What is The Web

Transcription

What is The Web

Internet and Web
P.K.Agarwal, DGM, NRLDC/
POSOCO
What Was the
Victorian Internet
•  The Telegraph
•  Invented in the 1840s.
•  Signals sent over wires that were
established over vast distances
•  Used extensively by the U.S.
Government during the American
Civil War, 1861 - 1865
•  Morse Code was dots and dashes,
or short signals and long signals
•  The electronic signal standard of
+/- 15 v. is still used in network
interface cards today.
What Is the Internet?
•  A network of networks, joining many government,
university and private computers together and
providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail,
bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents,
databases and other computational resources
•  The vast collection of computer networks which
form and act as a single huge network for transport
of data and messages across distances which can be
anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the
world.
Written by William F. Slater, III
1996
President of the Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society
What is the Internet?
•  The largest network of networks in the
world.
•  Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching .
•  Runs on any communications substrate.
From Dr. Vinton Cerf,
Co-Creator of TCP/IP
Brief History of the Internet
•  1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
contracts with BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman) to create
ARPAnet
•  1970 - First five nodes:
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
UCLA
Stanford
UC Santa Barbara
U of Utah, and
BBN
•  1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf
•  1984 – On January 1, the Internet with its 1000 hosts
converts en masse to using TCP/IP for its messaging
*** Internet History ***
What is The Internet?
•  The Internet is a massive network of
networks, a networking infrastructure.
•  It connects millions of computers together
globally.
•  Forms a network in which any computer can
communicate with any other computer as
long as they are both connected to the
Internet.
•  Information that travels over the Internet
does so via a variety of languages known as
protocols.
What is The Web (World Wide Web)?
•  The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of
accessing information over the medium of the Internet.
•  It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of
the Internet.
•  Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to
communicate in order to exchange business logic, use
the the Web to share information.
•  The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer
or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages
that are linked to each other via hyperlinks.
•  Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and
video.
What is a Web Application?
•  A application is a computer program designed for a
specific task or use.
•  A web application is a task centric website while
simple web is a content centric web.
•  The fundamental purpose of all web applications is
to facilitate the completion of one or more tasks.
•  A web applications provides users with various
milestones informing them when tasks are
complete.
•  When is a website a web application?
–  One-to-one relationship
–  Ability to permanently change data
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What is the Web?
Dr. Sabin‐Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
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World Wide Web
Internet service
Web ≠ Internet
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World Wide Web
facilitates communication between people
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World Wide Web
…and computers, too
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World Wide Web
based on client/server model
Web client (browser)
request
Web
server
response
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World Wide Web
based on hypertext
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Genesis
about Web 1.0 and other relics
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Web 1.0
Sir Tim Berners‐Lee
CERN – 1989
uniform access to disparate sources of information, without differences between data sources
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Web 1.0
anything can link to anything
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Web 1.0
Main goals
device independence
software independence
scalability
multimedia
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Web 1.0
resource identified by its address
URI – Uniform Resource Identifier
http://twitter.com/busaco
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Web 1.0
access to the content resource via a protocol
HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol
GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS,…
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Web 1.0
Resources – documents – include markups
Web pages
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
<html><head>…</head><body>…</body></html>
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Web 1.0
Markups refer to other addresses (URIs)
hypertext = more than text
hypermedia = more than multimedia
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Web 1.0
Web sites versus Web applications
unitary information versus specific functionality
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Web 1.0
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Web 1.0
Web application
interaction between users and application
via an Web interface
Amazon, Expedia, Kartoo, PHPMyAdmin, webmin,…
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Web 1.0
Web application = Interface + Content (Data) + Program
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myth #1: most important is the interface
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myth #2: most important is the content
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myth #3: most important is the program
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Web 1.0
Web application = Interface + Content (Data) + Program
in fact, all are important!
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Next step: Web 2.0
user involvement
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(Sad) facts about Web 1.0…
the user as a passive spectator (consumer)
read‐only Web
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limited user interaction
via e‐mail, guestbooks, forums,…
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keyword‐based (dumb) search
Web directories
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the lack of standardsbrowsers war
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So, what we must imagine?
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“The web is more a social creation than a technical one. The ultimate goal of the Web is to support and improve our web‐like existence in the world. We clump into families, associations, and
companies. We develop trust across miles and distrust around a corner.”
Tim Berners‐Lee
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Present Web: Web 2.0
A platform that give users the possibility (liberty)
to control their data
Tim O’Reilly, 2005
focused on social topics
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“…openness of data and services, rich user experience and low cost of delivery.” Jeff Clavier
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Social Web
New types of Web applications – examples:
blogs
wikis
social networks
podcasts & vodcasts
mash‐ups
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Social Web
SAAS (Software as a Service)
services, not software “mammoths”
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Social Web
SAAS (Software as a Service)
specific Web services, easy to be updated/replaced
Office suiteGoogle Docs
open APIs to give access to public services available on Web
e.g., Facebook, Flickr, Google, Twitter,…
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Social Web
Participation
read/write Web
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Social Web
Participation
collaboration
communities
inter‐personal connectivity
connectivity between applications
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Social Web
Data openness
data transformation/reuse
via open formats, easy to be processed
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
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Social Web
Web application ubiquity
platform independence
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Social Web
Web application ubiquity
bookmarks saved on the client side (for every browser) versus bookmarks available on Web,
easy to be accessed and shared with others
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Social Web
Collective intelligence
collaborative management of the content
“With enough eye balls, all bugs are shallow”
Eric Raymond
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Social Web
Important values
openness, transparency, respect
Creative Commons initiative
reasonable, flexible copyright
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Social Web
Architectures of participation
blogging blogosphere
from personal diary to corporate advertising/branding
Blogger, Wordpress, MovableType
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Social Web
microblogging
short notes written via Web, mobile phone
or conventional applications
Twitter, Jaiku
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Social Web
See you later!
Twitter?
It’s down…
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Social Web
social networks
(in)direct connections between persons versus
sharing of a social object: photo, video, news,…
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Social Web
Last.fm
Flickr
Hi5
BookMooch
Orkut
???
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Social Web
Tagging
ah‐hoc user‐controlled classification of resources,
shared within a community of interest
tag = simple data or metadata (data about data)
attached to an object – a Web resource
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Social Web
Object of interest (photo, video, book,…)
tagging
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Web‐ul social
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Web‐ul social
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Social Web
Web bookmarking
Connotea, Del.icio.us
Documents
Google Docs, Scribd
Mindmapping & diagrams
Bubbl.us , Gliffy
Video Blip.TV, JumpCut , Vimeo
Presentations
SlideLive, Slideshare
Eveniments
Eventful, Upcoming
Project management
Basecamp
Travel/tourism
Dopplr, TouristR
And many others…
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Social Web
“In Web we trust” (?!)
wiki applications
(open) collaborative content managementwikinomics
Wikipedia.org
MediaWiki, MoinMoin, XWiki, etc.
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Social Web
Syndication
data regarding a given Web site is free available
to be accessed/processed via a news feed
RSS (Really Simple Syndication)/Atom
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Social Web
Syndication
podcasting = pod (iPod) + broadcast
audio/video stream to be played by a multimedia player
(e.g., iTunes) – accessed via a podcast feed
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Social Web
Rich user interaction
RIA (Rich Internet Applications)
Web interactivity similar to the conventional interactivity
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Social Web
open technologies
AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML)
Flex/AIR
Silverlight
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Social Web
widgets = specific mini‐applications available at the level of:
desktop
Web client
mobile device
Google Desktop, iPhone, KDE, Mac OS X, Vista,…
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Why Web 3.0?
Sabin Buraga
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Social Web
Mash‐ups
new user experience/functionality by combining content provided by multiple (independent) data sources:
RSS/Atom feeds, Web services, open APIs,…
ProgrammableWeb.com
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Realities
Same old keyword‐based search
Identity abusethe need for social verification
Web applications are still rigid: each site has got its data and it is not sharing it
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Realities
computers can not understand anything
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Realities
Beyond the present Web
towards the Web of data
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Necessity
attaching metadata to Web resources
vocabularies describing “things”:
properties, domains, persons,…
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Necessity
specifying relations between resources
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Necessity
managing knowledge about things
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Necessity
The implicit knowledge must be explicitly specified
“java” ≡ language, island, or coffee?
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Necessity
The implicit knowledge must be explicitly specified
Java is a programming language
XWiki is an application written in Java
Java is older than C#
Statements that can be figured out by (some) people…
But the computers can understand them?
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Solution
RDF (Resource Description Framework)
attach metadata and specify relations between resources
can use multiple syntaxes, including XML
important brick of the semantic Web
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English
Title: In the flesh – live
Artist: Roger Waters
Year: 2002
Format: DVD
Sound: 5.1 Dolby Digital
Type: concert
Duration: 170 minutes
Subtitles: N/A
Details: www.roger‐waters.com
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RDF – example
The format of the resource denoted by
http://www.roger‐waters.com/in‐the‐flesh is DVD
<rdf:RDF>
<rdf:Description
rdf:about="http://www.roger-waters.com/in-the-flesh">
<s:Format>DVD</s:Format>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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RDF – example
Syntactic alternatives:
format ("http://www.roger‐waters.com/in‐the‐flesh", "DVD")
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RDF – example
isA ("#java", "#language")
basedOn ("http://www.xwiki.org/", "#java")
talksAt ("http://www.purl.org/net/busaco", "http://iashington.org/")
http://internetalchemy.org/2005/09/the‐sixteen‐faces‐of‐eve Dr. Sabin‐Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
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class of persons
owns
Alice
www.flickr.com/john
knows
relation
hasName
property
hasTag
pig
photo
John
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RDF
relations between resources
FOAF (Friend Of A Friend)
DOAP (Description Of A Project)
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RDF
metadata embedded into resources
Adobe XMP (Extensible Metadata Platform)
RDFa
microformats
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Microformats
Using common HTML markups to denote “semantic” constructsspecifying metadata within Web pages
HTML elements (<div>, <span>) to indicate data and structure
CSS “classes” to describe specific data
www.microformats.org
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Microformats
Specifying information about a person via hCard
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Microformats
Data can be easily processed without additional effort and/or by using an alternative format provided by the application
Examples:
Flickr, Last.fm, Revyu, Upcoming, WordPress, Yahoo! Tech,…
Experiment:
create mash‐ups via Operator extension for Firefox
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Web of Data – Web 3.0
existing data can be interconnected for further uses
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Knowledge about resources can be shared
within a given community of practice
structuring information conform to different points of view
AAA – Anyone can say Anything about Any topic
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Ontologies
expressed by standardized languages
OWL (Web Ontology Language)
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Class (participant intersectionOf (student young person))
Class (participant
intersectionOf (
restriction (hasPet allValuesFrom (penguin))
restriction (hasPet someValuesFrom (animal))))
Every participant must have at least one penguin – because her/his has a pet and all pets must be penguins
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ObjectProperty (hasPet domain (person) range (animal))
Individual (Alice type (young) type (student)
value (hasPet Tux))
Alice must be a person – owners of pets are persons –
and she is a participant Tux must be a penguin (all pets of participants are penguins)
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Using these statements, Web applications can reason
the need of specifying rules
if P is a participant, then P is paying attention
some participants are intelligent
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Applications
“Intelligent” query of Wikipedia: DBpedia, Powerset
Semantic Web search engines: Hakia, Yahoo! SearchMonkey
Semantic social networks: GroupMe!, Twine
Semantic Web browsing: Magpie, PowerMagpie
Assuring portability: DataPortability initiative
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Semantic mash‐ups via data repositories: Linked Data
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Sweet Tools – Comprehensive Listing of Semantic Web and Related Tools
www.mkbergman.com/?page_id=325
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Why Web 3.0?
from the classical Web to social Web
and the Web of data – “Web 3.0”
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What is The Web

Transcription

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