April–May 1993

Security Affairs
Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
April-May 1993
State Dept. Seeks to Prop Up Palestinian Team
Admin. Claims Success in Boycott Easing and Commits to Aid for 1994
"It is essential that the parties [to the peace
process] make tangible progress in these ongoing
negotiations," declared Assistant Secretary of
State Edward Djerejian before the HouseForeign
Affairs Committee's Europe and Middle East
Subcommittee, April 28. The secretary, the
administration's top Middle East affairs officer,
announced increased U.S. involvement in the
peace process sothatquick resultscan be achieved.
Quick results, he said, will strengthen the hand of
those Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza supportive of peace with Israel. Those groups are engaged in a power struggle with others, such as
Hamas, opposed to peace with Israel. Other subjects discussed in the wide-ranging testimony
included U.S. aid to the region, and the Arab
eague boycott of Israel.
Bemoaning the lack of progress in recent
months of the Mideast peace process, Djerejian
Two U.S. Navy F/A-18 attack planes are readied for catapult launch from the deck of the US.S.
Constellation.Similar planes are ready to confront Iranianaggression from the decks of the U.S.S.
Nimitz, on patrol in the Persian Gulf since late March, while the U.S. conducts exercises with
Kuwait. At the same time, exercises are being held by Iranian naval forces. See story below.
said that "much time ... has been lost ... there's
been a hiatus in the peace talks and... hiatuses can
be very dangerous. They're a formula for instability and violence and going backwards." Since
"the parties have now had sufficient time from the
beginning of the Madrid peace process to overcome all of their procedural problems ... the
more active role as an intermediary, as a facilitator, as an honest broker, as a catalyst, to help the
parties narrow the substantive differences in each
negotiating track."
Pressed for an explanation of the
administration's new role, Djerejian said, "we
President and the Secretary [Christopherl have
will be very active with both sides ... and, when
determined that the United States ... must play a
the time is appropriate... we would be prepared to
entertain our ideas on what proposals could
bridge the gaps between the parties. So this is a
very active role that we have been directed by the
President and the Secretary of State to play in
pursuit of the peace talks." The secretary then
qualified his remarks, which seemed to make the
(continued on page 5)
Exercises Bring U.S. and Iranian Forces Close
North Korean Missile Deal Nears Pay-Off
The armed forces of Kuwait and the United
States participated in a month-long joint exercise
in the Persian Gulf which began April 15. The
display of force, partially aimed at deterring Iran,
will coincide with Iranian military maneuvers in
the Gulf.
Col. Mohammed al Sirri, spokesman for the
Kuwaiti army, announced on April 9 that the joint
exercise, dubbed "Intrinsic Action 93-2" is taking place under the guidelines of the 10-year
defense pact signed by the two countries after the
Gulf War in 1991. 1,500 in lfantrymen from each
country are participating, al Sirri said, according
) the Reurer news service. A Pentagon spokes.ian would only tell Security Affairs that the
maneuvers are taking place in the "central Persian Gulf."
On April 13, the Iranian News Agency reported that military commanders announced that
Iranian military forces will participate in a 10 day
maneuver in the central Persian Gulf called "Vietory-4" beginning April 25.
The two simultaneousmaneuvers
could indicate a ratchetingup of
tensions in the Gulf as the region's
Arab states, and their allies, try to
show resolve in theface of Iran's
large-scaleacquisitionof naval
weaponry and concomitant
belligerency in the Gulf.
The two simultaneous maneuvers could indicate a ratcheting up of tensions in the Gulf as the
region's Arab states, and their allies, try to show
resolve in the face of Iran's large-scale acquisition of naval weaponry and concomitant belligerency in the Gulf.
A March 22 Reuter dispatch said western
navies are sending more submarines to the Gulf,
in apparent response to Iran's deployment of its
new Kilo-class diesel-electric subs purchased
from Russia last year. Two U.S. and one British
submarines were expectedto arrive in the areaby
the end of March. A Reuter naval source out of
Manama, Bahrain, alsoclaimed that U.S., British
and French forces will hold anti-submarine exercises this year with several Gulf Arab states.
"Victory-4" will involve Iranian navy, air
force and armnny units and include electronic warfare teams, submarines, and missile exercises,
said Navy Commander R. Adm. Ali Shamkhani,
(continued on page 7)
JINSA: 1717 K St., N.W., Suite 300, Washington, D.C. 20006. (202) 833-0020
April-May 1993
SECURITY AFFAIRS
Page 2
EDITORIALS
Nothing Learned
Nothing Learned, Part II
After the Holocaust it was assumed that it would be more
difficultin the future, certainly at leastforEuropeans, to tolerate
wholesale death and destruction in their midst. It is shamefully
clear that this assumption was false, as European publics and
governments appear quite willing to tolerate gruesome atrocities in Bosnia..
Twice in this century, Europe needed America to rescue it
from horrific wars of its own making. Europe needed us further
to organize, manage and pay for the 40-plus years of post-war
peace and prosperity it has enjoyed. Britain, in this century,
partitioned Ireland, Palestine, and India and, in the process,
helped create three of the world's most bloody and intractable
problems. (Now, Britain's LordOwen seeks topartition Bosnia.)
The French and German governments sold - and still sell
-the technology andmachinery neededtodevelop and del iver
weapons of mass destruction to maniacal Third World dictators. In the most recent failure of European resolve, Germany
was permitted to push others into premature recognition of the
fragments of Yugoslavia as independent states when Serbian
military domination would be assured, paving the way for the
present disaster. And this the Germans did knowing full well
their constitution ensured that their troops could not be called
upon to clean up the mess.
By political and military standards, Bosnia may not be our
affair. But American calculus has a moral component as well,
which obliges us to assert leadership in rescuing Europe from
its latest human disaster. The administration must pursue the
options of continued and strengthened sanctions, air strikes,
creation of safe havens, lifting the arms embargo against
Bosnia, or any combination of these, even in the face of
European opposition or recalcitrance.
The juxtaposition of the 50th anniversary of the crushing of
the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the fall of Srebrenica must
remind the bystanders of the failures, past and present. It also
reminds us that our government must lead.
It is deplorable that the Clinton Administration Justice
Department, like its predecessor, has declined to pursue an
investigation surrounding the actions of Dennis Kloske, Commerce Department Undersecretary under President Bush. In an
investigation begun during the Bush tenure, it was determined
that documents relating to shipping clearances for dual-use
products sold to Iraq were altered before they were provided to
the House Government Operations Committee.
House staffers, investigating sales of U.S. technology to
Iraq, compared the furnished Commerce Department list to
another list of items, and found discrepancies. Both Justice and
the Commerce Department inspector-generals conducted investigations and determined that, in fact, the papers had been
altered. Mr. Kloske, who now lives in Switzerland, acknowledged that much, but said he had been "told to do it." If so, by
whom, and why? The need to finish the investigation is clear.
Recent calls by JINSA to Capitol Hill revealed a disturbing
blase attitude toward the Justice Department announcement.
Sales of American technology contributed to the building of
Iraq's war machine, and Mr. Kloske apparently helped stymif
Congressional efforts to understand U.S. government complicity.
Furthermore, international anti-proliferation efforts must
still be strengthened to prevent unstable regimes from acquiring the means for producing sophisticated weapons. A full
investigation of both this affair and the system Mr. Kloske
managed (ormismanaged) is an essential to close the loopholes
and control weapons-related technology in the future.
Mr. Ambassador, Again
We shall miss the wise counsel of Bill Brown as a member
of JINSA's Board of Directors. However, we congratulate the
Clinton Administration for calling him out of retirement to
serve a second term as U.S. Ambassador to Israel.
t"
Security Affairs is published by the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs.
JINSA is committed to explaining the link between U.S. national security and Israel's security, and to strengthening both.
Officers: President -Ted Dinerstein; Honorary President - Senator Rudy Boschwitz; Co-Chairmen - Ira (Bob) Born and Nathan Golden; Vice Chairman -Morris J. Amitay; Vice
Presidents -Phillip Aronoff, Mark Broxmeyer, Jerome J. Dick, Jerry Gottesman, Sanford Hollander, Bryan Littlefield, Alvin Steinberg, Fred Zeidman; Treasurer -Ted David;
Secretary -Edward Weiss; General Counsel -David M. Schwartz; Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Committee - Herbert A. Fierst
Staff: Executive Director -Thomas Neumann; National Finance Director - Marsha Halteman; Director of Special Projects - Shoshana Bryen;
Director of Communications/Editor of Security Affairs - James Colbenrt; Director of Operations - Michal Fishman; Editorial Assistant - Alec Krimsky
Advisory Board: Amb. Max Kampelman, Chr., Douglas Feith, Vice Chr., Lt. Gen. Devol Brett (Ret.), Dr. Stephen Bryen, Richard Fox, The Hon. Frank Hoeber, The Hon. Jack
Kemp, The Hon. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, Prof. Walter Laqueur, Prof. Michael Ledeen, Dr. Abraham H. Miller, Dr. Barry Munitz, The Hon. Richard Perle, Lt. Gen. John Pustay (Ret.),
Prof. Eugene V. Rostow. Admn.Sumner Shapiro (Ret.), Prof. David Sidorsky, Dr. John Silber, Lt. Gen. Eugene Tighe (Ret.), Jacques Torczyner, General John Vogt (Ret.), Adm.
Elmo Zumwalt (Ret.)
April-May 1993
SECURITYAFFAIRS
Page 3
"Never Again!" Vows IDF Commander
Chief of Staff Barak Gives Powerful Tribute to Holocaust Victims At Auschwitz
[Ed. note: In the spiritof commemoration
and only because Jcwish blood flowed
that catastrophe alone. In fact, the Jewish
and remembrance,marked by the opening of
through their veins.
State was deprived of millions of people,
the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in
At that time the heavens and mankind
who would have played a vital role in the
Washington, D.C., and the yearly obserwere silent. Nothing helped those slaughfuture State. But the Holocaust did illumivance of Yom HaShoah,Holocaust Rememtered - not prayers, not pleas nor the cry of
nate, like a flash of lightning, the essence of
branceDay, Security Affairs offers the words
Shivat Zion - the Return to Zion - as a
Sh'ma Yisrael. There was not even one govof IsraeliChief of the GeneralStaffLt. Gen.
struggle for our survival as a peopleernment on earth that had the power and the
Ehud Barak, spoken at the Nazi exterminawill to defend and help them or give them
which was on the brink of the abyss.
tion camp at Auschwitz (Osweicim) Poland,
shelter. At the end of March 1942 they began
This understanding gave birth to the exon April 7, 1992.1
the extensive use of gas chambers for the first
plosion of energy of those frenzied years,
Soldiers and commanders of the Israel
time. We, the soldiers of the Israel Defense
when we assembled the remnants of the
Defense Forces, on
Holocaust, struggled
your behalf, we stand
for the right to immihere today at the heart
grate to our country,
and utilized the politiof the Auschwitz extermination camp, the
cal influence of the
scene of one of the
_
- - /
~~~~~entire Jewish people,
_ _eceh
which was still in
greatestcrimes inmodem times.
,,
I
have | geg shock. Above all, it
Here, and in many
Iand thatae
energizedthereadiness
otherplacesintheNazi
ba__ic
cneto
to sacrifice ofthe fightempire,one-thirdofthe
ing generation that
Jewish people was de4
which
acstood
_
at the dawn of
Israel
wathe
War of Indepenstroyed, few remained.
econinu
dence. The encounter
We, the first generation of redemption
physicalbetween our young
that _ ~generation and the surthat has learned to convivorsoftheHolocaust
front death as free
was a traumatic expepeople, have difficulty
|
in comprehending the
^
rience.Thisyounggenmagnitude and mean^
eration suddenly untwo ofwiderstood that the
ing of what happened
i
struggle was not only
here.
C
for a piece of land beUnderthegray skies
Israeli Defense
Forces honor guard, composed of soldiers whose graindparents were
tween our back and the
DefenHIsraeli
of Poland, beyond the
locaust survivors, at the Auschwitz extermination cat
(pon tsea, but for the very
gate of Auschwitz, on
the ramp of Birkenau,
existence of the entire
standing in line for selection and facing the
Forces have come to this place 50 years later
Jewish people.
walls of death, one-and-a-half million of our
-perhaps
50 years too late.
We have come a long way since then. We
Our dead brothers, we the generation of
people, powerless victims, were brought from
have gained a great deal of strength and steel,
renaissance, who were raised under the blue
all the ghettos of Europe, crushed in cattle
and that same realization guides us in the
skies of the state of Israel, we who did not
basic concept of "No Choice." This feeling,
trains, humiliated and starved, tortured and
weak.
stand in your place, know that we arc too
which accompanied us on the battlefields of
small to judge you. We are proud of your
Here world order was changed. No culIsrael, was the source of our strength, more
struggle to preserve the human image in the
ture, no law, no shame, no regret, and no
than any other weapons system.
mercy. This was no war - it was a crime in
domain of the devil, and of any demonstraThe continuation of Jewish life was rewar-time. The worst and basest of human
tions of struggle and opposition - no matter
vived, time and again, despite any other
physical power of governments or empires
instincts emerged to confound the underhow limited. We the Israel Defense Forces
salute your ashes.
that wanted to destroy us.
standing of civilized people.
My brothers, the members of the Jewish
In the midst of the twentieth century a
There are many lessons that we should
learn from the Death March of Auschwitz,
crazy government utilized the achievements
people - 47 years ago the smoke of the
chimneys evaporated. And three years later
two of which are most important: The firstof science, technology, organization and diswe have to be strong. Very strong. We have
cipline in order to erect a death industry
the State of Israel arose. There is a direct line
from the Valley of Death to the emergence of
to be strong not only individually, but rather
whose entire purpose was the extermination
the State of Israel in its historical land. The
to channel our abilities and merge them
of human beings. A mother and her child, an
State of Israel was not established only of
old man and a young girl, none was spared,
(continued on page 7)
AX
April-May 1993
SECURITYAFFAIRS
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IDF Sees Both Threats and Possibilities
Defending against future military attacks.
absorption of immigrants, and proceeding with
the Middle East peace process consume the days
and nights of the Israeli military's strategic planners. Each of the three offers Israel tremendous
opportunity but none comes without adverse
challenge and risks, according to a high-ranking
officer in the directorate of the Israel Defense
Forces' Strategic Planning Department who recently briefed visiting JINSA members. [Ed.
note:fbr security reasons the name andtitle ofthe
briefer has been omitted.1
According to Strategic Planning:
The Gulf War showed Israel's enemies that:
a. Israel's rear area is vulnerable to surface to
surface missiles (SSM).
b. Non-conventional capabilities (nuclear,
chemical and biological systems) are essential to
seriously threaten Israel.
c. Advanced Western technology is essential
to victory on the battlefield. The U.S. fought the
Gulf War with, forexample, night vision systems
andprecision-guided weapons. This was coupled
with demonstrations of Western combat doctrine. Both of these factors have been Israeli
strongpoints and Arab weaknesses in the past.
The Gulf War helped the Arab stales to change
the equation in their favor.
The Gulf War showed Israel that:
a. There arc critical gaps in intelligence regarding distant enemies such as Iraq and Iran.
b. Locating mobile SSMs is extremely difficult.
c. Israel's deterrence power may be weakening.
The growing disparity of forces between Israel and its Arab enemies coupled with Israel's
restraint in the face of Iraq's missile attacks may
have given the impression that Israel will no
longer retaliate in the face of attacks. This is not
the case, the officer said. In fact, he continued, in
the future, attacks on Israeli population centers
will be met with immediate and overwhelming
retaliatory strikes.
The Defense Agenda
The defense budget has been revised because
I
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of the change in government priorities. Funds
originally intended for defense have been reallocatedto immigration andabsorptionof the 415,000
immigrants who arrived between 1990 and 1992.
As a result, the TDF is investing more in R&D and
weapons procurement and less in readiness training, anti-terrorist activities, etc. Shifts are being
made in long-range plans through 1995. Absorption requirements will mean less reserve duty and
training for older citizen-soldiers. Additionally,
the IDF functions as a melting pot for new
immigrants and must devote increasing assets to
language, socialization and motivation training.
The Peace Process
Opportunities are presented along with risks.
a. Terrorist activities increase, aimned at forcing Israel to respond and thus disrupt the process.
b. Jordan's stability is questioned.
c. Islamic fundamentalism is destabilizing.
d. Syria's true intentions are not clear.
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Heeding Ban, Only Nine Sign Chemical Treaty
Despite an Arab League boycott, nine Arab
states signed an international treaty banning
chemical weapons. Israel, along with the United
States, Russia, China, India, South Africa, Iran
and more than 100 other states also signed the
pact. The provisions of the treaty call for the
destruction of all chemical weapons, and the
factories that produce them, within the next 10
years.
According to Ronald Lehman, director of the
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, in a
January 5 briefing, the "verification provisions of
the Chemical Weapons Convention may well be
the most intrusive in the history of arms control.
It provides an extensive challenge inspection
regime. It provides for access to any site."
The Middle East is the repository of
more chemical weapons programs
than anywhere else in the world.
The convention is the first to deny signatories
the right to refuse challenge inspections. Although the maximum time allowed between an
inspection request and the required grant of entry
into the facility is five days, "chemical weapons
production is hard to clean up," said treaty verification specialist Michael Krepon, president of
the Henry L. Stimson Center, a nonprofit institution concerned with arms control. "Modemrn chemical detection equipment would be able to detect
traces of chemical agents in reaction vessels
where they had been produced, forexample, even
after extensive cleaning," Krepon said, according to Middle East Defense News (Mcdnews),
January 11. Spurgeon Keeny, executive director
of the Washington, D.C.-based Arms Control
Association, said in the Mednews article that "the
convention wisely steps back from attempting to
ensure absolutely that no clandestine production
can occur. Instead, monitoring procedures are
established that will adequately verify that militarily significant quantities of chemical weapons
are not being produced, and that all declared
stockpiles are, in fact, accounted for and destroyed."
The convention has three schedules of action.
The first deals with the destruction of the actual
chemical agents, less one metric ton of each,
which can be utilized for pharmaceutical, medical or defensive purposes. The second insists that
chemical agents which pose a "significant risk,"
and are chemical weapon prerequisites be disposed of within three years of the treaty going
into effect. The third relates to chemicals that are
secondary and tertiary precursors of chemical
weapon agents. Facilities producing more than
20)(0 tons of these substances per year are subject
to regular inspections, and smaller facilities can
be inspected on a "challenge" basis.
Although treaty compliance will cost the
United States more than $8 billion, it was enthusiastically welcomed by the U.S. officials. Upon
learning that the Arab League planned to boycott
the signing, then-Secretary of State Lawrence S.
Eagleburger beseeched the Arab states to sign the
pact and to "seize this opportunity" toward "making the Middle East a zone free of all weapons of
mass destruction." The former head of the State
Department noted, as reported in the Washington
Post, January 14, that the Middle East is the
repository of more chemical weapons programs
than anywhere else in the world.
Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, and Tunisia
(the four members of the Maghreb Union) sponsored and signed the accord. Weeks after the
official signing, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab
Emirates, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia (all ofthe GCC
states excluding Bahrain) signed the treaty despite the Arab League ban.
"Modern chemical detection equipment would be able to detect traces of
chemical agents in reaction vessels
where they had been produced,for
example, even after extensive
cleaning," Krepon said
A very high ranking official in one of the
Maghreb embassies told Security Affairs that the
decision to sign the treaty was made by the
Maghreb Union and the Arab League was notified of their decision before the document was
signed. He would not comment further. Another
ranking Maghreb diplomat, who chose not to be
identified, told Security Affaiirs that the main
reason the Maghreb countries signed the document was because they do not have any chemical
weapons and want to demonstrate that they "are
willing to go forward in disarmament." He said
that demonstration of a positive attitude toward
disarmament was more important than allegiance
with the Arab League. He did stress that his
country, nevertheless, agrees that the Israelis
should sign the Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty.
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April-May 1993
SECURITYAFFAIRS
Page 5
Joint Training For Regional Crises
New light was shed on joint military cooperation between the U.S. and Israel recently when
the outgoing U.S. ambassador to Israel, William
Harrop, made public details of a joint training
exercise which took place in January 1993, according to an article in the March issue of Armed
Foorces Journal International. Harropdisclosed
that "typical" joint training has involved American land, naval and air forces. The classified
exercises and cooperation efforts are geared at
preparing for regional emergencies, according to
the article, "including the possibility of full-scale
war in the region."
* In May 1992, the U.S. Navy's Sixth Fleet
and the Israeli Navy, with support from the U.S.
Air Force's Europe-based F-16s, carried out major training exercises at an Israeli military base.
*In late January, 1993, U.S. Marines trained
at Israeli Defense Force training grounds, "a
commnon occurrence during the past several years,"
the article states.
The classified exercises are geared at
preparing for emergencies, "including
the possibility offull-scale war
in the region."
Understanding regarding bilateral military cooperation, in protest over Israel's extension of civil
law to the Golan Heights.
Recently, in response to the U.S. sale of 72 F15 aircraft to the Saudi Arabia, the United States
agreed to preposition Harpoon anti-ship missiles
and Patriot missile interceptor batteries in Israel.
The article states that the Clinton Administration
agreed to elevate Israel to NATO-equivalent
status for military procurement purposes. Currently, the Pentagon has a backlog of$1.7 billion
in military purchases it is due to make from Israel.
In a November 1983 Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) signed between President Reagan
and Prime Minister Shamir, U.S.-Israeli strategic
cooperation was reestablished. Two years earlier,
the United States canceled a Memorandum of
'Evenhanded' Same as 'Honest Broker' Says Secretary
(continuedfrom page 1)
case for a participatory U.S. role at the table:
"We're not going to sit injudgementof the parties
and render judgement. That is not the role."
In his opening remarks, Djerejian said that
"the Palestinians in particular are under great
pressure. They want and need to demonstrate that
negotiations work and produce results." Later on,
Djerejian said that following Israel's expulsion
of Hamas activists for a bloody murder spree by
their followers, there was "a deliberate attempt on
the part of Hamas and other extremist groups
opposed to the peace process to outbid the Palestinians engaged in negotiations to establish peace
with Israel." Rep. Lee Hamilton (D-IN), chairman of the full committee, asked the secretary to
gauge the level of support for the Palestinian
negotiators in the territories. "At the outset of the
Madrid process, they had overwhelming support.
We have seen some of that support diminish as a
result of no tangible progress at the negotiating
table, and this is one of the reasons why we think
progress now is absolutely essential," Djerejian
replied. He added that the Palestinian negotiators
still have "a bedrock of support that allows them
to come" to the talks.
Rep. PeterDeutsch (D-FL) askedDjerejian to
explain Secretary of State Christopher's recent
statement to the American Arab Anti-discrimination Committee that he is "concerned that we not
only seem evenhanded, but that we act evenhandedly." The secretary responded that Christopher
"used the word evenhanded in the context that the
U.S., in playing the role of a full partner, is going
to be an honest broker and is going to do everything it can to be the facilitator and be the catalyst
to try to achieve tangible progress in the peace
process." The secretary then remarked to the
congressman that he "wouldn't attach any other
significance to it."
Rep. Hamilton, noting the factors that led to
the Palestinians' return to the negotiating table
after boycotting the talks, specifically cited a
Saudi Arabian payoff to the PLO. Djerejian said
that "the Saudis were very helpful in urging the
Arabparties orthe Palestinians backto the tables."
Hamilton then questioned Djerejian as to whether
the payoff amounted to Saudi support for the
PLO, amajorchange in thatkingdom'spost-Gulf
War policy. Djerejian disagreed, and reiterated
that he believed the primary reason the Palestinians came back to the talks was because of their
desire for peace and because of the urgings of
most of the Arab stales.
"The commitment of the administration to maintain the current aid level
to both Israel and Egypt in fiscal year
1994 is absolutely firm." - Assistant
Secretary Edward Djerejian
On the subject of aid to Israel and Egypt,
Djerejian said "the commitment of the administration to maintain the current aid level to both
Israel and Egypt in fiscal year 1994 is absolutely
firm." The secretary quickly added that "it is
our intention that we will be maintaining ... the
basic thrust of the programs that we are supporting this fiscal year 1994 and we will - that is our
intent."
Rep. Robert Andrews (D-NJ) questioned Dennis Chandler, acting deputy administrator for
Near East Affairs of the Agency for International
Development (AID), regarding U.S. assistance to
the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The congressman
noted that the Israeli media had recently been
reporting that American money, both public and
private, disbursed in the territories has been diverted to Hamas and its sympathizers. Chandler
responded that none of the $25 million that AID
is scheduled to disburse in the territories in 1993
has been provided to it. The AID administrator
conceded that the U.S. government relies "on the
knowledge of the Iprivate group] representatives
out there as to the uses of the money ... [and itsI
recipients." He quickly noted, however, that AID
will now have a staff of its own in the territories
so "the monitoring will be, in fact, better..."
Concern over repercussions from American
citizens disbursing U.S. aid to Palestinians in the
West Bank and Gaza, as well as the local security
situation, has kept AID staffers working out of
offices in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and the U.S.,
Chandler said.
Questioned by Rep. Benjamin Gilman (RNY) on U.S. efforts to end the Arab boycott of
Israel, Djerejian said that Secretary of State Christopher had made it a point to discuss U.S. objections to the boycott "in all ofhis stops" on arecent
trip to the Middle East. According to Djerejian,
Christopher "made very clear during his trip,
especially in the [Persian] Gulf, that he found it
absolutely inexplicable that American companies are discriminated against, especially after
recent history of U.S. involvement in leading a
coalition to maintain the territorial integrity of
Kuwait and the countries in the Gulf." Rep.
Gilman asked if these efforts were having any
success. Djerejian replied that "we have certainly
sensitized the parties to the issue, and we are
having some success." Specifically, Djerejian
said the U.S. was "urging Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia to fulfill their pledges not to enforce the
boycott against U.S. firms." He said the GCC
states "have agreed to remove companies from
their domestic blacklists and not to add companies, and the Saudis have dropped at least 30
companies since the Gulf War, and other Arab
countries are increasingly responsive to our requests to allow entry to products of blacklisted
firms and to remove companies from the blacklist." He said the U.S. is "coordinating" its antiboycott efforts with its major trading partners in
Europe and Japan.
April-May 1993
NEWS BRIEFS
IDF Rations to Bosnia
Israel dispatched 5,00() IDF field rations to
Bosnia, according to Yediot Aharonot, March 4,
1993. The shipment, sent via Italy, was made up
of 1,000 cartons, each containing three basic
meals for five people. The U.S. will not drop the
Israeli rations from the air but will send them by
land in United Nations convoys.
Upgraded SS-21 For Sale
Russia is marketing an upgraded version of
its SS-21 (Scarab) battlefield ballistic missile,
according to Middle East Defense News, March
1, 1993. The missile, known in Russian as the
"Tochka-U," has a range of 120 km with a CEP
of 76 meters. It carries a conventional warhead of
480 kg. A new motor extends the range of the
missile. Currently, Syria has 18 SS-21 launchers
and Libya has an undetermined numberof launchers for the missile.
River Breakthrough
Syria and Turkey have announced that
progress has been made on a dispute over the
Euphrates River. The compromise should be
finished by the end of the year.
The Euphrates begins in Turkey and flows
south through Syria and Iraq before it empties
into the Persian Gulf. Syria relies heavily on the
river for irrigation and to generate electricity.
While Syrian officials blame frequent blackouts
in northern Syrian cities on Turkish dams upstream. Turkish representatives claim that they
are not required to share their resources with
Syria. Syrian Prime Minister Mahmud al Zubi
mentioned the status of the Euphrates in a Jan. 20
interview with the Turkish paper Milliyet. "We
believe the Euphrates is a river of friendship and
cooperation. It is an international river. It serves
Syria, Iraq and Turkey ...The same applies to the
Nile .... A problem will be created if Syria, Iraq
and Turkey move to claim the Euphrates separately. Turkey is a rich country from the point of
view of water resources," al Zubi said. AccordingtoTurkish Prime MinisterSuleyman Demirel,
however, "we do not say we should share their oil
resources. They cannot say they should share our
water resources."
The current communique builds upon a 1987
protocol, which assures the Syrians 500 cubic
meters a second of water at their border, according to the Washington Post, Jan. 22. This figure
represents half the river's volume. Although
Turkish expertsmaintain that Syriacannot handle
this amount, the Syrians have asked for an allocation of 700 cubic meters per second. Many
claim that Syria's concern lies in Turkey's plan to
irrigate 4.2 million acres in southeastern Anatolia.
As early as May, when conditions become more
ideal, the Turks hope to begin their massive
development plan. Sources claim that Turkey's
willingness to negotiate over the water stems
Page 6
SECURITYAFFAIRS
from the hesitancy of international monetary organizations to help fund their $365 million development plan.
Future Nuclear Missiles
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin announced in
the Knesset that Iran and several other Middle
East countries have been engaged in an effort to
develop a long-range missile to enable Iran to
strike Israel and even more distant countries,
according to Kol Yisrael Radio, Jan. 20. The
Prime Minister estimated that the development
process would take five to 10 years, and noted that
North Korea has put its missile technology at
Iran's disposal. Rabin asserted that the Iranians
have the qualified manpower and resources to
enable it to attain nuclear weapons within 10
years or less.
Iran Given Loan
Despite objections from the U.S., the World
Bank approved a $160 million loan to Iran, intended for an electrical plant. The Bank recently
approvedforlran a$157 million credit to improve
irrigation and a $141 million loan for health and
family planning, according to Reuter, March 31.
Congress outlawed U.S. loans to countries on
the State Department's terrorism list and Secretary of State Christopher made clear his objections to the loan: "Iran does not deserve the
support of the World Bank, and we're making that
view known to our allies and friends .... My own
impression is that there is a growing understanding that Iran is a dangerous country."
Troop Cuts
Among the Pentagon cuts in this post-Cold
War period, the U.S. has decided to cut its forces
in Europe and has advocated a quasi-NATO style
collective security arrangement in Southeast Asia,
according to the Washington Times, April 2,
1993.
At a NATO meeting in Brussels, Deputy
Defense Secretary William Perry said the U.S.
intends to reduce its troop level in Europe to
100,000 by the year 1996. "This is not because of
a reduced commitment to Europe, but because of
a reduced threat to our collective security," Perry
emphasized.
Manfred Woemer, NATO secretary general,
had earlier said that he was satisfied with the
100,000 level. "The new administration of President Clinton has no intention of going below thai
number, at least not before 1996," Woemer said,
according to the New York Times, March 30,
1993.
Duringhis Senate Foreign Relations Committee confirmation hearings, incoming Assistant
Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific
Affairs Winston Lord noted his endorsement of a
plan that would turn over East Asian security
problems to that region's states, according to the
New York Times, April 4,1993.
Confronted with the new U.S. attitude, East
Asian countries have already begun arrangements
for their security. The region faces a nuclear
North Korea, China's increasing military budget,
renewed violence in Cambodia, and an arms race
in the region, apparently due in part to the U.S.
withdrawal from the Philippines last year.
Japan has already opened sub-regional negotiations with the six nation ASEAN alliance
consisting olf Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, Brunei and the Philippines. Japanese
Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa envisions the
sub-regional cooperation as a forum to settle
disputes, and is attempting to set up regional
control of arms exports as well, according to the
Christian Science Monitor, April 7, 1993.
Algeria Lashes Out
The Algerian government has broken off relations with Iran because of Iranian interference
in the domestic affairs of Algeria, a country
plagued by Islamic fundamentalist terror, according to Algiers ENTV Television Network,
March27,1993. An Algerian governmentspokesmen spokesman said "the recourse of this decision came after repeated warnings, particularly in
January and November, which led to recalling the
ambassadors of the two countries and the reduction of the diplomatic representations. Despite
these warnings, Iran continued or rather intensified its actions against Algeria. The continuation
of such behavior, backed by unacceptable statements by high-ranking officials in the Iranian
regime, constitutes blatant violations of the most
basic rules of international relations."
The statement also addressed Algeria's decision to recall its ambassador to the Sudan. "That
country supports terrorist activities. Through these
measures, Algeria wants toexpress its resolve not
to permit any interference in its domestic affairs."
Sudanese government sources expressed "regret
and astonishment over the report," according to
the Omdurman Sudan Broadcasting Service Network, March 28, 1993.
Sudan Close To Conflict
Sudan has granted Iran the freedom to use the
Port of Sudan for a 25-year term. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak previously said such a move
would be interpreted as warlike. The alleged
secret plan, reported in the Cairo-based Rose al
Yusuf, gives the Iranians a naval and airbase in
the Red Sea. According to the plan, Iranian
submarines and Sudanese torpedo boats will be
given the liberty to attack any foreign naval unit
that enters the region.
Mubarak warned Sudan about permitting Iranian military vessels to port in Sudan (see SecurityAffairs, March 1993). He threatened on March
14 to launch an immediate military strike if such
an event occurred. "I sent them a warning against
this action because it is related directly to Egypt's
security and I will not tolerate anything which
threatens Egypt's security," Mubarak declared.
(continued on page 8)
April-May 1993
WHAT THEY ARE SAYING
Former Soviet officials announced that both
President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense
Initiative (SDI) program and the 1986 nuclear
accident at Chemrnobyl led Soviet President Mikhail
Gorbachev to change Soviet arms policy and
bring about the end the Cold War.
in the towel.'
The SDI announcement came one month after
a secret CIA assessment showed a large strategic
arms buildup in the Soviet Union. The author of
the analysis, Lawrence Gershwin, released the
report at the conference. His late 1983 memo
reported that the "Soviet leaders seek superior
capabilities to tight and win a nuclear war with
the United States and have been working to
improve the chances of prevailing in such a
The experts, speaking at Princeton
conflict ... We didn't see much prospect of any
University's Conference on the End of the Cold
War, Feb. 26 and 27, said that the SDI program,
announced in Reagan's 1983 State of the Union
Address, came at a climactic point in the U.S.Soviet arms race, according to the Washington
Post, Feb. 27. Gorbachev knew that with the
Soviet economy faltering, there was no money to
compete. Three years later, in April of 1986, the
experts continued, the nuclear accident at
Chemrnobyl drove home the devastation of nuclear
war upon the Soviet leadership, and they 'threw
arms control agreement and we rejected a vigorous increase in Soviet buildup."
Former Soviet Foreign Minister Alexander
Bessmertnykh concurred with Gershwin's assessment. "We were told [by Soviet intelligence],
even before SDI. the U.S. had suddenly changed
course away from a defensive posture and begun
an enormous buildup." Bessmertnykh described
SDT as being in the eyes of the Soviets as
"something very dangerous." He also agreed that
Chemrnobyl "had a tremendous impact. We then
Credit SDI and Chernobyl
Page 7
SECURITY AFFAIRS
realized the danger of everything nuclear ... The
accident only had the effect of what one-third of
one explosion would do and it was devastating."
"After Chemobyl, Gorbachev erased the notion that the Soviets and Americans would ever
fight; at that time Gorbachev assured the Reagan
administration that the Soviets would never attacktheUnitedStates,"claimedformerGorbachev
aide Anatoly Chemyaev.
Former Secretary of State George P. Shultz
said that he believes Reagan adopted the notion of
strategic defense at a visit to the North American
Air Defense Command (NORAD) in Colorado
Springs during his successful 1980 presidential
bid. "Reagan asked a general what would happen
if a Soviet SS-20 hit the base. The general said 'it
would blow us away.' Reagan then asked 'What
can we do about it?' The general said 'Not a
thing.' The future president concluded that was a
hell of a state of affairs."
Iranian and U.S. Forces Nearby
(continuedfrom page 1)
according to the IranianNews Agency, April 27.
He said the Iranian maneuvers, then underway,
would take place between Lavan Island and the
Nowruz oil field in the Gulf. Shamkhani claimed
that 84 U.S. vessels were present in the Gulf,
which, he said, was evidence of "global arrogance" against Iran. An April 29 report by the
Tehran Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran said
the "Victory-4" forces, numbering 36,000, defeated their hypothetical enemy and asserted
control over 14,000 square kilometers of the
Gulf. Iranian forces deployed troops by helicopter which were refueled at sea and also engaged
in firing anti-ship missiles. Iranian ships engaged
in anti-aircraft warfare drills and amphibious
operations.
The aircraft carrier U.S.S. Nimit: and a six
ship entourage arrived in the Persian Gulf on
March 21. Navy spokesmen said that the arrival
of the ships represents the ongoing regular rotation of a U.S. naval presence since the Persian
Gulf war. On March 22 the nuclear attack submarine U.S.S. Birminghamjoined the group.
Missile Purchase
According to the New York Times, April 8,
Iran is closer to concluding a deal long in the
works to purchase North Korean intermediate
range missiles. The missiles, described by the
Central Intelligence Agency as threatening the
stability of both Asia and the Middle East, could
be delivered by the end of the year.
The North Korean"No-Dong l" missile, whose
development is reportedly being financed by Iran
and Libya, has a range of 6(X) miles. Russian and
IDF At Auschwitz
(continued from page 3)
collectively through the use of the instruments of the state. Secondly, there cannot
exist a politically sovereign Jewish State
which is based only on strength. It has to be
based on our force as well as on the justice of
our cause and our political wisdom and the
inter-relationship between these two elements. Only this will ensure the existence of
our sovereign Jewish State as the center of
the Jewish people from generation to generation. The Israeli youth who face fire in the
defense of our freedom, as well as every Jew
throughout the world, should know and understand this.
Let us not delude ourselves. The crime
that was perpetrated at Auschwitz was due
not only to the madness of the Nazi gang and
its leader. Tens of thousands committed these
crimes; hundreds of thousands from many
different nations cooperated; millions of
people, dozens of governments, knew and
kept quiet.
From the gates of Auschwilz it is appropriate that a call should go out to all the
civilized peoples of the world: Teach your
young generation the meaning of this crime
and its consequences.
From here an appeal should be addressed
from one corner of the globe to the other, for
a struggle against those elements which are
denying that there was a Holocaust, and to
fight any demonstration of neo-Nazism and
U.S. intelligence agencies, according to the article, believe the No Dong I may be capable of
delivering a nuclear payload.
An article in the Italian paper CorriereDela
Sera said that a 1992 agreement signed inTehran
calls for the fundamentalist state to provide an
additional $50 million to help North Korea complete the missile's development. There is no
figure available for how much money Iran has
already invested in the project.
According to the report, North Korea was to
ship Iran the first 10 missiles by the end of April.
After this shipment, Iran is to pay an additional
$70 million to receive the technology needed for
building amissile factory in IsfahanorHasmanan
-A
in the center of the country.
anti-Semitism everywhere.
From here, on this day, we shall say to the
entire world that in this generation the Israel
Defense Forces, on behalf of the State of
Israel, stand guard, securing the fate of the
Jewish people. Fifty years after Auschwitz
we look into the future with open eyes and
self confidence.
Soldiers of Israel and their commanders,
the Israel Defense Forces are the symbol of
our promise and oath that what happened
here will not be repeated.
The preparedness and the might of the
Israel Defense Forces guarantee this commitment: "Auschwitz - never again."
April-May 1993
SECURITY AFFAIRS
Texas Tribute
:>
Page 8
Israeli Access Discussed
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IsraeliPrime Minister Rabin asked for free access to early warning and
datagatheredby
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IV^^^L^
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U.S. aircraft carries to anchor there (see Security Affairs, October
1992).
Enjoying themselves at the tribute dinner for the presentation of the
JINSA leadership Award to Donald L. Bonham in Houston, April 1,
Accompanied by Ambassador Itamar Rabinovich, Military Attache
are (left to right) JINSA President Ted Dinerstein; Tribute ChairGiora Romm, Defense Ministry Director-General David Ivri, and Ivri's
man and Master of Ceremonies Roger Staubach; and Donald
assistantforforeignaffairsKutiMor,Rabinalsoaskedfordirect, real-time
data from American spy satellites. The Israelis also expressed interest in
Bonham. Keynote speaker at the tribute,which attracted more than
600 attendees, was Douglas J. Feith, former deputy assistant secresophisticated software for U.S. equipment already in Israeli possession
tary of defense and vice chairman of JINSA' s board of advisors.
and technological and financial compensation for the erosion in the IDF's
qualitative edge over the Arab armies, which are being armed with
upgraded weapons systems similar to those in Israel.
Congressional investigators have raised questions concerning the
(continuedfrom page 6)
U.S.-Israeli Arrow program's compliance with U.S. commitments to
safeguard key missile technology, claims Defense News, April 12. Criticism of the Arrow and its potential for skirting missile control guidelines
are contained in a classified draft report by the General Accounting Office
President Clinton's budget proposal, despite large defense cuts, asks
scheduled for release this summer.
for a temporary increase in funding for the Central Intelligence Agency.
Anotherglitch in the sharing of high-tech information is that Israel has
Although Clinton vowed to cut the CIA's budget, the administration has
not signed the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), a voluntary
concluded that a short-term increase is needed before deep reductions can
agreement adopted by the United States and six allies in April 1987. Israel,
be made.
while not officially becoming a member, has vowed to adhere to the
Administration officials, quoted in the New York Times, April 14,
guidelines. An unnamed Pentagon official told Defense News that Demaintained that the additional expenditures will be for launching new spy
fense and State Department officials are considering special exemptions
satellites to replace older ones nearing the end of their service life.
for Israel or a redefinition of Israel's status regarding the control regime
eQtfinnorin~~~~n
Pnct
* .facilitate
~~~to the sharing of U.S. technology.
Dr. Dore Gold, apolicy analyst at Tel Aviv University's Jaffee Center
CP-^JB
NEWSBRIEFS
Admin. Wants More Intelligence
Sltaggeryilng Cost
The Gulf War cost the region $676 billion in 1990 and 1991, not
counting vast damage to the environment and a continuing suppression of
the rate of economic growth of the region, claims a report prepared by the
Atrab
Arab MonetaryFundiandctwootherunnamedArabeconomicinstitutions,
Monetary Fund and two other unnamed Arab economic institutionsv,
according to the Baltimore Sun, April 25, 1993.
forStrategicStudies, told Defense NewsthatIsrael isa "gray-areacountry
because it is not a formal ally like France and Britain, and it obviously is
not in the category of dangerous proliferators like Iran, Iraq or Libya."
Granting Israel full allied status, Gold believes, could solve contradictions
stemming from control regime adherence.
Correction
On page three of last month's issue the name of Egyptian
Interior Minister Gen. Abdel Halaim Moussa was inadvertently
replaced with that of Foreign Minister Amrc Musa.
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Jcwish Institute for Nalmnal Security Atffairs
K Street.N.W Suite 3x(X1
Washington,
D.C.20006
Siler Spring. MD
Pmikit No. 3397