compound sentence with But  Adverb clause of
reservation
In class all the students learn well, but Jack does not.
In class all the students learn well except that Jack learns badly.
295
Exercise:
1. In the village all the girls are nice, but Mary is not.
In the village all the girls are nice except that __________
2. At school all the students are in uniform, but Tai is not.
At school all the students are in uniform except that _____
3. In the family all the folks like music, but Xuan does not.
In the family all the folks like music except that _______
4. At the cinema all the audience laughed, but Nhan did not.
At the cinema all the audience laughed except that ______
5. At the party all the participants drank wine, but Mr Lai did not.
At the party all the participants drank wine except that __
697.
Clause 1 + and + Clause 2 Adverb clause of cause
The hunter found the herb, and he could cure her disease.
The hunter could cure her disease because he had found the herb.
Exercise:
1. He lost his file, and he was angry.
He was ________________________________________
2. She returned home, and her husband was very happy.
Her husband was ________________________________
3. The dog barked very violently, and he could not sleep.
He could not sleep _______________________________
4. Nancy had had her meal, and she refused his offer.
Nancy had had __________________________________
5. The power was out, and he went to bed.
He went to bed __________________________________
698.
Adverb clause of time
After the World Trade Center had been destroyed, a panicking scene occurred.
Before a panicking scene occurred the World Trade Center had been destroyed.
When he became broke, he had spent two hours in the casino.
When he had spent two hours in the casino, he became broke.
As soon as he had come home, it began to rain.
No sooner had he come home than it began to rain.
Before they said goodbye, they had enjoyed a party.
After they had enjoyed a party, they said goodbye.
Exercise:
1. Before he went to bed, he had done his home work.
After he had ____________________________________
2. As soon as she came home, she cooked her meal.
296
No sooner ______________________________________
3. When he caught the fish, he had spent two hours angling.
When he had ___________________________________
4. After the bandit had been arrested, people were very released.
Before people ___________________________________
5. As soon as he had finished his thesis, he came back to his homeland.
No sooner ______________________________________
699.
Adverb clause of comparison
A farmer works physically harder than a teacher does.
A teacher does not work so physically hard as a farmer does.
Exercise:
1. A teacher works mentally harder than a farmer does.
A farmer does not ________________________________
2. At the zoo Horace was more cheerful than Dorothy was.
At the zoo Dorothy _______________________________
3. Hong has saved more money than Huong has.
Huong has not___________________________________
4. Dogs run faster than cats do.
Cats do not _____________________________________
5. Cats climb better than dogs do.
Dogs do not ____________________________________
700.
Adjective clause
Jack bought the novel which is very interesting.
The novel which Jack bought is very interesting.
Exercise:
1. Thanh took the book which was on the desk.
The book which _________________________________
2. Hanh bought the dress which she saw in the shop window.
The dress which _________________________________
3. Khiet helps the man that you have introduced.
The man that ____________________________________
4. She cooks the dish which he like very much.
The dish which __________________________________
5. Bao formatted the floppy which Ly had bought.
The floppy which _______________________________
701.
Adverb clause of cause Adverb clause of purpose
He can support his family because he works hard.
He works hard so that he can support his family.
297
Exercise:
1. He will pass the exam because he learns very hard.
He learns very___________________________________
2. They can have beautiful flowers because they water them very carefully.
They water the flowers ___________________________
3. Bong will get good marks because he learns all the vocabulary by heart.
Bong learns all __________________________________
4. Tram can make a trip next summer because she has saved a lot of money.
Tram has saved __________________________________
5. Minh can get married next spring because he has finished his study.
Minh has finished ________________________________
702.
Simple sentence Appositive
My friend works in the hospital. He is a doctor.
My friend, a doctor, works in the hospital.
That is her father. His name is Terry Smith.
That is her father, Terry Smith.
Uncle Ho founded the Vietnamese Communist Party. He is the greatest leader in Vietnam
history.
Uncle Ho, the greatest leader in Vietnam history, founded the Vietnamese Communist
Party.
Exercise:
1. My friends teaches at a university. He is a lecturer.
My friend, ______________________________________
2. Mr Manh works in a factory. He is an engineer.
Mr Manh, ______________________________________
3. Thuy Nga is located in Paris. It is a company of music show.
Thuy Nga, ______________________________________
4. Nha Trang is in Central Vietnam. It is a coastal city.
Nha Trang, _____________________________________
5. Her husband directs a big company. He is a director.
Her husband,____________________________________
703.
Simple sentence Present participle phrase
The tiger was hungry. It roared.
The tiger, being hungry, roared
The gangster jumped out of the boat. He swam and dived away.
Jumping out of the boat, the gangster swam and dived away.
Exercise:
1. Jack is a technician. He works for a company.
298
Jack, working ___________________________________
2. The lion saw the hare. The lion chased it.
Seeing the hare __________________________________
3. She reads a book. She lies in the hammock.
Lying in _______________________________________
4. Khang repaired the television. He listened to the radio.
Listening to ____________________________________
5. Tien learns his lesson. He finds a mistake in the text.
Learning his ____________________________________
704.
Simple sentence Past participle phrase
He was interested in the film. He did not feel hungry.
Interested in the film, he did not feel hungry.
The mason was blamed by the host. He stopped working immediately.
Blamed by the host, the mason stopped working immediately.
Exercise:
1. He was surprised at the news. He said no word.
Surprised at _____________________________________
2. The son was beaten by his father. He cried bitterly.
Beaten by ______________________________________
3. The hunter could not go home. He was wounded by a bear.
The hunter, wounded _____________________________
4. He is praised by his teacher. He smiles happily.
Praised by _____________________________________
5. The jeep could not move. It was hit by a shell.
The jeep, hit ____________________________________
705.
Simple sentence Prepositional phrase
She has failed many times. She will take part in the next examination.
Despite many failures, she will take part in the next examination.
Her father died. She heard the news. She fainted.
On hearing the news of her father's death, she fainted.
I tell the truth. I am not afraid of ghosts.
To tell the truth, I am not afraid of ghosts.
Exercise:
1. He is afraid of dogs. He can not enter the castle.
Due to being afraid _______________________________
2. She saw her old friend. He sat on the pavement. She stopped.
On seeing her ___________________________________
3. The sun rose. The explorers woke up. They cooked their breakfast.
At sunrise, _____________________________________
299
4. They were on the top. They could see the panorama.
On the top ______________________________________
5. She faced him. She felt very confused.
In front of ______________________________________
706.
Simple sentence Absolute phrase
The boss arrived. The workers stopped to work.
The boss having arrived, the workers stopped to work.
Exercise:
1. Teacher entered classroom. Students stopped talking.
Teacher entering _________________________________
2. Summer comes. The football season begins.
Summer coming _________________________________
3. Mother came back from the market. Children greeted her very cheerfully.
Mother coming __________________________________
4. Spring comes. Flowers are in full bloom everywhere.
Spring coming __________________________________
5. The train arrived at the station. A crowd of folks were on the platform.
The train arriving ________________________________
707.
Complex sentence Absolute phrase
When the weather was cold, we used blankets.
The weather being cold, we used blankets.
Exercise:
1. When the weather is hot, we use air-conditioners.
The weather being _______________________________
2. When the plane stopped on the runway, the ambulance was ready there.
The plane stopping _______________________________
3. When a lot of chickens died of virus H5N1, people had many difficulties.
A lot of chicken dying ____________________________
4. When Linda storm took place in Vietnam, a lot of people died.
Linda storm taking ______________________________
5. When the soldiers attacked the village, she was sleeping in bed.
The soldiers attacking ____________________________
708.
Simple sentences Simple sentence with Too ... to
He is very old. He can not work hard.
He is too old to work hard.
Exercise:
1. She is very weak. She can not work hard.
300
She is too ______________________________________
2. Jack learns very badly. He can not pass any exam.
Jack learns too __________________________________
3. The farmer was very poor. He could not buy a buffalo.
The farmer was too ______________________________
4. The car ran very slowly. It could not come on time.
The car ran too __________________________________
5. Margaret was very short. She could not become a stewardess.
Margaret was too ________________________________
709.
Simple sentences Simple sentence with purpose
He wanted his son to learn English well. He sent him to Singapore.
He sent his son to Singapore to learn English well.
Exercise:
1. They want their son learn well. They send him to HCM city.
They send their son ______________________________
2. She wanted to fry pancakes. She bought some flour and shrimps.
She bought some flour ____________________________
3. He wants to borrow some money. He goes to the bank.
He goes to the bank ______________________________
4. I want to hold a party. I have bought some chickens.
I have bought some ______________________________
5. The boy wants to read reference books. He goes to the library.
The boy goes to _________________________________
710.
Simple sentences Simple sentence with adverb
She answered the examiner. Her answer was wrong.
She answered the examiner wrongly.
Exercise:
1. He treated his students. He was bad.
He treated ______________________________________
2. She read the file. She was very careful.
She read _______________________________________
3. The mechanic repairs the car. He is very careless.
The mechanic ___________________________________
4. She speaks English. Her voice is very nice.
She speaks _____________________________________
5. He painted the picture. It was very excellent.
He painted _____________________________________
711.
Simple sentences Simple sentence with prepositional
301
phrase
I will come back. I will not stay long.
I will come back before long.
He needs to learn English. He swims in the river.
Instead of learning English, he swims in the river unnecessarily.
Exercise:
1. He will speak. He will not keep silent long.
He __________________________________ before long.
2. He should work hard. He is idle in the cafeù.
Instead of working _______________________________
3. He told me about her. I was surprised.
I was surprised at ________________________________
4. He will succeed. I am sure.
I am sure of ____________________________________
5. He is talented. She believes so.
She believes in __________________________________
712.
Several Simple sentences One Simple sentence with
mixed phrase
The sun set. The fog became thicker. The leader ordered the guerrillas. They secretly
crawled to the barracks.
At sunset, in the thick fog, the guerrillas obeying the leader's order secretly crawled to the
barracks.
It was late at night. The tourist arrived at Daewoo Hotel. He came up to the receptionist.
He checked in.
Arriving at Daewoo Hotel late at night, the tourist came up to the receptionist to check
in.
Exercise:
1. The sun rose. It was cold. The man became conscious. He was in the forest.
On the early cold morning _________________________
2. It was at noon. The workers took a rest. They had lunch and talked noisily.
After having had lunch ____________________________
3. He sat at the window. He looked through it. He saw her in the house next door.
Sitting at the window ____________________________
4. He was on the top floor. He waved to them and called them loudly.
On the top floor _________________________________
5. It was April 30th, 1975. Vietnamese People‟s Army arrived in Saigon and liberated
South Vietnam.
On April _______________________________________
713.
Several simple sentences OneCompound sentence
302
He is poor. He is ugly. He is stupid.
He is poor, ugly and stupid.
He is a teacher. He is also a writer.
He is a teacher and writer.
He is both a teacher and a writer.
He is a teacher as well as a writer.
He is not only a teacher but also a writer.
He is ugly. He is rich.
He is ugly but rich.
He failed. He was not disappointed.
He failed; nevertheless, he was not disappointed.
We are poor. We must work and learn hard.
We are poor, so we must work and learn hard.
We must work and learn hard. We will be still poor.
We must work and learn hard, or we will be still poor.
Exercise:
1. He is rich. He is unhappy.
He is __________________________________________
2. She was treated badly. She loved her husband.
She was treated _________________________________
3. She is beautiful. She is excellent. She is rich.
She is _________________________________________
4. You must learn well. You will be jobless.
You must ______________________________________
5. He is not intelligent. He has to work hard.
He is __________________________________________
714.
Several simple sentences One Complex sentence with
noun clause
You will win some national prizes. That is certain.
It is certain that you will win some national prizes.
France may be the champion. We do not know.
We do not know if France will be the champion.
Exercise:
1. Socialism will overcome capitalism. It is certain.
It is ___________________________________________
2. Uncle Ho will live in our cause for ever. We believe so.
We believe _____________________________________
3. He blamed her. She was angry.
She was _______________________________________
4. Her dog died. She was very sad.
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She was _______________________________________
5. She has been married recently. He knows it.
He knows ______________________________________
715.
adverb clause
He was very tired. He could not work more.
He was so tired that he could not work more.
They began late. They finished first.
Though they began late, they finished first.
He will go there. She will go there.
She will go where he will go.
Exercise:
1. He was very hungry. He could eat a chicken quickly.
He was ________________________________________
2. He came to the class late. He finished the test on time.
Although he ____________________________________
3. He will stay there. She will stay there.
He will ________________________________________
4. He can drink ten cans of beer. You can drink ten cans of beer.
He can ________________________________________
5. He behaves well. He may eat this box of chocolate.
If he behaves____________________________________
716.
Adjective clause
Her father is a doctor. He works in the hospital. You met him yesterday.
Her father, whom you met yesterday, is a doctor in a hospital.
Exercise:
1. The door was stuck. He could not open it.
The door which__________________________________
2. He met a doctor. He worked in a hospital in the countryside.
He met ________________________________________
3. The snake crawled into the bush. It bit him.
The snake which ________________________________
4. The man lives near the pagoda. He grows a lot of kinds of flowers.
The man who ___________________________________
5. The book is very interesting. He borrows it from a friend.
The book which _________________________________
717.
Reported speech:
304
Statements: The introductory verbs: say, state, tell, etc.
+ Say to
tell
+ That (conjunction) may be omitted.
She says to me:" I like your dress."
She tells me that she likes my dress.
She said to me:" I like your dress."
She told me that she liked my dress.
They told him," You haven't learned well recently."
They told him that he hadn't learned well recently.
Exercise:
1. He tells me:" You are very kind to me."
He tells ________________________________________
2. Mary said to them," I will give you a hand tomorrow."
Mary told ______________________________________
3. " You have stepped on my foot," he told me.
He told ________________________________________
4. The police reported," The car crashed into a fence at 8 p.m."
The police reported ______________________________
5. The speaker announced," The president will pay a visit to Malaysia next week."
The speaker announced ___________________________
718.
Imperative: The introductory verbs: tell, order, invite,
etc.
V
TO INF
DON'T
NOT TO INF
Teacher told students," Open your books now."
Teacher told students to open their books then.
The guard ordered the boys," Don't enter this area."
The guard ordered the boys not to enter that area.
Exercise:
1. Teacher told students," Do this exercise at home."
Teacher told ____________________________________
2. The policeman ordered them," Don't enter this area."
The policeman ordered ____________________________
3. He invited me," Please drop by my house some time."
He invited ______________________________________
4. The technician directed them," Turn the machine off when you leave the room."
The technician directed ___________________________
5. Mai begged him," Give me some water, please."
Mai begged _____________________________________
719.
305
Questions: The introductory verbs: ask, wonder, want to
know, etc.
+ Yes-No questions: IF / WHETHER
He asked me," Do you like these trousers?"
He asked me if I liked those trousers.
"Will you go to school next Sunday, Jack?" asked Mary.
Mary asked Jack whether he would go to school the next Sunday.
+ WH-questions: WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, WHICH, HOW, etc.
"Where did you go yesterday?" I asked her.
I asked her where she had gone the day before.
They asked ," How can you repair this machine, John?"
They asked John how he could repair that machine.
"Why did the dog bark violently last night, Daisy?" asked Tom.
Tom asked Daisy why the dog had barked violently the night before.
Exercise:
1. Teacher asked him." Did you do your homework?"
Teacher asked ___________________________________
2. The man asked me," Can you drive the car?"
The man asked __________________________________
3. They asked you," Will he send you some photo next month?"
They asked _____________________________________
4. She wonders," Can I do the test tomorrow?"
She wonders ____________________________________
5. He asked me," Have you seen this film before?"
He asked _______________________________________
720.
Exclamations
He said," What a dreadful thing!"
He exclaimed that it was a dreadful thing.
She said," How wonderful the day is!"
She exclaimed that it was a wonderful day.
He said to me," Thank you."
He thanked me.
She said," Curse this wind!"
She cursed that wind.
She said to me," Good morning."
She greeted me.
He said to me," Happy Christmas."
He wished me a happy Christmas.
I said to her," Congratulations!"
I congratulated her.
She said to him," Liar!"
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She called him a liar.
He said," Damn!"
He swore.
Exercise:
1. The woman said," How miserable I am!"
The woman exclaimed ____________________________
2. He told the boy," How handsome you are!"
He exclaimed ___________________________________
3. I told him," What a good son you have!"
I exclaimed _____________________________________
4. He told her," A queen of mine."
He called _______________________________________
5. " Naughty boys!" the teacher shouted.
The teacher called _______________________________
721.
Mixed type
He said to them," Go away. You shouldn't enter this place."
He told them to go away, and advised them they should not enter that place.
" What will you have for breakfast tomorrow? Fish is very delicious here." the waiter told
her.
The waiter asked her what she would have for breakfast the following day, and
recommended that fish was very delicious there.
Exercise:
1. He told her," Your dress looks dirty. Why didn't you wash it?"
He told ________________________________________
2. " Come in. I am very glad that you come," he told them.
He told ________________________________________
3. " Where have you been? I haven't seen you for ages." he told me.
He asked ______________________________________
4. She exclaimed," How nice! Your present are very useful for me."
She exclaimed __________________________________
5. " Check the machine for me. I am very miserable with it." She told the mechanic.
She told _______________________________________
722.
Some notes on reported speech
" Shall I bring you some coffee?" she said to him.
She offered to bring him some coffee.
He told me," Shall we go to the cinema tonight?"
He suggested going to the cinema that night.
He asked them," Why don't you take this course?"
He advised them to take that course.
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He asked me," Why don't we have a drink?"
He suggested having a drink with me.
" Let's sell the car"' said Jack. "Let's not," said Ann.
Jack suggested selling the car, but Ann was against it.
He asked me," Do you like music?" I answered," Yes."
He asked me if I liked music, and I answered that I did.
"Don't forget to do your homework," teacher told students.
Teacher reminded students to do their homework.
Exercise:
1. " Let's drink something on this occasion," he told me.
He suggested ___________________________________
2. They asked me," Do you drink wine?" I answered," No, thanks."
They asked _____________________________________
3. She asked them," Why don't we help Mrs Cook today?"
She suggested ___________________________________
4. She said to me," Shall I iron your clothes?"
She offered ____________________________________
5. I asked them," Why don't you raise a pet at home?"
I advised ______________________________________
723.
Phrasal Verbs
Mary resembles her aunt.
Takes
Mary takes after her aunt.
Manh's accident meant that he couldn't participate in the competition.
Prevented
Manh's accident prevented him from participating in the competition.
There was no coffee left.
Ran
They ran out of coffee.
Exercise:
1. The council is discussing the problem now.
Talking
The council is _______________________________ now.
2. They finished the project on schedule.
Got
They on _______________________________ schedule.
3. They rely on their daughter living in the United States.
Count
They _________________________ in the United States.
4. The teacher asked John to write a report.
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Called
The teacher _____________________________ a report.
5. She had to look after her younger brother.
Take
She had to _______________________________ brother.
724.
Modal perfect
Maybe John finished all his homework yesterday.
May
John may have finished all his homework yesterday.
It is certain that the lottery winner was happy.
Must
The lottery winner must have been happy.
Exercise:
1. It is sure that he did not finish his task.
Can't
He _____________________________________ his task.
2. It is regretful that they destroyed the biggest buddhist statue.
Shouldn’t
They ____________________ the biggest buddhist statue.
3. It is certain that Bill Gates worked very hard.
Must
Bill Gates ______________________________ very hard.
4. Possibly he stayed up late last night.
Would
He ____________________________________ last night.
5. Perhaps the woman left her house at midnight.
May
The woman ___________________________ at midnight.
725.
Modal verbs
The house really needs to be decorated at Tet.
Must
We really must have the house decorated at Tet.
I'd prefer him to take this course next semester.
Rather
I would rather that he take this course next week.
Exercise:
1. It is advisable that you take this course this semester.
Should
You _______________________________ this semester.
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2. It is his obligation to clean the house every day.
Has to
He ___________________________________ every day.
3. I have a strong advice that you stay at home tonight.
Had better
You ____________________________________ tonight.
4. He has ability to speak ten languages.
Can
He ___________________________________ languages.
5. It is a law that people drive on the left in England.
Must
People _______________________________ in England.
726.
Adjective phrase
Jack likes to read picture books.
Fond
Jack is fond of reading picture books.
There is no point in advising him to stop his action.
Worth
It is not worth advising him to stop his action.
He cannot learn English without money.
Impossible
It is impossible for him to learn English without money.
Exercise:
1. Mai dislikes chicken curry for every meal.
Tired
Mai is _______________________________ every meal.
2. There is no point in raising sick chickens.
Worth
It is sick chickens.
3. He could not swim across a large river.
Impossible
It was _______________________________ a large river.
4. The farmer enjoyed sipping wine in the evening.
Fond
The farmer was ______________________ in the evening.
5. The old man thanked her a lot.
Grateful
The old man ________________________________ a lot.
727.
Noun clause with wish
Daisy regrets breaking the vase.
310
Wishes
Daisy wishes she had not broken the vase.
He is unhappy because he has hurt her.
Wishes
He wishes he had not hurt her.
Exercise:
1. He thinks he should not have drunk too much.
Wishes
He ____________________________________ too much.
2. He regrets not meeting her before.
Wishes
He __________________________________ her before.
3. He does not like to have borrowed her money last week.
Wishes
He ___________________________________ last week.
4. She is sorry that she did not give the beggar some money.
Wishes
She ________________________________ some money.
5. I regret playing tricks on him then.
Wish
I______________________________________ him then.
728.
Conditional clause
Luu Binh could never have succeeded without Duong Le's help.
If
Luu Binh could never have succeeded if Duong Le had not helped him.
Jack cannot continue his study without money.
If
Jack cannot continue his study if he has not any money.
Exercise:
1. He will never succeed in his study without his wife's help.
If
He will ________________________________________
2. The poet could not compose anything without wine.
Lacked
The poet __________________________________ wine.
3. He can not invest in the project with little money.
Has
He can ___________________________________ money.
4. Now he is sad without any friend.
Would
311
Now he __________________________________ friend.
5. Lacking sugar, the sweet soup is tasteless.
Enough
If there _________________________________ tasteless.
729.
Idioms/collocations
He thought the car might run out of petrol, so he took a spare can of petrol.
Case
He took a spare can of petrol in case the car might run out of it.
He had to check the machine and mend the water pipe as well.
Addition
He had to check the machine in addition to mending the water pipe.
Exercise:
1. She went to the doctor in order to take some advice.
Intention
She went ____________________________ some advice.
2. Tom was caught stealing a bicycle in the market.
Guilty
Tom was ____________________________ in the market.
3. The man cooks meals and takes care of the children at the same time.
Addition
The man cooks ____________________ at the same time.
4. He bought some books so that he could read on the train.
Case
He bought some _______________________ on the train.
5. They used to angle in the morning.
Accustomed
They _____________________________ in the morning.
730.
Synonym
It is unusual for Tom to clean the floor.
Hardly
Tom hardly cleans the floor.
It is no time for him to meet her before.
Never
He has never met her before.
Exercise:
1. He will never visit them again.
Circumstance
In________________________________________ again.
2. It was unusual for her to go out at night.
312
Scarcely
She ____________________________________ at night.
3. It is no time for them to sit in a cafe.
Never
They ___________________________________ in a cafe.
4. He tried to ask for some money uselessly last night.
Vain
He tried ________________________________ last night.
5. He found that his car had lost in the parking lot.
Gone
He found ______________________________ parking lot.
731.
Exchanged parts of speech
It is difficult for her to learn German.
Difficulty
She has difficulty in learning German.
Margaret rarely goes on a trip.
Rare
It is rare for Margaret to go on a trip.
Exercise:
1. He decided to take the course last week.
Decision
He made _______________________________ last week.
2. They arranged to release the criminal illegally.
Arrangement
They made _____________________________ illegally.
3. It was very difficult for the Vietnamese to defeat the US imperialists.
Difficulties
The Vietnamese _________________ the US imperialists.
4. He was favourable to the proposal.
Favour
He _________________________________ the proposal.
5. The tractor is very useful to Mr Lam.
Use
Mr Lam _______________________________ the tractor.
732.
Would rather in simple sentences
She likes to help them today.
Rather
She would rather help them today.
Jane was fond of reading books yesterday.
Rather
313
Jane would rather have read books yesterday.
Exercise:
1. They like to play tennis today.
Rather
They would ________________________________ today.
2. She liked to meet him last week.
Rather
She would ______________________________ last week.
3. I am fond of drinking milk now.
Rather
I would ____________________________________ now.
4. He was fond of fishing in the lake.
Rather
He would _____________________________ in the lake.
5. Jack liked to pick those flowers yesterday.
Rather
Jack would ____________________________ yesterday.
733.
Would rather in complex sentences
Please don't pick the fruit.
Rather
I would rather that you didn't pick the fruit.
She did not come to my birthday party last time.
Rather
I would rather that she had come to my birthday party last time.
Exercise:
1. Please drink more tea.
Rather
I would ____________________________ more tea now.
2. They did not give me the book then.
Rather
I would __________________________ me the book then.
3. I want her to help me now.
Rather
I would _________________________________ me now.
4. They wanted him to repair the radio for them.
Rather
They would ______________________ the radio for them.
5. Don't play football today.
Rather
I would ___________________________________ today.
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734.
Idiom  Paraphrasing
I have it at my fingers‟ end. (Know)
I know it inside out.
The fashion is quite obsolete. (Date)
The fashion is out of date.
He is very cheerful. (spirits)
He is in high spirits.
A simple sentence may be transformed into nine other structures with the same
meaning:
The cat ate the rat.
The rat was eaten by the cat.
It was the cat that ate the rat.
It was the rat that the cat ate.
What the cat did was ate the rat.
Ate the rat, the cat did.
The cat, it ate the rat.
It was the rat that was eaten by the cat.
 It was the cat that the rat was eaten by.
 The cat did eat the rat.
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REVISION EXERCISE
1. Sitting in one place for so long is very unpleasant.
It is ___________________________________________
2. It will be a lot of fun to go to the party next Sunday.
Going _________________________________________
3. Understanding that buddy was very difficult for him.
It was _________________________________________
4. It usually takes me forty minutes to get to stadium by bus.
Getting ________________________________________
5. Flying to New Delhi, India took us only ten hours.
It _____________________________________________
6. He will never admit his failure.
Never _________________________________________
7. We had seldom begun our work when it began to rain.
Seldom ________________________________________
8. I had scarcely entered the room when the phone rang.
Scarcely _______________________________________
9. An individual rarely finds himself sought by both parties as his presidential, as did
General Eisenhower.
Rarely _________________________________________
10. She had no sooner arrived than she was asked to leave again.
No sooner _____________________________________
11. He doesn‟t like Bach, either.
Neither ________________________________________
12. Howard Hughes owned Las Vegas hotels and a movie studio as well.
Not only _______________________________________
13. The destruction was so great that the country took decades to recover.
So ____________________________________________
14. Most snakes will attack human beings only when they are in danger.
Only when _____________________________________
15. “ You must study hard for the examination, “ the teacher informed us.
The teacher _____________________________________
16. Mr Smith said, “ I have been smoking too much recently.”
Mr Smith ______________________________________
17. Mr Brown said, “ How soon can you pay back the money?”
Mr Brown _____________________________________
18. The student said to the teacher,” What does the word coral mean?”
The student ____________________________________
19. He asked us,” Have you seen that movie yet?”
He asked ______________________________________
20. I said to him,” Do you understand the lecture?”
I asked ________________________________________
316
21. “Show me your identification,” the policeman ordered.
The policeman __________________________________
22. The secretary said to us,” Don‟t come back before one o‟clock.”
The secretary ___________________________________
23. Being a careless pupil, he forgot all about it.
Since he _______________________________________
24. Having had my breakfast, I went to work.
After I _________________________________________
25. He stood in the balcony, listening to the wind.
He stood _______________________________________
26. Doing morning exercises every day, you can improve your health.
If you take _____________________________________
27. Running all the way to the station, I caught the express coach.
I caught _______________________________________
28. They had a wonderful holiday though the weather was bad.
Despite ________________________________________
29. After trying twice, Maxim broke the record when he tried the third time.
Maxim broke ___________________________________
30. Considering your circumstance, we won‟t press charges.
Under the ______________________________________
31. He never seemed to have finished anything even though he tried hard.
However hard __________________________________
32. I was sick with the flu, but I still had to study for the examination.
Although I _____________________________________
33. The vacuum cleaner was not working right, so I returned it to the store.
Because the ____________________________________
34. Dan set the table, and his wife finished cooking dinner.
As soon as______________________________________
35. I watered my violets, and they perked right up.
No sooner had __________________________________
36. The little girl kept pushing the down button, the elevator didn‟t come any more
quickly.
Although the ___________________________________
37. I never really knew what pain is, and then I had four impacted wisdom teeth pulled at
once.
I didn‟t really ___________________________________
38. Tom didn‟t do that unless he had your permission.
If Tom _________________________________________
39. If he doesn‟t do his duty, he should not be paid.
Unless he does __________________________________
40. Unless you hurry, we won‟t be able to catch the train.
We can only ____________________________________
41. Were he here, I would ask him.
317
If he __________________________________________
42. If I had realized that, I would not have said anything.
Had I realized ___________________________________
43. Should he see me, I will be punished.
If he __________________________________________
44. I did it like that to improve her looks.
I did it ________________________________________
45. They always walk to school in order that they may get plenty of exercise.
They always ____________________________________
46. He was so stupid that the examiner refused to pass him.
He showed such _________________________________
47. He is such a popular person that he is always being asked out.
He is so ________________________________________
48. I was too tired to walk any further.
I was so ________________________________________
49. The nearest service station is 50 miles away.
It is ___________________________________________
50. I saw Janet at the party.
It was _________________________________________
51. Picasso painted Guernica, not Dali.
It was _________________________________________
52. That Margaret‟s car broke down was unfortunate.
It was _________________________________________
53. My son will be 15 next week.
It‟s my ________________________________________
54. It is almost unnecessary for me to say that I was upset.
I need hardly ____________________________________
55. He hardly ever goes to bed before midnight.
He very seldom__________________________________
56. It is why you want to leave for Do Son that I can‟t understand.
What I can‟t ____________________________________
57. It is Alice‟s job to look after new staff.
Alice is ________________________________________
58. It looks as if we‟ll have good weather for our trip.
We‟re likely ____________________________________
59. It won‟t make any difference even if they offer him more money.
Offering him ___________________________________
60. This book, which had been translated into many languages, became well-known all
over the world.
Having been ____________________________________
61. There‟s no need for you to get so upset.
You don‟t ______________________________________
62. The last time I was in Hanoi was last December.
318
I haven‟t _______________________________________
63. This text is too difficult for us to translate without a dictionary.
This text is _____________________________________
64. The fridge was so heavy that we couldn‟t move it.
The fridge ______________________________________
65. Henry regretted buying the second-hand car.
Henry wished ___________________________________
66. He didn‟t know where John was, and I didn‟t either.
Neither ________________________________________
67. They are both worth reading.
Both __________________________________________
68. I expect that she missed the train.
She must ______________________________________
69. Did he give you any reason for his behavior?
Did he ________________________________________
70. I haven‟t heard from Susan recently.
Susan _________________________________________
71. When he was ten, he could ride a bicycle.
At ten, ________________________________________
72. We use this room on special occasions.
This room _____________________________________
73. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.
The wine should _________________________________
74. People thought that some homesteaders had already settled in Montana.
Some homesteaders ______________________________
75. This speed limit is to be introduced gradually.
The authorities __________________________________
76. The damaged ship was being towed into harbor when the towline broke.
They were _____________________________________
77. Someone will have to be found to take her place.
We will _______________________________________
78. No one has changed the curtain for three weeks.
The curtain _____________________________________
79. The doctor should have signed my insurance form.
My insurance form ______________________________
80. Those boys walking together are brothers.
Those boys ____________________________________
81. The subject Professor Moore wrote about is interesting.
The subject about which___________________________
82. The speaker we listen to mentioned that matter.
The speaker to whom ____________________________
83. The paper you wrapped the gifts with was very pretty.
The paper with which ____________________________
319
84. The apartment in which we live is on the second floor.
The apartment __________________________________
85. I fail to remember the day on which he was sent to front.
I fail to ________________________________________
86. The food was so badly burned that nobody could eat it.
The food was too ________________________________
87. I don‟t want you to smoke in here.
I would ________________________________________
88. He didn‟t go to school because of his illness.
Because he _____________________________________
89. We went out in spite of the heavy rain.
Although _______________________________________
90. Mike enjoys playing golf more than I do.
I don‟t _________________________________________
91. Such research has never been carried out before.
Never before ___________________________________
92. “I‟m extremely sorry I couldn‟t come to the meeting.”
“I must apologize _______________________________
93. Since he couldn‟t get through to the police, she ran next door for help.
Not ___________________________________________
94. I set my alarm carefully because I had to get up especially early.
Having ________________________________________
95. I‟m sure Dick didn‟t mean to offend you.
Dick can‟t _____________________________________
96. You must be more polite to people.
It‟s ___________________________________________
97. She wrote me a letter to tell me she never wanted to see me again.
The letter ______________________________________
98. Couldn‟t you find a better hotel?
Is this ________________________________________ ?
99. I only paid a few hundred pounds for that car.
The car ________________________________________
100. The flat‟s very noisy, but we enjoy living there.
Even __________________________________________
101. We arrived too late to see the first film.
We didn‟t ______________________________________
102. We can‟t afford to buy the car.
The car ________________________________________
103. He has never behaved so violently before.
He is behaving __________________________________
104. They believe he is mad.
He
105. “ Don‟t forget to phone the office,” she told him.
320
She reminded ___________________________________
106. They last visited me five years ago.
They haven‟t ___________________________________
107. All his suits were made in Paris.
He ___________________________________________
108. I‟m sure it wasn‟t Mrs Elton you saw because she‟s in Bristol.
It can‟t ________________________________________
109. “ Why don‟t you put your luggage under the seat?” he asked.
He suggested ___________________________________
110. Henry regretted buying the second-hand car.
Henry wished ___________________________________
111. There was never any answer when we rang.
Every _________________________________________
112. I write to him almost every day.
Hardly _________________________________________
113. It is rewarding to do all the exercises in this book.
To do _________________________________________
114. We may do this exercise in twenty minutes.
It may _________________________________________
115. Mr Hai will have them dig a pond.
Mr Hai ________________________________________
116. It is fantastic to take a trip to Ha Long Bay.
It is ___________________________________________
117. We have not been to Ha Noi for three years.
It is ___________________________________________
118. Due to a lot of locusts, the crops were destroyed.
The crops ______________________________________
119. Despite the heavy snow, his father went out to work.
Although ______________________________________
120. Thomas and James earn the same money.
Thomas earns ___________________________________
121. " Why don't we go somewhere for a drink?" said Henry.
Henry suggested _________________________________
122. He did not find a job. She did not find a job.
Neither ________________________________________
123. Seeing a tiger for the first time, the child was very anxious.
When the child __________________________________
124. She was careless. A fire broke out in the kitchen.
If she _________________________________________
125. "What will you do tomorrow in this place?" they asked him.
They asked ____________________________________
126. It was midnight. A owl was perching in the tree. It looked around to look for preys.
At midnight ____________________________________
321
127. The horse ran so fast that they could not follow it.
So fast ________________________________________
128. In order to pass the exam, he has tried to learn very hard.
He has tried ____________________________________
129. Although floods and storms occur successively, Vietnam economy has been in
progress.
Floods ________________________________________
130. The young ape climbs everywhere. The mother ape follows it.
The mother ape _________________________________
131. She went to bed immediately when she had come home.
No sooner _____________________________________
132. Like Mary, Jack got ten marks in English.
Mary _________________________________________
133. Without his sister 's assistance, he could not finish his work.
Had __________________________________________
134. Don't let anybody blame you.
Don't let ______________________________________
135. As a result of his kindness, he is acknowledged everywhere.
He is _________________________________________
136. It is our duty to support the family.
We are _______________________________________
137. He was sure of her innocence.
He was _______________________________________
138. The house is nice. It has been sold recently.
The house _____________________________________
139. The room was too crowded for her to enter.
The room _____________________________________
140. He was late for school.
He wished _____________________________________
141. The mason did not begin to pave until the boss returned.
It was ________________________________________
142. The traveller went far. He became tired.
The farther ____________________________________
143. The director makes her type the report today.
She is _________________________________________
144. They saw a carp swim in the pond.
A carp ________________________________________
145. The fortune-teller says that he will win the lottery next week.
It is ___________________________________________
146. They said that the robber had gone away two hours before.
The robber _____________________________________
147. They say that she is ill now.
She is _________________________________________
322
148. She let the peddler deceive her.
She let _________________________________________
149. Don't let people despise you.
Don‟t _________________________________________
150. Paint this car immediately.
Let ___________________________________________
151. She had a plumber weld the pipe.
She had _______________________________________
152. They will have the dyke built next year.
The dyke ______________________________________
153. She wanted everyone to praise her everywhere.
She wanted ____________________________________
154. I hope people to learn English hard.
I hope _________________________________________
155. We hope to cure aids soon.
We hope _______________________________________
156. His wife forced him to culture white-leg shrimps.
He was ________________________________________
157. The officer allowed holding a carnival the next day.
The officer _____________________________________
158. Don't learn many words in a day.
Don‟t _________________________________________
159. Don't abuse drug.
Drug __________________________________________
160. She forgot his treating her son.
She forgot _____________________________________
161. It is interesting to watch this film.
It is ___________________________________________
162. The mailman transferred me a big parcel.
I was _________________________________________
163. The police can help the victim and arrest the gangsters.
The victim _____________________________________
164. The typist printed article 1 but deleted article 2.
Article 1 _______________________________________
165. The students started to write the essay in the hall.
The essay ______________________________________
166. The girl who has loved him abandoned his close friends.
His close ______________________________________
167. Jack hates the man whom Mary loves.
The man _______________________________________
168. We checked the machine which had caused the incident.
The machine ___________________________________
169. The lady regretted someone breaking the vase.
323
The lady _______________________________________
170. The girl remembered someone teasing her.
The girl _______________________________________
171. Where do you imagine people can eat bugs?
Where do ______________________________________
172. How did he think she raised the mice?
How did _______________________________________
173. They rumoured that the boy who was very polite committed that terrible crime.
The boy _______________________________________
174. They should gather rather than throw waste cans away.
Waste can _____________________________________
175. The nun released the bird which they took to the market to sell.
The bird _______________________________________
176. Please keep quiet here!
People ________________________________________
177. It is children's obligation to support parents.
Children _______________________________________
178. The situation forced him to live in a dilapidated hut.
He was ________________________________________
179. The plight made them live on manioc all year round.
They were _____________________________________
180. It is her duty to watch out.
She is _________________________________________
181. It was boring to read this novel.
It was _________________________________________
182. The landlord will let the tenants help him.
The landlord ___________________________________
183. Don't let anybody blame you.
Don‟t _________________________________________
184. They reported that the wife had poisoned the husband.
The wife _______________________________________
185. Take this dustbin away.
Let ___________________________________________
186. The man wants others to admire him.
The man _______________________________________
187. Don't hurt anyone for any reason.
Anyone _______________________________________
188. Don't eat too much meat.
Don‟t _________________________________________
189. They arranged to solve the problem peacefully.
They arranged __________________________________
190. We don't like others insult us.
We don‟t ______________________________________
324
191. They advised buying some new pieces of furniture.
They advised ___________________________________
192. It was their task to work hard.
They were _____________________________________
193. It was my commission to accompany the truck.
I was _________________________________________
194. It will be anxious to see Hau Giang bridge.
It will _________________________________________
195. They reported the girl who had missed in the fair appeared in the village one
hundred miles away.
The girl _______________________________________
196. They encouraged her to marry an old but rich man.
She was _______________________________________
They encouraged ________________________________
197. She longed someone to invite her to a party.
She longed _____________________________________
198. The director permitted buying three new cassette players.
The director ____________________________________
199. They determined to sign the contract with the town counterpart.
They determined ________________________________
200. Jack could have the tree cut down.
The tree _______________________________________
201. We admired the doctor who had saved a lot of patients.
The doctor _____________________________________
202. The dog which bit Mary yesterday had bitten the postman at the gate three days
before.
The postman ___________________________________
203. Tom told me," I like music very much".
Tom told ______________________________________
204. " Today is nice", said Mary.
Mary said ______________________________________
205. He says to us," You are good now".
He tells ________________________________________
206. "She has helped me many times", he told me.
He told ________________________________________
207. "I am practising English now", she said to them.
She told _______________________________________
208. They tell us," We want you to assist us today".
They tell _______________________________________
209. "Do you play tennis?" I asked him.
I asked ________________________________________
210. "Have you checked this machine?" he asked me.
He asked ______________________________________
325
211. He said to her," How beautiful you are today!"
He exclaimed ___________________________________
212. He wondered, "Did I lock the door yesterday?"
He wondered ___________________________________
213. " Don't make noise here!" he said to them.
He told ________________________________________
214. He ordered us," Go away from this place!"
He ordered _____________________________________
215. "Turn the light on, please" I asked her.
I asked ________________________________________
216. Teacher said to students," Do these exercises at home".
Teacher told ____________________________________
217. " What did you do there yesterday?" he asked me.
He asked ______________________________________
218. "Where were you last month?" the police asked him.
The police _____________________________________
219. She told them," How will you get there tomorrow?"
She asked ______________________________________
220. We asked him, " When did you come here?"
We asked ______________________________________
221. " Why do you look sad, Daisy?" said Tom.
Tom asked _____________________________________
222. " Can you play tennis, John?" asked Teacher.
Teacher asked __________________________________
223. "What a nice day today" said Jack.
Jack exclaimed _________________________________
224. Hans said to them," How pretty your daughter is!"
Hans exclaimed _________________________________
225. " I met her here three years ago" he said.
He said ________________________________________
226. They told me," We should enjoy this party tonight".
They told ______________________________________
227. Mother said to son," You may eat these plums now".
Mother told ____________________________________
228. "Let's play a game now" he said to us.
He suggested ___________________________________
229. " Good morning, Jack" she said.
She greeted ____________________________________
230. "Would you like some tea?" he said to them.
He offered _____________________________________
231. He asked them," Whose hat is on this table?"
He asked ______________________________________
232. I asked her," Which bag would you like, Mary?"
326
I asked ________________________________________
233. "Today we are free. Why don't we go somewhere for a drink?" he said.
He said ________________________________________
234. She asked me," Have you read this book? It is very interesting".
She asked ______________________________________
235. He exclaimed," What a fast car! It runs smoothly".
He exclaimed ___________________________________
236. They declared," We have four hundred cigarettes with us, officer. We are heavy
smokers."
They declared __________________________________
237. "Don't stand still here. Let's do something. Do you agree with me?" one soldier
asked.
One soldier ____________________________________
238. "I don't like this colour. It is very bright. Can you change it?" Mary asked the shopassistant.
Mary told ______________________________________
239. She told me," I haven't finished my homework. Can you help me?"
She told _______________________________________
240. " What must I do now? I am very bored now?" He said.
He asked ______________________________________
241. " Look at it. It is very nice. Do you like it?" he told them.
He told ________________________________________
242. "Thank you for your gift. It looks charming" she said.
She thanked
243. "Tell me the way to the market, please," he asked Jenny.
He asked ______________________________________
244. "How are you today?" the doctor asked her.
The doctor _____________________________________
245. He said:" Is anyone here?"
He asked ______________________________________
246. He said: " Don't laugh, boys."
He told ________________________________________
247. He said:" Take off your shoes, please."
He told ________________________________________
248. "The children had better obey their parents ", said teacher.
Teacher said ____________________________________
249. "Tell me whom you helped," Mary said.
Mary asked ____________________________________
250. "Oh, dear”, said John, as his plate was put before him, "Not noodle again, mummy."
Janet exclaimed _________________________________
251. "Can you tell me why you are crying?", said the mother to the little boy.
The mother ____________________________________
252. He said, "I shall probably buy it."
327
He said ________________________________________
253. She says, "I want to talk to you."
She says _______________________________________
254. The teacher said to them, "Copy the words into your notebooks."
The teacher told _________________________________
255. The clerk said, "I have bought a computer."
The clerk ______________________________________
256. "Please go home early".
His mother _____________________________________
257. "I have just done my homework".
Bill said _______________________________________
258. "Will your mother allow you to go with us?"
They asked _____________________________________
259. "What are you going to do this evening?"
I asked ________________________________________
260. He said: "I will come back tomorrow."
He said ________________________________________
261. "The American imperialists can destroy towns and villages in Vietnam, but they can
not destroy the people's courage."
The chairman ___________________________________
262. "Did you join the meeting held in 2002 in Ha Noi?"
I asked ________________________________________
263. "I bring my umbrella every day, the one on the desk is mine."
He said ________________________________________
264. "I spoke to her yesterday."
He told ________________________________________
265. The teacher said to us, "Stop talking if you don‟t want to copy punishing texts."
The teacher ____________________________________
266. My mother said to me: "Do not forget to learn this song by heart."
My mother _____________________________________
267. He asked me: "Where have you put your pen?"
He asked ______________________________________
268. He asked: "Did they attend the party last night?"
He asked ______________________________________
269. I asked her: "Did you finish the homework yesterday?"
I asked ________________________________________
270. Jack asked his mother: "May I go out?"
Jack asked _____________________________________
271. He asked them: "Go this way, please."
He asked ______________________________________
272. She said to the boys: "Don't touch my books."
She told _______________________________________
273. "I'll go to sleep. Shall I put the light out, Mum?", Peter said.
328
Peter said ______________________________________
274. My friend said to me: "This is a most interesting film. Have you ever watched it?"
My friend ______________________________________
275. He said to me: "Do you understand it now? I shall explain it again if you don't."
He told ________________________________________
276. He said to her, "I love you. Will you marry me?"
He told ________________________________________
277. She said: "It is hot in here. Is the window close?"
She said _______________________________________
278. My son said:" May I take an apple?"
My son ________________________________________
279. The director said, "I will employ you, Mr Burton. Can you start working next
Monday?"
The director ____________________________________
280. Mr Brown said to her, "I won't go anywhere this year. Where are you going on your
holiday?"
Mr Brown _____________________________________
281. They said to me:" This exercise is difficult to do. Can we help you?"
They told ______________________________________
282. Mother told children, "Keep quiet. Father is sleeping now. Do you want to be
punished."
Mother told ____________________________________
283. " It is very hot today. Let's go swimming in the lake. It is very cool there now", he
told us.
He told ________________________________________
284. Getting the gift, Mary said to Jack:" Thank you for this. It is very kind of you."
Getting ________________________________________
285 " No. No more for me. I will drive tonight. Goodbye!" Mr Johnson said to me.
Mr Johnson ____________________________________
286. "I've been driving for forty years. I began to drive when you were not born, officer"
he said.
He said ________________________________________
287. "What a lovely house! Have you decorated it recently? I love it very much." Mary
told Barbara.
Mary exclaimed _________________________________
288. "Do you believe it? I saw a rat attack a cat yesterday. "Tom said. "Liar!" Peter said.
Peter asked _____________________________________
289. She told me: "Would you like to come to my cottage next weekend? How nice the
atmosphere is there!"
She invited _____________________________________
290. Horace asked them:" When did you begin your work? It has been going on very
slowly."
Horace asked ___________________________________
329
291. "How high the television tower is! How far can the program be broadcast?" a farmer
asked me.
A farmer ______________________________________
292. Teacher asked students, "Can you guess the following question? It will be a difficult
one."
Teacher asked __________________________________
293. Hans told her,” Your dress is very nice. Where did you buy it? Did it cost you a
lot?”
Hans told ______________________________________
294. I asked John,” Why didn‟t you come to the party yesterday? I was waiting for you so
long. What a bad friend you are!”
I asked ________________________________________
295. “ Where do you go?” Trang asked Hoa Huong. ” I want to have some papers
photocopied. Let‟s go to Sir Luu‟s shop”.
Trang asked ____________________________________
296. Phuong said to them,” I have felt bored these days. Have you got anything
interesting to enjoy? How dull life is!”
Phuong told ____________________________________
297. Khai asked me,” Will you attend the ceremony tomorrow? How solemn it will be!
You will certainly be present.”
Khai asked _____________________________________
298. “ Hi, everybody. Today we would like to introduce a very important person.” The
compere said.
The compere ___________________________________
299. Jack ordered them,“ Go out of this place. It must be quiet here. Why don‟t you learn
your lessons?”
Jack ordered ____________________________________
300. “Let‟s have a drink tonight. We haven‟t seen each other for a long time. How
happy!” Hang told us.
Hang suggested _________________________________
301. Khanh asked them,“ How do you earn your living here? Can I offer you some help?
I am ready now.”
Khanh asked ___________________________________
302. Cong said to Thoai, ” You look pale. What have you had at the party? Take a rest
now.”
Cong told ______________________________________
303. " Let's play one more game. It is still early" he said.
He suggested ___________________________________
304. "Don't abuse drug. It will destroy your life" he told his son.
He ___________________________________________
305. He told Mary, "I will marry you. And I will love you for ever".
He promised ___________________________________
306. He said to Mary, "How lovely your dress is!"
330
He exclaimed ___________________________________
307. The policeman ordered them, "Go away from here unless I arrest you".
The policeman __________________________________
308. Hoa told him, "You should wait for me here. I will come back soon".
Hoa told _______________________________________
309. Tuan said to Anh Duong, "Would you like a glass of orange juice", "Yes, please,"
________________________________________________
310. "You ought to check the tires carefully. We will make a long trip", the boss said to
the driver.
The boss _______________________________________
331

MỤC LỤC Mục lục Trang 1 Tóm tắt Trang 2 Giới thiệu Trang 2 Cơ

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