The Voice of

YOUTH 5
The Voice of
volume 90
e
u
s
s
I
September/October 2011
A Publication for Slovene National Benefit Society Youth Members
Autumn
Splendor
GREAT GHOULS!
There’s nothing like classic
horror for Halloween chills
SUMMER RETURNS?
With luck, maybe you’ll enjoy
an Indian summer this year
EVER WONDERED?
Some really cool facts, just
like the autumn weather
“ Everyone must take
time to sit and watch
the leaves turn.”
~ Elizabeth Lawrence
September/October
page 1
what’s
inside?
3 The Inner VOICE...
4 Unlucky 13
5 Fright Night
Autumn
O.K., so maybe you’re back
in school already... but there’s
still plenty to like about the fall
season. Cool down after the
summer heat and enjoy nature
in its full array of color.
You can create a spooky mood for Halloween
this year with a little help from a classic horror film.
6-7 Indian Summer
8-9 Ever Wondered?
here comes
According to the superstitious, adding one
to a dozen can only bring bad luck and trouble.
Sometimes summer gets one last shot after the cooler
days of autumn set in. We call it Indian summer.
Who, what, where, when, why and how...
some cool facts, just in time for the autumn months.
10 All About Slovenia
11 Coloring Contest
12 Voice Graffiti
Slovenia’s Reformation Day: a national holiday
Slovenians observe while we’re celebrating Halloween.
Our young artists share their skills.
13-14 Voice Games
15 Voice Answer Page
the
DEADLINE
for submissions to the
November/December issue is
October 10. We welcome
your photos, stories, drawings
and ideas. If you would like to
submit any of these for publication, please send them to
The Voice of Youth, 247 West
Allegheny Road, Imperial, PA
15126. Make sure your name,
age and Lodge or Circle number are included. Material
may also be e-mailed to
prosveta@snpj.com or submitted from the Publications
area of our web site,
www.snpj.org.
The Voice of
YOUTH
Volume 90 • Issue 5
staff
the VOY
Jay Sedmak
Publications Editor
Kimberly Gonzalez
Associate Editor
... it’s about LIFE
page 2
The Voice of Youth
Vida Kosir
Slovenian Editor
T.M. Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.
THE VOICE OF YOUTH (ISSN 0042-8256) (USPS
663-180) is published bi-monthly by the Slovene National
Benefit Society (SNPJ), 247 West Allegheny Road, Imperial, PA 15126-9774, for its youth members. Annual
domestic and foreign subscription rate is $8 per year. Entered as second class matter Jan. 20, 1945, under postal
act of Aug. 24, 1912. Magazine began as MLADINSKI
LIST in 1922. Postmaster: send address changes to The
Voice of Youth, 247 West Allegheny Road, Imperial, PA
15126-9774. Periodical postage paid at Imperial, Pa., and
additional mailing office.
The
Inne
V
o
ice
Getting a feel
for the fall season
r
I
t’s tough to think about fall while we’re still soaking up the last remaining rays of summer sunshine, but like it or not, autumn will be
arriving in just a few short weeks. Sure, summer is quickly drawing to
an end, but chances are you won’t notice much of a difference between late
summer and fall until we’re well into the autumn season. For example, by
late summer the days have already become noticably shorter, and the trees
don’t have quite as many leaves as they did back in July and August. The
new school year also begins in late summer, so you can’t even gage autumn’s
arrival by the school calendar.
Autumn can be a tricky season to figure out since it starts in mid-September
and runs into mid-December, close to the holiday season. There’s a lot going
on during the fall, far too much to list in this brief column. Fall is truely a
season of transition, bridging the months-long gap between summer and
winter. And with all the autumn activity we have to look forward to, we’re
sure to remain occupied as we wind down after a hectic summer and start
preparing for the coming winter season.
The Voice of Youth staff will bid our final farewells to summer by congratulating our July/August coloring contest winner, 11-year-old Dimitri
Napoleon, a member of Lodge 33 in Ambridge, Pa. Get a jump on your
autumn by entering this issue’s coloring contest. We’d love to see your art
work on display along our office walls!
Here’s to a fantastic and fun autumn! We know you’ll be busy this fall, but
we hope you’ll keep SNPJ and The Voice of Youth in your plans for the
upcoming months. Work hard in school this semester, and we’ll see you
again in November... just in time to celebrate the holidays together!
Editor
September/October
page 3
Unlucky
13
D
o you believe in superstitions? If you shy away from black cats,
toss salt over your shoulder when you spill it or run for cover at
the sight of a broken mirror, chances are you may be superstitious.
But since superstitions are rooted in history and ancient beliefs, many
common gestures once associated with a superstition – knocking on
wood to prevent bad luck, for example – have become customary habits
that we all tend to follow every once in a while. Then again, there are a
few superstitions that we just can’t seem to shake, and of those, the belief
that the number 13 is unlucky seems to be among the most popular.
It’s hard to say just when, where or why people began to feel a certain
uneasiness about the number 13, but there is no doubt that 13 makes
some people very uncomfortable – even to the point that they fear the
number itself. This fear, more precisely referred to as a phobia, is termed
triskaidekaphobia and literally means “fear of the number 13.” Now
before you laugh and declare that triskaidekaphobia is silly, consider this:
most high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, both in the United States and
abroad, do not number the 13th floor. Look at the elevator buttons or
stair flight indicators and you’ll see – floor 12, floor 14, but no floor
13. The 13th floor is there, it just isn’t numbered... and all because of
the unlucky 13 superstition.
Experiencing a stretch of bad luck on Friday the 13th is another superstition directly related to the “unlucky” number 13. Paraskevidekatriaphobia (another phobia) is the term used to describe the fear of Friday
the 13th in any month of the year.
The next time you’re hanging out with some friends, count the number
of people in your group (be sure to include yourself). If you come up
with a total of 13, better keep the information to yourself. You wouldn’t
want to alarm any of your superstitious friends, now would you?
page 4
The Voice of Youth
did you
know?
The Great Seal of the United States
contains 13 olive leaves (along with
13 olives), 13 arrows and 13 stars.
The pyramid on
the reverse of
the seal has
13 levels.
Apollo 13 was the
only unsuccessful lunar mission
launched by the
United States.
One of the spacecraft’s oxygen tanks
exploded on April 13, 1970, forcing
the astronauts to return to earth.
Traditionally,
there are 13
steps leading
up to a gallows
(a hanging
platform).
Fright Night
Set the mood for Halloween
with a classic horror flick
Who’s ready for Halloween? You have your costume
picked out, you’ve mapped out your trick-or-treat route
down to the very last push of the doorbell, and you’ve
already made plans for all the candy you’ll receive. Now
it’s time to set the mood for the day... and there’s nothing like a classic horror movie to chill your blood and
get you in the mood for Halloween.
We’re talking about “classic” movies here, so before
you grab the nearest remote and start poking the buttons searching Netflix or OnDemand categories for
scary movies, it might be a good idea to do a quick
web search for “classic horror movie listing” and see
some of the film titles recommended by movie experts
and film enthusiasts. And please keep the ratings in
mind as you’re scrolling through the titles – mom
and dad won’t appreciate the fact that you’re watching an R- or NR-rated film even if you’re trying to
create some Halloween atmosphere at home.
O.K., so now that we have the gound rules set, it’s
time to start digging. Most of the horror movie
listings you’ll find will be broken down by decade,
which is a great idea... until you want to actually watch a movie from, say, the 1910s. Sure,
they’re out there, but they’re tough to find. It’s
probably best to stick to well-known titles – like
“Frankenstein,” “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” or
“the Phantom of the Opera” – or famous actors
– Lon Chaney, Vincent Price or Bela Lugosi,
for example. Many of these famous films will be
available for rental, and it’s certain that all will
give you the true feel of a horror classic.
Since Halloween is just around the corner,
it might be just as easy to stay up late some
Friday or Saturday night and tune into a
classic or retro-movie channel (something like
“American Movie Classics” or “Turner Movie Classics”)
for some real classic horror, along with some expert commentary. Since it’s television, you may have to put up with
a few commercial breaks, but who cares? You’ll need to
refill that popcorn bowl sometime!
Hoping to set the mood for Halloween this year?
You can’t miss with a classic horror movie, such
as “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,” “Frankenstein,” or
the original film version of “Phantom of the Opera.”
September/October
page 5
Indian
Summer
F
or those of us who live in areas that reflect
all four seasons of the year, sometimes it’s
hard to imagine anything more beautiful
than an autumn day: a cool, crisp morning
followed by a breezy – but comfortable – afternoon, and ending with a night perfect for
sleeping. Days like that are like something
out of a dream. Just weeks into the fall
season, however, the weather really makes
a remarkable change. Those cool mornings
turn downright chilly, the fair autumn breezes
gather strength, and the nights become longer and colder as the days drift along into late
October and on into November.
And then, every once in while, the winds calm
considerably, the skies turn bright blue again,
and the bright sunshine blazes in unparalleled
glory. It’s almost as if some magical force
has turned the calendar back to August, and
we all enjoy a summer-like stretch of days.
It’s no wonder, then, that these periods of
warmer weather sandwiched between the
colder weeks of autumn are referred to as
Indian summer.
From a meteorological standpoint, autumn is
a transitional season that bridges the turbulent, stormy period of late summer and the
severe weather of winter that is yet to arrive.
Nowadays, thanks to advances in meteorological science and a better understanding of
typical weather patterns, Indian summer is
def ined as a stretch of “unseasonably warm,
dry and calm weather ushered in on a south
or southwesterly breeze, usually following a
period of colder weather or frost in the late
autumn.” Most sources agree that during a
true Indian summer, temperatures must be
above 70 degrees Fahrenheit for a period of at
least seven days after the autumnal equinox,
which occurs between September 21 and
24, depending on the year. Basically, we can
recognize Indian summer by above-average
temperatures and dry, hazy conditions in late
October, and even as late as mid-November.
de Crèvecoeur: the American identity
“What then is the American, this new man?...He is an American, who,
leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new
ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he
obeys, and the new rank he holds. ...Here individuals of all races are melted
into a new race of man, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great
changes in the world. Americans are the western pilgrims.”
(J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur from “Letter III,” 1782)
When J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur wrote his collection of Letters
from an American Farmer in the late 1700s, little did he know that he was
beginning to establish the American identity. Through a fictional narrator
named James, de Crèvecoeur described his life in the New World and the
successes of the American people to British and French audiences. His
book was wildly popular throughout Europe and helped make de Crèvecoeur a celebrated literary figure of the late 18th century.
page 6
The Voice of Youth
The term “Indian summer” was first recorded in 1778
by a French-American soldier and farmer named J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur. In his collection of writings,
most of which were eventually assembled into a book
titled “Letters from an American Farmer,” de Crèvecoeur penned his observations of the weather he was
experiencing as follows: “...then a severe frost succeeds
which prepares it to receive a voluminous coat of snow
which is soon to follow, though it is often preceded by
a short period of smoke and mildness called the Indian
Summer.” We now recognize de Crèvecoeur’s description
as the tell-tale signs of an Indian summer – his “smoke”
refers to the haze, and his “mildness,” well, that pretty
much speaks for itself.
Since de Crèvecoeur used the phrase “called the Indian
Summer” in his writings, it’s pretty obvious that he didn’t
coin the term Indian summer. Sadly, over the course of
the centuries it appears as though the first mention of
Indian summer has long been forgotten, if it was ever
noted at all. A number of theories have been suggested
for the name, but none has ever been explained sufficiently
to deserve that honor. And while de Crèvecoeur can take
credit for being the first to document an Indian summer
in the Americas, he certainly wasn’t the first to identify
the unseasonably warm late-autumn weather.
By the end of the 18th century, just several years after de
Crèvecoeur identified the pattern of an Indian summer in
North American, the Farmer’s Almanac began publishing
the once-famous saying, “If All Saints brings out winter,
Saint Martin’s brings out Indian summer.” In this saying,
All Saints Day (November 1) represents the coming of
winter, and an Indian summer could occur any time after
Saint Martin’s Day (November 11). The references to
All Saints Day and Saint Martin’s Day stretch across the
Atlantic Ocean to Europe, where both religious holidays
were celebrated annually. This very same unseasonably
warm autumn weather that de Crèvecoeur described as
“Indian Summer” had been observed centuries before
all across Europe – the Germans called it “Goldener
Oktober;” the Swedes, “Brittsommar;” the Russians (and
some Slavic nations) knew it as “Old Ladies Summer;”
and in England, France, Italy, Portugal and Spain it was
referred to as “Saint Martin’s Summer.”
When P U S H
comes to F A L L
How trees lose
their leaves in
the autumn
There probably isn’t a more appropriate name for a
season than fall. The reason is pretty obvious. Just
take a look around sometime in October and November when the leaves have fallen from the trees
– they’re everywhere! Oak, maple, elm, birch... you
name the tree, and it’s a good bet you’ll find its leaves
covering the ground and carried on the breeze.
Sure, it’s easy to scoop up hundreds, even thousands, of colorful leaves in the fall, but did you ever
wonder why and how all those leaves fell to begin
with? The answer is probably a little different than
you might imagine.
First off, leaves don’t simply “fall” from their host
trees or get blown off by the wind; it would be more
precise to say that a tree “pushes” its leaves away
from its branches. When the weather cools at the
beginning of autumn, leaf-dropping trees send a
chemical message to each leaf to let it know that fall
has arrived and it’s time for them to go. The trees
then grow a thin layer of abscission cells, and just
like a pair of scissors, these cells make a cut where
the leaf stems meet each tree branch.
Once the abscission cells are in place, a thin, bumpy
layer of cells forms on each leaf stem to help “heal”
the cut caused by the abscission cells. These new
cells literally push the leaf away from the branch at
the stem. From then on, it’s just a matter of time before the leaf will drop to the ground, sometimes – but
not always – with the aid of the slightest breeze.
So here’s one other reason to enjoy the season of autumn:
you can always hope to catch one last gasp of summer
weather during Indian summer. But don’t put away those
jackets and sweaters just yet; sometimes an Indian summer
is as magical as it seems – it may come once or twice in
the same year, and then again it may not come at all. In
other words, now you see it... now you don’t.
September/October
page 7
?
d
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d
n
o
W
r
e
v
E
The next time you
hear “Happy Birthday”
in a film, be sure to
watch for the names of
Mildred and Patty Hill
in the closing credits.
WHO
wrote “Happy Birthday”?
Guinness World Records tells us that “Happy Birthday” is the
most recognized song in the English langauge. But for a song
that’s so well known, its exact origin is a little unclear. What we
do know for sure, though, is that the song’s melody was written
by sisters Patty and Mildred Hill. The original song, titled “Good
Morning to You,” was written as a simple song for students
to learn and sing as a greeting at the beginning of each school
day. No one is quite sure who thought of the birthday lyrics
or when those words were set to the tune of the Hills’ song,
but the “Happy Birthday” song first appeared in print in a 1924
children’s song book as the second verse of “Good Morning to
You.” Eventually, the second verse became more popular than
the first through its association with birthday celebrations, a
tradition that continues today.
WHAT
are the most popular
names in the U.S.?
We are all unique in our own ways, but there are
some things we just can’t avoid having in common.
You may know one or two (or more!) people who
share your name. Maybe it’s just a coincidence, or
maybe your name is more common than you think.
According to data compiled from the Social Security
Administration, the most popular names in the U.S.
in 2010 were Jacob for males and Isabella for females.
Jacob has held the number one spot on the U.S. list
since 1991, and Isabella is also popular in Australia,
New Zealand and Denmark. Other names topping
the lists include: Ethan,
Michael, Jayden, William,
Alexander, Noah, Daniel,
Aiden and Anthony; and
Sophia, Emma, Olivia, Eva,
Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines foliage as “a cluster of leaves,
Emily, Abigail, Madison,
flowers and braches.” From its definition, you can understand why this
Chloe and Mia.
word is most commonly used to describe scenes of fall, the season
WHERE
is the best view of fall foliage?
characterized by its natural beauty. Each autumn season, spectators
from all over travel to New England, an area of the United States most
famously known for its exceptional fall foliage. The states of Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont attract
billions of dollars each season thanks to the many tourists who plan
perfectly-timed trips to take in the sights. New England has turned
its natural assets into an industry, but you don’t always need to travel
to enjoy a picturesque autumn landscape. This fall, take note of the
foliage in your own back yard... you just might be surprised!
page 8
The Voice of Youth
In 2010 the most
popular names in
Slovenia were Luka
and Jan for males,
and Nika and Eva
for females.
WHEN
is Make a Difference Day?
Annually on the fourth Saturday in October, participants
from across the country roll up their sleeves and lend
a hand in honor of Make a Difference Day. Millions of
people participate each year in this national day of helping
fo
others. Young and old alike tackle projects that help out
oo
or
their friends, neighbors, communities and even complete
e!
strangers. From food and clothing drives to community
clean-ups, no project is too small. The SNPJ is a supporter
of Make a Difference Day and
encourages all of its members to
take part. Does your Lodge have
a project planned?
Why not get something started today!
Record your experience in words and
photos – we’d love to
Beginning in the 1700s, a forecaddy was a person
know how you made
hired by golfers to walk ahead of play and keep
a difference!
track of where the golfer’s shot landed. Before
the golfer teed off, he would shout “forecaddy!”
to alert his assistant that the ball was headed his
way. Forecaddies are still used today, but usuYouth Circle 104 members held a garage
ally only during professional golf tournaments,
sale to raise money for a local charity as
their 2010 Make a Difference Day project.
where they are more commonly referred to as
spotters. Usage of the forecaddy warning has
also changed. The term was eventually shortened
to fore – which in golf lingo translates to “heads
up!” or “watch out!” – and is only yelled if a ball
is traveling a path that could put an unsuspecting
player in danger.
WHY
do golfers yell “fore”?
HOW
true is the saying “An
elephant never forgets”?
At roughly 11 pounds, an elephant’s brain is the largest of any land animal. Of course, brain size doesn’t necessarily equal brain function, but
elephants have proven to be among the most intelligent in the animal
kingdom. Researchers have done extensive studies of elephant behavior
and have concluded that elephants really do have a powerful
memory. Through observation, scientists have learned
that an elephant clan will follow the same path during
their migrations; they are able to recognize humans and
other elephants even after years of separation; and they can
identify dangers or threats from their prior experiences.
So while the saying “An elephant never forgets” may be a
tad far-fetched, these gray giants certainly have a memory
as long as their trunks!
Elephants
have a
sharp ear
and a keen
sense of
smell, traits
that help
compensate
for their
poor vision.
September/October
page 9
all about
Slovenia
Reformation Day: a Slovenian
national holiday, on Halloween
Can you imagine a national holiday for Halloween? Since
you wouldn’t have to go to school, you’d have all day to
prepare for trick-or-treat. Wouldn’t that be nice? Believe
it or not, the date of October 31 is a national holiday in
Slovenia, but unlike our traditional Halloween festivities,
Slovenians are celebrating a much more meaningful holiday
while we’re out begging door-to-door for candy.
Since 1992, Slovenia has recognized Reformation Day (dan
reformacije, in Slovenian) as a national holiday each October
31. Although you’re probably not familiar with this holiday,
Reformation Day marks the beginnings of religious reform
across Europe. And for Slovenians, Reformation Day is also
celebrated in honor of the development of the Slovenian
language, nation and culture.
One of the key reforms the leaders of the 16th century
Reformation introduced allowed people to worship in their
native language. A Protestant priest in Slovenia, Primož
Trubar, took advantage of these sweeping reforms and
introduced a common language across Slovenian territory
by publishing two books in the new Slovenian language:
“Abecedarium,” a spelling book, and “Catechismus,” a prayer
book. Trubar’s work, and the Reformation movement in
general, helped Slovenia’s nation-building efforts centuries
later, and to this day Slovenia recognizes the Reformation
by celebrating a national holiday.
Slovenian Language
Let’s learn some Slovenian phrases. In order to learn any
language we must first learn to pronounce the letters. At
the bottom of this section, the letters and examples of how
they are to be pronounced are listed. In the first column
is the letter, the second column the pronunciation and the
third column an example of the sound in English. After
each phrase listed, a phonetic pronunciation is given as
a guide for you.
a
b
c
č
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
a
ba
tsa
cha da
a
fa
ga
ha
e
ya
ka
above
ball
cats
chart
dog
bay
five
good
happy
east
yo-yo
cake
l
m
n
o
p
r
s
š
t
u
v
z
ž
la
ma
na
o
pa
ra
sa
sha
ta
oo
wa
za
zha
love
my
no
old
paper
red
son
shoe
tar
flute
water
zoo
treasure
Cooler days ahead...
We don’t have homework on the first day of school.
Na prvi dan šole nimamo nič domače naloge.
na per•vee dan show•le nee•ma•mow neech
doe•ma•che na•low•ge
I need a new jacket to wear in the mornings.
Jaz rabim nov jopič za zjutraj.
yaz ra•beem no yo•peech za zyoo•try
The leaves turn very colorful in October
V oktobru se listje spremeni v lepe barve.
va ok•tow•brew say leest•ye spray•may•nee oo
lay•pe bar•ve
Primož Trubar
is forever immortalized
on the face of Slovenia’s
one-Euro coin.
page 10 The Voice of Youth
Fall is my favorite season of the year.
Jesen je moj najljubši letni čas v letu.
ye•sen ye moy nigh•lube•shee late•nee chas oo
lay•too
This spider dropped in and tried to cause a scare,
but didn’t realize that his web had been destroyed.
Grab your pencil and create a safe landing spot for
our eight-legged friend. Add a little color and some
design, and you just might win this issue’s coloring
contest. Send your entries to The Voice of Youth,
247 West Allegheny Road, Imperial, PA 15126. All
entries must be received by October 10.
Colo
Corn
er
ring
Name___________________________e-mail___________________________Lodge______Age____
September/October
page 11
graffiti
voice
Frank Snyder
Borough of SNPJ, Pa.
Lodge 776
Age 9
Kennedy Jones
Warren, Ohio, Lodge 321
Age 5
Dimitri Napoleon
Ambridge, Pa.
Lodge 33
Age 11
Emma Snyder
Borough of SNPJ, Pa., Lodge 776
Age 13
Truman Snyder
Borough of SNPJ, Pa., Lodge 776
Age 11
Brooklynn Jones
Borough of SNPJ, Pa., Lodge 776
Age 8
page 12 The Voice of Youth
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Use the list below as a shopping guide for back to school supplies
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PENCIL
PLANNER
RULER
SCISSORS
STAPLER
TAPE
THESAURUS
September/October
page 13
A sure
sign of
AUTUMN
The leaves are falling all
around, and that can only
mean one thing... autumn is
well on its way! We’ve found an
almost perfect leaf to display
for the fall season, now you just
have to find your way through
the maze before the winter
winds carry our leaf away!
start
1
voice of youth
CROSSWORD
puzzle
2
3
4
7
9
8
11
10
12
Autumn’s in the Air
5
6
finish
11
ACROSS
1. Small, round, green
vegetable in a pod
3. Type of soda pop,
____ beer
4. Opposite of off
6. Friday, Saturday
and Sunday
9. “Trick or _____!”
12. Opposite of yes
13. It shines brightly in
the autumn night sky
13
See page 15 for
the crossword solution
page 14 The Voice of Youth
DOWN
1. Tool used to prepare
soil for planting
2. To list by number,
or Dracula’s title
3. Tool to collect leaves
5. You’ll catch more
fish with one of these
7. Earned run average,
or a period of time
8. North, south, ____,
west
10. Opposite of out
11. This ___ that
answers
Page 13 — Back to School
Looking
for your
submission?
Page 14 — A Sure Sign of Autumn
Chances are you missed our deadline!
Submission deadlines are published
in each Voice of Youth issue. If you’re
worried about mail delivery, why not
try a fax to (724) 695-1555 or an
e-mail to prosveta@snpj.com?
The deadline for the
November/December issue is October 10!
Page 14 — Voice Crossword
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Autumn’s
in the Air
Thanksgiving • Christmas • The Holiday Season
Do you have Voice material?
Address all Voice of Youth
submissions to:
The Voice of Youth
247 West Allegheny Road
Imperial, PA 15126
September/October
page 15
PERIODICAL MATERIAL
We want
YOU!
to contribute to The Voice of Youth
Do you like to write? Draw?
Win contests? Then why not
submit your material to The Voice
of Youth? We would love to hear
from you. Send your submissions
to The Voice of Youth, 247 West
Allegheny Road, Imperial, PA
15126. See page 2 for submission
details, and send in your
material today!
page 16 The Voice of Youth