Year in Review 2013 - World Vegetable Center

Transcription

AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center
YEAR IN REVIEW
2013
NOTE: This document is for internal use only and is not for citation.
P.O. Box 42
Shanhua, Tainan 74199
TAIWAN
Tel:
Fax:
+886 6 583 7801
+886 6 583 0009
Email: info@worldveg.org
Web: avrdc.org
AVRDC Publication: 14-774
ISSN 0258-2089
Editor: Maureen Mecozzi
Biometrics Review: Didit Ledesma
© 2014 AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center
YEAR IN REVIEW
2013
CONTENTS
Theme GERMPLASM: conservation, evaluation, and gene discovery ... 5
Activity 1.1 Collect/acquire and conserve vegetable and legume germplasm ....................... 5
Activity 1.2 Maintain effective regeneration of priority vegetable germplasm ....................10
Activity 1.3 Distribute vegetable germplasm accessions and improved lines worldwide .16
Activity 1.4 Safety duplicate AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center’s germplasm in
other genebanks ..............................................................................................................................21
Activity 1.5 Systematically store information on conservation and distribution of
vegetable germplasm in AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center’s electronic databases ...23
Activity 1.6 Develop effective seed health and quarantine program at AVRDC – The
World Vegetable Center’s headquarters and regional centers .................................................23
Activity 2.1 Characterize morphological traits of vegetable germplasm maintained at
AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center and its regional offices ...........................................24
Activity 2.2 Conduct molecular characterization, genetic relationship and diversity
analysis of germplasm collections ................................................................................................28
Activity 2.3 Develop, characterize, and validate AVRDC germplasm core collections .....29
Activity 2.4 Conduct studies to identify markers and genes linked to important agronomic
traits ..................................................................................................................................................30
Activity 3.1 Identify and characterize sources of resistance to viral diseases ......................30
Activity 3.2 Identify and characterize sources of resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases
...........................................................................................................................................................32
Activity 3.3 Identify and characterize sources of resistance to insect and mite pests ........38
Activity 3.4 Identify and characterize sources of tolerance to drought, heat, flooding and
salinity stress ....................................................................................................................................45
Activity 3.5 Evaluate vegetable germplasm for selected nutrition-related compounds ......45
Activity 4.1 Develop mapping populations and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for
resistance to biotic stresses ...........................................................................................................46
Activity 4.3 Conduct fine mapping of QTLs and develop markers for marker-assisted
selection (MAS) ...............................................................................................................................48
Activity 4.4 Assemble and develop molecular marker sets for priority vegetable crops ...49
Activity 5.1 Allele mining to identify variation conferring superior traits ............................51
Activity 5.2 Characterize and validate candidate genes for heat and salt tolerance ............52
Activity 5.3 Evaluate gene function and efficacy through genetic engineering ...................52
Activity 6.1 Utilize, develop or improve Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs) for
genebank germplasm, breeding lines and transgenic materials that support AVRDC - The
World Vegetable Center’s mission ...............................................................................................53
Activity 7.1 Train human resources in vegetable genetic resources conservation,
management, and evaluation using conventional and advanced techniques as well as in
other related topics .........................................................................................................................56
Theme BREEDING: Genetic enhancement and varietal development of
vegetables .................................................................................................. 61
Activity 1.1 Develop heat tolerance, disease resistance and stress tolerance, quality and
nutritional traits ...............................................................................................................................61
Activity 1.2 Develop and distribute disease-resistant chili cultivars (targeting anthracnose,
Phytophthora, bacterial wilt, Cucumber mosaic virus, Chili veinal mottle virus, and/or
begomoviruses) ...............................................................................................................................69
Activity 1.3 Develop heat tolerant tropical sweet pepper .......................................................75
Activity 1.4 Develop short-day red onions and yellow onions for improved yield,
extended shelf-life, and/or Stemphylium resistance .................................................................78
Activity 1.5 Develop and distribute heat-tolerant broccoli and Chinese cabbage varieties
...........................................................................................................................................................82
Activity 1.6 Develop improved vegetable soybean and mungbean with improved
nutritional and flavor qualities ......................................................................................................85
Activity 1.7 Develop cucumber lines for improved horticultural traits, disease resistance,
good fruit quality, and high gynoecy ...........................................................................................90
Activity 1.8 Develop disease resistant and high quality pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata).92
Activity 1.9 Develop bitter gourd possessing improved yield, earliness, good fruit quality
and resistance to diseases/insects ................................................................................................95
Activity 2.1 Develop traditional vegetables with superior horticultural traits .....................98
Activity 2.2 Evaluation, seed multiplication, and distribution of elite African and Asian
traditional vegetables ................................................................................................................... 103
Activity 3.2 Analyze and review multi-environment testing of AVRDC – The World
Vegetable Center’s improved germplasm ................................................................................ 105
Activity 3.3 Develop online seed catalog to facilitate seed requests for AVRDC-improved
vegetables ...................................................................................................................................... 106
Activity 3.4 Monitor and assess variety release, commercialization and adoption of
AVRDC-bred lines ...................................................................................................................... 106
Activity 3.5 Use male sterility to improve the efficiency of hybrid vegetable seed
production .................................................................................................................................... 108
Theme PRODUCTION: Safe and sustainable vegetable production
systems .................................................................................................... 111
Activity 1.1 Diagnose and characterize major insect pests .................................................. 111
Activity 1.2 Develop integrated pest management technologies for major insect pests. 112
Activity 1.3 Diagnose and characterize major bacterial and fungal pathogens ................ 121
Activity 1.4 Develop and validate integrated disease management technologies for major
bacterial and fungal diseases ...................................................................................................... 124
Activity 1.5 Detect, characterize and explore integrated management strategies for major
viral diseases ................................................................................................................................. 127
Activity 2.1 Develop technologies to improve soil nutrient use efficiency and soil
sustainability ................................................................................................................................. 129
Activity 3.1 Identify major constraints and determine site-specific dissemination strategies
in targeted regions ....................................................................................................................... 132
Activity 3.2 Adapt integrated production technologies for targeted systems or regions 132
Activity 3.3 Strengthen capacity of local partners and farmers to promote technology
adoption ........................................................................................................................................ 137
Activity 3.4 Understand farmers’ behavior, costs benefits, and constraints/ opportunities
of technology adoption............................................................................................................... 142
Activity 3.5 Understand the impact of improved technologies on production systems and
livelihoods ..................................................................................................................................... 143
Theme CONSUMPTION: Balanced diets through increased access to
an utilization of nutritious vegetables ................................................... 147
Activity 1.1 Assess consumption and nutrition related outcomes of vegetable gardeners
and consumers in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa ..................................................................... 147
Activity 1.2 Study nutritional and functional values and benefits of vegetables from
tropical Africa and Asia .............................................................................................................. 149
Activity 2.1 Design, validate and implement home, school and community garden
interventions for enhanced access to and consumption of vegetables by poor households,
especially women and children in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa .......................................... 150
Activity 2.2 Develop and distribute nutritious vegetable seed kits for disaster response
and to other vulnerable groups in tropical and sub-Saharan Africa and Asia ................... 152
Activity 2.3 Develop dietary strategies, nutrition-improved recipes and food preparation
methods based on traditional diet and food practices for promotion of vegetables and
nutrition to household women in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa .......................................... 153
Activity 2.4 Develop, validate and implement promotion strategies for increased
consumption of vegetables and nutritious/diverse diets by poor households emphasizing
women and children in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa ............................................................ 155
Activity 3.1 Analyze components of supply chains, marketing systems and postharvest
handling of vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Pacific ........................................... 156
Activity 3.2 Facilitate the establishment of enhanced market coordination mechanisms for
vegetable supply in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Pacific ..................................................... 159
Activity 3.3 Develop and enhance training curricula and materials on proper postharvest
management and marketing skills for trainers in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Pacific .. 161
Activity 3.4 Strengthen postharvest research capacity of national partners through
trainings and awareness raising on postharvest losses and postharvest research at the
national and regional level in Asia, Africa and the Pacific .................................................... 162
Activity 3.5 Adapting available technologies and developing new technologies to meet the
needs of the target value chain actors and stakeholders in selected countries in Asia, Africa
........................................................................................................................................................ 163
Activity 4.1 Conduct training courses and other capacity building and knowledge sharing
platforms to increase awareness and capacity of vegetable value chain actors and
stakeholders to increase production, utilization and consumption of nutrient-rich
vegetables in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Pacific ................................................................ 163
Activity 4.2 Develop data collection protocols and policy briefs on outcome and impact
assessment of program interventions in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia ............................... 166
Board .........................................................................................................168
Staff ...........................................................................................................170
Visiting Scientists and Training Scholars .....................................................172
Publications ...............................................................................................176
Meteorological Data ..................................................................................197
Acronyms and Abbreviations......................................................................198
Germplasm conservation, evaluation and gene discovery
Theme GERMPLASM: conservation, evaluation, and
gene discovery
Andreas W. Ebert (Global Theme Leader), Roland Schafleitner (Deputy Theme Leader)
Goal
Biodiversity of vegetable genetic resources is preserved and its utilization for food and
nutritional security is enhanced.
Purpose
Vegetable germplasm collected, conserved and distributed, the collection evaluated to
identify those accessions with desirable traits and their genes identified, characterized,
and introgressed using classical and molecular technologies.
OUTPUT 1
Vegetable genetic resources including wild relatives, breeding materials,
genetic stocks and populations collected, conserved and distributed
Coordinator: Andreas W. Ebert
Activity 1.1 Collect/acquire and conserve vegetable and legume germplasm
Output target 2013 1.1.1
One hundred and fifty accessions collected/acquired at the Center’s headquarters
Germplasm acquisition at headquarters
The collection, assembly, and conservation of vegetable genetic resources are on-going
activities at AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center. In the more distant past a major
focus was placed on the collection and assembly of vegetables of global importance; later,
the focus shifted to vegetables of regional importance (South Asia, Southeast Asia, and
Africa), with special attention given to indigenous vegetables. The acquisition of new
germplasm is research-driven, filling gaps in existing collections as identified by AVRDC
breeders using germplasm in their respective breeding programs, and by other scientists
undertaking trait screening of selected germplasm.
A total of 1039 accessions of vegetable germplasm were assembled and registered in 2013
originating from 42 countries. The data was uploaded to the AVRDC Vegetable Genetic
Resources Information System (AVGRIS). The 2013 acquisition comprised 18 different
species and the highest number of entries were recorded for Vigna radiata (mungbean)
Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Raphanus sativus (radish), and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)
(Table 1.1.1a). Most of the accessions (1034) came from external sources and five
accessions from within AVRDC. Major external donors were the Chai Nat Field Crops
Research Center in Thailand with 485 accessions and the Tropical Agricultural Research
and Higher Education Center (CATIE) in Costa Rica with 410 accessions.
Year in Review 2013
5
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 1.1.1a. Summary of germplasm acquisition by species at AVRDC
headquarters in 2013
No. of accessions
Species
Capsicum annuum
internal
3
external
36
Total
39
C. baccatum var. baccatum
0
2
2
C. baccatum var. pendulum
0
5
5
C. chinense
0
6
6
C. frutescens
0
19
19
36
0
36
C. ficifolia
0
6
6
C. moschata
0
200
200
C. pepo
Cucurbita argyrosperma
0
2
2
Momordica cochinchinensis
1
0
1
Raphanus caudatus
0
1
1
0
114
114
R. sativus
Telosma cordata
1
0
1
Solanum galapagense
0
14
14
S. lycopersicum
0
101
101
S. pimpinellifolium
0
7
7
Vigna mungo
0
90
90
V. radiata
0
340
340
V. unguiculata
0
55
55
5
1034
1039
Total: 18
Germplasm holdings at headquarters
As of 31 December 2013, AVRDC headquarters maintained a total of 60,889 accessions,
comprising 172 genera and 438 species from 156 countries (Table 1.1.1b). In terms of
number of accessions, the following ten genera/species constitute major AVRDC
collections: Glycine (15,321); Solanum - tomato (8258), Capsicum (8233), Vigna radiata
(mungbean) (6737), Solanum - egglant (3703), Vigna angularis (Azuki bean) (2376), Brassica
(1909), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea, yard-long bean) (1572), Allium (1129), and Cucurbita
(1102).
6
AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center
Table 1.1.1b. Vegetable germplasm maintained at AVRDC headquarters as of 31
December 2013
Crops
No. of accessions
作物類別
保存數量
Principal crops (Top 20) 首二十類作物
Glycine (Soybean) 大豆屬
15,321
Solanum (Tomato) 番茄屬
8258
Capsicum (Pepper) 番椒屬
8233
Vigna radiata (Mungbean) 綠豆
6737
Solanum (Eggplant) 茄屬
3703
Vigna angularis (Azuki-bean) 紅豆
2376
Brassica 蕓苔屬
1909
Vigna unguiculata 豇豆
1572
Allium 葱屬
1129
Cucurbita 南瓜屬
1102
Abelmoschus 秋葵屬/黃葵屬
918
Luffa 絲瓜屬
870
Vigna mungo 黑豆
853
Amaranthus 莧屬
769
Cucumis 甜瓜屬
645
Phaseolus 菜豆屬
633
Momordica 苦瓜屬
462
Lablab 扁豆屬
438
Vigna umbellata 米豆
369
Hibiscus 木槿屬
367
Subtotal 小計:
56,664
Others 其它作物
4235
Total 總數量
60,899
Principal (Top 20)
Others
Total
Genera 屬類
16
156
172
Species 種類
190
248
438
Origin 來源國
156
Y.-Y. Chou , T.-H. Wu, A.W. Ebert
Ninety accessions/breeding lines collected/acquired from locations in sub-Saharan
Africa for safety duplication at the Regional Center for Africa
Acquisition of germplasm in Africa
AVRDC’s Regional Center for Africa in Arusha, Tanzania collected /acquired 130
genebank accessions of 16 crops and 61 breeding lines of three crops for research
purposes in 2013. The assembled accessions comprised: amaranth (Amaranthus spp., 15),
okra (Abelmoschus esculentus, 20), Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata, 4), jute mallow
Year in Review 2013
7
Theme GERMPLASM
(Corchorus olitorius, 19), sunhemp (Crotolaria spp., 7), pumpkin (Cucurbita spp., 13), African
eggplant (Solanum spp., 1), eggplant (Solanum melongena, 6), African nightshade (Solanum
spp., 2), spider plant (Cleome gynandra, 2), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, 4), pepper (Capsicum
annuum, 5), black jack (Bidens pilosa, 1), hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus, 2), cowpea (Vigna
unguiculata, 5), vegetable soybean (Glycine max, 23), and onion (Allium cepa, 1).
Twenty-eight (28) accessions were acquired from the National Plant Genetic Resources
Center, Arusha, Tanzania and sixty-seven (67) accessions from AVRDC headquarters in
Taiwan. The remaining accessions were collected by AVRDC colleagues and/or students
from within Tanzania. At AVRDC Mali, six accessions of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and
17 accessions of onion (A. cepa) were acquired during 2012 and 2013 (A. Rouamba).
Germplasm holdings at the Regional Center for Africa, Arusha, Tanzania
As of 31 December 2013, RCA maintained an active vegetable collection of 2450
accessions comprising 16 genera and 49 species, which originated from 35 countries, 28
of which are African countries (Table 1.1.2a).
Table 1.1.2a. Vegetable germplasm maintained at AVRDC-The World Vegetable
Center, Regional Center for Africa as of 31 December 2013
Crops
Number of accessions
Principal crops
Solanum
(African eggplant; eggplant)
359
Abelmoschus
(Okra)
334
Hibiscus sabdariffa
(Roselle)
298
Solanum
(Tomato)
234
Capsicum
(Pepper)
225
Amaranthus
(Amaranth)
154
Solanum
(African nightshade)
130
Vigna unguiculata
(Vegetable cowpea)
129
Cleome
(Spider plant)
95
Allium cepa
(Onion)
95
Vigna radiata
(Mungbean)
72
Brassica carinata
(Ethiopian mustard)
62
Cucurbita
(Pumpkin)
69
Corchorus olitorius
(Jute mallow)
56
Lablab
(Hyacinth bean)
35
Crotolaria
(Sunhemp)
29
Momordica
(Bitter gourd)
20
Glycine
(Vegetable soybean)
27
Moringa oleifera
(Moringa)
9
Brassica oleracea
(Cabbage)
3
Subtotal
Others
Total
2435
15
2450
Genera
16
Species
49
Origin
35
T. Stoilova
8
Germplasm holdings at AVRDC Cameroon as of 31 December 2013
AVRDC’s Cameroon office maintains a significant collection of 892 germplasm
accessions of 15 crops, out of which pepper, tomato and okra constitute major crops
(Table 1.1.2b).
Table 1.1.2b. Status of germplasm collection maintained in Cameroon as of 31
December 2013
No.
Crop
No. of accessions
1.
Amaranth
2.
Eggplant
94
3.
African nightshade
23
4.
Cabbage
5.
Ethiopian mustard
6.
Jute mallow
87
2
2
16
7.
Okra
8.
Papaya
156
1
9.
Pepper
288
10.
Pumpkin
3
11.
Spider plant
4
12.
Sunn hemp
13.
Tomato
14.
Vegetable cowpea
5
15.
Moringa
1
Total
1
209
892
R. Kamga, L. Adelphe
Monitoring seed viability at the Regional Center for Africa
Seed viability was determined for 144 accessions of 11 crops (23 onion, 3 amaranth, 45
African nightshade, 9 African eggplant, 8 tomato, 32 cowpea, 3 okra, 4 Ethiopian
mustard, 2 spider plant, 5 pumpkin, 10 vegetable soybean) maintained at the Arusha seed
repository under short-term storage conditions (15 ⁰C; RH 30-40%) for a storage period
ranging from 1-10 years. Germination tests were conducted in Petri dishes and in plastic
trays filled with heat-sterilized soil. Generally, viability of accessions of the same crop
varied in accordance with the storage period (Table 1.1.2c). Cowpea, amaranth and spider
plant accessions stored for 2-10 years had high viability compared to African eggplant
and African nightshade. Germination of seeds in soil is generally higher than in Petri
dishes regardless of the crop and storage period. Fungal infection was more apparent in
African eggplant and nightshade seeds compared to other crops.
Year in Review 2013
9
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 1.1.2c. Viability of germplasm accessions stored at the Regional Center for
Africa, Arusha, Tanzania in 2013
No.
Crop
1
Onion
2
Subtotal
African
nightshade
No. of
accessions
Storage
period year
Germination
in Petri
dish %
% germination
in soil
% seeds
infected
with
fungi
11
2
10
23
3
5
8
unknown
39.5
22
20
not tested
not tested
not tested
58
78
80
9
29
not tested
56
2
10
9
15
39
5
4
3
2
25
39.3
50.2
61.5
not tested
not tested
not tested
not tested
75
60
49.8
39.5
10
6
5
4
3
89
94.4
85
86
92
not tested
not tested
not tested
not tested
not tested
11
5.6
15
14
8
Subtotal
2
12
8
2
4
28
4
Tomato
8
4
88
5
African
eggplant
Amaranth
9
3-4
69.2
56.5
30.5
3
3-2
97
98
4
3
6
Subtotal
Cowpea
16
7
8
Okra
Vegetable
cowpea
3
4
1
3
97
100
98
99
3
0
9
Ethiopian
mustard
4
2
40
85
56
10
African
nightshade
6
2
58
11
Spider plant
2
4-2
98
12
Vegetable
soybean
10
4-3
68
13
Pumpkin
5
4
91.5
Subtotal
11 crops
54
144 accessions
200 seeds tested per accession
T. Stoilova, M. Munisi, R. Dusabeyezu
Activity 1.2 Maintain effective regeneration of priority vegetable germplasm
1000 accessions regenerated at AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center’s headquarters.
Germplasm regeneration at headquarters during the 2012/2013 regeneration cycle
A total of 1908 accessions were sown during the 2012 spring (SP) and 2012-2013 autumn
(AU) regeneration cycle and 1774 accessions were successfully regenerated (Table 1.2.1).
Among those were 152 garlic accessions, which require annual field maintenance. The
overall regeneration success was 93.0%, much higher than during the previous year
10
(73.9%). A few accessions germinated, but failed to grow into mature plants or to set
fruit. A number of accessions that had been received by the AVRDC genebank under an
incorrect species name or as accession with unknown species name were properly
characterized and classified into the correct species. Regeneration details for the major
crops are given below:
Abelmoschus spp. (okra): 101 accessions from 18 countries were sown on
20 February 2012; two accessions (VI054564 and VI060797) failed to germinate; 99
accessions were successfully regenerated (Table 1.2.1). Based on variability in fruit
shape and color, accession VI060820 was classified into two sub-accessions and
accession VI060869 segregated for pod shape. There was a substantial intra- and
interspecific variation in the number of days from seed germination to flowering
among the three Abelmoschus species. For A. esculentus this period ranged from 42-77
days, for A. caillei from 60-72 days, and for A. moschatus from 63-94 days, clearly the
longest duration for the latter.
Allium cepa (onion): 50 accessions were sown; 25 failed to germinate; 25
accessions were successfully regenerated.
Allium sativum (garlic): Bulbs of 152 accessions were field planted in
October 2012 and harvested in May 2013. Harvested bulbs are kept under shade and
ambient temperature until the next planting season.
Amaranthus spp. (amaranth): 35 accessions from 12 countries were sown
on 25 September 2012 and transplanted inside net cages on 16 October. Two
accessions failed to germinate and a total of 33 accessions were successfully
regenerated and characterized. Five accessions (VI044386, VI059037, VI061490,
VI061491, VI061518) were classified into sub-accessions due to variation in the
cotyledon or hypocotyl color at seedling stage and/or the leaf size and color at
vegetative growth stage.
Brassica spp. (cabbage, kale, rape, radish): 85 accessions from 12
countries were sown, 16 failed to germinate; 69 accessions were successfully
regenerated.
Capsicum (pepper): 86 accessions originating from 25 countries were sown;
10 accessions (VI029161, VI029624, VI029698, VI055116, VI055184, VI057061,
VI058499, VI060675, VI061338) failed to germinate; 11 accessions (VI037835,
VI056271, VI061328, VI061341, VI061350, VI061400, VI062105, VI062127,
VI062160, VI062161, VI062174) were classified into sub-accessions owing to a
discrepancy in fruit shape or fruit color; 20 accessions with unknown species name
could be properly identified and 6 accessions with wrong species name had their taxon
corrected after full characterization. A total of 76 accessions were successfully
regenerated and characterized.
Cleome (spider plant): 35 accessions from 7 countries were sown on 25
September 2012 and transplanted to the field inside net cages on 16 October. All 35
accessions germinated and were successfully regenerated and characterized. Five spider
plant accessions (VI058616, VI058617, VI058618, VI058619, VI057620) with
unknown species name were properly identified as C. gynandra after characterization.
Corchorus spp. (jute mallow): 25 accessions from 7 countries were sown
on 16 July 2012 and transplanted to the open field two weeks later. One accession
failed to germinate and another accession (VI060451) died due to heavy rains. A total
of 23 accessions were successfully regenerated and characterized. VI058936 with an
unknown species name was identified as C. olitorius after characterization.
Cucumis spp. (cucumber, melon): 46 accessions were sown, 8 accessions
failed to germinate; 38 accessions were successfully regenerated.
Cucurbita (pumpkin): 22 accessions from 6 countries were sown; all 22
accessions germinated and were successfully regenerated.
Daucus carota (carrot): 20 accessions from 6 countries were sown, 5 failed
to germinate; 15 accessions were successfully regenerated.
Year in Review 2013
11
Theme GERMPLASM
Glycine (soybean): 462 soybean (306 Glycine max and 156 Glycine spp.)
accessions from 17 countries were sown in September 2012. Nineteen G. max
accessions failed to germinate. VI046191, registered as G. max, was identified as
Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean). Seven G. max accessions were classified into 15
variants. In summary, a total of 443 accessions (287 G. max and 156 Glycine spp.) were
successfully regenerated.
Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean): 21 accessions from one single country
were sown on 17 September 2012 and transplanted to the open field on 28 September.
All 21 accessions were successfully regenerated.
Momordica (bitter gourd): 23 accessions from two countries were sown, 3
failed to germinate; 20 accessions were successfully regenerated.
Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean): 70 accessions from 14 countries were
sown; 19 accessions (VI033930, VI033931, VI033945, VI033955, VI033957,
VI033959, VI033960, VI036749, VI036782, VI036812, VI036830, VI036923,
VI036946, VI043379, VI043371, VI043372, VI043373, VI048008, VI048465) failed to
germinate; after transplanting, one accession (VI036815) failed to grow into full plants;
seven accessions (VI033950, VI033953, VI043364, VI043369, VI045606, VI046637,
VI047524) were classified into sub-accessions due to a difference of seed color and
pattern. One accession (VI046644) wrongly identified as Phaseolus vulgaris was correctly
classified as Psophocarpus tetragonolobus after characterization. A total of 49 accessions
were successfully regenerated as Phaseolus vulgaris.
Solanum spp. (eggplant): 105 accessions from 26 countries were sown on
24 September 2012 and transplanted to the field inside net cages on 29 October.
However, 16 accessions failed to germinate and two accessions (VI37859, VI037864)
died after transplanting. A total of 87 accessions were successfully regenerated and
characterized. Accession VI042741 (Solanum rostratum), a wild eggplant species which
originated from the Netherlands, started very early to produce yellow flowers, even at
the seedling stage, 23 days after sowing. Yellow flowers are very rare in eggplant;
common colors are purple, white or blue. Thirteen accessions (VI037665, VI041816,
VI041821, VI042007, VI042436, VI042437, VI042438, VI042460, VI042469,
VI042683, VI043020, VI054685, and VI054968) produced sub-accessions due to
variation of plant type or fruit color and fruit shape. Another 13 accessions with
unknown species name (VI038145, VI038148, VI042520, VI043019, VI043020,
VI043021, VI050074, VI050237, VI050929, VI050930, VI055290, VI055291,
VI057808) were identified at the species level after full characterization.
Solanum spp. (tomato): 20 accessions from eight countries were sown; 3
accessions (VI031792, VI031796, VI042905) failed to germinate; one accession
(VI031793) failed to develop after transplanting; one accession (VI042908) was
classified into sub-accessions due to different fruit shape; for 10 accessions (VI009365,
VI042904, VI042906, VI042908, VI042909, VI042935, VI043726, VI043727,
VI059336, VI059337) the correct taxon was determined (8 out of the 10 accessions
did not have a species name when received by the AVRDC genebank and 2 accessions
carried the wrong species name). A high variability in fruit size was observed in
VI059337, ranging from 1.7 cm to 3.3 cm. A total of 16 accessions were successfully
regenerated and characterized.
Vigna radiata (mungbean): 550 accessions from 20 countries were sown on
17 September 2012. All 550 accessions germinated and were successfully regenerated
and harvested. Among the 550 accessions, 202 accessions were characterized; the
remaining 348 accessions had already been characterized during the 2011/12
regeneration cycle.
Partial funding for the regeneration activities at headquarters was provided by the Taiwan
Council of Agriculture.
12
Table 1.2.1. Summary of germplasm regenerated by the Genetic Resources and Seed
Unit at AVRDC headquarters during the 2012 spring and 2012-2013 autumn
regeneration cycle
Genus/species
Crop
Abelmoschus
Allium cepa
Allium sativum (field
maintenance)
Amaranthus
Brassica
Capsicum
Cleome
Corchorus
Cucumis
Cucurbita**
Daucus
Glycine
Lablab purpureus
Momordica
Neonotonia wightii
Okra
Onion
Garlic
Phaseolus
Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Solanum
Solanum
Vigna radiata
French bean
Winged bean
Amaranth
Cabbage, kale, rape, radish
Pepper
Spider plant
Jute mallow
Cucumber
Pumpkin
Carrot
Soybean
Hyacinth bean
Bitter gourd
Perennial soybean
Eggplant
Tomato
Mungbean
No. of
accessions
sown
101
50
152
No. of accessions
regenerated
35
85
86
35
25
46
22
20
462
21
23
0 (sown as
Glycine)
70
0 (sown as
Phaseolus
105
20
550
33
69
76
35
23
38
22
15
442
21
20
1
87
16
550
1908
1774
Total
99
25
152
49
1
J. Chang, M.-R. Yan, T.-H. Wu, Y.K. Huang, Y.-Y. Chou, S. Yen, A.W. Ebert
200 accessions regenerated at Regional Center for Africa
Regeneration of germplasm in Africa
A total of 446 genebank accessions, advanced lines and varieties from 15 crops were
sown at the Regional Center for Africa’s experimental fields during the second season of
2012 and during both seasons of 2013. Out of the 446 accessions sown, 347 were
successfully regenerated and produced 146.215 kg of good quality seeds (Table 1.2.2). A
number of accessions did not germinate and others died in the field after transplanting.
Year in Review 2013
13
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 1.2.2. Summary of germplasm regenerated at AVRDC’s Regional Center for
Africa, Arusha, Tanzania during 2012 and 2013
Crop
Scientific name
No.
of species
No. of
accessions
sown
African
eggplant
Solanum
aethiopicum,
S. macrocarpon,
S. anguivi,
S. melongena
4
75
Pepper
Capsicum annuum
1
Amaranth
Amaranthus
cruentus,
A. thunbergii,
A. retroflexus,
A. hypochondriachus,
No. of
accessions
regenerated
New
collection
Amount
of seeds
(kg)
56
41
8.271
33
26
26
1.006
5
24
22
1
7.735
8
52
34
0
9.162
A. tricolor
African
nightshade
Solanum scabrum,
S. americanum,
S. villosum,
S. tarderemotum,
S. cochabambense,
S. retroflexum,
S. nigrum,
S. sarrachoides
Okra
Abelmoschus
esculentus
1
82
61
62
6.583
Spider
plant
Cleome gynandra
1
22
22
0
7.472
Ethiopian
mustard
Brassica carinata
1
44
34
0
30.097
Roselle
Hibiscus sabdariffa
1
24
17
17
1.628
Pumpkin
Cucurbita maxima /
moschata
2
15
10
6
9.350
Radish
Raphanus sativus
1
2
2
0
1.040
Hyacinth
bean
Tomato
Lablab purpureus
1
6
4
0
6.360
1
1
1
1
130
Vegetable
soybean
Glycine max
1
15
15
15
2.157
Mungbean
Vigna radiata
1
26
21
0
17.145
Cowpea
Vigna unguiculata
1
25
22
0
38.079
Solanum
lycopersicum
Total
29
446
347
169
146.215
T. Stoilova, O. Mwambo, E. Mtaita
14
Production and increase of good quality seed: 10 crops for nutritional seed kits; advanced
lines for multilocation and on-farm trials; maintenance of breeder materials
A total of 35 elite lines including advanced breeding lines (22) and released varieties (13)
of 11 crops were planted at the Regional Center for Africa, Arusha, Tanzania in 2013 for
seed production and distribution to public and private research partners. The seed
increase for maintenance of breeder’s seed and for distribution included the following
cultivars: 2 amaranth varieties (Madiira 1 and Madiira 2); 4 tomato varieties (Tengeru
2010, Duluti, Tanya and Meru); 2 varieties of African nightshade - Solanum scabrum
(Olevolosi and Nduruma); 1 variety of African eggplant - Solanum aethiopicum (DB3); 2
varieties of Ethiopian mustard - Brassica carinata (Rungwe and Arumeru); 1 vegetable
cowpea variety (Tumaini). The additional 25 advanced breeding lines were planted to
produce seeds for distribution to research partners, nongovernmental organizations, and
government ministries. The lines included: Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, 2), Solanum
aethiopicum (African eggplant, 2), Glycine max (vegetable soybean, 1), Corchorus olitorius (jute
mallow, 2), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin, 1), Amaranthus (amaranth, 4), Cleome gynandra
(spider plant, 5), Solanum scabrum (African nightshade, 3), and Vigna unguiculata (vegetable
cowpea, 3). An area of 32,353 m2 was used to plant all crops and the total seed yield
amounted to 1035.50 kg. Seed is now ready in the Arusha seed repository for distribution.
All agronomic practices including weeding, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest and
disease control were performed as required. NPK (16N:16P:16K) was applied one week
after transplanting at the rate of 200 kg/ha. Weeds were controlled by hand-hoeing at
two-week intervals from transplanting throughout the growing season; the frequency was
reduced as the plants started to form a canopy. Insect pests and diseases were controlled
by regular application of pesticides, especially for the control of aphids and whiteflies.
Supplemental furrow irrigation was used as required.
T. Stoilova, O. Mwambo, E. Mtaita
In Cameroon, mother bulbs of onion were multiplied in 2013 for seed production in
subsequent years (Table 1.2.3). The Cameroon station maintains a collection of 3256
mother bulbs but the majority are affected by black mould. The plant material shown in
Table 1.2.3 is healthy.
Table 1.2.3. Onion mother bulbs in storage at Maroua station, Cameroon for seed
production
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Varieties
Goudami
Jn iri
Actarus
Belami
Violet de Galmi
Air violet
FB01BF
Yaouri kourgri
Total
Number of mother bulbs
742
19
83
127
201
61
107
162
1502
R. Kamga
Year in Review 2013
15
Theme GERMPLASM
Produce seeds of recommended eggplant, chili pepper, tomato and fig-leaf gourd
rootstocks for training and distribution
Recommended eggplant, chili pepper, tomato and fig-leaf gourd rootstocks have a
certain degree of resistance to bacterial wilt, fusarium wilt, root-knot nematode or
flooding. A total of 10 rootstock accessions including 5 accessions of eggplant, 3
accessions of chili pepper, 1 accession of tomato and 1 accession of fig-leaf gourd were
grown to produce seeds which were harvested and processed successfully, resulting in
5.529 kg of good quality seed (Table 1.2.4).
The rootstock seeds produced were used for five training sessions on grafting at
headquarters. Training was conducted for Pitakia Tikai (Solomon Islands), Aloesi Hickes
(Fiji), Abdi Hudayya (Indonesia), and Md. Mahabubul Haque (Bangladesh). Grafting
technology was demonstrated to visitors of AVRDC’s annual Open Day and to
participants in the Vegetables Go to School Training of Trainers workshop. Eggplant,
tomato, and chili pepper rootstock seed were also distributed to Bangladesh, Indonesia,
Taiwan, Nepal and Tanzania for research and training.
Table 1.2.4 Summary of rootstock seeds regenerated at headquarters in 2013
Crop/scientific name
Eggplant (Solanum
melongena)
Variety
Amount (g)
VI046101 (EG190)
510
VI047335 (EG195)
700
VI045276 (EG203)
VI046104 (EG219)
428
590
VI034845(TS03)
VI014995 (PI201232)
2,433
170
Chili pepper (Capsicum
annuum)
AVPP0205 (PP0237-7502)
95
VI037556 (PBC535)
86
Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum)
VI043614 (HW7996)
217
Fig-leaf gourd (Cucurbita
ficifolia)
VI061486
300
W.Y. Chen, G.C. Luther
Activity 1.3 Distribute vegetable germplasm accessions and improved lines
worldwide
80% of vegetable germplasm requests served
Germplasm distribution from AVRDC headquarters
Out of a total of 361 seed requests received in 2013, 286 or 79.2% were served. Among
those 361 requests, 51 are still being processed, awaiting an import permit from the
recipient country or payment of processing and shipping fees. A total of 75 seed requests
(20.8%) could not be completed for various reasons.
J. Chang, M.-R. Yan
16
5000 accessions/breeding lines distributed worldwide from headquarters.
Seed distribution is a major function of the Genetic Resources and Seed Unit (GRSU)
of AVRDC. All seed samples that leave the Center pass through GRSU for monitoring
and quarantine purposes. In 2013, a total of 9824 accessions/breeding lines were
distributed externally and used in-house (Table 1.3.2a).
External distribution reached 58 countries totaling 8344 accessions/breeding lines (Table
1.3.2a), a 93% increase compared with the previous year when 4320 accessions were
distributed. The top ten recipient countries in 2013 were: India, Netherlands, Vietnam,
Thailand, Taiwan, Pakistan, Australia, Japan, USA, and Republic of Korea. A total of
1769 accessions/breeding lines were sent to other 48 countries.
AVRDC’s regional offices received a total of 678 accessions/breeding lines, while the
research units at headquarters requested and received 802 genebank accessions (Table
1.3.2a). AVRDC South Asia received 440 accessions/breeding lines; Africa, 200; and
East and Southeast Asia, 38. The top recipient groups at headquarters were: Bacteriology
(267), Entomology (209), Pepper Breeding (163), and Molecular Breeding (100).
In total, 4966 accessions of vegetable germplasm were sent out from the AVRDC
genebank at headquarters to external and internal germplasm users in 2013 (Table 1.3.2b).
Major recipients were government organizations (1845), followed by seed companies
(1210), universities (946), and research and breeding units at AVRDC headquarters (802).
The requested accessions were used for breeding, agronomy studies and yield trials,
screening for disease and pest resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses, genetic
diversity studies and demonstration purposes.
Major external germplasm recipient groups in 2013 were government organizations
(3775 accessions/lines), universities (2216), seed companies (2141), and nongovernmental organizations (172) (Table 1.3.2c). In total, the AVRDC genebank
provided 53% of accessions/lines for external and internal use, while breeding and other
research units supplied 47% of breeding lines and germplasm selections.
Year in Review 2013
17
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 1.3.2a Summary of seed distribution by AVRDC headquarters in 2013
Recipient
No. of accs
provided by
GRSU
External
India
Netherlands
Vietnam2/
Thailand
Taiwan
Pakistan
Australia
Japan
USA
Korea, Rep. of
Others (48) 3/
Internal (Regional Center/Office)
East and Southeast Asia
South Asia
Africa
- Cameroon
Mali
Tanzania
Internal (Headquarters)
Bacteriology
Biotechnology/Molecular Breeding
Cucurbit
Entomology
Global Technology Dissemination
Indigenous Vegetables
Legume
Mycology
Pepper Breeding
Tomato Breeding
TOTAL
1/
No. of
accs/lines
provided by
other units
42471/
4097
873
1048
251
119
135
276
285
284
256
137
433
569
26
821
938
259
88
53
25
45
87
1336
67
Total
8344
1442
1074
1072
1057
394
364
338
309
301
224
1769
611
0
0
38
440
7
7
53
0
76
57
802
678
38
440
7
83
110
0
267
100
5
209
17
12
16
8
163
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4966
4858
802
267
100
5
209
17
12
16
8
163
5
A total of 96 Momordica charantia accessions were distributed through AVRDC East and Southeast Asia
(Thailand).
2/
Includes a total of 213 germplasm accessions repatriated to Vietnam.
3/
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji,
France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lao PDR,
Malawi, Martinique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Oman, Philippines, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore,
Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Kingdom, Vanuatu, and Zambia.
18
9824
Table 1.3.2b Internal and external recipients of genebank accessions from the
Genetic Resources and Seed Unit at headquarters in 2013 and purpose of seed use
Classification
Regional Center for Africa
Tanzania (53)
Mali (7)
Cameroon (7)
No.
3
1
1
No. of accs. Purpose
67
Research, regeneration and
observation use
AVRDC internal seed distribution at
headquarters
34
802
Government organizations
43
1845
Nongovernment organizations
4
84
Use of accessions as rootstocks
for tomato grafting as source of
resistance against nematodes and
wilt;
for multiplication purposes
Private individuals/companies
7
12
Multiplication and observation use
Seed companies
30
1210
Differentials for Tomato mosaic
virus (TMV) in tomato and pepper;
for research and breeding
purposes
Universities
25
946
TOTAL
Tospovirus screening; heat
tolerance experiment; trap
cropping research; screening
anthracnose resistance;
resistance screening Alternaria
solani of tomato; mungbean core
collection selection; screening of
susceptibility against insect pests;
tomato early blight disease
screening; aphid resistance
screening; bacterial wilt resistance
screening; screening resistance to
onion thrips; screening resistance
to Hellulla undalis; screening
resistance to whitefly; resistance
screening tomato early blight;
anthracnose study; resistance to
aphids and leafhopper screening;
DNA analysis
Multiplication and research
purposes
Heat tolerance trials to identify
germplasm material adapted to
hot environments in South Asia
(Punjab); resistance to pinworm
and leaf miner; for research
purposes
4966
Year in Review 2013
19
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 1.3.2c Recipient groups of internal and external seed distribution from
headquarters in 2013
Classification of receivers
GRSU
AVRDC headquarters
AVRDC regional offices
Government organizations
Nongovernmental organizations
Private companies/individuals
Seed companies
Universities
Genebank (Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute
(TARI); safety duplication)
TOTAL
Other Units
Total
802
67
1845
84
12
1210
946
579
0
611
1930
88
28
931
1270
0
802
678
3775
172
40
2141
2216
579
5545
(53.3%)
4858
(46.7%)
10,403
J. Chang, M.-R. Yan, T.-H. Wu, S. Yen, L. Lin, A. W. Ebert
700 accessions/breeding lines distributed by Regional Center for Africa to public and
private partners
In 2013 the Regional Center for Africa (RCA) distributed a total of 736 accessions to
external (151 accessions) and internal users (585 accessions) (Table 1.3.3a). The majority
of recipients outside of Tanzania were universities, while in Tanzania the majority of
accessions (24) were distributed to private seed companies. Three-quarters of accessions
distributed in 2013 were used internally by RCA breeding groups.
African nightshade, African eggplant, amaranth, spider plant and vegetable cowpea were
the most frequently distributed crops, reaching recipients in five African countries.
African nightshade had the highest number of distributed accessions, followed by
vegetable cowpea, spider plant and African eggplant.
Table 1.3.3a. Summary of seed distribution by the Regional Center for Africa in 2013
Recipient
countries
Classification of
receivers
No. of accs. /
lines provided
by RCA
External
Universities
20
Kenya
University
15
Ghana
University
15
South Africa
University
6
Nigeria
University, ICRISAT
37
Ethiopia
Universities
10
Nigeria
Private seed companies
24
Tanzania
University
3
Tanzania
Government ministries
3
Tanzania
University of Florida
18
USA
Subtotal
151
AVRDC internal distribution (Regional Center for Africa)
557
Breeding
28
Demo plot
Subtotal
585
Grand total
736
No. of
seed
packs
Total weight of
seeds (g)
20
15
15
6
37
10
24
3
3
18
151
52
30
150
12
355
16
61
90
18
270
1054
557
28
585
736
458
326
784
1838
T. Stoilova, M. Munisi
20
Promotional activities in Africa
The Regional Center for Africa distributed 2400 seed kits to the beneficiaries of the
Helen Keller International (HKI) project in 2013. A total of 627 seed kits were
distributed on the occasion of different events such as field days, Child’s Day in Bangati
village (Arusha district), the Sustainability Forum, and to participants of different training
courses organized as part of on-going project activities.
Feedback from germplasm recipients
To assess the impact of germplasm distribution, the Regional Center for Africa (RCA)
initiated follow-up contacts on the performance of AVRDC germplasm starting in 2013.
Several germplasm recipients shared their thanks:
 Ms. Mildred Osei – University of Ghana, PhD student. Thanked RCA for amaranth seeds
that she was able to use for her study.
 Mr. Silevestar Sakala - University of Zambia was happy about rootstock material received
from GRSU Taiwan through the Arusha office for grafting of tomato for his BSc
thesis studies.
 Dr. Akintoye from Nigeria, National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT),
thanked RCA and headquarters for tomato and pepper breeding lines and varieties
received during this year.
Substantial amounts of seed (60.3 kg) of six vegetable cultivars and improved lines were
distributed to farmers and seed companies for testing and production of certified seed
by AVRDC Mali during 2013 (Table 1.3.3b).
Table 1.3.3b. Distribution of vegetable seeds in Mali during 2013
Total amount
of seed (kg)
No
Crop
Cultivar/advanced line/ accession
1.
Okra
Sasilon, Batoumabé
24.250
2.
Roselle
Samanadah, L28, L24
22.700
3.
African eggplant
L10, Soxna
4.585
4.
Amaranth
A2002, A2004
2.105
5.
Peppers, hot and
sweet
Nisondia, Poivron Jan Bafarima
4.790
6.
Tomato
Nayeli, XINA, Keyea, Bebiyèrèye, Konica,
ICRIXINA
1.859
Total - 6 crops
18 Cultivars / lines
60.289
A. Rouamba, B. Diara
Activity 1.4 Safety duplicate AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center’s
germplasm in other genebanks
800 accessions from the Center’s headquarters duplicated at the National
Agrobiodiversity Center of the Rural Development Administration (NAC-RDA), Korea
and Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV), Norway.
Year in Review 2013
21
Theme GERMPLASM
Safety duplication of accessions by AVRDC headquarters
Since the signing of a Letter of Agreement with RDA in Korea for safety backup of
AVRDC germplasm in October 2008, three consignments have been shipped to Korea.
The first consignment of 5037 accessions was shipped to the RDA genebank in Suwon
in May 2009. In December 2010, a second consignment reached the RDA genebank
consisting of 5994 accessions. A third shipment consisting of 1788 accessions comprising
17 genera was sent in November 2012. The next shipment is planned for the end of 2014.
The RDA vault now holds a total of 12,819 AVRDC accessions for safekeeping or 21.4%
of the AVRDC germplasm holdings.
Following the initial deposit in Norway’s Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV) in February
2008 (7350 accessions), and September 2009 (1752 accessions), a third deposit of 1925
accessions was made in November 2010, and a fourth one consisting of 1742 accessions
in September 2012. The latter three deposits were composed of freshly regenerated seed
to ensure maximum storage life. The next shipment is planned for October 2014. Similar
to the NAC-RDA vault, the SGSV vault now holds 12,769 AVRDC accessions
comprising 21.3% of the AVRDC genebank holdings.
A.W. Ebert, Y.-Y. Chou, T.-H. Wu
150 accessions from the Regional Center for Africa duplicated at the Center’s
headquarters and Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Norway.
Processing of germplasm materials from Africa for safety duplication
One hundred twenty accessions (120) comprising 15 species and 7 genera are ready for
shipment to GRSU, Taiwan for safety duplication. These 120 accessions comprise 10
crops and 15 different species (Table 1.4.2). The remaining accessions to reach the goal
of 150 accessions will be added in February 2014, after harvesting amaranth and okra
accessions.
Table 1.4.2. Summary of AVRDC Regional Center for Africa germplasm sent to
AVRDC, Taiwan for safety duplication
No
Crop
1.
Amaranth
2.
Okra
3.
African eggplant
4.
Species
Amaranthus cruentus,
A. hypochondriacus,
A. dubius, A. thunbergii
Abelmoschus
esculentus
No. of
acc.
9
Countries of origin
3 (TZ, Madagascar,
unknown)
10
3 (Sen, Mali, Niger)
Solanum aethiopicum,
S. anguivi
4
3 (TZ, Ghana, Sud)
African nightshade
Solanum scabrum,
S. villosum
6
3 (TZ, Kn, Cam)
5.
6.
Spider plant
Ethiopian mustard
Cleome gynandra
Brassica carinata
28
28
5 (TZ,UG,Rw,Mw, Sud)
1 (TZ, unknown)
7.
8.
9.
10.
Mungbean
Cowpea
Pumpkin
Roselle
Vigna radiata
Vigna unguiculata
Cucurbita moschata
Hibiscus sabdariffa
6
16
4
9
1 (TZ, unknown)
1 (TZ, UG, unknown)
1 (Madagascar)
3 (Sen, Mali, TZ)
Total
15 species
120
12
*Sen-Senegal, Kn-Kenya, Cam-Cameroon, TZ-Tanzania, Sud-Sudan, MW-Malawi, UG-Uganda, Rw-Rwanda
22
Activity 1.5 Systematically store information on conservation and distribution of
vegetable germplasm in AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center’s electronic
databases
100% of acquisition and distribution data generated in 2012 entered into the Center’s
Vegetable Genetic Resources Information System (AVGRIS) and Regional Center for
Africa’s database
Storage of acquisition data in AVGRIS and distribution data in the seed distribution database
AVGRIS, a software program developed and used by AVRDC’s Genetic Resources and
Seed Unit (GRSU), links all genebank operations associated with germplasm
conservation and management. This information system assists GRSU staff in routine
day-to-day genebank activities; facilitates the recording, storage, and maintenance of
germplasm data; and provides direct access to information pertaining to accessions in
the genebank for AVRDC staff as well as potential users of AVRDC germplasm
worldwide through AVRDC’s website, which has a link to AVGRIS. AVGRIS allows
data searches at three levels: passport, characterization, and evaluation.
A total of 1039 accessions of vegetable germplasm were assembled from external and
internal sources in 2013, registered in AVRDC’s genebank and the respective passport
data uploaded to the AVGRIS website.
All seed distribution data for seed distributed from headquarters up to 31 December
2013 has been updated and is available in an AVRDC-internal database.
Germplasm acquisition, regeneration and distribution data for the Regional Center for
Africa is maintained in Excel files at the seed repository in Arusha. A list of germplasm
holdings from Mali and Cameroon are also available in Arusha.
Characterization and evaluation data of the 2010/11 regeneration cycle available in
AVGRIS and Regional Center for Africa’s database
Uploading of characterization data to AVGRIS in 2013
Characterization data of 742 accessions from the 2010/11 regeneration cycle and 1469
accessions from the 2011/12 regeneration cycle are ready for uploading to AVGRIS. Due
to an upgrade of the operating system of the AVGRIS server, the AVGRIS program code
requires changes to allow the uploading of new characterization data. We hope to make
the necessary changes in 2014.
Passport, characterization and evaluation data of accessions held at the Regional Center
for Africa are updated in a local database which is not accessible online. All information
covering the period from 2010-2012 was sent to GRSU headquarters for validation and
integration.
Y.-Y. Chou, T. Stoilova, A.W. Ebert
Activity 1.6 Develop effective seed health and quarantine program at AVRDC –
The World Vegetable Center’s headquarters and regional centers
Year in Review 2013
23
Theme GERMPLASM
All seed shipments from AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center comply with host
country regulations
Measures in place to abide by quarantine regulations of recipient countries
Additional declarations on the Phytosanitary Certificate (PC) concerning the absence of
specific diseases and pests are frequently and increasingly imposed by seed importing
countries. The Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ)
of Taiwan is willing to assist in obtaining additional declarations on the PC for seeds to
be exported from Taiwan, either through regular field inspection of seed production sites
at AVRDC headquarters or through analysis of seed in authorized seed testing
laboratories in Taiwan.
Several factors impede the adoption of external seed testing in authorized seed health
laboratories: (1) large amounts of seed (minimum of 3000 seeds) must be supplied for a
single test, and this quantity of seed often exceeds the available seed stock; (2) laboratory
testing delays seed supply, which might not be acceptable to the requester; and (3) the
considerable laboratory costs would need to be borne by the recipient. As an interim
solution, the importing countries have been requested to perform post-entry quarantine
inspection for diseases whose absence cannot be easily established in Taiwan. This has
worked well in most cases.
In the case of seed distribution by the Regional Center for Africa (RCA), a PC, Material
Transfer Agreement (MTA), Plant Import Permit and Pro-forma Invoice are processed
before germplasm is exported. Plant Import Permits were received in 2013 from
Ethiopia and Thailand. Negotiations between RCA and the Quarantine Office of the
Tropical Pest Research Institute in Arusha, Tanzania resulted in allowing RCA to obtain
PCs for outgoing germplasm without submitting a large quantity of seed for inspection.
Instead, quarantine officers were invited to inspect crop stands and the seed storage
facility at RCA.
T.-H. Wu, T. Stoilova, A.W. Ebert
OUTPUT 2
Germplasm characterized to enhance understanding and utilization of
biodiversity in vegetable germplasm collections
Coordinator: Roland Schafleitner
Activity 2.1 Characterize morphological traits of vegetable germplasm
maintained at AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center and its regional offices
1000 accessions characterized at the Center’s headquarters, based on standard
morphological descriptors.
Germplasm characterization at AVRDC headquarters
A total of 1469 and 1152 accessions were characterized by the Genetic Resources and
Seed Unit (GRSU) at headquarters during the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 regeneration
cycles, respectively (Table 2.1.1). The 2012/2013 data are being validated before they can
be uploaded to AVGRIS.
24
Table 2.1.1. Summary of germplasm characterized by GRSU at AVRDC headquarters
during the 2011/2012 and 2012-2013 regeneration cycles
Genus/species
Crop
Abelmoschus
Amaranthus
Benincasa
Brassica
Capsicum
Cleome
Corchorus
Cucumis
Cucurbita
Daucus
Glycine
Lablab
Lagenaria
Momordica
Moringa oleifera
Mucuna pruriens
Neonotonia wightii
Phaseolus
Psophocarpus
Raphanus
Solanum
Solanum
Vigna angularis
Vigna mungo
Vigna radiata
Vigna unguiculata subsp.
sesquipedalis
Vigna unguiculata subsp.
unguiculata
Total
Okra
Amaranth
Wax gourd, white gourd
Cabbage, kale, rape, radish
Pepper
Spider plant
Jute mallow
Cucumber
Squash
Carrot
Soybean
Hyacinth bean
Bottle gourd
Bitter gourd
Moringa
Velvet bean
Perennial soybean
French bean
Winged bean
Radish
Eggplant
Tomato
Azuki bean
Black gram
Mungbean
Yard-long bean
Cowpea
No. of
accessions
2010/2011 cycle
58
53
13
104
71
46
30
77
10
No. of
accessions
2011/2012 cycle
100
38
173
43
7
17
5
1
58
1
1
253
95
341
14
335
2
69
87
36
23
38
22
15
211
20
1
57
1
100
19
202
2
1469
1152
J. Chang, T.-H. Wu, M.-R. Yan, Y.K. Huang, Y.-Y. Chou, S. Yen, A. W. Ebert
200 accessions characterized at the Regional Center for Africa, based on standard
morphological descriptors.
A total of 229 accessions of 10 crops were characterized at the Regional Center for Africa,
using the Genetic Resources and Seed Unit’s adaptation of the International Plant
Genetic Resources Institute’s (IPGRI) descriptors: 22 Amaranthus, 10 Cucurbita, 75
Solanum (40 African eggplant and 35 African nightshade), 24 okra, 30 Ethiopian mustard,
20 roselle, 11 pepper, 22 spider plant and 15 vegetable soybean. Characterization
information includes all growth stages from seedling, vegetative, flowering, and
reproductive stage to the final seed (Table. 2.1.2). Qualitative and quantitative descriptors
used to describe different traits ranged from a total of 19 (vegetable soybean) to 62
(pepper).
Year in Review 2013
25
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 2.1.2. Number of accessions characterized during 2013
Crops
No. of
species
No. of
accessions
African eggplant
Amaranth
African nightshade
Okra
Ethiopian mustard
Vegetable Soybean
Spider plant
Pumpkin
Roselle
Pepper
4
5
7
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
40
22
35
24
30
15
22
10
20
11
Total
26
229
No. of traits
Quantitative
Qualitative
Total
32
11
28
12
17
6
11
13
14
16
29
22
28
20
43
13
12
30
17
46
61
33
56
32
60
19
23
43
41
62
T. Stoilova, E. Mtaita
Seeds of 50 GRSU Cucurbita moschata accessions multiplied and preliminary evaluation
completed
Twelve (12) accessions of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) were evaluated for various
horticultural traits in a single replicate. The range of anthesis of first male and female
flower was from 55 to 62 days and 52 to 66 days, respectively. Range of fruit maturity
(days from sowing) was 92-106 days. Six types of fruit shape were present in the
germplasm: flat, globular, pyriform, oblong, elongated and elliptical. The range of fruit
weight and flesh thickness was 2.0 - 5.2 kg and 2.0 - 4.6 cm, respectively. Four fruit flesh
colors were observed: orange, medium orange, light orange, and light yellow. Five
accessions segregated for field resistance to viruses. All accessions exhibited medium
silver mottling of leaves.
N. Dhillon, S. Phethin
90 accessions characterized in Central Asia and Caucasus, based on standard
morphological descriptors
Germplasm characterization in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Regional variety trials were conducted in eight countries in Central Asia and the Caucasus
in 2013. A total of 89 new accessions (germplasm from AVRDC’s genebank and
improved germplasm from breeding units) of six vegetable crops were introduced from
AVRDC headquarters to seven countries in the region in 2012 and 2013 (Table 2.1.4a).
All accessions were evaluated for biological, morphological and marketability traits under
different soil and climatic conditions. Promising accessions (early maturing, high yielding,
resistant to diseases, good fruit quality, etc.) were selected in each country and seeds were
multiplied for further research work.
26
Table 2.1.4a AVRDC germplasm introduced to Central Asia and the Caucasus in 2013
Country
Regional Varietal Trial
Armenia
Pisum (pea) - 5
Sweet pepper - 5
Azerbaijan
Pisum (pea) - 5
Hot pepper - 6
Georgia
Tomato - 6
Hot pepper - 6
Kazakhstan
Tomato - 6
Kyrgyzstan
Tomato - 7
Tajikistan
Tomato - 6
Turkmenistan
Tomato - 6
Sweet pepper - 5
Total four species
64 accessions
New trials at research
institutions’ requests
Celery - 5
Vegetable soybean - 5
Tomato - 5 (for grafting)
Pisum (pea) - 5
Sweet pepper -5
Total five species
25 accessions
From a total of 37 new varieties released in Central Asia and the Caucasus during the last
six years (2007-2013), 14 new varieties (38% of total) originated directly from AVRDC
genebank accessions supplied by the Genetic Resources and Seed Unit. Among those
are: tomato (2 varieties), hot pepper (4), sweet pepper (1), eggplant (1), vegetable soybean
(4), mungbean (1) and yard-long bean (1) (Table 2.1.4b).
In 2013, a total of 14 new varieties were under State variety testing, including eggplant
(3), sweet pepper (2), pea (1), bean (1), vegetable soybean (1), squash (2), lettuce (1), basil
(2), and celery (1).
Year in Review 2013
27
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 2.1.4b. New varieties (14) released in Central Asia and the Caucasus from
2007-2013, based on germplasm introduced from the AVRDC genebank
Crop
Accession / pedigree
Variety
name
Country, year
released
Tomato
Collection from Guatemala (GRSU),VI006852 or
L01448
Armine
Armenia, 2010
Tomato
Collection from Tanzania (GRSU), VI006972 or
L01569
Narek
Armenia, 2011
Hot pepper
Collection from Austria (GRSU), VI014204 or
C02408 or Lami Spiral
Zspanak
Armenia, 2010
Hot pepper
Collection from Thailand (GRSU), VI037591 or
C05670 or Prapadaeng or PBC613
Kon
Armenia, 2011
Hot pepper
Collection from India (GRSU), VI013538 or C01803
or PI124540
Punj
Armenia, 2012
Hot pepper
Collection from Korea (GRSU), VI059345 or
TC07614, PP0037-7969 (or PBC712)
Erekshe
Kazakhstan, 2012
Sweet
pepper
Collection from Hungary (GRSU), VI046956 or
TC06795. PBC 762 (TL791C/691) or PI659102
Kaz-Tai
Kazakhstan, 2010
Vegetable
soybean
Collection from Japan in 2003 (GRSU), VI053823
or Misono green
Ikhom
Uzbekistan, 2007
Vegetable
soybean
Collection from Japan (GRSU), VI044994 or
G12917
Universal
Uzbekistan, 2008
Vegetable
soybean
Collection from Japan in 1990 (GRSU), VI045038
or G12953 Jasuto 75
Sabostne
Georgia, 2011
Mtsvane
parkiani
Georgia, 2011
Vegetable
soybean
Collection from Japan, original seed lot received in
1983 by breeding unit and deposited in GRSU in
1995. AGS 292 (also GRSU VI044024 or G12797
and VI025075 or G10499)
Mungbean
GRSU VI002984 or V03984 or NM 94
Durdona
Uzbekistan, 2011
Yard-long
bean
GRSU (White silk)
Oltin soch
Uzbekistan, 2011
Eggplant
Collection from Zambia in 1994 (GRSU), VI042320
or S00691
Feruz
Uzbekistan, 2013
R. Mavlyanova
Activity 2.2 Conduct molecular characterization, genetic relationship and
diversity analysis of germplasm collections
Output target 2013 2.2
Diversity analysis of Abelmoschus collection (~400 accessions) accomplished
Molecular characterization of the okra collection has been continuously performed since
2011 using 20 selected microsatellite markers produced by AVRDC. By 2014, the whole
collection (918 accessions) will be characterized. As of 31 December 2013, 450
accessions have been genotyped and morphological analysis was conducted on 373
accessions. The genotypic and phenotypic data were used to construct phylogenetic trees
28
depicting the genetic distance among the accessions. Accessions of different species (A.
esculentus, A. moschatus, A. manihot and A. caillei) were located on distinct clusters. The
phylogenetic analysis provided information on the genetic distance between A. esculentus
accessions, which make up the largest part of the collection. These results indicated that
the designed markers are highly suitable for diversity analysis over a broad range of
germplasm.
R. Schafleitner, C.-Y. Lin
Activity 2.3 Develop, characterize, and validate AVRDC germplasm core
collections
Abelmoschus core collection initiated at the Center’s headquarters
The construction of an Abelmoschus core collection has been initiated. The Abelmoschus
germplasm collection has been increased from 600 accessions in 2012 to 918 accessions
in 2013, mainly by acquisition of materials from West and sub-Saharan Africa. The
morphological and molecular characterization of the collection is ongoing, and will be
accomplished by 2014 (see Output target 2013 2.2). The combination of molecular with
morphological data will provide a sound basis to define a core collection of 100 to 200
genotypes, which represent about 70% of the genetic diversity present in the entire
collection.
R. Schafleitner, A.W. Ebert
Mungbean core collection initiated
The geographical origin and eight morphological parameters (leaf length and height,
plant height at flowering and maturation, days to flowering, pod length and seed weight)
have been used to stratify the mungbean collection (6737 accessions) by cluster analysis.
From each cluster, 20% of the genotypes were randomly selected to constitute a core set
of 1490 genotypes. Means of the entire collection and core subset were compared using
t-test and homogeneity of variances of the entire collection; the core subset was assessed
by F-test. The distribution of homogeneity for each of the eight traits among the entire
collection and core subset was analyzed by chi-square test. Wilcoxon-rank sum test was
performed to determine whether the core subset represents the entire collection traitwise. Finally, the Shannon-Weaver’s diversity index was calculated for the entire
collection and core subset. No significant difference between the diversity represented
in the whole and the core collection could be found with any of the applied statistical
tests, corroborating the representativeness of the selected germplasm panel.
The molecular diversity present in the core collection was assessed by genotyping 1490
accessions with 20 microsatellite markers. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and the
population structure was analyzed using Structure 2.3.4 software. This information will
be used to construct a mini-core collection comprising some 200 – 300 accessions that
are representative for both the whole and the core collection.
R. Nair, R. Schafleitner
A. Rathore (ICRISAT)
Year in Review 2013
29
Theme GERMPLASM
Activity 2.4 Conduct studies to identify markers and genes linked to important
agronomic traits
Seed quality traits in mungbean mapped
Seed weight and germination rate were analyzed in a population derived from Vigna
radiata var. radiata NM92 x Vigna radiata var. sublobata TC1966. Seed size in terms of 100
seed weight varied in the population between 2 - 5 g. Three quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
associated with 100 seed weight and explaining between 20% and 29% of the total
variance for this trait in the population were identified on chromosomes 1, 3 and 9. The
additive effect provided by these QTLs was between 0.4 - 0.59 g. The favorable alleles
were contributed in all cases by line NM92. Germination rate in the population was
skewed towards improved seed germination, probably due to unintentional selection for
high germination rate during the population advancement. Nevertheless, 3 QTLs
explaining between 24 - 33% of the total variation for this trait were found. The additive
effects of the QTLs were provided by favorable alleles from NM92 and ranged between
13 - 15%.
Generally, legume seeds, including mungbean, have low amounts of sulfur amino acids.
To increase the methionine content in mungbean, we tried to introgress this trait from
Vigna mungo into mungbean. The population obtained showed sterility problems in the
F1 generation and new crosses are being performed to capture this trait.
H.-M. Chen, R. Nair, R. Schafleitner
OUTPUT 3
Trait-based characterization and screening to enhance vegetable germplasm
for effective use of important horticultural traits in the development of new
vegetable cultivars
Coordinator: Srinivasan Ramasamy
Activity 3.1 Identify and characterize sources of resistance to viral diseases
Mungbean and hot pepper germplasm screened for resistance to local begomoviruses in
the field in India, Thailand and Vietnam
Fifty-two (52) mungbean accessions, mainly from the Vietnamese collection, were
screened in the field in Phu-Yen in central Vietnam for resistance to the locally prevalent
Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) strains. Plants were scored against a 1-6 disease
severity scale where 1 = no disease symptoms and 6 = very severe disease symptoms.
AVRDC accessions NM92, NM94 and VC3960-88 had average scores of 2 or less,
indicating reasonable resistance. All the other accessions were susceptible, showing
average severity scores greater than 4. Re-screening the three resistant accessions at the
same site with a further 46 mungbean accessions and one accession of Vigna glabrescens
in 2013 confirmed the resistance of the three, and of the V. glabrescens, but did not identify
any further resistant accessions. A different set of 50 mungbean accessions, mainly from
the AVRDC/Indian collection, were screened for resistance to MYMV in Punjab, New
Delhi and Tamil Nadu, India. Disease severity was generally lower in Tamil Nadu, and
30
the accessions reacted slightly differently in the north of India (Punjab and New Delhi)
compared to the south (Tamil Nadu), indicating that the virus species or strains may be
different in the north. However, accessions ML818, ML1299 and ML1628 showed the
best resistance across the three sites in India.
Thirty-five (35) selected germplasm accessions and breeding lines of chili pepper were
screened in the nethouse at AVRDC Taiwan, for reaction to Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand
virus-Taiwan strain through inoculation by viruliferous whiteflies. The plants were scored
against a 0-3 scale where 0 = no symptoms and 3 = severe symptoms. Some plants of all
accessions developed symptoms up to at least severity score 2. For two accessions,
PBC149 and PBC145, less than 25% of the plants exposed to the viruliferous whiteflies
developed any symptoms. This suggests that these two accessions have a characteristic
that deters whitefly feeding, rather than possessing resistance to the virus.
L. Kenyon, W.-S. Tsai, S.-L. Shih, J.-T. Wang, L.-M. Lee, H.-M. Liu, R. Nair
Nguyen Lan Hoa (Plant Resources Center, Hanoi, Vietnam)
N.M. Boopathi (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India)
Inheritance of resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus from Solanum habrochaites (LA1033)
determined
Earlier work had identified Solanum habrochaites accession LA1033 as potentially carrying
some resistance to both Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and late blight (Phytophthora infestans).
Based on this, crosses were made by Tomato Breeding between LA1033 and various
advanced tomato breeding lines. Parental lines LBR-9, LA1033, and F2 (CLN3571-F2)
from the cross were screened for resistance to CMV isolate NT9 by mechanical
inoculation in early summer 2013. Disappointingly, both parental lines and all the F2
showed complete susceptibility to the virus. It is possible that the resistance identified in
LA1033 breaks down at high temperatures.
L. Kenyon, W.-S. Tsai, S.-L. Shih, J.-T. Wang, L.-M. Lee, H.-M. Liu
AVRDC isolates of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV; Tobamovirus) characterized in relation to
the different Tm-2 resistance alleles
The Tm-22 allele for resistance to ToMV has proved durable and thus is widely deployed
in commercial varieties. However, Tm-22-breaking strains of ToMV have started to
appear; they are less fit than the wild type strains yet cause severe stunting in infected
plants. A set of uncharacterized isolates of ToMV, collected from different parts of
Taiwan since the early 1980s, were screened for virulence by mechanical inoculation on
a set of tomato lines carrying different Tm resistance genes to identify which race each
isolate represented (Table 3.1.3). These isolates will be a useful resource in screening for
new sources of resistance and for use in improving and validating molecular markers for
these resistance alleles.
Year in Review 2013
31
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 3.1.3. Identification of ToMV races from reaction1 when inoculated on tomato
lines carrying different Tm genes
Tomato lines (resistance genes)
Virus isolate
ToMV 230
ToMV CY13T26
ToMV TLCV3a Perpu
ToMV Rast1 950K
ToMV 131 (2)
ToMV 80 (1)
VL21
(-/-)
S
S
S
S
S
VL22
(Tm-1)
R
R
S
S
R
CLN2264
(Tm-2)
I
I
I
I
I
VL398
(Tm-22)
I
I
I
I
S
S
S
I
S
Identified
virus race
ToMV-0
ToMV-0
ToMV-1
ToMV-1
ToMV-22
ToMV-1.22
1
Reaction type; S = Susceptible, R = Resistant, I= Immune.
Activity 3.2 Identify and characterize sources of resistance to fungal and
bacterial diseases
Resistance to late blight, early blight, and black leaf mold in tomato characterized
Tomato late blight
Specific races of Phytophthora infestans have been found to cause severe symptoms on the
previously identified resistance sources Solanum pimpinellifolium (L3708) and S. habrochaites
(LA1033). To identify new resistance sources, a total of 17 S. habrochaites accessions from
the Tomato Genetic Research Center, University of California, Davis were screened for
resistance against isolates Pi-411 (race T1,2,3,4) and Pi-858 (race T1,2,3,4,5) in 2010
following the AVRDC protocol. Accessions LA1033, LA1775, LA2099, LA2409, and
LA2869 showed resistance to these two isolates. However, segregation was observed
among all the five accessions, and resistant plants were individually selected and selfpollinated in spring 2011. A total of 19 selected S1 lines of the five accessions were
challenged by Pi-411 and Pi-858 in summer and winter 2011. Segregation of the resistant
phenotype was still observed. The three most resistant plants of each accession were
selected and self-pollinated. The S2 lines of the five accessions were screened against
virulent isolates Pi-411, Pi-853 (T1,2,3,5), Pi-854 (T1,2,3,5), and Pi-858 in summer 2012.
All the five accessions showed high resistance to these three isolates. Another round of
selection and purification was made. In 2013, the S3 lines of the five accessions were
evaluated and they consistently showed high resistance to the isolates tested. The reaction
of the original LA1033 has been inconsistent against virulent isolates and should be
replaced by the LA1033 S3 line in the following race identification of P. infestans. Race
identification of selected isolates in the Mycology collection was re-examined. Results
showed the change from susceptible to resistant reactions on LA1033 S3 lines (Table
3.2.1a). Resistance of the S3 lines of the five resistant accessions were further
characterized on tomato detached leaflets. LA1777 and AVRDC No.10 were used as
resistant and susceptible controls. The detached leaflets were inoculated by mycelial plugs
of Pi-411 and Pi-858, separately, and maintained at 20 °C for five days. Lesion
development and sporangia production were assessed. Both isolates caused the largest
lesion size and most abundant sporangia density on AVRDC No.10; lesions were smaller
and sporangia were less dense on the S3 lines and resistant control. Symptoms and
sporangia were not observed from the interactions between Pi-411 and LA2099, LA2409,
and LA2869 (Table 3.2.1b). Seeds of the five S3 lines were deposited with the Genetic
Resources and Seed Unit for future utilization. The degree of self-incompatibility of the
32
five S3 lines will be evaluated by the Tomato Unit to determine which of the new
resistance sources will be used in breeding against late blight.
Table 3.2.1a. Race identification of Phytophthora infestans using the original and
selected LA1033 lines
Former tomato differentials
TS19
(none)
TS33
(Ph-1)
W.Va.700
(Ph-2)
CLN2037B
(Ph-3)
L3708
(Ph3,4t)
LA1033
(Ph-5t)
Pi-853
S
S
S
S
R
S
T1,2,3,5
Pi-854
S
S
S
S
R
S
T1,2,3,5
Pi-858
S
S
S
S
S
S
T1,2,3,4,5
Isolates
Former
race
Revised tomato differentials
TS19
(none)
TS33
(Ph-1)
W.Va.700
(Ph-2)
CLN2037B
(Ph-3)
L3708
(Ph3,4t)
LA1033 S3
(Ph-5t)
Pi-853
S
S
S
S
R
R
T1,2,3
Pi-854
S
S
S
S
R
R
T1,2,3
Pi-858
S
S
S
S
S
R
T1,2,3,4
Isolates
Revised
race
Table 3.2.1b. Characterization of the resistance of S3 lines of Solanum habrochaites
on detached leaflets1
Lesion size (mm-dia.)
Sporulation (x103 sporangia/cm2)
Accessions
1
Pi-411
Pi-858
Pi-411
Pi-858
LA1033 S3
6.0 ± 8.4
7.0 ± 8.9
13.5 ± 3.7
17.0 ± 2.6
LA1775 S3
5.7 ± 8.9
7.3 ± 8.5
10.7 ± 5.2
18.1 ± 7.3
LA2099 S3
0
6.2 ± 8.9
0
17.3 ± 1.7
LA2409 S3
0
17.1 ± 6.7
0
11.0 ± 4.2
LA2869 S3
0
8.9 ± 8.8
0
14.0 ± 3.3
LA1777
11.6 ± 8.1
8.1 ± 9.8
10.4 ± 5.1
14.3 ± 5.0
AVRDC No.10
34.9 ± 2.2
36.1 ± 6.1
41.53 ± 6.3
59.4 ± 6.0
Values presented in the tables are means and standard deviations.
C.-H. Chen, J.-F. Wang
Tomato early blight
Early blight caused by Alternaria solani commonly appears on tomatoes under warm and
dry climatic conditions. Variation of early blight severity was observed on a set of 68
recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between L3708 (Solanum
pimpinellifolium) and NC23E-2 (S. lycopersicum) in spring 2011 at the AVRDC Farm in
Shanhua, Tainan City after natural infection. To confirm the resistance reactions, artificial
inoculation at seedling stage was conducted in 2013 using a virulent isolate, As-1. Disease
severity was assessed 7 days after inoculation following the Horsfall-Barratt scale (0 to
11) based on the precentage of diseased leaf area. The mean scales observed on L3708
and NC23E-2 were 4.0 and 5.9, respectively. A continuous variation of disease severity
was observed across the RILs. However, the correlation between the disease severity
Year in Review 2013
33
Theme GERMPLASM
observed in the field and at seedling stage was not significant (r=0.24). The results
implied that isolate As-1 was not the predominant isolate of the pathogen population
present in Tainan. Further studies on virulence variation of the pathogen need to be
conducted.
F.-I. Ho, J.-R. Chen, J.-F. Wang
Tomato black leaf mold
Black leaf mold (BLM) caused by Pseudocercospora fuligena can cause severe damage on
tomatoes under hot and wet conditions. For example, severe outbreaks are commonly
observed under rain shelters in Bangladesh during the rainy season. LA1777 (Solanum
habrochaites) and three introgression lines (IL) derived from LA1777, i.e. LA3919, LA3920,
and LA3999, have been identified as highly resistant to black leaf mold under natural
infection conditions in Thailand. The objective of the study was to confirm the resistance
of these accessions and to determine the location of the resistant gene using the AVRDC
seedling inoculation protocol. Two isolates pf-134 and pf-135 were collected at the
AVRDC Farm at Shanhua, Tainan City in 2013 for the study. A total of 19 tomato lines
were evaluated (Table 3.2.1c). LA3918, LA3997, and LA4000 are LA1777 ILs, which
have introgressed fragments with similar locations on chromosome 1 as the reported
resistant ILs. Results showed that high disease severity was observed on LA4024 and
susceptible controls TS19 and KY301. LA1777 was among the most resistant entries,
showing no visual symptoms against pf-134. Three ILs, LA3919, LA3920, and LA3999,
shared an overlapping introgression on chromosome 1 and were resistant to both isolates.
The resistance gene would be located within the introgression. The three tomato inbred
lines showed susceptible reactions, while their F1 plants, crossed with LA3919 and
LA3920, were resistant to the pathogen. The results suggested the resistance of BLM
could be a trait with a simple genetic control and with dominancy. Future work will be
devoted to developing molecular markers linked with the resistance to be used for
marker-assisted selection.
34
Table 3.2.1c. Disease reactions of tomato entries against Pseudocercospora fuligena
isolate pf-134 and pf-135 at seedling stage
Disease Severity Scale1
pf-134
pf-135
No.
Tomato line
Ⅰ
Ⅱ Average Ⅰ Ⅱ Average
1
LA3918
2.8
3.8
3.3
3.7 3.0
3.4
2
LA3919
1.0
0.3
0.7
1.7 1.0
1.4
3
LA3920
-
0.1
0.1
0.2 0.0
0.1
4
LA3997
-
3.8
3.8
3.0 3.0
3.0
5
LA3999
2.8
1.3
2.1
0.1 0.7
0.4
6
LA4000
3.4
4.0
3.7
2.0 3.3
2.7
7
LA4024 (IL recurrent parent)
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.0 2.6
2.8
8
CLN3078C
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.4 2.8
2.6
9
CLN3212A-25
3.5
2.8
3.1
2.5 2.5
2.5
10
CLN3150A-5
2.8
1.7
2.2
1.7 2.1
1.9
11
F1 of LA3920 x CLN3078C
0.7
0.0
0.4
0.3 0.0
0.1
12
F1 of LA3920 x CLN3212A-25
1.0
0.0
0.5
0.0 0.0
0.0
13
F1 of LA3920 x CLN3150A-5
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.1 0.0
0.0
14
F1 of LA3919 x CLN3150A-5
1.8
0.9
1.3
0.2 1.4
0.8
15
TS19 (Sus. Control)
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0 3.0
3.0
16
KY301 (Sus. Control)
-
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
17
L2110 (M. Sus. Control)
1.8
1.6
1.7
0.0 1.3
18
LA1777 (IL donor parent)
0.0
0.0
0.0
19
L5637 (Res. Control)
1.5
1.4
1.5
-
-
-
1.2 1.3
0.7
1.2
1
The Horsfall-Barratt scales were used. The data presented were means of scales of 12 plants per replication.
“ – “ : missing data
Resistance to anthracnose in pepper characterized
Breeding for resistance to anthracnose in pepper has been conducted at AVRDC. The
main target pathogen was Colletotrichum acutatum (Ca). It is the predominant pathogen
with high virulence in Southeast Asia. Recent studies have identified an aggressive
pathotype, CA2, in Taiwan, which could break down the resistance derived from
Capsicum chinense PBC932. Since 2008, about 200 germplasm accessions have been
screened for resistance to pathotype CA2. Five resistant lines of C. baccatum were
identified. Selection and purification were made in the following years. A series of S3
lines have been generated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of the
resistance of the S3 lines against more Colletotrichum isolates. Five representative isolates
including 2 isolates of Ca (Coll-153; CA1 pathotype and Coll-524; CA2 pathotype), 2
isolates of C. capsici (Coll-930; high virulence and Coll-388; moderate virulence), and 1
isolate of C. gloeosporioides (Coll-491; moderate virulence) were used for the evaluation.
Year in Review 2013
35
Theme GERMPLASM
Inoculation was conducted following the microinjection protocol developed by AVRDC.
Three pepper lines—Susan’s Joy, PBC932, and PP0538-8525—were included as the
controls. Both green and red fruit stages were evaluated against each isolate, except only
red fruit against Coll-388 and Coll491. The experiment was conducted following a
randomized complete block design with 3 replications and five fruits per replication per
line. The fruits were inoculated with 1 μl conidial suspension (5x105spores/ml), placed
in closed plastic boxes, and incubated at 25 °C in darkness with 96–99% RH. The
evaluation protocol for C. gloeosporioides differed slightly. The inoculum density was 5x106
spores/ml, and the incubation temperature was 28 °C. The diameter of each lesion
developed on inoculated fruits was measured 5 to 7 days after inoculation. Susceptible
reaction was observed on Susan’s Joy when interacting with all isolates (Table 3.2.2a).
Reactions on PBC932 and PP0538-8525 developed as expected. However, resistant
reactions against Coll-388 and Coll-491 were observed on PBC932 at the red fruit stage.
The results revealed that all C. baccatum entries were resistant against all tested isolates
and showed significantly smaller lesions than the susceptible control, except the
interaction with the C. gloeosporioides isolate. Particularly, broad-spectrum resistance
against the three Colletotrichum species was observed on PBC80, PBC81, and PBC1752.
Future studies will be conducted to confirm the stable resistance of these C. baccatum
entries against more isolates, using different inoculation methods, and under field
conditions in different countries.
Table 3.2.2a. Evaluation of the S3 lines of selected Capsicum baccatum for
resistance to three Colletotrichum species using microinjection inoculation
Mean lesion size (mm)2
Entry1
Coll-153
Coll-524
Coll-930
Coll-388 Coll-491
G
R
G
R
G
R
R
R
PBC80
0.8 cd
0.0 d
3.7 cd
0.6 d
0.3 c
0.8 c
0.7 d
7.6 bc
PBC81
0.1 cd
0.0 d
2.9 d
0.1 d
0.2 c
0.1 c
0.0 d
3.0 c
PBC1752
0.1 cd
NT3
3.7 cd
1.6 cd
1.0 c
0.8 c
ND
0.7 c
TC6498
3.3 b
1.6 d
6.7 b
2.5 c
1.2 c
1.0 c
2.0 c
11.2 ab
PBC880
1.8 c
0.0 d
6.0 bc
1.8 cd
0.0 c
0.0 c
0.3 d
14.6 ab
PP0538-8525
0.7 cd
8.7 b
9.8 a
12.8 a
13.2 a
12.9 a
3.0 b
16.2 a
PBC932
0.0 d
5.7 c
7.6 ab
6.9 b
4.9 b
10.6 b
0.0 d
0.4 c
Susan's Joy
12.2 a
13.4 a
10.4 a
12.3 a
14.9 a
12.4ab
6.4 a
13.8 ab
1
Susan’s Joy (susceptible Capsicum annuum), PBC932 (resistant C. chinense to CA1) and 0538-8525 (resistant
C. annuum to CA1) were included as controls. The other entries are S3 lines of C. baccatum that have been
selected based on microinjection for their resistance to CA2 isolate Coll-524.
2
Lesion size was measured in diameter (mm) at green (G) and/or red (R) fruit stage 5 to 7 days after inoculation.
Means followed by different letters within a column differ significantly at P <0.05. Isolate Coll-153 stands for
pathotype CA1 of Colletotrichum acutatum, Coll-524 for CA1 of C. acutatum, Coll-930 for highly virulent isolate of
C. capsici, Coll-388 for moderately virulent isolate of C. capsici, and Coll-491 for moderately virulent isolate of C.
gloeosporioides.
3
NT: not tested
Z.-M Sheu, J.-F. Wang
Eggplant accessions screened for stable bacterial wilt resistance
Eggplant (Solanum melongena) accessions, such as EG203, have been used as effective
rootstocks against bacterial wilt (BW) for tomato production under waterlogging
36
conditions. Additional rootstocks with novel resistance should be identified and
deployed to avoid severe BW outbreaks should virulent strains of Ralstonia solanacearum
overcome EG203 resistance. Accessions of S. aethiopicum, S. torvum, and S. sisymbriifolium
have been reported to be resistant to R. solanacearum. This study focused on evaluating
accessions of these species. A total of 108 accessions of S. aethiopicum, 30 accessions of
S. torvum, and 10 accessions of S. sisymbriifolium from the AVRDC Genebank were
screened. R. solanacearum isolate, Pss97 (phylotype I, biovar 3) was used as the inoculum
using the soil drench method with root wounding. The trial was conducted in a
screenhouse with a temperature range of 26-35°C and relative humidity range of 5599%. The percentages of wilted plants were recorded once a week for four weeks. All
accessions of S. aethiopicum were found to be susceptible to Pss97, while five accessions
of S. torvum (VI054944, VI34868, VI034876, VI041166, VI041031) and seven accessions
of S. sisymbriifolium (VI038296, VI039613, VI039590, VI039591, VI039609, VI041190,
VI042584) displayed good resistance with the percentage of wilted plants less than 20%.
Seeds of the selected accessions will be harvested for further evaluation against various
R. solanacearum strains and compatibility with tomato scions.
F.-I. Ho, J.-F. Wang
Cucurbit accessions screened for downy mildew resistance
Downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis is one of the most important diseases
of luffa in Taiwan. Farmers mostly rely on synthetic fungicides for disease control. In
this study, a total of eight luffa cultivars available in Taiwan were evaluated for their
resistance to downy mildew. Evaluation was conducted using the leaf disc protocol
developed at AVRDC and natural infection at the AVRDC Farm from October to
December 2012. Three isolates of P. cubensis were collected from luffa. Leaf disc tests
were conducted on 18 mm-diameter leaf discs harvested from 6- to 8-week-old luffa
plants. The abaxial surface of leaf discs was inoculated with suspensions of P. cubensis
(1x105 sporangia/ml) by glass sprayer and incubated at 20 °C with a light period of 12
hours. Sporulation intensity was evaluated 6-10 days after inoculation following a 0-4
scale. ANOVA was conducted for the resistance screening of luffa cultivars to determine
the interaction of isolates and cultivars. The effect of isolates was not statistically
different in contrast to the effect of cultivars. The interaction between “isolate” and
“cultivar” was not significant. Thus means over the three isolates are presented in Table
3.2.4. ‘Cheng-lu’ and ‘V-165’ were more tolerant to downy mildew than other cultivars
at P<0.001 when using the leaf disc method, and the AUDPC showed significant
difference in the field. The leaf disc method could be used to initially screen for resistance
to downy mildew in the future.
Year in Review 2013
37
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 3.2.4. Screening of luffa cultivars for resistance to Pseudoperonospora
cubensis by leaf discs and in AVRDC field
Cultivar
Source
Species
Leaf disc
Disease index
Field
%1
AUDPC2
V-165
Known-you
Luffa acutangula
11
D3
1457
Cd3
Cheng-lu
Chia-se
L. acutangula
47
c
1234
d
Berly No.2
Chia-se
L. aegyptiaca
76
b
1883
a
V-170
Known-you
L. aegyptiaca
77
b
1705
abc
711
Hsin-hua
L. aegyptiaca
86
ab
2002
a
Mei-jen
Known-you
L. aegyptiaca
91
ab
1790
ab
Kaohsiung No.2
Hsin-hua
L. aegyptiaca
92
ab
1908
a
Sun-pao No. 3
Sun-pao
L. aegyptiaca
99
a
1858
bc
1
Disease severity was reated following a 0-4 scale (Lebda et.al, 1991) and transformed to disease index (DI) (%).
Values presented were means over three isolates.
2 The
value of area under disease progress curve (AUDPC)
3 Means
followed by the same letters were not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test,
P<0.01. The CV for the leaf disc assay was 22.3% and that for the field trial was 9.3%.
J. R. Chen, J.-F. Wang
Activity 3.3 Identify and characterize sources of resistance to insect and mite
pests
Mechanism and basis of resistance to aphids in selected okra accessions characterized
Aphids (Aphis gossypii) are the most serious pest of okra in sub-Saharan Africa. In most
countries where okra is grown, aphid infestations prompt the widespread use of
pesticides. Indiscriminate use of pesticides often leads to resistance development in
aphids, disruption of potentially useful natural enemies, and higher production costs.
Several alternatives including host plant resistance have been shown to be effective in
aphid management and can substantially reduce the use of toxic chemical pesticides.
However, little has been done in sub-Saharan Africa to promote these alternatives to
control aphids on okra. We have started screening the okra germplasm collection at
AVRDC for resistance or tolerance to aphids.
Okra germplasm used in this study was collected from AVRDC’s Genetic Resources and
Seed Unit. In addition to earlier screening trials, another preliminary screening trial was
conducted in an unreplicated trial involving 64 new okra accessions in Shanhua (23°
08'29" N, 120°19'15" E), Taiwan during September – November 2012. Two advanced
screening trials during October 2012 – January 2013, and April – June 2013 were
conducted in Cameroon (03°51.79' N and 11°27.71' E). The advanced screening trial was
conducted following a randomized block design. Each accession was replicated three
times. The selected okra accessions were maintained following customary cultural
practices, and without any pesticide application targeting the aphids or other sucking
insects. The accessions were exposed to the natural infestation of aphids, and scored at
weekly intervals starting from four weeks after transplanting. Ten plants were randomly
selected in each accession, and scored using the following rating scale: 0 = no aphids
present; 1 = 1 to 10 aphids per leaf; 2 = 11 to 100 aphids per leaf; 3 = 101 to 500 aphids
per leaf; and 4 = >500 aphids per leaf. The score data from each accession was expressed
38
as the area under the infestation pressure curve (AUIPC), and calculated using the
following formula:
Area under pest infestation pressure curve
n-1
Σ [(Yi+Yi+1)/2](ti+1-ti)
i
n: number of assessment times
Y: number of insects at time t
Out of 64 accessions screened during autumn 2012, eight accessions (VI039614,
VI060688, VI060794, VI060817, VI060818, VI060866, VI041210 and VI049964) were
rated as resistant to aphid infestation. Of the four accessions (VI033778, VI033796,
VI033824 and VI046537) screened in the first advanced screening trial in Cameroon
during the period from October 2012 to January 2013, only one accession (VI033824)
was found to be resistant. Of the seven accessions screened during the second advanced
screening trial, no accessions were found to be resistant; however, five accessions
(VI039614, VI041210, VI060688, VI060794 and VI060818) were found to be
moderately resistant. Hence, the selected resistant accessions will be tested in
multilocation trials in farmers’ fields for their resistance to aphids and yield performance
during 2014.
In addition, the basis of resistance of three resistant okra accessions (VI033805,
VI036213, and VI051114) identified during the 2012 screening trials was elucidated in
comparison with the susceptible accession (VI057245) by studying their biochemical and
biophysical properties. There was no significant difference between the susceptible and
resistant okra accessions in terms of leaf tannins, free amino acids, total sugars and total
phenols. However, total nitrogen showed significant difference between the susceptible
(2.75% of dry matter) and the two resistant okra accessions with lowest aphid infestation,
VI033805 (1.85% DM) and VI036213 (1.95% DM). For physical parameters, there was
no significant difference among the accessions in trichome density of bottom and middle
leaves, and leaf toughness. However, the trichome density in the younger leaves of
VI033805 (which had the lowest aphid infestation) was significantly higher (59.04/cm2),
followed by VI036213, which had the second lowest aphid infestation (46.62/cm2),
compared to the susceptible accession VI057245 (33.52/cm2).
R. Srinivasan, F.-C. Su, A. F. Abang
Resistance to leafhopper confirmed in okra accessions
Leafhopper (Amrasca devastans) is the most serious pest of okra in tropical Asia. Several
alternatives, including biological control, colored traps, biopesticides, etc. have been
shown to be effective in leafhopper management. However, little has been done to
identify leafhopper resistant okra accessions in tropical Asia. We have started screening
the okra germplasm collection at AVRDC for resistance or tolerance to leafhopper. The
characteristic symptom of leafhopper attack is phytotoxemia (hopper burn) caused by
de-sapping of leaves by nymphs and adults. Hopper burn is caused by the removal of
fluids from vascular tissues of the plant with the simultaneous injection of toxic
substances from the leafhopper into the plant. Screening for leafhopper resistance is
mainly done based on hopper burn symptoms. At least ten plants in each accession were
graded, based on the following scale:
Year in Review 2013
39
Theme GERMPLASM
Grade 1: Undamaged leaves
Grade 2: Few leaves on lower position of the plant curling, crinkling and slight yellowing
Grade 3: Crinkling and curling all over, yellowing, bronzing and browning leaves in the
middle and lower positions
Grade 4: Extreme curling, yellowing, bronzing and browning, drying of leaves and
defoliation, stunted growth
The hopper burn index or leafhopper resistance index was calculated using the following
formula:
(n1 X G1) + (n2 X G2) + (n3 X G3) + (n4 X G4)
n1+ n2+ n3+n4
Where, ni is the total number of plants in Gi
Based on the hopper burn index, the accessions were rated as resistant or susceptible:
Hopper burn index
0.1 – 1.0
1.1 – 2.0
2.1 – 3.0
3.1 – 4.0
Rating
Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Highly Susceptible
Screening of 316 okra accessions during spring and autumn seasons of 2011 and 2012
resulted in only 26 moderately resistant (hopper burn index ≤2) accessions. Among these
26 accessions, only two accessions (VI041230 and VI033809) recorded the lowest
hopper burn index of 1.5. One of these accessions, VI033809 was screened with a
susceptible accession, VI033782, in a replicated trial following a randomized block design
during spring 2013. In the confirmation trial, accession VI033809 was found to be
moderately resistant (Table 3.3.2).
Table 3.3.2. Resistance reaction of selected okra accessions to leafhopper
Accession
Hopper burn index
2.84
Resistance
category
S
Previous
rating
HS
VI033782
VI033809
1.88
MR
MR
The resistance in another moderately resistant accession, VI041230, will be confirmed in
2013 - 2014.
R. Srinivasan, F.-C. Su
Onion accessions screened for resistance to thrips
Onions are a high value crop widely cultivated across Asia and Africa for domestic and
export markets. Thrips are considered one of the key onion pests, causing direct and
indirect damage to the crop. For instance, onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, are estimated to
cause bulb yield loss of up to 60%. In addition, Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) transmitted by
T. tabaci on onions causes up to 70% leaf drying. The majority of the smallholder growers
in Asia and Africa heavily depend on pesticides to control thrips. Screening and
identification of resistant onion cultivars against thrips and/or tospoviruses is urgently
40
needed to formulate effective management strategies. We have started screening onion
germplasm at AVRDC for resistance or tolerance to thrips.
Onion germplasm used in this study was collected from the AVRDC Genetic Resources
and Seed Unit as well as the Bulb Allium Breeding group at AVRDC headquarters.
Preliminary screening was conducted in unreplicated trials. Two preliminary screening
trials, from November 2011 to March 2012 (104 accessions) and November 2012 to
March 2013 (62 accessions) were conducted in Shanhua (23° 08'29" N, 120°19'15" E),
Taiwan. The selected onion accessions were maintained following customary cultural
practices, and without any pesticide application targeting thrips. The accessions were
exposed to the natural infestation of thrips, and scored at weekly intervals starting from
four weeks after transplanting. Ten plants were randomly selected in each accession, and
scored using the following rating scale: 0 = No damage; 1 = 20% leaf area damaged; 2 =
40% leaf area damaged; 3 = 60% leaf area damaged; 4 = 80% leaf area damaged; and 5
= 100% leaf area damaged. The mean damage score was calculated.
From the first trial during 2011 – 2012, eight accessions were identified as resistant (Table
3.3.3a). In the second trial during 2012 – 2013, three accessions were identified as highly
resistant, and seven accessions were identified as resistant (Table 3.3.3b).
Table 3.3.3a Resistance reaction of selected onion accessions to thrips
(November 2011 – March 2012)
Accession
Damage score
Resistance category
AVON1021
1.94
Resistant
AVON1022
1.87
Resistant
AVON1025
1.83
Resistant
AVON1026
1.95
Resistant
AVON1046
1.92
Resistant
AVON1067
1.90
Resistant
VI045169
1.95
Resistant
VI045128
1.93
Resistant
CF2BC63R9-D15-0
3.24
Highly Susceptible
Year in Review 2013
41
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 3.3.3b. Resistance reaction of selected onion accessions to thrips
(November 2012 – March 2013)
Accession
Damage score
Resistance category
VI037360
1.80
Highly Resistant
VI038512
1.69
Highly Resistant
VI038552
1.76
Highly Resistant
VI037355
2.02
Resistant
VI038524
1.98
Resistant
VI038530
1.98
Resistant
VI038536
2.01
Resistant
VI038538
2.04
Resistant
VI038542
2.00
Resistant
VI038547
1.91
Resistant
JAN IRI
2.66
Susceptible
The selected highly resistant and resistant accessions will be tested in advanced
screening trials for their resistance to thrips during 2013 - 2014.
R. Srinivasan, F.-C. Su
Resistance to insect and mite pests confirmed in hot pepper accessions
Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), thrips (Thrips palmi), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and broad
mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) are the major insect and mite pests on hot and sweet
peppers. Although cultural and biological control methods are available, the use of
chemical pesticides is still very intensive. Indiscriminate pesticide use leads to several illeffects including development of resistance in insects and mites. Insect- and miteresistant peppers could provide an effective alternative to pesticide use. Identification of
insect and mite resistant genetic sources is an important step toward this objective.
Earlier screening trials during 2007 – 2010 showed that the accessions PBC145 and
C00069 were resistant, whereas C03938A was susceptible to aphids, thrips and broad
mite. Subsequent studies have confirmed that the progeny CCA10900
(C00069XC03938A) was moderately susceptible, whereas another progeny CCA10904
(C00069XPBC145) was resistant to these target pests. These progenies and PBC 145
were screened against thrips and broad mite in Bangladesh. The results confirmed that
CCA10904 was less infested by both thrips and broad mite, which was followed by one
of its resistant parents, PBC 145 (Table 3.3.4). As in Taiwan, CCA10900 was infested
moderately by both thrips and broad mite in Bangladesh. These three lines will be
screened again in 2014 to confirm their resistance reaction.
42
Table 3.3.4 Resistance reaction of selected hot pepper accessions to thrips and
broad mite in Bangladesh
Accession / Line
No. of thrips/twig
No. of broad mite/leaf
PBC 145
2.42
0.20
CCA10904 (C00069 X
PBC145)
2.00
0.15
CCA10900 (C00069 X
C03938A)
2.75
0.50
R. Srinivasan
Syed Nurul Alam (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute)
Solanum galapagense accessions screened for resistance to whitefly and red spider mite
The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is highly polyphagous, and is known to feed on several
vegetables including tomato, eggplant and okra, field crops and weeds. Both the adults
and nymphs suck the plant sap and reduce the vigor of the plant. When whitefly
populations are exceedingly high, they secrete large quantities of honeydew, which favors
the growth of sooty mold on leaf surfaces and thus reduces the photosynthetic efficiency
of the plants. In addition, B. tabaci also acts as vector for several viral diseases including
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Biological control and pesticides are not effective
enough in open field cultivation to prevent outbreaks of whiteflies. Different levels of
whitefly resistance have been reported for wild relatives of tomato including S. pennellii,
S. habrochaites, S. habrochaites f. glabratum, S. pimpinellifolium, S. chilense and S. galapagense.
Recently, it was found that whitefly resistance in S. galapagense seems to be inherited
relatively simply compared to whitefly resistance from other sources and this offers great
prospects for resistance breeding. We screened the S. galapagense accessions present in
AVRDC’s Genetic Resources and Seed Unit for their resistance to B. tabaci.
Five S. galapagense accessions (VI007099, VI037239, VI037241, VI037869 and VI045262)
were used in this experiment. A cultivated tomato was used as the susceptible check.
One plant from each accession was selected and placed inside a nylon net cage, and each
cage served as a replication. Five replications were maintained. Eighty pairs of adult
whiteflies were released into the cage for 72 h to allow oviposition of adult whiteflies. All
adult insects were removed and the number of eggs on each plant leaflet was counted
using a microscope. After 7 days of releasing the adults, the crawlers (first instar nymphs
of whitefly) per plant were counted. Two weeks later, the number of puparium and
emerged adults were also recorded. The mean data were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and Tukey’s test for mean comparisons.
The results showed that three S. galapagense accessions (VI037241, VI037869 and
Vl045262) recorded significantly lower B. tabaci infestation compared to the check (Table
3.3.5). Both VI037241 and VI037869 have high resistance to B. tabaci and this will be
confirmed in subsequent screening in 2014. The mechanism(s) and bases of resistance
will also be elucidated.
Year in Review 2013
43
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 3.3.5 Whitefly population on selected S. galapagense accessions
Accession
Mean number per plant
Egg
Nymph
Pupa
Adult
VI007099
96 a
101 a
80 a
320 a
VI037239
44 ab
31 ab
30 a
26 bc
VI037241
19 b
13 bc
1b
0d
VI037869
5b
1c
1b
1d
VI045262
27 ab
12 bc
5b
7 cd
Check
78 a
95 a
41 a
48 ab
F value
5.54
11.35
20.63
18.09
P value
0.002
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
Means followed by same letter(s) in a column are not significantly different at P<0.05 by Tukey’s test
R. Srinivasan, F.-C. Su, M.-Y. Lin
Tzu-yin Hung (National Chung Hsing University)
Bitter gourd accessions screened for resistance to melon fly
Bitter gourd is an important cucurbitaceous species cultivated worldwide, particularly in
Asia, South America and Africa, for nutritional, medicinal, and ornamental use. The
melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, is a serious insect pest of bitter gourd in South and
Southeast Asia; outbreaks cause substantial crop losses to growers. Cultivation of
genotypes resistant to fruit fly is a crucial component of integrated pest management
programs for bitter gourd. Screening of selected bitter gourd accessions from our
collection for the past few years has yielded one accession (THMC 281) as consistently
resistant. The present study was carried out to confirm the resistance in THMC 281
against melon fly under field conditions. THMC 281 and a susceptible accession, THMC
219, were screened in a replicated field trial at AVRDC headquarters. Each accession was
planted in seven replications. The plants were not sprayed with any chemical pesticide
targeting the melon fly. At every harvest, the fruits damaged by melon fly were counted
in each replication and the percentage of damage was calculated. The mean data were
subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test for mean comparisons.
THMC 219 was rated as highly susceptible, and THMC 281 was rated as resistant (Table
3.3.6). Although THMC 281 was rated as highly resistant in 2012, the number of
damaged fruits almost doubled in 2013. The resistance mechanisms in THMC 281 will
be confirmed in 2014.
44
Table 3.3.6. Damage (%) of melon fly in different bitter gourd accessions at AVRDC,
Taiwan (2013)
Variety
Mean damage (%) in
2013
98 A
Resistance category
THMC 219
Mean damage (%)
in 2012
97 A
THMC 281
10 D
19 B
Resistant
P value
<0.0001
<0.0001
LSD
CV (%)
7
6
2
3
Highly susceptible
Means followed by same letter(s) are not significantly different at P<0.05 by Tukey’s test.
R. Srinivasan, F.-C. Su, N.P.S. Dhillon
Activity 3.4 Identify and characterize sources of tolerance to drought, heat,
flooding and salinity stress
Output target 2013 3.4
Salt tolerance screening method for vegetable crops established
No funds were available in 2013 to perform activities to address this output target.
Activity 3.5 Evaluate vegetable germplasm for selected nutrition-related
compounds
Output targets 2013 3.5.1
Lab work for nutrient content analyses and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
(LCMS) profiling of 30 popular vegetables in Taiwan continued; plant and nutrition
databases for the 30 vegetables designed and developed.
The completed dataset has been sent to NHRI (National Health Research Center) for
design and development of the interactive database. The database includes 35 types of
vegetables commonly consumed in Taiwan and 3-4 planting seasons per vegetable. The
dataset includes horticultural data and 20 analytical items per vegetable. The analytical
items include dry matter, protein, fiber, sugar, carotenoid profiles, tocopherol profiles,
vitamin C, iron, calcium, zinc, flavonoid profiles, antioxidant activity, total phenol, and
oxalate.
R.-Y. Yang
Chao A. Hsiung (National Health Research Institute)
Target anti-diabetic compounds for mass screening of bitter gourd germplasm searched
Bitter gourd or bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is widely cultivated as a vegetable crop
in many tropical and subtropical countries. The fruit of M. charantia has been used for
hundreds of years in Asia, Africa, and South America as a traditional medicine and
functional food to prevent and treat diabetes. Previous pharmacological investigations
of M. charantia have shown various biological activities such as hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory and antitumor activities. Related bioactive constituents including
cucurbitane-type triterpenoids, their glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fixed oil,
which were isolated from the fruits, leaves and vines, root, and seeds were reported.
Year in Review 2013
45
Theme GERMPLASM
Metabolomics, which is the study of metabolic change in an integrated biological system
using multiparametric analysis tools such as mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy, may help identify biomarkers that characterize metabolomic profiles. We
applied this concept to characterize specific metabolites from bitter gourd fruit
(containing seeds) produced from three seasons at AVRDC headquarters. We
collaborated with Chang-Gung University and used a metabolomic profiling approach
based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass
spectrometry (UPLC-q TOF/MS) approach combined with pattern recognition (PCA).
Sixteen compounds including seven phosphatidylcholines, two fatty acid derivatives, five
triterpenoids, vicine and tyrosine were determined from M. charantia. The structures of
all metabolites were elucidated on the basis of molecular ion peaks, fragmentation of
daughter ion peaks as well as comparison of literature values by LC-ESI-MS/MS (liquid
chromatography-electrospray ionization/multi-stage mass spectrometry) with positive
ion mode analysis.
Three batches of bitter gourd fruit from plantings in spring, summer and winter were
harvested, processed, freeze-dried and ground to a fine powder. Untargeted profiling of
bitter gourd using UPLC-qTOF/MS in the positive ESI mode was acquired to study the
seasonal change in the metabolome. A total of 1285 variables/LCMS peaks were
detected by MassLynx software. The PCA (principal compound analysis) score was used
to investigate the changes of metabolites between groups and the outliers among the
samples. In this study, the PCA score showed a clear separation of each season for the
classification and facilitated the detection of differences in metabolites among the bitter
gourd from the three seasons. The supervised OPLS-DA (orthogonal partial least
squares-discriminant analysis) was used to explore the potential metabolites, which
contributed to the variation and correlation to separate samples into two groups. The Splot was selected to fast search potential metabolites when the variable importance in the
projection (VIP) values was over 3. About 20 biomarkers were selected to reflect the
influence of variable metabolites in the two seasons.
R.-Y. Yang
C.Y. Hung, Y.M. Chung, M.L. Cheng, and M.S. Shiao (Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan)
OUTPUT 4
Specialized genetic materials, molecular tools, and methods developed to
enhance the creation of new varieties
Activity 4.1 Develop mapping populations and identify quantitative trait loci
(QTLs) for resistance to biotic stresses
Tomato gene Ph-4t associated with resistance to late blight mapped
Three F3 families fixed for Ph-3 and segregating for late blight resistance when challenged
by a Phytophthora infestans isolate requiring both Ph-3 and Ph-4t were selected for mapping
Ph-4t. One F3 family (122 plants), which apparently segregated for Ph-4, was genotyped
with 157 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers. The markers were positioned on
the tomato-EXPEN 2000 map and covered all 12 chromosomes with an average distance
between the markers of 9.3 cM. We attempted to identify markers associated with Ph-4t
46
using bulked segregant analysis and a quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approach.
The allele frequency of none of the markers was significantly different between the
susceptible and resistant bulks, indicating that either 1) the resistance present in the F3
families relies on more than one gene and thus cannot be targeted by BSA, 2) the markers
do not cover the whole genome, and some parts of the genome remain without markers,
and 3) the resistance gene Ph-4t is not present in the F3 family.
A QTL analysis ruled out that Ph-4t is caused by multiple genes, as no significant QTL
could be identified. To ensure better coverage of the tomato genome with markers, 56
additional polymorphic markers were used in mapping, increasing the total marker
number to 213, and reducing the average interval size between the markers to 6.8 cM.
Great care was taken to cover the top of chromosome 2 with markers, the most probable
location of Ph-4t (Kai-yi Chen, National Taiwan University, personal communication).
Still, no QTL could be identified. Interestingly, only the genotype of the late blight
susceptible parent was found at the putative location of Ph-4t on top of chromosome 2
in the whole F3 population. From this result it was concluded that the population under
investigation did not contain the mapping target Ph-4t. A new segregating population
has been constructed and is currently being analyzed to map the Ph-4t resistance gene.
Mapping populations for begomovirus resistance mapping in mungbean and pepper
available
A cross was performed between the Mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistant line NM94 and
the susceptible line KPS2. Two hundred (200) F2 plants were produced from one F1 plant
and grown in a glasshouse. DNA was extracted separately from each F2 plant for
genotyping. At least 200 seeds of each of 200 F3 families were produced and forwarded
for resistance testing to collaborating partners for phenotyping. Genotyping of the
population with simple sequence repeat markers and genotyping by sequencing is
ongoing. Similarly, the crosses NM92 x KPS2, NM92 x DX208, NM94 x DX208,
VC3960-88 x KPS2, VC3960-88 x DX208 have been initiated.
Hybrids between putatively begomovirus-resistant pepper lines (PBC143, PBC144,
PBC145, PBC149, PBC456, PBC518, PBC838, PBC1571, and PBC 142) and the
susceptible parent 9955-15) were produced and advanced to the F3 generation. Two
hundred (200) F3 families per cross were produced and for each F3 family at least 200
seeds per family were harvested. The seed was forwarded to resistance testing and for
the production of recombinant inbred lines of selected cross combinations.
R. Nair, S. Kumar, R. Schafleitner, Y.-W. Wang
Begomovirus resistance loci identified and tagged with molecular markers in mungbean
Mapping mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistance was first tried in the cross NM92
(resistant) x TC1966 (susceptible). One major QTL responsible for about 60% of the
total variation found in the population was detected on chromosome 9, together with 3
minor QTLs on chromosomes 7, 8 and 9, which most probably modulate the effect of
the major QTL. The major resistance gene is linked with simple sequence repeat marker
DMB-158. Segregation analysis of resistance in field trials in Vietnam using a different
test population (NM94 x KPS-2) indicated that in this population a single major gene is
also responsible for begomovirus resistance.
Year in Review 2013
47
Theme GERMPLASM
H.-M. Chen
Activity 4.3 Conduct fine mapping of QTLs and develop markers for markerassisted selection (MAS)
Near isogenic lines developed for fine-mapping of qBwr6 gene
Marker-assisted selection for resistance genes against bacterial wilt derived from tomato
cultivar ‘Hawaii 7996’ is an important component of tomato breeding programs
targeted to tropical regions. Two major QTLs for bacterial wilt resistance have been
mapped previously: Bwr-12 on chromosome 12, and Bwr-6 on chromosome 6. The Bwr6 QTL interval is quite large, and the QTL effect varies between different environments.
To better define the genomic location of Bwr-6, near-isogenic lines (NILs) were
developed from recombinant inbred line NHG-41, which is derived from ‘Hawaii 7996’
and carries both Bwr-6 and Bwr-12, and the bacterial wilt susceptible line BL1413. These
NILs will allow dissecting the Bwr-6 QTL interval and fine-mapping resistance genes
that are effective in different environments. Ten markers located in the Bwr-6 QTL
interval were designed and subsequently used for marker-assisted selection for
recombinants in the Bwr-6 interval. Two markers flanking Bwr-12 and 24 background
markers, 2 per chromosome, were used for generating NILs by marker-assisted
selection.
From 1600 BC1F1 plants, 60 plants displaying 29 different Bwr-6 insertions with and
without the Bwr-12 QTL were selected and backcrossed. 1600 BC2F1 plants were
produced, and again plants containing 46 different fragments of Bwr-6 were identified
by marker-assisted selection. BC2F1 plants with identical Bwr-6 marker genotypes, as
well as plants without Bwr-6 but with the resistance allele at Bwr-12 were submitted to
background selection with 24 background markers to accelerate the restoration of the
BL1413 genotype in the subsequent generation. 1600 BC3F1 plants were generated and
marker-assisted selection is ongoing to identify plants exhibiting the widest variation of
Bwr-6 introgression sizes into the BL1413 background, with and without the Bwr-12
QTL. BC3F2 NILs will become available by April 2014.
J-Y. Yen, R. Schafleitner
Develop gene-based marker of Bwr12
The major QTL associated with resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I strains of
bacterial wilt (Bwr-12) is located on chromosome 12. The resistance QTL has been
mapped between in the interval of the simple sequence repeat markers SLM12-10 and
SLM12-2 (2.5 cM). The physical length of the interval is 520 Kb pairs and contains 67
genes according to the tomato genome reference sequence. The function of candidate
genes located in this interval in bacterial wilt resistance were evaluated by virus-induced
gene silencing, virus-mediated gene overexpression, and subsequent resistance testing of
the resulting lines using a phylotype I R. solanacearum strain. Genes with nucleotide
binding site and leucine-rich repeats (so-called NBS-LRR genes) were prioritized for
analysis, as such genes are known to represent pathogen-resistance genes. Among the 67
annotated genes located in the QTL region, 12 NBS-LRR genes were identified. Virusinduced gene silencing and virus-mediated gene overexpression assays revealed the
involvement of 12g520 and 12g550 in bacterial wilt resistance. The sequence diversity of
48
these genes was analyzed in tomato cultivars and single nucleotide polymorphisms were
identified that can be used as gene-based markers for bacterial wilt resistance. Additional
validation of these markers in different genetic backgrounds is required before they can
be applied for marker-assisted selection in breeding.
Cheng Chiu-Ping, National Taiwan University
Fine-map Bwr-12, a major QTL for bacterial wilt resistance in tomato
Bwr-12 is a major QTL associated with resistance to bacterial wilt in the tomato line
‘Hawaii 7996.’ It is known that Bwr-12 is located in the 2.5-cM interval flanking with two
simple sequence repeat markers, SLM12-10 and SLM12-2. The physical length of the
interval is 520 Kb according to the published genome sequence of ‘Heinz 1706.’ There
are 67 predicted genes located in this fragment. To fine-map Bwr-12, additional markers
were designed using the draft genome sequence of ‘Hawaii 7996’ provided by Chiu-Ping
Cheng at National Taiwan University. Several deletion sites between SLM12-10 and
SLM12-2 were identified on ‘Hawaii 7996’ when compared with ‘Heinz 1706.’ A total of
eight sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were designed, i.e. 2840,
2850, 2920, 2960, 2980, 3130, 3140, and 3170 (named based on their physical map
location). Two groups of near isogenic lines (NILs) derived from CLN3125A-23 and
CLN3125l were used for the study. They were developed from the cross between
CLN2585D (resistant) and G2-6-20 (susceptible). Polymorphism of the new markers
were confirmed on the resistant (‘Hawaii 7996’ and CLN2585D) and susceptible (‘Heinz
1706’ and G2-6-20) lines. A total of 34 and 25 NILs of CLN3125A-23 and CLN3125l
were selected based on their disease reactions against R. solanacearum strain Pss4.
Genotypes of the eight SCAR markers on the NILs were determined. Single marker
analysis was conducted to determinate the genotype and phenotype association.
Significant association was detected with Marker 2920, 2960, 2980, 3130, 3140, and 3170
with the strongest association with Marker 2960 (P = 0.01). Effectiveness of Marker
2960 in MAS will be determined. Based on this result, we will focus on the 60-Kb
(SL2.40ch12:2920000-2980000) interval for cloning Bwr-12. There are 12 predicted genes
present in this interval including five leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins, which are
analogs of known resistance genes.
F.-I. Ho, P. Hanson, J.-F. Wang
C.-P. Cheng (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)
Activity 4.4 Assemble and develop molecular marker sets for priority vegetable
crops
A set of suitable markers developed for bulked segregant analysis (BSA) in Cucurbita
moschata
Markers associated with virus resistance in Cucurbitaceae are in high demand by breeders.
Such markers would allow environment-independent selection for resistant genotypes in
breeding populations. A proof of concept for a method to obtain markers either located
in virus resistance genes or tightly linked to such genes was tried on Cucurbita moschata.
An F2 population derived from parents previously classified as resistant and susceptible
to Papaya ring spot virus (severe Taiwan strain) was produced to validate a bulked segregant
method combined with massive sequencing of cDNA Ends (MACE; Zawada et al., 2013)
Year in Review 2013
49
Theme GERMPLASM
to identify the location of a single major resistance gene against this disease. The
population was challenged with a virus isolate and resistance assessment showed that
both parents had intermediate phenotypes, and resistance was not segregating in the
population. Consequently, the population could not be used to validate the method. A
new population derived from parents with a recently verified virus resistance phenotype
has been established and will become available by May 2014.
Reference
Zawada, A. M., Rogacev, K. S., Müller, S., Rotter, B., Winter, P., Fliser, D., Heine, G. H. (2013). Massive Analysis
of cDNA Ends (MACE) and miRNA expression profiling identifies proatherogenic pathways in chronic kidney
disease MACE and miRNA profiling in CKD. Epigenetics, 9(1).
R. Schafleitner, W.-S. Tsai
A bioinformatics platform for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection and
genotyping for vegetable crops established
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are highly abundant and therefore useful
for mapping traits in populations independent of their genetic distance. Next generation
sequencing generates SNP information at relatively low cost. The challenge remains to
reliably detect SNPs between parents to develop cost-effective SNP genotyping tools.
As an alternative, SNP detection and genotyping can be combined in one working step
called genotyping by sequencing. Both methods require bioinformatics pipelines that are
able to process next generation sequencing data and translate it into SNP or genotype
information.
Two pipelines that combine open access software tools were established: One pipeline
uses SOAP2 (Li et al., 2009a) to map short sequencing reads to a reference sequence,
identifies SNPs with the SOAPSNP software (Li et al., 2009b), and annotates the SNPs
in SNPEFF (Cingolani et al., 2012) with regard to their location (position in the genome,
genic, intergenic, etc.). The SNP context sequence for SNP assay design is obtained using
Bed-tools (Quinlan et al., 2010). Small open source programs converting the output files
of one program into input files that can be read by the subsequent program complete
the pipeline.
The second pipeline is designed to produce SNP information for next generation reads
obtained in genotyping by sequencing or restriction enzyme associated DNA sequencing
experiments. This pipeline relies on the publically available STACKS software (Catchen
et al., 2011) and is designed to sort next generation reads from different genotypes, align
these reads, identify SNPs and channel this information into mapping programs.
References
Li R, Yu C, Li Y, Lam TW, Yiu SM, Kristiansen K, & Wang J (2009a). SOAP2: an improved ultrafast tool for short
read alignment. Bioinformatics, 25(15), 1966-1967.
Li R, Li Y, Fang X, Yang H, Wang J, Kristiansen K, & Wang J (2009b). SNP detection for massively parallel wholegenome resequencing. Genome research, 19(6), 1124-1132.
Cingolani P, Platts A, Coon M, Nguyen T, Wang L, Land SJ, Lu X, Ruden DM (2012). A program for annotating and
predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila
melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3. Fly, 6(2), 80-92.
Quinlan AR & Hall IM (2010). BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinformatics,
26(6), 841-842.
Catchen JM, Amores A, Hohenlohe P, Cresko W & Postlethwait JH (2011). Stacks: building and genotyping loci de
novo from short-read sequences. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 1(3), 171-182.
B. Krishnan, H.-Y. Tien, R. Schafleitner, S.-M. Huang
50
Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to rapidly obtain markers established
for vegetable crops: Method tested and applied on mungbean and tomato
Genomic DNA from 24 mungbean lines that are currently used as parental material in
the AVRDC mungbean breeding program was isolated and purified. The DNA was
digested with restriction enzyme Hind-III and the fragments were ligated to adapter
primers linked to barcodes. For each line a different barcode was used. Fragments ligated
to barcodes and adapter primers were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, pooled
and sequenced in one flow cell of an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. 198 million reads
with 90 base pairs each were obtained and channeled into the STACKS software. In total
almost 155 million reads contained both a restriction enzyme site and bar code, and had
appropriate sequence quality for downstream analysis. In the first analysis, two parental
lines (NM94 and KPS-1) were chosen for SNP identification. Choosing highly stringent
parameters, 1500 different DNA fragments with one SNP between the parental lines
were identified. This experiment showed that the applied method is able to yield at least
1500 SNPs for mungbean lines that are closely related to each other. Preliminary analysis
of lines that are less related, for example NM94 and TC1966, indicated that the applied
method results in 5000 SNPs. Through deeper sequencing, the number of SNPs obtained
could be increased.
A similar experiment has been performed on tomato. Nineteen lines used in the AVRDC
tomato breeding program were submitted to RAD sequencing. Instead of Hind-III, the
methylation-sensitive enzyme PstI was used to enrich RAD-tags derived from
transcribed regions of the genome. 180 million 90 bp reads are available to identify SNPs
between these genotypes.
R. Schafleitner, S.-M. Huang,
V. Penmetsa, University of California, Berkeley
OUTPUT 5
Genes affecting important horticultural traits isolated, validated, and
functionally analyzed using genomics and molecular technologies
Activity 5.1 Allele mining to identify variation conferring superior traits
At least 200 M2 families of a tomato mutant population screened for putative loss of
susceptibility to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in ten candidate genes through next
generation sequencing and TILLING
200 M2 families derived from gamma ray irradiation and ethyl methane sulfonate
mutagenesis of tomato cultivar ‘Hawaii 7998’ were received from the University of the
Philippines, Los Baños. These families were submitted to mutation screening in
candidate genes for recessive virus resistance using a combination of next generation
sequence analysis and TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes). DNA
from 100 M2 families, each family represented by 5 plants, was pooled and used to
Year in Review 2013
51
Theme GERMPLASM
amplify 14 candidate genes for recessive virus resistance. The pylmerase chain reaction
(PCR) product amounts were standardized, taking into account the size of the PCR
products to ensure that each PCR fragment was evenly represented in the pooled sample.
The fragments of the different candidate genes were pooled and submitted to sequencing
on an Illumina Hiseq 2000 system. The obtained sequencing reads were submitted to
quality
control
using
Trimmimatic
software
(http://www.usadellab.org
/cms/index.php?page=trimmomatic) and mapped to the reference gene sequences using
Bowtie (http://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net/ index.shtml). The mapping file was ordered
in samtools (http://samtools.sourceforge.net/) and low frequency variants were
detected by Lofreq as described in Wilm et al. (2012) allowing two mismatches per read
and using the start-end read alignment option. A Bonferroni correction of the putative
variants and additional plausibility filtering for ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS)-induced
mutations was introduced to avoid a large number of false positive mutations. Two
known mutations in candidate gene 1 (which are independent of EMS mutagenesis) were
used as a control for the sensitivity of mutation detection through sequencing.
The identified candidate mutants were verified by two methods; TILLING and high
resolution melting. TILLING was performed according to Till et al. (2006), and for high
resolution melting an in-house protocol was used to identify heterozygote mutations in
M2 pools.
From a total of 12 candidate mutations identified by next generation sequencing, three
could be corroborated by high resolution melting, while TILLING failed to identify these
mutations. None of the confirmed mutations on the nucleic acid level caused an amino
acid exchange on the protein level.
In conclusion, the experiment showed that the combination of next generation
sequencing, bioinformatics and high resolution melting can reliably detect mutations in
pooled samples and is more reliable than TILLING. To identify non-synonymous
mutations that cause an amino acid change, a larger number of mutants needs to be
screened.
R. Schafleitner, J.-Y. Yen
H. Galvez, A. Canama, D. Lantican, University of the Philippines, Los Baños
References
Wilm A, Aw PPK, Bertrand D, Yeo GHT, Ong SH, Wong, CH & Nagarajan N (2012). LoFreq: a sequence-quality
aware, ultra-sensitive variant caller for uncovering cell-population heterogeneity from high-throughput
sequencing datasets. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(22), 11189-11201.
Till BJ, Zerr T, Comai L, & Henikoff S (2006). A protocol for TILLING and Ecotilling in plants and animals. Nature
Protocols, 1(5), 2465-2477.
Activity 5.2 Characterize and validate candidate genes for heat and salt
tolerance
Output targets 2013
No output targets were defined for this activity in the Medium-Term Plan 2013-2015 for
the current year. Activities are listed only for 2014 and 2015.
Activity 5.3 Evaluate gene function and efficacy through genetic engineering
Evaluation of reaction of R2 generation to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
52
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a serious production constraint of tomato
worldwide. RNAi constructs combining the C2 gene of the two begomovirus strains
Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus (ToLCTWV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus
(TYLCTHV) have been produced and transformed into elite heat tolerant tomato line
CLN1621L. Thirty-eight confirmed transformants were advanced to R1 generation for
bi-TYLCD test. Only one line expressed symptom delay for both ToLCTWV (13 out of
96 plants) and TYLCTHV (12 out of 96 plants). These 25 plants were advanced to R2
generation and tested for bi-TYLCD reaction. Sixteen and twelve plants each showed no
symptom for TY11-TW(R1)-TW(R2) and TY11-TH(R1)-TH(R2) tests respectively. The
collection of R3 seed for these lines is ongoing.
At each generation the resistance levels were tested by exposing the lines (96 plants each)
to viruliferous white flies. The resistance to ToLCTWV observed in the R2 generation
amounted to 0-7% at 24 days after exposure, while resistance to TYLCTHV amounted
to 1-22% on day 16 after exposure in the R2 generation. The delay of symptom
appearance was about 7 days for ToLCTWV and 10 days for TYLCTHV. Real time
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis data showed that the viral DNA content
(transformed / CK) ranged from 1-41% and 0-32% for ToLCTWV and TYLCTHV,
respectively, 4 weeks after viral infection.
H.-M. Chen, R. Schafleitner
OUTPUT 6
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) strategy on germplasm, transgenics and
genes implemented
Activity 6.1 Utilize, develop or improve Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs)
for genebank germplasm, breeding lines and transgenic materials that support
AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center’s mission
All outgoing seed shipments comply with the Center’s Material Transfer Agreements
(MTAs)
The revised versions of the Material Transfer Agreement for genebank accessions (MTA1)
and for AVRDC-developed genetic material (MTA2) have been in use since 27 March
2009. In February 2010 commercialization clause 4 was removed from MTA2 to facilitate
delivery of breeding lines to seed companies. Another revision was made to both MTAs
in March 2011 to include a detailed description of AVRDC acknowledgement in seed
catalogs (printed or online), under Annex 2.
The interpretation of Article 5 of MTA1 and Article 6 of MTA2 concerning reporting
requirements caused some confusion among users of AVRDC germplasm and led to
several queries which were addressed by rewording the corresponding clauses in both
MTAs as follows: “The Recipient shall send AVRDC a copy of any non-confidential data, report
or publication which describes work carried out using the Material and AVRDC shall be entitled to
Year in Review 2013
53
Theme GERMPLASM
use such data, report and publication for research, breeding and training.” These revised versions
have been in effect since August 2012.
Since October 2010, the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) of the
International Treaty has been used for the distribution of all germplasm accessions
received under the SMTA or regenerated with support from the Global Crop Diversity
Fund. The SMTA can be downloaded from AVRDC’s website at
http://avrdc.org/?page_id=219.
In October 2012, a discussion was initiated by the Secretary of the International Treaty
on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) with AVRDC
concerning the designation of all AVRDC germplasm collections to the Multi-Lateral
System (MLS) and use of the SMTA for transfer of all genebank accessions. During the
April 2013 meeting of the AVRDC Board of Directors a decision was taken that AVRDC
should comply with the principles and regulations of the ITPGRFA. Based on this
decision, AVRDC implemented the use of the SMTA for the distribution of all of its
genebank accessions effective 1 August 2013. AVRDC is now in line with the procedure
in use by the CGIAR Centers (International Rice Research Institute [IRRI], International
Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), International Institute for Tropical
Agriculture [IITA], International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), International
Livestock Research Institute [ILRI], Bioversity International, International Potato
Institute [CIP]) and AIRCA Centers (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training
Center, CATIE) possessing active international genebanks in accordance with the
ITPGRFA. AVRDC-developed breeding lines continue to be distributed under
AVRDC’s MTA2.
A Seed Request Form has been developed to facilitate data gathering from the
germplasm requester, including information needed to properly fill in the MTA forms
and full details of the shipping address. This form can be downloaded from AVRDC’s
website at http://avrdc.org/?page_id=219.
In April 2009, fees for seed processing and shipping were introduced. Bank transfers in
foreign currency proved to be a major hurdle for many users, especially users from the
public sector. The introduction of an additional payment option via Paypal in 2011 eased
this problem and reduced the transaction costs for the seed requester considerably. While
bank transfer was still the predominant payment form in 2011 (61.3%), one quarter of
all payments made in 2012 were made through Paypal and the use of this payment mode
continued to be strong in 2013 (Table 6.1.1). There is a clear tendency of project funding
being used as a source of payment, as shown by the strong increase of payments made
through Maconomy, reaching almost 40% in 2013.
In June 2011, a discount of USD 15 for each genebank accession and breeding line
ordered was implemented for seed samples distributed to Asia and Pacific Seed
Association (APSA) core funding members of AVRDC.
We encountered some problems with payment of seed processing and shipping fees by
the public sector in India in 2013. Audit procedures in India require that the material
should first be delivered before a payment can be made—in contrast with AVRDC
procedures requiring payment before seed can be dispatched. To solve this problem,
54
public seed requesters in India need to first open a letter of credit (L/C) with a bank.
Banks issue letters of credit as a way to ensure sellers that they will get paid as long as
they do what they have agreed to do. Letters of credit are common in international trade
because the bank acts as an uninterested party between buyer and seller; importers and
exporters often use letters of credit to protect themselves. However, as payment has to
be made in US currency, this means a further hurdle for public sector requesters in India.
To solve this problem, AVRDC South Asia in Hyderabad is now bulking up AVRDC
breeding lines and genebank accessions in high demand in India for local distribution,
for which payments can be made in local currency.
Table 6.1.1. Payment options used for processing and shipping fees in 2011, 2012,
and 2013
2011
Mode of
payment
2012
2013
No. of
requests
Percentage
No. of
requests
Percentage
Bank
transfer
125
61.3
44
23.1
64
24.1
Paypal
21
10.3
48
25.1
50
18.8
15
7.4
21
11.0
27
10.1
16
7.8
6
3.1
9
3.4
18
8.8
12
6.3
14
5.2
9
4.4
60
31.4
102
38.4
204
100
191
100
266
100
Post Office Taiwan
Check/bank
draft
Cash
payment
Maconomy
Total
No. of
requests
Percentage
A.W. Ebert, J. Chang, M.-R. Yan
Incoming seed are accompanied by MTA, germplasm acquisition agreement (GAA), or
letter of donation
To comply with the rules and regulations of the Convention on Biological Diversity and
the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and to
guarantee AVRDC’s lawful extent of freedom to operate using the germplasm in our
numerous crop collections, it is imperative that any germplasm entering the Center’s
premises be accompanied by appropriate documents such as a material transfer
agreement (MTA), germplasm acquisition agreement (GAA) and/or letter of donation
(LOD), and a Phytosanitary Certificate (Directive 007/2011 – Germplasm Entry Points).
A new routing slip for incoming germplasm has been designed and adopted to ensure
that necessary documentation is received together with new germplasm, filed and
archived.
A sub-sample of each line/accession acquired by AVRDC staff is to be deposited into
the genebank at headquarters or the Regional Center for Africa to avoid multiple requests
of the same material from the same germplasm source.
A.W. Ebert, T.-H. Wu, L. Lin
Year in Review 2013
55
Theme GERMPLASM
OUTPUT 7
Capacity in germplasm conservation, evaluation, characterization, and gene
discovery developed
Activity 7.1 Train human resources in vegetable genetic resources conservation,
management, and evaluation using conventional and advanced techniques as
well as in other related topics
Training on germplasm conservation and management conducted
Training on use of molecular tools for biodiversity analysis and germplasm evaluation
conducted
The capacity building activities carried out by staff at headquarters for output targets
7.1.1 are detailed in Tables 7.1.1a and 7.1.1b.
Table 7.1.1a. Group training activities and workshops in 2013 with participation of or
organized by staff of the Genetic Resources and Seed Unit
No.
1
Workshop /
Training
Training of
Trainers
(TOT)
Course on
Vegetable
Cultivation
and
Consumption
Location
Lecturer/Mentor
Period
Topic / Aims
AVRDC East
and
Southeast
Asia
Research &
Training
Station
Kamphaeng
Saen, Nakhon
Pathom,
Thailand
Andreas W.
Ebert
20-21 May
2013
Introduction to the
conservation of plant genetic
resources (terminology; ex
situ and in situ
conservation); policy issues
concerning germplasm
handling and exchange; in
situ conservation of plant
genetic resources: nature
reserves, on-farm, home
gardens, community seed
banks; vegetable seed
regeneration and quality
preservation, including halfday practical exercises.
Participants:
Twelve trainers (7 male; 5 female) from Afghanistan and 3 participants (all male) from Bangladesh
Organized by:
AVRDC East and Southeast Asia Research & Training Station Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
2
Training of
Trainers
Workshop Vegetables
Go to School
AVRDC
Headquarters,
P.O. Box 42,
Shanhua,
Tainan 74199
Taiwan
Andreas W.
Ebert, Jessica
Chang, David
Wu, Sophie
Chou, Yungkuang Huang
22 August
2013
In situ and ex situ
conservation: nature
reserves, on-farm, home and
school gardens, community
seed banks; vegetable seed
preservation, including halfday practical exercises ex
situ genebanks.
Participants:
18 participants from Bhutan (3 male, 1 female); Nepal (4 male); Burkina Faso (2 male, 1 female);
Tanzania (1 male, 2 female); Indonesia (1 male, 1 female), Philippines (2 male)
Organized by:
AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan
continued next page
56
No.
3
Workshop /
Training
32nd
International
Vegetable
Training
Course;
Module 1 –
From Seed
to Harvest
Location
Lecturer/Mentor
Period
Topic / Aims
AVRDC
Research and
Training
Station at
Kasetsart
University
Campus,
Kamphaeng
Saen, Nakhon
Pathom,
Thailand
Andreas Ebert*
16
September
to 11
October
2013
Introduction to the
conservation of plant genetic
resources (terminology; ex
situ and in situ
conservation); policy issues
concerning germplasm
handling and exchange; in
situ conservation of plant
genetic resources: nature
reserves, on-farm, home
gardens, community seed
banks; vegetable seed
preservation, including halfday practical exercises.
*Gave 4 lectures
and held one
practical session
on 30
September and
1October 2013
Participants:
25 trainees from Bangladesh (3 male); Cambodia (2 male); Hong Kong (2 female); India (2);
Indonesia (9); Lao PDR (2 male, 1 female); Malaysia (2 female); Myanmar (3 male, 2 female);
Philippines (1 female); Singapore (2 male); Sri Lanka (2 male); Thailand (1 female); Vietnam (1
male).
Organized by:
AVRDC East and Southeast Asia Research & Training Station Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom,
Thailand
4
International
Master
Program of
Agriculture
(IMPA)
College of
Agriculture
and Natural
Resources,
National
Chung Hsing
University,
Taichung,
Taiwan
Andreas W.
Ebert
10/12/2013
Germplasm resources for
breeding sustainable highyielding crop cultivars
Participants:
10 MSc students from different countries (Taiwan, China, USA, Africa)
Organized by:
Prof. Dr. N.S. Talekar, National Chung Hsing University, International Master Program of
Agriculture (IMPA), Taichung, Taiwan
Year in Review 2013
57
Theme GERMPLASM
Table 7.1.1b. Training activities conducted for individual scholars in Theme
Germplasm related topics by Biotechnology / Molecular Breeding and Genetic
Resources and Seed Units and visiting scientists
No.
Name
Gender
(M or F)
Country
Institute
Period
Research Topic
Biotechnology / Molecular Breeding
58
1
Malini
Periasamy
F
India
Bharathidasan
University
15 July 2010
to 31 October
2013
2
Dang Thi
Van
F
Vietnam
21 December
2012 to 21
April 2013
3
Kai Wei
Lee
M
Malaysia
Fruit and
Vegetable
Research
Institute
University of
Malaysia
Determining the genetic
variability of legume pod
borer (Maruca vitrata)
based on host plant races
and variation in pheromone
binding proteins
Develop markers for
marker-assisted selection in
tomato breeding
18 February –
10 May 2013
Mapping late blight
resistance in tomato
4
Ming-Chen
Tsai
F
Taiwan
National
Chung Hsing
University
1 July to 30
August 2013
5
Chih-Hung
Chen
M
Taiwan
National Chiayi
University
1 July to 30
August 2013
Transformation of tomato
with RNAi constructs to
induce tomato yellow leaf
curl virus resistance
Mapping of heat stress
tolerance in tomato
6
Chiao-Wen
Chen
F
Taiwan
National Chiayi
University
1 July to 30
August 2013
Testing new microsatellite
markers for tomato
7
Yi-Zhen
Yang
F
Taiwan
National Chiayi
University
1 July to 30
August 2013
Genetic diversity analysis of
okra
8
Ya-Zhu
Yang
F
Taiwan
National Chiayi
University
1 July to 30
August 2013
9
Miho
Yoshida
F
Japan
Kagome Co.,
Ltd.
10
Tzu-Ying
Yeh
F
Taiwan
11
Ram Kumar
Nikhil
M
India
Fengshan
Tropical
Horticultural
Experiment
Branch
Tamil Nadu
Agricultural
University
1 July to 30
September
2013
1 September
to 30
November
2013
Towards a genetic map for
pepper: Genotyping a
pepper population with
microsatellite markers
Tomato heat stress
tolerance (field trial,
phenotyping, QTL mapping)
Molecular markers linked to
cytoplasmic male sterility in
pepper
12
Suma Mitra
F
Banglade
sh
Lal Teer Ltd.
13
Nguyen Thi
Lan Hoa
F
Vietnam
14
Nguyen
Duc Anh
M
Vietnam
Plant
Resources
Center, VAAS
Plant
Resources
Center, VAAS
1 September
2013 to 14
March 2014
22 Nov 2013
to 22
September
2014
8 Dec 2013 to
21 Jan 2014
8 Dec 2013 to
21 Jan 2014
Screening for begomovirus
and whitefly resistance in
pepper and tomato and
development of molecular
markers for resistance
Developing marker-assisted
selection tools for Lal
Teer’s breeding program
Screening for insect and
disease resistance in
vegetable breeding
Screening for insect and
disease resistance in
vegetable breeding
continued next page
No.
Name
Gender
(M or F)
Country
Institute
Period
Research Topic
Genetic Resources and Seed
1
Natenapit
Jitlam
F
Thailand
Chia Tai Co.,
Ltd.
7 Jan to 4 Feb
2013
2
Paongpetch
Phimchan
F
Thailand
Khon Kaen
University
1-30 March
2013
3
S.M.
Saminathen
M
India
Tamil Nadu
Agricultural
University
27 May to 5
July 2013
4
Ching-Yu
Shih
F
Taiwan
1 July to 31
August 2013
5
Ssu-Ying
Chen
F
Taiwan
National
Chung Hsing
University
National
Chung Hsing
University
6
Wei-Chia
Yang
F
Taiwan
National
Chung Hsing
University
1 July to 31
August 2013
7
Fanmei
Meng
F
China
1 July to 31
August 2013
8
Sin Ye
F
Taiwan
Chinese
Culture
University
National Chiayi
University
9
Eun Young
Yang
F
Korea
16
September to
25 October
2013
10
Ming-Tun
Hsueh
M
Taiwan
1 October to
31 December
2013
Screening for abiotic stress
tolerance of indigenous
vegetables - an introduction
11
Manuel C.
Palada
M
USA
National
Institute of
Horticultural
Herbal
Sciences, RDA
Taitung District
of Agricultural
Research
Extension
Station
Central
Philippine
University
All aspects of germplasm
and genebank
management, including
regeneration, seed
extraction and processing,
seed storage,
documentation, web
portals, genetic diversity
analysis
Germplasm and genebank
management and seed
technology issues in GRSU
Good management
practices for the operation
of a genebank, from
acquisition to regeneration,
characterization, seed
processing and storage,
and online documentation
Consumer assessment of
amaranth sprouts and
microgreens
mungbean sprouts and
initial studies on oat sprouts
and rice microgreens
soybean sprouts and initial
studies on microgreens
(flax, sesame, buckwheat,
purple rice)
mustard sprouts and
microgreens
radish sprouts and
microgreens
Development of breeding
techniques and selection of
virus-resistant germplasm
in pepper and tomato
1-30
November
2013
12
Choi, Yu Mi
Y
Korea
National
Agrobiodiversit
y Center, RDA
28 October to
1 November
2013
13
Roh,
Nayoung
F
Korea
National
Agrobiodiversit
y Center, RDA
28 October to
1 November
2013
Writing book chapters and
editing a book on “The
Complete Moringa – From
Seedling to Fruit to Global
Market” in cooperation with
Andreas Ebert
In the context of the project
entitled: “Development of
Breeding Techniques and
Selection of Virus Resistant
Germplasm in Pepper and
Tomato”
In the context of the project
entitled: “Development of
Breeding Techniques and
Selection of Virus Resistant
Germplasm in Pepper and
Tomato”
1 July to 31
August 2013
1 July to 31
August 2013
A. W. Ebert, R. Schafleitner
Year in Review 2013
59
Theme GERMPLASM
Training on use of molecular tools for biodiversity analysis and germplasm evaluation
conducted
A three-day symposium to promote the use of molecular breeding in the Asia Pacific
region co-organized by AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center and the Asia Pacific
Association of Agricultural Research Institutes (APAARI) was held at AVRDC
headquarters from 1-3 October 2013. The event brought together more than 60 scientists
involved with germplasm conservation and breeding from 11 Asia-Pacific countries:
India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand,
Vietnam and Taiwan. The symposium program was divided into three parts: The first
part provided a technical update on marker-assisted selection in breeding and on
genotyping innovations; the second part reported on the status and the progress of
molecular breeding in the countries represented at the symposium; and the final part
comprised a networking session designed to build bridges between the research
institutions in the region to enhance collaboration in marker-assisted selection for
improvement of priority crops.
R. Schafleitner
Various vegetable accessions/lines, production technologies and vegetable nutritional
information displayed in the Demonstration Garden for information dissemination to at
least 300 visitors
A total of 372 accessions of 201 species and 58 families were planted in the
Demonstration Garden, including 50 AVRDC improved lines. Various production
technologies are in use in the garden, including drip irrigation, grafting, crop rotation,
rain shelters, nethouses, integrated pest management, farmscaping, mulching, staking,
yellow sticky traps, pheromone traps, etc. Nutritional information was listed on sign
boards in front of each vegetable accession/line. In 2013, a total of 1000 visitors from
51 countries visited the Demonstration Garden. Most visitors came from Taiwan,
followed by Korea and China.
W.-Y. Chen, G.C. Luther
Exhibit AVRDC’s germplasm and technologies in Taiwan’s annual Seed and Seedling
Festival and other events
AVRDC participated in the Mango Festival at Tsou-Ma-Lai Farm, Tainan on 29 June 7 July 2013 and the 17th Seeds and Seedling Festival at Tainan District Agricultural
Research and Extension Station on 29-30 November. A camera crew from the television
program “Follow Me”, Public Television Service, Taiwan came to AVRDC headquarters
to interview staff and shoot film footage; the program was broadcast on 13 August. The
Center’s germplasm and technologies were exhibited and demonstrated during these
events.
W.-Y. Chen, G.C. Luther
60
Genetic enhancement and varietal development of vegetables
Theme BREEDING: Genetic enhancement and varietal
development of vegetables
Peter Hanson (Global Theme Leader), Narinder Dhillon (Deputy Theme Leader)
Goal
Varieties with potential to expand opportunities in tropical vegetable production
Purpose
Farmers obtain varieties and lines of major vegetables that produce high yields of
nutritious and marketable food with less health risks and environmental damage
OUTPUT 1
Varieties and lines of vegetables with improved disease resistance and stress
tolerance, quality and nutritional traits developed
Activity 1.1 Develop heat tolerance, disease resistance and stress tolerance,
quality and nutritional traits
10-15 F7 fresh market/dual purpose lines with multiple begomovirus resistance genes,
bacterial wilt, early blight and good horticultural traits evaluated in replicated yield trial
and seed multiplied for international distribution
AVRDC Tomato Breeding develops new lines targeted to two major agro-ecosystems:
(1) the lowland tropics (<250 masl) or (2) mid-altitude or highland areas (>250 masl).
Cultivar traits required for lowland versus mid-altitude production differ. For the
lowlands, heat tolerant cultivars with resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl diseases
(TYLCD) caused by begomoviruses and vectored by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), and to
bacterial wilt caused by the soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum are critical. For the
highlands, heat tolerance is less critical but resistance to late blight, TYLCD, and bacterial
wilt are important. All tomato cultivars should produce high yields of high quality fruit.
AVRDC tomato breeding secures TYLCD and late blight resistances through the
pyramiding of multiple resistance genes into inbred lines using a combination of
phenotypic and marker selection. AVRDC Tomato Breeding works with TYLCD
resistance genes designated as Ty-1/Ty-3, Ty-2, ty-5, and late blight resistance genes Ph-2
and Ph-3. The objective of the 2012 Fall Preliminary Yield Trial (PYT) was to assess lines
for horticultural traits, marketable fruit yield and selected yield components, fruit quality
traits, and contents of major tomato nutrients.
The 2012 Fall PYT was conducted at AVRDC Taiwan from October 2012-March 2013.
Entries with the prefix CLN3241 (Table 1.1.1a) possessed various combinations of
TYLCD and late blight resistance genes and the CLN3212-coded entries were selected
for TYLCD (ty-5) and bacterial wilt resistance. PYT checks were AVRDC lines
CLN2498D, Tanya, and CLN3078C. Entries were sown and transplanted 24 September
2012 and 28 October, respectively. Plot size was a 1.5 m-wide bed with two 4.0-m-long
rows per bed (24 plants). Plants were staked and pruned. Entries were replicated twice
and plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were harvested
three times (5 February, 19 February, 3 March and 18 March). Fruit samples were taken
to the AVRDC Nutrition lab for analysis of solids, color, pH and acid. Average daily
maximum and minimum temperatures from transplanting to final harvest were 26.9 °C
Year in Review 2013
61
Theme BREEDING
and 15.4 °C, respectively. Total rainfall and average relative humidity during the trial were
125 mm and 78.0%, respectively. Average daily solar intensity was 4249 watt-hours per
m2.
October-March (“Fall season”) is the most favorable period for field-grown tomato
production in Taiwan in terms of temperature, rainfall, and disease pressure. Late blight
infection did not occur in the trial and TYLCD infection occurred but disease pressure
was much less than in the spring season (March-June). Early blight infection (caused by
Alternaria solani) led to significant defoliation in some entries toward the end of the trial.
Marketable yields were high with an average of 90 t/ha and nine entries exceeded 100
t/ha (Table 1.1.1a). Marketable yields of CLN3241H-27 and CLN3241U were
significantly higher than check lines CLN2498D and Tanya but not CLN3078C. Early
infection by TYLCD-susceptible check ‘Tanya’ accounted for its low marketable yield.
Differences between total yield and marketable yields were low, due in part to low rainfall
with low fruit cracking. Fruit qualities and nutrient contents of entries fell in the normal
range and were not particularly high or low. Based on multiple disease resistance, yield
and fruit traits, entries CLN3241H-27, CLN3241R, CLN3241Q, CLN3241R, and
CLN3212C were selected for international distribution and publication in the AVRDC
online seed catalog.
P. Hanson, S.-F. Lu, Y.-C. Hsu
62
Table 1.1.1a. Selected AVRDC tomato lines and checks assessed for disease resistances, yield and fruit traits, AVRDC, October 2012March 2013
Distribution code
AVTO1310
AVTO1311
Not Distributed
Not Distributed
AVTO1312
Not Distributed
AVTO1313
Not Distributed
Not Distributed
Not Distributed
AVTO1315
AVTO1219
Not Distributed
AVTO1238
AVTO1314
AVTO09708
AVTO0301
AVTO1008
-
Internal code
CLN3241S
CLN3241R
CLN3241T
CLN3241U
CLN3241P
CLN3241V
CLN3241W
CLN3241X
CLN3241Y
CLN3241Z
CLN3241Q
CLN3241H-27
CLN3212D
CLN3212A-29
CLN3212C
Tanya
CLN2498D
CLN3078C
Mean
LSD (P=0.05)
CV
TYLCD resistance
genes1
Ty-1
Ty-2
ty-5
/Ty-3
++
--++
--++
--++
--++
++
-++
++
-++
--++
+-++
++
-++
++
-++
++
-++
++
S
--++
--++
--++
------++
++
-–
–
–
–
–
–
NA
NA
NA
LB resistance
genes1
Gray leaf
spot
Ph-2
Ph-3
Sm*
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
------–
–
NA
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
------–
–
NA
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
-++
++
NT
--–
–
NA
Bacterial
wilt
%
survival2
Fusarium
wilt
Mean
Fruit No.
Reaction3
per plant
R
R
R
R
MR
S
R
H
S
S
R
R
S
S
S
R
S
S
–
–
NA
28
31
26
27
39
45
36
49
30
45
46
43
40
39
29
40
41
35
38
10
13
Marketable
Yield
Total
Yield
--------t/ha-------112
105
96
117
106
66
47
104
105
104
105
118
92
93
86
47
92
98
90
22
11.7
116
110
98
120
111
68
47
106
110
112
107
121
99
102
95
65
101
101
95
23
11.4
Entry means within columns followed by the same letter not significantly different by Waller-Duncan (k-ratio =100).
1
Presence of specific resistance genes was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers. ++=homozygous for resistance allele, -- =homozygous for susceptible allele,
+- =heterozygous. The Sm gene conditions resistance to the gray leaf spot pathogen (Stemphylium sp.).
2
Values are percent healthy plants after drench inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt pathogen) in the greenhouse. Data were transformed prior to analysis of variance
and mean separation. Non-transformed means are shown.
3
FW=resistance to race 2 of the fusarium wilt pathogen determined by seedling screening. R=resistant, MR=moderately resistant, and S=susceptible.
ND=not distributed.
Table 1.1.1a (con’t). Selected AVRDC tomato lines and checks assessed for fruit quality and nutritional traits, October 2012-March 2013
Mean Fruit
weight
g
Fruit
shape4
Solids
CLN3241S
131
R
4.2
AVTO1311
CLN3241R
133
R
ND
CLN3241T
124
ND
CLN3241U
AVTO1312
Distribution code
Internal code
AVTO1310
Color5
pH
Acid
Vitamin C
1.78
4.20
0.43
11.7
0.26
5.93
4.3
1.77
4.24
0.44
10.4
0.31
5.53
BL
4.5
1.90
4.22
0.46
11.7
0.20
6.38
138
BL-R
4.5
1.82
4.31
0.42
12.8
0.31
5.83
CLN3241P
76
HRT
4.0
1.89
4.26
0.41
19.4
0.29
5.60
ND
CLN3241V
85
BL
3.8
1.92
4.29
0.36
14.8
0.22
5.21
AVTO1313
CLN3241W
126
BL-PL
4.7
1.79
4.29
0.41
13.1
0.26
5.32
ND
CLN3241X
66
HRT
4.2
1.84
4.35
0.33
17.4
0.31
5.37
ND
CLN3241Y
110
BL-FL
3.6
1.70
4.09
0.52
12.5
0.22
3.90
ND
CLN3241Z
88
BL-PL
3.3
1.65
4.18
0.38
11.6
0.18
3.97
AVTO1315
CLN3241Q
75
HRT
3.8
1.88
4.30
0.35
16.3
0.26
5.07
AVTO1219
CLN3241H-27
76
BL
3.8
1.84
4.39
0.32
16.0
0.23
5.53
ND
CLN3212D
89
BL-FL
4.4
1.83
4.12
0.43
23.6
0.29
7.21
AVTO1238
CLN3212A-29
89
BL
4.0
2.03
4.11
0.40
16.6
0.25
4.76
AVTO1314
CLN3212C
94
BL
4.2
2.00
4.11
0.44
18.0
0.30
6.50
°brix
a/b
Beta-carotene
Lycopene
------------mg/ 100 g FW-------------
AVTO09708
Tanya
69
PL
3.8
2.05
4.49
0.30
12.6
0.48
5.60
AVTO0301
CLN2498D
70
PL
3.7
2.14
4.33
0.35
16.8
0.41
7.34
AVTO1008
CLN3078C
82
OB
4.2
2.08
4.40
0.37
27.4
0.40
5.06
Mean
94
4.2
1.87
4.24
0.42
15.8
0.28
5.5
LSD (P=0.05)
15
0.6
0.17
0.11
0.07
4.8
0.16
2.50
CV (%)
7.8
7.2
4.5
1.21
7.59
14.7
27.7
22.2
4
R=round; BL=blocky; OB=oblong; PL=plum; HRT=heart; FL=flat.
Values for a and b were measured with a chromometer using a red standard surface. Immature green tomatoes have an a/b ratio less than 0.
The a/b ratio increases to zero and above as the fruits ripen toward a dark red. Values > 2.0 have superior color.
5
AVRDC Tomato Breeding applies a combination of conventional field screening, greenhouse disease
screening and evaluation as well as marker-assisted selection to identify lines possessing high yield
potential, multiple disease resistance, high fruit quality and nutrient content. For tomato lines targeted
to the lowlands, heat tolerance and resistances to tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) and
bacterial wilt are considered key traits for selection while for the mid-altitude and highland areas, late
blight resistance in addition to TYLCD and bacterial wilt are essential. High marketable yields are
important for lowland and highland production areas. The objective of this preliminary yield trial
(PYT) was to identify advanced lines for lowland or mid-altitude/highland regions that combine
critical targeted traits and suitable for seed multiplication and international distribution.
The 2013 Spring PYT was conducted at AVRDC Taiwan from February-June 2013. Entries (Table
1.1.1b) included five checks, AVRDC lines CLN2498D and CLN3078C, commercial hybrid ‘Savior
F1,’ ‘BARI Hybrid-4’ (a popular summer tomato hybrid in Bangladesh), TYLCD-susceptible line
‘Tanya’ and 21 F7 lines. Entries were sown 28 January 2013 and transplanted 26 February. Plots
consisted of one, 1.5 m-wide bed with two 5.0-m-long rows per bed (24 plants). Plants were staked
and pruned. Entries were replicated twice and plots were arranged in a randomized complete block
design. Plots were harvested four times (21 May, 29 May, 13 June, and 25 June). Fruit samples were
taken to the AVRDC Nutrition Lab for analysis of solids, color, pH and acid. Average daily maximum
and minimum temperatures from transplanting to final harvest were 31.4 °C and 20.5 °C, respectively.
Total rainfall and average relative humidity during the trial were 602 mm and 76.5%, respectively.
Average daily solar intensity was 5036 watt-hours per m2.
March-June is the peak period for TYLCD in Taiwan and severe disease symptoms developed on
susceptible check ‘Tanya’ and ‘BARI Hybrid-4’ (Table 1.1.1b) resulting in severe plant stunting and
high yield losses. Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus (ToLCTWV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus
(TYLCTHV) infect tomato plants in AVRDC fields. A total of 210 mm of rainfall from 16-21 May
occurred during late stages of fruit ripening and induced high fruit cracking among some lines. ‘Savior
F1’ (Syngenta hybrid), and CLN3519A produced marketable fruit yields. CLN3519A is homozygous
for the long shelf life gene ripening inhibitor (rin) and presence of this gene accounts for its low lycopene
and beta-carotene content; rin lines, when crossed to normal tomato lines, often result in red-fruited,
long shelf life hybrids that have been commercially popular in North America and Europe.
CLN3519A, with TYLCD and bacterial wilt resistance and excellent resistance to cracking, may be
useful in developing tropically-adapted long shelf life hybrids. The six CLN3447-coded entries carried
different combinations of Ty3a, Ty2 and ty5 and all showed high levels of TYLCD resistance but low
bacterial wilt resistance; however, severe fruit cracking occurred among some of these lines leading to
high unmarketable yields. CLN3447C was judged to be the best line in this group. The four CLN3241coded lines possess late blight, TYLCD, and bacterial wilt resistance and CLN3241H-27, CLN3241Q,
and CLN3241R are available in the AVRDC online seed catalog. CLN3284I, a TYLCD-resistant, high
beta-carotene cherry line has been increased for promotion in Bangladesh home gardens.
P. Hanson, S.-F. Lu, H.-C. Hsu
Year in Review 2013
65
Table 1.1.1b. AVRDC F7 tomato lines and checks evaluated for yield and fruit traits, AVRDC, February-June 2013
Distribution
code
AVTO09708
AVTO0301
AVTO1008
AVTO1261
AVTO1324
AVTO1283
AVTO1284
AVTO1303
AVTO1304
AVTO1286
AVTO1305
AVTO1319
AVTO1306
AVTO1307
AVTO1325
AVTO1288
AVTO1289
AVTO1309
AVTO1219
AVTO1311
AVTO1312
AVTO1315
AVTO1314
AVTO1318
1
Internal code
Tanya
SaviorF1
CLN2498D
CLN3078C
BARI Hybrid-4
CLN3447B
CLN3447H
CLN3447C
CLN3447D
CLN3447G
CLN3447F
CLN3449A
CLN3451C
CLN3451F
CLN3451D
CLN3519A
CLN3536A
CLN3552B
CLN3552C
CLN3534A
CLN3241H-27
CLN3241R
CLN3241P
CLN3241Q
CLN3212C
CLN3284I
Mean
LSD (P=0.05)
CV(%)
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease
resistance1
Severity
Ty-1/Ty-3
Ty-2
ty-5
score2
---5.3
Ty1/--1.7
-++
-3.3
++
-1.0
Ty3/Ty3
---5.3
-++
++
1.1
-++
++
1.1
-++
++
1.2
++
-1.0
Ty3a/Ty3a
-++
++
1.4
++
-1.0
Ty3a/Ty3a
--1.0
Ty3/Ty3
--1.0
Ty3a/Ty3a
--1.0
Ty3a/Ty3a
--1.0
Ty3a/Ty3a
++
-1.0
Ty3/Ty3
NT
-1.0
Ty3/Ty3
--1.2
Ty3/Ty3
--1.1
Ty3/Ty3
++
-1.2
Ty1/Ty1
++
-1.0
Ty3/Ty3
--1.0
Ty3/Ty3
++
-1.0
Ty3/Ty3
++
-1.1
Ty3/Ty3
--++
1.3
??
??
-2.1
0.5
Bacterial wilt3
Bwr-12
-+++
-++
----++
++
-++
++
++
++
++
--++
++
++
++
++
++
++
%
survival3
3 ef
63 a-c
85 a
58 a-c
8 ef
8 ef
0f
3 ef
20 de
60 a-c
85 a
33 b-d
58 a-c
73 ab
88 a
93 a
90 a
59 a-c
50 a-c
85 a
75 a
ND
ND
67 a-c
57 a-c
35 b-d
53
Late blight
resistance3
PhPh-2
3
----------------------------------------++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
-----
Fusarium
wilt3
GLS3
Fruit
set
Fruit
wt.
I2
Sm
%
g
++
++
-------------++
--++
++
++
++
-++
-++
-----++
++
++
--++
------++
++
-++
++
++
++
++
--
27
42
44
40
49
46
42
45
44
52
54
38
46
41
42
46
30
53
52
53
41
20
51
33
41
67
43
14
15.5
45
76
51
69
36
72
77
74
58
71
70
104
72
85
81
83
129
73
73
80
72
124
70
69
89
22
74
8
5.5
Fruit
no.
per
plant
6
23
21
15
26
23
26
25
22
22
34
19
24
21
23
27
13
18
21
21
26
10
23
20
19
61
22
6
13.6
Marketable
Yield
Total
Yield
t/ha
t/ha
4.4
40.7
9.6
19.7
4.9
35.6
35.4
39.1
31.1
24.0
27.9
30.7
24.7
25.3
32.3
44.5
37.4
26.4
28.7
30.7
30.5
17.2
31.4
26.1
32.7
36.4
27.2
10.0
17.9
7.5
58.7
28.3
39.1
17.5
53.4
56.4
59.2
50.5
51.4
55.4
47.5
40.3
49.2
49.4
53.9
54.4
37.4
42.9
48.8
49.9
35.4
50.6
50.5
52.3
52.6
45.0
10.8
11.7
++=homozygous for resistance allele, -- =homozygous for susceptible allele, and +- =heterozygous as determined by PCR. Ty3a is allelic to Ty3.
TYLCD severity scores: 1=no symptoms to 6=severe foliar curling, yellowing and stunting.
3
Values are percent healthy plants after drench inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt pathogen) in the greenhouse. Data were transformed prior to analysis of variance and mean
separation. Non-transformed means are shown.
4
Bwr-12 is a major QTL conditioning bacterial wilt resistance; Ph-2 and Ph-3 genes condition late blight resistance; I2 = resistance to race 2 of the fusarium wilt pathogen; Sm is a resistance gene that
conditions gray leaf spot resistance.
2
Table 1.1.1b (con’t). AVRDC F7 tomato lines and checks evaluated for yield and fruit traits, AVRDC, February-June 2013
Distribution
code
Internal
code
Fruit
shape5
AVTO09708
AVTO0301
AVTO1008
AVTO1261
AVTO1324
AVTO1283
AVTO1284
AVTO1303
AVTO1304
AVTO1286
AVTO1305
AVTO1319
AVTO1306
AVTO1307
AVTO1325
AVTO1288
AVTO1289
AVTO1309
AVTO1219
AVTO1311
AVTO1312
AVTO1315
AVTO1314
AVTO1318
Tanya
SaviorF1
CLN2498D
CLN3078C
BARI HYB-4
CLN3447B
CLN3447H
CLN3447C
CLN3447D
CLN3447G
CLN3447F
CLN3449A
CLN3451C
CLN3451F
CLN3451D
CLN3519A
CLN3536A
CLN3552B
CLN3552C
CLN3534A
CLN3241H-27
CLN3241R
CLN3241P
CLN3241Q
CLN3212C
CLN3284I
Mean
LSD (P=0.05)
CV(%)
Plum
REC
Plum
OBL
Round
REC
REC
SQ-R
Plum
Plum
REC
REC
REC
OBL
DGL
REC
REC
OBL
OBL
DGL
Blocky
BL-Plum
Blocky
BL-Plum
Round
Plum
-
5
Days to
Maturity
71
71
70
71
66
72
72
70
60
70
70
72
69
72
70
76
72
71
70
70
70
72
71
71
75
66
70
5
3.5
Solids
Color6
pH
Acid
Vitamin C
°brix
4.05
4.25
3.40
4.65
3.90
4.00
4.20
4.15
4.75
3.80
4.25
3.70
4.40
3.85
4.30
3.80
4.10
4.15
3.85
4.00
3.85
4.20
4.15
4.15
4.55
4.75
4.14
0.78
1.43
a/b
1.70
1.81
1.04
1.74
1.40
1.62
1.65
1.61
1.71
1.59
1.47
1.56
1.70
1.93
1.94
-0.38
1.81
2.05
1.80
1.79
1.44
1.50
1.59
1.42
1.74
0.21
1.51
0.30
9.71
4.36
4.15
4.11
4.26
4.01
4.16
4.20
4.19
4.17
4.04
3.93
4.27
4.13
4.16
4.19
4.29
4.34
4.44
4.50
4.31
4.26
4.23
4.29
4.19
4.08
4.14
4.20
0.12
1.44
0.39
0.53
0.42
0.50
0.55
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.54
0.47
0.53
0.49
0.48
0.51
0.50
0.46
0.37
0.35
0.31
0.41
0.37
0.40
0.38
0.38
0.44
0.48
0.45
0.06
6.97
---------------mg/100 g FW--------------14.0
0.25
22.8
0.23
18.0
0.30
26.8
0.27
18.7
0.36
15.9
0.21
15.6
0.20
16.7
0.22
19.3
0.20
16.8
0.25
17.5
0.26
18.8
0.17
17.6
0.17
15.6
0.14
17.6
0.19
13.7
0.06
15.6
0.30
20.8
0.36
21.5
0.43
24.6
0.42
19.0
0.28
12.2
0.28
16.5
0.27
18.8
0.33
21.8
0.26
23.2
0.85
18.3
0.27
4.3
0.12
11.5
20.5
SQ-R=square-round; OB-R=oblong-round; REC=rectangular; DGL=deep globe; BL=blocky; OBL=oblong.
Values for a and b were measured with a chromometer using a red standard surface. Immature green tomatoes have an a/b ratio less than 0.
The a/b ratio increases to zero and above as the fruits ripen toward a dark red. Values > 2.0 have superior color.
6
Beta-carotene
Lycopene
4.51
6.47
2.45
4.43
3.60
4.38
3.38
4.02
4.69
4.10
3.52
3.05
4.67
4.54
5.20
0.03
4.93
4.17
4.83
2.80
3.81
3.67
3.26
3.81
4.78
0.23
3.83
1.80
22.9
Theme BREEDING
Tomato yellow leaf curl diseases (TYLCD) are caused by begomoviruses and can devastate tomato
crops in Taiwan, especially during dry and warm periods. TYLCD is transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia
tabaci) which is very difficult to control with pesticides alone. Cultivars possessing resistance to both
TYLCD and whitefly virus offer the best chances of durable resistance. Cornell University provided
AVRDC with seed of breeding lines possessing whitefly resistance conferred by acyl sugars produced
by type IV trichomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate acyl sugar expression of the Cornell
lines in comparison to selected AVRDC checks in Taiwan. Fourteen entries (Table 1.1.1c) were sown
9 August 2013 and transplanted to an AVRDC field on 3 September. Entries were replicated twice
and arranged according to a randomized complete block design. Quantification of acyl sugar levels in
leaf tissue was carried out at 7, 10 and 13 weeks after sowing according to a Cornell Universitydesigned protocol. Acyl sugar content of the Cornell lines (1111-prefix) was higher at weeks 10 and
13 versus week 7, indicating that acyl sugar expression increased with plant age. Average acyl sugar
content of the six Cornell lines was about 6-8 times greater than the AVRDC checks. However,
Cornell acyl sugar line 111170-33 produced significantly less acyl sugar content than the other Cornell
lines and was similar to the checks. Acyl sugar content of the four crosses (ending with F1) were not
significantly lower than the checks, suggesting recessive gene action for genes conditioning high acyl
sugar.
Table 1.1.1c. Acylsugar contents of acyl sugar lines and checks, AVRDC Taiwan, Fall 2013
Entry
Acylsugar level umol/gm dry leaf tissue
CLN1621L (check)
FLA456-4 (check)
0.38 d
0.52 b
0.61 c
111166-22
2.41 bc
4.38 a
3.73 b
111166-30
3.83 a
5.73 a
5.28 ab
111169-45
2.39 bc
4.73 a
6.49 a
111169-46
3.02 ab
5.49 a
4.08 b
111170-23
1.86 c
5.01 a
6.93 a
111170-33
0.59 d
1.04 b
0.98 c
CLN3212F1-21-31-11-27-3-11-29-0
0.34 d
0.54 b
0.60 c
CLN3212A-25
0.32 d
0.59 b
0.66 c
CLN3839F1
0.67 d
0.77 b
0.76 c
CLN3840F1
0.49 d
1.04 b
0.72 c
CLN3843F1
0.50 d
0.84 b
0.79 c
CLN3845F1
0.33 d
0.87 b
1.00 c
Mean
1.25
2.29
2.37
F value
13.95
19.67
12.26
P value
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.95
1.45
2.03
LSD (P<0.05)
68
10th week
0.49 b
13th week
0.58 c
7th week
0.41 d
Activity 1.2 Develop and distribute disease-resistant chili cultivars (targeting anthracnose,
Phytophthora, bacterial wilt, Cucumber mosaic virus, Chili veinal mottle virus, and/or
begomoviruses)
10-20 AVRDC improved pepper lines/germplasm accessions systematically screened for
begomovirus resistance in Taiwan and other locations
Seed of more than 30 improved and germplasm accessions was increased and sent to different partners
in India, Thailand and Vietnam against local strains/species of begomovirus.
H.-C. Shieh, S.W. Lin, S. Kumar
Sources of anthracnose resistance assessed by field and microinjection and spray inoculation
techniques and new crosses created using resistant lines
Forty-three (43) putative anthracnose resistant lines and a susceptible line (AVPP9905, 9955-15) were
screened and evaluated in the field during 2012 at AVRDC Taiwan. Three Capsicum annuum 02044513-2-2 (8603), PBC550-a (8610), and 0030-772-9-1(8602), three C. baccatum (TC06498, PBC81, and
PBC1791) and four C. chinense (PBC1776, 0030-770-18-6, PBC251, and PBC1755) lines/accessions
were found to be resistant (less than 10% infected fruits) at green and red fruit stages with natural
infection in the field. In 2013, through artificial inoculation (spray and microinjection methods), C.
annuum lines 8602 and 8603 were found to be moderately resistant. Resistant lines 8602, 8603, 8610
and 906 were each crossed to susceptible parent AVPP9905. For each cross the F2 and backcrosses
to each parent were produced to create four sets of six generation populations (Table 1.2.2). These
sets will be screened for anthracnose resistance in 2014 and the results will be used to understand the
genetics of resistance and for breeding.
Year in Review 2013
69
Theme BREEDING
Table 1.2.2. Number of plants successfully raised from six generation populations
derived from four anthracnose resistant and one susceptible parent, AVRDC Taiwan (2013)
Generation
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
F1
F2
BC1P1
BC1P2
F1
F2
BC1P1
BC1P2
F1
F2
BC1P1
BC1P2
F1
F2
BC1P1
BC1P2
No. of plants
30
30
30
30
30
10
90
30
30
10
90
30
30
10
90
30
30
10
90
30
30
Pedigree
Resistance level as determined by field & microinjection
8602
8603
8610
906
8604 (AVPP9905)
8604/8602
8604/8602
8604/8602//8604
8604/8602//8602
8604/8603
8604/8603
8604/8603//8604
8604/8603//8603
8604/906
8604/906
8604/906//8604
8604/906//906
8610/906
8610/906
8610/906//8610
8610/906//906
R & MR
R & MR
R&S
R & MR
S&S
R=resistant, S=susceptible; MR=moderately resistant
M.-C. Cho, S.-W. Lin, H.-C. Shieh, S.-Y. Kim, S. Kumar
P. Surow, S. Techawongstien (Khon Kaen University, Thailand)
S.-Y. Kim (Kyungpook National University, Degue, Korea)
Seed of 7-12 new multiple disease resistant lines distributed to collaborators and 5-10 promising
pepper lines increased for international distribution
Seed of the International Chili Pepper Nursery #22 (ICPN22) set (10 lines) were multiplied and more
than 500 seed samples of 75 old and newly developed improved lines were made available. The
ICPN22 trial was conducted during spring (transplanted 1 March 2013) at AVRDC Taiwan. Entries
consisted of 10 inbred lines including three long-term checks representing small (ICPN21-01),
medium (ICPN21-04) and large (ICPN21-07) fruited genotypes and two additional hybrid checks
(ICPN21-11 and ICPN-12) (Table 1.2.3a). Entries in all trials were arranged according to a randomized
complete block design with 3 replications and 24 plants in each plot. Yield was based on 4 harvests
from the 20 inner plants of each plot. Disease screenings were conducted in separate greenhouse trials
during May-July and nutrient analyses were conducted using fruits harvested from field-grown crops.
Yield and yield-related components were compared. The results on yield loss due to natural
anthracnose infection in the field and total yield (Table 1.2.3b), comparison of fruit size and weight
(Table 1.2.3c), reaction to different pathogens (Table 1.2.3d) and nutritional values (Table 1.2.1e) of
all the entries are presented.
70
Table 1.2.3a. Chili pepper lines and checks of International Chili Pepper Nursery #22 (ICPN22) and
their salient features
Entries
Description
ICPN22-01
(PBC-142)
Erect, small fruited long term check (1), highly pungent with maximum oil, dry matter, sugar and
color values among all the entries; resistant to CVMV, PVY.
ICPN22-02
(AVPP1105)
Medium fruit size, resistant to PVY, moderately resistant to BW and anthracnose resistant in
green fruit stage.
ICPN22-03
(AVPP1106)
Medium fruit size, resistant to CVMV, PVY, BW and field tolerant to anthracnose.
ICPN22-04
(AVPP9813)
Medium fruited check (2), resistant to PVY, moderately resistant to BW
ICPN22-05
(AVPP1107)
Large fruit size, resistant to CVMV, PVY, BW and field tolerant to anthracnose.
ICPN22-06
(AVPP1108)
Medium fruit size, resistant to CVMV, PVY, BW, PC, moderately resistant to CMV.
ICPN22-07
(AVPP9905)
Large fruited check (3), resistant to PVY, moderately resistant to CVMV.
ICPN22-08
(AVPP1109)
Medium, wrinkled, highly pungent and light weight fruits, resistant to PVY, PC.
ICPN22-09
(AVPP1110)
Medium fruit size, resistant to CVMV, PVY, BW and field tolerant to anthracnose.
ICPN22-10
(AVPP1111)
Medium fruit size, resistant to PVY, moderately resistant to CVMV, BW.
ICPN22-11
Large fruited hybrid check (4), Large fruited hybrid check, highest yield among entries in
summer trial but fall season trial yield was reduced by powdery mildew infection; resistant to
PVY, resistant to BW.
ICPN22-12
Large fruited commercial hybrid check (5), better yielder during winter season and poor yielder
during summer season, resistant to PVY; moderately resistant to CVMV
BW=bacterial wilt, CMV=Cucumber mosaic virus, CVMV=Chili veinal mottle virus, PC = Phytophthora capsici race 3;
PVY=Potato virus Y
Year in Review 2013
71
Theme BREEDING
Table 1.2.3b. Yield loss by anthracnose under natural field infection and the total yield for
International Chili Pepper Nursery #22 (ICPN22) entries during spring season, AVRDC Taiwan,
2013
Entries
Entry code
ICPN22-01
PBC 142
ICPN22-02
1037-7644-1
ICPN22-03
1037-7669-1
ICPN22-04
9852-173
ICPN22-05
1037-7683-1
ICPN22-06
1037-7694-1
ICPN22-07
9955-15
ICPN22-08
0837-7736
ICPN22-09
1137-7819
ICPN22-10
1137-7868
ICPN22-11
COA 258
F1 Hy Hot
No.26
Name/pedigree
Total
yield
t/ha
1.07
95
0.20
100
99.3
43.0
0.16
100
99.7
32.3
0.12
100
PI188478/Jatilaba//Jatilaba
Jatilaba/02094//Jatilaba/PBC495///Jatilaba/P
I201238
Susan's Joy
2.77
93
96.5
41.3
0.19
99
78.7
32.4
4.20
92
PI201238/KR-B
Kulim/HDA248///JinsJoy//Kulai
*3/PBC932
WhiteKingCayene/Jin'sJoy///Ji
n's Joy//Kulai*3/PBC932
COA 258
1.53
94
99.4
26.2
0.42
99
97.6
37.1
0.68
99
92.9
47.1
0.47
99
5.80
87
Min.
0.00
81
20.8
Max.
8.10
100
56.2
Mean
1.47
96
39.01
LSD(0.05)
2.27
6.1
6.39
***
**
***
91.49
97.89
12.49
ICPN22-12
Pant C-1 (long term ck.)
Kulim/HDA248///F2Shiangyen
No.3/F1H100Hot3
Jin's
Joy//Kulai*3/PBC932//Kulim/H
DA248
Kulim/HDA 295
Resistance (% ) and yield loss
due to anthracnose infection1
20123
Loss
Res.2
(t/ha)
Res.
F1 Hy Hot No.26
Entry
CV
21.8
36.7
52.8
50.3
66.6
47.0
NS, *, **, ***, non-significant, or significant at P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001, LSD.
1
All the fruits from all plants of each line were observed and % of resistant fruits (without any lesion) was assigned as % resistance
for respective lines.
2
Anthracnose natural infection in the field (spring 2013), 3 replications, 24 plants per entry.
3
Anthracnose natural infection in field on 2012PYT, 2 replications, 10 plants per entry.
72
Table 1.2.3c. Comparison of flowering-fruiting duration, fruit size and weight of International Chili
Pepper Nursery #22 (ICPN22) entries during spring season, AVRDC Taiwan, 2013
Entries
50%
Flowering
(DAS)
50% Fruit
50%
50% Fruit
maturity Flowering maturity
(DAS)
(DAT)
(DAT)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
width
(cm)
Fruit
weight
(g)
Plant
height
(cm)
Plant
diameter
(cm)
ICPN22-01
82
131
37
86
7.5
1.2
3.6
97
71
ICPN22-02
76
129
31
84
13.2
1.4
12.2
77
63
ICPN22-03
78
130
33
85
12.7
1.4
10.5
77
58
ICPN22-04
76
126
31
81
9.3
1.7
9.6
72
55
ICPN22-05
73
117
28
72
12.4
1.7
14.7
73
57
ICPN22-06
76
122
31
77
11.3
2.0
11.5
75
58
ICPN22-07
78
127
33
82
16.7
2.4
31.5
89
71
ICPN22-08
72
120
27
75
11.2
1.2
5.2
76
60
ICPN22-09
76
125
31
80
12.8
1.6
12.9
70
50
ICPN22-10
71
117
26
72
12.2
1.4
8.9
93
71
ICPN22-11
76
128
31
83
14.1
1.7
15.7
85
61
ICPN22-12
75
131
30
86
13.9
1.6
14.5
97
75
Min.
71
117
26
72
7.2
1.1
3.5
53.8
47.5
Max.
83
132
38
87
17.4
2.5
32.3
Mean
75.75
125.19
30.75
80.19
12.26
1.60
12.56
81.66
62.58
LSD(0.05)
1.13
3.39
1.13
3.39
0.70
0.12
1.72
13.83
6.44
Entry
***
***
***
***
***
***
***
**
***
0.88
1.60
2.17
2.49
3.38
4.45
8.10
10.00
6.08
CV
103
78
DAS & DAT = Days after sowing and days after transplanting.
Year in Review 2013
73
Theme BREEDING
Table 1.2.3d. Disease reactions of International Chili Pepper Nursery #22 (ICPN22) entries after
pathogen inoculation in the greenhouse/growth room
CMV
(P522)
Res.%
CVMV
(P714)
Res.%
PVY
(P311)
Res.%
TOMV
(P1511)
Res.%
BW
(PSS71)
Res. %
PC
(race3 )
Res.%
ICPN22-01
0
100
100
0
8
0
8.0
9.6
ICPN22-02
0
0
100
0
83
0
3.0
9.0
ICPN22-03
0
100
100
0
83
0
4.8
8.2
ICPN22-04
0
42
100
0
8
0
5.75
10.4
ICPN22-05
0
100
100
0
92
0
5.0
14.2
ICPN22-06
0
100
100
0
42
63
11.0
11.8
ICPN22-07
0
75
100
0
0
0
ICPN22-08
0
0
100
0
0
79
11.8
10.8
ICPN22-09
0
100
100
0
100
0
2.4
14.2
ICPN22-10
0
42
100
0
58
0
6.0
11.8
ICPN22-11
0
8
100
0
75
0
4.5
11.2
ICPN22-12
0
25
100
0
0
0
8
10.3
Entries
Anthracnose (CA-153)
Fruit lesion size (mm)
Green
Red
8.75
12.1
Values are percent resistant plants after inoculation with the pathogen.
BW=bacterial wilt, CMV=Cucumber mosaic virus, CVMV=Chili veinal mottle virus, PVY=Potato virus Y, ToMV=Tobacco mosaic
virus. Anthracnose= green (immature stage) and red (mature stage), PC=Phytophthora blight race 3; isolate codes are given in
parentheses.
Table 1.2.3e. International Chili Pepper Nursery #22 (ICPN22) fruit quality traits (based on 100 g
edible portion of fresh weight)
Dry matter
(%)
Sugar (g)
Capsaicin
(mg)
DihyroCapsaicin
(mg)
Total
capsaicin
(mg)
Color value
(x 100)
ICPN22-01
24.3
3.4
51.6
43.9
95.5
22.5
ICPN22-02
13.8
4.3
8.4
3.5
11.9
17.6
ICPN22-03
15.1
3.4
3.8
1.7
5.5
19.6
ICPN22-04
12.3
3.7
3.6
1.4
5.0
17.2
ICPN22-05
9.4
2.7
1.1
0.4
1.5
17.2
ICPN22-06
15.8
4.1
14.9
5.9
20.8
15.9
ICPN22-07
12.8
5.6
5.8
2.5
8.3
12.7
ICPN22-08
23.6
4.4
36.1
21.2
57.3
21.1
ICPN22-09
9.4
2.7
3.9
1.4
5.3
17.4
ICPN22-10
14.5
4.0
4.7
4.4
9.1
17.1
ICPN22-11
11.8
3.4
2.5
0.8
3.3
13.9
ICPN22-12
14.0
3.7
1.4
1.0
2.4
15.6
Entries
H.-C. Shieh, S.-W. Lin, S. Kumar
74
Activity 1.3 Develop heat tolerant tropical sweet pepper
5-10 promising heat tolerant pepper inbred lines and hybrids tested on-farm in Taiwan and selected;
inbred lines directly released to international collaborators
On-farm trials involving three AVRDC hybrids and commercial checks were conducted at two
locations in Taiwan. Thirty-four (34) sets (5 lines) of International Sweet Pepper Nursery #11 (ISPN11)
were multiplied and distributed. An on-station preliminary yield trial of ISPN11 was conducted in
spring (transplanted on 1 March 2012) in an AVRDC field. Entries included four new improved inbred
lines, one inbred line commercial long-term check (ISPN11-4) and one commercial hybrid long-term
check (ISPN11-6) (Table 1.3.1a). Entries in all trials were arranged according to a randomized
complete block design with 3 replications and 24 plants per plot. The yield was based on four harvests
from 20 plants in each block. Disease screenings were conducted using seedlings raised during MayJuly and quality traits were analyzed using fruits obtained from field-grown plants. Yield, fruit
characteristics, disease reactions and nutritional quality traits were analyzed (Tables 1.3.1b - 1.3.1e).
All lines were found to be susceptible to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, P522) and Tomato mosaic virus
(ToMV, P1511).
Year in Review 2013
75
Theme BREEDING
Table 1.3.1a. Entries of International Sweet Pepper Nursery #11 (ISPN11) trials and their salient
features
Entries
Salient features
ISPN11-01
(AVPP1112)
Four-lobed bell shaped fruits (8.7 x 8.5 cm), fruit color: light greenred, moderate resistance to
PVY and PC race1.
ISPN11-02
(AVPP1113)
Bell shaped fruits (9.1 x 7 cm), fruit color: greenred; resistance to CVMV, PVY and BS
ISPN11-03
(AVPP1114)
Bell shaped fruits (7.8 x 9.2 cm), fruit color: greenyellow and thick flesh, fruit size 191 g with
resistance to PVY and moderately susceptible to BW
ISPN11-04
(VI C05483)
Long bell shaped fruits (10 x 7 cm), fruit color: greenred; long term inbred check with PVY and
PC race1 resistance
ISPN11-05
(AVPP1115)
Bell shaped fruits (7.1 x 8.7 cm), fruit color: greenyellow with resistance to PVY
ISPN11-06
Elongated fruits (17.7 x 7.3 cm), hybrid check, fruit color: greenred, resistant to PVY; vigorous
plant with good fruit setting and re-growth ability
BS=bacterial spot, BW=bacterial wilt, CVMV=Chili veinal mottle virus, PC=Phytophthora blight race 1, PVY=Potato virus Y
Table 1.3.1b. Yield of International Sweet Pepper Nursery #11 (ISPN11) entries, spring 2013,
AVRDC Taiwan
Yield
(Fruits/plant)
Yield
(t/h)
Entries
Code
Name Pedigree
ISPN11-1
1037-7071
COA 738-5121-1-1-1-Bk
13.2
29.5
ISPN11-2
1037-7134
CCA5860-7057-1-3-4-Bk
30.7
41.8
ISPN11-3
1137-7006
QuangZhou no.12-5016-1-1-1-1-2-2-2
13.1
21.6
ISPN11-4
PBC 271 ck.
PBC 271
35.2
34.3
ISPN11-5
1137-7014
COA 673-5037-1-1-1-1
9.4
10.3
ISPN11-6
F1 Andalus
F1 Andalus
29.1
49.8
Min.
6.6
7.5
Max.
46.7
53.2
Ave.
21.8
31.2
LSD(0.05)
Entry
76
9.11
6.46
***
***
Table 1.3.1c. Fruit characteristics of International Sweet Pepper Nursery #11 (ISPN11) entries,
spring 2013, AVRDC Taiwan
Fruit characteristics
Entries
Length (cm)
Width (cm)
Weight (g)
ISPN11-1
8.4
9.5
222.6
5.6
3.9
ISPN11-2
7.9
8.3
153.0
5.0
3.0
ISPN11-3
7.8
10.2
242.0
6.1
4.0
ISPN11-4
9.3
8.0
163.7
5.3
2.8
ISPN11-5
6.5
8.9
151.0
5.7
2.3
ISPN11-6
17.7
7.3
223.4
4.7
3.1
Min.
6
7.0
126.0
4.5
0.6
Max.
18.2
10.3
245.0
6.2
4.4
Ave.
9.6
8.7
192.6
5.4
3.2
LSD(0.05)
0.66
0.69
0.39
1.17
Entry
CV
Pericarp thickness (mm)
28.47
No. of lobes
***
***
***
***
ns
3.76
4.35
8.12
3.99
20.27
Table 1.3.1d. Disease reactions of International Sweet Pepper Nursery #11 (ISPN11) entries after
pathogen inoculation in the greenhouse/growth room, spring 2013, AVRDC Taiwan
Entries
CVMV
(P714)
PVY
(P311)
BW
PC (race1)
BS
ISPN11-1
0
67
0
20.8
S
ISPN11-2
100
100
10
0.0
R
ISPN11-3
0
100
20
4.2
S
ISPN11-4
0
100
0
75.0
S
ISPN11-5
0
100
0
8.3
S
ISPN11-6
0
100
0
0.0
S
Values in table are percent resistant plants after inoculation with pathogen.
BW=bacterial wilt, BS=bacterial spot (Hor.R=Horizontal resistant), CVMV=Chili veinal mottle virus, PC1= Phytophthora race 1,
PVY=Potato virus Y. Pathogen isolate or race given in parentheses.
Year in Review 2013
77
Theme BREEDING
Table 1.3.1e. Fruit nutritional quality of International Sweet Pepper Nursery #11 (ISPN11) entries
(100 g edible portion of fresh weight)
Dry
matter
(g)
Sugar
(g)
Ascorbate
(mg)
Capsanthin
(mg)
Zeaxanthin
(mg)
Lutein
(mg)
BCryptoxa
nthin
(mg)
BCarotene
(mg)
ISPN11-1
6.3
4.3
184.0
11.3
1.2
1.7
0.2
0.7
ISPN11-2
7.2
4.5
136.0
32.8
6.7
5.0
3.4
5.2
ISPN11-3
6.0
3.8
170.0
0.0
0.5
4.7
0.3
1.7
ISPN11-4
7.1
4.4
159.0
50.5
1.6
7.3
1.2
2.0
ISPN11-5
7.3
3.8
155.0
0.0
1.1
4.3
0.7
2.2
ISPN11-6
7.7
5.0
158.0
42.4
2.8
6.1
1.0
2.0
H.-C. Shieh, S.-W. Lin, S. Kumar
Crosses made to develop inbred lines combining heat tolerance and two or more disease resistances
From 500 F2 plants of 4 populations, 40-50 F2 plants resistant to Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV),
Potato virus Y (PVY) and bacterial spot are being selected.
Activity 1.4 Develop short-day red onions and yellow onions for improved yield, extended
shelf-life, and/or Stemphylium resistance
Selected open pollinated (OP) onion lines from AVRDC headquarters introduced in Mali and
evaluated for adaptation in West Africa
Seven open pollinated onion (OP) onion lines provided by AVRDC headquarters were evaluated at
AVRDC’s Subregional Office for West and Central Africa in Mali from November 2012 to April 2013
for adaptation and horticultural traits (survivability, productivity, earliness, bolting, splitting, etc.)
Entries were transplanted on 26 December 2012 and arranged based on a randomized complete block
design with three replications. Each plot included four 5 m-long rows with a plant density of 20 cm
and 10 cm between and within rows, respectively, for a total of 200 plants. Drip irrigation of the trial
was carried out twice daily. Observations were made on 10 plants per row. Horticultural trait data
collected were plant survival (survivability) at harvest (%), days to maturity, yield (t/ha), the average
weight per bulb (g), the average number of leaves per plant, bolting (%) and splitting (%). The data
were analyzed with Statistix-8 software.
The performance of the lines evaluated are reported in Table 1.4.1.a. Average bolting and splitting
values were very low and dropped from the statistical analysis. No significant differences among
entries were found for days to maturity, although Violet de Galmi and OC402ST-A-B-A-A-N were
earliest. OC157-3-B-A-A-I and OC402ST-A-B-A-A-N produced the highest yields compared with the
control Violet de Galmi, and these two lines will be candidates for seed multiplication and future
evaluation in regional multilocation trials. Red onion is preferred by consumers in West Africa.
78
An onion trial was carried out at AVRDC’s Subregional Office for West and Central Africa from
November 2012 to April 2013 to evaluate five open pollinated (OP) lines provided by the East-West
Seed Company for adaptation and horticultural traits. Results of this trial could lead to identification
of potential parental lines for use in AVRDC onion breeding. Entries were transplanted on 10
December 2012 and arranged according to a randomized complete block design with three replications.
Plot sizes, water management, and traits measured were the same as for the yield trial noted above.
Data were analyzed with Statistix-8 software using ANOVA with a blocking factor. Entries 20597 and
Yali produced the highest yields but were later in maturity compared with the control Violet de Galmi
(Table 1.4.1b). 20597 showed the highest survivability and a low percentage of split bulbs. Although
00727 produced the highest numbers of split bulbs and bolting, the leaf number of this entry was very
high; onion leaves are widely consumed in West Africa and the line could be promoted for rainy
season production.
Year in Review 2013
79
Table 1.4.1a. Performance of 8 onion lines evaluated for horticultural traits during the 2012-2013 cold dry season at Samanko Research Station,
Bamako, Mali
Entry
Days to
maturity
OC157-3-B-A-A-I
132 a
OC238-3-A-A-BST-N
Bulb yield
(t/ha)
Survivability
(%)
171 a
67 a
98 a
10 ab
Red
131 a
99 b
35 bc
90 a
10 ab
Yellow
OC237--EST-AST-BST-A-N
126 ab
99 b
38 bc
96 a
10 ab
Yellow
OC201-A-DST-B<975ST-BST-C-I
124 bc
115 ab
43 bc
94 a
10 ab
Red
OC403ST-A-A-A-A-N
124 bc
138 ab
51 ab
92 a
9b
Red
OC351-B-AST-A-N-N
123 bc
105 b
32 c
78 a
9b
Yellow
OC402ST-A-B-A-A-N
119 c
121 ab
47 ab
98 a
10 ab
Red
Violet de Galmi (Check)
119 c
109 b
43 bc
99 a
12 a
Red
3
21.7
19.6
12
10
CV %
Bulb weight
(g)
Number of fresh
leaves
Bulb color
Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by LSD.
Table 1.4.1b. Performance of five onion lines evaluated for horticultural traits during the cold dry season 2012-2013 at Samanko Research Station,
Bamako, Mali
Entry
20597
Yali
00727*
11435
Violet de Galmi
CV %
Days to
maturity
Bulb weight
(g)
Bulb yield
(t/ha)
Survivability
(%)
Number of fresh
leaves/plant
123 a
117 ab
115 b
115 b
112 b
3
107 a
65 ab
44 b
43 b
56 b
34
43 a
26 ab
18 b
17 b
22 b
34
100 a
77 bc
96 a
72 c
89 ab
7.8
11 bc
12 ab
21 a
9c
10 bc
8
Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at (P<0.05) by LSD.
Number of
splitting bulbs
(5m²)
8 bc
11 bc
154 a
4c
17 b
20.4
Number of
bolting bulbs
(5m²)
2c
1c
79 a
1c
8b
44
Bulb color
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Seeds of local selected varieties and AVRDC elite lines reselected in Mali and produced for regional
and international trials
Table 1.4.2. Seed production of onion lines in Mali during the cold dry season 2012-2013
Varieties/Lines
JAN IRI
ALBASSA AYEROU
YAOURI KURGRI
Synthetic 1
IRAT 72 MPL 89
Synthetic 2
6 TC
ROSE DE DIFFA
FBO5
FB01BF
Synthetic 3
11 BF
IRAT 69 MPL 89
KANKARE
VIOLET D'ABECHE
VIOLET DE GALMI
VIOLET DE GALMI VRAC
4 NI
FARA ALBASSA BLANC
AIR VIOLET
8 NI
YAOURIZE
LOCAL GUIDAN MAGAGUI
11 BF
IRAT 63 Niger 83
Red(F)<1ST-AST-KST-C
RedHY(F)<1ST-AST-GST-C
Yellow(F)<.975ST-AST-A-C
OC412ST-LST<1-AST-BST-C
AC319(H)ST-C
OC81-1ST-A-AST-A-C
OC80-2-A-C-A-N-I
OC201-55-AST-AST-A-C-I
OC394(B)ST-BST-AST-A-N
OC400(B)ST-CST-BST-A-C
OC429ST-BST-AST-A-C
ST3-AST-A-A-AST-N
Yellow(F)<.975ST-AST-A-C
OC216(E)-HST-B-A-AST-C
OC237-EST-AST-BST-A-N
Red(F)<1ST-AST-GCST-N
YellowHY(A)ST-AST-DST-N
OC361-E-AST-AST-C
YellowER(B)-AST-CST-N
Seed quantity (g)
5286
2431
1166
372
256
252
151
146
99
97
69
66
63
52
44
41
39
32
29
25
23
22
13
10
9
94
81
68
56
34
34
30
29
29
24
21
21
21
16
11
11
10
8
6
Year in Review 2013
81
Theme BREEDING
Varieties/Lines
OC359-A-AST-BST-C
OC375-4-A-A-C
OC424-EST-BST-A-C
OC233-C-AST-DST-A-C
OC311(LR)-3-A-A-A-C
ST(5)-A-<.975(A)-BST-CST-N
OC226ST-17ST-AST-A-N
RedHY(E)<1ST-AST-BST-N
ST25ST(A)-A-A-BST-C
OC292-2-A-A-A-A-C
OC11-8-A-3-B-A-N
OC373(A)-C-A-A-C
STY(A)-AST-BST-D<.975ST-C
OC366-B-AST-B-C
OC239-G-AST-AST-A-A-N
OC303-6ST-AST-AST-A-C
OC356(B)-E-AST-AST-N
OC41-5-0-AHT-A-A-N
Seed quantity (g)
5
5
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
1.7
1.5
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Activity 1.5 Develop and distribute heat-tolerant broccoli and Chinese cabbage varieties
Test new broccoli hybrid combinations and promising lines evaluated and multiplied
An advanced yield trial (AYT) was conducted in summer 2013 (April 15 – July 1) to identify high
yielding hybrids adapted to hot and humid production. Entries included 17 hybrids and five checks
and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Six hybrids yielding
over 10 t/ha were identified (Table 1.5.1) and were selected for seed multiplication from November
2013 - April 2014 for inclusion in the AVRDC online seed catalog.
82
Table 1.5.1a. Maturity, harvest rate, and mean curd weight of selected broccoli hybrids evaluated
in an advanced yield trial, AVRDC Taiwan, summer 20131
Entry
Maturity
(DAT)2
BRH1202
48 bc
BRH1203
BRH1205
Harvest Rate3
(%)
Yield
(t/ha)
Mean Curd Weight
(g)
16.0 ab
100
600 ab
48 bc
17.4 a
100
652 a
48 c
15.0 bc
100
561 bc
BRH1207
48 c
15.3 b
100
574 b
BRH1210
41 e
11.7 de
100
438 de
BRH1213
50 b
14.6 bc
100
546 bc
AV515 (CK)
44 d
12.1 d
100
454 d
AV530 (CK)
53 a
10.3 ef
100
388 ef
AV531 (CK)
50 b
13.4 cd
100
502 cd
BR005 (CK)
50 b
9.9 f
100
373 f
BR406 (CK)
53 a
12.6 d
100
472 d
Mean
48
13.5
100
506
Means within a column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different by Duncan’s Multiple Range test at 5% level.
1
Date sown: 15 April, date transplanted: 09 May, date harvested: 18 June ~ 01 July.
2
DAT: days after transplanting to commercial harvest stage.
3
Harvest rate is the number of plants (heads) harvested with acceptable market qualities/total plant number in the plot x 100%.
Table 1.5.1b. Horticultural characteristics of selected broccoli hybrids evaluated in an advanced
yield trial, AVRDC Taiwan, summer 2013
Curd
Entry code
Stem
Width
(cm)
Length
(cm)
BRH1202
3.4 a
12.5 c
Width
(cm)
16.7 ab
Bead
size
Side
shoot
5.6 b-e
M. fine
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Thickness
(cm)
BRH1203
3.4 a
12.1 c
17.3 a
5.9 ab
M. fine
BRH1205
3.0 c
12.4 c
17.0 ab
5.8 abc
M. fine
BRH1207
3.0 bc
12.1 c
17.0 ab
6.1 a
Fine
Few
BRH1210
2.5 d
14.8 a
16.6 bc
4.7 g
Moderate
Few
BRH1213
3.4 a
10.9 d
16.6 bc
5.8 a-d
Fine
M. few
AV515 (CK)
2.4 d
13.7 b
17.0 ab
4.8 fg
Moderate
M. few
AV530 (CK)
3.0 c
12.3 c
16.0 c
5.4 de
M. fine
0 - Few
AV531 (CK)
3.0 c
12.3 c
17.0 ab
5.2 ef
M. fine
0 - Few
BR005 (CK)
3.0 c
13.2 bc
16.5 bc
5.3 e
Moderate
Few
BR406 (CK)
3.3 ab
12.8 bc
16.0 c
5.5 cde
M. fine
Numerous
Mean
3.0
12.6
16.7
5.5
--
--
Year in Review 2013
83
Theme BREEDING
Test new Chinese cabbage hybrid combinations and promising lines evaluated and multiplied
An advanced yield trial (AYT) was conducted in summer 2013 (April 15 – June 1) to identify hybrids
adapted to the hot wet summer. The 27 entries (24 new hybrids, 3 checks) were arranged in a
randomized complete block design with three replications. Seven high yielding (> 20 t/ha) and early
maturity (< 35 DAT) hybrids were identified and selected for seed multiplication from October 2013
– April 2014 for inclusion in the AVRDC online seed catalog (Table 1.5.2).
Table 1.5.2. Maturity, harvest rate, and horticultural characteristics of selected Chinese cabbage
hybrids evaluated in an advanced yield trial, AVRDC Taiwan, summer 20131
Maturity
(DAT)
Yield
(t/ha)
Harvest
Rate2
(%)
CCH1204
30 a
20.4 ab
100
CCH1205
30 a
22.5 ab
CCH1206
30 a
CCH1213
Mean Head
Weight
(g)
Head
Stem length
in head
(cm)
Length
(cm)
765 ab
3c
16 ab
12
100
845 ab
3c
16 ab
12
24.4 a
100
917 a
3c
16 ab
13
30 a
22.3 ab
100
838 ab
3c
16 ab
13
CCH1214
30 a
24.2 a
100
908 a
3c
17 a
13
CCH1215
30 a
22.7 ab
100
851 ab
3c
16 ab
13
CCH1216
30 a
23.3 a
100
875 a
3c
16 ab
12
ASVEG#1 (CK)
28 b
18.2 b
100
682 b
4 ab
15 b
12
ASVEG#2 (CK)
30 a
20.0 ab
100
749 ab
4 bc
16 ab
13
CSI0086 (CK)
30 a
21.5 ab
100
805 ab
4a
16 a
13
Mean
30
22.0
100
823
3
16
12
Entry code
1
Width
(cm)
Date sown: 15 April, date transplanted: 06 May, date harvested: 31 May ~ 10 June.
Harvest rate is the number of plants (heads) harvested with acceptable market qualities/total plant number in the plot x 100%.
2
84
Activity 1.6 Develop improved vegetable soybean and mungbean with improved nutritional
and flavor qualities
10-15 vegetable soybean lines promoted in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Distribution of vegetable soybean
Elite vegetable soybean lines were distributed to national partners in various countries as listed in
Table 1.6.1a.
Table 1.6.1a. Distribution of vegetable soybean lines to national partners in different countries
during 2013
Country
No. of Cooperators
No. of breeding lines
Armenia
1
5
India
3
10
Lao P.D.R
1
14
Malawi
1
6
Mozambique
1
12
Nepal
1
15
No. of accessions
1
2
Taiwan
1
5
Tanzania
2
24
U.S.A.
1
11
1
Vietnam
2
24
1
14
126
5
Total
M. Yan, R. Giri, R. Nair
Evaluation of vegetable soybean in South Asia
Twenty-six lines were evaluated at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT) campus in Hyderabad, India during June-September 2013. Data collected from
the trial are presented in Table 1.6.1b.
Year in Review 2013
85
Theme BREEDING
Table 1.6.1b. Data on key quantitative traits of 26 vegetable soybean lines evaluated in
Hyderabad, India during 2013
Traits
Days to first flowering
Days to harvest at R6 stage
No. of pods/plant at R6 stage
Fresh pod yield/plant at R6 stage(g)
100 fresh pod weight at R6 stage (g)
100 bean weight at R6 stage (g)
Days to maturity (seed purpose)
No. of dry pods/plant
Dry pod yield/plant (g)
Seed yield/plant (g)
100 seed weight (g)
1
cv. ‘Swarna Vasundhra’1
37
80
22
52.5
57.4
51.0
107.0
28.0
17.2
11.3
29.0
Range
29 - 37
68 - 80
4.2 - 49
11.6 - 85.7
19.9 - 90.42
16.1 - 70.4
85 - 108
3.7 - 49
2.0 - 26.4
1.0 - 13.4
10.5 - 37.3
cv.’Swarna Vasundhra’ is a variety released in India, used as a check
R. Giri, R. Nair
Ten elite lines of vegetable soybean were evaluated at the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS),
Dharwad, Karnataka state, India during June-September 2013. Data were collected on yield and
physiological traits at R6 stage (Table 1.6.1c). Qualitative data also were collected from organoleptic
tests.
Table 1.6.1c. Data on the evaluation of elite vegetable soybean lines in Dharwad, Karnataka, India
during 2013
Lines
GS 339
AGS380
AGS406
AGS447
AGS457
AGS459
AGS460
AGS461
AGS610
Swarna
Vasundhra
JS-335
Mean
CV(%)
LSD(5%)
SEM±
Leaf
area
/plant
(cm2)
285.8
237
419
343
220.4
518
443
447
224.4
33.1
31.8
31.8
36.8
35
33.3
32.7
32.8
32.8
30.33
25.65
27.5
24.72
21.15
20.61
30.84
27.1
31.19
6.9
6.35
6.71
5.57
5.49
4.46
5.82
6.22
5.85
25.7
20
36.7
34.3
27
37.7
28.7
32
21.7
Fresh
pod
wt./plant
(g)
49.2
55.2
57.8
62
45.2
57.6
49.1
31
48.6
377
33.8
27.95
6.06
33.3
39.1
39.4
7.9
440
369.1
33.9
33.5
26.99
26.73
5.51
5.89
43.7
31
32
48.2
21.4
30.9
7.7
12
1.6
98.5
33.4
3.7
2.1
0.7
5.58
2.54
0.86
4.29
0.43
0.15
8.8
4.6
1.6
3.1
2.6
0.9
12.1
6.4
2.2
18.7
3.8
1.3
SPAD
Chlorophyll
content
Photosynthetic
rate (Pico mol
CO2/m2/S)
WUE
No. of
pods
/plant
Fresh
seed
wt./plant
(g)
35.5
28.6
34.1
47.1
34.6
36.1
16.3
18.8
28.3
Dry pod
wt./plant
(g)
10.3
11
13.9
13.2
9.6
12.7
10.9
6.5
10.2
R. Giri, R. Nair
R. Koti (University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad)
86
Seed multiplication of vegetable soybean at AVRDC South Asia
Sixty-two kg of seed of cv. ‘Swarna Vasundhra’ was produced at AVRDC South Asia in Hyderabad,
India.
R. Giri, R. Nair
Seed multiplication of vegetable soybean by lead farmers
Seed of cv. ‘Swarna Vasundhra’ was produced by the following lead farmers: Mr. Balasaheb Datal,
Mamdapur village, Latur district, Maharashtra (400 kg); Mr. Srikrishna Shinde, Chakur village, Latur
district, Maharashtra (10 kg); Mr. Yateendra Joshi, Pune, (7 kg).
R. Giri, R. Nair
Seed multiplication of vegetable soybean in sub-Saharan Africa
Ten elite vegetable soybean lines were multiplied in Arusha, Tanzania at the Selian Agricultural
Research Institute (SARI).
R. Nair
P. Mushi (SARI)
Fifteen elite vegetable soybean lines are being multiplied by Dr. Steve Boahen, International Institute
of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Mozambique.
R. Nair
S. Boahen (IITA)
Improved mungbean lines for methionine content confirmed by high performance – liquid
chromatography (HPLC)
Forty-five lines from the BC1F5 population (NM 94 x GB No. 3-1) were analyzed for methionine
content, which ranged from 179 to 517 mg/100 g, compared to the high methionine parent, BG No.
3-1 (344 mg/100 g). Plants in this backcross population were intermediate in their appearance, still
showing black gram attributes. Selected plants from this population have been backcrossed to NM 94
to develop mungbean type plants.
A F2 population (NM 94 x VM 2164) was screened for methionine but none of the F2 plants recorded
any methionine content. New crosses are being conducted to investigate this further.
R.-Y. Yang, R. Schafleitner, R. Nair
Markers for Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) resistance in mungbean developed
An F8 (RIL) mapping population (122 lines) generated in Thailand from a cross between NM10-12-1
(MYMV resistance) and KPS2 (MYMV susceptible) was evaluated for MYMV resistance in India and
Pakistan (Kitsanachandee et al., Breeding Science, forthcoming). A genetic linkage map was developed
using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Composite interval mapping identified five QTLs for
MYMV resistance: three QTLs for India (qYMIV1, qYMIV2 and qYMIV3), and two QTLs for
Year in Review 2013
87
Theme BREEDING
Pakistan (qYMIV4 and qYMIV5). qYMIV1 and qYMIV4 appeared to be the same locus, and common
to a major QTL for MYMV resistance in India identified previously (Chen et al., Euphytica, 2013)
using a different resistant mungbean line.
R. Nair
P. Somta (Kasetsart University, Thailand)
Source of resistance for mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD)
A screening trial conducted during May-June 2013 in Phu Yen, Vietnam of the F3 population (NM 94
x KPS 2) reconfirmed the resistance of NM 94. However, screening of mungbean lines in three
different locations in India during 2012 showed that NM 94 is susceptible in Punjab and New Delhi
during the kharif season (Table 1.6.3). New crosses have been generated using resistant line ML 1628.
The F3 population of KPS 2 x ML 1628 will be phenotyped for MYMD resistance during kharif 2014
in Punjab and New Delhi to develop molecular markers for the trait. Another population (KPS 2 x
ML 818) will be phenotyped in Tamil Nadu, beginning in December 2013 and continuing through
February 2014.
R. Giri, R. Nair
N.T.L. Hoa (Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS)
T.S. Bains (Punjab Agricultural University, India)
H.K. Dikshit (Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India)
88
Table 1.6.3. Mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD) severity scores (1- highly resistant; 6highly susceptible) of 50 mungbean lines grown at three locations in India in 2012 for MYMD
resistance
Line
BARIMung4
Basanti
CN 9-5
Harsha
KPS-1
KPS-2
ML 613
NM 92
NM 94
VC3890A
VC3960-88
VC6153 B-20
VC6153(B-20P)
VC6153-3-20P
VC6173A
VC6173 B -6
VC6173(B-10)
VC6173((B-13P)
VC6368(46-40-1)
VC6368(46-40-4)
VC6370A
VC6369(53-97)
VC6370(30-65)
VC6372(45-8-1)
VC6379 B-21
ML 818
ML 1299
ML 1628
ML 1666
PAU 911
NM 94
SML 823
SML 832
SML 843
SML 1018
CO. 5
CO. 6
CO (G9)-7
SML 1074
VBN(G9)-2
VBN(G9)-3
IPM 99-125
IPM 02-3
IPM 02-14
PDM 139
IPM 409-4
IPM 205-7
IPM 02-17
IPM 02-19
IPM 9901-6
IPM 9901-10
Tamil Nadu
2.2
2.2
4.1
3.5
2.7
4.9
4.1
2.4
2.7
4.7
4.0
2.9
3.1
3.0
3.5
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.3
4.9
2.1
2.5
2.0
2.6
2.0
2.6
3.4
2.9
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.6
3.2
2.7
3.8
2.9
2.8
3.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
2.6
2.7
3.9
2.9
2.3
3.0
2.5
3.0
2.8
P
0.0006
Punjab
5.8
5.2
6.0
5.6
5.0
6.0
5.8
5.5
4.7
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.7
6.0
6.1
5.6
4.4
4.7
4.6
4.5
5.0
5.4
5.7
4.2
5.4
2.4
1.7
0.9
3.9
3.2
4.7
5.5
4.9
5.7
4.7
5.3
4.3
5.3
5.8
5.1
5.8
2.7
4.6
3.8
3.6
6.0
3.0
4.4
5.9
5.2
5.5
< 0.0001
New Delhi
5.7
5.3
6.0
6.0
4.7
6.0
6.0
3.3
4.3
5.3
2.7
3.3
4.7
5.0
5.7
4.3
4.0
5.7
4.0
3.0
6.0
4.7
3.3
4.0
4.3
4.7
3.3
2.0
2.0
2.7
4.3
4.3
3.3
5.0
5.0
5.3
5.3
5.0
4.7
5.3
5.0
4.7
4.0
2.7
3.0
4.7
2.7
3.7
2.7
3.3
5.3
0.0016
Year in Review 2013
89
Theme BREEDING
10 elite mungbean lines promoted in sub-Saharan Africa
Seed multiplication of 15 elite mungbean lines sent to Rael Karimi, Kenya Agricultural Research
Institute (KARI) was undertaken during February-March 2013. Field trials were sown at Katumani
Research Station and in farmers’ fields. Participatory variety selection will be used to identify farmer
preferred varieties.
R. Nair
R. Karimi (KARI)
Seed multiplication of 15 elite mungbean lines sent to Phillemon P. Mushi, Selian Agricultural
Research Institute (SARI) was undertaken during April-May 2013 at Arusha, Tanzania.
R. Nair
P. Mushi (SARI)
Activity 1.7 Develop cucumber lines for improved horticultural traits, disease resistance,
good fruit quality, and high gynoecy
10-15 F7 entries evaluated in replicated trial and characterized for key horticultural traits and disease
resistance
Most of the fresh market cucumbers grown by small-scale farmers in South and Southeast Asia are
open-pollinated monoecious landraces. However, gynoecious plants bear more female flowers,
resulting in higher early yields. Nineteen varieties were used to breed gynoecious and bitter-free
cucumber of South and Southeast Asian types. A total of 142 F2 families derived from crosses between
gynoecious and non-bitter slice lines and South and Southeast Asian-type lines were developed and
evaluated in 2008. Pedigree selection was based on plant sex type, fruit bitterness and other
horticultural traits. Forty-three F6 and F7 lines were selected and multiplied in 2012. Traits such as days
to anthesis of first female flower and fruit number per plant were affected by low temperatures in
winter 2012. A preliminary yield trial of fifteen lines was conducted in spring 2013 (Table 1.7.1). Two
lines, 12TWFC31 and 12TWFC33, had 100% pistillate flowers in both spring and winter seasons.
Average fruit length and weight of the sixteen lines was 11.6 cm and 123 g, respectively. Lines
12TWFC6 and 12TWFC36 had the highest marketable yield at 40.9 t/ha and 45.3 t/ha, respectively,
and the fruit color was bi-color white and bi-color light green, respectively. Six lines (12TWFC2,
12TWFC3, 12TWFC6, 12TWFC7, 12TWFC32, 12TWFC33) were selected for advanced yield trials.
20-30 hybrid combinations of South and Southeast Asian cucumber types evaluated for key
horticultural traits in targeted countries along with 5-8 improved lines
Twenty crosses among advanced lines of South and Southeast Asian-type cucumber were attempted
in 2013 and 16 F1s were generated for evaluation next season.
N.P.S. Dhillon, V. Cherng
90
Table 1.7.1. Preliminary yield trial of South and Southeast Asian-type cucumber lines, AVRDC Taiwan
Entry
Pedigree
00WGH22-1GrSA x
Amata 765
00WGH22-1GrSA x
12TWFC3
Amata 765
12TWFC6
Picolino x Keisha
12TWFC7
Picolino x Keisha
12TWFC23
Shivneri
12TWFC31
Kiros
12TWFC32
Kiros
12TWFC33
Kiros
12TWFC35
Kiros
12TWFC36
Kiros
SMR58
Check variety
Mean of 16 lines (43 in winter)
CV (%)
12TWFC2
Pistillate
%2
Anthesis of first
male flower
(days)
Anthesis of first
female flower
(days)
Fruit
no./plant
Fruit
Marketable
yield
(t/ha)
35.6 abc
29.1b-e
SP
WI1
SP
WI1
SP
WI1
Type3
length
(cm)
G
G/P
36 abc
32
36 abc
30
BISG
11.4 bcd 126 a
G/P
G/P
36 ab
41
37 ab
28
BISG
11.3 bcd 111 ab
7.1 bcd 3.8
26.5 c
22.4 de
G/P
P
G/P
G
G
G
G/P
G
M
M
P
P
G
G/P
G
G/P
G/P
32 d
37 a
31 d
31 d
31 d
31 d
31 d
31 d
33 bcd
32.1
5.4
29
29
28
28
25
31
32
29
35 abc
37 abc
34 bc
33 c
35 abc
38 a
33 bc
38 a
36 abc
34.6
5.5
31
31
30
32
27
39
39
30
BISW
BISW
BIW
BISW
BISL
BISL
BISL
BISL
US
12.8 ab
12.1 abc
10.2 bcd
9.1 d
9.2 d
9.1 d
8.8 d
9.2 d
9.6 cd
11.6
11.6
11.9 b
11.4 b
9.4 bc
10.4 bc
11.2 bc
12.8 b
11.8 b
19.8 a
1.2 d
9.8
34.4
48.7 abc
45.5 abc
33.8 bc
31.3 c
40.6 abc
44.3 abc
37.2 abc
58.2 a
3.6 c
36.9
32.5
40.9 abc
38.6 a-d
28.4 b-e
25.2 cde
33.2 a-e
37.3 a-d
29.6 b-e
45.3 ab
2.9 f
30
30.2
30.0
35.3
weight
(g)
Total
yield
(t/ha)
132 a
121 ab
113 ab
98 b
108 ab
100 b
99 b
97 b
99 b
123
10.9
SP
8.9 bc
WI1
5.1
4.4
3.8
7.0
5.9
5.2
5.0
5.8
4.0
3.25
Means followed by the same letter within a column do not differ significantly at P< 0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test.
1
WI = Winter planting: Sowing – 20 November 2012, Transplanting- 3 December 2012; SP = Spring planting: Sowing -22 March 2013, Transplanting - 3 April 2013.
2
G=100%; G/P=>80%; P=60-80%; M=<20%.
3
BISG=bi-color short green; BISW=bi-color short white; BIW=bi-color white; BISL=bi-color short light green; US=US pickle.
Theme BREEDING
Activity 1.8 Develop disease resistant and high quality pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata)
15-20 F7 entries evaluated in preliminary yield trial and characterized for key horticultural traits and
nutritional components and field resistance to diseases
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) is an important cucurbitaceous crop in the tropics. It is rich in α– and carotene, lutein and other micronutrients. Seventy-six lines including 4 F1, 19 F2, 45 open pollinated
lines and 8 introductions (PIs) were evaluated in 2008 to improve the quality of pumpkin in tropics.
Pedigree selection was performed for selection of field resistance to diseases, better taste and other
improved horticultural traits and the breeding material was advanced to F7. A preliminary yield trial of
17 selected F7 lines was conducted along with check entries in 2012-2013 (Table 1.8.1). Line
12TWFP3001 is early maturing (29 days after transplanting) and sweeter (B = 3.9) compared to the
leading hybrid cultivar ‘A-cherng’. Based on horticultural traits and fruit qualities, seven lines from
this trial (12TWFP3001, 12TWFP3003, 12TWFP3005, 12TWFP3008, 12TWFP3013, 12TWFP3016,
12TWFP3017) were selected for an advanced yield trial in fall 2013 (sown in September 2013) and
fruit harvest will be completed in spring 2014.
Develop 20-30 F1 hybrids using Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) resistant lines and high quality F8
lines derived from elite hybrids
Popular pumpkin varieties in the tropics lack resistance to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). A project
from the Taiwan Council of Agriculture focused on introgressing ZYMV resistance into a local variety
(Local papaya) using cultivar 'Nigerian Local' as the source of resistance. The breeding process started
in 2008. Using Local papaya as the recurrent parent, 642 resistant plants (BC4S2) were selected from
populations inoculated artificially with ZYMV. A further 64 resistant lines were selected in BC4S3, and
out of these five lines were 100% resistant. A preliminary yield trial of 4 lines (BC4S2) was conducted
at AVRDC Taiwan (Table 1.8.2) and at Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station
in February 2013. There was sufficient ZYMV pressure at both locations. Yield potential of these
ZYMV resistant inbred lines is at par with the ZYMV susceptible hybrid check ‘A-Cherng.’ Two BC4S3
lines (11TWZY 3085-2 and 11TWZY 3086-8) were selected for advanced yield trials and are potential
candidate lines for release. Seed of 10 hybrids developed by crossing ZYMV resistant lines and high
fruit quality F8 lines derived from elite hybrids was harvested and another set of 10-20 hybrids are
being developed in the nethouse.
20-30 F5 families derived from elite pumpkin hybrids were evaluated and advanced to F6 and 15-20 F6
lines evaluated and advanced
Five elite hybrids were selfed and 250 F2 plants originating from this material were evaluated in 2011.
A further 16 F3 families and 32 F4 families were evaluated for various horticultural traits and advanced
to the next generation in 2013.
N.P.S. Dhillon, V.Cherng, S. Phethin
92
Table 1.8.1. Observational trial of F7 pumpkin lines (C. moschata), AVRDC Taiwan, 2012-2013
Entry
12TWFPE 3001
Pedigree
Saint 222
Vine
length
(m)
2.5
Anthesis of first
female flower
days
node
41.6
9.0
Fruit
Fruit1
maturity
shape weight
(days)5
(g)
25.4
FS
672
Fruit
length
(cm)
12.6
width
(cm)
6.2
No. of
fruits
Flesh
thickness
(cm)
2.0
2.3
Eating2
quality
TSS3
(°B)
PM4
5
11.8
4
4
12TWFPE 3002
Saint 222
3.1
38.6
10.0
24.8
FS
803
12.9
6.4
2.2
2.4
4.5
10.0
CK 1
Saint 222
5.2
38.3
10.0
24.9
FS
1143
15.5
6.9
3.0
2.4
5
11.2
3
12TWFPE 3003
CK 2
Bungkan 021
Bungkan 021
4.8
4.3
46.0
42.7
15.4
13.3
27.1
30.1
FS
FS
1247
925
15.1
13.8
8.8
8.6
2.0
3.0
2.1
1.6
5
4
10.1
8.3
2
1
12TWFPE 3004
Srimuang 016
5.1
52.4
24.4
22.9
FS
2296
19.2
8.9
2.0
3.4
4
8.0
1
12TWFPE 3005
Srimuang 016
3.8
48.6
20.2
25.4
FS
1727
17.7
7.6
1.8
2.9
5
10.4
2
CK 3
Srimuang 016
5.2
52.0
24.0
21.6
FS
2013
19.6
8.3
2.7
3.0
4.5
7.0
1
12TWFPE 3008
Arjuna
8.5
49.4
19.8
26.2
FB
1383
16.5
6.5
1.8
3.1
5.5
11.9
0.5
12TWFPE 3009
Arjuna
6.7
47.0
18.6
23.8
FB
1261
15.4
7.0
1.8
2.3
5.5
10.7
1.5
CK 5
Arjuna
5.1
55.0
21.3
27.3
FB
3908
23.7
11.4
2.0
4.0
4-5
8.5
0.5
12TWFPE 3010
Ji-xiang
3.7
52.4
22.8
28.3
RO
904
13.7
7.4
3.8
2.4
4.5
8.1
2
CK 6
Ji-xiang
5.7
51.7
23.0
34.3
RO
1393
14.6
11.4
2.7
2.8
4-5
7.5
2
12TWFPE 3011
A-Chiao
8.8
54.8
23.2
31.0
EL
1773
11.0
25.9
3.4
2.3
4.5
7.8
1.5
12TWFPE 3012
A-Chiao
10.0
54.0
23.6
32.7
EL
1627
10.7
25.0
4.4
2.2
5
7.2
1
12TWFPE 3013
A-Chiao
9.1
53.2
23.8
34.2
EL
1800
10.9
27.5
3.8
2.2
5.5
7.9
0.5
12TWFPE 3014
A-Chiao
8.8
51.5
18.8
32.3
EL
2087
11.3
26.6
4.0
2.3
4
6.6
1
12TWFPE 3015
A-Chiao
7.5
58.0
26.8
35.7
RO
1174
13.6
13.0
5.0
1.8
4.5
6.5
0.5
12TWFPE 3016
A-Chiao
7.5
57.6
25.8
33.3
RO
1323
14.0
13.7
3.6
1.9
5
7.3
0.5
12TWFPE 3017
Local (Seminis)
5.3
57.4
24.8
36.8
OV
909
10.4
16.5
3.4
1.6
4.5
7.9
0.5
Leading check
A-cherng
4.2
59.3
24.3
36.7
PY
798
10.5
16.9
2.7
1.6
5
7.9
2
5.8
49.9
19.8
28.9
1520
14.9
12.3
2.8
2.5
4.8
8.7
Average of 24 lines
Sowing: 1 October 2012; Transplanting: 11 October 2012.
1
FS, FB=flattened, RO=round, EL=elongate, OV=oval, PY=pyriform.
2
Eating quality: 1- very poor; 6 –excellent.
3
TSS=total soluble solid.
4
PM=Powdery mildew symptoms: 0 - without symptom; 5 - serious symptoms.
5
From pollination to fruit maturity.
Table 1.8.2. Preliminary yield trial of BC4S2 ZYMV resistant pumpkin lines (C. moschata), Taiwan, February 2013
Entry
Pedigree
Anthesis of first flower
(days)3
female
male
Fruit1
shape
Fruit
weight (g)
length (cm)
width (cm)
Flesh
thickness
(cm)
Yield
ZYMV
R%2
(t/ha)
11TWZY 3020-4
BC4S2-PY x (PY x NL)
51.1
54.1 b
OV
707 a
13.9 bc
10.5 a
1.6 b
8.3
100 a
11TWZY 3020-5
52.3
56.2 a
OV
561 b
12.2 c
9.3 b
1.4 b
8.0
100 a
11TWZY 3022-5
49.5
51.7 c
OV
571 b
12.6 c
9.7 b
1.6 b
7.6
100 a
10TWFP 3042-8
Local (Shanhua)
50.6
53.2 b
PY
758 a
16.7 a
10.4 a
2.2 a
9.3
0b
A-Cherng
F1 Check
54.6
53.3 b
PY
762 a
15.7 ab
10.5 a
1.6 b
11.1
0b
4.8
1.6
CV (%)
9.2
9.5
4.3
Means followed by the same letter within a column do not differ significantly at P< 0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test.
1
OV=oval, PY=pyriform.
2
Percentage of resistant plants determined by ELISA tests conducted after 16 days of artificial inoculation by Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV-TN3).
3
Days after sowing.
12.0
23.8
Activity 1.9 Develop bitter gourd possessing improved yield, earliness, good fruit quality
and resistance to diseases/insects
20-30 F6 lines derived from elite hybrids evaluated and advanced and a set of 15-20 F7 lines evaluated
in advanced yield trial
Three hundred fifty (350) F2 plants derived from seven elite hybrids were evaluated for various
horticultural traits in 2010. Forty-six plants were selected to raise a similar number of F3 families that
were evaluated in 2011 in Thailand. Sixty plants from the F3 families were selected to grow F4 families.
In 2012, sixty F4 families were evaluated and a further 35 F5 families were derived and evaluated.
Twenty-four F6 lines derived from F5 families were evaluated. Twenty-seven F7 bitter gourd lines of
different market segments along with seven check entries were evaluated in an advanced yield trial and
arranged in a randomized complete block design (Table 1.9.1) with three replications. The trial
objective was to assess AVRDC bitter gourd lines and checks for fruit yield, fruit number, fruit weight,
fruit color, fruit bitterness and fruit skin pattern. Trial entries were sown 23 May and transplanted on
30 May. Data were recorded for marketable fruit yield, fruit number, fruit weight and fruit quality
(bitterness, color and skin pattern). AVRDC lines for each market segment provided fruit yield
comparable to the popular commercial hybrids. The seed of the top-ranking AVRDC bitter gourd
lines (Table 1.9.1) has been multiplied and distributed to ten seed companies.
Multi-location trial of commercial lines in India conducted to evaluate environment, ripening stage,
local postharvest management on level of nutrients and antidiabetic compounds in bitter gourd
investigated
A field trial was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University in India. The trial was sown in March
2013. Twenty elite hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three
replications. Hybrids differed significantly for average fruit weight, fruit number per plant yield and
days to marketable maturity (Table 1.9.2). Oven-dried fruit samples were sent to the AVRDC
Nutrition Lab for nutrition quality analysis.
N.P.S. Dhillon, S. Phethin
Year in Review 2013
95
Theme BREEDING
Table 1.9.1. Mean fruit number/plant, fruit weight and yield of selected improved bitter gourd lines
in an advanced yield trial conducted in May 2013, AVRDC East and Southeast Asia, Thailand
Distribution
code
AVBG1304
AVBG1310
AVBG1311
AVBG1313
AVBG1314
AVBG1323
AVBG1324
AVBG1325
AVBG1301
Internal code
Fruit
number/plant
Fruit
weight
(g)
Yield
(t/ha)
Bitterness
Medium fruit length segment (South Asian type)
41
173.8
35.9
L
23
266.1
33.6
L
30
194.6
36.3
L
22
178.5
23.5
M
Long fruit length segment (Southeast Asian/Chinese type)
12THBG4-10A6-7
18
326.3
39.4
L
12THBG4-10A6-19
19
374.8
41.3
L
12THBG4-11A6-3
21
350.9
41.3
L
Bengteng (Check)
19
407.1
40.6
L
Small fruit length segment (South Asian type)
12THBG6-20A6-19
47
138.5
32.8
M
12THBG6-21A6-8
59
115.7
38.6
M
12THBG6-21A6-12
52
129.0
36.9
L
12THBG1-03A6-13
45
125.3
34.9
M
Noor (Check)
48
134.3
36.3
L
LSD (0.05)
9
70.3
7.02
12THBG2-06A6-20
12THBG3-09A6-20
Palee (Check)
BARI-1 (Check)
Bitterness: L = light; M = medium; Fruit color: G = green, MG = medium green, LG = light green
96
Fruit
Color
Skin
DG
G
MG
MG
Mixed
Spiny
Spiny
Spiny
LG
LG
LG
LG
Ridges
Ridges
Ridges
Ridges
G
MG
G
MG
MG
Spiny
Spiny
Spiny
Spiny
Spiny
Table 1.9.2. Mean fruit number/plant, fruit weight and yield of elite bitter gourd hybrids in a trial conducted in March 2013 at Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
Origin
East-West
Seeds
Chia Tai
Seeds
Known-you
Seeds
Namdhari
Seeds
Nunhems
Rasi Seeds
Seminis
US Agri
Seeds
VNR Seeds
Ankur
Seeds
IndoAmerican
Hybrid Seed
CV (%)
LSD (0.05)
1
Cultivar
Fruit
number/plant
Fruit weight
(g)
45.7
31.7
61.9
26.7
45.1
58.8
40.2
41.7
27.8
85.5
70
90
40
85.3
58.3
48.6
62.3
58
72.3
30
Marketable
maturity
(days)1
12.5
10.6
11.1
10.1
12.3
13.1
10.6
12.8
11.7
11.7
Yield (t/ha)
Fruit skin
color
Fruit skin
pattern
Fruit shape
High
Medium
High
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
High
Light green
Green
Green
Green
Green
Cream
Light green
Light green
Cream
Green
Ribbed
Warty
Warty
Mixed
Warty
Warty
Mixed
Mixed
Mixed
Acute warty
Cylindrical
Elliptical
Elliptical
Cylindrical
Elliptical
Elliptical
Cylindrical
Cylindrical
Ovate
Ovate
Benteng 545
Palee
Preeti 538
BGCT 358
BGCT 385
BGCT 725
Jade Dragon
Jasper
High Moon
New Moon
NS 451
(241)
NS 1020
NS 1024
Amanshri
Zeena
Abhishek
65.3
45
11.1
38.6
Medium
Dark green
Warty
Elliptical
58.2
60.0
77.1
47.5
58.4
43
50
41
48
48
12.1
11.3
10.4
12.9
11.5
33.1
39.5
42.2
30.5
37.4
Medium
High
High
High
High
Dark green
Dark green
Green
Green
Green
Warty
Warty
Warty
Warty
Warty
Elliptical
Elliptical
Elliptical
Elliptical
Elliptical
US 33
56.7
50.6
11.3
38.2
Medium
Cream
Warty
Elliptical
121.4
22.3
12.3
36.1
Medium
Green
Warty
Spindle
VNR 28
41.9
37.8
29.2
30.3
34.9
38.0
33.2
32.1
26.5
33.9
Fruit
bitterness
ARBHT 1
54.5
40
10.7
28.8
Medium
Green
Warty
Elliptical
Indam-Taj
4625
53.0
60
13.5
42.2
Medium
Cream
Warty
Elliptical
10.3
2.0
10.5
6.1
From pollination to marketable maturity
13.3
12.3
5.8
5.1
Theme BREEDING
OUTPUT 2
Traditional vegetables improved for productivity, quality, and nutrient content
Activity 2.1 Develop traditional vegetables with superior horticultural traits
97 Malabar spinach (Basella sp.) accessions from the AVRDC Genetic Resources and Seed Unit
(GRSU) evaluated for horticultural traits and seed multiplied of about 50 accessions for yield and
flood tolerance trials
The following activities were conducted from October 2012 to October 2013:
1. Seed propagation of 98 Malabar spinach accessions (95 accessions applied from GRSU).
2. Horticultural traits of 98 Malabar spinach accessions surveyed (Tables 2.1.1a, 2.1.1b).
3. Entries for inclusion in a preliminary yield trial planned for summer 2014 will be selected from
this group (Table 2.1.1b).
98
Table 2.1.1a. Seed propagation of 98 Malabar spinach accessions
2012
No.
Received
no.
Temporary
Number
Vegetable
Introduction
Number
Country of
Collection
Stem
color
P01
2
2
TOT0177-B
VI034665-B
Philippines
green
19
P02
3
3
TOT0270
VI034758
Philippines
purple
50
P03
10
10
TOT1543
VI039802
Philippines
L-purple
118
P04
4
4
TOT1277
VI040879
Thailand
purple
139
P05
5
5
TOT1285
VI040892
Thailand
green
80
P06
7
7
TOT1525
VI041245
Philippines
purple
26
P07
8
8
TOT1531
VI041251
Philippines
purple
52
P08
9
9
TOT1541
VI041261
Philippines
purple
89
P09
11
11
TOT1586
VI041442
Philippines
purple
115
P10
22
22
TOT3974
VI045894
Bangladesh
green
82
P11
13
13
TOT3501
VI046049
Viet Nam
green
89
P12
14
14
TOT3522
VI046125
Lao PDR
green
143
P13
15
15
TOT3576
VI046249
Viet Nam
green
181
P14
16
16
TOT3577
VI046250
Viet Nam
green
22
P15
17
17
TOT3578
VI046251
Viet Nam
green
103
P16
18
18
TOT3579
VI046252
Viet Nam
green
47
P17
19
19
TOT3580
VI046253
Viet Nam
green
87
P18
20
20
TOT3581
VI046254
Viet Nam
purple
170
P19
21
21
TOT3582
VI046255
Viet Nam
green
141
P20
25
25
TOT4091
VI047343
Viet Nam
green
88
P21
23
23
TOT4037
VI047353
Viet Nam
green
75
P22
24
24
TOT4072
VI047412
Viet Nam
green
104
P23
26
26
TOT4129
VI047523
Viet Nam
green
215
P24
27
27
TOT4158
VI047558
Viet Nam
green
264
P25
28
28
TOT4169
VI047575
Viet Nam
green
121
P26
29
29
TOT4187
VI047597
Viet Nam
green
89
P27
30
30A
TOT4241-A1
VI047671-A1
Bangladesh
purple
12
P28
30
30A
TOT4241-A2
VI047671-A2
Bangladesh
green
35
P29
31
30B
TOT4241-B
VI047671-B
Bangladesh
green
39
P30
32
31
TOT4243
VI047673
Bangladesh
green
64
P31
33
32
TOT4255
VI047685
Bangladesh
green
86
P32
34
33
TOT4263-A
VI047695-A
Bangladesh
green
84
P33
35
34
TOT4269
VI047702
Bangladesh
green
49
2013
plot no.
Seed
Inventory
(g)
Year in Review 2013
99
Theme BREEDING
Temporary
Number
Vegetable
Introduction
Number
Country of
Collection
Stem
color
35
TOT4283
VI047722
Bangladesh
green
82
37
36
TOT4308
VI047754
Bangladesh
green
78
P36
38
37
TOT4341
VI047796
Bangladesh
green
34
P37
39
38
TOT4354
VI047809
Bangladesh
green
35
P38
40
39
TOT4376-A
VI047837-A
Bangladesh
green
60
P39
41
40
TOT4376-B
VI047837-B
Bangladesh
purple
40
P40
42
41
TOT4381-A
VI047843-A
Bangladesh
green
39
P41
43
42
TOT4381-B
VI047843-B
Bangladesh
purple
50
P42
44
43
TOT4387
VI047849
Bangladesh
green
51
P43
45
44
TOT4407
VI047873
Bangladesh
green
33
P44
46
45
TOT4419
VI047887
Bangladesh
green
60
P45
47
46
TOT4433
VI047904
Bangladesh
green
71
P46
48
47
TOT4441
VI047914
Bangladesh
green
31
P47
49
48
TOT4517
VI048019
Bangladesh
green
56
P48
50
49
TOT4591
VI048112
Bangladesh
green
25
P49
51
50
TOT4611-A
VI048137-A
Bangladesh
green
85
P50
52
51
TOT4611-B
VI048137-B
Bangladesh
purple
67
P51
53
52
TOT4612
VI048138
Bangladesh
green
33
P52
54
53
TOT4639
VI048172
Bangladesh
green
55
P53
55
54
TOT4644
VI048178
Bangladesh
green
59
P54
56
55
TOT4668
VI048208
Bangladesh
green
48
P55
57
56
TOT4684-A
VI048232
Bangladesh
green
82
P56
58
57
TOT4908
VI048626
Thailand
purple
171
P57
S
-
TOT4908
VI048626
Thailand
purple
174
P58
S
-
TOT5426
VI049374
Thailand
green
87
P59
59
58
TOT5485
VI049472
Thailand
green
138
P60
60
59
TOT5525
VI049522
Thailand
green
97
P61
61
60
TOT5571
VI049579
Thailand
green
82
P62
62
61
TOT5589
VI049599
Thailand
green
106
P63
63
62
TOT5724
VI049767
Thailand
green
171
P64
S
-
TOT5724
VI049767
Thailand
green
41
P65
64
63
TOT5783
VI049845
Thailand
green
134
P66
65
64
TOT5840
VI049909
Thailand
green
181
P67
66
65
TOT5843
VI049912
Thailand
green
165
2013
plot no.
2012
No.
P34
36
P35
100
Received
no.
Seed
Inventory
(g)
Received
no.
Temporary
Number
Vegetable
Introduction
Number
Country of
Collection
Stem
color
67
66
TOT5900-A
VI049997-A
Japan
green
52
P69
68
67
TOT5900-B
VI049997-B
Japan
purple
19
P70
69
68
TOT5998
VI050147
Taiwan
L-purple
74
P71
70
69
TOT6042
VI050199
Taiwan
green
64
P72
71
70
TOT6043
VI050200
Taiwan
L-purple
79
P73
72
71
TOT6208
VI050543
Thailand
green
193
P74
73
72
TOT6286
VI050635
Viet Nam
green
69
P75
74
73
TOT6501
VI051016
Philippines
purple
87
P76
75
74
TOT6611
VI054534
Taiwan
green
155
P77
76
75
TOT7106
VI055023
Malaysia
green
147
P78
77
76
TOT7125
VI055053
Malaysia
purple
98
P79
78
77
TOT7138
VI055075
Malaysia
green
96
P80
79
78
TOT7188
VI055143
Malaysia
green
33
P81
80
79
TOT7189
VI055144
Malaysia
purple
83
P82
81
80
TOT7438
VI055570
Lao PDR
green
246
P83
82
81
TOT7443
VI055581
Lao PDR
green
248
P84
83
82
TOT7446
VI055585
Lao PDR
green
279
P85
84
83
TOT7464
VI055616
Lao PDR
green
119
P86
85
84
TOT7468
VI055621
Lao PDR
green
57
P87
86
85
TOT7472
VI055626
Lao PDR
green
260
P88
87
86
TOT7483
VI055640
Lao PDR
green
247
P89
88
87
TOT7488
VI055646
Lao PDR
green
268
P90
89
88
TOT7619
VI055851
Lao PDR
green
52
P91
90
89
TOT7621
VI055855
Lao PDR
green
196
P92
91
90
TOT7634
VI055879
Lao PDR
green
170
P93
92
91
TOT7666
VI055947
Lao PDR
green
206
P94
93
92
TOT7686
VI055981
Lao PDR
green
195
P95
94
93
TOT7753
VI056070
Cambodia
green
181
P96
-
-
-
IVC-001
Taiwan
green
83
P97
-
-
-
IVC-003
Taiwan
green
218
P98
-
-
-
IVC-005
Taiwan
green
79
2013
plot no.
2012
No.
P68
Seed
Inventory
(g)
Year in Review 2013
101
Table 2.1.1b. Candidate Malabar spinach accessions for possible inclusion in the 2014 summer yield trial
Average no.
days between
harvests
Weight. of Mean shoot
No. of
shoots/plant
weight
shoots/plant
(g)
(g)
No.
Country of
Collection
VI no.
Plot
no.
Color
SD1
(cm)
type2
Harvest
period
1
Bangladesh
VI048137-A
P49
green
3.98
BG
24 July-7 Oct.
8.33
3684
5.6
309.0
55.6
2
Bangladesh
VI048112
P48
green
3.90
BG
24 July-7 Oct.
8.33
3668
5.1
252.5
49.7
3
Bangladesh
VI047695-A
P32
green
3.80
BG
22 July-8 Oct.
8.67
3640
5.3
225.2
42.7
4
Bangladesh
VI048178
P53
green
4.16
BG
24 July-2 Oct.
7.78
3561
4.9
261.4
53.6
5
Bangladesh
VI047914
P46
green
3.92
BG
24 July-7 Oct.
8.33
3512
5.2
268.9
51.9
6
Lao PDR
VI055616
P85
green
2.88
sg
22 July-30 Sep.
7.78
2161
8.4
156.6
18.7
7
Lao PDR
VI055879
P92
green
2.40
sg
17 July-17 Sep.
6.89
2151
9.5
167.7
17.7
8
Lao PDR
VI055855
P91
green
2.24
sg
17 July-20 Sep.
7.22
1941
8.8
148.5
16.9
9
Lao PDR
VI055947
P93
green
2.62
sg
17 July-17 Sep.
6.89
1930
8.2
140.3
17.2
10
Thailand
VI049472
P59
green
2.40
sg
23 July-3 Oct.
7.22
1546
9.2
208.3
22.6
11
Bangladesh
VI047843-B
P41
purple
4.34
BP
22 July-7 Oct.
8.56
3302
5.0
276.0
55.2
12
Bangladesh
VI047671-A1
P27
purple
3.94
BP
23 July-3 Oct.
8.00
3046
5.3
329.9
61.8
13
Bangladesh
VI048137-B
P50
purple
3.60
BP
24 July-7 Oct.
8.33
3045
4.9
284.0
58.2
14
Malaysia
VI055053
P78
purple
3.20
BP
16 July-20 Sep.
7.33
2326
6.0
209.9
34.9
15
Philippines
VI041442
P09
purple
3.40
BP
25 July-4 Oct.
7.89
1924
6.9
213.3
31.1
16
Bangladesh
VI047837-B
P39
purple
2.70
sp
22 July-4 Oct.
8.22
3433
5.0
232.8
46.2
17
Philippines
VI051016
P75
purple
2.15
sp
15 July-23 Sep.
7.78
2405
6.6
207.9
31.7
18
Thailand
VI040879
P04
purple
2.46
sp
20 July-26 Sep.
7.67
2073
6.0
176.2
29.2
19
Philippines
VI034758
P02
purple
2.84
sp
19 July-26 Sep.
7.56
1882
7.2
174.3
24.3
20
Thailand
VI048626
P57
purple
2.80
sp
23 July-3 Oct.
8.00
1746
7.0
156.2
22.6
1
SD: Stem diameter measured at the pinching point (cm)
type: according to 'color' and 'SD', there are 4 types: BG-SD>3 cm, green color; sg-SD<3 cm, green color
BP-SD>3 cm, purple color; sp-SD<3 cm, purple color
2
Yield
(g/plot)
Priority setting leading to selection of 1-2 African traditional vegetable crops for
improvement at the Regional Center for Africa
A draft strategy document for the Arusha, Tanzania-based vegetable breeder was
prepared. The final document will be available after comments from selected reviewers
are received and incorporated. Among traditional vegetables, amaranth (leafy vegetable)
and African eggplant (fruit type) were selected as priority crops based on their
importance across countries for nutrition security and/or income generation. Tomato is
a priority crop among the global/exotic vegetables. The document covers breeding and
breeding research strategies, as well as improved seed availability and dissemination
strategies. Collaboration and linkages required from national agricultural research and
extension systems, the private sector and nongovernmental organizations, especially in
the area of seed systems and technology deployment, have been detailed. The strategy
captures how to address the improvement and development of other vegetables not in
the priority list due to resource shortages but still very important in various countries of
the continent. Some of these crops are being addressed by AVRDC Mali and Cameroon.
F.F. Dinssa
Activity 2.2 Evaluation, seed multiplication, and distribution of elite African
and Asian traditional vegetables
Elite traditional vegetables evaluated for horticultural, nutritional, and antinutritional
traits and seed of selected lines/accessions increased for international distribution
Seeds of 6 vegetable cowpea accessions, 2 African eggplant accessions, 3 okra accessions,
2 slippery cabbage or Aibika (Abelmoshcus manihot) accessions, and 3 kangkong (Ipomoea
aquatica) accessions were increased (Table 2.2.1a).
Year in Review 2013
103
Theme BREEDING
Table 2.2.1a. Seed list of elite traditional vegetable accessions increased in 2013
GRSU
accession no.
Origin
accession name
1
VI060280
Tanzania
CHORA(ILO)
230
2
VI060281
Tanzania
GKK-CP-10
310
VI060282
Tanzania
EX-ISEKE
270
VI060285
Tanzania
DAKAWA
700
5
VI060286
Tanzania
FAHARI
260
6
VI060287
Tanzania
VULI
660
VI061522
Mali
L10
6
VI061524
Mali
SOXNA
4
VI060313
Tanzania
TZ-SMN-86
15
VI060315
Tanzania
TZ-SMN-98
16
VI059456
Mali
BORNIE
28
VI060207
Japan
-
200
VI060248
Thailand
-
30
VI043205A
(TOT1917A)
Indonesia
-
60
VI043205B
(TOT1917B)
Indonesia
-
20
VI043207
(TOT1919B)
Indonesia
-
40
No.
3
4
7
8
Crop
Vegetable
cowpea
African
eggplant
9
10
Okra
11
12
13
Aibika
14
15
16
Kangkong
Seed Inventory (g)
R. Hsiao, P. Hanson
Seed multiplication of 16 advanced lines of five traditional vegetable crops (amaranth,
African nightshade, Ethiopian mustard, cowpea and okra) took place at the Regional
Center for Africa in 2013. A total of 379 kg seeds were produced (Table 2.2.1b).
F.F. Dinssa, O. Mbwambo
104
Table 2.2.1b. Seed produced of 16 advanced lines vegetable crops at AVRDC
Regional Center for Africa in 2013
Crop
Code
Name
Origin
Seed (kg)
Amaranth
RVI00121
AH-NL
Tanzania
57
Amaranth
RVI00001
AM-25
Uganda
50
Amaranth
RVI00007
AH-TL
Tanzania
77
African nightshade
RVI00575
SS 04.2
Cameroon
2
African nightshade
RVI00585
SS 40
Cameroon
9
African nightshade
RVI00588
SS 52
Cameroon
10
Spider plant
RVI00723
GS
Tanzania
1
Spider plant
RVI00749
HTT
Kenya
1
Spider plant
RVI00756
IP 8
South Africa
2
Spider plant
RVI00773
UG-SF-17
Uganda
2
Spider plant
RVI00785
UG-SF-2
Uganda
4
Cowpea
RVI00833
Dakawa
Tanzania
49
Cowpea
RVI00836
Ngoji
Tanzania
2
Cowpea
RVI00890
UG-CP-4
Uganda
70
Cowpea
RVI00864
Ex-Iseke
Tanzania
34
Okra
TZSMN86
Total
9
379
OUTPUT 3
Vegetable variety testing networks and improved seed systems developed
Activity 3.2 Analyze and review multi-environment testing of AVRDC – The
World Vegetable Center’s improved germplasm
Vegetable variety trials and implications for breeding and variety release analyzed and
summarized
A detailed survey of Capsicum germplasm distribution from 2001 to 2012 in our database
was conducted and data were analyzed. Requests were sent to obtain feedback from
collaborators with regard to use and/or release of AVRDC lines. Information was
compiled and an article was published. A total of 29,980 pepper germplasm (2001-2012)
samples, comprising 6008 genebank accessions (20%) and 23,972 improved advanced
lines (80%) were distributed in 123 countries/territories. Since 2005, based on AVRDC’s
germplasm and improved lines, a total of 51 open pollinated and hybrid cultivars (one or
both parental lines from AVRDC) of hot and sweet peppers were released and
commercialized by both public and private sectors in 12 countries of South Asia, West
Africa, Central Asia and the Caucasus. We have learned that a major multiplying impact
of our improved lines has been achieved in developing countries when people working
in both public and private sectors have enhanced skills, for example, in India.
Year in Review 2013
105
Theme BREEDING
S.-W. Lin, Y.-Y. Chou, H.-C. Shieh, A.W. Ebert, S. Kumar, R. Mavlyanova, A. Rouamba, A.
Tenkouano, V. Afari-Sefa, P.A. Gniffke
Activity 3.3 Develop online seed catalog to facilitate seed requests for AVRDCimproved vegetables
Online seed catalogs for Chinese cabbage, shallot, rootstocks, elite African traditional
vegetables and cucumber developed
Table 3.3.2 shows the vegetable lines added to the AVRDC online seed catalog at
http://avrdc.org/?page_id=4217
Table 3.3.2. Vegetable lines added to the AVRDC online seed catalog in 2013
Crop
No. of lines
Lines
Chinese cabbage (OP)
7
VI060641~VI060647
Amaranth
2
VI060290, VI060470
Ethiopian kale
2
VI060309, VI060311
Roselle
2
VI060122, VI060127
Vegetable cowpea
6
VI060274, VI060275, VI060276, VI060277-A,
VI060277-B, VI060284
Activity 3.4 Monitor and assess variety release, commercialization and adoption
of AVRDC-bred lines
Release and commercialization of AVRDC varieties by national agricultural research and
extension stations and seed companies in Africa, Asia, and Central America monitored
Variety release
There is a preliminary report that one AVRDC high beta-carotene tomato line was
released in Malawi by Bvumbwe Research Station in 2013. Information on the identity
of the line has been not received, but it is either CLN2366B or CLN2366C (Table 3.4.1a).
These lines were sent to Malawi in 2005 and at the request of Bvumbwe, and their
nutrient content information was obtained from AVRDC Taiwan in 2009. In addition,
notification was received in 2013 of the 2012 releases of one AVRDC tomato line in
Ethiopia by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and one AVRDC
African nightshade variety in Kenya by East African Seeds Company. The original name
of the tomato line release in Ethiopia was given as ‘ARP Tomato d2’, which is Tanya.
However, the line characteristics provided by Selamawit Ketema, breeder, Melkassa
Research Center/EIAR, do not match those of Tanya (Table 3.4.1b). Tanya fruit have
two locules and an average weight of 60-70 g but the new variety has 4 locules and a fruit
weight of 103 g. Therefore, further investigation is needed. The original AVRDC name
of the nightshade variety registered in Kenya is BG 24.
F.F. Dinssa, P. Hanson
106
Table 3.4.1a. Nutrient content of two high beta-carotene AVRDC tomato lines, one of
which was released in Malawi in 2013
Entry
Betacarotene
(mg/100 g
fresh
weight)
Lycopene
(mg/100 g
fresh
weight)
Color
(a/b)
Solids
(Brix°)
pH
CLN2366B = CLN2366DC1-58-15-18-23-5
3.42
0.48
0.58
4.7
4.18
CLN2366C= CLN2366DC1-58-22-4-3-2
2.59
0.25
0.37
4.6
4.24
CLN2026D (check)
0.33
4.56
1.89
4.2
4.23
Source: Tomato Breeding, AVRDC Headquarters
Table 3.4.1b. Characteristics of ‘ARP tomato d2’ tomato variety released in Ethiopia
in 2012
Characteristics
Adaptation
Temperature.
Altitude (masl)
Growth habit
Stem strength
Leaf color
Leaf size
Leaf coverage
Fruit maturity (days)
Size (g)
Shape
Cracks
No. of locules
Fruits/cluster
Color before maturity
Color of ripe fruit
Fruit firmness
Quality - TSS
pH
Acceptability
Outstanding traits
Total Yield (t/ha)
-Skin
-Flesh
Research
On farm
21-270C
500-2000
Determinate
Strong
Light green
Medium
Medium
80
103
Plum
No
4
4
Green
Brick Red
Cherry
Firm
4.6
4.1
1
High yield, firm, deep red color
43.5
35.5
Source: Mrs. Selamawit Ketema, Breeder, Malkassa Research Center, EIAR
Commercial seed production and marketing
Several seed companies in Eastern Africa have commercialized several global and
traditional vegetable varieties developed by AVRDC. The companies marketed these
lines in eastern and southern African countries, including Malawi, Mozambique and
Zimbabwe. According to company information, East African Seed Company produced
about 9 t of seed each of Tanya and Tengeru 97 in 2012 and sold the largest proportion
in 2013. Alpha Seed Company produced 3-4 t of seed each of Tanya and Tengeru 97 in
Year in Review 2013
107
Theme BREEDING
2012, which was sold in 2013. A new seed company called Africasia was established in
Arusha, Tanzania in November 2012. In its first seed production season (April/May August/September 2013), the company produced 2.5 and 4.5 t of Tanya and Tengeru 97
respectively, and commercialized about 1.5 t of the 7 t in October 2013. The company
also produced 300 kg each of African eggplant DB3 and African nightshade (no variety
name, but from AVRDC lines), and 500 kg of amaranth (no variety name).
F.F. Dinssa, P. Hanson
Breeder seed produced of released AVRDC lines at AVRDC Taiwan and regional offices
A total of 250 kg breeder seeds of 10 released varieties of five vegetable crops were
produced at the Regional Center for Africa in 2013 (Table 3.4.2). A total of 38 varieties
of 14 crops were tested in State Variety Trials in Central Asia and the Caucasus. In 2013,
four new varieties of three crops were released, including tomato ‘Zolotaya businka’
(CLN 2071D) and ‘Solnechnaya jemchujina’ (CLN 2070C) in Kazakhstan, and sweet
pepper ‘Sabo’ (PP0437–7031, Bell, LYO-Y) and eggplant ‘Feruz’ (S00691) in Uzbekistan.
F.F. Dinssa, O. Mbwambo
Table 3.4.2. Amount of breeder seed increased for 10 released varieties of five
vegetable crops at AVRDC Regional Center for Africa in 2013
Crop
Name
Seed (kg)
Tomato
Duluti
8
Tomato
Tengeru 2010
10
Tomato
Tanya
12
Tomato
Meru
13
Amaranth
Madiira 1
66
African nightshade
Nduruma
10
African nightshade
Olevolosi
8
Ethiopian mustard
Rungwe
42
Ethiopian mustard
Arumeru
50
Cowpea
Tumaini
31
Total
250
Activity 3.5 Use male sterility to improve the efficiency of hybrid vegetable seed
production
Advance of BC4F3 generations segregating for fertility restoration using molecular
marker-assisted selection
Nine BC4F3 families were successfully advanced during 2013.
Crosses developed to evaluate efficacy of sweet pepper restorer lines possessing Rf gene
from hot peppers
108
Twenty crosses were developed using putative sweet pepper restorer plants to examine
the restoration ability of these putative restorers (Table 3.5.2) in spring season 2013.
Table 3.5.2. List of crosses developed using potential restorer plants on cytoplasmic
male sterility (CMS) plants, AVRDC Taiwan, spring 2013
Seed amount
(g)
Cross code
Code pedigree
Pedigree name
CCA13840
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-1Rf
Mito Lee Seln-2-sterile/0537-7007
1.3
CCA13843
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-4Rf
1.1
CCA13844
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-5Rf
4.5
CCA13845
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-6Rf
1.8
CCA13846
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-7Rf
2.7
CCA13847
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-8Rf
7
CCA13848
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-9Rf
2.1
CCA13849
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-10Rf
1.3
CCA13850
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-11Rf
2.4
CCA13851
CCA7234/CCA13470-40-1-12Rf
1.8
CCA13853
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-2Rf
1.7
CCA13854
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-3Rf
1.5
CCA13855
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-4Rf
1.9
CCA13856
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-5Rf
1.7
CCA13857
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-6Rf
2
CCA13858
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-7Rf
0.3
CCA13859
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-8Rf
2.3
CCA13860
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-9Rf
3.4
CCA13861
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-10Rf
1.9
CCA13863
CCA7234/CCA13472-01-4-12Rf
5.2
S.-W. Lin, H.-C. Shieh, S. Kumar
Year in Review 2013
109
Theme BREEDING
110
Safe and sustainable vegetable production systems
Theme PRODUCTION: Safe and sustainable
vegetable production systems
Jaw-Fen Wang (Global Theme Leader), Lawrence Kenyon (Deputy Theme Leader)
Goal
Substantial contributions to safe and sustainable vegetable production generated
Purpose
Increased supply of safer vegetables through adoption of profitable, environmentally
sound practices by farmers leading to knowledge-based farming
OUTPUT 1
Integrated pest management technologies developed/validated
Activity 1.1 Diagnose and characterize major insect pests
Most common species of aphids associated with okra (Abelmoschus spp.) in Cameroon
catalogued
Aphid (Aphis gossypii) is the most serious pest of okra in sub-Saharan Africa. This pest is
known to have several biotypes, and there is a need to characterize the A. gossypii
populations to provide the data needed to develop an effective integrated pest
management (IPM) strategy. In this study, we analyzed the partial sequence of the
mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene from aphids to reveal the phylogenetic
relationships among A. gossypii populations. Four populations of A. gossypii were collected
from okra and hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) in high altitude savannah (06°1' N, 10°00'
E) and warm and humid forests (03°52' N, 11°28' E) in Cameroon. A fifth population
was collected from okra in Shanhua, Taiwan (23° 08' 29" N, 120° 19' 15" E). A reference
population collected from okra in Salem, India (11° 59' 76" N, 78° 01' 10" E) also was
used. All the samples were collected under field conditions during 2012. A total of 60
insects (10 per population) were used for COI sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. An
outgroup (A. craccivora) sequence was obtained from the National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank (HQ528252). An amplicon of
approximately 900 bp was produced from each sample by polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) using the COI gene specific primers:
Ago_CoxI_f2 (5’-CTTACCTGTATTAGCTGGTGCTAT-3’)
Ago_CoxI_r2.1 (5’-GTTCTAATGGTGGAAGATTGTG-3’)
Sequences were submitted to the NCBI GenBank. Accession numbers are: Cameroon
[high altitude savannah population (KF385392), farmer okra field in warm and humid
forest (KF385393), hibiscus plant in warm and humid forest (KF385394), on-station
okra at warm and humid forest (KF385395)], Taiwan (KF385396) and India (KF385397).
Nucleotide sequence comparison showed 100% similarity between populations. The
aphid populations from Cameroon, India and Taiwan are genetically identical at the COI
locus, and confirmed to be the same genotype of A. gossypii.
R. Srinivasan, J.-C. (Jan) Chang, A.F. Abang
Year in Review 2013
111
Theme PRODUCTION
Major whitefly species or cryptic species associated with tomato, pepper and mungbean
in Southeast Asia characterized
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a destructive pest on a range of agricultural and horticultural
crops in the tropics due to the damage it causes while feeding, and the begomoviruses
that it transmits. The B. tabaci cryptic species complex contains morphologically
indistinguishable species of different genetic groups, and identification of cryptic species
is necessary for the development of appropriate IPM strategies. This study was
conducted to investigate the phylogenetic relationship and genetic structure among the
populations of B. tabaci from India, Thailand and the Philippines on the basis of cytochrome
c oxidase I (COI) gene sequences.
A total of 90 populations of B. tabaci were collected from eggplant, tomato, hot pepper,
Solanum torvum, mungbean, black gram, yard-long bean and Sesbania grandiflora in India
(15° 41’ N, 77° 47’ E and 11° 01’ N, 76° 97’ E), the Philippines (7° 07’ N, 125° 61’ E)
and Thailand (13° 53’ N, 100° 20’ E; 14° 01’ N, 99° 57’ E and 15° 22’ N, 104° 85’ E).
An amplicon of approximately 708 bp was produced from each sample by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) using the COI gene specific primers:
LCO1490 (GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG)
HCO2198 (TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATC)
Sequence alignment and editing resulted in a consensus sequence of 522 bp across all B.
tabaci samples. Sequence comparison identified the presence of 14 haplotypes, and
phylogenetic analysis revealed six potential genetic groups congruent with different
geographical locations. All sequences from the Philippines were similar to each other
(single haplotype), and were placed in a distinct independent cluster, indicating a different
subspecies or species. The populations in Thailand and India exhibited high nucleotide
and haplotype diversities. AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) confirmed the
significant level of genetic variation among populations (P < 0.01). This study showed
that B. tabaci is composed of different genotypes (subpopulations) each associated with
a different geographic region. To address this diversity, there may be a need to develop
specific IPM technologies for each country or region.
R. Srinivasan, J.-C. (Jan) Chang
N. Manikanda Boopathi, S. Sanjitha Baanu (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India)
Activity 1.2 Develop integrated pest management technologies for major insect
pests
Efficacy of an integrated pest management strategy for legume pod borer, eggplant fruit
and shoot borer and aphids on okra validated in Southeast Asia, South Asia (Nepal) and
sub-Saharan Africa (Cameroon)
Parasitism of Therophilus javanus on legume pod borer determined
Explorations were carried out during 2011-2012 in Lao PDR, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand
and Vietnam to identify species-specific parasitoids of the legume pod borer, (Maruca
vitrata). Therophilus marucae and T. javanus (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) were identified as
the important larval parasitoids attacking late larval stages of M. vitrata, especially on
fourth instars. The next step was to assess the parasitism of these parasitoids against M.
112
vitrata. Mass-culturing techniques have been standardized for T. javanus, and its parasitism
on M. vitrata was determined during 2013 as follows.
Determining the suitable M. vitrata larval stage
T. javanus was tested against first, second, third, fourth and fifth instar larvae of M. vitrata
for its parasitism efficiency. Forty larvae from each larval stage were exposed to two pairs
of mated parasitoids in cages. After 3 h, the larvae were transferred and maintained on
an artificial diet, and monitored continuously. Larvae were maintained until the parasitoid
or M. vitrata adults emerged from them. The percent parasitoid adults were calculated to
determine the efficiency of the parasitoids against various larval stages of M. vitrata. Each
treatment was replicated four times in a completely randomized design experiment. The
percent pupation of M. vitrata declined significantly between first and third instar,
recording 13 and 27%, respectively P<0.0001). However, the percent pupation
(P=0.0005) and adult emergence (P=0.0004) of T. javanus were significantly higher when
they parasitized the second instar M. vitrata larvae, followed by first and third instar larvae.
We concluded that T. javanus adults preferred the second instar larvae of M. vitrata over
the first and third instar larvae.
Effect of host larval number on parasitism
Various numbers (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100) of larvae (second instar) of M. vitrata were
exposed to two pairs of mated T. javanus. After 3 h of exposure, the parasitized larvae
were transferred and maintained on an artificial diet, and monitored continuously. Larvae
were maintained until the parasitoid and/or M. vitrata adults emerged from them. The
percent parasitoid adults were calculated to determine the efficiency of the parasitoids
against various larval numbers of M. vitrata. Each treatment was replicated three times in
a completely randomized design (CRD). The percent pupation of M. vitrata was
significantly lower (5%) for 20 larvae than all other larval densities (P=0.01). However,
the pupation (P=0.30) and adult emergence (P=0.49) of T. javanus did not differ
significantly among the host larval numbers. We concluded that the parasitism did not
differ if the M. vitrata larvae were exposed at the rate of 10-50 for a single mated T. javanus
female.
Effect of temperature on parasitism
Second instar larvae of M. vitrata and fresh adults of T. javanus were collected from insect
rearing facilities. Both M. vitrata larvae and the parasitoid adults were held at 15, 25, and
35 °C for 4 h to acclimatize them. One hundred (100) M. vitrata larvae were placed in
each of three acrylic jars (15 cm in diameter, 30 cm in length) and then exposed to five
mated parasitoid adults. Insects were held at specific temperature environments for two
days, after which parasitoid adults were discarded and parasitized larvae of M. vitrata were
maintained at 26±2 °C until parasitoid or M. vitrata adults emerged from them. Each
treatment was replicated ten times in a CRD. The percent pupation of M. vitrata was
significantly lower (22-26%) at 25 °C and 35 °C than 15 °C (P<0.0001). Similarly, the
pupation (P<0.0001) and adult emergence (P<0.0001) of T. javanus also significantly
higher at 25 °C and 35 °C. We concluded that the parasitism of T. javanus was higher at
25 °C and 35 °C.
R. Srinivasan, M.-Y. Lin
Year in Review 2013
113
Theme PRODUCTION
Control efficacy of biopesticides against legume pod borer determined in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa
A lack of studies on the effectiveness of biopesticides against M. vitrata on yard-long bean
or cowpea in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa has limited their use in IPM
strategies. An earlier study confirmed the susceptibility of M. vitrata to selected
biopesticides under laboratory conditions in Thailand and Vietnam. A series of field trials
were carried out to confirm the potential of biopesticide application in combination with
chemical pesticides against M. vitrata on yard-long bean in Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand
and Vietnam during 2012 and 2013.
Lao PDR
Two field trials were conducted at the Clean Agriculture Development Center, Vientiane,
Lao PDR during February – May 2012. Six treatments were used in the trials. In each
treatment, the spraying order was decided based on the initial population level of M.
vitrata. Commercial biopesticides were used in the trials: Redcat® (B. thuringiensis subsp.
kurstaki), Zitarback F.C.® (B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai), Thai neem 111®,
entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, and the commonly used chemical
pesticide, abamectin. The experiments were conducted following a randomized complete
block design with three replications for each treatment. The individual plot (replication)
size was 12 m2. Treatment application began when pod damage exceeded 10%. The
recommended dose of each chemical or biopesticide was applied weekly until the final
harvest. Pod damage by M. vitrata and yield were recorded at every harvest.
The results showed that abamectin treatment led to significantly lower pod damage (8%)
by M. vitrata. Among the treatments involving bio- and chemical pesticides, the treatment
based on B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai resulted in lower pod damage (13%) in trial 1
(P=0.004). However, the pod yield was similar in B. thuringiensis treatments as to the
abamectin treatment (10 t/ha) (P=0.01). The average yield increase was about 66% in B.
thuringiensis and abamectin treatments when compared with the untreated check. In trial
2, there were no significant differences in mean pod damage. However, yard-long bean
yield was significantly different (P=0.005), and it was highest in the abamectin treatment
(2 t/ha). In general, the marketable pod yield was much less in this trial (1-2 t/ha) because
of a severe infestation of southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula). The biopesticides
were unable to control N. viridula as effectively as abamectin. However, these two trials
confirmed that B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides with a single spray of abamectin could
reduce pod damage by M. vitrata and increase yield as effectively as repeated applications
of abamectin.
R. Srinivasan
P. Chansamone, V. Phimchai, K. Soukhavong (Clean Agriculture Development Centre, Department
of Agriculture, Lao PDR)
Vietnam
Four field trials, two at Gia Lam, and two at Song Phuong, Hanoi, Vietnam were
conducted during April – June 2012. Seven treatments were used in the trials.
Cypermethrin was used as a positive control treatment. Plot size, treatment application,
and other details were similar to the experiment conducted in Lao PDR. The results of
the two trials at Gia Lam showed that there were significant differences in the mean pod
damage among the treatments in trial 1 (P=0.001). Comparatively, this trial suffered from
poor pod setting, which led to lower yield (<5 t/ha) than the other trials (10-24 t/ha).
However, the yield of marketable pods was significantly higher in the first two treatments
that had frequent applications of B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides. In trial 2, the pod
114
damage by M. vitrata was significantly reduced in plots receiving neem, cypermethrin, B.
bassiana and B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai compared with the untreated check (P<0.0001).
The plots that received more B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides produced better quality
pods, and the marketable pod yield was significantly higher (21-24 t/ha) in those plots
(P<0.0001). However, trials 3 and 4 conducted at Song Phuong, Vietnam did not show
any significant differences in the proportion of pod damage or marketable yield among
the treatments. This is mainly due to the fact that as well as M. vitrata, other pod boring
pests such as common armyworm (Spodoptera litura) and blue butterfly (Euchrysops cnejus)
were present in these trials. Hence, the intended chemical or biopesticide treatments did
not show promise for reducing pod damage. Although the results from trials 3 and 4 are
inconclusive, the results from trials at Gia Lam showed that treatments based on B.
thuringiensis-based biopesticides with two applications of cypermethrin could reduce pod
damage by M. vitrata with significant increases in marketable pod yield.
R. Srinivasan
N.T. Thanh Hien, V.T. Thuy Trang, L.Đ. Khánh, V.M. Hai (Vietnam Academy of
Agricultural Sciences)
Malaysia
Three field trials were conducted at the Malaysian Agricultural Research and
Development Institute (MARDI) stations at Jalan Kebun (January – June 2013) and
Cameron Highlands (January – March 2013). Seven treatments were used in the trials.
Commercial products of biopesticides were used in the trials. They were Redcat®,
Zitarback F.C.® , Thai neem 111®, entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana (Buverin®) and M.
anisopliae (Metazan®) and the commonly-used chemical pesticide, lufenuron. The
experiments were conducted following a randomized complete block design with three
replications for each treatment. Plot size, treatment application, and other details were
similar to the experiment conducted in Lao PDR. The results from the first trial at Jalan
Kebun during January-March showed that the pod damage due to M. vitrata was
significantly reduced in the Zitarback F.C.® treatment, followed by Redcat® and neem
(Table 1.2.1). The second trial during April-June in the same location recorded the lowest
damage in Redcat® treatment, followed by Zitarback F.C.®. However, the trial in the
Cameron Highlands confirmed the effectiveness of Zitarback F.C.® only against M.
vitrata on yard-long bean. We concluded that treatments based on B. thuringiensis
(Zitarback F.C.® and Redcat®)-based biopesticides could reduce pod damage by M. vitrata.
Year in Review 2013
115
Theme PRODUCTION
Table 1.2.1. Effect of biopesticides on the pod damage by M. vitrata in yard-long
bean
Pod Damage (%)1
Treatment
Jalan Kebun
(Jan – Mar 2013)
Jalan Kebun
(Apr – Jun 2013)
Cameron Highlands
(Jan – Mar 2013)
Control (unsprayed)
70 a
11 bcd
56 a
Chemical pesticide
64 a
12 bcd
36 b
Beauveria bassiana (Buverin®)
60 ab
16 ab
31 bc
Metarhizium anisopliae
(Metazan®)
64 a
14 abc
24 cd
Bacillus thuringiensis cv. Aizawai
(Zitarback F.C. ®)
37 c
9 cd
23 d
Bacillus thuringiensis cv. Kurstaki
(Redcat®)
45 bc
6d
36 b
Neem (Thai neem 111®)
48 bc
19 a
30 bc
1
Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other at P<0.05 by
Tukey’s test.
R. Srinivasan
M. R. Mohd. Noor (Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute)
Thailand
This study was carried out to confirm the potential effect of biopesticide application
under field conditions in combination with chemical pesticides against M. vitrata on yardlong bean. Four field trials were conducted at two locations (AVRDC East and Southeast
Asia and farmers’ fields in Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand) from March to August 2012. Five
treatments were used in all the trials except the fourth trial, in which a sixth treatment
(chemical pesticide alone) was also included to have a positive control. The remaining
details are similar to the experiment in Lao PDR.
The results of the first trial showed that pod damage by M. vitrata was significantly
reduced (P<0.0001) with significant yield increases (P<0.0001) in B. thuringiensis-based
treatments compared with the untreated check and other treatments at the AVRDC field.
The average yield increase was 190% in B. thuringiensis-based treatments when compared
with the untreated check. In trial 2 at the farmer’s field in Kamphaeng Saen, only the B.
thuringiensis subsp. aizawai-based treatment significantly reduced pod damage (P=0.03).
Yard-long bean yield was not significantly different among the treatments. In the third
field trial at AVRDC from May to August 2012, a significant reduction in pod damage
was observed only in B. thuringiensis-based treatments (P=0.04). Yields were also
statistically higher (P=0.03) only in B. thuringiensis-based treatments. In the fourth field
trial conducted in the farmer’s field at Kamphaeng Saen, the reduction in M. vitrata
damage was significantly higher with B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai-based treatment, which
was followed in efficacy by the B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki based-treatment and
cypermethrin spraying (P=0.001). However, the yield was not statistically higher in any
of the treated plots. These results confirmed that B. thuringiensis is a promising component
for IPM strategies against M. vitrata on yard-long bean in Thailand.
R. Srinivasan, S. Yule
116
Additional studies were conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand
to assess different biopesticides against M. vitrata. In this study, three commercial
biopesticides, NeemBaan®, Bactospeine® (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki) and Florbac® (B.
thuringiensis subsp. aizawai) were tested. In lab experiments, different concentrations of
NeemBaan® showed significant effects on the mortality of all the larval instars and over
80% mortality rate was observed with a dose-rate of 3000 ppm (P<0.0001). Bactospeine®
was found to be more effective against M. vitrata compared to Florbac®. A lower doserate of 500 ppm of Bactospeine® caused 100% mortality in the first and second instar
larvae; however, only 27% and 20% mortality were caused by Florbac® at the same doserate.
Two field experiments were conducted at AIT in Pathumthani to standardize the use of
the biopesticide NeemBaan® against M. vitrata on yard-long bean. The experiment
consisted of three treatments, with four replications, following a randomized complete
block design. The treatments were: 1000, 4000 and 6000 ppm of NeemBaan®; a
recommended dose-rate of Cypermethrin as positive control, and an untreated control.
The treatments commenced three weeks after seed sowing and continued at weekly
intervals until the final harvest. The plants were monitored for damage by M. vitrata
during each harvest. Harvesting was carried out with five plants per replication, and a
total of four harvests were carried out. In the first season, a weekly prophylactic spray of
neem significantly reduced damage by M. vitrata (P< 0.0001). The dose-rate of 6000 ppm
was comparable with that of Cypermethrin. However, NeemBaan® at a lower tested
dose-rate of 1000 ppm was similar to the untreated control. Similar trends in results were
observed in the second season. Thus, a high dose-rate of NeemBaan® (6000 ppm)
significantly reduced pod damage to approximately 20% in both the first and second
seasons. It can be concluded that neem and Bt-based biopesticide products have
potential in an IPM strategy for controlling M. vitrata in Thailand.
R. Srinivasan
Prabhat Kumar (Asian Institute of Technology)
Efficacy of an integrated pest management strategy for eggplant fruit and shoot borer in Nepal
Eggplant fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis, EFSB) is of prime importance in
Nepal. Pesticides occupy about 13% of the total input costs in eggplant production. To
confirm the effectiveness of an AVRDC IPM package for EFSB in Nepal before wider
promotion a pilot study was undertaken to assess the package’s performance at the
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Parwanipur, Bara from November 2012 to June
2013. All customary cultural practices were followed to raise the crop. The experiment
was laid out following a randomized complete block design with three treatments and
six replications. For each replication, the plot size was 100 m2. The treatments were: (i)
the standard IPM strategy based on shoot clipping, sex pheromones and biopesticides;
(ii) a chemical check; and (iii) an untreated control. Results confirmed that the EFSB
lures were attractive to moths in Nepal. Traps baited with EFSB pheromone lures
attracted significantly higher numbers of moths than the control traps (without lures).
The weekly trap catches of EFSB increased from March (3 moths/trap) to June (17
moths/trap) through April (13 moths/trap) and May (10 moths/trap). Traps without
pheromone lures attracted only 1-2 moths/trap. Shoot damage was significantly reduced
in IPM plots (2%) compared with the farmers’ practice (3%) and control (4%) (P=0.008).
Damage to fruit did not differ significantly among the treatments (P=0.70). Although
the marketable yield was higher in IPM plots (6 t/ha) and farmers’ practice (5 t/ha), they
were not statistically different from the control plots (3 t/ha) (P=0.30). These results
Year in Review 2013
117
Theme PRODUCTION
indicate that EFSB pheromone lures may have the potential to reduce pest damage and
improve the quality of eggplant fruit. However, more IPM trials should be conducted
throughout an entire community in the region, rather than on an individual farm, as a
pheromone-based IPM strategy might perform better in an area-wide program. Future
trials in Nepal should be conducted as a large-scale experiment.
R. Srinivasan
Anisur Rahman Ansari, Purushottam Khatiwada (Nepal Agriculture Research Council)
Efficacy of an integrated pest management strategy to manage major insect pests on
vegetable brassicas determined in lowlands of Bangladesh and Taiwan
Bangladesh
Cabbage is an important vegetable in Bangladesh and it is seriously damaged by
diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and common armyworm (Spodoptera litura). Farmers
frequently apply toxic pesticides to protect their crops from the attack of these pests
without much success. The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute set up large-scale
trials in farmers’ fields at different locations in the Barisal and Jessore regions to validate
IPM strategies during winter 2012-13. There were two treatments, IPM and non-IPM
(farmers’ practice). IPM plots were placed 200 m away from the non-IPM plots. At all
IPM plots, pheromone traps for S. litura were set up 15-20 days after transplanting.
Inundative release of egg and larval parasitoids was followed at 12- to 15- day intervals
at the rate of 1 gm parasitized eggs/ha for Trichogramma evanescens and 1000-1200
adults/ha for Bracon hebetor. In the non-IPM plots only chemical pesticides were applied
at all the locations. Viliam flaxi 300SC @ 0.5 ml/l of water or Dimethoate 40 EC @ 2.5
ml/l of water or Cypermethrin 10 EC @ 1 ml/l of water or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1 ml/l
of water or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/ l of water were the commonly used pesticides.
They were applied twice a week at Jessore; in Barisal, the insecticides were applied at 7to 10-day intervals. The IPM trials were set up in 25.4 ha of cabbage (7.2 ha at Barisal
and 18.2 ha at Jessore) involving 115 farmers. At all locations, cabbage head infestation
by leaf eating caterpillars was significantly less than that of farmers’ practice. At Sadar
(Barisal) and Bagarpara (Jessore), 70% and 66% less head infestation in the IPM plots
resulted in 46% and 30% higher yield, respectively, than the non-IPM plots (Table 1.2.2).
118
Table 1.2.2. Effect of different treatments on the management of leaf eating
caterpillars in cabbage and on the corresponding crop yield at Jessore and Barisal,
Bangladesh during the winter 2012-13 cropping season
Treatments
Head infestation
(%)
Percent reduction of
head infestation
Yield
(t/ha)
Percent yield
increase
IPM field
4a
70
59 a
46
Non-IPM field
12 b
-
40 b
-
IPM field
3a
66
60 a
30
Non-IPM field
9b
-
46 b
-
Sadar (Barisal)
Bagarpara (Jessore)
Means of 8-10 observations and 3 replications; means followed by the same letter in a column did not differ
significantly at P<0.01 by paired t test.
We concluded that the parasitoids and the pheromone traps could significantly reduce
pest incidence with corresponding yield increases. However, the yield increase was only
30-46%. This may be because the IPM components mainly targeted S. litura, not P.
xylostella. Additional field trials involving newer biopesticides with potential to manage
both S. litura and P. xylostella will be carried out in 2014.
R. Srinivasan
Syed Nurul Alam (Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute)
Taiwan
(i) Effectiveness of improved sex pheromone lures against P. xylostella for their potential in monitoring
and/or mass-trapping
According to the field trials conducted at AVRDC during autumn 2012, pheromone lures
can be used as a monitoring tool in IPM strategies to control P. xylostella. Additional trials
were conducted during 2013 to test newer pheromone lures received from the Taiwan
Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute (TACTRI) and the
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI). The first trial had three treatments: (i)
AVRDC pheromone lure, (ii) TACTRI pheromone lure, and (iii) check. The number of
P. xylostella adults attracted to each trap was counted at weekly intervals. The total number
of insects attracted in each replication was subjected to ANOVA and DMRT for mean
comparisons. The AVRDC pheromone lure attracted significantly more P. xylostella
adults (328/week) compared to the untreated check (131/week) and TACTRI lure
(186/week) (P=0.003).
A second field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of improved sex pheromone
lures from AVRDC, TACTRI and TARI for P. xylostella, either alone or in combination
with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a host plant volatile. The seven treatments were each
replicated three times. The number of P. xylostella adults attracted to each trap was
counted every week. The total number of insects attracted in each replication was
subjected to ANOVA and DMRT for mean comparisons. The AVRDC pheromone lure
combined with AITC attracted significantly more DBM moths (247 moths/trap)
(P=0.02). However, the AVRDC lure alone was about as effective as the TARI and
TACTRI lures, attracting 99-155 moths/trap. Thus, pheromone lures can be used to
Year in Review 2013
119
Theme PRODUCTION
monitor P. xylostella in an IPM strategy, and were incorporated in subsequent IPM trials
during autumn 2013.
(ii) Effectiveness of a pesticide window strategy based on recommended chemical and biopesticides
A two-window insecticide resistance management strategy for P. xylostella has been
devised and implemented successfully in countries such as Australia. Essentially, new
insecticides were to be used in one of two production windows each year to avoid a
mosaic of insecticide groups being used across a production region. This would prevent
the insect from developing resistance to pesticides. A two-window strategy for the
management of P. xylostella on cabbage in lowland production systems of Taiwan was
developed:
Window 1 (spring): spinetoram, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb and
B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
Window 2 (autumn): emamectin, fipronil, chlorantraniliprole and
B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai
This strategy was validated during spring 2013 in a field trial at AVRDC. The trial had
three treatments: (i) pesticide window strategy, (ii) farmers’ practice (spraying of fipronil
and chlorantraniliprole), and (iii) check. The number of P. xylostella and Pieris rapae larvae
on plants was counted at weekly intervals. At the time of harvest, the marketable yield
was also recorded. The data was subjected to ANOVA and DMRT for mean
comparisons. The results confirmed that the window strategy significantly reduced the
population of Pi. rapae to zero compared with untreated plots having at least two to three
larvae per plant (P=0.0006). However, the population of P. xylostella was generally low in
all the plots because of severe infestation of Pi. rapae. The marketable yield was
significantly higher with the window strategy (39 t/ha), followed by farmers’ practice (31
t/ha) and the check (21 t/ha) (P=0.009). The pesticide window strategy was highly
effective in reducing the major lepidopterans and thus increasing the yield of cabbage.
This practice was incorporated in subsequent IPM trials during autumn 2013.
(iii) Effectiveness of an IPM approach based on pesticide window strategy, sex pheromone lures and trap
crop
An IPM approach was developed based on pesticide window strategy, sex pheromone
lures and trap crops and validated against the major insect pests on cabbage in a lowland
production system in Taiwan. The trial was carried out during autumn 2013. The trial
had five treatments: (i) window strategy; (ii) window strategy + pheromone lures; (iii)
window strategy + pheromone lures + trap; (iv) farmers’ method; and (v) untreated
control. Each treatment was replicated four times, and the plot (replication) size was 25
m2. The number of P. xylostella, Pi. rapae, S. litura and Crocidolomia binotalis larvae on plants
was counted at weekly intervals. At the time of harvest, the marketable yield was also
recorded. The data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT for mean comparisons.
The results confirmed that all the treatments significantly reduced the population of Pi.
rapae to almost zero compared with untreated plots having at least two larvae per plant
(P<0.0001). Similarly, the population of C. binotalis was also completely suppressed in all
the plots (P=0.01) except the control. However, the difference in P. xylostella and S. litura
populations among the treatments was insignificant, and the population was low (<1
larva per plant). The marketable yield was significantly higher in the window strategy (38
t/ha), followed by window strategy + pheromone lures (37 t/ha) and farmers’ practice
(36 t/ha) compared with the check (9 t/ha) (P<0001). The ‘window strategy’ alone could
provide sufficient control of the major lepidopterans on cabbage in the lowland
120
production system in Taiwan. However, it would be better to combine it with
pheromone lures, which serve as a monitoring tool to optimize the timing of pesticide
application.
R. Srinivasan, M.-Y. Lin
Activity 1.3 Diagnose and characterize major bacterial and fungal pathogens
Survival capacity of phylotype IIB-1 strains of Ralstonia solanacearum in lowland tropics
determined
Phylotype IIB-1 strains of R. solanacearum can adapt to low temperature and are present
mainly in potato production areas at higher altitudes or in temperate zones. It is not
known whether phylotype IIB-1 strains can survive and adapt in the lowland tropics.
This study evaluated the effect of weeds and soil microbial density on the survival of
phylotype IIB-1 strains in field soil (sandy loam; pH = 7.2) collected from the AVRDC
Farm in Shanhua, Taiwan. Two phylotype IIB-1 isolates (Pss525 and Pss1388) from
potatoes in Yunlin, Taiwan, were used to prepare infested soils for a glasshouse trial. The
treatments consisted of all combinations of three variables, i.e. pathogen strain, high or
low soil microbial density, and with or without weeds. Steam sterilization (1 h with the
maximum temperature of 128 oC) was applied to reduce soil microbial density, and
reduce weed species number from nine to three. Pss525 was detected up to 245 days
after inoculation in steam-sterilized soil, regardless of the presence or absence of weeds,
but it was detected in non-sterilized soils only up to 175 and 105 days after inoculation
with and without weeds, respectively. A similar trend was observed on the survival of
Pss1388 strain, which was detected up to 210 days in steam-sterilized soil, regardless of
the absence or presence of weeds. At the end of the experiment (280 days after
infestation), the pathogen was not detected in rhizosphere soils and roots of weed plants
in all treatments. These results indicate that the soil density of phylotype IIB-1 strains
can be reduced under conditions of greater soil microbial density and lower weed
populations. Cultural practices to produce these conditions could be applied when
managing diseases caused by this pathogen.
C.H. Lin, J.F. Wang
R. solanacearum attacking tomato in Eastern Africa and attacking pepper and eggplant in
Taiwan characterized
DNA samples of the pathogen strains from Eastern Africa were received in Taiwan in
late December 2013; their characterization is ongoing. The study on isolates from Taiwan
was not conducted as this activity was not funded.
Colletotrichum species associated with chili pepper anthracnose in Oceania identified and
application of the FTA® card in molecular diagnosis evaluated
Fruit anthracnose of chili pepper is caused by several species of Colletotrichum. In Fiji, C.
gloeosporioides was associated with the disease in the 1980s. Recent outbreaks of the disease
have been observed in Fiji since 2010. The objective of this study was to identify the
pathogen species associated with the recent outbreaks. Thirteen isolates from diseased
Year in Review 2013
121
Theme PRODUCTION
fruits were collected from Ba, Ra and Macuata provinces in 2012. They were
characterized based on their morphology and cultural characteristics on potato dextrose
agar (PDA), casein hydrolysis medium plates and sequence variation of their ribosomal
RNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The ITS region was amplified by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with AluI, BamHI and RsaI enzymes to
reveal any restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Based on these
characteristics, 12 of the isolates were identified as C. simmondsii (formerly A2 molecular
groups of C. acutatum) and one isolate was identified as C. truncatum (synonym of C. capsici)
(Table 1.3.3). An FTA® card-based protocol was developed for efficient molecular
diagnosis assay. Pathogen DNA from infected plant tissue as well as from pure cultures
was fixed to the FTA cards. Plant tissue samples were pre-treated with 70% ethanol to
eliminate the risk of introducing exotic pathogens across borders into Taiwan. A
procedure was established to elute pathogen DNA from the FTA cards and perform
PCR and ITS-RFLP analysis on the DNA. Using this system, it was shown that C.
simmondsii is the predominant pathogen associated with chili fruit anthracnose outbreaks
in Fiji. The FTA® card system is a simple and reliable method for diagnosing pepper
anthracnose pathogens. To confirm the distribution of the pathogen, pathogenicity
testing and an extensive survey using the FTA® cards in major production areas is in
progress.
Z.-M. Sheu, J.-F. Wang
Mereia F. Lomavatu (Koronivia Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Fiji)
Tony G. Gunua (Land and Resources Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community)
122
Table 1.3.3. Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of Colletotrichum species
identified from 13 isolates collected in Fiji
Characteristics
Colony appearance1
Conidial morphology1
Conidial size
(μm) 2
Growth rate1
C. truncatum (syn. C. capsici)
Colletotrichum simmondsii
Most isolates had white to gray
mycelium, with dark flecking or
patches in pink to salmon red color
on the reverse PDA plates, a few
isolates had white cottony
mycelium with radial patterns, and
were unable to produce abundant
conidia
Thin white mycelium scattered
with dark acervuli, with reverse
color of light brown
fusiform or cylindrical with acute
end
falcate with acute apex
15.1(18.8-12.1)X3.6(4.5-3.2)
24.1 (27.0-22.5)X3.4(4.4-2.9)
6.5 mm/day
9.9 mm/day
Presence of setae1
None
Geographical distribution Nadi (4); Lautoka (4); Tavua (1)
Rakiraki (1); Nalawa (1); Labasa (1)
(number of isolates)3
abundant
Lautoka (1)
Protease activity4
strong
none
ITS/RFLP pattern5
ABA
BAA
1
Phenotypic characteristics investigated using cultures on PDA plate at 28 oC.
2
Length and breadth (μm) of conidia were measured from 25 spores from PDA culture of each isolate.
3
Ba province: Nadi, Lautoka, Tavua; Maccuta province: Labasa; Ra province: Rakiraki, Nalawa.
4
Protease activity was assessed by growing the isolates on CHM (casein hydrolysis medium) plates at 28 oC.
Degree of protease activity was rated based on the diameter of clear zone measured at 4 days after inoculation.
5
The PCR product amplified by primer ITS4/ITS5 was digested by AluI, RsaI, and BamHI respectively, and
analyzed through 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Non-digested (type A) and digested fragments (type B) were
noted for each reaction.
Pathotypes of cucurbit downy mildew in Taiwan identified
Downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curt.) Rost., is a highly
destructive foliar disease of cucurbits worldwide. Variation in the virulence of the
pathogen has been reported; our study aimed to understand the variation present in
Tainan, Taiwan. Twelve differential varieties were obtained from Dr. Aleš Lebeda
(Palacký University, Czech Republic), and used for pathotype identification. Nine isolates
were collected from cucumber, one from muskmelon, and three from luffa from August
2011 to April 2012. The isolates were purified and maintained on leaf discs of cucumber
or luffa. Inoculated leaf discs were kept at 20 oC with a light period of 12 h/day on filter
paper moistened with 1.4 ml 0.2 ppm gibberellic acid in Petri dishes. Disease reactions
on each test variety were determined by spray-inoculating the abaxial surface of leaf discs
with sporangia suspensions (1x105 sporangia/ml) and incubating as described above.
Symptom severity was evaluated 6-10 days after inoculation using a 0-4 scale and
transformed into a disease index (DI). Using this system, cucumber was very susceptible
to all isolates, with DI values ranging from 96% to 100%. Six pathotypes were identified
in this study. Pathotype Pc1.0.0 (4 isolates), Pc5.0.0 (4 isolates), and Pc5.2.0 (1 isolate)
were found on cucumber. The pathotypes found on muskmelon (Pc1.0.8) and luffa
(Pc1.0.4 and Pc1.2.4) differed from those on cucumber. Further studies are required to
understand pathotype distribution in Taiwan.
J.-R. Chen, J.-F. Wang
Year in Review 2013
123
Theme PRODUCTION
Activity 1.4 Develop and validate integrated disease management technologies
for major bacterial and fungal diseases
Control efficacy of plant activators on tomato and pepper foliar diseases evaluated
Under intensive production systems, synthetic pesticides are commonly used to control
vegetable diseases. Plant activators are compounds that protect plants by activating the
plants' natural defense mechanisms, and it has been suggested that they could be an
effective alternative for managing plant diseases. A randomized complete block design
glasshouse trial with three replications was set up to assess the efficacy of neutralized
phosphorous acid (1000 ppm), BIONTM (100 ppm), ReZistTM(5000 ppm), potassium
silicate (600 ppm), and chitosan (500 ppm) for controlling tomato diseases (late blight,
early blight, black leaf mold, grey leaf spot, southern blight, Pythium damping-off, and
bacterial spot) and pepper diseases (Phytophthora blight, southern blight, Pythium
damping-off, and bacterial spot). Cultivars with known reactions to each disease were
used (Table 1.4.1a), and mild and virulent isolates of Phytophthora infestans were used for
the tomato late blight assay. The plants were inoculated with the pathogens using
AVRDC standard protocols. Plant activators were sprayed on leaves of tomato and
pepper seedlings until run-off 3 days before inoculation. Apparent foliar damage was
observed on pepper varieties ECW and PBC446 when treated with ReZistTM. ANOVA
showed significant effects of activator treatment, variety, and isolate, as well as the
interaction of the three factors on the severity of the diseases, except tomato black leaf
mold and grey leaf spot, for which no activator was effective. Neutralized phosphorous
acid, BIONTM, and ReZistTM showed broad spectrum control on tomato and pepper
(Table 1.4.1b). This indicated that they induce basal defense mechanisms. The narrow
spectrum control observed with potassium silicate and chitosan indicated that they are
not truly plant activators. Trials to confirm results are in progress.
Table 1.4.1a. Pathogen isolates and host cultivars used in a glasshouse trial to
evaluate disease control efficacy of plant activators, AVRDC Taiwan, 2013
Disease
Pathogen isolate
Tomato late blight
Pi-39A, Pi-733
TS19 (S), W. Va.700 (S)
Tomato early blight
As-1
CLN2037B (S), L3708 (R)
Pf-130
KY301 (S), L5637 (R)
Tomato grey leaf spot
Ss-12
Bunny Best (S), LA1033 (S)
Tomato bacterial spot
P1
CL5915 (S), HW7998 (R)
Pepper bacterial spot
P8
ECW (S), PBC446 (R)
Pepper Phytophthora blight
Pc-134
PBC137 (S)
Tomato southern blight
Sr-44
TS19 (S)
Tomato damping-off
Pyth-4
TS19 (S)
Pepper southern blight
Sr-44
ECW (S)
Pepper damping-off
Pyth-4
ECW (S)
1
(s) = Susceptible, (R) = Resistant
124
Test Cultivar1
Table 1.4.1b. Efficacy of plant activators in suppressing diseases of pepper and
tomato in a glasshouse trial, AVRDC Taiwan, 2013
Effect of activator on disease severity1
Disease
NPA2
BIONTM
ReZistTM
Potassium
silicate
Chitosan
Tomato late blight
+
+
+
-
-
Tomato early blight
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tomato grey leaf spot
-
-
-
-
-
Tomato bacterial spot
+
+
-
-
-
Pepper bacterial spot
-
+
-
-
+
Pepper Phytophthora blight
+
+
+
-
-
Tomato southern blight
+
+
+
-
+
Tomato damping-off
+
+
+
-
-
Pepper southern blight
-
-
+
+
+
Pepper damping-off
+
-
+
-
-
1
+ = Significant reduction in symptom severity, - = no significant reduction in disease severity
Neutralized phosphorous acid
2
Effect of biochar as an amendment in potting mixture on plant growth and induced
resistance in tomato evaluated
Biochar is produced from organic feed stocks through slow pyrolysis. It was reported
that induced resistance against several plant pathogens on tomato was observed when
seedlings were raised in a potting mixture amended with biochar. In this study, the effect
of biochar amendment in different potting mixtures and the possible synergistic effect
between biochar and a biocontrol agent were explored. The pathosystem used was
tomato early blight (Alternaria solani) with the susceptible cultivar 'TS19' and the virulent
A. solani isolate AS-1. A randomized complete block design with three replications, each
with all combinations of the three variables (Table 1.4.2a), i.e. base material (coconut
fiber or peat), biochar (0% or 5% by volume), and Streptomyces biocontrol agent (0% or
1% by volume) was followed. The pH values of the tested potting mixtures ranged from
6.93 to 7.87. Growth of tomato seedlings was similar in all tested mixtures. Disease
reaction was determined using the standard AVRDC protocol. ANOVA showed that all
three variables had a significant effect on the severity of early blight, but no significant
interactions among the variables were detected (Table 1.4.2b). Tomato plants in the peat
mixtures showed significantly lower disease severity than in the coconut fiber mixtures
(Table 1.4.2c). Potting mixtures amended with 5% biochar showed significant lower
disease severity than those without biochar. Amending the potting mixtures with the
Streptomyces biocontrol agent significantly suppressed tomato early blight, and there was
indication of a synergistic effect between biochar and the biocontrol agent in controlling
tomato early blight. Trials to confirm these results are in progress. Further studies to
understand the efficacy of the different potting mixtures in controlling tomato dampingoff and southern blight will be carried out during 2014.
Year in Review 2013
125
Theme PRODUCTION
Table 1.4.2a. Contents of the potting mixtures evaluated to determine the effect of
biochar on plant growth, AVRDC Taiwan, 2013
Potting
mixture
Content
A
30% coconut fiber + 70% soil
B
30% coconut fiber + 70% soil + 5% (v/v) biochar
C
50% peat + 50% soil
D
50% peat + 50% soil + 5% biochar
E
30% coconut fiber + 70% soil + 1% (w/v) Streptomyces spp.
F
30% coconut fiber + 70% soil +1 % Streptomyces spp. + 5% biochar
G
50% peat + 50% soil +1% Streptomyces spp.
H
50% peat + 50% soil +1% Streptomyces spp. + 5% biochar
Source of ingredients: coconut fiber and peat (Stender) were purchased from Known-You Co.; biocontrol agent,
Streptomyces spp., is a commercial product “Chiu-Lou-Da” from EcoGlobal Co; biochar was made from dried
coconut husk using a customized stove at AVRDC; soil was prepared by AVRDC Farm Services; it consisted of
sand, compost, and soil at a 1:1:3 ratio.
Table 1.4.2b. Analysis of variance results, potting mixture evaluation
Variable source
DF
F value
Pr>f
Base material (M)
1
115.2
<0.0001
Biochar (B)
1
231.2
<0.0001
Bio-control agent (C)
1
115.2
<0.0001
Block
2
4.2
0.0733
MxB
1
3.2
0.0953
BxC
1
3.2
0.0953
MxC
1
0.8
0.3862
MxBxC
1
0.8
0.3862
Table 1.4.2c. Effect of potting mixture base materials, biochar, and biocontrol agent
on control of tomato early blight
Disease index (%)1
Biochar (5% v/v )
No biocontrol agent
Coconut
Peat
Amended
25.0
16.7
None
41.7
31.7
Mean over
treatments with or
without biocontrol
agent
28.8
1
Dif2
8.3*3
10.0*
Biocontrol agent (1% w/v)
Coconut
Peat
Mean
Dif
16.7
8.3
8.4*
16.7*
31.7
18.3
13.4*
30.8
18.8*
Disease index was a transformed value from 0-11 scales of Baratt-Horsefall.
Dif = Difference between the mean values of coconut and peat components.
3
Pair-wise mean comparisons were conducted with T-test at P<0.05. Significant difference was marked with
symbol “*”.
2
126
Rootstock varieties with good compatibility and flooding tolerance for sweet pepper
production in hot-wet seasons identified
The constraints limiting sweet pepper production during hot-wet seasons include
waterlogging and high incidence of soil-borne diseases such as bacterial wilt caused by
Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici. Previously,
six chili pepper lines and accessions were identified at AVRDC that might be used as
rootstocks to overcome these constraints. This study aimed to confirm the resistance of
these materials using AVRDC’s standard screening protocols. Results showed that PI
201232 is highly resistant to both diseases (Table 1.4.3). However, accessions 97-7126
and C02548 were found to be susceptible to one of the diseases and should not be
recommended for use as resistant rootstocks. The compatibility of the selected entries
with sweet pepper should be evaluated to determine their future application.
Table 1.4.3. Disease reactions (presented as the percentage of survived plants) of
potential chili pepper rootstocks to Phytophthora blight (PB), bacterial wilt (BW) and
flooding
Accession
PB1
BW2
Flooding tolerance3
PBC535
PI 201232
PP0237-7502
PP0337-7065
97-7126
C02548
PBC 1367 (BW S. ck)
PBC 066 (BW R. ck)
Early Calwonder (PB S. ck)
PBC 137 (PB S. ck)
PBC 602 (PB S. ck)
PI 201234 (PB R. ck)
61.1
97.2
13.9
86.1
33.3
0
0
0
16.7
100
97.2
91.7
94.4
52.8
0.0
91.7
0.0
94.2
-
69.4
55.6
100
100
100
94.4
-
1
Phytophthora capsici isolate, Pc151 was used to assess Phytophthora blight (PB) resistance.
Ralstonia solanacearum isolate, Pss71 was used to assess bacterial wilt (BW) resistance.
3
Flooding tolerance results were cited from Wu D.L. et al, (2008). The evaluation was conducted at flowering and
fruiting stage in the field.
2
Activity 1.5 Detect, characterize and explore integrated management strategies
for major viral diseases
The important viruses, especially begomoviruses, infecting or emerging in vegetable
crops in Asia and Africa identified and monitored
Plant samples with symptoms of virus infection obtained from Bangladesh, India,
Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam were tested by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect
which viruses were present. Comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide
Year in Review 2013
127
Theme PRODUCTION
sequences of the DNA-A and DNA-B components of begomoviruses detected in
legume samples from India, Indonesia (Java), and Central Vietnam gave the first report
of the presence of Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) strains infecting yard-long
bean and soybean in Indonesia, and Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) strains infecting
mungbean in Vietnam (Tsai et al., 2013). Analysis of partial DNA-A component
sequences of begomoviruses from hot peppers indicate that the viruses from
west/central Thailand are probably strains of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV),
while those from east/central Thailand are probably strains of Pepper leaf curl virus
(PepLCV). Similarly, most of the samples from bitter gourd plants in Bangladesh tested
positive by PCR for begomovirus infection. Subsequently, the ca. 1.4kb PCR
amplification products from three of these samples were sequenced. The partial DNAA component sequences obtained were subject to BLASTn similarity searching in
GenBank and were similarly found to have >95% nucleotide sequence identity with
ToLCNDV-cucurbit strains. Surveys in Southern India, Thailand and Vietnam
confirmed that begomoviruses were some of the more common viruses in most
vegetable crops in this region, though tospoviruses appear to be becoming more
common in some areas.
Symptoms of stunting and general chlorosis of hot and sweet peppers (Capsicum spp.)
had been noted from many locations, but could not be reliably associated with any of the
usual pepper-infecting viruses. However, when samples from plants with these
symptoms were tested by RT-PCR with universal polerovirus primers, amplification
products of the correct size to indicate presence of polerovirus were obtained.
Sequencing the RT-PCR products and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed
that the samples contained the recently described Pepper vein yellows virus (PeVYV).
This study showed that there was little genetic diversity within the set of isolates
sequenced and that PeVYV was very widespread, being present in at least six additional
countries (Knierim et al., 2013). The study was also able to show from 20-year-old
herbarium specimens that the polerovirus originally described as Capsicum yellows virus
from Australia was probably a strain of Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV).
L. Kenyon, W.S. Tsai, S.L. Shih, J.T. Wang, L.M. Lee, H.M. Liu, Y.L. Lin
D. Knierim (Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Hannover)
Genetic diversity of Solanaceae-infecting begomoviruses in Indonesia studied
When hot pepper and tomato leaf samples collected from plants showing symptoms of
virus infection in Bali and East Java in 2011-2012 were tested by polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) with universal begomovirus primers, most were found to be infected with
begomovirus (15 of 16 tomato samples and 42 of 43 pepper samples). The PCR products
(which represent about half of the begomovirus DNA-A component) were cloned and
auto-sequenced, and the sequences subject to phylogenetic analysis. This confirmed that
most of the begomovirus isolates are probably strains of Pepper yellow leaf curl
Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV). However the partial sequences from two of the samples
appear to represent a novel, previously not described species of begomovirus. Full-length
genome sequencing of these isolates will be performed to confirm this finding. If
confirmed, this will raise the total number of identified Solanaceae-infecting
begomovirus species in Indonesia to seven.
128
An infectious clone of a cucurbit-infecting begomovirus from Taiwan developed
Partial DNA-A component sequences of more isolates of begomoviruses infecting
cucurbits in Taiwan were obtained. BLASTn searching and phylogenetic analysis of the
sequences confirmed that they all represented Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCuPV)
and that there was little genetic diversity among them (>95% sequence identity). The
development and testing of infectious clones of the two DNA components (A & B) of
SLCuPV has continued. Partial dimmers of the DNA-A and DNA-B components of a
Taiwan strain of SLCuPV were cloned into a modified Ti plasmid (pCAMBIA) and
transformed into Agrobacterium. Agro-inoculation of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and
Nicotiana benthamiana plants with cloned partial dimers of only DNA-A or DNA-B did
not result in the development of symptoms in the inoculated plants, whereas plants agroinoculated with a mixture of both components did develop symptoms of infection. Viral
DNAs could be detected by PCR only in the pumpkin plants inoculated with both
components, whereas viral DNA-A could be detected in one of four N. benthamiana
plants inoculated with DNA-A alone as well as in all plants inoculated with both
components. This confirms that SLCuPV is a bipartite begomovirus requiring the
presence of both DNA-A and DNA-B to cause infection in pumpkin. Having the
infectious clones of both components provides a means of maintaining/conserving the
virus genotype indefinitely without the risk of it evolving (as happens when viruses are
serially propagated through plant hosts), and without the need to use whiteflies to
transmit the virus. It also permits more systematic study of the pathogenicity and genetics
of the virus.
Lolita Dolores (Institute of Plant Breeding, Los Baños, Philippines)
OUTPUT 2
Integrated crop and soil fertility management technologies
developed/validated
Activity 2.1 Develop technologies to improve soil nutrient use efficiency and
soil sustainability
Guidelines on soil health assessment suitable for smallholder vegetable production in
Oceania developed
Vegetable production systems are usually intensive and pose a greater risk of soil
degradation than less intensive systems. Simple and easy-to-use tools for conducting
regular soil health assessments are of critical importance for smallholder farmers to
sustain and maintain the productivity of their lands. Guidelines for soil health assessment
applicable to smallholder vegetable production in Oceania were assembled from four
relevant “Soil health (or quality) assessment guides/manuals” published in the USA and
Australia. A pictorial guide with nine soil health indicators was developed as a survey kit
suitable for smallholder vegetable farmers in Fiji.
Based on the health indicators and pictorial guide, soil health status was assessed in
fourteen vegetable fields in Fiji from 2012 to 2013. Soil constraints were easily and
quickly identified from the results of the soil health assessments. The surveys in Fiji serve
Year in Review 2013
129
Theme PRODUCTION
as examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the soil health assessment kit to local
researchers, extension agents and lead farmers. Recommendations to improve and
sustain soil health and vegetable productivity are provided in the guidelines.
C.-H. Ma, Y.-H. Lin
Components of biochar briquette and its effects in soil studied
Low organic matter and low pH are common soil constraints in the humid tropics,
resulting in low yield and poor sustainability of agricultural production. Application of
biochar has been proposed as an innovative approach to address soil constraints and
improve soil health. Rice husk is a commonly abundant crop residue in Asia. It can be
converted to rice husk biochar (RHB) by a simple process. However, since RHB has a
fine texture and is dusty it is difficult to apply evenly and safely to the soil. Processing
RHB into RHB briquettes (RHBB) could improve the safety and ease of handling of
RHB. A study was set up to formulate and produce RHBB with appropriate quality and
durability, and to compare the nutrient retention capacity of soil treated with RHB and
RHBBs.
Aspects of the RHBB production process, including percentage of starch and water
mixture, pressing pressure and drying time, were studied using a manual press. The
nutrient retention capacity of the best RHBB formula was investigated using a soil
column method. RHB (at a rate of 40 t/ha) was mixed thoroughly with soils in the central
part of the columns as the check treatment. A piece of RHBB (equivalent to the same
rate of RHB) was placed in the central part of the test soil columns as the RHBB
treatment. Ammonium sulfate solutions were applied at weekly intervals, then soil
columns were leached 5 successive times with 0.001 M CaCl2 solution, and the NH4-N
in the collected leachate was assayed.
The cumulative N retention rates in all treatments decreased linearly with time of
incubation. At 70 days incubation, the cumulative N retention rate of either RHB-mixed
soil or RHBB application was significantly higher than that in soil without biochar
application. There was no significant difference in the N retention rates of soil amended
with RHB or amended with RHBB, but the briquettes were easier and safer to handle
and incorporate into the soil.
C.-H. Ma, Y.-H. Lin, M.-Y. Lin
Major soil constraints identified and long term trials designed and started to determine
the benefits of soil management
Soil health assessments using a minimum of twelve indicators were conducted during
from September 2012 to March 2013 in twelve farms from four target communities, as
well as in a field each of the Sigatoka and Koronivia Research Stations in Fiji. Soil health
results were expressed as scores, with an overall Soil Health Index being the summation
of scores from eleven indicators from each farm (Table 2.1.3). Soil health classes were
defined as: Poor (0-7); Moderate (8-15) and Good (16-22).
All of the farms surveyed fell into the “Moderate” soil health class. However, two farms
located in Sigatoka-West bank (S1, S2), one farm in the Coastal area (S12) and one farm
in Koronivia (S10) had higher overall health scores. Farms S6 and S7, located in SigatokaEast bank, had the lowest overall scores (7.6 and 8.3, respectively). All tested soils were
130
adequate in terms of physical properties, but poor in soil biological properties and
extremely poor in soil chemical properties, particularly nutrient availability. Low fertility
and low organic matter contents were identified as the major soil constraints for
vegetable production in Fiji. Recommendations of soil management practices that
farmers should adopt to improve soil health include: adding organic matter to soils
through incorporation of cover crops as green manures as well as addition of composts,
animal manures, and crop residues; balanced and efficient fertilizer management; proper
tillage and irrigation; and crop rotation.
Integrated soil fertility management with an emphasis on Starter Solution Technology
(SST) and balanced fertilization is proposed for a long-term trial in 2014 to improve the
soil health conditions in demonstration fields in Fiji. Key researchers from the Solomon
Islands and Fiji were trained in relevant fertilizer management technologies.
C.-H. Ma, Y.-H. Lin, M.-Y. Lin
Table 2.1.3. Summary of soil health score of each surveyed farm, Fiji, 2013
Soil ID
No.
S14
S1
S2
S9
S4
S5
S8
S6
S7
Village
Nacocolevu
Barara
Settlement
Barara
Settlement
Barara
Settlement
Qererqere
Settlement
Qererqere
Settlement
Qererqere
Settlement
Lokia
Settlement
Lokia
Settlement
Grouping by
community/location
Longitude
Latitude
Overall soil
health
index3
SRS1 (Research
station)1
18°6'1.42" S
177°32'18.73" E
8.9
Sigatoka-West bank1
18°4'47.14" S
177°33'11.48" E
12.6
Sigatoka-West bank1
18°5'2.4" S
177°33'7.79" E
12.8
Sigatoka-West bank1
18°5'4.20" S
177°33'7.31" E
9.8
Sigatoka-West bank2
18°2'52.65" S
177°33'53.87" E
9.2
Sigatoka-West bank2
18°2'53.87" S
177°33'37.59" E
9.8
Sigatoka-West bank2
18°2'54.52" S
177°33'48.36" E
8.6
Sigatoka-East bank
18°2'25.35" S
177°33'17.78" E
7.6
Sigatoka-East bank
18°2'32.41" S
177°33'52.61" E
8.3
S13
Nawamagi
Sigatoka-East bank
18°5.50.48" S
177°32.36.45" E
9.6
S3
Namatakula
Cane coastal area
18°13'44.9" S
177°47'7.99" E
8.4
S11
Biausevu
Cane coastal area
18°11'34.76" S
177°43'58.76" E
9.0
S12
Komave
Cane coastal area
18°13'6.32" S
177°45'30.93" E
11.5
S10
Koronivia
Settlement
Koronivia2
18° 3'25.31" S
178°32'19.69" E
11.2
1
location for future soil management trial
location for future green manure trial
3
index was average scores of three replicated samples
2
Year in Review 2013
131
Theme PRODUCTION
OUTPUT 3
Improved vegetable production technologies integrated, disseminated, and
impact assessed
Activity 3.1 Identify major constraints and determine site-specific
dissemination strategies in targeted regions
Participatory appraisals of vegetable farming conducted in targeted countries and
dissemination strategies determined for integrated crop management technologies
Participatory appraisal (PA) on commercial and homestead vegetable production was
conducted in Kanas and Nimapada blocks of flood-prone areas of Odisha, India. The
objectives were to determine the needs of farmers and other stakeholders to design
approaches to increase resilience of vulnerable communities against flooding. The PA
team conducted focus group discussions with farmers, observed vegetable fields, visited
local markets and conducted key informant interviews with shopkeepers, scientists and
extension officers. The major crops during the rainy season were found to be ridge gourd,
bitter gourd, eggplant, chili, pumpkin, okra, spinach, summer amaranth (local name:
Leutia), winter amaranth (local name: Koshala), while pointed gourd, eggplant, chili,
pumpkin, okra, French beans, spinach, amaranth (local name: Leutia and Khada), and
basella were the main crops for the dry season. Women carry out most vegetable crop
production and management tasks. Vegetable prices soared during the rainy season, an
indication of the short supply during that period. The key production constraints
identified by farmers included poor seed availability, flooding during the rainy season,
insufficient water supply during winter, lack of fencing materials, and severe pest and
disease damage. Current extension services do not meet the communities' needs for
advice and assistance.
W. Easdown, M. Ravishankar, S. Pradhan
Staff of Catholic Relief Services, Society for Women Action and Development
Activity 3.2 Adapt integrated production technologies for targeted systems or
regions
Integrated crop management technologies for tomato, pepper, and brassicas adapted in
Indonesia, Oceania, and Uzbekistan
Control efficacy of phosphoric acid salt on tomato late blight determined in Bali, Indonesia
Late blight is one of the most destructive diseases of tomato under cool and wet climates,
especially in the highlands. An on-station trial was designed and conducted in Bali,
Indonesia to evaluate the control efficacy of neutralized phosphorous acid (NPA) against
tomato late blight in comparison with farmers' practice. Two NPA products were
evaluated, a liquid mixture of phosphorous acid and potassium hydroxide (1000 ppm,
respectively) and a commercial production Foli-R-Fos®400. A total of five treatments
were designed (Table 3.2.1a). NPA products were applied once a week at the
recommended concentration. Farmer practices, i.e. applications of Daconil and Acrobat,
were applied twice a week. Disease severity was rated following the 0-6 scale used at
AVRDC. High disease pressure was observed during the trial. Both NPA products could
significantly reduce disease severity, and the control efficacy was similar to farmers'
practice. Treatments with NPA products had higher yield than the farmers' practice
132
treatments (Table 3.2.1b). Applying fungicides first followed by an NPA spray two weeks
before harvest showed similar effects as the farmers' practice in terms of disease control
and yield. Our results indicated the potential of NPA for replacing fungicides to control
tomato late blight in Bali. A repeat trial is in progress.
C. Chen, J.-F. Wang
Putu Sudiarta (Udaya University, Bali)
Table 3.2.1a. Efficacy of neutralized phosphorous acid on controlling tomato late
blight in Bali
Disease severity2
Treatment1
42
DAT
49
DAT
56
DAT
63
DAT
70
DAT
77 DAT
84 DAT
AUDPC3
74.5 b4
T1
0.1
0.3
0.7
1.7
2.8
3.3
3.6
T2
0.2
0.5
1.4
3.3
3.8
4.8
5.6
118.0 a
T3
0
0
0.3
1.6
2.8
3.2
3.7
68.6 b
T4
0
0
0
1.0
2.0
2.6
3.4
51.1 b
T5
0
0
0.1
1.1
1.9
2.7
3.5
52.7 b
1
T1 = neutralized phosphorous acid (1000 ppm) spray every week after transplanting; T2 = no-treatment control;
T3 = Foli-R-Fos®400 (5300 ppm) spray every week after transplanting; T4 = mixture of Daconil (75% WP, 1667
ppm) and Acrobat (50% WP, 250 ppm) spray every 3 days (farmer practice); T5= farmer practice until 2 weeks
before harvest, then followed with a single spray of Foli-R-Fos®400.
2
Disease severity followed AVRDC’s standard 0-6 scale.
3
AUDPC: area under disease progress curve.
4
AUDPC means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P<0.05 by LSD. The coefficient of
variation was 23.4%
Table 3.2.1b. Marketable yield of tomato treated with neutralized phosphorous acid in
Bali
Marketable yield (g/plant)
Treatment1
1stHarvest
2ndHarvest
3rdHarvest
4thHarvest
Total
T1
150.0 ab2
361.1 a
211.1 a
83.3 a
805.6 a
T2
13.9 c
61.1 c
4.4 d
0.3 d
79.4 c
T3
161.1 a
327.8 ab
183.3 bc
66.7 c
738.9 ab
T4
133.3 ab
322.2 b
177.8 c
55.6 c
688.9 b
T5
122.2 b
344.4 ab
205.6 ab
77.8 ab
750.0 ab
CV (%)
16.5
7.2
9.0
12.3
6.2
1
As indicated in Table 3.2.1a
2
Means within the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P<0.05 by LSD.
Integrated crop management technologies for tomato, pepper and brassicas adapted in Oceania
High value vegetables such as tomato, pepper, and cabbage are good cash crops for
smallholder farmers in the Pacific. In 2013, research trials were conducted in Fiji and the
Solomon Islands to identify suitable varieties, to improve seedling production, and to
manage cabbage insect pests. Confirmation trials on tomato varieties were conducted in
both countries. Red-fruited cherry tomato line CLN2463E performed well. The yield
was 5.6 and 12.4 t/ha, respectively, at Sigatoka Station in Fiji and in a farmer's field near
Henderson, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Orange-fruited cherry lines did not have good
Year in Review 2013
133
Theme PRODUCTION
acceptability. In Fiji, four out of nine lines, namely CLN3241I, CLN3150A-5,
CLN3212A, and CLN3205A, will enter promotion trials in 2014. CLN3241I and
CLN3150A-5 had yields similar to the most popular hybrid cultivar, 'Raising Sun #2.' In
the Solomon Islands, CLN2585D had the highest yield, and the fruit characteristics were
acceptable to local communities. Official release of this line will be pursued in 2014.
Other lines in promotion trials included CLN3205A, CLN3078I, and CLN3241A.
Observation trials of 11 AVRDC sweet pepper lines were conducted in both countries.
In Fiji, the trial failed due to high incidence of insect pests and diseases. AVPP1113, a
line with resistance to multiple diseases, was the only line that produced any fruit. In the
Solomon Islands, the yield of the AVRDC lines ranged from 17 to 29 t/ha. An
organoleptic test indicated fruit with a dark green color and a squared bell shape is
preferred. Lines selected for confirmation in 2014 include AVPP1114, C05483,
AVPP0119, AVPP1115, and AVPP9814. Survey results showed smallholder vegetable
farmers in the Sigatoka Valley mostly used seed beds to raise seedlings; seedling quality
was not good. An evaluation was conducted to identify a suitable potting mixture for the
plug tray system. Results showed seedlings grew taller and had longer roots in the
mixtures with Thrive (a commonly used commercial potting mix). Confirmation tests
will be conducted using a mixture consisting of compost, coconut husk dust, and Thrive
in a 2:1:1/2 ratio. Earlier studies in the Solomon Islands identified that the insect
exclusion net MikroKlima® (also called "veggie net") could control cabbage insect pests,
resulting in higher yield and quality. A trial was conducted to compare control efficacy
of a locally available green shade net with the veggie net and the effect of different
covering periods. The trial failed due to high incidence of several insect pests (Spodoptera
litura, Crocidolomia sp., Plutella xylostella and larvae of various lepidopterans).
A. Hickes, P. Tikai, E. Iramu, J.-F. Wang
Integrated crop management technologies for tomato, pepper, and brassicas adapted in Uzbekistan
Fusarium wilt is a major disease of tomato in Uzbekistan. A total of 19 AVRDC tomato
lines were grafted to scions of local variety Dustlik and evaluated for use as rootstocks
for open field tomato cultivation to manage the disease. Differences in flowering times
and fruit set were observed among grafted lines. Tomato fruits on plants grafted with
L06162, CLN 1555B and CLN 2071B matured 3 to 4 days earlier compared with nongrafted plants; about 75% of fruit ripened 108-109 days after transplanting. High yield
(4.0-4.2 kg/m2), marketability (96-97%), fruit weight (105-112 g), and tolerance to disease
were observed on tomato plants grafted on LBR-17, CLN 1555B, L03708, L06193, and
CLN 2071B; the last three lines had the best results and will be evaluated further.
R. Mavlyanova
Otabek Majlimov (Tashkent State Agrarian University)
Effect of rain shelter and eggplant rootstocks on summer tomato yield and quality
determined
High temperature, heavy rainfall, and plant disease are major abiotic and biotic stresses
that hinder tomato production during rainy seasons in the tropics and subtropics. The
purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eggplant rootstock and rain shelters
on summer tomato yield, quality, and pest profiles. A field trial was planted 4 June 2013
at AVRDC Taiwan. The trial consisted of eight treatments including all combinations of
three variables: tomato cultivars (‘BARI Hybrid 4’ and ‘BARI Hybrid 8’), eggplant
rootstock EG203 (grafted or non-grafted), and rain shelter (with or without). Plants were
134
rated regularly for incidence of early blight, black leaf mold, tomato yellow leaf curl,
bacterial wilt, bacterial spot, tomato fruit borer, and tomato leaf miner. High incidence
of tomato yellow leaf curl disease and bacterial spot were observed, while the incidences
of the other pests were low. Plots without rain shelters displayed a significantly higher
bacterial spot incidence and faster disease progress compared with rain shelter plots.
‘BARI Hybrid 8’ without grafting and without rain shelter showed the highest incidence
of all pests, with no yield. Our results showed that rootstock and rain shelters could
reduce the incidence of bacterial spot. Further analysis of treatment effect on pest
incidence and yield are ongoing. The same trial was conducted at Gazipur and Jessore,
Bangladesh, and transplanting was done on the 10th and 19th of July, respectively. Data
have been collected and analysis is ongoing.
C.-H. Lin, S. Ahmad, A. Huerta
Appropriate vegetable crops, varieties, and their cultural practices identified for Tanzania,
and for direct seeded rice system and flood-prone areas in India.
Exploring intercropping systems for medium uplands in East Indian Plateau (Jharkhand and West
Bengal)
Population pressure has pushed rice cultivation onto the medium uplands in Jharkhand,
but these lands are poorly suited to traditional paddy rice production systems.
Evaluations of other cropping systems were conducted to identify alternatives and
increase productivity. Our trial results showed black gram is a suitable crop to inter-crop
in a Direct Seeded Rice system (DSR). Black gram variety T-9 performed well, producing
an average yield of 1.8 t/ha, while the average rice yield was also 1.8 t/ha (18 q/ha;
quintal, 1 q = 100 kg). The sole paddy yield in the DSR system was 2.3 t/ha (23 q/ha).
A varietal trial of 12 lines of mungbean was conducted in the medium uplands. ML 1299
and ML 1666 performed better with an average yield of 1.33 t/ha and 1.29 t/ha,
respectively. There was no incidence of viral diseases or powdery mildew when compared
to the control, a local variety (0.8-1.0 t/ha). These two lines will be used for intercropping
in DSR or as a sole crop under the rainfed conditions of eastern India.
Intercropping of vegetable soybean, cowpea, and pigeon pea with maize produced higher
total yields and income based on results of on-farmer trials when compared to traditional
sole maize crops. Farmers got an average yield of maize 21.5 t/ha and cowpea 0.7 t/ha
(fresh pods). The cowpea generated an extra income without affecting the productivity
of the maize. Vegetable soybean ‘Swarna Vasundhara’ was introduced as an intercrop
with maize (23 t/ha) in the Purulia district of West Bengal. Although a new crop, most
farmers liked the taste and consumed rather than sold the harvest. Heavy rainfall after
sowing reduced germination to less than 50%. The attractive taste of vegetable soybean
generated high demand for seed from more than 400 farmers in seven neighboring
villages during their exposure visit. In the West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, maizepigeon pea-cowpea intercropping was successful. Farmers could obtain an income of
about 17,500 INR/ha of fresh cowpea pods without affecting the yield of maize (as green
cobs). Pigeon pea is still growing after the harvest of cowpea and maize. Data will be
analyzed later. Varietal evaluations of vegetable cowpea (bushy type) and yard-long bean
have been completed at Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra. Four lines of cowpea (EC 6933311, EC 693328-1, EC 693325-1 and Selection 1) performed well in terms of marketing
quality and yield. Two yard-long bean lines performed better (EC 693345-4 and EC
693333-3) based on marketing quality and yield. The seeds of these five lines will be
multiplied for future use.
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Theme PRODUCTION
In the Ramgarh district of Jharkhand, a trial to evaluate intercropping pigeon pea with
sweet potato failed. The excessive vegetative growth and plant canopy of sweet potato
suppressed the growth of pigeon pea. The average yield of sweet potato in the
intercropping line sown on ridges was much higher (13 t/ha) compared with the yield of
sweet potato (9 t/ha) cultivated by traditional methods. Future trials should use sweet
potato varieties with lower canopy coverage. Sweet potato varieties with narrow leaves
may be suitable.
Intercropping pointed gourd with ginger was successful and farmers earned an income
of 17,000 INR from pointed gourd on trellis in an area of 0.1 acre; the ginger will
provide extra income after harvesting.
D.P. Kaur, M. Ravishankar, R. M. Nair, W. Easdown
Appropriate vegetable crops, varieties, and their cultural practices identified for flood-prone areas of
Odisha, India
Selection of suitable vegetable crops for the flood-prone area of Odisha was conducted.
The selected crops and cultivars are tomato (BT-10), winter amaranth (Kosala), basella
(AVRDC), spinach (All Green), and moringa (PKM-1 and PKM-2). Cultural practices of
these crops were finalized for the winter season and are being implemented as trials and
demonstrations. A second trial of amaranth was conducted in Hyderabad to bulk up seed
of the best performing lines selected from the 85 accessions held in the regional seed
bank. Crops were rated based on the degree of early growth during cool conditions and
overall leaf yield. The selected lines will be provided to Odisha for local trials.
S. Pradhan, M. Ravishankar, W. Easdown
Integrated pest management strategies for root-knot nematode in tomato in Jharkhand, India
Root-knot nematode has become a major pest on tomato and other vegetable crops in
Jharkhand. High nematode density in the soil is accelerated by favorable soil conditions
during the rainy season. Root-knot nematodes were also found in fields where vegetables
were cultivated for the first time. The situation became worse when resistance to bacterial
wilt in tomato and eggplant cultivars was broken due to root damage caused by rootknot nematodes. Pilot field experiments on root-knot nematode management in tomato
cultivar 'Swarna Sampadha' were conducted at the research station of Birsa Agricultural
University and in fields located at Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra and Namkum in Jharkhand.
Experiments were laid out in a split plot design with five replications. The main plot
factor was the nursery treatment of seedlings and sub plot factors were the seedling
treatments and soil amendment. Control efficacy of chemicals (Carbofuran, Hostathion),
botanicals (Multineem; a neem oil based E.C. containing azadirachtin 0.03% W/W), and
biocontrol agents (Trichoderma) were evaluated. The treatments were imposed alone or
in combination as a nursery treatment (for Carbofuron 3G @ 0.3 g a.i./m2), seedling
treatments (for Hostathion 40 EC @2ml/l for 1hour or Multineem @8ml/l for 1hour),
or as a soil amendment in the main plot (Trichoderma @ 0.5 kg/ha). Results from the
on-station trial showed that the nursery treatment with Carbofuron 3G increased yield
by 66% over the non-treated control. The treatment with the highest yield increase in
the on-station trial was the combination of the nursery treatment with Carbofuron,
seedling treatment with Hostathion, and the main plot treatment with Trichoderma. The
yield increase was 143% (124.76 t/ha) compared with the control (51.32 t/ha). The
economic benefit of the best treatment should be evaluated before disseminating the
control method.
136
M. Ravishankar, N. Parida, D.P. Kaur, W. Easdown, J.-F.Wang
Staff of Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra, Birsa Agricultural University
Activity 3.3 Strengthen capacity of local partners and farmers to promote
technology adoption
Extension and training materials published on various vegetable production technologies
A total of 19 extension publications and training materials were developed/published on
various vegetable production technologies for numerous training activities conducted in
five countries, including the following:
Farmers’ Guides
Three farmers’ guides were developed: one on cultivation technology for soybean and
another on IPM for solanaceous crops (in Russian), and one on control of pest and
diseases for vegetable crops (in Uzbek).
Posters
Two posters on onion pests and diseases and production were developed in French and
printed (10 copies of each poster).
Technical pamphlets/flyers/factsheets
Five technical pamphlets/flyers/factsheets on onion production and conservation in
French, home gardening in Hindi and English, healthy seedling preparation in Hindi, and
composting in Hindi were developed.
Videos
Five videos on school gardening, home gardening, vegetable soybean cultivation, healthy
seedling production, and how to build a grafting chamber were developed in Indonesia,
India, and Taiwan.
Training manual
A training manual for training of trainer (TOT) workshops and Farmer Field Schools
(FFS) in Indonesia was developed. The topics include soil ecology and fertility, local
microorganism and compost, healthy seed and seedling management, starter solution
technology (SST), natural enemies and pests, food webs and insect traps, tomato grafting,
rain shelters, chili and tomato cultivation, agroecosystem analysis for vegetative and
generative stages, seed viability testing, and postharvest handling.
R. Manickam, R. Mavlyanova, R. Kamga, W.-Y. Chen, G.C. Luther, J. Mariyono, C.-H. Ma
Capacity of extension staff, female nursery operators, and vegetable farmers in Indonesia,
Bangladesh, India, Oceania, Central Asia, Cameroon, and Tanzania strengthened
through Training of Trainers, Farmer Field Schools, field days, or group discussions
One hundred and forty-one training sessions were conducted through various activities
in 14 countries, including Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Cameroon,
and Tanzania, benefiting 3235 participants (74% male, 26% female), including 30
Year in Review 2013
137
Theme PRODUCTION
women farmers who were trained in tomato grafting and healthy seedling preparation;
358 extension officers and farmers who were trained through training of trainer
workshops on vegetable production; 2388 farmers who attended crop management, IPM,
grafting and other training sessions; and 459 farmers who attended field days promoting
traditional African vegetables and other new vegetable varieties.
Training of trainers (ToT)
Sixteen training of trainer (ToT) workshops on vegetable production were conducted in
Bangladesh, Cameroon, India, Indonesia, and Uzbekistan. The total number of
beneficiaries was 358 (70% male and 30% female).
Bangladesh
A ToT workshop on summer tomato integrated crop and pest management was
conducted in the Barisal district to train lead farmers who could demonstrate summer
tomato production techniques and profitability to other farmers, leading to successful
expansion of summer tomato production. A total of 30 lead farmers (all male) attended
the training, 15 farmers each from Jessore and Barisal districts. They were selected from
small and marginal farmers’ groups based on land holdings and interest. All participants
expressed their willingness to adopt IPM, including biocontrol agents and other
approaches, to control tomato pests and diseases rather than just relying on insecticides
and fungicides. Farmers were very interested in summer tomato production and were
willing to try planting tomatoes in summer. At the end of the training course, evaluations
indicated that 90% of participants were well prepared to apply the knowledge gained
from the training, and 83% were confident to train other farmers.
Cameroon
A ToT workshop was held in Maroua. The purpose was to upgrade the knowledge and
skills of onion farmers on onion bulb and seed production, storage, and marketing, and
to enable them to teach and extend the knowledge and skills in their areas. Twenty
farmers (50% male and 50% female) attended the training.
India
Eleven ToT workshops on home gardening, healthy seedling production, soil sampling,
and soil moisture analysis were conducted in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Gujarat,
Uttarakhand, Odisha, Khunti, and Purulia. A total of 219 extension workers and officers,
community service providers, farmers, and NGO professionals (76% male and 24%
female) attended the training sessions.
Indonesia
Two units of ten-day ToTs were conducted in Malang, East Java, and Tabanan, Bali.
This was an intensive learning experience that adopted adult education principles with
balanced portions of theory and practical experience. There were 49 trainees consisting
of 24 pest and disease observers, 12 agricultural extension officers, 12 farmers, and 1
junior high school teacher (94% male and 6% female). The ToT facilitators represented
FIELD Indonesia Foundation, Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI),
Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technologies (AIAT/BPTP) - East Java and Bali,
Bali Provincial Agricultural Extension Office, Udayana University, and AVRDC. Topics
covered during the ToT consisted of 20% facilitation skills, 20% managerial and
organizational skills related to hosting Farmer Field Schools (FFS), and 60% technical
aspects of IPM and vegetable production/postharvest techniques. Output of the ToT
was preparedness of trainees to facilitate FFS in their locations. During the ToT, the
138
trainees developed FFS modules for chili and tomato. The modules will be used as
guiding standards for conducting FFS.
Uzbekistan
A ToT workshop on tomato grafting was conducted, and 40 lead farmers (all female)
from various provinces of Uzbekistan participated in the training.
L.-J. Lin, S. Abmad, R. Kamga, R. Manickam, J. Mariyono, G.C. Luther, R. Mavlyanova
Farmer Field Schools (FFS)
A total of 56 FFS on tomato and/or chili pepper production were implemented in East
Java and Bali and 1680 farmers were trained (67% male and 33% female). The FFSs were
designed to address crop management problems and to empower farmers in the longer
term, so that they could influence policymakers. The main objectives were to improve
farmers’ analytical and decision-making skills, develop expertise in crop management,
and end dependency on agrochemicals. To accomplish this, farmers had to gain an
understanding of the ecological principles and processes governing pest population
dynamics. FFS provide an opportunity for learning-by-doing, based on principles of nonformal education. Extension workers or trained farmers facilitate the learning process,
encouraging farmers to discover key agroecological concepts, and to develop crop
management skills through self-discovery activities practiced in the field. FFS apply
selected vegetable production and postharvest technologies based on local conditions.
Farmers are expected to gain knowledge and adopt improved technologies in their own
fields after completion of an FFS, and as a result become more efficient in vegetable
production. Several farmers adopted some improved technologies they observed during
FFS, as the crops to which these technologies were applied showed better performance.
J. Mariyono, G.C. Luther
Farmers’ training
Fifty-nine farmers’ training sessions were trained in IPM packages for eggplant, cucurbits,
chili, cabbage, grafting, crop management and summer tomato production technology in
Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and the Solomon Islands. Total number of beneficiaries
was 711 (81% male and 19% female).
Bangladesh
Forty-four farmers’ trainings were conducted on summer tomato production. Thirty lead
farmers served as trainers after ToT. Each subsequently conducted 1-day training
sessions to train 5 farmers at their respective localities. Fourteen outstanding farmers
from the farmer training sessions conducted in 2012 were selected (9 from Jessore and
5 from Barisal) to serve as trainers, and each has trained 9 farmers in summer tomato
production. An additional 290 farmers were trained in Jessore and Barisal districts.
Four farmers’ training sessions were conducted on IPM packages for eggplant, cucurbits,
chili, and cabbage in Barisal and Jessore to control pests through IPM approaches for
reducing pesticide use. A total of 200 farmers (93% male, 7% female) attended the
training.
To enhance knowledge and improve operation for grafted/non-grafted seedling
preparation, two women farmers’ training sessions on nursery management were
conducted at Barisal and Jessore. A total of 30 farmers (all female) were trained.
Year in Review 2013
139
Theme PRODUCTION
India
Seven farmers’ training sessions on vegetable production technologies were conducted
in Uttarakhand, India. A total of 162 extension workers and farmers (51% male and 49%
female) were trained.
Indonesia
A farmers’ training session on grafting technology was carried out in Kediri, East Java.
A total of 20 farmers and one nurseryman (57% male and 43% female) attended the
training.
Solomon Islands
A farmers’ training session on crop management for improving production was
conducted on 26 May 2013 at Sasa village, attended by eight farmers (75% male, 25%
female).
L.-J. Lin, S. Ahmad, R. Manickam, J. Mariyono, G.C. Luther, P. Tikai
Syed Nurul Alam (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute)
Field days
Eight field days on promoting traditional African vegetables and other new vegetable
varieties were conducted in Cameroon, Tanzania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. The total number of beneficiaries was 459
(56% male and 44% female).
Cameroon
An onion field day was conducted in the Far North region of Cameroon at Gazawa to
promote onion production technology. The demonstration plot was set up by 24 female
farmers and 7 male farmers, and they explained what they had learned during the field
day (nursery preparation, field preparation and irrigation techniques) to other farmers
from neighboring villages. A total of 70 farmers (27% male and 73% female) participated
in the field day.
Tanzania
The objective was to demonstrate recently released cultivars of four traditional vegetables
(amaranth, Ethiopian mustard, African eggplant, African nightshade) and two tomato
cultivars grown under recommended management practices. A total of 149 farmers (51%
male and 49% female) participated from six villages around Arusha and Arumeru districts.
Six organizations, including Meru District Agricultural and Livestock Development
Extension Office, HORTI-Tengeru, Thomas Watson Foundation (NGO), Alpha Seeds
Co., East African Seed Co., and East-West Seed participated. The event was recorded by
ITV Media in Kiswahili; the TV program included an on-station field tour of
demonstration plots, breeder-seed increase, yield trials, and nurseries. The participants
were excited by the performance of the released varieties. The field visit was followed by
wide-ranging general discussions covering vegetable value chains, production constraints,
seed availability, vegetable production, postharvest, and vegetable marketing.
Researchers addressed the importance of IPM including the use of resistant varieties,
cultural practices, and biological controls, whenever available, as opposed to full
dependence on chemicals. Integrated crop, soil and water management, the use of
organic fertilizer, and proper crop rotation were discussed. The importance of farmers’
associations and unions for access to inputs and vegetable markets was discussed.
Participants were given seed kits containing three crops (two varieties each of amaranth
140
and nightshade and 1 advanced line of spider plant) as a means of technology
dissemination.
Central Asia and the Caucasus
Six farmer field days were conducted on legume production for improving soil fertility
in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. A total of
240 farmers (69% male and 31% female) attended.
R. Kamga, F.F. Dinssa, H. Mndiga, T. Stoilova, O. Mbwambo, R. Mavlyanova
Seed Fair
A seed fair was organized at the Regional Center for Africa from 1 - 2 October 2013.
The theme of the fair was “Improved Vegetable Seed Supply and Postharvest Handling
for Food Security, Nutrition and Income Diversification.” Five seed companies (Alpha
Seeds Co., Africasia Seed, East West Seed, Royal Seed Company (the Kenya Highland
Seed Company teamed up with Mukpar Tanzania), and Balton Tanzania participated and
displayed their products. A small-scale vegetable processor group also displayed its
products. Each company was given a 3 x 3 m2 space for a stand. A total of 208 farmers
participated. Participants of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
(ACIAR) project inception workshop and Australian AID Office in Nairobi visited the
stands. The products on display included seed of traditional African vegetables and global
vegetables. User-friendly and low cost postharvest handling technologies were
demonstrated by AVRDC. Interested farmers/people purchased seed of vegetable
varieties of their choice from seed companies. The seed fair included discussion panels
facilitated by AVRDC staff between farmers and seed companies and other organizations.
Farmers’ concerns reflected during the discussions included the quality of seed obtained
from market/seed stores (sometimes fake seed is sold under a good variety name),
accessibility (seeds are not available at the right time in the right place), insufficient
extension services, and fluctuation of vegetable prices.
F.F. Dinssa, H. Mndiga, N. Nenguwo, T. Stoilova, O. Mbwambo
Technical support for farmers and extension officers
Technical support was provided to 180 traditional vegetable farmers in the Ukerewe
district and 140 farmers in the Sengerema district in the Mwanza region of Tanzania
through direct visits to traditional vegetable fields for on-the-spot discussions and
dissemination of advice. The activity was conducted to enhance homestead food
production. Local extension agents from each district benefited from the technical
support.
F.F. Dinssa, T. Stoilova, O. Mbwambo
Exhibition
New varieties of vegetable soybean, mungbean and yard-long bean were presented as
sources for soil improvement and production in an “Exhibition on Innovations” in
Uzbekistan. A total of 1500 leaflets were distributed to farmers. Seed of new varieties
was distributed to farmers and householders along with cultivation technology booklets.
Information on the nutritional value and market availability of these varieties was
provided to promote diet diversification.
R. Mavlyanova
Year in Review 2013
141
Theme PRODUCTION
Four issues of Feedback from the Field published and mature technologies database updated
Four issues of Feedback from the Field (issues 16-19) were released from December 2012
to September 2013, providing a total of 13 articles contributed from 11 countries. Main
topics covered included school garden implementation in Thailand, Laos, the Philippines,
and Indonesia; bottle drip irrigation applied in Tanzania; grafting nursery businesses
established and managed by women farmers; rural households benefitting from home
gardening; yellow mungbean variety developed in Bangladesh; vegetable soybean
promoted in Central Asia and the Caucasus; how partnerships benefit vegetable farmers
in Cameroon; AVRDC's eggplant rootstocks for combatting tomato bacterial wilt in
Honduras; impact evaluation of tomato grafting in Vietnam; local potting mixtures
developed for vegetable seedling preparation in the Solomon Islands; and melon farm
business supported in Thailand. All issues can be downloaded from the AVRDC website
and the Feedback from the Field Facebook page. Brochures on healthy seedling preparation
and summer tomato production were added to the mature technologies database.
L.-J. Lin, G.C. Luther
Activity 3.4 Understand farmers’ behavior, costs benefits, and constraints/
opportunities of technology adoption
Economic costs and benefits of integrated crop management technologies in Thailand,
Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Oceania analyzed and documented.
Farm-level effects of yard-long bean IPM: First results from Thailand and Vietnam
Heavy use of synthetic pesticides in vegetable legumes such as yard-long bean (Vigna
unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) exposes farm workers and consumers in Southeast Asia to
health risks from pesticide residues. This study tested the effect of an integrated pest
management (IPM) package on levels of pesticide use, crop yields, and farm profits. The
study collected data from on-farm trials of 20 farmers each in Thailand and Vietnam and
compared these to 40 (30 in Thailand) randomly selected non-IPM farmers. The study
thus compared adopters with non-adopters. The IPM package included yellow and blue
sticky traps, pheromone traps, and biopesticides (Bt, neem, Metarhizium, Trichoderma);
the use of synthetic pesticides was minimized in the IPM trial. Results showed no
significant (P<0.05) differences in crop yields, number of pests observed, or farm profits.
The total quantity of pesticide use was significantly lower for IPM farmers in Vietnam
(1.2 kg of active compounds per ha compared with 7.0 kg/ha for non-IPM farmers), but
not in Thailand (3.5 kg/ha for both groups). Further analysis is needed to test the effect
of the IPM package on the environmental impact of pesticides.
P. Schreinemachers, S. Ramasamy, S. Yule
Thinh Le Ngu (Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute, Vietnam)
Costs and returns in the use of phosphoric acid to control late-blight in tomato in the highlands of Bali,
Indonesia
Late blight is the main disease problem in tomato production in the highlands of Bali,
Indonesia. Partial budgeting analysis was used to assess the use of phosphoric acid salt
(PAS) to control tomato late blight compared with farmers’ practice of using
conventional fungicides. Data were collected through a research trial setup with five
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different treatments and three replications. The variables used were the application rate
of the control agent, prevailing market prices for the control agents, and yield. The results
showed that the use of PAS could reduce the number of pesticide sprays by 50%
compared to farmers’ practices, and the yield was slightly higher. As the price of PAS is
lower than that of conventional fungicides, the use of PAS proved to be more cost
effective and increased per-hectare profits by a factor of 7-8.
J. Mariyono
Farm-level opportunities and constraints in the adoption of integrated pest
management methods for Maruca vitrata and vector control for mungbean, tomato and
chili documented for India, Thailand and Vietnam
Safe and sustainable management of legume pod borer in Thailand and Vietnam: Opportunities and
constraints
Vegetable legumes are an important crop in tropical agriculture, but they are susceptible
to arthropod pests and plant diseases. Using farm-level survey data for 240 farm
households growing yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) in Thailand and
Vietnam, the main pest problem is the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata). Farmers rely
heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides to manage this pest, as no other control
methods are generally used. Small cultivated areas under yard-long bean (particularly in
Vietnam), a high level of satisfaction with pesticides, and a lack of market demand for
pesticide-free produce are formidable challenges for the introduction of integrated pest
management (IPM). It is important that IPM methods do not reduce profits and that
farmers can experiment with these methods while raising awareness about the risk of
pesticide exposure.
P. Schreinemachers, M.-H. Wu, S. Ramasamy
Baseline study on vector control in tomatoes, chili, and mungbean in India, Thailand, and Vietnam
Vector transmitted plant viruses are major pest problems for farmers in tropical Asia,
and reports suggest that the problem is getting worse. We surveyed 800 growers of chili,
tomato, and mungbean in India, Thailand, and Vietnam to understand how farmers
perceive plant viruses, their awareness about causes and damage, and which control
methods they choose to apply. Farm level surveys were conducted in randomly selected
villages in the major production areas of chili and tomato in Thailand and of chili, tomato
and mungbean in Vietnam and Tamil Nadu, India.
Preliminary results show that economic losses from plant viruses are very substantial, yet
only a minority of the farmers were able to recognize a plant virus from its disease
symptoms. Even fewer knew the role of insect vectors in the spread of viruses. Most
farmers thought viruses were spread through wind, water, or soil. Not knowing the cause
of the problem, most farmers chose to spray broad-spectrum insecticides and fungicides.
P. Schreinemachers, M.-H. Wu. L. Kenyon
B. Swaminathan (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University)
Activity 3.5 Understand the impact of improved technologies on production
systems and livelihoods
Impact of AVRDC’s tomato grafting in Vietnam documented
Year in Review 2013
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Theme PRODUCTION
An impact assessment of AVRDC's tomato grafting in Vietnam
This evaluation study assessed the impact of the tomato grafting technique ten years after
its introduction in Vietnam in 2002. Data were collected from 225 tomato farmers in
Lam Dong province in southern Vietnam and from 75 tomato farmers in the Red River
Delta in northern Vietnam using a questionnaire survey. The results showed that 100%
of the tomato farmers in Lam Dong and 48% of the tomato farmers in the Red River
Delta adopted the use of grafted seedlings. In Lam Dong the farmers used tomato variety
Vimina (Hawaii 7996) as a rootstock as it is resistant to bacterial wilt, while in the Red
River Delta, eggplant variety EG203 was used as it is resistant to bacterial wilt and
tolerates waterlogging, which is a major problem there. A comparison of profits between
grafted and non-grafted tomato was made only for the Red River Delta because all
tomato farmers in Lam Dong province had adopted the technology at the time of the
survey. The average yield (81.4 t/ha) and farm gate price (8,447.8 VND/kg) of grafted
tomato were significantly greater by 31% and 39%, respectively, compared with nongrafted tomato. Based on the average difference in profits between grafted and nongrafted tomatoes, the 100% adoption rate, and the total area under tomato in Lam Dong
province, the estimated total profits for tomato farmers was US$41.7 million higher than
if the same area had been planted with non-grafted tomato. The study clearly shows that
in places where bacterial wilt and other soil-borne diseases affecting tomato are a
problem, tomato grafting offers significant monetary benefits to farmers.
C. Genova, P. Schreinemachers, V. Afari-Sefa
Data collected for the outcome evaluation of summer tomato production in Bangladesh
(Barisal and Jessore districts) analyzed
An impact assessment of summer tomato production in Bangladesh
The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) in collaboration with AVRDC
developed a summer tomato production technology package that includes heat tolerant
tomato varieties, raised beds, rain shelters, and the use of fruit-set hormone and
integrated crop management (training, pruning, staking, sanitation, and disease and insect
pest management). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adopting
summer tomato production on farm productivity, household income, pesticide use, risk,
and gender aspects. Data were collected in November 2013 from 100 households who
had adopted the technology and 150 households with similar characteristics who had not
been given the technology. The data are currently being checked for consistency and will
be analyzed in 2014.
M.-H. Wu, P. Schreinemachers, S. Ahmad
Impact of the AVRDC-Sir Ratan Tata Trust Project on vegetable production in Punjab
and Jharkhand documented
The impact of the AVRDC-SRTT Project on vegetable production in Punjab and Jharkhand
Final evaluation studies were conducted to assess the impact of project activities over
the last four years on family livelihoods and nutrition. There were 376 households
interviewed in Punjab and 405 households in Jharkhand; a third received training in
vegetable production, a third received additional training in home gardening, and a third
received no support. Results showed that vegetable growing was the single most
important source of improved income for all Jharkhand farmers, due to improved
production of winter vegetables by project farmers and starting tomato growing by
144
control farmers. The project interventions changed the profitability of targeted vegetable
crops over four years, and improved varieties and pest management turned eggplant and
okra into the largest income earners. A clear hierarchy of training needs was found with
new vegetable farmers needing the most help on varieties, disease management, and
irrigation; those with some experience needing extra help in soil fertility management;
and the most experienced farmers no longer needing varietal advice but additional advice
on credit and labor management.
Project farmers were much more likely to have well-fenced gardens with highly diverse
crops close to their homes with better water supplies. Those trained in home gardening
provided twice as many vegetables to their families as control farmers, and had reduced
their vegetable purchases by a third compared to control farmers, who increased their
purchases by up to 9%. In Punjab, farmers who had been growing home gardens for the
longest had the best diets, with the highest intake of vitamins, minerals, and
macronutrients. However, ignorance of good nutrition was widespread in Jharkhand, and
development of successful home gardens needs to be connected to nutritional education
to have the greatest impact.
W. Easdown, H. Nitturkar
Year in Review 2013
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Theme PRODUCTION
146
Balanced diets through increased access to and utilization of nutritious vegetables
Theme CONSUMPTION: Balanced diets through
increased access to an utilization of nutritious
vegetables
Victor Afari-Sefa (Global Theme Leader), Ray-yu Yang (Deputy Theme Leader)
Goal
Goal
Consumer health improved by increased consumption of nutritious vegetables for a
balanced diet
Purpose
Increased public awareness, accessibility, and utilization of nutritious and diverse
vegetables
OUTPUT 1
Knowledge of consumer behavior and nutritional properties of vegetables
enhanced
Activity 1.1 Assess consumption and nutrition related outcomes of vegetable
gardeners and consumers in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Study on production, consumption and marketing of bitter gourd and ex-ante analysis
of its use in managing type 2 diabetes in India and Tanzania conducted and documented
Production, consumption and marketing of bitter gourd in India
No new results are available to augment those reported on in 2012.
M.-H. Wu, P. Schreinemachers
Production, consumption and marketing of bitter gourd in Tanzania
No major research and development activities were undertaken in 2013. Data analysis
for baseline surveys in 2011/2012 were refined and an abstract entitled “The Effect of
Health Awareness of Bitter Gourd on its Production and Consumption in Tanzania”
was submitted to the First International Conference on Bitter Gourd in March 2014 in
Hyderabad, India. Results from the study show farmers diversify their cropping patterns
to include bitter gourd when they strongly perceive that bitter gourd can help control
diabetes, hypertension and obesity as well as be used for other specific medicinal
purposes, rather than just knowing about the crop’s general health-promoting
properties. Market value for bitter gourd was not found to be a major factor driving
household production and consumption decisions, as the crop is mostly grown to meet
conditional demand rather than supply markets. Further validation studies with larger
sample sizes are required to fill data inconsistencies and produce results that can be
published in a peer-reviewed journal.
S. Rajendran, V. Afari-Sefa, P. Joseph, I. Mosha
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Theme CONSUMPTION
Baseline yield gap, diagnostic and consumption patterns survey of intensified ricevegetable systems in Tanzania and Ghana conducted
The baseline yield gap study on rice-vegetable systems for Tanzania was not undertaken
because a major implementing partner (Africa Rice Center) pulled out of the project due
to internal institutional reasons. A new proposal for a study on integrated maize-based
vegetable systems in Babati, Kongwa and Kiteto districts of Tanzania was later approved
by the donor and a corresponding scoping study, excluding a yield gap analysis, was
implemented.
A baseline synthesis report on integrated maize-vegetable systems was submitted to the
donor (USAID). The underlying baseline study involved a household socioeconomic
characterization survey of production and consumption patterns of 300 respondents in
10 villages across 3 project districts. This was complemented by a pest and disease survey
of 20 farms per district, including a questionnaire on pesticide application regimes, and
an on-site assessment with lab diagnostics to confirm field identifications led by the
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Data obtained from the field
surveys have been used to establish the baseline status of household socioeconomic
characteristics, vegetable cultivars, farm input usage, production practices and
constraints including pest and disease incidence, as well as current farmer knowledge and
practices, vegetable farming profitability, knowledge and training needs of vegetable
farmers, marketing channels and vegetable consumption levels within the maize-based
production systems. The socioeconomic and pest survey study results indicate that there
is scope to: (i) evaluate and promote elite vegetable varieties that will enhance production;
(ii) diversify farm income sources with good agricultural practices in vegetable
production and marketing; and (iii) enhance nutritional outcomes through promotional
activities for increased vegetable consumption at the household level. A peer- reviewed
paper entitled “Does cropping diversity contribute to dietary diversity? Evidence from
maize-vegetable systems in Tanzania” was accepted for oral presentation at the 88th
Annual conference of the Agricultural Economics Society (AES), 9-11th April 2014 in
Paris. The study for Ghana was conducted, with preliminary characterization reports
available.
V. Afari-Sefa, S. Rajendran, I. Mosha, P. Joseph, T. Stoilova (AVRDC)
F. Beed, D. Coyne, M. Bekunda (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Tanzania)
Household survey conducted and data analyzed for food and nutrition gaps in target
areas of Sikasso region in Mali
A partial household survey was conducted to collect target project-related indicators, but
studies on food and nutritional gaps could not be carried out during the reporting period
due to staff turnover and political instability in Mali.
T. Endres
148
Interactive GIS-based platform established for data exchange and visualization of urban
and peri-urban vegetable production, consumption and marketing in greater Bangkok,
Thailand
This research project aims to understand food systems, in particular vegetable
production and distribution in greater Bangkok, and to investigate the potential of GISbased community food mapping as an innovative tool to enable researchers,
policymakers and the public to find information on factors that affect access to healthy,
affordable food. Initial surveys have been conducted and data have been processed and
entered into the GIS database. Results from specific case studies targeting different
farming systems were conducted using field mapping, mental mapping and surveys to
augment agricultural land use mapping. Consumers’ community food mapping, food
security surveys as well as community mapping and data validation workshops were
conducted in different pilot areas with relevant stakeholders. Data collection was
completed by University of Freiburg graduate students in collaboration with AVRDC
and Kasetsart University staff. Data analysis and report writing are in progress.
R. Holmer
Activity 1.2 Study nutritional and functional values and benefits of vegetables
from tropical Africa and Asia
Anti-hyperglycemic effect of bitter gourd validated in insulin-resistant patients in India
and Tanzania
Human trials for the Bitter Gourd Project began in India and Tanzania on 15 July and 7
October 2013, respectively. In Coimbatore, India, the team at Avinashilingam University
for Women (AUW) began the first phase of the clinical trial with 56 subjects; the
crossover study started in October and was completed in December 2013. Another phase
of the study involving 26 subjects started in September and was completed in the third
week of January 2014. In Tanzania, a team from the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre (KCMC) and Justus-Liebig University, Giessen screened candidates and
confirmed 60 participants for the intervention study in October. The study is expected
to be completed in March 2014. Results of the intervention study for both India and
Tanzania will be analyzed and published in 2014.
R.-Y. Yang (AVRDC)
G. Kannusamy, M.A. Subramanian and S. Premakumari (Avinashilingam University for Women,
Coimbatore, India)
S. Habicht and C. Ludwig (Justus-Liebig University, Giessen)
M. Swai (Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre)
Phytochemical and nutrient databases of common vegetables designed
The completed phytochemical and nutrient datasets have been sent to NHRI (National
Health Research Center) for design and development of the interactive database. The
database includes 35 types of vegetables commonly consumed in Taiwan and 3-4
planting seasons per vegetable. The datasets include horticultural data and 20 analytical
items per vegetable, including dry matter, protein, fiber, sugar, carotenoid profiles,
Year in Review 2013
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Theme CONSUMPTION
tocopherol profiles, vitamin C, iron, calcium, zinc, flavonoid profiles, anti-oxidant
activity, total phenol, and oxalate.
R.-Y. Yang (AVRDC)
Chao A. Hsiung (National Health Research Institute)
Activity 2.1 Design, validate and implement home, school and community
garden interventions for enhanced access to and consumption of vegetables by
poor households, especially women and children in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
School and community gardens in target locations in Indonesia and Cameroon
established and functional with appropriate cropping schedule/sequence, pilot schemes
in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia explored
Forty (40) school gardens have been established in East Java and Bali, Indonesia. The
school garden model has been adopted by several other schools in the two provinces to
improve the performance of schools in terms of the “green school” project concept
being promoted country-wide.
J. Mariyono, G. Luther, K. Luther
Protocols developed for collecting baseline and follow-up data on 30 school vegetable
gardens in Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines and Tanzania, and for
home vegetable gardens in Bangladesh; baseline data collected
Protocols for collecting pre-intervention data on school vegetable gardens
Protocols for collecting pre- and post-intervention data collection were drafted and tools
were discussed with the country teams during the Vegetables Go to School training of
trainers workshop held in August-September 2013. Participants adjusted the tools to the
specific circumstances in their countries and a draft set of generic tools was formulated
to ensure the data will be comparable across countries. Table 2.1.2 shows the five levels
of impact that will be assessed.
150
Table 2.1.2. Hierarchy of outcome indicators to be assessed in the Vegetables Go to
School project
Indicator level
Explanation
Testing method
Awareness
School girls and boys become aware of
fruits and vegetables. They can recall
different kinds and tell the names.
Ability to identify fruits and
vegetables from a photo
Knowledge
School girls and boys know that different
foods can help the body perform
different functions. They also know
some basics about sustainable
agricultural production systems.
Food-nutrient association
Food-job association
Insect pests and natural enemies
Crop rotations
Preferences,
attitudes
School girls and boys not only know
about fruits and vegetables but also
develop a desire to eat them.
Fruit and vegetable preferences
Snack choices
Behavior
School girls and boys change their
dietary and/or agricultural behavior.
Dietary diversity
Vegetable consumption
Nutritional status
Long-term changes in dietary behavior
could lead to improvements in nutritional
status.
Body height and weight
Pre-intervention data will be collected from two grades from each school at the start of
the school year before the school vegetable gardens are implemented; the timing varies
per country. Additional baseline data that characterize the general situation of the
selected schools and communities will be collected by the country teams under the
guidance of the University of Freiburg.
P. Schreinemachers, U. Palaniswamy, R.-Y. Yang
Evaluation of homestead vegetable production in Bangladesh
Pre-intervention data were collected in April-May 2013 for 677 women in four districts
of Bangladesh (Barisal, Faridpur, Jessore, Patuakhali). Of these, 425 received training in
homestead vegetable gardens and 252 were used as a control. Post-intervention data will
be collected in April-May 2014. The survey also included 103 women in Barisal and
Jessore who had already received the training in 2012. These data were used for a
preliminary analysis of the impact of homestead vegetable gardens. Preliminary results
suggest those who received training produced a wider diversity of vegetables (p<0.01)
and harvested more frequently (p<0.01). However, improved gardens only supplied
about 21 g/capita/day, which was not significantly different from the control group.
Women who had received training produced and consumed more leafy vegetables
instead of heavier pumpkins and gourds, which explains why improved gardens did not
increase the total quantity of vegetable production. Based on 24-hour recall data, the
improved homestead vegetable gardens had a small but significant impact on the quantity
of vegetables consumed, and there was a small but significant increase in the diversity of
vegetables consumed, based on 30-day food frequency data. The cash income from
home gardens is negligible and if present, is mostly received by men. The preliminary
results thus suggest a small positive effect of homestead gardens on vegetable production
and consumption.
P. Schreinemachers, S. Ahmad, R.-Y. Yang, P. Hanson
M.A. Patalagsa, C. Takagi (National Chung Hsing University)
Md. R. Islam, S. Begum (International Potato Center)
Md. N. Uddin (Grameen Bikash Foundation), S.C. Biswas, T. Ahmed (BRAC)
Year in Review 2013
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Theme CONSUMPTION
Training of Trainers workshop for establishing school vegetable gardens in Bhutan,
Burkina Faso, Nepal and Tanzania conducted
Vegetables Go to School Training of Trainers workshop
Eighteen participants from six countries took part in the Vegetables Go to School
Training of Trainers workshop held from 18 August to 13 September 2013 at AVRDC
headquarters in Taiwan. Participants learned essential gardening skills such as preparing
garden beds, testing soil fertility, selecting crops and planning a planting schedule,
transplanting seedlings, and making compost. The workshop also covered safe methods
to control pests and vegetable seed-saving methods. Participants learned how to analyze
the information needs of various stakeholders; how to manage large data flows; how to
evaluate outcomes of the school garden program; how to optimize the nutritional
impacts; and how to integrate WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene and health) concepts in
school garden programs. Several excursions to school gardens in Taiwan were part of
the program. Participants used all the information provided to them to formulate school
garden implementation plans for their countries, and presented their plans at the end of
the workshop to a group of high-level policymakers from each country.
U. Palaniswamy, P. Schreinemachers, R.-Y. Yang, G. Luther, M. Mecozzi
G. Cissé (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute)
A. Drescher (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg)
Data on the outcomes/impact of home gardens on poverty and food consumption in
Jharkhand, India analyzed and documented
An outcome evaluation study was conducted in collaboration with a PhD student from
Justus-Liebig University, Giessen in Germany. Data entry has been completed. Analysis
and report writing are in progress
W. Easdown
Activity 2.2 Develop and distribute nutritious vegetable seed kits for disaster
response and to other vulnerable groups in tropical and sub-Saharan Africa and
Asia
Existing seed stocks in Taiwan, India, Tanzania and Mali made available for distribution
in response to future disasters in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Pacific in exchange for
funding to replenish seed stocks
Existing seed stocks were packed and distributed to disaster-affected victims: 4000 seed
packs containing six different leafy vegetables were sent to Catholic Relief Services and
distributed to flood-affected victims in Assam in northeast India; 3000 seed packs of six
different vegetables were purchased, assembled and distributed to flood-affected victims
in Odisha, India; 10,000 seed packs containing amaranth, Malabar spinach, okra,
mungbean and kangkong distributed to Fiji for cyclone-affected victims; and 680 seed
kits containing four crops distributed to 200 vulnerable households affected by war in
five villages in Douentza, Mali. In addition, a total of 2000 seed kits containing five crops
were prepared in Indonesia for future disaster response.
W. Easdown, R. Manickam, A. Rouamba, L.-J. Lin, G.C. Luther
152
Easy-to-understand instructions on cultivation, field management, and food preparation
in various local languages prepared for publication in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and
Pacific disseminated
Easy-to-understand instructions on cultivation, food preparation and nutritional
contribution of amaranth, Malabar spinach, kangkong, spinach, fenugreek, vegetable
mustard and chenopodium were developed in English and translated into Assamese
(local language in Assam, India); five information sheets on tomato, onion and amaranth
were prepared and translated into Bambara (local language in Mali); and brochures for
amaranth, African nightshade, vegetable cowpea and spider plant were published in
Kiswahili for future distribution to vulnerable groups.
W. Easdown, R. Manickam, A. Rouamba, T. Stoilova
Easy-to-understand instructions on cultivation, field management, and food preparation
of onion in the French language prepared for publication in Cameroon and disseminated
Two posters were developed and presented at local conferences and symposia: one on
‘Onion bulb production and processing’ in French and another on ‘Traditional vegetable
recipes in Cameroon’ in English featuring 23 vegetable recipes collected from
Cameroon’s ten regions.
R. Kamga
Activity 2.3 Develop dietary strategies, nutrition-improved recipes and food
preparation methods based on traditional diet and food practices for promotion
of vegetables and nutrition to household women in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Dietary strategies for bitter gourd production and consumption for low income and high
diabetic prevalence regions in India and Tanzania developed
Bitter gourd recipes designed for South India and Tanzania in the summer of 2012 were
formatted in 2013 and ready for publication in 2014. Recipe booklets and recipe cards
will be handed out to participants in the Bitter Gourd Project’s human trials in India and
Tanzania, and during the Bitter Gourd Conference 2014 in India. Booklets will be made
available in English, Tamil and Kiswahili.
A Bitter Gourd Project interim meeting was held in Arusha, Tanzania in May 2013.
Project collaborators from AVRDC (including headquarters, East and Southeast Asia,
and Africa), Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Justus-Liebig University,
Avinashilingam University for Women, and National Taiwan University attended.
Dietary strategies to promote bitter gourd consumption by the general public and for
diabetes prevention were discussed, as well as the development of a bitter gourd
production guide. A summary with action points was compiled and sent to all project
collaborators.
J.W. Luoh, R.-Y. Yang
Year in Review 2013
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Theme CONSUMPTION
Dietary options identified and strategies with locally available vegetables for promotion
in target areas in south Bangladesh and Sikasso region of Mali developed
For Year 2 of the USAID Horticulture Project in Bangladesh, nutrition component
activities focused mainly on the development of nutrition promotion messages, and
conducting as well as developing materials for Training of Trainers (ToT) workshops. In
January, a nutrition workshop was held in Dhaka to review the results from a baseline
survey and a pre-test of nutrition promotion messages conducted by project partners.
The workshop developed a participatory plan of action for Year 2 nutrition activities.
Governmental and non-governmental agencies were contacted throughout the year
concerning nutrition-related projects in Bangladesh. Information on current nutrition
promotion campaigns was collected and incorporated into the project’s promotional
package that was developed in January of this year.
In March, a project Nutrition Coordinator was hired to develop promotional materials
and conduct training sessions in project communities. Two ToTs on the topic of
nutrition promotion were conducted in 2013. The first ToT trained 65 project and
partner NGO staff from Jessore, Barisal, Patuakhali, and Faridpur districts in June. The
second ToT for Community Nutrition Scholar (CNS) trainers was conducted in July.
The trainers participated in the training of CNSs. 200 CNSs from project communities
were trained in October using the CNS training materials developed by the project.
L. Yeasmin, J.W. Luoh, R.-Y. Yang (AVRDC)
S. Begum (International Potato Center)
In December 2013, the Planning Workshop of the USAID-funded project “Improving
Nutrient Supplies and Diet Diversity with Vegetables in Mali” was conducted in Bamako.
In addition to staff from AVRDC West and Central Africa and headquarters, participants
from project partners Plan Mali, Helen Keller International, IER (L’Institut d’Economie
Rurale), Department of Health of Mali, AMEDD (Malian Association of Awakening
Sustainable Development), two consultants on vegetable consumption and nutrition, and
USAID Mali (Health and Economics) attended the workshop. A collaborative workplan
was developed.
A. Rouamba, A. Tenkouano, R-Y. Yang
A demonstration vegetable garden with 6 crops of 10 varieties was set up at the National
University of Uzbekistan in April 2013. Nutritional seed kits were prepared and
distributed to beneficiaries at Bostanlyk and Buhara colleges. The garden and kits have
facilitated the promotion of home, school and community gardening as well as
cultivation of vegetables in disaster-, drought- and saline-affected areas, and help to
emphasize the nutritional importance of vegetables in human diets.
R. Mavlyanova
Recipes designed for promotion in school garden program in Mali, Cameroon and
selected regions in Central Asia
Six new recipes were developed in Uzbekistan in 2013. A brochure entitled “Dishes from
vegetable soybean and girasol” has been drafted for publication in 2014.
R. Mavlyanova
154
Activity 2.4 Develop, validate and implement promotion strategies for increased
consumption of vegetables and nutritious/diverse diets by poor households
emphasizing women and children in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Innovative multiple communication tools developed and tested to promote good
nutritional practices and increased vegetable consumption in rural and urban areas of
selected areas of Mali
Nutritional promotional strategies using recipes were conducted in Mali. Recipes were
displayed at public gatherings, disseminated via the mass media, and through songs.
Communication tools included “Women’s Secrets” recipe book, a food pyramid, and an
annual calendar of vegetable availability. Staff shifts and political instability limited
progress on this output target.
T. Endres
Approaches on effective communication and dissemination strategies tested for
promoting traditional vegetable nutrition and utilization in Central Asia, Bangladesh and
Cameroon
Information on traditional vegetables aimed at promoting nutrition and utilization was
collected in Uzbekistan, Bangladesh and Cameroon. Dissemination strategies on tomato
grafting and summer tomato cultivation were tested in Bangladesh and Indonesia. Staff
changes in Cameroon limited progress on testing the effectiveness of different
dissemination approaches to increase vegetable consumption.
R. Mavlyanova, C. Genova, R. Kamga
Community-based promotion campaigns
consumption in south Bangladesh
conducted
for
enhanced
vegetable
Strategies for nutritional and social marketing to promote increased vegetable
consumption in Bangladesh were conducted. The Seed Grant Project aims to strengthen
the nutritional impact pathway of vegetable production in Bangladesh through
collaboration with a vegetable seed company. The first meeting between Lal Teer Seed,
AVRDC, and USAID Bangladesh staff took place on 28 August 2013 at Lal Teer Seed
in Dhaka for an overview of the project and Lal Teer’s extension work, field
demonstration and promotion activities.
Collaboration with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) focuses on
a market or field laboratory behavioral experiment, studying the types of information
that most increase vegetable demand. A combined trip for IFPRI staff to visit AVRDC
in Taiwan and the project site in Bangladesh was held in 2013 from 21-22 October
(Taiwan) and 28-31 October (Bangladesh). The project scenario was discussed and a
theory of change was mapped during the meeting in Taiwan.
Project partners held a second meeting with Lal Teer Seed on 29 October 2013 in the
USAID Horticulture Project Office in Dhaka to prepare a detailed study design and
timeline. Participants also visited Lal Teer Seed’s demonstration plots in Mymensingh.
Year in Review 2013
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Theme CONSUMPTION
The next step is to finalize the study design, prepare a study protocol for ethical clearance,
and prepare sub-contracts between AVRDC and partners including Lal Teer Seed,
USAID Horticulture Project and Grameen Bikash Foundation (GBF). Project activities
will be implemented in spring and summer 2014.
J.W. Luoh, P. Hanson, R-Y. Yang (AVRDC)
R. Islam (International Potato Center)
A. Mukit (Lal Teer Seed Limited)
B. Kramer (IFPRI)
Activity 3.1 Analyze components of supply chains, marketing systems and
postharvest handling of vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Pacific
Needs assessment of vegetable postharvest handling and storage in Bangladesh and Mali;
and study on postharvest losses assessment in Tanzania, Kenya and Ghana conducted
Needs assessment of vegetable postharvest handling and storage in Bangladesh and Mali
A postharvest needs assessment study was conducted in Bangladesh through a
combination of focus group discussions and key informant interviews with 69
respondents in Jessore, 96 in Barisal and 84 in Faridpur districts with participants who
were selected from farmers’ groups, collectors, wholesalers and retailers. Postharvest
intervention recommendations included implementing a series of training and capacity
building activities as well as conducting research into postharvest systems.
The study in Mali was not conducted due to political instability.
N. Nenguwo, V. Afari-Sefa, C. Genova (AVRDC)
M.S. Ahmed (National Agricultural Technology Project, Bangladesh)
Study on postharvest losses assessment of vegetable crops in Tanzania, Kenya and Ghana
A postharvest loss assessment survey was conducted in Tanzania with 280 respondents
(representing farmers’ groups and traders) selected in the target regions of Arusha, Tanga
and Morogoro. The survey concentrated on tomato and amaranth and included a farmer
survey, trader survey and a loss assessment. Samples collected at the farmgate and in the
market showed that 15% of amaranth had mechanical damage, whereas 36% of tomatoes
were damaged, with figures indicative of the extent of physical postharvest losses that
occurs.
In Ghana 145 tomato and amaranth growers and traders supplying urban markets in
Kumasi and 160 in Tamale were selected through a purposive sampling approach and
interviewed for the postharvest survey. Kumasi was selected as typical of the semideciduous agroclimatic zone found in the Ashanti region and Tamale was selected as
representative of the savanna zone in the northern part of Ghana. The survey found that
91% of producers and traders indicated they experience problems with postharvest
spoilage. The survey also indicated differences in damage to produce arriving at different
markets.
In Kenya the loss assessment survey was initiated in April 2013 and completed by July
2013. The 171 respondents interviewed were selected through a stratified random
sampling approach. The counties selected for the survey were Kajiado, Kirinyaga and
156
Nakuru, which are major tomato producing areas, and Kakamega, Siaya and Kiambu,
where amaranth is widely produced.
N. Nenguwo, V. Afari-Sefa, S. Rajendran (AVRDC)
F. Appiah, P. Kumah (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana)
L. Dari (University for Development Studies, Ghana)
W. Owino (Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya)
Stakeholder consultation workshops conducted to understand local needs, constraints
and opportunities of postharvest management in Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania
A postharvest stakeholder workshop was held in May 2013 in Tanzania to discuss the
results of the loss assessment survey; it was attended by 49 participants, including farmer
and trader representatives, seed companies, processors, research and teaching
institutions and district agricultural advisory officials. The main issues raised were on the
need for more training on postharvest handling of horticultural crops and dissemination
of suitable technologies. Specific issues raised included packaging tomatoes using
wooden crates, which causes a lot of damage. The misuse of agrochemicals and concern
about pesticide residues were discussed.
The stakeholder workshop in Ghana was held from 27 to 28 June in Accra, and
participants raised concerns similar to those heard in the Tanzania workshop. It appears
many farmers do not have knowledge of proper handling of pesticides and application
practices, and participants viewed pesticide residues as a problem. The absence of
standard weights and measures for marketing transactions was noted. Training programs
to improve postharvest handling practices for actors along the value chain were proposed
as interventions, as well as research activities to evaluate improved germplasm and
varieties.
Twenty-nine participants attended the stakeholder consultation workshop in Kenya from
20-21 August. Recommendations included capacity building activities as well as a
suggestion for farmers to be organized into groups to target specific markets. The
development and testing of suitable technologies such as improved packaging and access
to varieties with better postharvest characteristics were proposed as interventions to
improve postharvest handling and to reduce postharvest losses.
N. Nenguwo, V. Afari-Sefa, S. Rajendran (AVRDC)
F. Appiah, P. Kumah (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana)
L. Dari (University for Development Studies, Ghana)
W. Owino (Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Thika, Kenya)
Market survey conducted in Tanzania among growers and consumers of traditional
vegetables and their demand for seed and for produce
Under the Irish Aid-funded Good Seed Initiative, a detailed market survey on vegetable
seed and produce was conducted by AVRDC, CABI International, HORTI-Tengeru and
INADES Formation ((Institut Africain pour le développement économique
et social, Tanzania) in five study regions of Tanzania (Table 3.1.3).
Year in Review 2013
157
Theme CONSUMPTION
Table 3.1.3. Respondents for a detailed market survey in five study areas of Tanzania
No. of
vegetable
growers
No. of
traders
No. of vegetable
consumers
Region
No. of seed
producers
Arusha
18
57
29
61
165
-
22
35
25
82
Dodoma
28
57
20
20
125
Tanga
19
20
27
66
Morogoro
25
25
29
25
104
Total
90
181
113
158
542
Dar es Salaam
Total
The study investigated (i) determinants of smallholder production and consumption
decisions in participation in traditional vegetable value chains; (ii) production constraints
in cultivation; (iii) pathways for promoting nutritional awareness of farmers and adoption
of selected traditional African vegetables; and (iv) options for improving smallholders’
market participation by linking nutritional awareness and production of African
traditional vegetables. Research outputs from the studies were presented at various
scholarly society meetings, including a presentation on the impact of traditional vegetable
production and marketing on livelihoods and nutritional outcomes in Tanzania presented
at the CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council-organized 2013 Science
Policy Forum in Bonn, Germany. A second paper entitled “Contract Farming by
Traditional African Leafy Vegetable Seed Producers in Tanzania: Implications for
Household Cropping Income” was presented at the 3rd NUS conference held in Accra,
Ghana. A third paper entitled “Determinants of Smallholders’ Participation in FarmerLed Vegetable Seed Enterprises: A Case Study of Tanzania” was accepted for oral
presentation at the 24th Annual World Symposium of the International Food and
Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA), Cape Town, South Africa, June 2014.
http://scienceforum13.org/sites/default/files/docs/SF13-summary.pdf
http://nus.2013.org
S. Rajendran, V. Afari-Sefa, R. Kessy (AVRDC)
D. Karanja, R. Musebe, D. Rommie (CABI International)
S. Silivesta, D. Amarandu (HORTI-Tengeru)
M. Makaranga (INADES Formation, Tanzania)
Results of vegetable value chain and market opportunities study in East Java and Bali,
Indonesia documented
A value chain study conducted in East Java and Bali aimed to identify current constraints
in vegetable value chains and explore possible interventions at specific chain nodes to
increase farmer household income. The study employed descriptive methods to track the
flow of value-added activities, starting from producers (farmers) to both individual and
institutional end users of vegetables (consumers). Critical issues at each node were
analyzed to formulate suitable interventions to improve farmers’ income and consumers’
access to vegetables. The results of study showed that there were different issues related
to the value chains in each province because of different produce marketing and demand
structures and targets. In East Java, the major vegetable marketing targets were food
158
processing companies and wholesale markets in Java and other locations. In Bali, the
main targets were mainly intra-province hotels and restaurants, with a shorter marketing
channel in comparison to East Java. Producers’ associations in East Java were more
willing to take risks by considering production of vegetables, particularly chili, outside
the main production regions. A critical issue for vegetable value chains in East Java is the
ability to produce a consistent supply to satisfy diverse market demands. The major
marketing challenge in Bali involves options to sustain the quality of produce, since the
marketing targets are hotels and restaurants that serve the tourist industry.
J. Mariyono, V. Afari-Sefa
Activity 3.2 Facilitate the establishment of enhanced market coordination
mechanisms for vegetable supply in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Pacific
Value chain groups based on the participatory market chain approach established for
summer and winter tomato production systems in Bangladesh
A participatory market chain workshop on tomato was held in Barisal and Jessore in
April 2013. The workshop was attended by 52 (1 woman) and 20 (2 women) participants,
respectively and was combined with training on postharvest handling of tomatoes.
P. Schreinemachers, P. Hanson
Pilot Participatory Guarantee System for high value vegetable crops in Fiji and Solomon
Islands developed and monitored
A Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) is a locally focused quality assurance system.
The system allows growers in developing countries to understand that vegetables with
good quality could obtain a better price from high-end markets. In the Solomon Islands,
the system was piloted by the Australian Agency for International Development in 2009.
A company named “Areatakiki Aruligo Community Company Ltd.” with members from
two communities was registered and a contract was made between the company and the
Heritage Hotel in Honiara. In 2013, farmers in Sasa adopted the PGS concept and
registered a new company, MKL Ltd. Farmers’ skills on tomato production were
enhanced, especially on seedling production, crop management, and seed production.
The capacity of the community leaders on market-oriented business skills and contract
negotiations was strengthened through several one-on-one or group courses. In Fiji,
efforts were made during 2013 to engage communities in the Sigatoka Valley with the
PGS concept through workshops and visits. As of November, three PGS groups were
formed in Qereqere (15 members), Nawanmagi (12 members), and Narata (25 members).
A limited liability non-shareholding company was identified to as a suitable business
structure for farmer groups under Fijian legislation. Registration is underway. A
successful trial shipment of tomato was made in August from the Qereqere group to the
Shangri-la Fijian Resort and Spa. The group graded the tomatoes and packed them in
plastic crates for the first time. Farmers were also trained in tomato crop management
skills and the safe use of pesticides. Business skills of the group have been strengthened,
but required further attention, including practicing a year-round production schedule to
allow regular delivery. The operation of each PGS group will be further assisted in 2014,
including negotiating and finalizing formal contracts with the buyers.
R. Erskin-Smith, A. Sale, A. Hickes, P. Tikai, J.-F. Wang
J. Carter (University of Sunshine Coast)
Year in Review 2013
159
Theme CONSUMPTION
Linkages and value chain enhancing activities forged between indigenous vegetable seed
and produce growers and private seed companies in Tanzania
Two major activities were undertaken to forge linkages between seed growers and
vegetable growers in Dodoma and enhance the value chain by linking private sector seed
companies in Arusha with growers in Lushuto and elsewhere. These two activities were
guided by the findings from the surveys in Output target 2013 3.1.3. Linkages were
created between more than 40 vegetable seed growers in four communities in the Arusha
region of Tanzania. Further dissemination activities and value chain linkages were
conducted via radio in collaboration with Farm Radio International, Tanzania.
V.Afari-Sefa, H. Mndiga, R. Kessy (AVRDC)
D. Karanja, D. Rommie (CABI International)
K. Hampson (Farm Radio International, Tanzania)
Evaluation and promotion of improved vegetable packaging materials conducted via onfarm demonstrations in Tanzania
Packing liners in tomato boxes and other improved packing materials were tested during
transportation of tomato to Arusha. Boxes with liners had 36% damage, compared to
52% damage from standard boxes. Further validation and a cost-benefit analysis is
required to validate the results before promotion of the method among farmers.
N. Nenguwo, A. Tiisekwa
Effective linkages along vegetable value chains enhanced through demand creation
activities in Tanzania, selected areas of Mali and Cameroon
There is increasing need to raise the awareness of the nutritional values of traditional
African vegetables, often referred to as “poor man’s food” across Tanzania. In Tanzania,
the bulk of traditional vegetables are produced in rural and peri-urban areas in Dar es
Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha, Morogoro, Tanga and Dodoma. The project initiated
promotional activities to educate producers, consumers and traders on the nutritional
and economic importance of traditional vegetables. On 14 June 2013 HORTI-Tengeru,
AVRDC and the Arusha District Council hosted celebrations marking the “Day of the
African Child” in Bangata village, with the theme of improving child nutrition. More
than 500 people attended, including school children (primary and secondary), teachers,
farmers/parents, extension officers, and local government representatives. The District
Commissioner for Arumeru was the guest of honor. Participants tasted dishes prepared
with traditional vegetables such as amaranth, nightshade, pumpkin leaves and African
eggplant. A total of 200 Healthy Diet Garden kits were distributed during the event. The
seed kits contained five different types of traditional vegetable seeds.
Leaflets and posters promoting important traditional vegetables to farmers, consumers
and traders were distributed in various parts of Tanzania, including 650 copies of a
brochure “African traditional vegetables: Recipes for health and good taste” (Kiswahili
and English) and 1000 leaflets on “Healthy diet gardening for better nutrition and
increased income” (Kiswahili and English).
160
Collaborative efforts with Farm Radio International (FRI) are underway to explore the
possibility of expanding coverage of their vegetable campaign, with an increased focus
on traditional vegetables. The possibility of forming farmer radio listening groups with
some traditional vegetable growers was discussed. Partners from AVRDC were
interviewed by FRI and one talked about postharvest handling of vegetables (e.g. solar
drying) in a program aired in August. In her interview she mentioned traditional
vegetables (nightshade and sweet potato leaves) for which the solar drying technology is
applicable.
Demand creation activities in Mali and Cameroon included poster presentations at local
symposia and agricultural shows. However, due to staff turnover, fewer activities were
undertaken in both countries.
V. Afari-Sefa, R. Kessy, S. Rajendran, R. Kamga (AVRDC)
D. Karanja, R. Musebe, D. Rommie (CABI International)
S. Silivesta, D. Amarandu (HORTI-Tengeru)
K. Hampson (Farm Radio International, Tanzania)
Activity 3.3 Develop and enhance training curricula and materials on proper
postharvest management and marketing skills for trainers in Asia, sub-Saharan
Africa and Pacific
Curricula and training materials reviewed and updated annually for the International
Vegetable Training Course held in Thailand, and for Onion Production, Storage and
Marketing Training Course in Cameroon
Training curricula and materials were updated for the 32nd International Vegetable
Training Course (IVTC) held in Thailand (attended by more than 30 participants), and
for the Onion Production, Storage and Marketing Training Course in Cameroon
(attended by 20 participants [10 men and 10 women]).
R. Holmer, R. Kamga
Training materials developed and related standard operating procedures completed for
use at Postharvest Training and Services Center in Tanzania for capacity building
programs
Twenty-one (21) short term training sessions were held in basic postharvest handling,
food processing and solar dehydration as well as in postharvest handling and marketing.
The total number of trainees included 193 male and 365 female beneficiaries from the
areas surrounding Arusha. Trainees attended practical sessions on the construction of
the brick evaporative cooler for short- term storage, using a Coolbot device to control
temperature in an AC powered cool room and use of simple methods like shade to
provide cooling.
Postharvest tools and packaging materials that were destined for sale at the Postharvest
Training and Services Center (PTSC) were transferred to the Agricultural Showgrounds
pavilion in Arusha belonging to the Ministry of Food and Agriculture Northern Zone
Division in August. The ministry is now running the PTSC. The PTSC shop includes
packaging materials such as plastic crates for carrying produce and glass jars for
processed products such as jams and pickles. These items are in great demand from
visitors to the shop.
Year in Review 2013
161
Theme CONSUMPTION
N. Nenguwo, V. Afari-Sefa, R. Kessy (AVRDC)
D. Barrett, L. Kitinoja, L. Wheeler (University of California, Davis)
Training materials translated into local languages of selected countries in sub-Saharan
Africa, Asia and Oceania and adapted for dissemination to beneficiaries in targeted
locations
Training materials were reviewed and translated into Kiswahili, Bambara (local language
in Mali), Assamese (local language in Assam, India) and Russian and direct training of
farmers in vegetable agronomy, marketing and postharvest practices was undertaken at
various locations. Translated training materials from the Postharvest Training and
Services Center in Arusha, Tanzania included a general overview of postharvest handling,
and information on packhouse operations and handling of vegetable crops.
R. Mavlyanova, N. Nenguwo, R Kessy, A. Tiisekwa, W. Easdown, , A. Rouamba, H. Mndiga
Activity 3.4 Strengthen postharvest research capacity of national partners
through trainings and awareness raising on postharvest losses and postharvest
research at the national and regional level in Asia, Africa and the Pacific
At least 25 participants from Asia trained in vegetable production, postharvest and
marketing
Forty (40) women farmers were trained in tomato grafting and cultivation of new
varieties in Uzbekistan on 21 November 2013. Twenty-five (25) participants from East
and Southeast Asia were trained in the 32nd International Vegetable Training Course
(IVTC) in Bangkok.
R. Mavlyanova, R. Holmer
At least 20 participants from northern Cameroon trained in onion production, storage
and marketing
Twenty-eight (28) participants from northern Cameroon were trained in onion
production, storage and marketing. Standard AVRDC monitoring and evaluation
protocols were used to collect biodata of trainees and to capture previous knowledge
prior to training.
R. Kamga
At least 250 participants for the Training of Trainers and farmer training courses from
Tanzania and Bangladesh trained in postharvest handling practices
A total of 284 participants were trained in 2013. Activities for Training of Trainers
included lecture sessions on principles and practices of postharvest handling delivered to
HORTI-Tengeru in Arusha, Tanzania, attended by 63 participants (35 men, 28 women).
A demonstration of improved postharvest technologies suitable for smallholder farmers
was held during the Amaranth Field Day for the African Traditional Vegetables project;
162
it was attended by 149 farmers (75 men, 74 women) from the areas around Arusha. Two
farmer training sessions were conducted in April in Bangladesh in Jessore and Barisal
districts, where 72 farmers (69 men, 3 women) received training. Participants were
trained in general postharvest handling methodologies for vegetable crops and on
participatory market chain analysis.
N. Nenguwo, R. Kessy, C. Genova
Activity 3.5 Adapting available technologies and developing new technologies to
meet the needs of the target value chain actors and stakeholders in selected
countries in Asia, Africa
Research trials conducted on use of evaporative coolers for short term vegetable storage
to reduce postharvest losses in Tanzania
Field trials were conducted to investigate the operational parameters of the Zero Energy
Cool Chamber (ZECC), an evaporative cooler that is suitable for use by smallholder
farmers. Results indicated a moderate drop in temperature of 4 - 5oC for the interior of
the ZECC compared to the ambient temperature, and an increase in relative humidity
from 45% to 77%. Vegetable crops tested included amaranth and nightshade, both of
which stored well over a four-day period with minimal weight loss due to the higher
humidity levels in the cooler. Carrots were stored for up to 8 days in the cooler.
Preliminary evaluation of packing crates for tomato transportation conducted
Activities to evaluate improved packing materials were initiated and included trials to
compare standard wooden crates used for tomatoes in Tanzania with improved plastic
crates. Tomatoes packed in wooden crates in Tanzania typically show up to 60% damage
on arrival. Plastic crates as well as improved wooden crates were tested under simulated
transport conditions. Preliminary results indicate that damage to tomatoes packed in
plastic crates is lower, with 22.7% damage compared to 52.4 % for standard wood crates.
Evaluation of the shelf-life performance conducted of newly introduced vegetable
varieties in Bangladesh
Preliminary discussions on the selection of important vegetable varieties for evaluation
under the USAID Postharvest program in Bangladesh were conducted in collaboration
with the USAID Horticulture project. Further work on this activity was not undertaken
due to political instability in Bangladesh.
Activity 4.1 Conduct training courses and other capacity building and
knowledge sharing platforms to increase awareness and capacity of vegetable
value chain actors and stakeholders to increase production, utilization and
consumption of nutrient-rich vegetables in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Pacific
Year in Review 2013
163
Theme CONSUMPTION
Senior government staff from Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines and
Tanzania trained in design and implementation of vegetable school garden programs via
workshops
Under the Vegetables Go to School project, a three day policy workshop on school
vegetable gardens was held at AVRDC headquarters from 9 to 11 September 2013. This
was after a three week training of trainers (ToT) workshop that started on 18 August
2013. Senior government officers from Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Indonesia, and Tanzania
participated in the event. They were briefed about the project and about the success of
similar initiatives in Thailand and the Philippines. The senior government officers then
provided feedback on the country action plans developed by their own country teams
during the ToT and discussed the opportunities and constraints for the project
implementation in their respective countries.
U. Palaniswamy, P. Schreinemachers, R-Y. Yang, G. Luther, M. Mecozzi
3-5 day training courses on vegetable production, processing, consumption and
conservation delivered to 15-20 target youth and women groups in Tanzania
Farmers and extension workers from Ukerewe island district in Lake Victoria, Sengerema
district in Mwanza region, and Arumeru and Arusha areas of Arusha region in Tanzania
were trained in vegetable production (Table 4.1.2). Class lectures and practical exercises
covered seed and crop production, conservation, crop protection, safe use of chemicals,
seed processing, recipe preparation and utilization of vegetables to reduce micronutrient
malnutrition. Training on traditional African vegetables focused on the crops as incomegenerating commodities and as a subsistence crops for bridging seasons when food is in
short supply. The farmer trainees in Ukerewe and Sengerema districts grew traditional
vegetables (amaranth, African nightshade, Ethiopian mustard, vegetable cowpea, African
eggplant and okra) provided by AVRDC in collaboration with Helen Keller
International-Tanzania through the project “Enhanced homestead food production in
Sengerema and Ukerewe districts in Mwanza region of Tanzania.” Training in Arusha
and Arumeru was supported by the project “Sustainable African traditional vegetable
production and market-chain development for improved health and nutrition and
income generation by smallholder farmers in Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia.” The training
sessions for both projects were the continuation of activities conducted in 2012.
164
Table 4.1.2. Number of farmers and extension workers trained in two regions of
Tanzania in 2013
No. of participants
by gender
Female
Male
Total
Date
Mwanza region
Ukerewe farmers
57
35
77
41
134
76
30-31 Jan, 22-25 Jul 2013
Ukerewe extension workers
0
9
9
30-31 Jan, 22-25 Jul 2013
Trainee category by region
Sengereman farmers
20
22
42
24-25 Jun 2013
Segerema extension workers
2
5
7
24-25 Jun 2013
Arusha region (farmers)
45
48
93*
26-27 Mar, 16-17 April 2013
20-23 Aug 2013
Total
102
125
227
Note: Three (1 female and 2 male) students from Sokoine University of Agriculture were included in the training.
F. F. Dinssa, H. Mndiga, T. Stoilova, O. Mbwambo
1-2 farmer field days in Central Asia and the Caucasus and Cameroon conducted to
promote increased vegetable production and consumption
Training for pupils and teachers in Ramitan district of Bukhara region, Uzbekistan was
conducted on 12 June 2013 and a school garden was initiated with eight vegetable crops;
a total of 40 people (23 female and 17 male) participated. A seminar on “Integration for
food industry development in the Republic” conducted jointly with the Chefs
Association of Uzbekistan was held on 15 May 2013 in Navruz Hall in Tashkent,
Uzbekistan. Recipes for newly introduced vegetables (vegetable soybean, yard-long bean)
developed from AVRDC lines were tested in a special session, with a total of 97 people
participating (65 female and 32 male).
A session on cooking and processing new vegetable varieties was conducted within the
International Conference on Horticulture, Vegetable Production, Beekeeping and
Floriculture Market-Oriented Production Development conducted on 20 November
2013 at the Exhibition Center in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. A total of 103 people (68 female,
35 male) participated. The conference brought together representatives of the entire
agricultural products value chain, including farmers, business professionals, scientists,
heads of organizations and campaigns, producers, entrepreneurs, and international
experts.
Farmers’ Field Days were conducted in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan in 2013 to demonstrate newly introduced
vegetables varieties developed from AVRDC lines, strengthen collaboration with
farmers on vegetable production and seed multiplication, and promote consumption of
nutrient-rich vegetables. A total of 200 people participated (122 female, 78 male). Among
participants were representatives from state parliaments, ministers, farmers’ associations,
scientists, farmers, processing firms and businessmen. These events received wide
coverage in radio, TV, journals and magazines. Consumer awareness of vegetable
consumption and nutrition was promoted through on-farm demonstration plots, field
days, seed fairs, national agricultural shows and media. Articles, nutrition leaflets, posters
and booklets were published and distributed in 2013. Presentations on nutrition were
conducted at various events.
Year in Review 2013
165
Theme CONSUMPTION
AVRDC staff facilitated the participation of farmers in Tanzania’s 2013 national
agricultural show. A total of 250 farmers participated in the event.
R. Mavlyanova, V. Afari Sefa
Multi-stakeholder platforms established for intensified rice-vegetable production systems
in Tanzania and Ghana
The proposed platform for Tanzania was not established because a major partner (Africa
Rice Center) pulled out of the project due to internal institutional reasons. A new
proposal for an integrated maize-based vegetable systems study in Tanzania was later
approved, but had no specific activity requiring establishment of a multi-stakeholder
platform.
V. Afari-Sefa, I. Mosha, S. Rajendran
Activity 4.2 Develop data collection protocols and policy briefs on outcome and
impact assessment of program interventions in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
Generic monitoring and evaluation framework and scaling-up strategy of technology
dissemination for the Center published
A draft framework has been completed and is ready for final editing and printing in 2014.
The framework will need to be updated to better incorporate gender mainstreaming
aspects.
P. Schreinemachers, V. Afari-Sefa
At least one policy brief on impact assessment of tomato grafting technology in Vietnam
and on economic cost quantification of postharvest losses in sub-Saharan Africa and
Asia published for dissemination
An impact assessment of AVRDC's tomato grafting in Vietnam
A policy brief on the impact of tomato grafting in Vietnam was published (AVRDC
Publication No. 13-773, Research in Action No. 8). Using data from 225 tomato farmers
in Lam Dong province in southern Vietnam and from 75 tomato farmers in the Red
River Delta in northern Vietnam, the analysis shows that 100% of the tomato farmers in
Lam Dong and 48% of the tomato farmers in the Red River Delta have adopted the use
of grafted seedlings. The average yield and farm gate price of grafted tomato were
significantly greater by 31% and 39%, respectively, compared with non-grafted tomato.
Based on the average difference in profits between grafted and non-grafted tomatoes,
the 100% adoption rate, and the total area under tomato in Lam Dong province, the
estimated total profits for tomato farmers was USD 41.7 million higher than if the same
area had been planted with non-grafted tomato. The study clearly shows that in places
where bacterial wilt and other soil-borne diseases affecting tomato are a problem, tomato
grafting offers significant monetary benefits to farmers.
C. Genova, P. Schreinemachers, V. Afari-Sefa
166
Postharvest policy brief in progress
An overview of postharvest losses of vegetable crops presented during stakeholder
workshops was published in Coast Week and The Star newspapers in Kenya in and on
the GHANAWEB news site in Ghana. A postharvest policy brief is in progress.
http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=278281
N. Ngoni, V.Afari-Sefa
Framework for centralized monitoring and evaluation data proxy indicators and
databases for AVRDC developed
VegOne: Using information technology to track the Center’s progress
The Center’s record of finding its research and development performance indicators has
previously been through project reports to donors, detailed annual Years in Review and
through offline methods. To systematically archive indicator data, an in-house database
platform was developed to serve as a Center-wide repository in which researchers can
record and preserve AVRDC’s performance indicator variables and data on meeting
targets. VegOne version 1.0 was officially launched at the Global Strategic Planning
meeting on 21 October 2013 after undergoing a beta testing process prior to release.
VegOne is housed within the Center’s network at headquarters. Center researchers in all
locations can access VegOne from http://vegone.worldveg.org.
B. Krishnan
Year in Review 2013
167
Board
Board
Dr. Yu-Tsai Huang, Chair of the Board
Director, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center
TAIWAN
Member since 2013
Dr. Clarito M. Barron
Director, Bureau of Plant Industry
Department of Agriculture
PHILIPPINES
Member since 2010
Dr. Junne-Jih Chen
Director General
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute
TAIWAN
Member since 2011
Mrs. Sophia E. Kaduma
Deputy Permanent Secretary
The United Republic of Tanzania
Ministry of Agriculture Food Security & Cooperatives
TANZANIA
Member since 2012
Associate Professor Vudtechai Kapilakanchana
President
Kasetsart University
THAILAND
Member since 2007
Dr. Wolfgang Kasten, Chair of Audit Committee
Senior Programme Manager
Advisory Service on Agricultural Research for Development (BEAF)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
Germany
Member since 2012
Dr. Dyno Keatinge, ex-officio member
Director General
Dr. Dae-Geun Oh
Associate Professor
Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries
KOREA
Member since 2011
Mr. Kenichi Okada
Secretary-General
Interchange Association (JAPAN), Taipei Office
JAPAN
Member since 2011
168
Board
Dr. James Phelan, Chair of Program Committee
Professor and Dean of Agricultural Sciences
College of Life Sciences, School of Biology and Environmental Science
Agriculture and Food Science Centre
University College Dublin
IRELAND
Member since 2010
Dr. David Sammons, Vice-Chair of the Board and Chair of Executive Committee
Dean, International Center
University of Florida
USA
Member since 2010
Ms. Cathy Reade
Director, Public Affairs and Communication
Crawford Fund
AUSTRALIA
Member since 2013
Ms. Emmy Simmons, Chair of Nominating Committee
Independent consultant on international development issues
Retired Assistant Administrator for Economic Growth, United States Agency for
International Development (USAID)
USA
Member since 2011
Dr. Jonathan Wilkinson
Chair of Hestia (www.hestia.org)
UNITED KINGDOM
Member since 2011
Dr. Kuei-son Sheu
Director General, International Affairs Department
Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
Member since 2013
Members with terms ending in 2013
Dr. Eugene Terry, Vice-Chair of the Board and Chair of Executive Committee
Consultant – Agricultural Technology Transfer
USA
Member since 2004
Resignations
Dr. Su-San Chang
Director General, Department of International Affairs
Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
TAIWAN
Member since 2008
Year in Review 2013
169
Staff
Staff
HEADQUARTERS
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL
Dr. J.D.H. (Dyno) Keatinge, Director General
Ms. Dolores Ledesma, Board Secretary
Ms. Adrienne Mak, Manager – Management Support and HR Services
Financial Services
Mr. Kolade Olatifede1, Director of Finance
Dr. Dirk Overweg2, Director of Finance
Human Resources
Dr. Nagaraj Inukonda, Director of Human Resources / Senior Management Advisor to the DG
Internal Audit
Mr. Vincent Lu, Internal Auditor
OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL – ADMINISTRATION AND SERVICES
Dr. Yin-Fu Chang, Deputy Director General for Administration and Services
Food and Dormitory Services
Ms. Sylvia Hsu, Manager
Technical Services
Mr. Rollen Chang2, Manager
OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL – RESEARCH
Dr. Jacqueline d’Arros Hughes, Deputy Director General for Research
Ms. Kartini Luther, Assistant to Deputy Director General for Research
Dr. Usha Palaniswamy2, Project Manager, SDC-funded Project
Bacteriology and Mycology
Dr. Jaw-Fen Wang, Plant Pathologist and Global Theme Leader for Production
Biometrics
Ms. Dolores Ledesma, Biometrician
Dr. Roland Schafleitner, Head – Molecular Genetics
Communications and Information
Ms. Maureen Mecozzi, Head – Communications and Information
Entomology
Dr. Ramasamy Srinivasan, Entomologist
Dr. Jian-Cheng (Jan) Chang, Postdoctoral Fellow in Molecular Entomology
Genetic Resources and Seed
Dr. Andreas Ebert, Genebank Manager and Global Theme Leader for Germplasm
Dr. Greg Luther, Technology Dissemination Specialist
Grants and Partnership Development
Ms. Annelie Öberg, Manager
Indigenous Vegetables
Dr. Peter Hanson, Plant Breeder and Global Theme Leader for Breeding
Information Technology Services
Mr. Bharath Krishnan, Manager
170
Staff
Nutrition
Dr. Ray-Yu Yang, Nutritionist
Dr. Sandra Habicht1, Postdoctoral Fellow in Biochemical Nutrition
Pepper
Dr. Sanjeet Kumar, Scientist – Pepper Breeding
Dr. Myeong-Cheoul Cho, Scientist – Pepper Breeding
Socioeconomics
Dr. Pepijn Schreinemachers, Agricultural Economist
Tomato
Dr. Peter Hanson, Plant Breeder and Global Theme Leader for Breeding
Virology
Dr. Lawrence Kenyon, Plant Virologist
REGIONAL AND PROJECT OFFICES
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA, Bangkok, Thailand
Dr. Robert Holmer, Regional Director
Dr. Narinder Dhillon, Vegetable Breeder – Cucurbits
Indonesia Project Office
Dr. Joko Mariyono, Project Site Coordinator (Indonesia) USAID-funded Project
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR SOUTH ASIA, Hyderabad, India
Dr. Warwick Easdown, Regional Director
Dr. Ramakrishnan Nair, Vegetable Breeder – Legumes
Bangladesh Project Office
Dr. Shahabuddin Ahmad, Horticulture Project Leader USAID-funded Project
Pakistan Project Office
Dr. Mansab Ali2, Horticulture Project Leader USAID-funded Project
REGIONAL CENTER FOR AFRICA, Arusha, Tanzania
Dr. Abdou Tenkouano, Regional Director (based at Subregional Office in Bamako, Mali)
Ms. Nadine Kwazi, Executive Assistant to the Regional Director of RCA
Dr. Victor Afari-Sefa, Scientist – Socioeconomics and Global Theme Leader for Consumption
Mr. Ngoni Nenguwo, Postharvest Specialist
Dr. Fekadu Fufa Dinssa, Vegetable Breeder
Dr. Tsvetelina Stoilova2, Scientist – Genetic Resources
Dr. Srinivasulu Rajendran2, Postdoctoral Scientist – Agricultural Economics
Dr. John Macharia2, Project Manager, ACIAR-funded Project
Subregional Office for West and Central Africa, Bamako, Mali
Dr. Albert Rouamba, Vegetable (Onion) Breeder
Ms. Theresa Endres1, Community Development Specialist (Nutrition)
Cameroon Office
Mr. Takemore Chagomoka1, Liaison Officer for Cameroon and Seed Business Specialist
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR CENTRAL AND WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA
Central Asia and the Caucasus, Uzbekistan Office
Dr. Ravza Mavlyanova, Regional Coordinator
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR OCEANIA
Solomon Islands Project Office
Dr. Ellen Iramu2, Project Coordinator – Pacific Islands ACIAR-funded Project
1
2
Left during 2013
Arrived during 2013
Year in Review 2013
171
Visiting Scientists and Training Scholars
Visiting Scientists
Bacteriology
Triwidodo Arwiyanto. Indonesia. 06-Mar-13 to 26-04-13. Biological control of Solanaceous
bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum.
Genetic Resources and Seed Unit
Manuel C. Palada. Philippines. 1-Nov-13 to 30-Nov-13. The complete moringa – from
seedling to fruit to global market.
Training Scholars
Bacteriology
Alejandra I. Huerta Vazquez. USA. 01-Apr-13 to 30-Sep-13. Evaluation of eggplant
rootstocks and rain shelter for summer tomato production in association with USAIDBangladesh project.
Jin-Yu Yang. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Evaluation of L3708 (S. pimpinellifolium)
recombinant inbred line for early blight resistance.
Ting-Wei Lin. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of black
leaf mold resistance in distinctive LA1777 introgression lines.
Jui-Chang Huang. Taiwan. 01-Sep-13 to 30-Nov-13. COA Center-wide Project. Improve
technologies and train young farmers for organic vegetable production.
Bacteriology, Mycology, Entomology & Virology
Ketut Sumiartha. Indonesia. 03-Jun-13 to 14-Jun-13. Insect and disease integrated pest
management.
Putu Sudiarta. Indonesia. 03-Jun-13 to 14-Jun-13. Insect and disease integrated pest
management.
Bacteriology, Mycology,
Dissemination
Entomology,
Virology
&
Global
Technology
Abdi Hudayya. Indonesia. 01-Jun-13 to 30-Jun-13. Grafting technology for tomato and chili
pepper, insect and disease integrated pest management, starter solution technology,
balanced fertilization and disease diagnosis.
Malini Periasamy. India. 15-Jul-10 to 31-Dec-13. Determining the genetic variability of
legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) based on host plant races and variation in pheromone
binding proteins.
Kai Wei Lee. Malaysia. 18-Feb-13 to 10-May-13. Mapping late blight resistance in tomato.
Ming-Chen Tsai. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Response of RNAi-transgenic tomato to
TYLCV infection.
Chih-Hung Chen. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Research on tomato heat tolerance.
Chiao-Wen Chen. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Characterization of tomato SSR markers
and genetic diversity analysis of tomato.
Yi-Zhen Yang. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Assessing genetic diversity of okra by using
microsatellite markers.
172
Ya-Zhu Yang. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Towards a (PBC145xPP9905-15) F2 linkage
map in pepper (Capsicum annuum) using SSR markers.
Suma Mitra. Bangladesh. 25-Nov-13 to 25-Sep-14. Developing marker-assisted selection
tools for Lal Teer’s breeding program.
Entomology
Shanmugam Achiraman. India. 29-Mar-13 to 28-Apr-13. Identification and characterization
of pheromone signals in Maruca vitrata.
Devaraj Sankar Ganesh. India. 29-Mar-13 to 28-Aprl-13. Identification and characterization
of pheromone signals in Maruca vitrata.
Stefanie Schläger. Germany. 03-Apr-13 to 31-May-13. Response of legume pod borer
(Maruca vitrata) male moths to sex pheromone blends.
Benjamin Zedler. Germany. 16-Apr-13 to 13-Oct-13. Assessing the potential of spider plants
(Cleome spp.) as potential trap crops for the management of specialist feeders on vegetable
brassicas.
Sanjitha Baanu. India. 17-May-13 to 31-Jul-13. Molecular characterization of whitefly
(Bemisia tabaci) populations from South and Southeast Asia.
Tzu-Yin Hung. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30 Aug-13. Biological control and host plant resistance
in vegetable pest management.
Debasish Sarker. Bangladesh. 17-Sep-13 to 01-Oct-13. Recent advances in the integrated
management of major insect pests on vegetable crops.
Md. Abdul Mannan. Bangladesh. 17-Sep-13 to 01-Oct-13. Recent advances in the
integrated management of major insect pests on vegetable crops.
Albert F. Abang. Cameroon. 30-Oct-13 to 24-Jan-14. Insect – plant interactions between
okra genotypes and aphids with special reference to Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera:
Aphididae) in Cameroon.
Cabot Alden Zucker. USA. 31-Oct-13 to 11-Dec-13 (21-Sep-13 to 15-Oct-13 with South Asia
office in India). Evaluation on options available to farmers to tackle bruchids in mungbean.
Gabriel Michael Njau. Tanzania. 05-Nov-13 to 30-Jan-14. Developing IPM strategies for
thrips and/or thrips transmitted viruses on onion and tomato.
Natenapit Jitlam. Thailand. 07-Jan-13 to 01-Feb-13. Learning about all aspects of
germplasm and genebank management, including regeneration, characterization, seed
extraction and processing, seed storage, documentation, web portals, genetic diversity
analysis, among others.
Paongpetch Phimchan. Thailand. 01-Mar-13 to 30-Mar-13. Learning about germplasm and
genebank management and seed technology issues.
S M Saminathan. India. 27-May-13 to 5-Jul-13. Good management practices for the
operation of a genebank: from acquisition to regeneration, characterization, seed processing
and storage, and online documentation.
Ching-Yu Shih. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Consumer assessment of amaranth
sprouts and microgreens.
Ssu-Ying Chen. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Consumer assessment of mungbean
sprouts and initial studies on oat sprouts and rice microgreens.
Year in Review 2013
173
Wei-Chia Yang. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Consumer assessment of soybean sprouts
and initial studies on microgreens (flax, sesame, buckwheat, purple rice).
Fanmei Meng. China. 01-Jul-13 to 30 Aug-13. Consumer assessment of mustard sprouts
and microgreens.
Sin Ye. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30 Aug-13. Consumer assessment of radish sprouts and
microgreens.
Eun Young Yang. Korea. 15-Sep-13 to 25-Oct-13. Development of breeding techniques and
selection of virus-resistant germplasm in pepper and tomato.
Ming-Tung Hsueh. Taiwan. 1-Oct-13 to 31-Dec-13. COA Center-wide Project. Indigenous
vegetables – germplasm conservation and utilization, including screening for abiotic stress
tolerance.
Ling-Hsi Chen. Taiwan. 01-Aug-13 to 31-Oct-13. COA Center-wide Project. Development of
water saving vegetable culture system and sustainable vegetable production.
Global Technology Dissemination & Entomology
Md. Mahabubul Haque. Bangladesh. 17-Sep-13 to 01-Oct-13. Recent advances in the
integrated crop management techniques for major vegetable crops.
Information Technology
Richard Ian Hughes. U.K. 01-Apr-13 to 20-Dec-13. Study Information Technology concepts,
involving setting up Windows-based networks, intrusion detection, computer and smart
device safety at end-point and gateway, and basic IT Helpdesk responsibilities.
Pepper
Ying Huang. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Comparison of horticultural characteristics for
heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible sweet pepper lines.
Yu-Chen Wang. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Morphocytological characterization of an
interspecific cross of Capsicum.
Tzu-Ying Yeh. Taiwan. 01-Sep-13 to 30-Nov-13. COA Center-wide Project. Exposure to
male sterility research in peppers and testing validity of markers associated with CMS
cytoplasm.
Socioeconomics
Marie Antoinette Patalagsa. Philippines. 01-Aug-13 to 25-Sep-13. A preliminary
assessment of the impact of homestead gardens on vegetable production and consumption
among poor rural households in Bangladesh.
Thinh Nhu Le. Vietnam. 01-Aug-13 to 30-Sep-13. Evaluation of the participatory IPM trials
in Vietnam and Thailand.
Swaminathan Balasubramaniam. India. 16-Sep-13 to 14-Mar-14. Decoding the price
behavior of vegetable trade in Tamil Nadu, India.
Suthathip Riwthong. Thailand. 21-Oct-13 to 19-Dec-13. Land use intensification,
agricultural commercialization and changes in pest management of smallholder upland
agriculture in Thailand.
Tomato
Kwee Lian Tee. Malaysia. 18-Feb-13 to 10-May-13. Evaluation of selected AVRDC tomato
lines for multiple diseases resistances.
174
Huan-Keng Lin. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Research on tomato heat tolerance.
Rou-Ying Chen. Taiwan. 01-Jul-13 to 30-Aug-13. Evaluation of selected FLA456 RILs for
TYLCD resistance.
Tomato & Biotechnology/Molecular Breeding
Miho Yoshida. Japan. 1-Jul-13 to 25-Sep-13. Mapping heat tolerance in tomato.
Tomato, Virology & Biotechnology/Molecular Breeding
Chii-Jeng Wang. Taiwan. 15-Sep-13 to 15-Dec-13. COA Center-wide Project. Improving the
efficiency of breeding for tomato yellow leaf curl disease.
Virology
Lolita M. Dolores. Philippines. 05-Jan-13 to 18-Jan-13. Training in virology methods,
particularly on generation of infectious cDNA clones for virus resistance screening in the
scope of the MECO-TECO (Philippines-Taiwan) cooperation project on virus resistance in
pumpkin.
Hsin-Yu Wu. Taiwan. 09-Jan-13 to 07-Feb-13. Monitoring change in the tomato-infecting
begomovirus populations in Taiwan and evaluating the reactions of tomato lines carrying
different combinations of leaf curl resistance (Ty) genes to different begomoviruses in Taiwan
and Southeast Asia.
Shireen Bhatia. USA. 14-Jun-13 to 11-Aug-13. (1) Screen a set of chili pepper accessions
for reaction to mechanical inoculation with two potyviruses (Chili veinal mottle virus and
Pepper mottle virus). (2) Detect the potyvirus present in chili pepper from Taiwan and Vietnam.
Chien-Ming Chou. Taiwan. 01-Sep-13 to 30-Nov-13. COA Center-wide Project. Resistance
screening methods for Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCPHV) and Cucurbit chlorotic
yellows virus (CCYV).
Sebastian Blockus. Germany. 10-Dec-13 to 09-Mar-14. Identification of plant viruses using
double stranded RNA-based protocols.
Virology & Biotechnology/Molecular Breeding
Hoa Thi Lan Nguyen. Vietnam. 08-Dec-13 to 21-Jan-14. Developing molecular markers for
disease resistance in mungbean.
Anh Duc Nguyen. Vietnam. 08-Dec-13 to 21-Jan-14. Developing molecular markers for
disease resistance in mungbean.
Virology, Entomology & Biotechnology/Molecular Breeding
Ram Kumar Nikhil. India. 16-Sep-13 to 14-Mar-14. Screening for Begomovirus and whitefly
resistance in pepper and tomato and development of molecular markers for resistance.
Year in Review 2013
175
Publications
Publications
Journal articles (50)
1.
Abang A, Kouame CM, Abang M, Hannah R, Fotso AK. 2013. Vegetable growers’ perception
of pesticide use practices, costs and health effects in the tropical region of Cameroon.
International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 4(5): 873-883.
2.
Afari-Sefa V, Chagomoka T, Karanja DK, et al. 2013. Private Contracting versus Community
Seed Production Systems: Experiences from Farmer-Led Seed Enterprise Development of
African Indigenous Vegetables in Tanzania. Acta Horticulturae 1007: 671-680.
3.
Ahn Y, Swati T, Cho YI, Cho M-C, et al. 2013. De novo transcriptome assembly and novel
microsatellite marker information in Capsicum annuum varieties Saengryeg 211 and
Saengryeg 213. Botanical Studies 54: 58-68.
4.
Baiyeri KP, Ndukwe OO, Tenkouano A. 2013. Manure placement method influenced growth,
phenology and bunch yield of three Musa genotypes in a humid zone of Southern Nigeria.
Communications in Biometry and Crop Science 8(1): 1–9.
5.
Boukary H, Haougui MB, Toudou A, Rouamba A, Saadou M. 2013. Evaluation agromorphologique des variétés et/ou écotypes locaux d’oignon du Niger. International Journal of
Biological and Chemical Science. 6(6): 3098-3106.
6.
Bui TMH, Schreinemachers P, Berger T. 2013. Hydropower development in Vietnam:
Involuntary resettlement and factors enabling rehabilitation. Land Use Policy 31: 536-544.
doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.08.015.
7.
Chavdarov P, Stoilova T. 2013. Study on the reaction of local and introduced bean accessions
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to causal agent of common blight under field and laboratory conditions.
Plant Science 50: 70-73 (in Bulgarian).
8.
Chavdarov P, Stoilova T. 2013. Reaction of local and introduced accessions of lentils to
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis). Plant Science 50:73-75 (in Bulgarian).
9.
Chen C-H, Wang J-F. 2013. Control efficacy of plant activators and tolerant variety on tomato
late blight. Plant Pathology Bulleting 22(2): 198.
10. Chung WQ, Srinivasan R. 2013. Effects of pest management practices on honey bee (Apis
mellifera L.) pollinators and yield of bitter gourd. Serangga 17(2): 45-56.
11. Dwivedi N, Kumar R, Paliwal R, Kumar S, et al. 2013. QTL mapping for important horticultural
traits in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology.
doi:10.1007/s13562-013-0247-1.
12. Ebert AW, Hidayat IM, de los Santo EB. 2013. Cultivar trials of indigenous vegetables in
Indonesia and community-based seed conservation and multiplication in the Philippines. Acta
Horticulturae 979: 341-348.
13. Gockowski J, Afari-Sefa V, Sarpong DB, et al. 2013. Improving the Productivity and Income of
Ghanaian Cocoa Farmers While Maintaining Environmental Services: What Role for
Certification? International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 331-346.
14. Habicht SD, Ludwig C, Yang R-Y, Krawinkel MB. 2013. Momordica charantia and Type 2
Diabetes: from in vitro to Human Studies. Current Diabetes Review. [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295371
15. Han GE, Jeong HJ, Sung JH, Cho M-C, et al. 2013. Biosynthesis of capsinoid is controlled by
the Pun1 locus in pepper. Molecular Breeding 31: 537-548.
16. Hanson P, Tan C-W, Ho F-I, Lu S-F, Ledesma D, Wang J-F. 2013. Evaluation of nearisogenic tomato lines with and without the bacterial wilt resistance allele, Bwr-12. Report of the
Tomato Genetics Cooperative 63: 15-21.
180
Publications
17. Ho F-I, Chung C-Y, Wang J-F. 2013. Distribution of major QTLs associated with resistance to
Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype 1 strain in a global set of resistant tomato accessions.
Report of the Tomato Genetics Cooperative 63: 22-30.
18. Ho F-I, Wang J-F. 2013. Distribution of major QTLs associated with resistance to Ralstonia
solanacearum phylotype 1 strain in a global set of resistance sources. Plant Pathology Bulletin
22(2): 192-193.
19. Hughes J d’A, Ebert AW. 2013. Research and development of underutilized plant species: the
role of vegetables in assuring food and nutritional security. Acta Horticulturae 979: 79-91.
20. Hughes J d’A, Nenguwo N. 2013. Handling fresh vegetable produce from urban gardens.
Rural 21: 47-1/201 http://www.rural21.com/english/current-issue/detail/article/handling-freshvegetable-produce-from-urban-gardens-0000653/.
21. Kamga R, Kouamé C, Akyeampong E. 2013. Vegetable consumption patterns in Yaoundé,
Cameroon. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13(2): 7399-7414.
22. Kamga RT, Kouamé C, Atangana AR, Chagomoka T, Ndango R. 2013. Nutritional evaluation
of five African indigenous vegetables. Journal 0f Horticultural Research 21(1): 99-106.
23. Kamga A, Kouamé C, Tchindjang M, Chagomoka T, Drescher AW. 2013. Environmental
impacts from overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides amongst market gardeners in
Bamenda, Cameroon. Revue Scientifique Foret et Environnement Du Bassin Du Congo 1: 619.
24. Kaur S, Srinivasan R. 2013. Evaluation of organic soil amendments against root-knot
nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in eggplant under nethouse conditions. Green Farming 4(2):
190-193.
25. Keatinge JDH, Ledesma DR, Hughes J d'A, Keatinge FJD. 2013. Urbanization: A potential
factor in temperature estimates for crop breeding programs at international agricultural
research institutes in the tropics. Journal of Semi-Arid Tropical Agricultural Research 11: 1-17.
26. Keatinge JDH. 2013. Horticulture - for Nourishing Families, Empowering Women and
Commercializing Smallholders. Agriculture for Development 19: 4-7.
27. Kim JH, Cho M-C, Cho YI, et al. 2013. Evaluation of Horticultural Characteristics in F7 RIL
Populations for Pungency Level Studies in Chili Pepper. The Korean Society of Breeding
Science 45(3): 220-231.
28. Kim SY, Yu HJ, Kim JH, Cho M-C, et al. 2013. Establishment of Early Verification Method for
Introduction of the Binary Trans-activation System in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp.
pekinensis). Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology 31:95-102.
29. Kouamé C, Batchep R. Kamga RT. 2013. Postharvest losses of traditional leafy vegetables
withing the chain of production and commercialization in Yaounde, Cameroon. Agronomie
Africaine 25(1): 62-70.
30. Kuo H-Y, Shieh S-C, Lin S-W. 2013. Breeding for new hot pepper ‘TSS-AVRDC No. 4’. Seed
& Nursery 15(1): 15-30.
31. Latifah E, Andri KB, Mariyono J. 2013. Pengenalan Model Kebun Sekolah untuk Peningkatan
Konsumsi Sayuran bagi Para Siswa di Kediri - Jawa Timur. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengkajian
Teknologi Pertanian 16(3).
32. Lin C-H, Chuang M-H, Wang J-F. 2013. Development of a seedling grow-out assay for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris of crucifer seeds. Plant Pathology Bulletin 22(2): 193194.
33. Lin S-W, Chou Y-Y, Shieh H-C, Ebert AW, Kumar S, Mavlyanova R, Rouamba A,
Tenkouano A, Afari-Sefa V, Gniffke PA. 2013. Pepper (Capsicum spp.) germplasm
dissemination by AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center: an overview and introspection.
Chronica Horticulturae 53(3): 21-27.
Year in Review 2013
181
Publications
34. Looney N, Hoogendoorn JC, Hughes J d’A, Kahane R, Hermann M, Keatinge JDH, Palmier
H. 2013. Realising the benefits of enhanced agrobiodiversity. New Agriculturist, January 2013.
http://www.new-ag.info/en/research/innovationItem.php?a=2357.
35. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Strategic approaches for research and promotion of underutilized
vegetable crops for food security in Central Asia and the Caucasus. 2nd International
Symposium on Underutilized Plant Species: Crops for the Future - Beyond Food Security .
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26 June – 1 July 2011. Acta Horticulturae. 2 (979): 541-547.
36. Mavlyanova R. 2013.Tendencies for sustainable vegetable development. Journal of Ecological
Herald of Uzbekistan 8 (147): 23-25 (in Russian).
37. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Cookery traditions and a healthy diet are unexcelled values of life.
Journal UzSOOM Uzbekistan 1: 40-41(in Russian).
38. Mavlyanova RF, Dzumaniyazova GS, Gafurova LA, Murodova SS, Pirnazarov DR. 2013.
AVRDC vegetable legumes: new varieties for soil fertility improvement. Special issue for
AGRICASIA 2013. Soil-Water Journal 2(1): 645-653.
39. Nair RM, Easdown W. 2013. A perspective on soybean genetic resources in relation to
vegetable soybean, Legume Perspectives 1: 10.
40. Onozato A, Nakamura K, Ito H, Tan C-W, Lu S-F, Hanson P. 2013. Breeding processing
tomato hybrids tolerant to Tomato yellow leaf curl disease in Chinese Taipei. Acta Horticulturae
971: 107-110.
41. Praneetvatakul S, Schreinemachers P, Pananurak P, et al. 2013. Pesticides, external costs
and policy options for Thai agriculture. Environmental Science & Policy 27: 103-113.
doi:/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.10.019.
42. Putra GNGD, Sudiarta PI, Dharma PI, Sumiartha K, Srinivasan R. 2013. Monitoring of imago
of Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera using sex pheromone trap. E-Jurnal
Agroekoteknologi Tropika 2(1): 56-61.
43. Ruchi G, Kumar S, Kumar R, et al., 2013. Novel source of resistance and differential reactions
on chili fruit infected by Colletotrichum capsici. Australian Plant Pathology 42: 227-233.
44. Shin K-M, Chin S-S, Lin S-W, Guak S-H, Cho M-C, Kumar S. 2013. Selection of heat tolerant
sweet pepper lines at AVRDC - the World Vegetable Center. Korean Journal of Horticultural
Science and Technology 31: 84. (Supplement I).
45. Sheu Z-M, Sulastrini I, Suryaningsih E, Chiu MH, Sutarya R, Sudiarta IP, Dibiyantoro AL,
Gniffke, PA, Luther G, Wang J-F. 2013. Identification of Colletotrichum species associated
with chili anthracnose in Indonesia. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 22(2): 165-166.
46. Stoilova T, Pereira G. 2013. Assesment of the genetic diversity in a germplasm collection of
cowpea (V. unguiculata (L) Walp.) using morphological traits. African Journal of Agricultural
Research, 8(2): 208-215.
47. Stoiliova T, Pereira G, Tavares de Sousa MM. 2013. Morphological characterization of a small
common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) collection under different environments. Journal of
Central European Agriculture, 14(3): 854-864.
48. Tsai W-S, Hanson P, Kenyon L. 2013. Reaction of tomato lines carrying different Ty-gene
combinations to leaf curl viruses in Taiwan. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 43: 103
(Supplement).
49. Tsai W-S, Kenyon L, Hanson P, Shih S-L, Jan F-J. 2013. Tomato leaf curl disease in Taiwan
and breeding for resistance against it. Plant Pathology Bulletin 22(4): 327-337.
50. Yang EY, Cho M-C, Chae SY. 2013. Evaluation of pepper germplasm for resistant lines
against water logging. Journal of The Korean Society for Seed Science & Industry 10(2): 28-34.
182
Publications
Thomson ISI journal articles (31)
1.
Bogacki P, Peck DM, Nair RM, et al. 2013. Genetic analysis of tolerance to Boron toxicity in
the legume Medicago truncatula. BMC Plant Biology 13: 54. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-13-54.
2.
Chang J-C, Srinivasan R. 2013. Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of arrestin-2 from the
legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius. Annals of the Entomological Society of America
106(3): 359-370.
3.
Chen H-M, Ku H-M, Schafleitner R, et al. 2013. The major quantitative trait locus for
mungbean yellow mosaic Indian virus resistance is tightly linked in repulsion phase to the
major bruchid resistance locus in a cross between mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and
its wild relative Vigna radiata ssp. sublobata. Euphytica 192: 205-216. doi:10.1007/s10681012-0831-9.
4.
Dochez C, Dusabe J, Tenkouano A, Ortiz R, Whyte J, De Waele D. 2013. Screening Musa
germplasm for resistance to burrowing nematode populations from Uganda. Genetic
Resources and Crop Evolution 60: 367-375.
5.
Dochez C, Dusabe J, Tenkouano A, Ortiz R, Whyte J, De Waele D. 2013. Variability in
reproductive fitness and virulence of four Radopholus similis nematode populations associated
with plantains and banana (Musa spp.) in Uganda. International Journal of Pest Management
59(1): 20-24.
6.
Grovermann C, Schreinemachers P, Berger T. 2013. Quantifying pesticide overuse from
farmer and societal points of view: An application to Thailand. Crop Protection 53: 161-168.
doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2013.07.013.
7.
Humphries AW, Hughes SJ, Nair RM, et al. 2013. High levels of diversity for seed and forage
production exist in Cullen australasicum, a potential new perennial forage legume for dry
environments in southern Australia. The Rangeland Journal. doi:10.1071/RJ13055.
8.
Kadirvel P, de la Peña R, Schafleitner R, Huang S, Geethanjali S, Kenyon L, Tsai W-S,
Hanson P. 2013. Mapping of QTLs in tomato line FLA456 associated with resistance to a virus
causing tomato yellow leaf curl disease. Euphytica 190: 297-308.
9.
Kadirvel P, Srinivasan R, Hsu Y-C, Su F-C, de la Peña R. 2013. Application of Cytochrome
Oxidase I sequences for phylogenetic analysis and identification of thrips species occurring on
vegetable crops. Journal of Economic Entomology 106(1): 408-418.
10. Kahane R, Hodgkin T, Jaenicke H, Hoogendoorn C, Hermann M, Keating JDH, Hughes J
d’A, Padulosi S, Looney N. 2013 Agrobiodiversity for food security, health and income.
Agronomy for Sustainable Development. doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0147-8.
11. Kitsanachandee R, Somta P, Chatchawankanphanich O, Akhtar KP, Shah TM, Nair RM, Bains
TS, Sirari A, Kaur L, Srinives P. 2013. Detection of quantitative trait loci for mungbean yellow
mosaic India virus (MYMIV) resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) in India and
Pakistan. Breeding Science 63(4): 367-373.
12. Knierim D, Tsai W-S, Deng TC, Green SK, Kenyon L. 2013. Full-length genome sequences of
four polerovirus isolates infecting cucurbits in Taiwan determined from total RNA extracted
from field samples. Plant Pathology 62: 633-641.
13. Knierim D, Tsai W-S, Kenyon L. 2013. Analysis of sequences from field samples reveals the
presence of the recently described pepper vein yellows virus (genus Polerovirus) in six
additional countries. Archives of Virology 158: 1337-1341.
14. Mariyono J, Luther GC, Bhattarai M, Ferizal M, Jaya R, Fitriana N. 2013. Farmer Field
Schools on Chili Peppers in Aceh, Indonesia: Activities and Impacts. Agroecology and
Sustainable Food Systems 37: 1063-1077.
15. Marohn C, Schreinemachers P, Quang DV, et al. 2013. A software coupling approach to
assess alternative soil conservation strategies for highland agriculture in Vietnam.
Environmental Modelling & Software 45: 116-128. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.03.020.
Year in Review 2013
183
Publications
16. McCreight JD, Staub JE, Wehner TC and Dhillon NPS. 2013. Gone global: Familiar and exotic
cucurbits have Asian origins. HortScience 48 (9): 1078-1089
17. Nair RM, Yang R-Y, Easdown WJ, Thavarajah D, Thavarajah P, Hughes J d’A, Keatinge
JDH. 2013. Biofortification of mungbean (Vigna radiata) as a whole food to enhance human
health. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93: 1805-1813.
18. Rai VP, Kumar R, Kumar S, et al. 2013. Genetic diversity in Capsicum germplasm based on
microsatellite and random amplified microsatellite polymorphism markers. Physiology and
Molecular Biology of Plants 19(4): 575-586.
19. Rao ES; Kadirvel P; Symonds RC; Ebert AW. 2013. Relationship between survival and yield
related traits in Solanum pimpinellifolium under salt stress. Euphytica 190(2): 215-228.
doi:10.1007/s10681-012-0801-2.
20. Schafleitner R, Kumar S, Lin C-Y, Hegde SG, Ebert AW. 2013. The okra (Abelmoschus
esculentus) transcriptome as a source for gene sequence information and molecular markers
for diversity analysis. Gene 517(1): 27-36. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.098.
21. Shih S-L, Tsai W-S, Lee LM, Kenyon L. 2013. Molecular characterization of begomoviruses
infecting Sauropus androgynus in Thailand. Journal of Phytopathology 161:78-85.
22. Srinivasan R, Hsu Y-C, Kadirvel P, Lin M-Y. 2013. Analysis of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae) Species Complex in Java Island, Indonesia based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome
Oxidase I sequences. The Philippine Agricultural Scientist 96(3): 290-295.
23. Srinivasan R, Su F-C, Huang C-C. 2013. Oviposition dynamics and larval development of
Helicoverpa armigera on a highly preferred unsuitable host plant, Solanum viarum.
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 147: 217-224.
24. Thormann I, Yang Q, Allender C, Bas N, Campbell G, Dulloo ME, Ebert AW, Lohwasser U,
Pandey C, Robertson LD, Spellman O. 2013. Development of best practices for ex situ
conservation of radish germplasm in the context of the crop genebank knowledge base.
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60(4): 1251-1262. doi:10.1007/s10722-012-9916-5.
25. Tsai W-S, Shih S-L, Lee LM, Wang JT, Duangsong U, Kenyon L. 2013. First report of Bhendi
yellow vein mosaic virus associated with yellow vein mosaic of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
in Thailand. Plant Disease 97:291.
26. Tsai W-S, Shih S-L, Rauf A, Safitri R, Hidayati N, Huyen BTT, Kenyon L. 2013. Genetic
diversity of legume yellow mosaic begomoviruses in Indonesia and Vietnam. Annals of Applied
Biology 163:367-377.
27. Tsai W-S, Shih S-L, Lee L-M, Dolores LM, Kenyon L. 2013. First report of a novel
begomovirus associated with yellow vein disease of Browne's Blechum (Blechum
pyramidatum). Plant Disease. doi:10.1094/PDIS-10-13-1025-PDN.
28. Wetro E, Tounou AK, Agboton C, Datinon B, Srinivasan R, Pittendrigh BR, Tamo M. 2013.
Bionomics of the parasitoid Apanteles taragamae as influenced by different diets fed to its host,
Maruca vitrata. BioControl. doi:10.1007/s10526-013-9547-6.
29. Wu Y-F, Cheng A-S, Lin C-H, Chen C-Y. 2013. First report of bacterial wilt caused by
Ralstonia solanacearum on roselle in Taiwan. Plant Disease 97: 1375.
30. Yule S, Srinivasan R. 2013. Evaluation of bio-pesticides against legume pod borer, Maruca
vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in laboratory and field conditions in Thailand. Journal
of Asia - Pacific Entomology 16(4): 357-360.
31. Zandjanakou-Tachin M, Ojiambo PS, Vroh-Bi I, Tenkouano A, Gumedzoe YM,
Bandyopadhyay R. 2013. Pathogenic variation of Mycosphaerella species infecting banana
and plantain in Nigeria. Plant Pathology 62(2): 298-308.
184
Publications
Book chapters
1.
2.
Ebert AW. 2013. Chapter 16 - Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources of Major
Vegetables. In: Normah MN, Chin HF, Reed BM (eds.). Conservation of Tropical Plant
Species. doi:/10.1007/978-1-4614-3776-5_2; 538 p.; Springer Science+Business Media New
York 2013; pp. 373-417.
Fröhlich HL, Schreinemachers P, Stahr K, Clemens G (eds.) 2013. Sustainable land use and
rural development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and policies for mountainous areas. New
York: Springer Verlag, pp.490.
3.
Hughes, J d'A. 2013. The insufficient calorie: How the nutritional quality of food was
overlooked in the drive to eliminate hunger. In: Nath, P (ed.) The basics of human civilization:
Food, agriculture and humanity, volume I: Present scenario. New Delhi, New India Publishing
Agency. p. 37-59.
4.
Lamers M, Schreinemachers P, Ingwersen J, Berger T, Sangchan W, Grovermann C. 2013.
Agricultural pesticide use in mountainous areas of Southeast Asia: Towards reducing exposure
and rationalizing use. In: Fröhlich H, Schreinemachers P, Stahr K, Clemens G (eds.)
Sustainable land use and rural development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and policies for
mountainous areas, Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 109-148. doi:/10.1007/978-3-64233377-4_3.
5.
Marohn C, Cadisch G, Jintrawet A, Buddhaboon C, Sarawat V, Nilpunt S, Chinvanno S,
Pannangpetch K, Lippe M, Potchanasin C, Quang DV, Schreinemachers P, Berger T,
Siripalangkanont P, Nguyen TT. 2013. Integrated Modeling of Agricultural Systems in
Mountainous Areas. In: Fröhlich H, Schreinemachers P, Stahr K, Clemens G (eds.)
Sustainable land use and rural development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and policies for
mountainous areas, Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 367-432. doi:/10.1007/978-3-64233377-4_10.
6.
Mavlyanova, R. 2013. Enhancing livelihoods in Central Asia and the Caucasus through
increased production and consumption of nutritious vegetables. In: Nath, P (ed.) The basics of
human civilization: Food, agriculture and humanity, volume I: Present scenario. New Delhi,
New India Publishing Agency. p. 75-95.
7.
Neef A, Ekasingh B, Friederichsen R, Becu N, Lippe M, Sangkapitux C, Frör O, Punyawadee
V, Schad I, Williams PM, Schreinemachers P, Neubert D, Heidhues F, Cadisch G, The Dang
N, Gypmantasiri P, Hoffmann V. 2013. Participatory Approaches to Research and
Development in the Southeast Asian Uplands: Potential and Challenges. In: Fröhlich H,
Schreinemachers P, Stahr K, Clemens G (eds.) Sustainable land use and rural development
in Southeast Asia: Innovations and policies for mountainous areas, Springer: Berlin and
Heidelberg, pp. 321-365. doi:/10.1007/978-3-642-33377-4_9
8.
Ojiewo C, Tenkouano A, Hughes J d'A, Keatinge JDH. 2013. Diversifying diets: using
indigenous vegetables to improve profitability, nutrition and health in Africa. In: Fanzo J, Hunter
D, Borelli T, Mattei, F (eds.) Diversifying food and diets: Using agricultural biodiversity to
improve nutrition and health. Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge. p. 291-302.
9.
Ramirez M, Ortiz R, Taba S, Sebastián L, Peralta E, Williams DE, Ebert AW, Vézina A. 2013.
Chapter 2 - Demonstrating Interdependence on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture. In: Halewood M, López Noriega I, Louafi S (eds.). Crop Genetic Resources as a
Global Commons - Challenges in International Law and Governance. Series Issues in
Agricultural Biodiversity; 2013 Bioversity International. Routledge, Oxon, UK and New York,
USA; pp. 39-61.
10. Schreinemachers P, Fröhlich H, Clemens G, Stahr K. 2013. From challenges to sustainable
solutions for upland agriculture in Southeast Asia. In: Fröhlich H, Schreinemachers P, Stahr
K, Clemens G (eds.) Sustainable land use and rural development in Southeast Asia:
Innovations and policies for mountainous areas, Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 3-27.
doi:/10.1007/978-3-642-33377-4_1.
11. Srinivasan R. 2013. Safe management of borers in vegetables. pp. 333-357. In: Peter KV (ed.)
Biotechnology in Horticulture: Methods and Application, New India Publishing Agency, New
Delhi, India. p. 404.
Year in Review 2013
185
Publications
12. Yang R-Y, Fischer S, Hanson PM, Keatinge JDH. 2013. Increasing Micronutrient Availability
from Food in Sub-Saharan Africa with Indigenous Vegetables. In: Juliani HR, Simon JE, Ho CT
(eds.), African Natural Plant Products Volume II: Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry,
Health and Nutrition Washington DC, USA: American Chemical Society, pp. 231-254.
13. Yang R-Y, Ojiewo C. 2013. African Nightshades and African Eggplants: Taxonomy, Crop
Management, Utilization, and Phytonutrients. In: Juliani HR, Simon JE, Ho CT (eds.), African
Natural Plant Products Volume II: Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry, Health and
Nutrition Washington DC, USA: American Chemical Society, pp. 137-165
14. Zeller M, Ufer S, Van DTT, Nielsen T, Schreinemachers P, Tipraqsa P, Berger T, Saint-
Macary C, Van LTA, Keil A, Dung PTM, Heidhues F. 2013. Policies for sustainable
development: The role of commercialization of smallholder agriculture. In: Fröhlich H,
Schreinemachers P, Stahr K, Clemens G (eds.) Sustainable land use and rural development
in Southeast Asia: Innovations and policies for mountainous areas, Springer: Berlin and
Heidelberg, pp. 3-27. doi:/10.1007/978-3-642-33377-4_12.
Proceedings
186
1.
Cho M-C, Lin S-W, Shieh S-C, Suwor P, Lim S-Y, Techawongstien S, Kumar S. 2013.
Revisiting anthracnose-resistant Capsicum germplasm: Preliminary field evaluations. In:
Lanteri S, Rotino GL (eds.) Breakthroughs in the genetics and breeding of capsicum and
eggplant: Proceedings of the XV EUCARPIA Meeting 2013, Turin, Italy, 2-4 September 2013.
p. 364-367.
2.
Drescher AW, Holmer RJ, Glaser R. 2013. Understanding urban and peri-urban vegetable
production and marketing systems through GIS-based community food mapping as part of an
interactive collaborative research environment in Southeast Asia. In: Holmer R, Linwattana G,
Nath P, Keatinge JDH (eds.) Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on High Value
Vegetables in Southeast Asia: Production, Supply and Demand (SEAVEG2012), 24-26
January 2012, Chiang Mai, Thailand. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Publication No.
12-758. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan, pp. 272-277
3.
Dinssa, FF, Stoilova T, Rouamba A, Tenkouano A, Ebert AW, Hanson P, Afari-Sefa VJ,
Keatinge JDH, Hughes J d’A. 2013. Prospects and challenges for preserving and
mainstreaming underutilized traditional African vegetables. In: 3rd International Conference on
Neglected and Underutilized Species, Accra, Ghana, 25-27 September 2013 (forthcoming).
4.
Ebert AW. 2013. Achievements in the field of germplasm conservation, characterization, traitbased screening and utilization. In: Proceedings of the APSA-AVRDC Workshop. 10-11 June
2013. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. AVRDC Publication 13-768.
p. 16-17.
5.
Ebert AW. 2013. Sprouts, microgreens, and edible flowers: the potential for high value
specialty produce in Asia. In: Holmer R, Linwattana G, Nath P, Keatinge JDH (eds.)
Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on High Value Vegetables in Southeast Asia:
Production, Supply and Demand (SEAVEG2012), 24-26 January 2012, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Publication No. 12-758. AVRDC - The World Vegetable
Center, Taiwan, pp. 216-227
6.
Gniffke PA, Shieh S-C, Lin S-W, Sheu Z-M, Chen J-R, Ho F-I, Tsai W-S, Chou Y-Y, Wang
J-F, Cho M-C, Schafleitner R, Kenyon L, Ebert AW, Srinivasan R, Kumar S. 2013. Pepper
research and breeding at AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center. In: Lanteri S, Rotino GL
(eds.) Breakthroughs in the genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant: Proceedings of
the XV EUCARPIA Meeting on Genetics and Breeding of Capsicum and Eggplant, Turin, Italy,
2-4 September 2013. pp. 305-311.
7.
Hanson P, Kadirvel P, Schafleitner R, de la Peña R, Geethanjali S, Kenyon L, Tsai W-S,
Wang J-F, Ho F-I, Huang S, Tan C-W. 2013. Recent progress in mapping begomovirus
resistance and marker-assisted selection for bacterial wilt resistance in tomato at AVRDC? The
World Vegetable Center. Tomato Breeders’ Roundtable 2013, Chiang Mai, Thailand 6-8
February 2013.
Publications
8.
Hughes J d’A and Ebert AW. 2013. Research and development of underutilised plant
species: The role of vegetables in assuring food and nutritional security. In: Crops for the
Future – Beyond Food Security. 2nd International Symposium on Underutilised Plant Species,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27 June – 1 July 2011. Acta Horticulturae 979.
9.
Hughes, J d’A, Keatinge JDH. 2013. The Nourished Millennium: How vegetables put global
goals for healthy, balanced diets within reach. In: Holmer R, Linwattana G, Nath P, Keatinge
JDH (eds.) Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on High Value Vegetables in Southeast
Asia: Production, Supply and Demand (SEAVEG2012), 24-26 January 2012, Chiang Mai,
Thailand. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Publication No. 12-758. AVRDC - The World
Vegetable Center, Taiwan. p.11-26
10. Karimov BA, Mavlyanova R, Asadov SH. 2013. Selection of promising tomato rootstocks for
tomato variety “Gulkand” grafting in greenhouse production in Uzbekistan. Proceedings of the
International Conference, 12 December 2013, KazRIPVG, Almaty, Kazakhstan, p. 254-258 (in
Russian).
11. Keatinge JDH, Luther GC, Holmer RJ, Easdown WJ, Tenkouano A, Mavlyanova R,
Mecozzi M. 2013. Acknowledging gender in providing knowledge resources and capacity
building for men and women to support smallholder horticulture in the developing world over
the last 40 years by AVRDC. In: Looney N, Virchow D, Keatinge JDH (eds.) Proceedings of
the Summerland Workshop on Partnering to Provide Knowledge Resources and Build
Professional Capacity to Support Smallholder Horticulture in the Developing World, 7 August
2013, British Columbia. Global Horticultural Initiative, Bonn, 11 pp.
12. Kenyon L, Tsai W-S, Shih S-L, Lee L.-M. 2013. OP-29 Emergence and Diversity of
Begomoviruses Infecting Solanaceous Crops in Southeast Asia, 12th International Symposium
on Plant Virus Epidemiology: Evolution, Ecology and Control of Plant Viruses, 28 January - 1
February 2013, Arusha, Tanzania, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria,
pp. 54.
13. Majlimov O, Mavlyanova RF, Adilov MM. 2013. Comparative characteristics of plants traits
grafted on various rootstocks. Proceedings of the Republic Conference on Achievements and
Prospects for Plant Experimental Biology, 21 November 2013, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, p. 232 235 (in Uzbek).
14. Mariyono J, Kuntoro B Andri. 2013. Consolidation of Vegetable Diversity and Adaptable
Technology for Food and Nutrition Security under the Threat of Climate Change in East Java,
Indonesia. International Conference on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Food Security,
Indonesian Agency of Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD); and United Nation
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Bandung, 2-4 July 2013.
15. Mavlyanova R, Adilov M, Mazhlimov O. 2013. Study of major traits of seedlings for grafting
optimization of tomato. Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative
Technologies for Secure and Sustainable Development of the Agrarian Sector, 3-4 October
2013, Tbilisi, Georgia, p. 147 -150 (in Russian).
16. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Girasol and its potential for use. Proceedings of the Conference on
Girasol Industry Potential in Uzbekistan: Results and Prospects, 15 November 2013, TSEU,
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, p. 21-30 (in Russian).
17. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Review of the status and perspectives for development of vegetable
production in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Proceedings of the International Conference on
Inputs of Research for Vegetable, Melons and Potato Production Development, 22 August
2013, UzRIVMC&P, Uzbekistan, p. 14-18 (in Russian).
18. Mavlyanova R. 2013. AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center’s germplasm for development of
new varieties of non-traditional crops in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Proceedings of the
International Conference on Plant Introduction: Achievements and Prospects, Botanical
Garden, 20 May 2013, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, p. 71-75 (in Russian).
19. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Introducing improved germplasm of non-traditional species developed at
AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center into vegetable production in Central Asia and the
Caucasus. Proceedings of the International Conference on “Non-traditional, New and Forgotten
Plant Species: Scientific and Practical Aspects of Cultivation. Botanical Garden, Kiyv, Ukraine.
p. 71-74.
Year in Review 2013
187
Publications
20. Mavlyanova RF, Pirnazarov DR. 2013. Variability of chemical and microbiological soil
composition of vegetable legumes grown in Uzbekistan. Proceedings of All-Russian ScientificProduction Conference on Modern Science Achievements for Agriculture, 28-29 May 2013,
Novgorod Research Institute of Agriculture, Velikiy Novgorod, Russia, p. 127-130 (in Russian).
21. Nair RM, Ravishankar M, Pan RS, Bhushan B, Kaur DP, Ranchod GR, Yan M-R, Easdown
WE. 2013. Vegetable soybean: a crop with immense potential for human nutrition. Fifth
International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables (FAV Health
2012), UAS Dharwad, 7-11 January 2013.
22. Nenguwo N, Afari-Sefa V, Hughes J d’A. 2013. Assessment of Postharvest Practices and
Losses of Vegetables Marketed in Selected Regions of Ghana. VI International Postharvest
Conference on Managing Quality in Chains (MQUIC 2013), 2-5 September 2013, Cranfield
University, UK.
23. Nenguwo N, Afari-Sefa V, Hughes J d’A. 2013. Closing the Nutrition Gap: Improving
Vegetable Quality and Availability from Smallholder Production. VI International Postharvest
Conference on Managing Quality in Chains (MQUIC 2013), 2-5 September 2013, Cranfield
University, UK.
24. Nenguwo N, Rajendran S, Afari-Sefa V. 2013. Effect of Postharvest Losses of Traditional
Vegetables on Market Participation by Smallholders in Tanzania. 3rd International Conference
on Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) for a Food-Secure Africa, Accra, Ghana, 25-27
September 2013.
25. Palada MC, Ma C-H. 2013. Performance of vegetable soybean cultivars under organic crop
management system. In: Holmer R, Linwattana G, Nath P, Keatinge JDH (eds.) Proceedings
of the Regional Symposium on High Value Vegetables in Southeast Asia: Production, Supply
and Demand (SEAVEG2012), 24-26 January 2012, Chiang Mai, Thailand. AVRDC - The World
Vegetable Center, Publication No. 12-758. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan. pp.
181-186.
26. Patricio HG, Palada MC, Ebert AW. 2013. Adaptability and horticultural characterization of
Moringa accessions under Central Philippines conditions. In: Holmer R, Linwattana G, Nath P,
Keatinge JDH (eds.) Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on High Value Vegetables in
Southeast Asia: Production, Supply and Demand (SEAVEG2012), 24-26 January 2012, Chiang
Mai, Thailand. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Publication No. 12-758. AVRDC - The
World Vegetable Center, Taiwan. pp. 61-70.
27. Pugacheva TI, Mavlyanova RF, Karimov BA, Asadov SH. 2013. Promising rootstock selection
for grafting of tomato variety “Gulkand” in Uzbekistan. Proceedings of All-Russian ScientificProduction Conference on Modern Science Achievements for Agriculture, 28-29 May 2013,
Novgorod Research Institute of Agriculture, Velikiy Novgorod, Russia, p. 154-157 (in Russian).
28. Schafleitner R, Bonierbale M, Tay D. 2013. Photosynthetic efficiency and its impact on yield in
potato. Applying photosynthesis research to improvement of food crops, ACIAR Proceedings
140:52-60.
29. Schafleitner R, Chen H-M. 2013. Quantitative Trait Loci for Disease and Insect Pest
Resistance and Grain Quality in Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Plant and Animal
Genome XXI Conference 2013.
30. Schafleitner R, Karihaloo JL (eds.) 2013. Asia‐Pacific Symposium on Molecular Breeding.
AVRDC-World Vegetable Center, Taiwan.
31. Shieh J, Lin S, Cho M-C, Ebert AW, Kumar S. 2013. Progress in pepper breeding (2012-13).
In: Proceedings of the APSA-AVRDC Workshop. 10-11 June 2013. AVRDC - The World
Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. AVRDC Publication 13-768. p. 14-16.
32. Srinivasan R, Yule S, Chang J-C, Malini P, Lin M-Y, Hsu Y-C, Schafleitner R. 2013.
Towards developing a sustainable management strategy for legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata
on yard-long bean in Southeast Asia. In: Holmer R, Linwattana G, Nath P, Keatinge JDH
(eds.) Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on High Value Vegetables in Southeast Asia:
Production, Supply and Demand (SEAVEG2012), 24-26 January 2012, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Publication No. 12-758. AVRDC - The World Vegetable
Center, Taiwan. p. 76-82.
188
Publications
33. Tamò M, Srinivasan R, Dannon E, Agboton C, Datinon B, Dabiré C, Baoua I, Ba M, Haruna B,
Pittendrigh B. 2012. Biological Control: a Major Component for the Long-Term Cowpea Pest
Management Strategy. In: Boukar O, Coulibaly O, Fatokun C, Lopez K, Tamò M (eds.)
Innovative research along the cowpea value chain. Proceedings of the Fifth World Cowpea
Conference on improving livelihoods in the cowpea value chain through advancement in
science, 27 September - 1 October 2010, Saly, Senegal. p. 249-259.
34. Wang S-T, Ebert AW. 2013. Breeding of leafy amaranth for adaptation to climate change. In:
Holmer R, Linwattana G, Nath P, Keatinge JDH (eds.) Proceedings of the Regional
Symposium on High Value Vegetables in Southeast Asia: Production, Supply and Demand
(SEAVEG2012), 24-26 January 2012, Chiang Mai, Thailand. AVRDC - The World Vegetable
Center, Publication No. 12-758. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan. pp. 36-43.
Abstracts
1.
Beran F, Pauchet Y, Reichelt M, Wielsch N, Vogel H, Svato A, Srinivasan R, Hansson BS,
Gershenzon J, Heckel DG. 2013. Phyllotreta striolata flea beetles selectively sequester and
hydrolyze glucosinolates from their host plants. In: Abstracts of the International Chemical
Ecology Conference 2013, p.112. http://chemecol.org/programs/2013%20abstracts.pdf.
2.
Chagomoka T, Kamga R, Drescher A, Schlesinger J. 2013. Indigenous vegetable recipes in
Cameroon. In: Hall RA, Rudebjer P, Padulosi S. (eds.) 3rd International Conference on:
Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS): for a Food-Secure Africa. Accra, Ghana, 25-27
September 2013. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. p 122.
3.
Chang J-C, Baanu S, Srinivasan R. 2013. Phylogenetic pattern and population structure of
the Bemisia tabaci species complex in South and Southeast Asia. In: Abstracts of the 34th
Annual Meeting of Taiwan Entomological Society, 25-26 October 2013, Nantou, Taiwan. p. 62.
4.
Chang J-C, Srinivasan R. 2013. Transcriptome analysis of the chemosensory gene families of
the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). In: Abstracts of the
International Chemical Ecology Conference 2013, p.131.
http://chemecol.org/programs/2013%20abstracts.pdf.
5.
Cho M-C, Cherng S-J, Jin S, Suwor P, Yang R-Y, Ebert AW, Kumar S. 2013. Screening of
pepper germplasm and improved lines against anthracnose under field conditions. Korean
Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 31 (Supplement II). pp. 97-98.
6.
Cho M-C, Cherng S-J, Jin S, Suwor P, Yang E-Y, Ebert AW, Kumar S. 2013. Screening of
pepper germplasm and improved lines against anthracnose under filed conditions. Korean
Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 31 (Supplement II): 97-98.
7.
Cho M-C, Cherng S-J, Shin K-M, Huang Y, Wang Y-C, Chin S-S, Kumar S. 2013.
Preliminary evaluation of horticultural characteristics for selected heat tolerant and heat
susceptible sweet pepper lines. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 31
(Supplement II): 157.
8.
Cho M-C, Kim S-Y, Lin S-W, Suwor P, Chin S-S, Sheu Z-M, Wang J-F, Yoon J-B, Kim B-S,
Suchila T, Kumar S. 2013. Selection of anthracnose resistant chili pepper lines at AVRDC –
The World Vegetable Center. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 31
(Supplement I): 84.
9.
Ebert AW. 2013. Achievements in the field of germplasm conservation, characterization, traitbased screening and utilization. 2013 APSA-AVRDC Workshop, 10-11 June 2013. AVRDC The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, p. 6.
10. Ebert AW. 2013. Vegetable genetic diversity maintained by the AVRDC Genebank - a
cornerstone for sustainable production of nutritious food. Book of Abstracts. Tropentag 2013 Agricultural development within the rural-urban continuum. 17-19 September 2013, University
Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany, p. 176.
11. Ebert AW, Yang R-Y. 2013. Sprouts and microgreens - an option to enhance food and
nutrition security in the rural-urban continuum. Tropentag 2013 - Agricultural development
within the rural-urban continuum. 17-19 September 2013, University Hohenheim, Hohenheim,
Germany, p. 274.
Year in Review 2013
189
Publications
12. Ebert AW, Nair RM. 2013. Using crop wild relatives to address biotic and abiotic stress in
vegetables. National Symposium on Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management in Vegetable
Crops, IIVR, Varanasi, 12-14 April 2013. Indian Society of Vegetable Science and Indian
Institute of Vegetable Research. TS1:O-1, p. 3.
13. Holmer RJ. 2013. Importance of vegetables for food and nutrition security in a rapidly
urbanising world. In: Tielkes E (ed.) Agricultural development within the rural-urban continuum:
Book or abstracts, Tropentag 2013. Göttingen, Cuvillier Verlag. p.174.
14. Malini P, Schafleitner R, Srinivasan R, Krishnan M. 2013. Phylogenetic pattern of the legume
pod borer, Maruca vitrata F. populations from tropical Asia and Africa. In: Abstracts of the 34th
Annual Meeting of Taiwan Entomological Society, 25-26 October 2013, Nantou, Taiwan. p. 66.
15. Malini P, Schafleitner R, Krishnan M, Srinivasan R. 2013. Challenges in molecular
identification of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata. In: New Horizons in Insect Science.
Chakravarthy AK, Ashok Kumar CT, Abraham Verghese, Thyagaraj NE (eds.), International
Conference on Insect Science, 14-17 February 2013, Bangalore, India. pp. 52.
16. Malini P, Schafleitner R, Muthukalingan K, Srinivasan R. 2013. Identification and variations
in Pheromone-Binding Proteins among Legume Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata) populations from
Asia and Africa. In: Abstracts of the International Chemical Ecology Conference 2013, p.106.
http://chemecol.org/programs/2013%20abstracts.pdf.
17. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Improved vegetable varieties for Central Asia and the Caucasus
developed from AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center germplasm. Theses of International
Plant Breeding Congress, 10-14 November 2013, Antalya, Turkey, p. 478.
18. Nair RM, Schafleitner R, Easdown W, Ebert AW, Hanson P, Hughes J d'A, Keatinge D.
2013. Legume improvement program at AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center: impact and
future prospects. In: Book of Abstracts; First Legume Society Conference 2013: A Legume
Odyssey; Novi Sad, Serbia, 9-11 May 2013; p. 309.
19. Nair RM, Schafleitner R, Easdown W, Ebert A, Hanson P. 2013. Developments and future
direction of international mungbean research 2013 Australian summer grains conference, 1719 June, Gold Coast, Queensland. http://www.australiansummergrains.com.au/conferenceproceedings/wednesday-19th-june.html.
20. Schläger S, Ulrichs C, Beran F, Groot AT, Srinivasan R, Lin MY, Yule S, Bhanu KRM,
Schreiner M, Mewis I. 2013. Pheromone blend variation of Maruca vitrata and investigations on
pheromone stability for refining lures in Southeast Asia. In: Abstracts of the International
Chemical Ecology Conference 2013, p.178.
http://chemecol.org/programs/2013%20abstracts.pdf
21. Shieh J, Lin S, Cho M-C, Ebert AW, Kumar S. 2013. Progress in pepper breeding (2012-13).
2013 APSA-AVRDC Workshop, 10-11 June 2013. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center,
Shanhua, Taiwan, p. 5.
22. Srinivasan R, Lin M-Y, Yule S, Khumsuwan C, Thanh Hien, Vu Manh Hai, Lê Đức Khánh,
Bhanu KRM. 2013. Use of insect pheromones in vegetable pest management: Successes and
struggles. In: New Horizons in Insect Science. Chakravarthy AK, Ashok Kumar CT, Verghese
A, Thyagaraj NE (eds.), International Conference on Insect Science, 14-17 Feb 2013,
Bangalore, India. pp. 6.
23. Tsai W-S, Kumar S, Kenyon L. 2013. Screening pepper (Capsicum spp.) lines for resistance
to potyviruses at AVRDC- The World Vegetable Center. Asia-Pacific Congress of Virology, 1720 December, 2013, Noida, India.
24. Tsai W-S, Hanson P, Kenyon L. 2013. Reaction of tomato lines carrying different Ty-gene
combinations to leaf curl viruses in Taiwan. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 43:103.
25. Tsai W-S, Kenyon L, Hanson P, Shih S-L, Jan F-J. 2013. Tomato leaf curl disease in Taiwan
and breeding for resistance against it. In: Chang C-J, Lee, C-Y, Shih H-T (eds.) Proceeding of
the 2013 International Symposium on Insect Vectors and Insect-Borne Diseases, 6-8 August,
2013, Agriculture Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan.
190
Publications
26. Yang R-Y, Hanson P, Hughes J d’A, Keatinge JDH. 2013. Sustainable and affordable
horticulture for healthy communities: African and Asian experiences. Annals of Nutrition and
Metabolism 63 (Supplement 1):1-1960, p. 132.
Presentations
1.
Afari-Sefa V, Chagomoka T, Karanja, DK, Rajendran S, Njeru, E, Samali S, Katunzi A,
Mtwaenzi H, Kimenye L. 2013. Farmer Led Seed Enterprises as a Strategy for Improving
Smallholder Livelihoods: Experiences from a Comparison between Private Contracting and
Community Seed Production Systems of Traditional Vegetables in Tanzania. FAO Catholic
Relief Services - ICARDA Jointly Organized Expert Consultation Workshop on Community
Seed Production, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-11 December 2013.
2.
Afari-Sefa V, Rajendran S. 2013. Role of traditional vegetables on household economy and
nutritional outcomes in Tanzania. Science Forum 2013, Independent Science and Partnership
Council of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Bonn,
Germany, 23-25 September 2013.
3.
Chagomoka T, Afari-Sefa V, Pitoro R. 2013. Value Chain Analysis of Indigenous Vegetables
from Malawi and Mozambique. 4th International Conference of the African Association of
Agricultural Economists, Yasmine Hammamet, Tunisia, 22-25 September 2013.
4.
Ebert AW. 2013. Introduction to the conservation of plant genetic resources (terminology; ex
situ and in situ conservation). Training of Trainers Course on Vegetable Cultivation and
Consumption, AVRDC East and Southeast Asia Research & Training Station, Kamphaeng
Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 20 May 2013.
5.
Ebert AW. 2013. Policy issues concerning germplasm handling and exchange. Training of
Trainers Course on Vegetable Cultivation and Consumption, AVRDC East and Southeast Asia
Research & Training Station Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 20 May 2013.
6.
Ebert AW. 2013. In situ conservation of plant genetic resources: nature reserves, on-farm,
home gardens, community seed banks. Training of Trainers Course on Vegetable Cultivation
and Consumption, AVRDC East and Southeast Asia Research & Training Station, Kamphaeng
Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 20 May 2013.
7.
Ebert AW. 2013. Vegetable seed regeneration and quality preservation, including half-day
practical exercises. Training of Trainers Course on Vegetable Cultivation and Consumption,
AVRDC East and Southeast Asia Research & Training Station, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon
Pathom, Thailand, 21 May 2013.
8.
Ebert AW. 2013. Achievements in the field of germplasm conservation, characterization, traitbased screening and utilization. 2013 APSA-AVRDC Workshop, AVRDC Headquarters,
Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-11 June 2013.
9.
Ebert AW. 2013. In situ and ex situ conservation: nature reserves, on-farm, home & school
gardens, community seed banks, ex situ genebanks. Training of Trainers Workshop Vegetables Go to School, AVRDC Headquarters, Taiwan, 22 August 2013.
10. Ebert AW. 2013. Vegetable seed regeneration and quality preservation, including half-day
practical exercises. Training of Trainers Workshop - Vegetables Go to School, AVRDC
Headquarters, Taiwan, 22 August 2013.
11. Ebert AW. 2013. Vegetable genetic diversity maintained by the AVRDC Genebank – A
cornerstone for sustainable production of nutritious food. Tropentag 2013: Agricultural
development within the rural-urban continuum. Hohenheim, Germany, 17-19 September 2013.
12. Ebert AW. 2013. Introduction to the conservation of plant genetic resources (terminology; ex
situ and in situ conservation; germplasm exchange). 32nd International Vegetable Training
Course, Module 1 – From Seed to Harvest, AVRDC East and Southeast Asia Research and
Training Station, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 16 September - 11 October
2013.
Year in Review 2013
191
Publications
13. Ebert AW. 2013. Policy issues concerning germplasm handling and exchange. 32nd
International Vegetable Training Course; Module 1 – From Seed to Harvest, AVRDC East and
Southeast Asia Research and Training Station, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand,
16 September - 11 October 2013.
14. Ebert AW. 2013. In situ conservation of plant genetic resources: nature reserves, on-farm,
home & school gardens, community seed banks. 32nd International Vegetable Training Course,
Module 1 – From Seed to Harvest, AVRDC East and Southeast Asia Research and Training
Station, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 16 September - 11 October 2013.
15. Ebert AW. 2013. Vegetable seed regeneration and quality preservation, including half-day
practical exercises. 32nd International Vegetable Training Course; Module 1 – From Seed to
Harvest, AVRDC Research and Training Station, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom,
Thailand, 16 September - 11 October 2013.
16. Ebert AW. 2013. Introduction to AVRDC, AVRDC’s Theme Germplasm and the AVRDC
Genebank. Abelmoschus manihot (bele) project meeting, Secretariat of the Pacific Community
(SPC), Suva, Fiji Islands, 2 December 2013.
17. Ebert AW. 2013. Germplasm resources for breeding sustainable high-yielding crop cultivars.
International Master Program of Agriculture (IMPA), College of Agriculture and Natural
Resources, National Chung Hsing University, 10 December 2013, Taichung, Taiwan, 10
December 2013.
18. Ebert AW. 2013. Exploring the nutritional potential of selected indigenous vegetables and
legume crops at different growth/consumption stages. Final technical report. Agriculture and
Food Agency (AFA), COA, Taichung 11 December 2013.
19. Evy L, Eli K, Kuntoro BA, Mariyono J. 2013. Grafting Technology for Sustainable Improvement
of Tomato Production: A Field Study in Kediri, East Java. 4th International Conference on
Green Technology: The equilibrium technology and nature for civilized living. Malang, Java,
Indonesia, July 2013.
20. Keatinge JDH. 2013. Presentations to Horticulture Research International, Warwick University
and the Centre for Agroecology and Food Security, University of Coventry, UK 15 February
2013.
21. Keatinge JDH. 2013. National Agricultural Research Institute, Kathmandu (Nepal) and Thimpu
(Bhutan) in support of the Vegetables Go to School project, May 2013.
22. Keatinge JDH. 2013. Presentations to private sector seed companies (x2) and Bangladesh
Agricultural Research Institute, Dhaka in support of the USAID Home Gardens project, May
2013.
23. Keatinge JDH. 2013. Seminar at the University of California arranged by the USAID Innovation
Lab – Horticulture, September 2013.
24. Keatinge JDH, Ledesma D, Hughes J d’A, and Keatinge FJD. 2013. Guiding vegetable
research to 2025 globally: Is simple measurement and prediction of temperature change
sufficient? Third Annual LCIRAH Conference on Developing Methods in Agriculture and Health
Research, London, UK, 13-14 June 2013.
25. Kuntoro BA, Evy L, Mariyono J. 2013. Socio-economic aspect of vegetable production system
in East Java: the case of vegetable farmers in Kediri and Blitar. 4th International Conference
Green Technology: The equilibrium technology and nature for civilized living. Malang, Java,
Indonesia, July 2013.
26. Luther GC, Lin LJ, Chen WY. 2013. An Introduction to Integrated Pest Management.
Vegetables Go to School Training of Trainers. AVRDC HQ, 21 Aug 2013.
27. Luther GC. 2013. Biological Control with Natural Enemies. Vegetables Go to School Training
of Trainers. AVRDC HQ, 21 Aug 2013.
192
Publications
28. Luther GC, Mariyono J, Utama MS, Kariada K, Genova C, Afari-sefa V, Schreinemachers
P, Luther K, et al. 2013. Penyambungan Tomat di Luar Negeri dan Rencana
Pengembangannya di Bali (Tomato Grafting Internationally and Plans for its Development in
Bali). Community Service Week, 12-14 November 2013 (organized by Udayana University),
Bedugul, Bali, Indonesia.
29. Ma C-H. 2013. Starter solution technology (SST) and balanced fertilization for vegetable
production. Training of Trainers Workshop, Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 15-19 April 2013.
30. Ma C-H. 2013. How to test and apply Starter Solution to vegetables. Training of Trainers
Workshop, Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 15-19 April 2013.
31. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Vegetable crops’ potential for new products production. ScientificPractical Seminar on Integration for Food Industry Development in the Republic, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan, 15 May 2013.
32. Mavlyanova R. 2013. ICBA – AVRDC cooperation potential. The Forum on Innovations in
Agriculture and Food Security, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 19-20 May 2013.
33. Mavlyanova R. 2013. New vegetable species in Uzbekistan, their value and cultivation
technologies for school gardens. Seminar for pupils of the Republican School #13, Buchara,
Uzbekistan, 12 June 2013.
34. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Vegetable production development for food security, diversification,
better nutrition and livelihoods in the Aral Basin. Inception Meeting on CRP 1.1., Nukus,
Karakalpakstan, 29-30 July 2013.
35. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Review of the status and perspectives for development of vegetable
production in Central Asia and the Caucasus. International Conference on Inputs of Research
for Vegetable, Melons and Potato Production Development, UzRIVMC&P, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan, 22 August 2013.
36. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Introducing improved germplasm of non-traditional species developed at
AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center into vegetable production in Central Asia and the
Caucasus. First International Conference on Non-Traditional, New and Forgotten Plant
Species: Scientific and Practical Aspects of Cultivation, Kyiv, Ukraine, 10–12 September 2013.
37. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Improved vegetable varieties for Central Asia and the Caucasus
developed from AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center germplasm. International Plant
Breeding Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 10-14 November 2013.
38. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Vegetable crops’ potential for diversification and high value products’
production in Uzbekistan. International Conference on Horticulture, Vegetable Production,
Beekeeping and Floriculture Market Oriented Production Development (AGROFOOD),
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 20 November 2013.
39. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Tomato grafting technologies: Perspectives for introducing into
vegetable production in Uzbekistan. Training for women lead farmers, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
20-21 November 2013.
40. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Central Asia and the Caucasus Regional Network for Vegetable
Systems Research & Development Strategies. Fifth Steering Committee Meeting on Central
Asia and the Caucasus Vegetable System Research and Development Network (CACVEG),
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 26-28 November 2013.
41. Mavlyanova R. 2013. Seminar on introduction of innovations into vegetable production in CAC
and knowledge sharing. Fifth Steering Committee Meeting on Central Asia and the Caucasus
Vegetable System Research and Development Network (CACVEG), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2628 November 2013.
42. Mavlyanova R, Dzumaniyazova G, Gafurova L, Murodova S, Pirnazarov D. 2013. AVRDC
vegetable legumes: new varieties for soil fertility improvement. First Central Asia Congress on
Modern Agrıcultural Technıques and Plant Nutrıtıon, AGRICASIA, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 30
September-3 October 2013.
Year in Review 2013
193
Publications
43. Nenguwo N, Rajendran S, Afari-Sefa V. 2013. Perceptions of postharvest quality
characteristics of tomato and amaranth in selected areas of East and West Africa? 2nd
Southeast Asia Symposium on Quality Management in Postharvest Systems (SEAsia 2013),
Vientiane, Laos PDR, 4-6 December 2013.
44. Nenguwo N, Rajendran S, Afari-Sefa V. 2013. Importance of Postharvest Losses of
Indigenous Vegetables on Market Participation by Smallholders in Tanzania. 3rd International
Conference on Neglected and Underutilized Species, Accra, Ghana, 25-27 September 2013.
45. Nenguwo N, Afari-Sefa V, Hughes, J d’A. 2013. Assessment of postharvest practices and
losses of vegetables marketed in selected regions of Ghana. VI International Conference on
Managing Quality Chains (MQUIC), Cranfield Uiversity, Bedfordshire, UK, 2-5 September
2013.
46. Rajendran S, Afari-Sefa V, Karanja DK, Musebe R. 2013. Contract Farming by Traditional
African Leafy Vegetable Seed Growers in Tanzania: Implications for Household Cropping
Income. 3rd International Conference on Neglected and Underutilized Species, Accra, Ghana,
25-27 September 2013.
47. Salas RA, Wu DL, Luther GC, Gniffke PA, Palada MC. 2013. Effects of Genotype and
Irrigation System on Multi-disease Resistance, Fruit Yield, Capsaicin Content and Shelf Life of
Chili Pepper (Capsicum sp.). The 2nd Southeast Asia Symposium on Quality Management in
Postharvest Systems. Vientiane, Lao PDR, 4-6 December 2013.
48. Schafleitner R, Ebert AW. 2013. Molecular markers for Abelmoschus species. Abelmoschus
manihot (bele) project meeting, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), Suva, Fiji Islands,
4 December 2013.
49. Tenkouano A, Hughes J d’A. 2013. Bridging vegetable research and practice to overcome
malnutrition and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. International Conference on Development
Futures: Alternative Pathways to End Poverty, Sydney, Australia, 21-22 November 2013.
Technical bulletins
1.
Schreinemachers P, Ebert AW, Wu M-H. 2013. Costing the Ex Situ Conservation of Plant
Genetic Resources at AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center. AVRDC Publication No, 13-769.
AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center: Shanhua, Taiwan. 40 p.
2.
Genova C, Schreinemachers P, Afari-Sefa V. 2013. An impact assessment of AVRDC's
tomato grafting in Vietnam. Research in Action No. 8, AVRDC Publication No, 13-773, AVRDC
- The World Vegetable Center: Shanhua, Taiwan.
3.
Nicholls T, Elouafi I, Borgemeister C, Campos-Arce JJ, Hermann M, Hoogendoorn C,
Keatinge JDH, Kelemu S, Molden DJ, Roy A. 2013. Transforming Rural Livelihoods and
Landscapes: Sustainable Improvements to Incomes, Food Security and the
Environment. AIRCA: ISBN 978-92-95098-30-5. 34 pp. http://www.airca.org/?page_id=385.
Posters
194
1.
Chagomoka T, Kamga R, Drescher A, Schlesinger J. Indigenous vegetable recipes in
Cameroon. 3rd Conference on Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) for a Food-Secure
Africa, 25-27 September 2013, Accra, Ghana.
2.
Chang C-H, Wu T-H, Yan M-R, Yen S-H, Chou Y-Y, Huang Y-K, Hsiao R, Chen M-C, Ebert
AW. 2013. Germplasm: Indigenous Vegetables. Open Day 2013, AVRDC - The World
Vegetable Center Headquarters, Shanhua, Taiwan, 17 May 2013.
3.
AW. 2013. Germplasm: Major Crops. Open Day 2013, AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center
Headquarters, Shanhua, Taiwan, 17 May 2013.
4.
AW. 2013. Germplasm: Legumes. Open Day 2013, AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center
Headquarters, Shanhua, Taiwan, 17 May 2013.
Publications
5.
Ebert AW, Yang R-Y. 2013. Sprouts and microgreens - an option to enhance food and
nutrition security in the rural-urban continuum. Tropentag 2013 - Agricultural development
within the rural-urban continuum. 17-19 September 2013, University Hohenheim, Hohenheim,
Germany.
6.
Evy L, Kuntoro BA, Dini H, Hanik A, Dewi P, Daroini B, Mariyono J. 2013. Promoting
Vegetables for Consumption Diversification through School Gardens in Kediri and Blitar, East
Java, Indonesia. International Conference on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Food Security,
Indonesian Agency of Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) and United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Bandung, 2-4 July 2013.
7.
Habicht SD, Wang H-I, Krawinkel MB, Yang R-Y. 2013. A non-bitter bitter gourd drink is ready
to be tested in a blinded human study. 20th International Congress of Nutrition.15-20
September 2013, Granada, Spain.
8.
Luoh J-W, Mecozzi M, Yang R-Y, Keatinge JDH. 2013. Bridging communication gaps in an
agriculture-for-health project on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Leverhulme Centre for
Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health 3rd Annual Conference. 13-14 June 2013,
London, UK.
9.
Mavlyanova R. 2013. AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center’s partnership for Vegetable
Systems R&D in Central Asia and the Caucasus. VIth SCM of CACVEG, 26-28 November
2013, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
10. Mavlyanova R, Dzumaniyazova G, Gafurova L, Murodova S. Pirnazarov D. 2013. AVRDC
vegetable legumes: new varieties for soil fertility improvement. First Central Asia Congress on
Modern Agrıcultural Technıques and Plant Nutrıtıon, AGRICASIA, 30 September-3 October
2013, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
11. Nenguwo N, Hughes J d’A, Afari-Sefa V. 2013. Closing the Nutrition Gap: Improving
Vegetable Quality and Availability from Smallholder Production. VI International Conference on
Managing Quality Chains (MQUIC), Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK, September 2-5,
2013.
12. Schafleitner R, Ebert AW. 2013. Molecular markers in cucurbits. Science Day 2013. AVRDC
East and Southeast Asia Research & Training Station Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand, 23 April
2013.
13. Wu M-H, Luoh J-W, Bhattarai M, Yang R-Y. 2013. Consumer health knowledge, usage and
preference for bitter gourd in Taiwan. 20th International Congress of Nutrition.15-20 September
2013, Granada, Spain.
14. Yang R-Y, Krawinkel MB, Premakumari S, Subramanian A, Swai M, Habicht SD, Luoh JW,
Huang CJ. 2013. Better Bitter Gourd: A holistic evidence- and food-based approach to manage
type 2 diabetes and promote health in developing countries. 20th International Congress of
Nutrition.15-20 September 2013, Granada, Spain.
15. Tsai W-S. 2013. ICPP 2013. 10th International Congress of Plant Pathology, 25-30 August,
2013, Beijing, China.
Extension materials
1.
Andri KB, Kariada K, Latifah E, Luther GC, Kamandalu A, Luther K. 2013. Indonesian school
gardens. Extension video. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center.
2.
Anonymous. 2013. Storage solutions for indigenous vegetable seeds. New Agriculturist.
Focus on "Neglected and underutilised species", November 2013, 2p. http://www.newag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=3143.
3.
Boltaev B, Sulaymonov B, Mavlyanova R, Kholmurodov E, Rustamova I. 2013. Pests and
diseases of vegetable crops and their management: Guide for farmers. Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
16 p. (in Uzbek).
4.
Chen W-Y, Luther GC. 2013. How to build a grafting chamber (video). AVRDC - The World
Vegetable Center.
Year in Review 2013
195
Publications
5.
Ebert AW. 2013. Sprouts and microgreens for a nutritious diet. Rural 21, December 2013,
Issue 04:42-43.
6.
Hanson P. 2013. Ten posters for education in vegetable production and nutrition developed (in
Bangla).
7.
Hanson P. 2013. Three training manuals on production of tomato, yard-long bean and gourds,
and one training manual on nutrition education and practices developed (in Bangla).
8.
Hughes J d’A, Nenguwo N. 2013. Handling fresh vegetable produce from urban gardens.
Rural 21, Vol. 47 No 1/201. http://www.rural21.com/english/current-issue/detail/article/handlingfresh-vegetable-produce-from-urban-gardens-0000653/.
9.
Kimsanbayev K, Boltaev B, Zuev V, Sulaymonov B, Mavlyanova R, Kadirkhodjaev A. 2013.
Pests and diseases management of Solanaceae vegetable crops and potato: Guide for
farmers. 96 p. (in Russian).
10. Lin L-J, Luther GC (eds.) 2013. Feedback from the Field, issues 17-20. AVRDC-The World
Vegetable Center.
11. Luoh J-W, Yang R-Y (eds.) 2013 Bitter Gourd News, issues 20-28. AVRDC-The World
Vegetable Center.
12. Luther K, Mariyono J, Luther GC. 2013. Tomat Sambungan (Teknologi Grafting): tahan layu
bakteri, tahan genangan air, tahan layu Fusarium, tahan cacing nematoda. AVRDC - The
World Vegetable Center. 6-page brochure (in Bahasa Indonesia).
13. Ma C-H. 2013. Fertilizer best management practices – 4R nutrient stewardship: its concept and
applications. Agriculture World, Vol. 363, p. 34-44 (in Chinese).
14. Ma C-H. 2013. Starter solution technology (SST) and balanced fertilization for vegetable
production. Training materials distributed during a Training of Trainers Workshop, 15-19 April
2013 in Bali and East Java, Indonesia (in Bahasa Indonesia).
15. Ma C-H. 2013. How to test and apply Starter Solution to vegetables. Training materials
distributed during a Training of Trainers Workshop, 15-19 April 2013 in Bali and East Java,
Indonesia (in Bahasa Indonesia).
16. Mavlyanova R, Zuev V, Kim V, Pirnazarov D. 2013. Vegetable soybean cultivation technology
in Uzbekistan: Guide for farmers. Second issue. 24 p. (in Russian).
17. Mavlyanova R. Vegetable soybean, a new crop with high potential for Central Asia and the
Caucasus. Feedback from the field. AVRDC, March 2013. Issue 17. p. 1-3.
18. Mecozzi M, Ebert AW. 2013. A World of Seed: The germination of the AVRDC Genebank.
AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. 8 p.
19. Stoilova T. 2013. Production and utilization of Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.). 4 p.
20. Wang T-C, Sheu Z-M. 2013. Occurence, pathogen identification and disease management of
pepper anthracnose. Gardening Friend 159: 31-38 (in Chinese).
196
Meteorological data
Meteorological data (monthly mean) collected at the AVRDC weather station, Shanhua, Taiwan, 2013
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Daily
average
humidity
(%)
78.9
77.8
72.9
79.8
79.0
74.4
77.1
79.0
74.9
68.9
70.8
72.1
Daily
air temp.
min
max
(°C)
(°C)
23.6
12.5
27.3
15.5
29.5
16.7
29.3
19.3
32.9
22.5
34.4
24.8
33.7
24.3
32.9
24.2
33.0
23.9
30.8
20.1
28.1
17.7
23.5
12.7
max
21.9
25.0
28.0
27.1
28.9
31.1
31.2
30.8
30.2
28.1
25.8
22.1
Daily soil temperature
10 cm
30 cm
min
max
(°C)
(°C)
18.2
21.2
21.0
23.6
22.5
25.7
23.4
25.9
26.3
27.9
28.2
30.1
28.4
30.3
27.7
29.9
27.5
29.2
26.0
28.1
23.8
26.0
18.5
22.1
min
20.2
22.5
24.3
24.8
27.1
29.2
29.4
28.8
28.4
27.3
25.2
20.8
Daily avg.
wind
velocity
(m/s)
2.5
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.2
1.7
1.6
2.0
Daily avg.
solar
radiation
(W-hour/m2)
3977
4954
5432
4412
4668
6056
5731
4876
5107
5233
4386
3587
Monthly
precipitation
(mm)
11.6
2.0
11.8
112.4
250.0
228.6
133.6
1102.0
68.8
0.0
9.0
23.8
Daily
average
evaporation
(mm)
2.98
4.51
4.97
3.52
3.82
5.40
5.26
4.26
3.93
5.34
3.83
2.96
Acronyms & Abbreviations
ACIAR
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
AIAT
Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology
AIT
American Institute in Taiwan
AITC
Allyl isothiocyanate
AMOVA
Analysis of molecular variance
AOA
Antioxidant activity
APSA
Asia and Pacific Seed Association
ASARECA
Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Central Africa
ASUDEC
African Sustainable Development Council
ATP/NADH
adenosine triphosphate/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced)
AUW
Avinashilingam Deemed University for Women
AusAID
Australian Agency for International Development
AVGRIS
AVRDC Vegetable Genetic Resources Information System
AVRDC
AYVHuV
Ageratum yellow vein Hualien virus
BAPHIQ
Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (Taiwan)
becA
Biotechnology for East and Central Africa
BMZ
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany)
CABI
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International
CABYV
Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus
CaCV
Capsicum chlorosis virus
CATIE
Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
CEDEH
Centro Experimental y Demostrativo de Horticultura
CEFFEL
Centre d'Expérimentation et de Formation en Fruits et Légumes
CIM
composite interval mapping
CIRAD
La Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement
CMS
cellular membrane stability
CMS
cytoplasmic male sterility
CMV
Cucumber mosaic virus
COA
Council of Agriculture (Taiwan)
COI
Cytochrome oxidase I
CRS
Catholic Relief Services
CSIRO
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
CV
coefficient of variation
ChiVMoV
Chili veinal mottle virus
CWANA
AVRDC Central & West Asia and North Africa
DFID
Department for International Development (UK)
DMRT
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
DPI
days postinoculation
DPPH
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
DRI
dietary reference intake
DUS
Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability
EASEED
East African Seed Company
EC
electrical conductivity
EC50
half maximal effective concentration (EC50)
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
ESEA
AVRDC East and Southeast Asia
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
FAVRI
Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute (Vietnam)
FCI
Farm Concern International
FFP/FFE
Food for Progress/ Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program
FFS
Farmers Field School
FHIA
Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (Honduras)
FIPS
Farm Inputs Promotion (Africa)
GAA
Germplasm Acquisition Agreement
GCDT
Global Crop Diversity Trust
GHE
Gambia Horticultural Enterprises
GIS
geographic information system
GIZ
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (Germany)
GRSU
GTD
HARP-ICAR
Horticulture and Agroforestry Research Program - Indian Council of Agricultural Research
HED
human equivalent dosage
HKI
Helen Keller International
HortCRSP
Horticulture Collaborative Research Support Program
HORTI-Tengeru
Horticultural Research Institute - Tanzania
HPLC
high-performance liquid chromatography
HSP
healthy seedling production
IC50
half maximal inhibitory concentration
ICARDA
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
ICAR-RCE
Indian Council for Agricultural Research - Research Complex for Eastern Region
ICDF
International Cooperation and Development Fund (Taiwan)
icipe
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
ICPN
International Chili Pepper Nursery
ICRAF
World Agroforestry Centre
ICRISAT
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
IDE
International Development Enterprises
IDM
integrated disease management
IER
Rural Economy Institute (Mali)
IICEM
Integrated Initiatives for Economic Growth in Mali
IITA
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
ILRI
International Livestock Research Institute
INADES
Institut Africain pour le Développement Économique et Social
INRA
L’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
IPGRI
Bioversity International (International Plant Genetic Resource Institute)
IPM
integrated pest management
IRAC
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
ISPN
International Sweet Pepper Nursery
ISTA
International Seed Testing Association
ITS
internal transcribed spacer
IVegRI
Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute
IVTC
International Vegetable Training Course
JKUAT
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agricultural Technology
KARI
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
KCMC
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center
KGVK
Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra
KVK
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
LABOSEM
National Seed Laboratory (Mali)
LCMS
liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
LC/ToF-MS
liquid chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometer
LC/TQD-MS
liquid chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer
LOD
Letter of Donation
LOD
limit of detection
LPB
Legume pod borer
LPS NO
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO)
LUNA
Livelihood, Urbanization and Natural Resources for Africa
MABYV
Melon aphid-borne yellows virus
MaviMNPV
nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) infecting M. vitrata
MINIRESI
Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique et de l'Innovation (Cameroon)
MLS
Multi-lateral System
MTA
Material Transfer Agreement
MY
marketable yield
MYMIV
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus
MYSV
Melon yellow spot virus
NAC-RDA
National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration (Korea)
NBPGR
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (India)
NCBI
National Center for Biotechnology Information (USA)
NHRI
National Health Research Institute (Taiwan)
NIL
near isogenic lines
NLAC
National Laboratory Animal Center (Taiwan)
NPGRC
National Plant Genetic Resources Center (Taiwan)
NPGS
National Plant Germplasm System
NPT
national performance trials
NPV
nuclear polyhedrosis virus
NSC
National Science Council (Taiwan)
OP
open pollinated
PAS
phosphorus acid solution
PAU
Punjab Agricultural University
PBNV
Peanut bud necrosis virus
PC
Phytosanitary Certificate
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
PDA
potato dextrose agar
PGS
Participatory Guarantee System
PIC
polymorphism information content
PIPA
participatory impact pathway appraisal
PRADAN
Professional Assistance for Development Action
PRANTEC
Program on Agriculture, Nutrition and Environmental Conservation
PRSV-W
Papaya ringspot virus – watermelon strain
PTSC
Postharvest Training and Services Center
PTY
preliminary yield trial
PUFAs
polyunsaturated fatty acids
PVMV
Pepper veinal mottle virus
PVY
Potato virus Y
QDS
quality declared seed
QTLs
quantitative trait loci
RCA
AVRDC Regional Center for Africa
RCBD
randomized complete block design
RDA
recommended daily allowance
RHB
rice husk biochar
RIL
recombinant inbred line
RNAi
RNA interference
RNI
reference nutrient intake
RSM
Red spider mite
RT-PCR
reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
SA
AVRDC South Asia
SABYV
Suakwa aphid-borne yellows virus
SCAR
sequenced characterized amplified region
SFB
Striped flea beetle
SGSV
Svalbard Global Seed Vault
SLB
Southern leaf blight
SLCuPV
Squash leaf curl Philippines virus
SMTA
Standard Material Transfer Agreement
SNP
single nucleotide polymorphism
SRTT
Sir Ratan Tata Trust
SSR
single sequence repeat
SST
Starter Solution Technology
STIARC
Southern Tagalog Integrated Agricultural Research Center
SVTC
State Varietal Testing Commission (Uzbekistan)
SWOT
Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats
TAIL-PCR
Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced Polymerase Chain Reactions
TAPP
Tanzanian Agricultural Productivity Programme
TARI
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute
TFW
Tomato fruitworm
ToLCCeV
Tomato leaf curl Cebu virus
ToLCHsV
Tomato leaf curl Hsinchu virus
ToLCMiV
Tomato leaf curl Mindanao virus
ToLCNDV
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
ToLCTV
Tomato yellow leaf curl Taiwan virus
ToMV
Tomato mosaic virus
TOSCI
Tanzanian Official Seed Certification Institute
ToT
Training of Trainers
TSS
total soluble solid
TSWV
Tomato spotted wilt virus
TY
total yield
TYLCD
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease
TYLCKaV
Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus
TYLCTHV
Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus
TYLCTHV-[TW]
Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus – Taiwan strain
TYLCVD
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF
United Nations Children's Fund
UPGMA
unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
USDA-ARS
United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service
UV/VIS
ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy
VIGS
virus induced gene silencing
VTC
village-based training centers
WASA
West African Seed Alliance
WAT
weeks after transplanting
WHO
World Health Organization
WTG
whitefly transmitted geminivirus

Year in Review 2013 - World Vegetable Center

Transcription

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