English Version

Results and recommendations
of ICONZ project
in Kachia Grazing Reserve
What is ICONZ?
ICONZ stands for the ‘Integrated Control of Neglected Zoonoses’. It is a project that is funded by the
European Union and which focuses on animal diseases, some of which can be passed or ‘transmitted’
from animals to people.
Z stands for ‘Zoonoses’
The diseases that people can catch from their animals are called ‘zoonoses’. Brucellosis (bakale) and
bovine tuberculosis (Tari) are two such diseases. Trypanosomiasis (samore) and helminths (hanta and
goli) affect animals only (so they are NOT zoonoses, and this means that people cannot catch hanta,
goli or samore from their animals).
C stands for ‘Control’
Knowing about zoonoses is important because people can become sick if they catch diseases from their
animals. This means that if the disease is causing the animals to be sick, then maybe the people are
going to be sick too. People can protect themselves from catching these animal diseases by preventing
their animals from picking up the illnesses in the first place. This is the best option because this has the
added benefit of the animals also becoming healthier and therefore more productive: they may be
fatter, have more babies and give more milk. The other way that people can protect themselves is that
they can do things to reduce the chances of catching disease from sick animals (for example, boiling all
milk from their cows before consuming it). These two things (stopping the animals from becoming sick
in the first place and stopping people from catching disease from their animals) are ways to CONTROL
or STOP disease both in the animals and the people.
I is for ‘Integrated’
The definition of integrated is to ‘make into a whole by bringing all parts together’. ICONZ has achieved
this by looking at different ‘parts’ or different ‘diseases’ in different animals and people. By looking for
samore, bakale, hanta, goli and tari at the same time we have a better idea of what is important for the
Laduga community, both for the health of the people and the health of the cattle, sheep and the goats.
This is what we call a ‘holistic’ approach. If we use the analogy of an orange as ‘disease’ then we need
to consider all the different parts of the orange to understand what the orange is: first there is the skin
of the orange which is like the human disease, and underneath the skin of the orange there are the
orange segments, which can be likened to the disease in the cattle, the disease in the sheep and the
disease in the goats. When we put the segments of the orange and the skin of the orange together we
have the whole orange. The whole orange is the whole disease situation. If we only look at and
consider a segment of the orange then we do not truly understand what an orange is, and that means
that we cannot really understand how to stop or control disease.
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What have we been doing in Laduga?
Teams of researchers from NVRI (Vom), the University of Edinburgh (UK) and the University of Navarra
(Spain) visited Laduga as part of the ICONZ project from December 2010 to October 2012 to look at the
following human and animal diseases:
 Trypanosomiasis (SAMORE) in cattle, sheep and goats
 Brucellosis (BAKALE) in cattle, sheep, goats and people
 Bovine tuberculosis (TARI) in cattle
 Helminths/worms (HANTA and GOLI) in cattle
We also wanted to learn more about the way that people in the KGR community do things because
understanding customs and behaviors is important to try and decide how best to stop the animals and
people from becoming sick. This is why we did some interviews with young and old men, young and old
women, butchers and traders. We wanted to find out how things are done in Laduga and what people
think about disease. This is because what YOU -the people of Laduga- think is very important. We need
to understand what you think and what you do to be able to give good advice about additional things
that can be done to stop animals and people from becoming sick.
One very important point to emphasise is that the ICONZ project has only looked at a few ‘segments’
and a small ‘area’ of the skin of the orange. This means that we understand some parts of the orange
but not the whole orange, as it is impossible to look at ALL diseases in people and animals. This means
that there are important diseases for the community, such as malaria and typhoid in people (bits of the
skin of the orange) and CBPP (fufu), anthrax (sefa), tick borne diseases (nabu), dermatophylosis (kirchi)
(some of the segments of the orange), which we did not look at and therefore do not understand. This
means that the only advice we can give is on bakale, samore, hanta, goli and tari, and nothing else.
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Results of the surveys
Disease
Fufulde
name
Period of
sampling
Species
How many animals/
people are infected?
How many HH/
herds are infected?
Cattle
Number animals/
people sampled
(no. HH1 sampled)
1963 (40)
Brucellosis
Bakale
June 2011
10/1963 = 0.5%
7/40 = 17.5%
October 2011
Sheep
717 (52)
2/717 = 0.3%
2/52 = 3.8%
Goat
752 (52)
0%
0%
People
1124 (80)
0%
0%
Bovine
tuberculosis
Tari
June 2011
Cattle
1944 (40)
103/1944 = 5.2%
29/40 = 72.5%
Trypanosomiasis
Samore
June 2011
Cattle
1982 (40)
278/1982=14%
34/40=85%
October 2011
Sheep
717 (52)
31/717= 4.32%
ND2
Goats
752 (52)
24/752=3.09%
ND
1
2
Household
Not defined
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Disease
Fufulde
name
Period of
sampling
Species
Helminths
Hanta/
Goli
June 2011
Cattle
(overall prevalence, cattle with 1 or
more of helminths below)
Number animals/
people sampled
(no. HH sampled)
1981 (40)
How many animals/
people are infected?
How many HH/
herds are infected?
1232/1981 = 62.2%
39/40 = 97.5%
Bonostomum
phlebotomum
Cooperia pectinata
Goli
4/1981 = 0.2%
3/40 = 7.5%
Goli
145/ 1981 = 7.3 %
19/40 = 47.5%
Oesophagostomum
radiatum
Strongyloides papillosus
Tricuris globulosa
Goli
296/1981 = 14.94%
32/40 = 80%
Goli
Goli
12/1981 = 0.61%
237/1981 = 11.96%
4/40 = 10%
16/40 = 40%
Strongylus laryngeus
Goli
0/1981 = 0%
0/40 = 0%
Paramphistomum cervi
Fasciola gigantica
Goli
Hanta
850/1981= 42.91%
106/1980= 5.35%
39/40 = 97.5%
25/40 = 62.5%
Eimeria bovis
Goli
353/1977=17.79%
36/40 = 90%
Schistosoma bovis
Goli
3/1981 = 0.15%
2/40 = 5%
Moniezia benedeni
Goli
1/1981 = 0.05%
1/40 = 2.5%
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Recommendations
Trypanosomiasis or ‘Samore’
Samore is caused by the presence and multiplication of a parasite in cattle blood. The cattle, sheep and
goats catch the parasite when they are bitten by tsetse flies. Cattle are animal most affected by
samore, although sheep and goats can catch it too. We found that a lot of cows were infected with
samore in Laduga. Sheep and goats did not have as much of a problem with samore so it is not
necessary to prevent samore in the small ruminants. The best way to fight against samore in cattle is to
PREVENT the disease by dosing ALL ANIMALS IN THE HERD. This protects the animals, as it is like giving
them all umbrellas so they are protected in case of rain, the rain being like the samore parasites.
Another way you can prevent samore is to stop the tsetse flies from biting your animals. For which
drug to use at which dose to stop cattle from becoming sick see the section on ‘how to prevent samore
in cattle’.
Even if you try and protect the animals from samore, some of them can still get sick. If the animals get
sick you can treat them using a specific drug (see the section on ‘how to treat samore in cattle’).
Our questionnaires revealed that people in Laduga are doing the right thing to treat and prevent
samore anyway. Our only advice would be to use the RIGHT DOSE FOR YOUR CATTLE and to control the
disease in THE WHOLE HERD, and then to treat ONLY individual sick animals.
How to prevent Samore in cattle
Injection with isometamidium (SAMORIN OR VERIDIUM)
To prevent samore, your whole herd should be treated with isometamidium (samorin) at the start of
the samore risk period (which is before the start of the wet season in May-June or before herds are
taken to fadama areas with a high tsetse challenge, or when coming back to the KGR after migration).
It is important to use the correct dose as under-dosing is worse than not treating at all as the animals
are likely to become resistant to subsequent treatments. Injection with samorin should protect the
animals for about 3 months (but it can be less time if the parasite is a nasty and strong strain).
Administration and dosage of isometamidium
The solution should be prepared using sterile or distilled water (dissolve 1mg in 50 ml of water). Make
sure that the product is well dissolved before injection. The solution should be used STRAIGHT AWAY
and cannot be stored and used later. The dosage is summarized in the table below. The solution should
be injected intramuscularly, avoiding the neck for draught animals. Carefully clean the material after
use.
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How to treat samore in cattle
Inject with diminazene (MALEIDA, BERENIL, NOZOMIL OR VERIBEN)
If you have an indiviual animal you think has samore then treat it with diminazene aceturate (MALEIDA
OR BERENIL or NOZOMIL or VERIBEN) at the right dose.
Administration and dosage of diminazene
This drug KILLS the parasites that may be present in the animal already. The recommended dosage is
3.5 mg of diminazene aceturate per kg bodyweight in a single injection administered intramuscularly.
AFTER YOU HAVE INJECTED AN ANIMAL WITH DIMINAZENE DO NOT DRINK THE MILK FROM THAT
ANIMAL FOR 7 DAYS.
NEVER ADMINISTOR MALEIDA AND SAMORIN WITHIN 2 WEEKS OF EACH OTHER AS THE
COMBINATION IS TOXIC AND WILL KILL THE ANIMALS
Prepare the injectable solution by adding 15 ml of sterile water to each 2.36 g sachet. For the 23.6 g
sachet it is necessary to add 150 ml of sterile water. Mix well water and powder before sucking the
sterile solution into the syringe. Inject the prepared solution according to the table below:
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Preventing tsetste flies from biting
There are not many tsetse flies in Laduga but you may go to areas where there are more tsetse.
Another way to prevent samore is to avoid grazing cattle in areas where there are many tsetse flies. If
herds are taken to fadama areas or near Bauchi where you know there are many tsetse flies then you
can prevent the flies from biting the cattle by spraying them with deltamethrin (an example of a
commercially available product is Vectocid). You need to dilute 1 ml of vectocid per 1 litre of water, or
10 ml per 10 litres of water. Each animal should be sprayed with 1-3 litres on the belly and the legs as
the flies like to bite those areas. You should spray when you are noticing more flies or when you know
you are going to an area with many tsetse flies. Living close to the river Kaduna could make the animals
more sick with samore as tsetse flies like to live close to rivers. Flies also like thick forest and low
altitude so you may notice more flies when you go to Bauchi and near forest reserves.
SPRAY WITH
WITH VECTOCID
VECTOCID TO
TO
SPRAY
CONTROL TICKS
TICKS AND
AND TSETSE
TSETSE
CONTROL
1L
1L
0.5L
0.5L
hand sprayer
hand sprayer
water
water
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Formore
moreinformation
informationcontact:
contact:Cooper
CooperUganda
UgandaLtd.
Ltd.P.O.
P.O.Box
Box924,
924,Kampala.
Kampala.Tel:041231177
Tel:041231177/ /077206105
077206105
For
Helminths or ‘Hanta and Goli’
Helminths are worms which live inside the guts and liver of cattle, sheep and goats. Our study found
that a lot of cattle in Laduga have hanta and goli (helminth infections). We also found that when we
spoke to the butchers and did our questionnaires, that a lot of people had noticed these worms in the
liver and guts of their animals. We group hanta and goli together because all these worms can be
treated with the same drugs.
The best way prevent hanta and goli in your animals is to treat all the animals in the herd at the
beginning of the rainy season (in early June). Then all the animals in the herd can be treated again at
the end of the wet season (end august, beginning of September). Helminths should not make animals
so sick that they die. A lot of people in Laduga, however, said that their animals were dying of hanta.
This is because when the animals have worms in their liver, the worms damage the liver and then a bug
can infect the damaged liver. This bug is called clostridium noyi and it can be prevented if animals are
vaccinated with HANTAVAC (a clostridial vaccine). So to stop animals dying from hanta they must de
dewormed and also vaccinated (with hantavac or another vaccine which prevents clostridial disease).
Which drug to use for deworming
The best choice is any drug which contains levamisole and oxyclozanide, such as kepxan.
Administration and dosage of Kepxan bolus
1 bolus should be given per 150kg bodyweight. For animals weighing 300kg or more, a maximum of 2
boli should be given. As the bolus is scored, it may be broken to enable the dose to be administered in
units of 75kg bodyweight. The bolus can be given into the mouth using your hand, and then give the
cow some water so that the bolus is swallowed. Do not drink the milk from treated cows for 24hrs
after treatment.
Brucellosis or ‘Bakale’ and Bovine Tuberculosis or ‘Tari’
We didn’t find very much bakale or tari in the animals in Laduga. Cattle had some tari and bakale.
Sheep and goats, however, had hardly any bakale at all. This is good news! And the best news is that
the people are not sick with bakale either. So the best advice we can give is to continue doing what you
are doing. We can give a few tips, however, to stop the few infected animals from infecting others and
for people to reduce the chances catching diseases from their infected animals.
How to prevent animals with bakale infecting other animals
Bakale causes abortions in cattle, sheep and goats, and when an animal aborts, the bug is present in
very high numbers in the products of abortion. Animals with bakale can also have hygromas. Usually
cows/ewes/does infected with bakale will only abort during the first pregnancy. Then they may have
problems with getting pregnant again, but if they do manage to conceive then they will have a normal
calf/lamb/kid. This calf/lamb/kid, however, can be infected with bakale too and when that animal
becomes pregnant itself it will have an abortion during its first pregnancy.
There are things that you can do the prevent animals with bakale infecting other animals in your herd:
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



Keep animals that are about to calve/lamb/kid separate from the rest of herd. That way if that
animal has bakale it is less likely to pass on the disease to other animals in the herd. After
calving they should be kept separate from the rest of the herd for a further 3-4 weeks.
If an animal aborts then discard the products of abortion (but make sure you protect yourself
by using a bread bag or stick to pick up the material). The material can then be buried far away
or burnt. Do not give this to dogs as they can become infected with bakale too.
If an animal aborts during the first pregnancy then it may have bakale. If you can, send that
animal to the abattoir. However, keep in mind that abortion can be caused by other things.
If you have an animal with a hygroma, then send that animal to the abattoir as it probably has
bakale and can infect other animals in the herd.
How to prevent animals with tari from infecting other animals
Tari is a condition which develops slowly over time in cattle. Usually when we start to notice symptoms
the animals have already been sick for a long time. Symptoms which you would notice are weight loss,
a cough and labored breathing. Sometimes the animal may also have swellings under the head.
Unfortunately, because the disease develops so slowly overtime and we only notice it before it is too
late, it is difficult to do anything to stop animal to animal transmission. The bad news is that there is
not very much we can do to prevent tari as there isn’t a good vaccine yet.
The good news is that we did not find very high levels of tari in Laduga. There are things that you can
do, however, to protect your herd:
 Never buy and introduce sick or very thin animals into your herd as they could have tari
 Avoid contact with other herds that you have heard have tari
 Send thin and coughing animals in your herd to the abattoir as soon as possible, as they are
very sick anyway and the longer you keep that animal the more likely it is that it is going to
infect other animals in your herd.
How to prevent people from catching tari and bakale from their animals
As we have said before people can catch bakale and tari from cattle, sheep or goats. Bakale and tari
can both be passed on from infected animals to people through infected raw milk. Bakale can also be
spread to people through the handling of products of abortion or assisting with the calving of infected
animals. You may also notice tari in your animals after slaughter. You will notice some lumps in the
lungs which when sliced open are full of chalky white material.
The best ways to protect yourself and your families from catching bakale and tari are as follows:
 Boil all milk that you and your family are going to put inside your body through eating or
drinking. This kills the bakale, tari and other bugs, which means that even if you have a cow
with bakale, tari or other diseases in your herd, the bugs cannot get into your body. Boiling
means that the milk should be bubbling for a minimum of 5 minutes.
 If an animal in your herd has aborted, use a plastic bag (like the ones which bread comes in) or
stick to pick up the products of abortion. Never use your bare hands to touch products of
abortion.
 NEVER eat or sell the lungs of animals that had lumps full of chalky white material. These lumps
contain the tari bug and could infect people.
9

Always cook meat well at a high temperature to kill any bugs present. That way if an animal was
infected with a bug, even if you eat the meat from that animal the cooking process will kill the
bug and prevent you from becoming infected.
A word of thanks
We would like to thank the Laduga community as a whole for their welcome and hospitality. Special
thanks go those households which took part in our survey and interviews, the District Head of Laduga
and the village chiefs, Suleiman Yamusa and Ismail who served as our local guides, Adamu and Salisu
who helped get people on our side and Dr Jamo who provided us with accommodation and support
throughout.
Myetti
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“The research leading to these results has received funding from the European
Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement nº
221948, ICONZ (Integrated Control of Neglected Zoonoses). The contents of
this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors12
and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.”