Technologies of biomass gasification

TECHNOLOGIES
OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION
Aleksander Sobolewski, Sławomir Stelmach, Tomasz Iluk
Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal
Zamkowa 1 St., 41-803 Zabrze, Poland
1/20
Scope of presentation
1. Information about IChPW.
2. What is gasification?
3. Global situation with regard to solid fuel gasification.
4. Gasification of biomass - why?
5. Biomass gasification reactors.
6. Examples of small-scale biomass gasification technologies.
7. Example of large-scale biomass gasification technology.
8. Problems associated with biomass gasification.
9. Summary.
2/20
Information about IChPW
R&D governmental organisation
224 employees
171 scientists & researchers
….to deliver the innovation knowledge to
support improvement in competitiveness of
the enterprises from the carbochemistry,
energy, mining and processing of waste
sectors, that makes it possible to use
efficiently fossil, renewable and alternative
fuels.
Cokemaking
Heat & Power
Production
Fuels
Waste
Processing
3/20
Cokemaking industry
(high temperature pyrolysis/slow heating rate)
Coke plant „Zdzieszowice”
Coke plant „Czestochowa” Steel Works
Russia
Gdansk
Zdzieszowice
Czestochowa
Coke plant „Walbrzych”
Coke plant BO-CARBO
Poznan
Warszawa
Institute for Chemical
Processing of Coal
Walbrzych
Kombinat Koksochemiczny „Zabrze”
(Coke plant „Jadwiga”)
Bytom
Coke plant „Przyjazn”
Zabrze - Poland
Wroclaw
Dabrowa Gornicza
Zabrze
Kombinat Koksochemiczny „Zabrze”
(Coke plant „Radlin”)
Coke plant at
Huta T. Sendzimira
Krakow
Czech Republic
Radlin
Slovakia
Nowa Huta
4/20
Power industry
Elektrownia Szczecin
Russia
Elektrownia Dolna Odra
Gdańsk
Elektrownia Konin
ZE Ostrołęka
KOGENERACJA SA
Poznań
EC Żerań
Warszawa
Elektrownia Opole
Institute for Chemical
Processing of Coal
Elektrownia Stalowa Wola
Wrocław
Zabrze - Poland
Elektrownia Połaniec
EC Knurów
EC Dębieńsko
Kraków
Elektrownia Rybnik
Elektrownia Siersza
Elektrownia Jaworzno
Elektrownia Łaziska
Slovakia
Elektrownia Skawina
5/20
Gasification: past, current and future
research activity in the Institute
1993 1999
Development
of CFBR
2000
2002
Gasification for
integrated power
and fuels prod.
Megadex
2003
2004
2005
2006
2008
Centre of Excellence - CONBIOT
Project
Sewage Sludge
Gasification for
CHP Applications
Design, construction and
assembling of prototype
wood chips gasification
reactor;
Pilot plant tests
Conceptual study
of Legnica lignite
gasification
ENPAL Ltd
Development of the
prototype construction
of „EKOD” type
gasification reactor
POLTEGOR
Institute
2012
R&D Programme:
Advanced Technologies for Energy Generation
Workpackage:
Development of integrated technologies for
production of fuels and energy from biomass,
agricultural waste and other materials
Low level CO2 gasification for energy
and hydrogen - coal properties and
system performance
COPROSYS
7FP
Commercial partner
Pyrossys process
Study of coal
gasification for hydrogen
production
Commercial partner
Tlen
Acronym:
PYROSYN
SOLID HEAT
CARRIER
SEPARATION
Biomss
ZCE Nowa Dęba
2011
Clean Coal Conversion
Processes project
Ministry of Science and Higher
Education.
Conceptual study of coal
gasification for liquid
fuels production
Development of
small scale
gasification
reactor
indirect co-firing
analysis
2010
Materials and technologies for
hydrogen economy development
based on industrial gases
Ministry of Science and Higher
Education.
Industrial
implementation
5FP
2009
2007
Char +SHC
1986
DRYING
PYROLYSIS
SHC+CFBR
CONVERSION
Conceptual study of coal
gasification for
chemicals and energy
production
GAS CLEANING
Commercial partner
Heat carrier
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY CENTER
R&D Programme:
Advanced Technologies for Energy Generation
Workpackage:
Development of coal gasification technology for
high production of fuels and energy
Process gas
Heat
FLUID BED
COMBUSTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM - BIOMASS
PYROLYSIS WITH SOLID HEAT
CARRIER FOR SYNTHESIS GAS
Air
6/20
Gasification
Thermochemical process of oxidising transformation of solid fuels (less
frequently liquid ones as well) into a gaseous energy carrier (combustible
gas)
The basic gasification process can be described in a simplified way by the
following chemical equations:
C(fuel) + O2 = CO2 + heat (exothermic reaction)
C + H2O(steam) = CO + H2 (endothermic reaction)
C + CO2 = 2CO (endothermic reaction)
C + 2H2 = CH4 (endothermic reaction)
CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 (exothermic reaction)
CO + 3H2 = CH4 + H2O (exothermic reaction)
7/20
Gasification compared to other processes
PROCESS
PRODUCT
CONVERSION
MARKET
Heat
Combustion
Heat
Boiler
Gasification
Gas
Turbine
Pyrolysis
Bio-oil
Engine
Electricity
Chemicals
Fuels
Hydrogen
8/20
World gasification capacity
source: http://www.netl.doe.gov
9/20
Gasification of biomass - why?
•
provides a diversification of energy sources
•
is an interesting alternative to increase the share of RES in
electricity and heat production
•
can lower greenhouse gas emissions
•
inhomogeneous fuel can be converted into a homogenous
gas with a considerably higher level of applicability
•
gives the possibility to use wastes (e.g. waste wood,
agricultural residues, sewage sludge etc.)
•
in countries with limited resources of fossil fuels may
constitute an interesting alternative of energy production
•
faster production of a useful gas in comparison with
biochemical biomass conversion methods
•
some of the technical solutions allow to obtain emission
levels equivalent to natural gas combustion
10/20
Types of reactors
Updraft gasifier
Downdraft gasifier
Fluidized-bed gasifier
Circulating fluidized-bed gasifier
11/20
General characteristics of biomass gasification reactors
Downdraft
gasifier
Updraft gasifier
Circulating fluidizedbed gasifier
< 25
<6
20-100
< 60
<25
5-100
< 25
<25
<20
800
4-6
0,01-6
0,1-8
200-400
4-6
1-150
0,1-3
850
5-6,5
2-30
8-100
15-21
10-22
11-13
1-5
10-14
15-20
8-10
2-3
15-22
13-15
13-15
2-4
Estimated technology scale (MWth)
1
10
100
Flexibility due to the change of scale
poor
good
very good
Parameter
Fuel (biomass)
- moisture content (%)
- ash content (%, daf)
- particles size (mm)
-
Gas
temperature (oC)
LHV (kJ/mn3)
tars content (g/ mn3)
dust (g/ mn3)
composition (% v/v)
H2
CO
CO2
CH4
12/20
Examples of small scale biomass gasification technologies
Zabrze – Poland
Basic characteristics:
BUCKET FEEDER
STACK
FUEL
• wood chips feed – 0,5 Mg/day
AIR
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
INDIRECT
FUEL
TANK
FLUE GAS
• CO – 25%
FLUE GAS
GAS
GAS
CLEANING
SYSTEM
EXHAUST
COOLING
SYSTEM
ENGINE
• main gas components:
G
• H2 – 7,5%
• CH4 – 2%
FEEDER
• CO2 – 9,5%
AIR
GASIFIER
ENGINE
COOLING
SYSTEM
• gas heating value – 4,5 MJ/m3n
FAN
AIR
ASH
13/20
Examples of small scale biomass gasification technologies
Louka – Czech Republik
Basic characteristics:
• wood chips feed – 5 Mg/day
• main gas components:
• CO – 20%
• H2 – 16%
• CH4 – 1%
• CO2 – 10%
J. Najser, T. Ochodek, R. Chłond, Energy Market 6(85) (2009) 68-74.
• gas heating value – 5,2 MJ/m3n
14/20
Examples of small scale biomass gasification technologies
Güssing - Austria
Basic characteristics:
• wood chips feed – 50 Mg/day
• overall efficiency – 81%
• main gas components:
• CO – 26%
• H2 – 40%
• CH4 – 10%
• CO2 – 19%
• gas heating value – 12 MJ/m3n
http://www.repotec.at, 05.2011
15/20
Example of large scale biomass gasification technologies
Skive - Denmark
Basic characteristics:
• wood pellets feed – 110 Mg/day
• overall efficiency – 87%
• main gas components:
• CO – 22%
• H2 – 20%
• CH4 – 5%
• CO2 – 10%
• N2 – 42%
• gas heating value – 5,5 MJ/m3n
J. Patel, http://www.forestprod.org/smallwood04patel.pdf
16/20
Biomass co-gasification with coal
70
1 – reactor, 2 – riser, 3 – expander, 4 – cyclone, 5 –
recirculated char tank, 6 – heat carrier (char) dispenser, 7 –
cyclones battery, 8 – fine char tank, 9 – gas combustion
chamber, 10 – fuel tank, 11 – feeding screw dispenser, 12 –
feeding screw, 13 – fuel gas cylinders, 14 – gas flare
volume fraction [%]
60
50
H2
N2
40
CO
CH4
CO2
30
C2-C5
20
10
0
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
Exp. 3
Exp. 4
Exp. 5
Exp. 6
Gas composition
17/20
Fuel
Problems associated with biomass gasification
 It is necessary to ensure continuous supply of biomass. Biomass has a variable
composition and low calorific value per unit volume (transportation problems). Usually
there are also difficulties in ensuring a constant supply of uniform composition feed,
humidity and assortment in the long term.
 Usually preparation of biomass is required (shredding, drying, compaction).
Contamination
Gas
Dust
Tars
Alkali metals
Chlorine,
sulfur
Consequences
Erosion,
emissions into
the atmosphere
Deposition on
the inner parts
of the
installation,
filters clogging
Hightemperature
corrosion
Corrosion,
emissions into
the atmosphere
Parametr
Downdraft
reactor
Updraft
reactor
Requirements
Engine
Turbine
LHV,
MJ/m3n
4 -6
4 -6
>4,0
>4,0
Tars, g/m3n
1-15
0,5-6
0,100
(0,050)
< 0,005
Dust, g/m3n
0,1-3
0,1 - 8
0,050
(0,005)
< 0,001
Alkali
metals, ppm
bd
bd
1 -2
0,2 - 1
18/20
Summary
•
Processes known for many years like pyrolysis and gasification of biomass
(mainly wood but also other biomass sorts) have aroused an increased interest
during recent years.
•
Intensive activities in the world are aimed at continuous development and
dissemination of biomass gasification technology; this development is directed
to both fluidized bed gasification (large scale) and fixed-bed (small scale)
gasification technologies.
•
Biomass gasification in small capacity systems seems likely to have a greater
prevalence of development (transport logistics, storage issues).
•
Biomass gasification technologies can foster economic development of the
rural areas, allow to generate electricity and heat based on local sources of
biomass.
•
Technologies of biomass gasification, due to many mentioned advantages,
deserve wide dissemination.
19/20
INSTYTUT CHEMICZNEJ PRZERÓBKI WĘGLA
(Institute For Chemical Processing Of Coal)
ul. Zamkowa 1; 41-803 Zabrze, Poland
Phone:
Fax:
+48 32 271 00 41
+48 32 271 08 09
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office@ichpw.zabrze.pl
Internet: www.ichpw.zabrze.pl
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20/20