THIS IS IMPORTANT ADVICE

Investigation and Comparison of Snake Management Techniques, Tools, First Aid
and Educational Programs
By David Manning
Report by David Manning - 2012 Churchill Fellow
2012 Churchill Fellow David Manning with a Puff Adder Bitis arietans in South Africa
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
…………………………………………..
3
Summary
…………………………………………..
4
Programme
…………………………………………..
5
South Africa …………………………………………..
6
…………………………………………..
7
Botswana
South Africa …………………………………………..
13
…………………………………………..
17
Snake Bite First Aid …………………………………..
24
Snake Catching Tools and Techniques ……………
24
Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………
26
USA
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INTRODUCTION
Snakes - the very word is extremely emotive. Everyone has an opinion on these quintessentially
Australian reptiles, and sadly it is a mostly negative one, with many myths, legends and
misunderstandings.
That these attitudes remain today is a great shame both for the snakes themselves that suffer
undue persecution, and for individuals who live with unwarranted lifelong anxiety towards them
and many other species of Australian native wildlife.
However, despite the fact that snakes are something that most Australians are likely to encounter
in life sooner or later, either at leisure, around our homes, or in association with the workplace,
they remain poorly understood by the average person.
Unfortunately few if any Australians receive much meaningful wildlife awareness education. I think
this is a great oversight of our education system, particularly as ours is an increasingly urbanized
population, detached from daily interactions with nature. We would all benefit from qualified
information on the realities of living with our wildlife and understanding its importance in the
environment. From a safety perspective we should all know how to react to snakes and other
potentially hazardous wildlife and crucially what to do in terms of first aid in case of a snake bite or
other envenomation.
Animal Ark Pty Ltd are licensed to deliver Wildlife Educational programs to schools and deliver a
Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) endorsed training course for licensing
Reptile Removalists in WA. This involves training people to understand snakes and learn safe
and effective means of catching, containing and relocating snakes and other reptiles whilst
minimizing the risks involved. This license is sought by those wishing to serve as a volunteer
within their community and also by people working in rural and remote regions.
My application and subsequent reward of a 2012 Churchill Trust Fellowship was inspired by a
desire to improve these educational outcomes for all Australians by investigating approaches to
and content of snake capture and management, first aid training and general wildlife education
programs overseas. I am hugely grateful for the opportunities this prestigious award has offered
me for personal and professional development.
I hope unselfishly in the spirit of a Churchill Fellow to pass the information and experience gained
on to as broad a range of fellow educators and interested parties by any means available to me.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Churchill Mentor Greg Wallace for his support and advice. Churchill Trust staff at all stages of the
Fellowship process in particular Neville and Denise Marchant for making the interview and
selection process as easy going as possible. Premila Dawson at Campus Travel, so patient.
Dr Dean Revell and Bob Cooper, kind and supportive referees, without whom my application
would never have been submitted.
Johan Marais, Mokolodi staff and volunteers, including Lucy Latham, Janet and Kenosi. Jack and
Jason Seale at Hartbeespoort Dam. Dr Tony Phelps for an amazing 2 weeks, Callum and Tania
Beattie and De Hoop staff. Carl Barden, Daniel Parker, Bob Myers, Michael Flud, Douglas Hottle,
Paul Hahn, David Riherd, Marisa Boyd, Danielle Webster, Jennifer Cohen and Ian Recchio for
being so welcoming and sharing their time and knowledge.
Friends and family who offered help and support at all stages of my trip.
My partner Jenny and our children Jack and Georgia for sparing me on my solo adventure during
a busy year; and to Jenny for her diligence and attention to detail before, during and after my
Fellowship travels – things may not have happened without her.
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SUMMARY
David Manning
PO Box 650, DUNCRAIG WA 6023
Ph: 08 9243 3044, Mobile: 0466 688 188, Email: info@animalark.com.au
Director, Animal Ark, a Wildlife Education and Training provider
Investigation and Comparison of Snake Management Techniques, Tools, First Aid and
Educational Programs
Highlights
Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Gabarone, Southern Botswana.
Meeting and discussing invasive snake problems and concerns with locals. Participation in a
venomous snake handling course with herpetologist Johan Marais. Rhino tracking on foot.
Cape Reptile Institute, De Hoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape, South Africa.
Accompanying Dr Tony Phelps on a 2 week field study practicing reptile ecology survey
techniques. Putting capture techniques into practice with various venomous species. Appreciation
of the value of passive observation; one 45 minute session included a Cape Cobra Naja nivea
engaged in hunting and feeding within a network of Cape Gerbil burrows quite literally at my feet.
Medtoxin Laboratories, Deland, Florida USA
Behind the scenes at a commercial venom production laboratory. Observation of educational
programs in action that included hands on milking of venomous snakes for medical research.
Sunshine Reptiles - Field herping in the northern Everglades.
Rattlesnake Museum Albuquerque New Mexico
One man’s passion for snakes at an unusual and popular museum attraction.
ABQ Biopark Zoo and Los Angeles Zoo LAIR exhibit
Seeing excellent snake management protocols in action at large government funded facilities.
Recommendations
Best practice for safe capture, containment, relocation or veterinary assessment of wildlife must
require the use of full personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times. This is currently not
universally the case in Australia. I would urge individuals and organizations to ensure a
comprehensive range of equipment is both accessible and utilized for optimum safety.
Wildlife education should be a part of our national curriculum. There is a high representation of
venomous snakes and other hazardous wildlife in Australia. Learning how to live with them and
deal with bites and stings effectively would benefit all Australians - psychologically and practically.
Consider the addition of basic breathing apparatus and antihistamine to recommended first
response first aid kit for snake bite incidents.
Support the reform of wildlife licensing in WA to facilitate the wider keeping, breeding and
understanding of native animals within the community.
Western Australia should develop a venom production laboratory and tourist facility to both
showcase our infamous most deadly creatures and for venom extraction for general medical
research and antivenom production. This could support local consumption and for use in
neighboring developing countries.
Implementation and Dissemination
Present my findings at WA Herpetological Society meetings. Publish my report on the Animal Ark
website. Author articles related to best practice snake management for reptile and OHS
publications. Seek specialist medical advice in terms of recommended first aid practice and seek
endorsement from DEC for changes to training courses. Encourage regular contact between
licensed Wildlife Educators in Australia. Approach publishers to author books on living with, and
the identification of wildlife in our communities. Continue to educate and enthuse all sections of
the community about wildlife and conservation issues.
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PROGRAMME
South Africa
7 - 9 November 2012
North West Province
Hartbeespoort Dam Snake and Animal Park
Meeting - Jack and Jason Seale
Botswana
9 - 13 November 2012
Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Gabarone, Botswna
Training Course - Johan Marais, Herpetologist, Reptile Ventures, Snake Handling Course
Meeting - Janet and Kenosi tracker and guide
Meeting - Lucy Latham, volunteer (a recent UK Churchill Trust applicant)
South Africa
13 Nov - 4 December 2012
Western Cape Area
Practical Field Studies Course - Oudtshoorn and Little Karoo 2 days
De Hoop Nature Reserve 14 days
Training Course - Cape Town Snake Handling and Identification 2 days
Dr Tony Phelps Reptile Ecologist
United States of America
9 – 22 December 2012
Florida
9 - 15 December 2012
Medtoxin Venom Laboratories
Reptile Discovery Centre
Deland Florida 32724
Meeting – Carl Barden Director
Field Herping - Daniel Parker Sunshine Serpents 11 December
New Mexico 15 – 18 December
Albuquerque Biological Park ABQ
Meeting - Douglas Hottle Curator of Herpetology
Rattlesnake Museum
Meeting - Bob Myers Director
California 18 – 22 December
Wildlife Learning Center
Meeting - Paul Hahn and David Riherd, Cofounders
Meeting - Marisa Boyd Compound Manager
Meeting - Danielle Webster Office Manager
Meeting - Jennifer Cohen Biologist
LA Zoo LAIR – Living Amphibians, Invertebrates and Reptiles
Meeting - Ian Recchio Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians
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SOUTH AFRICA – North West Province
Hartbeespoort Dam Snake and Animal Park
Scott Street, Hartbeespoort 0216
Jack and Jason Seale
Hartbeespoort Dam is within an hours drive from
Pretoria and Johannesburg, a very scenic area and a
popular holiday and weekend resort.
The zoo houses a large collection of animals and is a major attraction in the area. It is beautifully
sited on the waters edge and also offers boat cruises on the dam. It is privately owned and
managed and has been in the Seale family for around 50 years.
Whilst its cages often appear old in style and design the animals are without doubt well cared for,
in excellent condition and much loved by both staff and visitors alike. Hartbeespoort Dam Snake
and Animal Park are involved in breeding various endangered species including the Cape vulture,
African hunting dog and black footed cat.
Keen to have the visitor experience I simply arrived, paid the entrance fee of R60 (AU$6) and
entered. There is a comprehensive reptile collection just inside the entrance and many animals
are displayed in large open enclosures. There is also a large snake house with many more
species on display not only of African herptiles but lizards, snakes, crocodilians, turtles and
tortoises from around the world.
I was lucky enough to find that Jack Seale the owner was on site that day and after introducing
himself to me (I was note taking and photographing beyond normal tourist behavior) we ended up
spending the rest of the day just talking. He is certainly a charismatic man, quite elderly but still
very active, if officially retired from the day to day management of the park.
Jack was quite inspirational to talk with and a founding member of PAAZAB, the African
Association of Zoos and Aquaria. I found it particularly interesting as we both have had
considerable experience working with animals in the film and television industry, which I had not
expected to find in a rural zoological garden. I even got to meet (outside the cage) one of the
hyenas from the cult 1980 movie The Gods Must be Crazy, filmed in Botswana.
Later in the afternoon I was able to talk with Jason, his paramedic son, about snake bite
treatment, traditional beliefs, general conservation issues including the horrendous but
widespread Muti medicine practices. Muti, or traditional medicine, plays an important role in the
lives of many South Africans. Practitioners (sangomas or inyangas) generally use nothing more
sinister than roots and herbs, but there is dark side to the practice. Human and other animal body
parts are also used. Most horrifying they are usually harvested whilst alive.
Throughout South Africa I became aware that there is very little but the most elusive wildlife left
outside fenced and guarded game reserves. Everything else would appear to have been hunted.
The human population is large at over 50 million with widespread poverty, education and housing
problems a result of historical imbalances. As a traveller taking reasonable precautions it is a very
scenic and safe place to visit, and currently ‘cheap’ with a strong AU$. Mostly the roads I travelled
on were fantastic and services good. I’m not sure what my expectations were but I was surprised
how easy it was to get around and how friendly the people were.
Learning
First aid for snake bite is an extremely complex area, with many opinions across the academic
and medical world. Research is on going in both on site emergency response and subsequent
medical treatment. Use of antihistamine and assisted breathing masks are two first aid tools
currently not widely recommended for first responder use in Western Australia. These may be of
benefit but require further clarification.
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BOTSWANA
Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Gabarone, Botswana
Johan Marais, Herpetologist, Reptile Ventures, Snake Handling Course
Janet Mallentze, Tracker
Kenosi Raletsholo, Guide
Lucy Latham, Volunteer
Mokolodi Nature Reserve is just 14km south of the capital Gabarone and has a total land area
of 12,355 acres. It is home to some of the larger mammals like white rhino and giraffe. Like much
of Botswana it is on the edge of the arid Kalahari desert and here near Gabarone a range of small
hills surround the area making a very attractive backdrop to the bush.
I arrived in my little hire car and checked into Impala Chalet, a small traditional thatched round
house near a water hole some 3.5km from the main reception area.
Impala Chalet at Mokolodi
Giraffe on the road.
Snake Handling Course, Johan Marais
I had originally hoped to attend a one-day course in Snake Awareness and Venomous Snake
Handling in Gauteng province South Africa with herpetologist Johan Marais and his company
Reptile Ventures. Johan’s course is accredited by the International Society of Zoological Sciences
(ISZS) and the Field Guides Association of Southern Africa (FGASA).
However, after my WCT itinerary was finalized it happened that Johan was only going to be
available on the 10th November at a nature reserve in Botswana. This trip was meant to be
challenging and an adventure so having looked it up on Google maps I decided to book on to the
course anyway and drive 4/5 hours to Botswana from the Hartbeespoort Dam area in South Africa
where I had originally hoped to attend the course.
Johan’s course cost P1200 (Botswanan Pula) about AU$150 - lunch being included in the price.
The other 12 course participants were a mixed bag, the youngest a 17 year old white
Batswana/Kiwi, Lucy a wildlife volunteer at the nature reserve from the UK, a couple of vet
students from the University of Botswana, a few expat ladies who lunch, a local black field guide
from the Reserve, another from the Defence Force, a young couple who have problems with
invasive snakes in their garden – eating their budgies and chickens - and a guy refreshing his
training who works in the mines. Once we had all gathered we were driven in open sided safari
vehicles to the venue.
I was fascinated by the invasive snake issues seemingly common to people living in the area.
One couple even brought along a recently captured small African Rock Python Python sabae.
Another lady attendee recounted successfully beating up a large python with a broom and shovel
that was trying to eat one of her dogs and of another dog that was eaten by a large python. Most
locals had snake stories to recount, fortunately none ending in envenomation.
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The course was held in a very scenic thatched Boma
building a kilometer or so from the main entrance and
hired for conferences, weddings and the like. We
were seated at tables with fresh water and mints
being provided. After a brief introduction Johan had
us all introduce ourselves briefly by stating our
names and our reasons for attending the course. The
course commenced with a PowerPoint presentation
looking at snake evolution in general, snake myths
dispelled and discussed, basic reptile biology and
then proceeded to look at snake behaviour and in
particular the snakes of Southern Africa.
I am intrigued by the myths traditional people especially native Africans believe about snakes.
And whilst these were when offered discounted one by one by Johan, I could tell the 2 black
Africans were not totally convinced. Amongst their beliefs discussed that day were that a snake
would track you by following your footprints back to your home to bite you. That if you kill a snake
its mate will also track down you or one of your family for revenge. That witch doctors can and do
turn people into snakes / put your spirit in a snake at will and can order a snake to attack any
given person as commanded. There were other myths white South Africans also falsely believe,
such as that some snakes can bite their tail and roll down hill; that Boomslangs Dispholidus typus,
drop from the trees onto people and that Mambas Dendroaspis sp, will chase you.
Johan then moved onto understanding venom types, first aid and simple ways of identifying the
most dangerous snakes that may be encountered in the area. Johan’s presentation style was
relaxed, he appeared very knowledgeable and as he seemed to have spent vast amounts of time
in the bush his experience in snake capture was genuinely extensive. Questions were welcomed
after each stage of the presentation and these were well and effectively handled.
A break for coffee, then more PowerPoint, a series of slides really with snake pictures
predominating. And so on until lunch, on blue clothed tables under the shade of some thorn trees
a buffet style meal plenty salads, meat, fruit for everyone more cold water and soft drinks also
being available. A very picturesque location indeed for a days study.
After lunch it was straight onto catching. We
gathered outside and first had a look at the
young 1 metre long African Rock Python
Python sabae, probably 6 months to a year
old at most. This is the one caught on the
outside of the budgie aviary and brought
along to the course by the local couple. We
start by catching this with tongs. After
everyone had a go catching the python it was
released into some local bushes, where with
mesmerizingly but typical snake crypsis it
disappeared from view in front of our eyes.
Capture methods wise Johan is primarily a user of pillstrom type tongs (rather than widemouthed) and hooks with a bin for containment. Interestingly I thought his approach if needs be is
to tire out the snake with raking action until easy to lift with tongs. For stouter adders he uses
hooks. I myself find using both hook and tongs at the same time ideal and preferable to the
methods demonstrated today.
Johan dislikes bags a lot as you can be bitten through them and they are difficult and somewhat
dangerous to tie off once a snake is inside. I agree but do find that whilst both those statements
are very true bags do make snake capture very easy sometimes and if working in pairs, confined
spaces, inside an aviary, building or trench I still think of them as essential kit to have available for
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use alongside tongs and hooks. I think the broader the range of equipment you can have on hand
will greatly facilitate a safe capture regardless of the circumstances encountered.
Johan did demonstrate using tubes and we all had to get the Cobra inside one, so I think his
methodology would be tongs or hook with bin or tube as the best approach.
Catching a Snouted Cobra Naja annulifera
using tongs and tube.
One adult and one juvenile African Rock Python Python sabae, Snouted Cobra Naja annulifera
and a Puff Adder Bitis arietans were the three species we worked with. In many ways Johan’s
course was very similar to mine - PowerPoint in the morning then snake catching in the afternoon.
He also employed about the same amount of catching practice per person, enough to understand
the principles, appreciate the risks and not harm the snakes.
Lots of information on snake types, less focus I thought on safety - people could and did
participate in shorts, short sleeves and sandals.
Each of us in turn caught each species twice utilizing tongs, two hooks or combination.
Those of a more cautious or nervous nature were encouraged and everyone completed the
catching part of the course satisfactorily. We then sat an exam which revised the most salient
parts of the course. This was duly marked and we all passed. Unfortunately we did not have this
returned which I thought would have been a good idea, giving us something to take home for
future reference. Johan had for sale some of the snake tongs he recommends and the day ended
with some very welcome cold beers.
Mokolodi guide Kenosi and course attendee get to grips with an African Rock Python Python sabae
Johan was a good presenter and a very experienced herpetologist travelling widely in Africa for
his work and experienced in the capture and study of thousands of individual reptiles. He
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mentioned catching 500 plus Mambas and I had no reason to doubt him. The Black Mamba
Dendroaspis polylepis is indeed a very deadly snake, but not a mean and outwardly aggressive
species as is widely believed and perpetuated in both the media and herpetological circles. It is
the largest venomous snake in Africa and can stand tall, capable of biting at chest height. Most
dangerous it seems if you are chasing it!
“The Black Mamba rarely permits a close approach (within 40m). If cornered or threatened, it will
gape, exposing the black inner lining of its mouth, and will spread a narrow hood while waving the
tongue slowly up and down. Any sudden movement at this stage will be met with a series of rapid
strikes, often with fatal results.”
Johan Marais in A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa (2004)
Glen the Park Manager and Lucy Latham wildlife volunteer who (small world) has just applied for
a UK Churchill Trust Fellowship joined me for an evening meal at the restaurant (who worries
about self catering). Very nice beers and burgers, a few warthogs bumbling around, kids playing,
other campers and day trippers enjoying the scenery. Mokolodi was nice overall, busy in places
but a pleasantly small-scale safari outfit.
Snake catching course with Johan Marais, Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Botswana.
Hooking a Puff Adder Bitis arietans
Learning
For animal handling training courses PowerPoint seems universal and highly effective for
delivering educational presentations when combined with the essential practical element. A
knowledgeable and experienced presenter is essential for effective delivery of content.
In terms of safety techniques I think the approach taken by myself and at least one of the other
main trainers in Perth are preferable to methods seen today. PPE is essential for all attending our
course and its use in the field is at all times promoted. The equipment we utilize is broader in
scope and of a higher quality than that discussed or seen today.
However I will look into Bag valve masks as a possible part of an effective first aid kit. They may
be vital for ventilation of patients who away from hospitals may need assisted breathing if
paralyzed by venom. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is too difficult apparently for long
stretches of assisted breathing.
Rhino Tracking
The following day I had booked onto a Rhino Tracking course at Mokolodi. I was interested in
observing what educational messages where given and how much information was delivered as
well as getting close to rhinos.
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It turned out I was the only participant which was a shame in that I could not observe what a
typical “tourist” got from the safari but a huge privilege in it being so small and personal an
experience. I also think our tracker and guide had more time and were able to talk more freely
than might otherwise have been the case. I had asked Lucy to accompany me as she was
interesting to talk to about her learning experiences as a volunteer and a companion for the day.
Kenosi (who took part in the snake course the day before) and Janet were to be the guide and
tracker, and with Lucy Latham in the safari vehicle collected me at 8am from my accommodation
at Impala Chalet and we were off - fantastic not to be part of a big group and no other vehicles
were seen for the entire duration of the trip. It was almost one of my safari fears to be just a part
of a traffic jam of packed vehicles vying for a view of the wildlife. I am so glad this was a hugely
intimate experience, Lucy from Cheshire was quite knowledgeable but had only been at Mokolodi
for 3 weeks. She is involved in the educational programs at the park.
We're off - driving along the sometimes rocky, bumpy bush roads through the ankle thorn trees
and red bush willow to name but a few of the species here. Patchy clouds in the big African sky to
start with but more sun coming through as time passes. What a lovely way to spend time,
bouncing around on a bit of an adventure. We spot a variety of wildlife, beautiful birds, impala
here, kudu there, now zebra, a mongoose or baboons. I learn about wildlife as we go, hearing bits
of information about the rhinos whose scats and tracks we are looking for.
Eventually after an hour or so - and I am certainly not clock watching - tracks are spotted. These
are fresh so we are told and we proceed, still in the vehicle, another few kilometers. Soon enough
there are more tracks that are obviously (to them) even fresher, so we dismount and proceed on
foot, Janet with rifle in hand, “just in case” she says - “anyway I would shoot in the air not at the
rhinos”. These are white rhino, not white at all of course, but coming from Afrikaans I think
meaning wide mouthed and not white in colour but a powdery grey.
From my limited rhino knowledge white rhino are far less dangerous than the black ones. But still
as anyone who has ever seen one will know they are huge, immensely powerful and not to be
provoked lightly. Now to be totally honest to start with I couldn't see a thing that our guides were
tracking, any scuff in the dirt looks just like another to me.
We head into the bush on foot, all 4 of us this way and then that, scenery perfect, weather
sublime, a bit hot now and then but hey this is a very real experience so a bit of sweat is to be
expected. Even if they do it weekly it feels genuine and a bit of a privilege to be here. We pass a
mostly dried up stream bed which during the wet may be several metres deep and obviously from
the debris up in the trees overflows the banks at times and floods. Now though rains have not yet
come and last year, so we are told, pretty much failed altogether. We are of course on the edge of
the vast Kalahari desert so rain is not really the norm.
We see some very fresh dung with a dozen or so dung beetles
of at least two species and some psychedelic flies already in
attendance and a few new beetles flying in towards the feast incubation material and potential nourishment for their soon to
be laid eggs and eventual larvae.
More tracks, signs of wallowing in the mud, we are on the right
track so to speak. We cross a muddy stream and manage to
keep dry, more open bush now with larger expanses of soft
sand making the tracks easier even for me to recognize. Kenosi
tells me to find one track then look up and out, not straight
down. Wow - once taught it makes all the difference, I can actually see the way they have gone
like a path in front of me, 2 rhino at least maybe more keeping close together. Sometimes I lose
sight of the marks then a gentle nudge and pointer in the right direction and I am tracking, or at
least now having been told to take the lead feel like I am tracking.
Action up ahead, clouds of dust in the distance the impala and rhinos are together and close but
when impala smell us or see us they bolt and so too the rhino. I hope that’s not it, just a glimpse
of rhino through the bushes. We keep on and soon enough more tracks and there in a small
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clearing we find them, a family unit mum with a 2 or 3 year old calf and dad closer to us by
several metres protecting the mother and young by keeping a good eye on us and looking
immensely scary so close up. A mass of taut, rippling muscle of immense strength.
The unimaginable potential to cause pain if he charged was very evident and the trees are
scrubby affairs. There is nothing to climb or hide behind anywhere; we are reliant on his good
humour. Kenosi takes some pictures of me with the rhinos behind, we watch a while the calf
backing into mum for confidence like a nervous child of any species anywhere nudging at mums
thighs. She apparently watching us with curiosity writ large on her face or that's how I see it
anyway. The mother less interested, the father ever vigilant, now and then facing us, occasionally
foot stomping to make sure we respect and keep good distance between us.
How long I don't know but maybe 15 minutes
later we leave them in peace, and walk back to the safari vehicle. Well that was excellent; a few
hours well spent at a cost of only P590, about $70. I forgot as we drive off that a lunch is included
as Lucy reminds me and before long we pull up at a large lake or waterhole. In the distance
impala and other antelope congregate to drink. We even have proper toilets. We all eat together.
When we are standing at the edge of the water again Lucy asks about crocodiles. Kinosi looks out
and says they are not often seen here.
After a moment or two he points - there's one, we can’t see a thing and I am sure he's making it
up or mistaken by the blanket of weed and algae. But no, once he shows us just where to look we
can see the head of the croc, hard to measure but probably around 2 metres in total length. It
then swims around a bit and eventually comes close enough for me to take a picture.
What a day of wildlife. I saw ostrich, kudu, steinbok, impala, groups of mongoose, chakma
baboons, vervet monkeys, giraffe, wildebeest, crocodile,and pretty butterflies. Dung beetles busy
doing their thing the male rolling a plum sized ball with the female hanging on and going round
and round. Many birds including hornbill and other creatures whose names I've already forgotten.
Learning
Although Australia is obviously lacking large mammals I am sure there is some potential for
tourism operators to offer tracking type activities here. Maybe they already exist but I have not
heard of them and a combination of drive, walk, lunch and wildlife education would be I am sure
positive for all concerned and provide huge employment potential for our remoter regions. This
could provide a relatively cheap, low impact, sustainable but engaging tourism activity that could
benefit all, from indigenous guides to the wildlife.
SOUTH AFRICA
WESTERN CAPE
De Hoop Nature Reserve
Dr Tony Phelps BSc PHD
14 Day Practical Field Studies and 2 Day Snake Awareness, Identification & Handling Course.
Callum Beattie, De Hoop Conservation Manager and his wife Tania
De Hoop is a World Heritage Site now totaling some 50,000 hectares. It has 70kms of pristine
coastline, protection extending 5kms off shore. The coast is famous as a breeding zone for
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Southern right whales. On land a diverse range of birds, mammals, reptiles and other wildlife are
found including Cape Mountain zebra, bontebok antelope and leopard. It represents in Africa a
treasure house of natural assets with a large percentage of rare, threatened and endemic
species. The landscape is dominated by fynbos (fine bush) vegetation and historic homesteads. It
is naturally a fantastic environment for snakes, especially the Cape Cobra Naja nivea.
De Hoop coastline
De Hoop Research Cottage
I was accompanying Dr Tony Phelps, herpetologist, author and wildlife cameraman for two weeks
in the field, practicing reptile ecological surveying.
Tony Phelps is Director of the Cape Reptile Institute and although in his 70’s he still spends
around 2 weeks of every month on site conducting largely reptile based research.
DeHoop offers a range of accommodation to suit the visitor from 5 star fully catered lodges to self
catering chalets and camping areas. We were staying in one of 2 research cottages, basic but
comfortable.
Tony is tireless in his studies with a particular focus on Cape Cobra and Puff Adder Bitis arietans
ecology. Our daily routine consisted of much passive observation of Cobras at their refuges
(residence) and driving around the reserve on both the public and management only routes, being
mostly gravel roads or tracks through the fynbos.
Principally we were always looking for snakes but also noting and observing other species of
interest including, but not limited to, eland, zebra, tortoise, bontebok and baboon. Over the years
Tony has got to know many of the snakes and other creatures as individuals by sight, knowing
well at what time they are likely to emerge, bask and start hunting in the case of snakes, or how
many ewes and calves a particular buck antelope has in his harem, and by name which senior
baboon it was we saw feeding, foraging or raiding.
I was expected to note take and write up reports of observations and sightings. Date, time,
weather conditions, including level of cloud cover, were recorded. Also GPS data was taken.
When capture was required, the snake was caught usually by tailing and use of snake hook
combined, or with two hooks for the larger heavier bodied Puff Adders, then placed in bins for
transportation and eventually taken back to the cottage for later study.
At the end of our day, usually after supper, and certainly before an occasional visit to the bar,
most snakes were then tubed for examination. Checks were made to see if the individual was
already known by its scale clips (Tony has some 500 Puff Adders marked), or if required whilst
still tubed the snake was clipped (3 ventral scales) for subsequent identification and/or DNA
analysis. Then they were measured for total and snout to vent length (svl). This was achieved by
placing the tube contained snake onto a strip of tape already stuck to the length of our kitchen
table with the head at one end, Tony would hold the snake in its tube and I would endeavour to
accurately mark with a pen the position of the cloaca and then the tip of the tail. By measuring
both the length to the cloaca and then the length from cloaca to tail end we had 3 measurements:
1. snout to vent length (svl); 2. tail length; and 3. total length. Then each specimen was dropped
into a bag for weighing and if a new Puff Adder, an identifying head photo was required. The
snake was then placed on a board on the floor and a picture taken with the other recorded data
on a sticker placed close by for Tony’s records.
13
Now these procedures are not of course without an element of risk. We are after all dealing with
some of the world’s most venomous snakes which needed lifting from their containing boxes,
being encouraged to enter a clear plastic tube, then being restrained and straightened for
measuring before being placed in a bag for weight. Then photographed or simply returned to its
container for release back at the point of capture, weather permitting, the following day. Tony was
happy to perform these tasks in shorts whilst I generally always wore long pants and enclosed
footwear as an added safety measure. The toxicity of a snake does not make it any more
aggressive than any other snake – just problematic if an upset individual bites. I am always
surprised at the passiveness of most wild caught snakes; I just remember not to be complacent!
This data collection was to become my routine and under Tony’s guidance I learned a huge
amount not only about the process and reasoning behind recording the data, but about the
genuine love for his subject that has led to a lifelong compassion for and study of venomous
snakes. Tony’s books and research have no doubt helped herpetologists and conservationists
around the world gain a better understanding of these much maligned creatures and have helped
develop strategies so that man and snakes can and do live safely together. These include reptile
friendly signage, casual and formal snake awareness talks and training days for the staff, many of
whom have an otherwise unwarranted fear of these and other animals they are likely to encounter
working around a nature reserve. Snakes endeavour to avoid human contact at all times, remain
hidden or flee if approached. It is the same the world over, however I am sure some of the visitors
would be somewhat surprised and probably horrified if we stopped and told them that a Cobra
called Charlie lives a few metres away from their tent or cottage.
Tony releasing a Mole Snake Pseudaspis cana
Reptile hunting in the Fynbos
Despite the abundance of snakes around the tourist complex and the reserve in general, the only
recorded snake bite incident (non fatal) was to a student of Tony’s who, when not authorized to
do so, handled a Boomslang to show off to some girls!
Phone and radio reception is intermittent at De Hoop and on one occasion whilst out bush we
spotted one of the work vehicles speeding towards us (which is an unusual activity on a nature
reserve) and signaling for us to pull over. The somewhat flushed member of staff reported that a
large Puff Adder had been spotted under the huge fig tree right next to the restaurant amongst
the tables that had been decorously laid out for a wedding reception that was about to
commence. And can we please, please, please rush back and help. My notes show we were
flagged down at 3.14pm and by 3.30pm (we drove fast) had caught and removed from the scene
a female Puff Adder at just under 1 metre in length. I doubt the wedding guests, due shortly, were
informed or would have wanted to know!
Once back at the main buildings in the park we often looked around in some of the old stabling
areas, still near the main building but where much of the behind the scenes work of such a facility
took place. Here there were storage spaces used as quad bike and vehicle maintenance zones,
the laundry area and staff rest rooms. My records show we also caught, just 15 minutes after the
Puff Adder, a large and “lively” male Boomslang. Some of the Boomslangs are daily visitors to the
area at this time of year as they feed on the swallow chicks and eggs, climbing up into the roof
spaces and entering the conical mud nests made by the nesting adults.
14
Tony’s unselfish actions in being available and willing at any time to assist in situations like this
made him popular on site, and as we drove or walked about the staff would often call out a
greeting “Hi Dr Tony” or “hey snake man”.
Dr Phelp’s genuine affection for the local people and wildlife was admirable. Working with and
having his pro-wildlife initiatives seemingly readily adopted by Cape Nature, the responsible body
managing the reserve, shows real conservation results.
As well as spending much time with Tony I was fortunate to meet Callum and Tania Beattie, who
also live at the reserve. Callum has been a game ranger in many parts of Africa and is currently
Conservation Manager. It was most interesting to hear about the work he has been involved in,
places travelled, wildlife and peoples encountered.
I spent 13 days days at De Hoop. I see how important passive observation is to understanding
snake behavior and was thrilled that during my stay we managed to catch two Mole Snakes
Pseudaspis cana - Tony had only recorded at total of 5 in the 8 years prior to my visit.
Tony was conducting a 2-day snake handling course in Cape Town that I was also booked onto.
We drove together and I was dropped off at a nice hotel in the Waterfront area of Cape Town.
From research cottage to luxury accommodation with TV, bathrobe and complimentary toiletries
and chocolates, but no zebras, baboons or ostriches visible from my window.
Tony Phelps tubing a Puff Adder
Cobras are members of the Elapidae family, as are
all Australia’s most venomous species.
Learning
Under Tony’s guidance I learnt excellent reptile ecology field techniques and scientific
methodology. My two weeks in the Western Cape reiterated to me the value of passive
observation in research and conservation related work, particularly when dealing with venomous
species. I acknowledge the extraordinary persistence and patience required for extracting
knowledge over extended study periods, and the value of that knowledge for conservation.
Similar to my own training role Tony’s position within the De Hoop Nature Reserve emphasizes
the importance of education in the workplace for reassuring those who would otherwise be fearful
and react unwisely in the presence of potentially dangerous wildlife.
A passionate individual can do great things in the pursuit of knowledge and ultimately the
conservation of a much-maligned species.
15
CAPE TOWN
Driftsands Nature Reserve
Dr Tony Phelps BSc PHD
Snake Awareness,
Identification & Handling
Course, 2-days.
Driftsands Nature Reserve in Cape Town is a 900 hectare reserve with, as the Cape Nature web
site states, “significant social and economic challenges in the immediate area”. Some 550,000
people live nearby, 65% of whom are unemployed and living in poverty we Australians could
barely imagine, mainly in squatter shack settlements.
This was the second snake handling course I was to attend but this one was of 2 days duration
and utilizing the Cape Nature Educational Buildings on the reserve. There were 17 people in
attendance, amongst them university students, bush walkers, amateur naturalists, Cape Nature
employees and others. Once again a PowerPoint presentation of snakes and snake species of
significance found in South Africa was the main tool of education. On day 1 we concentrated on
snake awareness, venom properties, snake psychology, a first aid practical and methods for
identification of commonly encountered species. After a PowerPoint look at many species we
were led outside where 14 different reptiles were in boxes. We had to inspect them and identify
them, writing answers down for later appraisal.
For day 2 PPE was required. As tailing was recommended we started off catching a piece of rope
taped red at one end to represent the biting part of a snake. Tony had divided the group into 3 or
4 subgroups with his other facilitators, so we all had much practice with rope before moving on to
Cape Cobras and Puff Adders. I like and respect Tony a lot and can’t really fault his course apart
from the fact that I still think tailing is unnecessarily risky in general, that bags are useful and also
that our bins are much better for ease of containment and the eventual safe release of snakes.
A snake course participant wrangling
a Boomslang Dispholidus typus
Learning
One possible improvement to our approach in Western Australia is recommending or making
available the Ambu breathing aids, as CPR is difficult to keep up should a bite victim suffer
paralysis and need assisted breathing – a not uncommon effect of envenomation by snake and
some other venomous wildlife.
Also if our licensing system was more flexible trainers could have a greater range of species
available for examination. Currently in WA it is illegal for a friend snake keeper to bring some
even non-venomous specimens onto a course to assist without applying and paying for an
additional license. In fact all our wildlife keeping laws are woefully restrictive and public
engagement in any way, be it native pet keeping, community conservation of wildlife, and public
awareness or engagement, are very much no no’s. It is even an offence to keep a native insect as
a pet – yet we can readily spray them with insecticides!
16
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
FLORIDA
Carl Barden Director
Medtoxin Venom Laboratories
Reptile Discovery Centre
2710 Big John Drive
Deland Florida 32724
Medtoxin opened in 1994 as a commercial
venom production facility for research and
pharmaceutical applications. The snake
rooms are climate controlled and currently house around 700 snakes of 40 species. Venoms are
collected in a sterile manner under laboratory conditions. Snakes bite a membrane over a variety
of glass collection receptacles. Individual snakes are milked on 14-day cycles. Venoms are
normally centrifuged cold, frozen and lyophilized within six hours of extraction. Dried venom is
normally packed and stored dark at -20oC.
Most of the snakes at this facility are captive bred in-house or sourced from reputable zoos and
breeders. Others are from nuisance removal and confiscation. Customers for venom include
researchers, universities, private laboratories and pharmaceutical companies. Research using
snake venoms can lead to new medicines for treatment of cancers, Aids, diabetes, stroke, high
blood pressure, pain relief and many other conditions. Venoms of genus Naja, Dendroaspis,
Ophiophagus, Micrurus, Bitis, Crotalus, Agkistrodon Bungarus, Sistrurus are all listed for sale.
Prices range from US$150 to $750 per gram dry weight.
I was staying with friends in Florida and Carl was very welcoming to myself and Tristan, who
accompanied me on this visit. Carl was busy but happy to talk and allowed me to see both the
public and behind the scenes areas of this serpentarium and venom farming lab.
On arrival there is an outdoor walking trail with reptiles such as tortoises, alligators, iguanas and
more on display but it’s winter in Florida in December and no animals were observed – they were
tucked up in the warm retreats within their enclosures. It was interesting to see a school bus in the
car park as I am always keen to observe school excursions, gaging the educational content
delivered to the group and finding out what the teachers and kids thought about it. Open to the
public Thursday through Sunday, entrance fees adults $9.50, children $6.50, seniors $5.50 were
reasonable I think. About an hour, maybe two, would satisfy most customers, especially if the visit
was timed to see the venom extractions.
School children getting know an Eastern Indigo Snake Drymarchon couperi
17
The public display cages where very well lit, informative and of excellent quality all round. A good
selection of venomous and non-venomous snakes and lizards displayed including for wow factor
a huge Diamond Back Rattlesnake Crotalus atrox, King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah, and
Burmese Python Python molurus bivittatus.
Rattlesnake Crotalus sp
Venom extraction display area
Venom extraction shows occur daily at 11.30am and 3.00pm, safely observed from behind
massive glass windows where the snakes are milked only a few feet from the visitor. I have
milked a few snakes (all Cobras) in my time for film/photographic projects, but this show is a big
draw. It remains highly impressive to me, and all those watching, as one by one snakes are
hooked from their containers, caught by the head and encouraged to bite the membrane over the
glass apparatus. With some species like the Coral Snakes Micrurus sp all you got was a single,
tiny, barely visible drop of creamy yellow venom; with others like the larger Rattlesnakes and
Cobras a veritable rush of venom flowed to gasps of awe from the eager audience. Now obviously
this is all not without risk – I didn’t talk with Carl specifically about the dangers but he has been
bitten before and anti-venom is kept for all species they work with. After each extraction the
venom was collected by pipette syringe, new clean apparatus put in place and the next snake or
species brought out. This public demonstration lasted about 30 minutes and was watched by an
open mouthed audience accompanied by an audio description of events, allowing Carl and his
assistant to concentrate.
Milking a Coral Snake Micrurus sp – absolute concentration vital
Learning
There is demand for snake venoms pharmaceutically, but WA does not have such a facility.
Commercial venom production facilities can be successfully combined with engaging and
entertaining wildlife education.
18
Field Herping
Daniel Parker, Sunshine Serpents, www.sunshineserpents.com
Daniel Parker is a field biologist at the University of Central Florida. A committed herpetologist he
studies, keeps and breeds a variety of species. I had arranged to meet Daniel in the car park of a
fast food outlet in the small town of Moore Haven. Moore Haven is sited on the southwest
shoreline of vast Lake Okeechobee. It is an agricultural part of the Everglades comprising some
2,000 square kilometers of sugar cane fields. This crop is in continual stages of growth and
harvesting creating a vast maze of very lush 3 to 4m tall impenetrable growth, moderately lush
fields or recently cleared areas. The whole landscape is a humid maze crisscrossed with
contained rivers and numerous drainage ditches, all full of vegetative cover and alligators. Despite
the intensive agriculture the area still supports a considerable population of wildlife, especially
along the corridor waterways that must be a relatively safe haven from the cropping and burning
activities in the adjacent fields. We even spotted an otter. I was accompanied by the family I was
staying with in Florida, Sam, Tristan and their 10-year-old son Max.
After a brief introduction and shuffling the snake bags, hooks, containers and water bottles
around in his van we all jumped in and were driven by Daniel around the area to sites deemed
suitable for snakes. Daniel was a knowledgeable naturalist and could name the birds and other
creatures we encountered or hoped to see. We darted around the main roads, back roads and
farm tracks for several hours. We stopped at various spots known to Daniel, looking under the
covers that had been placed or dumped.
Carpet, plastic or metal sheeting were all flipped in search of the increasingly illusive serpents.
Daniel was dogged though and disappointed as our efforts failed to bear fruit; Kingsnakes
Lampropeltis sp, Corn Snakes Elaphe sp, Racers Coluber sp or Garter Snakes Thamnophis sp
were elsewhere today. Richard, a friend of mine in WA, had accompanied Daniel prior to my visit
and had an array of photos with the snakes they had found. But today it seemingly wasn’t to be. I
was reassuring Daniel that it didn’t matter: the tour, his company and the search in itself was fun.
Success at last we find several baby yellow Rat Snakes Elaphe guttata, one even obligingly bites
10 year old Max - having been passed to him from me. A bite from a tiny baby non-venomous
snake doesn’t hurt, draws a tiny amount of blood and non the worse will give Max something to
tell his friends at school. A bit later on I find a more mature specimen. We didn’t get to see the
range of snakes as hoped for, but this was a fun, interesting afternoon spent again with a
passionate reptile expert. It was interesting to hear from Daniel about the invasive Burmese
Pythons of the Everglades, the media tales, public perceptions and then what research has
shown to actually be the case. So we are all much happier after an eventually successful
afternoon and with photos taken we head back to our vehicle for the drive back to Daytona.
The Hunt for Elusive Herps in the Everglades
Yellow Rat Snake Elaphe guttata
Learning
As Daniel says a teacher should learn as much as a student on a tour. This was great fun,
educational, off beat for non-snake people and a great unusual tourism idea. However, it would
not be legal to do here in WA.
Amazing how reptiles time and again favour artificial refuges over more natural ones.
19
NEW MEXICO
Albuquerque Biological Park ABQ - Rio Grande Zoo
903 Tenth St S.W
Albuquerque New Mexico 87102
Douglas Hottle, Curator of Herpetology
Michael Flud, Senior Reptile Keeper.
This is a city-funded facility. Rio Grande Zoo is a facility of ABQ Bio Parks consisting of the Zoo,
now more formally named ABQ BioPark Zoo, the Botanic Gardens, Tingely Beach and Aquarium.
The management of venomous snakes in captivity was the focus of my visit to this typically large
zoo and I was kindly given the opportunity to inspect the whole reptile department.
Curator of Herpetology Doug Hottle and Senior Reptile Keeper Michael were very approachable
and able to answer any questions asked. There is a good selection of reptiles displayed including
a couple of large saltwater crocodiles. A nice zoo I thought, however the public experience of the
reptiles was disappointing in that the main display area was a rather unwelcoming and
unimaginatively decorated green walled room. The reptile cages themselves are good. Maybe this
was due for further enhancement, I am not sure, but it didn’t inspire you to linger, even though it
was cold outside.
They keep a lot of venomous snakes here and their Snake Bite Safety protocol notices are a very
effective idea. Behind the scenes each locked ‘Hot’ herp room (as in a room housing venomous
species) has at least one alarm button that can be pressed in case of an incident. Each cage is
also locked and has a species identification tag loosely attached, on which a coloured spot sticker
relates to the type of anti venom required. The idea being that if bitten the alarm is easily raised the card can be placed with the victim – anti venom secured from the zoo’s own collection and the
patient better treated promptly on arrival at the hospital. The protocol notice also has phone
numbers of local specialist snake bite doctors. New members of staff regardless of previous
experience may not engage in any removal/handling of venomous species for the first six months
on staff.
Utilization of shift boxes here was another excellent safety measure. A shift box is a lockable
shelter/container that can be attached to the outside of an enclosure and once a snake retreats
into it can be secured. This minimizes the requirement to handle and secure an individual
specimen by handlers. An extensive use of shift boxes is where possible employed particularly
with the largest, fastest and feistiest species like Mambas, King Cobras, Bushmasters and
Taipans. Like many zoos they are actively involved in conservation study and breeding of in
particular local reptiles. A good selection of hooks and tongs where spotted throughout.
Learning
To avoid complacency in day to day venomous snake
handling white board signs had cute little sayings such a
“the doctor is ready to see you” on the entrance to the king
cobra cage.
Management protocols in place and enforced reduce risks
with much emphasis on non-manual restraint of snakes
practiced where and when possible by shift box usage.
ABQ BioPark Michael Flud with large shift box
for King Cobra management
20
International Rattle Snake Museum
202 San Phipe N.W
Albuquerque New Mexico 87104
Bob Myers Director
Bob is the very engaging, pleasantly obsessive (he knows this) owner of this unusual museum
sited in the historic Old Town area of Albuquerque (ABQ). What made this visit special is that Bob
collects not just live Rattlesnakes but an array of snake related memorabilia including but by no
means limited to comic books, snake books, film posters, beer cans, wine bottles, coins, stamps,
paintings, sports jerseys even old Western style Snake oil medicine bottles. He also claims to
display the largest collection of different species of Rattlesnakes in the world.
As a visiting herpetologist my attendance was photographed by Bob and added to his file of other
visiting herpers! I even had a form to fill out so my information, if not a part of my very soul, was
added to his collection – I was surprised he didn’t collect any DNA but don’t give him ideas! Apart
from anything else the graphics on his T-shirts, mugs and gifts are hugely popular with visitors.
This place is so different from other snake collections as it is as much about snakes as icons in a
cultural context as it was about snakes themselves. A very unique place, small maybe but a must
visit if you like, hate, or are just curious about snakes. You are awarded a certificate of bravery for
attending and I am surprised his style of museum has not been copied elsewhere. It works as it is
not only a well thought out venue but has a passionate collector on hand. I have visited many,
many world-class zoos, wildlife parks, serpentariums both privately and publically funded around
the world. This one is different and surprisingly engaging for the visitor.
A few tortoises, lizards including the venomous ones, beaded lizard and gila monster, and other
specimens are inside too and Bob or an assistant is usually on hand to engage with. I enjoyed my
trips (I returned to get more T shirts) and Bob and I have even engaged in a bit of swopping
snake collectables.
A must do if you are in ABQ.
Learning
Passion is the key. Bob’s passion is evident throughout. No funding but earnings are through
private endeavour. It puts to shame many public funded venues for initiative and creativity. Being
more than just a serpentarium or reptile house, going above and beyond the usual zoo or animal
exhibit, can result in a popular, educational and successful destination for visitors.
21
CALIFORNIA
Wildlife Learning Center (WLC)
15981 Yarnell Street
Sylmar CA 91342
Paul Hahn and David Riherd, Cofounders
Marisa Boyd, Compound Manager
Danielle Webster, Office Manager
Jennifer Cohen, Biologist
I was looking forward to my visit to the Wildlife
Learning Center (WLC) not just because it was a
smaller venture providing outreach school programs
and onsite education, but because it was also a break
from reptiles. I was looking forward to seeing up close
some less commonly encountered species
like armadillos, sloth, serval cats, porcupine and kinkajous.
Hands-on Tegu Lizard
I was not disappointed; WLC staff were welcoming on a very windy cold Los Angeles morning. I
spent half my time in the offices talking with Danielle the pregnant Office Manager and Paul, one
of the Cofounders. The other half of my visit was spent outside watching and assisting the many
daily animal management demands with Marisa and Jennifer. All kindly gave of their time and
expertise. WLC is a not for profit organization and this allows them to attract funding from sources
that would not be available to a for profit company. Essentially I think they are able, like many
similar not for profit organizations, to operate only because generous donations are forthcoming.
You don’t need a whole day out at a major zoo to have an interesting and informative family
wildlife experience, and this suburban centre provides that aplenty. WLC is well reviewed by the
visiting public on tripadvisor.com and the visitors I saw were evidently enjoying their visit despite
the bitter cold. WLC is a small, family friendly facility.
WLC has 5 vehicles that are out daily during school terms, although the massive education
cutbacks and other financial problems facing the state have apparently had an impact on the
outreach programs. It was good to assist and accompany Marisa and Jennifer with some basic
animal treatments such as mouthwashes, injections and feeding. It gives you a chance to observe
others at work and see animal management systems in operation and talk shop with keepers. All
staff at WLC are qualified biologists so a considerable body of knowledge is available for the
management of the species under their care and at least one of the staff, Danielle, a product of
Moorpark College, America’s Teaching Zoo. How I wish I could have attended that place when I
was growing up.
I was able to interact in limited ways with an array of creatures; I have always found sloths and
kinkajous very interesting species so it was a delight to meet some again. I was able to participate
as a visitor with a keeper talk on reptiles with a mature Tegu Lizard as the focus. WLC offer an
assortment of educational Individual Animal Experiences for the visitor for a small fee and onsite
school programs. I am grateful for the time given by founders Paul and David, and the information
they shared, in particular a copy of their staff training manual, for which I am appreciative.
Learning
Once again passion for wildlife and for engaging and educating the public is evident not only
throughout my visit but from all the staff. How lucky they all seemed to feel about their jobs and
how aware that with more money and a larger location how much more could be achieved.
22
LA Zoo
5333 Zoo Drive
Los Angeles CA 90027
LAIR Exhibit - Living Amphibians Invertebrates and Reptiles
Ian Recchio, Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians
This is a brand spanking new facility, a
US$14.1 million project, housing 60 species
from around the world, with 49 separate
exhibits each decorated to closely resemble
natural habitats. I was able to inspect it
thoroughly both behind the scenes and from
the perspective of a visitor. I had only a
short time with Ian the Curator. He was a
very busy man, having conducted a media
interview before I arrived and whilst I was
with him he was awaiting a writer and
photographer from National Geographic
Magazine, and also had other appointments
scheduled during the day. Fortunately he
has a team of keepers to keep up with the maintenance of the facility.
The LAIR principle building is 584m2 and the desert building 193m2. This is a major city with a
large zoo and an impressive collection that was very well laid out, visually splendid and busy with
tourists and local families as the holiday season was upon us. Even the benches were shaped
like lizards or salamanders and the door handles and scale shaped entrance tiles were well
themed. Much of the signage was in English and Spanish to cater for California’s large Hispanic
population.
Certainly it was the best in most considerations of any of the places I visited, although with only
60 species the selection was smaller than other sites. I am often surprised how good the smaller
privately managed places like Medtoxin, Rattlesnake Museum and WLC are in comparison for the
visitor experience, albeit on a different scale, especially when you consider their complete lack of
state or federal funding. Once again the focus of my visit was the management of venomous
snakes. To this end it was superbly equipped. Off exhibit reptile rooms were secure well insulated
and ventilated. Architects and keepers had liaised well. On larger exhibits there are peepholes to
see where a snake was before opening a door, good signage and locks on all the venomous
species displays. Shift boxes are widely utilized. Plenty of snake hooks and tongs hung on the
walls as well as waders for the many aquatic exhibits. As you would expect from a new exhibit it
was all bright and clean, tidy and must be a great place for a herpetologist to work.
Learning
Money talks. With this kind of budget you would
expect a great, well-equipped facility and this is
the case at LAIR.
The staff are committed and there is great
behind the scenes equipment for safe
management of venomous reptiles.
Superbly equipped facilities and high levels of
safety protocols were a standard feature of all
reptile collections I visited in the States.
Stunning public gallery at LAIR.
23
SNAKE BITE FIRST AID
Part of the scope of my project was to investigate snake bite first aid. I am not medically trained
and my research interest is limited only to the first response, in the field treatment – effective, up
to date techniques that I can teach.
Current recommendations are to seek emergency medical aid as soon as possible where patients
are then treated symptomatically and tested for envenomation. Before being placed in the hands
of a medical professional the current recommended first aid procedure comprises of the Pressure
Immobilization Technique (PIT) developed by Professor Struan Sutherland in the 1970’s.
Pressure-immobilization in principle delays lymphatic spread of toxins/venom and involves
pressure bandaging over entire limb and immobilization of both the limb and whole patient
(Sutherland SK et al,1979).
“Aim of first aid is to delay absorption of venom from bite site until the patient is in a facility that
can administer adequate doses of anti-venom if required……Do not wash snake bite area”
(Sutherland and Leonard 1995)
Its purpose is to retard the movement of venom thus “buying time” before medical care can be
accessed. It is recommended for all species of Australian snakes and
funnel web spiders, bee, wasp and ant stings in allergic individuals, blue ringed octopus
and cone shell stings.
In essence if treating a snake bite victim the procedure should be:
1. Calling or sending someone to get an ambulance.
2. Reassure and immobilize the patient.
3. Apply a broad pressure bandage from below bite site upwards on affected limb. Tight as if
treating a sprain.
4. Splint affected limb.
Through my Fellowship visits I have learned that there may be some cause to recommend a Bag
Valve Mask (BVM) or Ambu bag mask as part of a good snake bite first aid kit for envenomations.
BVM is a hand held device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to a patient not breathing
or not breathing adequately. It could be a lifesaver when respiratory failure or arrest is a result of
paralysis from an envenomation. In particular as CPR is difficult to maintain for long periods of
time. Both courses I attended in Africa mentioned the use of BVMs, especially where transport to
hospital may take some time. Breathing difficulties are most common within an hour or so of an
envenomation. It would appear even novices can use them with basic training and they are
relatively cheap. More personal investigation and medical opinion is required before I could
recommend them, the same with antihistamines also mentioned on both courses.
SNAKE CATCHING TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
Snake catching techniques as permitted to be taught in WA by DEC prohibits the teaching of any
skin to scale methods such as tailing or necking a snake.
We rely on specialist equipment to catch a snake, being mainly hooks and tongs supplemented
with snake bags and bins for containment prior to release. I also recommend the use of snake
bite proof gaiters (many snake bites are below the knee)to eliminate much of the risks involved.
All snake catchers are recommended to wear long sleeves, long pants and work boots. We
endeavour to provide best practice within our training as a condition of our contracts within the
resource sector – fauna handling, especially snake capture, is after all an inherently very
dangerous practice.
The more induction and safety training courses I attend the more I agree with the general safety
protocols employed by companies to protect staff. Risk management procedures - identifying a
potential hazard and eliminating it – is one of the keys. So our recommendations are to be as fully
equipped and thus protected as possible. Therefore, as many snake bites are below the knee, the
24
wearing of snake bite proof gaiters eliminates that risk, and are now recommended by me as vital
equipment.
Overall having attended two snake catching courses overseas I am happy that my course and
some others I am aware of here in WA are more satisfactory in content, with safety of persons
and welfare of snakes major concerns.
In both overseas courses similar hooks and tongs are the main tools for capture (although those
seen were of lower quality) both also utilized bins (albeit of different effectiveness) for
containment. The South African and Bostwanan courses differed in capture methods. Dr Tony
Phelps encourages the use of tailing by hand combined with use of a hook for capture of cobras
and other elongated snakes. Cobras are Elapids (a family of venomous snakes found worldwide)
and closely related to our Australian elapid species. I see people in Australia also capture in this
way but would only recommend it for more experienced or ‘working’ herpetologists rather than
casual or work place captures. The tailing method always gets you much closer to a snake than I
think is necessary. Tony believes rightly so in some instances that tonging can be felt as
predatory and cause a snake to react aggressively – whereas once lifted off the ground by hand
and hook many snakes are remarkably calm, being disorientated but not fearful. In Botswana
Johan Marais mainly utilized tongs and hooks.
Tailing of elongate snakes combined with use of hook was the main method I employed in the
field in South Africa. Heavier stout bodied Puff Adders where caught and lifted using two hooks.
Snake bags were not available or recommended on either course. However I think them part of
an essential snake catchers kit, particularly well designed ones with added safety features such
as handling tabs at the corners. I also think the 75ltr bins product code Sabco 78026 are better
than any seen or used abroad and I would encourage others to utilize them. This particular model
has a well placed central handle on the lid that keeps fingers away from the edge.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Snake Management Techniques – Handling
I was very pleased to find during my travels that my approach to managing – catching and
containing – wild venomous snakes and other potentially hazardous reptiles is as good, if not
better, than those encountered abroad.
Our overall approach to safety is excellent. However, DEC should inform all licensed Reptile
Relocators that full personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) should always be worn. I
am aware of many out there not well equipped in this area and not necessarily utilizing the best of
equipment that is available. DEC should through consultation with licensed trainers develop and
offer a recommended “kit” to reassert these findings. Badly equipped relocators are at risk of
personal injury and give the wrong message to the public or companies they are assisting.
Snake Management Techniques – Husbandry
Safe snake management techniques are essential for both handler and public safety. The most
effective scenario is for venomous species to be kept in key locked secure housing, the key held
or accessible only to authorized, trained personnel. The room that contains the snakes is also key
locked. Although potentially frustrating and time consuming. These methods seen in practice are
very effective at minimizing exposure to harm for all involved. Here in WA key locked cages in a
key locked room are part of the licensing requirement as issued by DEC. This approach is to be
supported.
Utilization of shift boxes would be a further excellent safety measure to implement where
possible. This minimizes the requirement to handle and secure an individual specimen by
handlers, particularly useful when dealing with the largest, fastest and feistiest species of
venomous snakes.
Additionally an appropriate first aid kit should be accessible at all times in each and every “hot”
(as in potentially dangerous) herptile room. Relocators should also carry at all times an
appropriate first aid kit.
Organizations keeping venomous species long or short term should have clear incident
management protocols in place and these should be clearly displayed in livestock holding areas.
Protocols should include key names and numbers.
Where exotic (non native) species are kept, adequate antivenom should be available for
transportation to hospital with a patient. And / or arrangement made with the local hospital to
stock the appropriate antivenom.
Everyone concerned should have knowledge of each others systems so any incident is managed
for the best outcome. Key personnel, medical and herpetological, should be available 24 hours a
day for consultation should an incident occur.
First Aid
Pressure immobilization bandaging, though contested by some experts, is still the standard
approved first response technique on offer to the general public. It is cheap and easy to provide,
requiring only elasticated bandages and basic training to be considered as effective first response
treatment.
I would like, in time, after consultation with various medical bodies and toxicologists to
recommend antihistamine and Ambu bags as worthy additions to a kit. I would also like to
upgrade bandages to Setopress – high compression with marked indicators - for better initial
vascular compression, but this also needs to be clarified before DEC, St Johns Ambulance and
others promote their use and inclusion in first aid kits. The added cost of these items would be
marginal – the added benefit to an envenomated individual potentially quite considerable.
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Venom Research
Western Australia should develop a venom production laboratory and tourist facility to both
showcase our infamous most deadly creatures and for venom extraction for general medical
research and antivenom production. This could support local consumption and for use in
neighboring developing countries such as Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. World Health
Organization lists snake bite as a neglected tropical disease (WHO 2013). Maybe some of our
overseas aid budget could be directed to such a venture. It would be of immediate benefit to
many, especially those living and working in rural parts of SE Asia.
Educational Programs
My experience with educational content whilst engaging public interest in wildlife matters
overseas has reassured me of three things:
1. Contact with wildlife is what people desire. Contact brings the issues to life quite literally
and people are increasingly urbanized and detached from natural, wildlife interaction. The
contact, when well managed using species and individuals of suitable temperament is
invaluable in reaching out to individuals.
2. Presenter – whether using PowerPoint, other visual aids or simply talking to a group, it is
enthusiastic and knowledgeable individuals that can engage people and retain their
attention. Keep it simple and impress on them your enthusiasm for the subject. Don’t
overdo the facts, figures and scientific names.
3. In WA we are very restricted in terms of wildlife education and have a remarkably
bureaucratic licensing system with regard to the care, management and breeding of many
native species. It is very easy to keep and interact with non native, or exotic / introduced
animals such as cats, rats, rabbits and mice, but impossible in many cases to keep any
native species, from stick insects to quokkas. I think a major overhaul and radical rethink
of wildlife conservation laws is long overdue. More public access to native species would
be of immense benefit to many species that are heading for local if not total extinction. The
public does care, can help, and facilitate species recovery. The average family, community
and our greater environment would be the better for a new approach to wildlife
management in this state. WA is well behind the rest of the country in this regard.
Wildlife conservation is not something that happens outside of people. People desire contact and
engagement with nature through various leisure activities such as, camping, boating or pet
keeping and all are capable of being pro-conservation activities. Increasingly our capacity to
interact and engage with wildlife and assist conservation in our own communities is being taken
from or denied us through licensing prohibition and bureaucracy.
In WA we seem in my mind to specialize in denying and reducing personal input into wildlife
conservation issues. We are unable in WA to keep even a stick insect as a pet, and almost totally
restricted in keeping and breeding other suitable native animals. We are in danger of ensuring
future generations do not in any way engage directly with our natural world. Without engagement
and attachment it will have no value to us and with no value it becomes lost – sold. Conservation
of wildlife starts with appreciation. Many of us begin this journey through interaction with the
animals we have around us or in our homes. Our pets, be they the wildlife we attract and feed in
the garden or keep indoors. Many individuals and academics have supported the keeping of
native animals as pets, they could provide a great source of companionship, and of income
across our society as foods and equipment are developed to support their care and, unlike a pet
cat for example, an escaped Quokka poses little to no threat to the environment that it once
inhabited anyway. Also many currently endangered species could with support from the public in
this way be brought back from the brink of extinction. Little harm would result from at least trying
this approach with a few species before it is too late and they are gone forever.
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Dissemination
I will present my findings at the WA Herpetological Society meetings and publish my report on the
Animal Ark website.
I plan to author articles related to best practice snake management for reptile and OHS
magazines.
I will be seeking specialist medical advice in terms of recommended first aid practice
I will be incorporating these findings into my current wildlife education programs and training
courses. We continually update these courses and programs to ensure the most up to date and
relevant information is included and will be approaching DEC and other organizations for
endorsement of any changes.
We will also work towards National Accreditation of current wildlife education courses, thus
extending both reach and output. We will be improving support material on all wildlife courses and
school incursions.
I will encourage regular contact between licensed Wildlife Educators in Australia to promote
exchange of knowledge and best practice.
I will approach West Australian Museum and other publishers to author books on living with, and
the identification of wildlife in our communities.
Continue to promote the keeping and breeding of native species as alternatives to introduced
species.
Continue to educate and enthuse all sections of the community about wildlife and conservation
issues.
References
Marais, Johan (2004) A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa, Struik Publishing
Phelps, Tony (2010) Old World Vipers, Chimaira
Sutherland SK et al (1979) Lancet 1:183.
Sutherland SK & Leonard RL (1995) MJA 163:616-620.
World Health Organization (WHO 2013)
http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/snakebites/en/
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