Book of Abstracts Knjiga sažetaka

Transcription

The Bridges of Media Education 2011
Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja 2011.
11–17 July 2011
Book of Abstracts
Knjiga sažetaka
Department of Media Studies
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Novi Sad
FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET
Odsek za medijske studije
Knjigu sažetaka priredile vanr. prof. dr Dubravka Valić Nedeljković i
asist. mr Jelena Kleut
The Book of Abstracts is prepared by Assoc. Professor Dubravka Valić
Nedeljković and teaching assistant Jelena Kleut, M.Phil.
Partneri / Partners
Филозофски факултет, Нови Сад / Faculty of Philosophy, Novi Sad
Fakulteta za družbene vede, Ljubljana / Faculty of Social Sciencies,
Ljubljana
Fakultet političkih nauka, Podgorica / Faculty of Political Sciences,
Podgorica
Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar, Szeged / Faculty of Arts,
Szeged
Facultatea de Ştiinţe Politice, Filosofie şi Ştiinţe ale Comunicării,
Timişoara / Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and
Communication Sciences, Timişoara
Fakultet političkih nauke, Sarajevo / Faculty of Political Sciences, Sarajevo
Fakultet političkih znanosti, Zagreb / Faculty of Political Sciences,
Beograd
Правен факултет „Јустинијан Први“, Скопје / Faculty of Law
„Justinian I“, Skopje
Филозофски факултет, Niš / Faculty of Philosophy, Niš
Filozofická fakulta, Bratislava / Faculty of Philosophy, Bratislava
Факултет политичких наука, Београд / Faculty of Political Sciences,
Zagreb
Sveučilište u Zadru / University of Zadar
Programski odbor / Programme Board
Professor Ljiljana Subotić, Dean, Faculty of Philosophy, University of
Novi Sad
Professor Ivana Živačevič-Sekeruš, Vice-Dean, Faculty of Philosophy,
Assoc. Professor Dubravka Valić Nedeljković, Chief of Department of
Media Studies, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad
Professor Marcel Tolcea, Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and
Communication Sciences, West University of Timişoara
Assoc. Professor Marko Milosavljević, Faculty of Social Sciences,
University of Ljubljana
Assist. Professor Nataša Ružić, Faculty of Political Sciences, University
of Montenegro
Assist. Professor Lejla Turičilo, Faculty of Political Sciences, University
of Sarajevo
Assoc. Professor Viktorija Car, Faculty of Political Sciences, University
of Zagreb
Štampanje knjige sažetaka omogućili su Ministarstvo za nauku i tehnološki razvoj Republike Srbije i Sekretarijat za nauku i tehnološki razvoj
Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine. Fond za saradnju Centralno-evropske
inicijative i Balkanski fond za demokratiju omogućili su organizovanje
projekta Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja 2011.
Stavovi, istraživački rezultati i zaključci izneti u ovoj publikaciji ne predstavljaju nužno stavove ovih organizacija, već samo autorove.
The publication of the Book of Abstract was made possible by the support
of the Ministry for Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia and Secretariat for Science and Technological Development
of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Cooperation fund of the Central European Initiative and Balkan Trust for Democracy supported the
project The Bridges of Media Education 2011.
The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the above mentioned
institutions.
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Библиотека Матице српске, Нови Сад
316.774:81᾽42(048.3)
659.3:81᾽42(048.3)
The BRIDGES of Media Education (2011 ; Novi Sad)
Book of abstracts / The Bridges of Media Education, 11 - 17
July 2011 = Knjiga sažetaka / Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja
; [prepared by Dubravka Valić-Nedeljković i Jelena Kleut]. Novi Sad : Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Media Studies,
2011 (Sremska Kamenica : West). - 119 str. : ilustr. ; 21 cm
Tiraž 300. - Str. 10-11: Uvodnik / Dubravka Valić Nedeljković ;
Introduction / Dubravka Valić Nedeljković.
ISBN 978-86-6065-082-7
I. Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja (2011 ; Novi Sad) v. The
Bridges of Media Education (2011 ; Novi Sad)
а) Масовни медији - Анализа дискурса - Апстракти б)
Масовне комуникације - Анализа дискурса - Апстракти
COBISS.SR-ID 267022855
Sadržaj
Table of contents
1. Uvodnik / Introduction.............................................................10
2. Medijsko predstavljanje suseda / Media representations of
the neighbours
Belma BULJUBAŠIĆ
Media construction of imaginary enemy.....................................12
Dejan DONEV
Ethical dimensions of (journalistic) representations and reporting
of “the other” .............................................................................13
Jasna MERKLIN, Petra ZNOJ, Urška ZALAR
Media reporting about the region: the case study Slovenia........14
FRUNZĂ-ŢOGOE Andreea-Aida, PÂNTEA Ana-Alexandra,
SZOFRAN Gabriel
Media reporting about the region: the case study Romania ......15
Jana MAŤKOVÁ, Veronika KLINDOVÁ, Peter NAGY
Reporting about neighbors – analysis of a serious and tabloid
newspaper in Slovakia.................................................................16
NÁNÁSI Anita, TÓTH Zsuzsa, VRAZSOVITS Rita
Media representation of neighbours in Hungarian
newspapers..................................................................................17
Simona ATANASOVA, Vlatko ČALOVSKI, Bojan KOCEVSKI
Media reporting about the region: the case study Macedonia....18
Dušan ALEKSIĆ, Neven OBRADOVIĆ, Ana ŠURDILOVIĆ
Media reporting about the region: the case study Serbia ..........19
Mirza SADIKOVIĆ, Malik GARIBIJA, Šejla BEŠIĆ
Media reporting about the region: the case study Bosnia and
Herzegovina ...............................................................................20
Iva ZOVKO, Hana GRGIĆ, Krešimir KATIĆ
Media reporting about the region: the case study Croatia ........21
5
CSÕKE Csilla
Croatian newspapers about the Serbian minority and the Serbian
newspapers about the Croatian minority: reporting, presentation
and framing ................................................................................22
Jelena PETKOVIĆ, Jovana VELJKOVIĆ, Vesna RADOJEVIĆ
Media reporting about the region: the case study Serbia...........23
Jovana ŽIVKOVIĆ, Marija IVANOVIĆ, Ivan OTOVIĆ
Media reporting about the region: the case study Montengro....24
Ksenija PAVKOV, Milica TEŠIĆ, Stefan ZLATKOVIĆ, Vuk KEŠELJ
Media reporting about the region: the case study Serbia ..........25
Norbert ŠINKOVIĆ
Discourse analysis of Srpske Narodne Novine – Serbian minority
themes . .......................................................................................26
Smiljana MILINKOV
“Exit” to reconciliation: the role of the festival in overcoming
hate and prejudice in the region..................................................26
Laura SPARIOUSU
Serbian and Romanian daily papers about sexual minorities....27
Mato BRAUTOVIĆ, Nataša RUŽIĆ
Reporting of Croatian and Montegrin daily newspapers about
Croatia and Montenegro.............................................................28
Ognjen RADOVIĆ
Media representation of the other in BIH - analysis of
media discourse of the central news programs of two public
broadcasters................................................................................29
3. Nove digitalne tehnologije i društveno-obrazovne promene /
New digital technologies and socio-educational changes
Marijana KOSANOVIĆ, Jelena ĐERMANOV, Svetlana KOSTOVIĆ
Information literacy as a dimension of professional development
of teachers...................................................................................30
Željko VUČKOVIĆ, Milica ANDEVSKI
Media competence and “new” pedagogical discussion of
competence .................................................................................31
6
Biljana RADIĆ-BOJANIĆ
E-collaboration at the tertiary level . .........................................32
Ivan ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, Tamara KLIČEK, Vesna ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, Milica
ANDEVSKI
The young and internet use.........................................................33
Goran BULATOVIĆ, Ljiljana Lj. BULATOVIĆ, Olja ARSENIJEVIĆ
Digital journalism pyramid – an innovative approach to
traditional news creation.............................................................34
Dejan PRALICA
Public control of the government – “Istinomer” website case
study.............................................................................................. 35
Anka MIHAJLOV-PROKOPOVIĆ
The internet’s influence on radio in Serbia ................................36
Dubravka VALIĆ NEDELJKOVIĆ
Journalists’ knowledge about digital television..........................37
Brankica DRAŠKOVIĆ, Jelena KLEUT
Individual user of digital television.............................................38
Slađana ČABRILO, Milica ANDEVSKI, Leposava GRUBIĆ-NЕŠIĆ
From challenges to opportunities: How to use digital
technologies in transformation of Serbia into innovation driven
economy and knowledge based society ......................................39
Ljubica DUĐAK, Leposava GRUBIĆ-NЕŠIĆ, Milica ANDEVSKI
Changing attitudes to development of employees in the knowledge
society..........................................................................................40
Vladislava GORDIĆ PETKOVIĆ
Media, techonology and gender: the changed status of
contemporary women’s writing ..................................................42
Dušan RISTIĆ
Internet in everyday life: sociological aspects
of online communication............................................................ 43
Anamaria FILIMON BENEA
Internet users, community and social implications . ..................44
7
Zlatomir GAJIĆ
Interviews as journalistic genre in print media and on the
internet........................................................................................45
Sonja VUKOBRAT
Personality and digital media use primarily as a source of
information..................................................................................46
4. Teorijski i metodološki pristupi u medijskim studijama /
Theoretical and methodological approaches in media studies
Eva REŽNÁKOVÁ
Agenda setting theory . ...............................................................47
Ivan DRANAČKA
Frankfurt school and critical theory ..........................................47
Ioana VID
Trends in the stylistics of the cultural reportage . ......................48
Jana ZJAK
Television show programs from the view of visual studies..........49
Jana PIŠTEKOVÁ
Sigmund Freud theory in tabloid media world ..........................50
Dejan SREDOJEVIĆ
Diction mistakes in presenting the radio news . .........................51
Vladimir BAROVIĆ
Journalistic ethics and media work in crisis situations..............52
Mira Vidaković
Role of media in formation of universal values..........................52
5. Odabrani radovi učesnika naučno-istraživačke škole
„Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja 2011“ / Selected papers of
the participants of the scientific-research school “The Bridges
of Media Education 2011”
Jasna MERKLIN, Petra ZNOJ, Urška ZALAR
Reporting about neighbors in Slovenian daily newspapers........57
8
FRUNZĂ-ȚOGOE Andreea-Aida, PÂNTEA Ana-Alexandra,
SZOFRAN Gabriel
Media reporting about the region: the case study Romania.......66
NÁNÁSI Anita, TÓTH Zsuzsa, VRAZSOVITS Rita
Media representation of neighbours in Hungarian print
media...........................................................................................70
Dušan ALEKSIĆ, Neven OBRADOVIĆ, Ana ŠURDILOVIĆ
Media reporting about the region in Serbian newspapers Kurir
and Narodne novine....................................................................75
Iva ZOVKO, Hana GRGIĆ, Krešimir KATIĆ
Media reporting about the region: the case study Croatia........ 86
Jelena PETKOVIĆ, Jovana VELJKOVIĆ, Vesna RADOJEVIĆ
Media reporting about the region: the case study Serbia...........92
Jovana ŽIVKOVIĆ, Marija IVANOVIĆ, Ivan OTOVIĆ
(Un)ethical issues in reporting about Ratko Mladić arrest in
Montengrin newspapers..............................................................99
Ksenija PAVKOV, Milica TEŠIĆ, Stefan ZLATKOVIĆ, Vuk KEŠELJ
Media reporting about the region in Serbian dailies Dnevnik and
Blic............................................................................................108
9
UVODNIK
Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja, međunarodna letnja škola analize
medijskog diskursa sa konferencijom kao završnim događajem koji pruža
šansu kako studentima tako i mlađem naučno-istraživačkom kadru da na
skupu pred predstavnicima iz devet zemalja regiona i EU saopšte svoje
radove, i ove godine pokazala je da je negovanje istraživačkog podmlatka
jedan od prioriteta univerzitetske zajednice.
Svake godine se ideji pridružuju nove visokoobrazovne ustanove
tako da se od inicijalna četiri univerziteta iz isto toliko država (Mađarska,
Rumunija, Slovenija i Srbija) na Mostovima medijskog obrazovanja 2011.
došlo do učešća studenata i mladih asistenata i docenata iz devet država
sa 12 univerziteta.
Odsek za medijske studije Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, od samog početka organizator i domaćin letnje škole kritičke
analize medijskog diskursa, širi ideju Mostova medijskog obrazovanja
da svake godine u fokus istraživača stavi drugu temu koja se zatim sagledava iz perspektive zemalja svih učesnika. Ove 2011. analizirano je
kako dnevna štampa u Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori, Hrvatskoj, Makedoniji, Mađarskoj, Rumuniji, Slovačkoj, Sloveniji i Srbiji izveštava o
susedima.
Na međunarodnoj konferenciji kojom se Škola završava studenti
predstavljaju osnovne rezultate istraživanja do kojih su došli tokom radionica koje su pohađali, a njihovi mentori i gosti konferencije svoje za
ovu priliku pripremljene radove, ove godine u okviru tri zadate teme:
izveštavanje o susedima, teoretski i metodološki pristupi medijskim studijama i nove digitalne tehnologije i društvene i obrazovne promene. Ova
konferencija jedinstvena je prilika gde se susreću studenti i nastavnici na
naučnom skupu sa radovima i ravnopravno diskutuju o prezentovanim
rezultatima istraživanja.
U Knjizi sažetaka koju otvara ovaj Uvodnik sabrani su sažeci svih prezentovanih radova što će zainteresovanom čitaocu dati uvid u svu ozbiljnost
zamisli realizovanja međunarodne letnje škole analize medijskog diskursa
sa konferencijom Mostovi medijskog obrazovanja i podstaći i druge visokoškolske ustanove da nam se pridruže naredne godine u Novom Sadu.
Novi Sad, jesen 2011.
10
Dubravka Valić Nedeljković
INTRODUCTION
The Bridges of Media Education is international summer school of
media discourse analysis with a conference as a final event that provides
an opportunity for both students and junior researchers to present their
papers to the representatives of nine countries from the region and the EU.
This year, again, it proved that nourishing of research juniors is one of the
priorities of the academic community.
Each year new higher education institutions joined the initiative,
so from initial four universities from four countries (Hungary, Romania,
Slovenia and Serbia), The Bridges of Media Education 2011 gathered
students, teaching assistants and assistant professors from nine countries,
from 12 universities.
Department of Media Studies, Faculty of Philosophy, University of
Novi Sad, from the very beginning an organizer and host of the summer school of critical analysis of media discourse, spreads the idea of The Bridges
of Media Education to place each year a different topic in the focus of the
research. This topic is than viewed from the perspective of all participant
countries. In 2011, we have analyzed how daily newspapers from Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia and Serbia report about their neighbors.
On the international conference, as the ending of the school, students
present their main research findings obtained during workshops they attended. Their mentors and other participants present their papers prepared for
this occasion, this year within three thematic areas: media reporting about
neighbors, theoretical and methodological approaches to media studies and
new digital technologies and socio-educational changes. This conference is
unique opportunity where students and their teachers meet on the academic
conference and on equal basis discuss about presented results of research.
The Book of Abstracts that is opened with this Introduction contains
abstracts of all the presented papers and to an interested reader it will provide an insight into how serious is idea and implementation of the international summer schools of media discourse analysis with the conference
The Bridges of Media Education, and encourage other higher education
institutions to join us next year in Novi Sad.
Novi Sad, Autumn 2011
Dubravka Valić Nedeljković
11
1. Medijsko predstavljanje suseda
/ Media representations of the neighbours
Belma BULJUBAŠIĆ, M Phil
Teaching assistant
Faculty of Political Sciences
University of Sarajevo
MEDIA CONSTRUCTION OF IMAGINARY ENEMY
Journalism of today’s world, actually journalism of 21th century
has a new principle. It is biased, and it is based on manipulation. Journalists manipulate with the public every day, they project their own image onto the reality, and they do that deliberately. Media manipulation
is an aspect of public relations in which journalists’ make images and
arguments represent their particular interests.
Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been victims of media
propaganda and manipulation. The situation today is not different than
it was twenty years ago. People are not politically educated and they
take journalists’ opinions for granted. They search for spectacles, sensational stories, adding contents and thus changing the facts.
The media constructs played an immense role in the destruction
of the ex-Yugoslav states. In late 80s of the last century, media from
ex-Yugoslavia presented distorted images which were used to intensify
fear among public. The main media strategy was construction and creation of the image of enemy Members of other nations were presented
as enemies.
The concept of “Brotherhood and unity” started to diminish, while
media from one republic started writing about enemies from other republics. They did that in numerous ways: by reconstructing past events
from the First and Second World Wars, by presenting concentration
camps, mythology, ideology, and by insinuation.
12
Dejan DONEV, PhD
Assistant professor
Faculty of Law “Justinianus I”
University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje
ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF (JOURNALISTIC)
REPRESENTATIONS AND REPORTING
OF “THE OTHER”
Wherever a man turns, he sees people. A man lives among people,
surrounded by people, with people. In modern era, we learned seeing
“the other” with opened eyes and heart. In this, we got a lot of help
from existentialists and also from the philosophers who defended ethics as the first philosophy, like for example Emmanuel Levinas.
However, from that sum of people, some are really close to us
even often they are not our relatives, or more important not part of
our family, not friends in classical way of thinking, not even working
together…, but still for us very close people - and those are our neighbors.
The communication between neighbors is specifically characterized with, above all, the ethical dimension that is contained in it, e.g. the
ethical values, goals and standards which are included in it, and which
are defined from the essentiality and the meaning of the neighborhood
as a social and anthropological relation. From here, the phenomenology of the neighborhood is really interesting for exploring. It’s about
the personal quality of “the other” as a neighbor which results with the
intimacy among people and with specialized relations between them.
In the cognition of the same, very specific role has the media,
which have the key role and responsibilities for spreading and promoting those important values and relationships that are initial and essential for building and constructing of a real democratic society.
The way they do the same within Macedonian society, trying to
reflect the differences, as well as the presence of the difference within
their own media structure and journalistic contents that they are placing, is the theme that author deals in this text.
13
Jasna MERKLIN
Petra ZNOJ
Urška ZALAR
Student of the Department of Communication
Faculty of Social Sciences
MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION:
THE CASE STUDY SLOVENIA
Aim of our research was to try to determine how much and in
what way Slovenian media report about the neighbouring countries,
Slovakia, Romania and the former states of Yugoslavia. We analysed
two dailies – newspaper with the highest circulation tabloid Slovenske
novice (Slovenian news) and the only Slovenian local newspaper Primorske novice (Primorske news).
In the quantitative-qualitative discourse analysis, supported by
lectures of theory, we analysed 27 newspapers, sampled in the period
4th May – 28th of June 2011. The analysed 20 items from the Slovenske novice and 30 from Primorske novice, showed that two Slovenian
newspapers usually report about neighbouring countries in the shape
of short news or reports.
Most articles cover news from Italy or Austria, followed by Croatia. During the analysis there was not even one article from Hungary
or Slovakia. Most of the examined articles cover news from Italy, and
that is expected, because Primorske novice has its headquarters near
the border with Italy. If the analysis included only Slovenske novice,
the number of articles mentioning Croatia would take the first place.
Texts are mainly concerned with the (war) crimes and sport.
There are no articles about cooperation between countries in the region in relation to the media, education and science. Subject in texts
are mainly government institutions and representatives of sport and
culture, slightly less subjects are citizens or representatives of police
or army. Representatives of ethnic minorities are not mentioned as a
subject.
14
FRUNZĂ-ȚOGOE Andreea-Aida
PÂNTEA Ana-Alexandra
SZOFRAN Gabriel
Students of the Department of Philosophy and Communication Sciences
Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication Sciences
West University of Timişoara
THE CASE STUDY ROMANIA
The purpose of this analysis was to observe the way in which the
Romanian media treat the topics about neighbouring countries and the
region. The aim was to create an overall image that reflects as clear as
possible the orientation of the Romanian media towards these countries. The main question this analysis answers is related to the proportion in which the Romanian media chooses to write about countries
that are in our close proximity.
For this analysis we followed two newspapers during a two month
time frame. The newspapers belong to two different categories: a quality one, Jurnalul Național and a tabloid, Click!.
From the 15 articles we found about neighbouring countries only
one was on the front page. The rest of the articles were in special sections of international news or were very short and could be found on
the last page of the newspaper. 40% of the articles were long texts,
covered in more than half a page, 33% had a medium length and 27%
were short news.
Most of the articles that were published in both newspapers were
focused on current events and very few of them were media initiatives
or about press conferences. The main foreign subject in both newspapers was the arrest and trial of Ratko Mladic.
The most important finding of this analysis is that Romanian media are not focused on topics from neighbouring countries. The main
reason for that seems to be high public interest in internal affairs and
not in the international ones.
15
Jana MAŤKOVÁ
Veronika KLINDOVÁ
Peter NAGY
Students of the Department of Journalism
Comenius University in Bratislava
REPORTING ABOUT NEIGHBORS – ANALYSIS OF
BROADSHEET AND TABLOID NEWSPAPERS IN SLOVAKIA
The main focus of this research was reporting about neighboring
countries of Slovakia and states of former Yugoslavia. The aim of this
study is to analyse how newspapers write about neighbors, what do
they emphasise and what topics they cover the most. Basically, the
research raised two questions: What value context did the newspapers
give to stories about neighbors? What topics did the tabloid newspaper
and broadsheet newspaper focus on in the context of reporting about
neighbors? Both questions are trying to find the difference between
two types of newspaper journalism when reporting about neighbouring
countries.
The research analysed quality newspaper daily Pravda and tabloid
newspaper daily Plus jeden deň. The main focus was on selected days
in May and June 2011. The research tried to answer the question by
choosing relevant articles about neighbors and by categorizing them.
The results proved that the topics in tabloid newspaper are mostly
focused on crimes, sensations or celebrities with some connection to
neighbors. On the other hand, the serious newspaper reported mostly
about sports, politics and economy. As far as the context value is concerned, the subject about object was mostly talking in negative or neutral way. However, the journalists mostly attached neutral value to their
articles. The results underlined the common knowledge that the tabloid
newspapers focus on different topics than the serious newspapers. Also
the finding that the newspapers wrote about negative attitudes of the
object to subject shows the tendencies in current media that mostly
report about negative events.
16
NÁNÁSI Anita
TÓTH Zsuzsa
VRAZSOVITS Rita
Students at the Department of Communication and Media Studies
Faculty of Arts
University of Szeged
MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF NEIGHBOURS
IN HUNGARIAN NEWSPAPERS
Our research topic is how articles about neighboring countries
are presented in regional newspaper Délmagyarország and in tabloid
Blikk. Blikk is not interested in international issues, it focuses on events
which can become sensations. Although we could find in both newspapers some articles about the same topics, their content was almost
the same.
The first question in our research was what are the countries that
we have to care for. We are geographically neighbouring seven countries: Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Austria, but we have analyzed articles about other countries too, because
of the historical and geographical connection, for example Bosnia and
Herzegovina and the Czech Republic. We realized that the Hungarian
media do not publish many articles about the neighbours, except for
arresting Ratko Mladic which is one of the most important events in
the last two months.
The expectations were different from the results of the research.
Most of the articles were not about politics, economics and crimes.
Some articles were about the Treaty of Trianon, and its 91th anniversary
on 4th of June. The articles were published because of the anniversary,
however the topic still has an importance in the Hungarian public discourse (especially on its right wing).
The most interesting result is that most of the articles (34%) are
about sports. It might have a complex explanation, but the fact is that
there were sport events in our neighbourhood, for example the Ice
Hockey World Championship in Bratislava and the Canoe European
Championship in Belgrade.
17
The question remains why, even though Hungary is in the center
of the region, do these newspapers pay less attention to its neighbouring countries (which all have Hungarian minorities).
Simona ATANASOVA
Vlatko ČALOVSKI
Bojan KOCEVSKI
Students at the Department of Journalism
Faculty of Law “Justinianus I”
University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje
THE CASE STUDY MACEDONIA
The goal of this research is to explore how much Macedonian
newspapers report about the neighbouring countries. We conducted on
several editions of the most popular and best-selling daily newspapers
in period of one month. The purpose of this research is to examine
“How much importance Macedonian media place on the neighbours
and the events that occur in their countries?”
The method we used was based on quantitative and qualitative
discourse analysis of the Macedonian dailies Dnevnik, Nova Makedonija, Vecer, Utrinski vesnik and Vest.
From the results that we got from the research, we can conclude
that the news about our neighbours are relatively absent from the Macedonian media.
Macedonian press focuses on our southern and western neighbours, Greece and Kosovo (38%), but the biggest percentage of news
stories are from Serbia (31%) and Croatia (24%). The space that Macedonian daily newspapers provide for news from our neighbours is
very small, and it seems like they are not given enough importance.
The events that are mostly reported about are about politics and entertainment and it seems it’s a dull transfer of information obtained from
news agencies.
18
What we can emphasize as a conclusion from our research is that
Macedonian daily newspapers do not provide much of their space and
they do not place importance on reporting about the neighbours, which
can be seen from the fact that there is a lot of short news (55%), almost
never presented on the front page (97%).
Dušan ALEKSIĆ
Neven OBRADOVIĆ
Ana ŠURDILOVIĆ
University of Niš
THE CASE STUDY SERBIA
The topic of this paper is reporting of Serbian media about neighbouring countries. The aim is to determine how often media report
about neighbours, in which way and which topics are the most frequent
ones. Two daily newspapers were analyzed – a national coverage one,
Kurir, which is considered a tabloid, and a local one, Narodne novine,
from Niš. A corpus is made from 14 editions of both newspapers, published in May and June 2011. A methodological framework used for
this paper is a quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis. During
the analysed period, 79 texts were registered, 60 in Kurir and 19 in
Narodne novine).
Research results show that majority of texts was about ex-Yugoslav countries, especially Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. Three most frequent topics, with almost the same percentage,
were: criminal, war crimes and internal politics. Most of the texts from
ex-Yugoslav countries were published in internal politics sections
(45%), in both Kurir and Narodne novine, although both newspapers
have sections about world events. Still, none of these texts was published on cover pages and the most of them were written as short news.
19
In the most of the texts an attitude of journalists toward events was
neutral. Although Kurir is known by sensationalistic headlines, only
1/5 of them were of that kind.
Mirza SADIKOVIĆ
Malik GARIBIJA
Šejla BEŠIĆ
University of Sarajevo
MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION: THE CASE
STUDY BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Subject for our research were news from Bosnia and Herzegovina, in period from May to June 2011. These were news connected to
the countries of former Yugoslavia, and neighboring Romania, Hungary and Slovakia. For our research we took sample of 27 newspapers,
14 editions of Dnevni avaz and 13 of San. Our aim was to find and
identify trends in reporting about region, and to find interesting facts in
this reporting, in order to understand the problems and barriers that we
should overcome so that in the future optimal level of reporting about
the region would be reached. Through our results we tried to find epicenters and eventual reasons of unfair and prejudiced reporting about
countries and citizens of the region.
Quantitative analysis of content is the method that we used in our
research, with the following categories: position in newspapers, section, size of the text, genre, authorship, occasion, visual presentation,
location, topic, subject, object, value context, value attached by author,
type of the title.
Results from the analysis of more than 150 articles show that in
B&H there is a significant amount of reporting about the neighboring countries, especially about first neighbors Serbia and Croatia. Also
shortness and superficiality of these articles is obvious. There is a lot
20
of news taken from other media and too few in-depth analysis, expert
analysis, interviews, etc.
Just as we supposed, the value context in texts is dominantly negative. This additionally complicates the twisted situation and helps rising and keeping the level of tensions in the region. One of the positive
trends that we found was exchange of mostly positive news in Sports,
Cultural and even Economy sections.
Iva ZOVKO
Hana GRGIĆ
Krešimir KATIĆ
Students of the Study of Journalism
Faculty of Political Science
University of Zagreb
THE CASE STUDY CROATIA
This paper is focused on two Croatian daily newspapers Slobodna
Dalmacija and 24 Sata and how they report about their neighbors and
events in Croatia connected with the citizens of the neighboring countries. The main aim of this research was to see which neighbor country
is the most represented and in which context. The research was based
on 77 articles from the daily papers in the period between May 4th 2011
and June 28th 2011. We used the method of discourse analysis because
the language is essential for establishing the reality, it constrains what
can be said and in what way. Discourse analysis is a way of expression
and understanding the world. It forms the symbolical and valuable horizon that produces certain knowledge about the subject and the object
and constructs their identities and relationships. Our analysis showed
that in majority of the articles the value attached by the author is still
in a negative context. War crimes are still a major issue, especially
because in the analyzed period, the arrest of Ratko Mladić received
considerable media attention.
21
CSÕKE Csilla, MA
CROATIAN NEWSPAPERS ABOUT THE SERBIAN
MINORITY AND THE SERBIAN NEWSPAPERS ABOUT
THE CROATIAN MINORITY: REPORTING,
PRESENTATION AND FRAMING
The relationship of the majority and minority is often decorated
with tension and conflict, and also present the isolation. Also in the
society relationship between the majority and minority plays a big
role. This issue gains importance when it comes to minorities such as
Serbs in Croatia and Croats in Serbia, because their relationship is determined by the political context. The relationship is complex, both on
national basis, and also based on media. The media play an important
role when it comes to the construction of stereotypes, especially when
it comes to the former battle between the two nations.
Croatian daily newspapers Večernji list and Jutarnji list, and Serbian newspapers Dnevnik and Blic were analyzed in the period from
1.12.2010. to 1.02.2011. The method was content analysis and comparison is made between them. Particular emphasis is placed on historical,
socio-political and cultural context of events. The work does not address past war crimes, or the relationship between those two countries,
but based on relations of the majority and minority in Croatia and in
Serbia and framing these minorities in the two countries.
The paper seeks to answer questions such as how often mentioned
dailies report on the Serbian and Croatian minority, how much space
is given to reporting, what genre are used, which cause reporting issues, value the context of the text, such as the reporting framework, the
source of information, authorship and so on.
22
Jelena PETKOVIĆ
Jovana VELJKOVIĆ
Vesna RADOJEVIĆ
University of Belgrade
The monitoring was conducted in 14 editions of national dailies
Politika and Press in May and June 2011 on the subject of reporting
about the region.
This analysis is mandated to provide answers to questions on how
the Serbian media have reported about the region, how often and what
topics were addressed. The method used in the analysis was quantitative and qualitative method of discourse analysis. At a given time
frame, sample included 59 newspaper articles related to nine countries
from in the region. Greece and the Czech Republic are also included
in the analyses, due to the current socio-political events, but also because of cultural events which are important for the presentation of our
country.
The average text size is medium, in the form of reports, mainly placed in the section “Region”, indicating the author and neutral
journalistic approach. Text follows the title block information and it is
usually illustrated with photographs. Daily Politika has nearly twice
as much news from the region in comparison to Press. This piece of
data is quite expected, given the editorial concept of the oldest Serbian
printed media, which is of general type, and focuses daily main topics
in the country and abroad. Political news are most represented in the
two newspapers analyzed. As for the treatment of certain countries,
mostly intense coverage is noted about Croatia (40 percent), indicating the need of local media to cover events in this border country with
which certain political issues remained unresolved. It was recognized
that most of the texts are related to current events, but only 5% is positioned on the front page.
23
Jovana ŽIVKOVIĆ
Marija IVANOVIĆ
Ivan OTOVIĆ
University of Montenegro
THE CASE STUDY MONTENEGRO
Our paper is based on exploring how Montenegrin dailies report
on their neighbors. There are couple of reasons why this is sensitive
question. Among them, there are: society polarized in national, religious and political ground; restricted and uncompetitive market as well
as lack of journalistic professionalism.
It is clear that in a country where physical and moral integrity of
journalist had been jeopardized several times, we cannot talk about
free journalism. This situation becomes even worse with the fact that
our audience does not have sufficient choice of newspapers and that
political preferences are determined by what they read. So, if three
newspapers cannot write a same report on what happened in country it
is obvious there is big problem with reporting on region. We reached
this conclusion by using qualitative method in researching three daily
newspapers in two months period.
Results we got confirmed our premise that reporting of our media
is politically influenced. Reports in Pobjeda, the only state financed
newspapers, have more or less the same as attitude of powers. Independent one, Vijesti, goes for more critical reporting. While, the third
newspaper Dan is mostly oriented towards the people dissatisfied with
current government, social and economic situation, and relation to Serbia and its people.
These are some very serious obstacles for creating better relations within the society as well as for creating more objective relation
towards the Other.
24
Ksenija PAVKOV
Milica TEŠIĆ
Stefan ZLATKOVIĆ
Vuk KEŠELJ
Students of the Department of Media Studies
In this paper we have analyzed in which way two daily newspapers from Serbia reported about neighbouring countries, as well as
former Yugoslav countries. The main goal was to reveal what were
the most present topics, genres and motives in reporting about others.
The research is based on experience gained in the course “Media Discourse Analyses”; considering the fact that “Media Discourse Analysis” is mainly interdisciplinary field, we have also relied on knowledge
gained in other courses. For analyses we have used quantitative and
qualitative analysis. Analyzed corpus includes 28 issues of two daily
newspapers, Dnevnik and Blic, from Serbia in the time period of two
artificially created weeks during two months, in which we have found
251 articles related to neighboring countries. In terms of genre, among
those articles 169 are factual genres such as news and reports, and only
52 of them are analytic genres. On that fact we based our main conclusion – most of the articles deal with topics from neighbouring countries
in a superficial manner. Moreover, most of the articles address to events
in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and most of the topics are connected with war crimes. Therefore, the number of articles published in
our corpus is consequence of a historical background, and mostly of
wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the 1990s.
25
Norbert ŠINKOVIĆ
Student of European Master Studies
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SRPSKE NARODNE
NOVINE – SERBIAN MINORITY THEMES
The paper analyzes Srpske Narodne Novine (Serbian National
Magazine) during two months in the year 2011. This is the only publication about Serbian minority in Hungary. In the focus of this work is
the thematical offer and the main messages in this newspapers, which
are reflected in the texts. Because of special relationship between Hungarian and Serbian communities in this part of Europe, the work tried
to detect the texts that refer to this topic.
Smiljana MILINKOV, MA
Professional associate
“EXIT” TO RECONCILIATION: THE ROLE
OF THE FESTIVAL IN OVERCOMING HATE
AND PREJUDICE IN THE REGION
Although today it is one of the best known music festivals in Europe,
the importance of Exit does not lie only in making Serbia closer to music
trends and in promotion of the country and Novi Sad as a tourist destination, but also in connecting the youth of the region. After the wars and
hatred that spread during the nineties was number of young people form
ex-Yugoslav countries almost never crossed the neighboring, “enemy”
borders, nor did they have a chance to hear different dialects. The Festival
on Petrovaradin Fortress has shown that still music, positive energy and
26
good will can overcome all obstacles and to create new friendships from
previously confronted sides. Today, when the young people from the region can travel freely without many problems, except financial ones, the
importance of Exit in connecting people perhaps seems wage. However,
in the first years of the new millennium, after a decade of Serbian isolation
it was very important to overcome those imposed obstacles.
Since researchers have not fully analyzed reconciliation and breaking of hatred and prejudice as social apsects of the Exit, the support for the
paper is found in public opinion surveys done by Novi Sad based Agency
for applied psychology TIM during the Festival, as well as in the analysis
of internet pages of Sarajevo daily Dnevni Avaz, Zagreb’s Jutarnji list and
Belgrade’s Politika.
Laura SPARIOUSU, PhD
Assistant professor
Department of Romanian Language and Literature
SERBIAN AND ROMANIAN DAILY PAPERS ABOUT
SEXUAL MINORITIES*
The aim of this paper is to research how Serbian and Romanian daily
newspapers inform about sexual minorties. It is the intention of the author
to analyse texts about this issue published in Serbian daily newspaper Blic
and in Romanian daily newspaper Adevărul, in the period January 2010 May 2011, according to the Codex that reffers to: text length, journalistic
genre, authorship, cause of reporting, visual presentation, location, topic,
subject, object, value context, text title. Having that in mind, attention will
be placed on the question how the selected media present the event and
what is similar and what is different in the topic that is being researched.
*
This paper is an outcome of the research project "Digital media technologies and socio-educational changes" (Project No. III 47020) which is implemented with financial support from the
Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.
27
Mato BRAUTOVIĆ, PhD
Assistant professor
University of Dubrovnik
Nataša RUŽIĆ, PhD
Assistant professor
REPORTING OF CROATIAN AND MONTEGRIN DAILY
NEWSPAPERS ABOUT CROATIA AND MONTENEGRO
The paper will present the results of content analysis preformed
on selected newspapers in the period 1st‒31st March 2011. The following daily newspapers have been analyzed: Pobjeda, Vijesti, Dan, Jutarnji list, Večernji list and Slobodna Dalmacija. Special attention is
placed on thematic areas, such as political, social and cultural topic,
war happenings 1991‒1995, reconciliation, cooperation, work of the
Hague Tribunal and human rights. The catagories for analysis include
localisms related to authors, easiness of usage that is related to graphic
design of titles, respect of basic ethical postulates of journalism – fairness, balance, unbias, usage of sources and other general categories.
The results obtained will be compared with the ones of the previous
research oriented towrards credibility of journalism and media text in
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia.
28
Ognjen RADOVIĆ, MA
Teaching assistant
Banja Luka College of Communications
MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF THE OTHER IN BIH ANALYSIS OF MEDIA DISCOURSE OF THE CENTRAL
NEWS PROGRAMS OF TWO PUBLIC BROADCASTERS
Although the content analysis of the Bosnia and Herzegovina media is being implemented to some extent, further enrichment is needed
in order to continue recognition of the basic determinants of action and
interpretation of the BH reality through the prism of the BH media.
For that reason, the main aim of this investigation was to analyze the
contents of the central news programs of two public broadcasters in
BH (FTV and RTRS) during parts of April of 2011.
The research included a qualitative analysis of editorial criteria
and structure of the central news program (distribution of news) and
qualitative content analysis of news that were broadcasted during central news programs. Subjects of interest were the editorial policy and
the discourse used to describe the other (minority constituent people
in bh. entities; for example - Croats and Serbs on FTV and Croats and
Bosniaks on RTRS). Finally, the paper was enriched by the main public
service ‒ BHT in order to create more complete picture of the description of the other in the central news programs of public services.
29
2. Nove medijske tehnologije i društveno-obrazovne
promene / New digital technologies and socio-educational
educational changes
Marijana KOSANOVIĆ, PhD
Assistant professor
Jelena ĐERMANOV, PhD
Assistant professor
Svetlana KOSTOVIĆ, PhD
Associate professor
Department of Pedagogy
INFORMATION LITERACY AS A DIMENSION
OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHERS*
In this paper contemporary social context of “information society” is being observed as macro-pedagogical framework for changes in
education. Implications of the exponential development of information
and communication technologies are being analyzed in relation to curriculum renewal, professional roles and teachers’ functions and competencies.
Given that the learning is process based on information and
that the information literacy is a basic form of literacy in the twentyfirst century, authors emphasize the importance of training teachers for
the innovative use of educational technology.
The central part is focused on the description of the structuralfunctional model of teacher professional development (Mishra& Koehler) in which information literacy is an integral dimension of interrelated teachers’ subject-professional, pedagogical and technological
*
Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.
30
knowledge. In conclusion, use of this model is recommended in teacher development programs (INSET and PRESET) which are designed
to improve information-technological competences of teachers in our
country.
Željko VUČKOVIĆ, PhD
Associate professor
Faculty of Pedagogy
Milica ANDEVSKI, PhD
Professor
MEDIA COMPETENCE AND “NEW” PEDAGOGICAL
DISCUSSION OF COMPETENCE*
Debate on the competence in pedagogy had its own tradition, even
before current discourse in pedagogy. Classical formulation of the field of
media competence includes:
‒ Review of the media, ability to connect with the media analytically, ethically and reflexively;
‒ Science of the media as knowledge about the media in the sense
of information about media system, as well as the ability to use appropriate equipment within instrumentally-qualified skills;
‒ Using the media, through reception, as well as the sender;
‒ Innovative and creative creation of the media.
Personal media competences find their source in standpoints, views
of the world, motives and auto-stereotypes within the conflict with me This paper is an outcome of the research project "Digital media technologies and socio-educational changes" (Project No. III 47020) which is implemented with financial support from the
*
31
dia. Science of the media reflects professionally-methodical competences,
competences oriented on activity and implementation, which are based on
the ability to implement motivation, skills and experiences through activities, as well as socially-communicative competences that include creative
cooperation with the others in the implementation of joint plans.
Biljana RADIĆ-BOJANIĆ, PhD
Assistant professor
Department of English
E-COLLABORATION AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL*
Despite the fact that the majority of secondary schools and universities nowadays have their own websites which they use to share different kinds of information, a large number of teachers and teaching assistants tend to use other online resources for the purposes of communicating with their students. One of the reasons is that the administration of a
school or university website is too complex and sometimes not efficient
enough so teachers opt for more a personalized means of communication with their students. Working with forth-year students at the Department of English, Novi Sad, the author has been using platforms like
Google Groups and PB Wikis, which is the primary topic of this presentation. The paper investigates how e-collaboration develops over time:
students join the group, participate in its work and become contributors
themselves. In order to establish the steps in the process of development,
students’ contributions are analyzed as well as other students’ responses
to various queries, problems and discussion topics. Students tended to
be “group-shy“ at first, but over time the level of participation grows.
For the purposes of substantiating the results of the analysis of students’
*
32
contributions, a questionnaire was administered the end of the semester.
The results reveal the students’ angle, which is somewhat different from
the author’s. This, in turn, functions as a pointer for the future conception of online platforms, thus adding a new level to the e-collaboration.
Ivan ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, MPhil
Tamara KLIČEK, MPhil
Vesna ŠĆEPANOVIĆ, MPhil
Faculty for Management, Novi Sad
Professor
THE YOUNG AND INTERNET USE*
Internet is global communication network with great opportunities for new acquaintances, exciting socializations, unusual walks and
encounters. In modern society, the significance and use of the Internet
are increasing in case of the young population. The results of empirical
researches, which study the young and their interests, indicate that the
Internet is a new phenomenon and that it takes central position in social
space of the young. From media-pedagogical standpoint in this context, it
is worth discussing whether problematic relations of inclusion and exclusion are intensified by it.
Through the Internet, the young people form similar values and attitudes about common activities and interests and develop important intellectual competences in social networking. Generally speaking, groups of
friends make a strong socialization influence, where it is mostly about the
*
33
groups that are self-formed, whose members share the same interest and
experience themselves as special. Internet makes it possible to overcome
the issue of space that limits social relations of the young, but it has also
brought about the problems in development, especially if it is about outcasts or the ones who were exposed to aggression in the peer group.
What kind of habits in relation to the Internet do the students of the
University of Novi Sad have?
How much time do they spend on the Internet, for which purposes
do they usually use it?
This paper deals with the way in which the young, students of the
University of Novi Sad, access the Internet and use it.
Goran BULATOVIĆ, PhD
Assistant professor
Ljiljana Lj. BULATOVIĆ, MPhil
Olja ARSENIJEVIĆ, PhD
Assistant professor
Faculty of Management, Novi Sad
DIGITAL JOURNALISM PYRAMID – AN INNOVATIVE
APPROACH TO TRADITIONAL NEWS CREATION*
Under the influence of digital technology, the journalistic profession is forced to redefine traditional ways of collecting and especially
processing and presenting information and news. Owing to digital media, collecting, processing and presenting information, its analysis and
interpretation are no longer activities reserved only for professional
journalists. On the one hand, there is an increasing number of people
who distribute information on the Internet without basic knowledge
of principles and techniques of the journalistic profession, and on the
*
34
other, there are more and more professional journalists who are, due
to economic and technological changes, forced to adapt their texts to
an increasing number of media, the habits of their users and commercial requirements of their owners, instead of adapting them only to one
media as they used to. On the Internet, there is a growing number of
those involved in citizen journalism as well as more and more “usergenerated content”. Without neglecting traditional journalistic principles, techniques and values encompassed in inverted news pyramid, we
propose digital news pyramid whose concept should be to supplement
the technique of journalistic writing and adapt it to the demands of new
media and the habits of their users. Digital journalistic pyramid should
be met with understanding, in particular of young journalists who have
already been thinking and acting digitally, but also of editors in the
media who want to improve their online and traditional publications by
innovative approaches and to adapt them to contemporary trends. On
the other hand, the use of digital and laid news pyramids for the presentation of information in digital media is a tool of citizen journalism
and it is its opportunity to gain the credibility of the traditional one, no
matter who performs it.
Dejan PRALICA, PhD
Assistant professor
PUBLIC CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT –
“ISTINOMER“ WEBSITE CASE STUDY*
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the way in which journalists, and private citizens as well, as subscribed members of a website,
*
35
can control the authorities. The website www.istinomer.rs is a good example. It poses the question of responsibility for public speeches of
politicians and other public figures. The original thing about Istinomer
is that journalists quote, analyze and comment on important statements
that appeared in the media, and then grade them on the criterion of
truthfulness, i.e. their consistency and fulfilled promises. Considering its method of functioning, Istinomer can be classified as a modern
tendency in journalism, since the journalists, with the citizens’ help,
collect and create a database about public figures’ speeches which is
always accessible to the public.
Anka MIHAJLOV-PROKOPOVIĆ, MPhil
Teaching assistant
Department of Journalism
University of Niš
THE INTERNET’S INFLUENCE ON RADIO IN SERBIA
The new tehnological possibilities which the internet offers to
radio as listening to traditional radio on the internet and podcasts,
provide new chances for that media. More than 75 percent of radio
and television stations in Serbia have web sites. Almost all traditional
forms of media which are influential or intend to be a significant part of
the media system have developed their own online version. It is obvious that the internet provides an influence on traditional radio – some
forms of media advance rapidly to internet galaxy, others begin their
lives on the net. Consequently, the quality of their web sites differ. For
example, the famous radio and television station, B 92, has developed
a web site which is satisfactory to very high standards, whilst web sites
of local radio-stations are less developed and often refrain from using
a range of services which are made possible by Web 2.0. The existance
of a clear online strategy is one of the conditions for entering in the
new digital age which can provide a wider audience.
36
Dubravka VALIĆ NEDELJKOVIĆ, PhD
Associate professor
JOURNALISTS’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DIGITAL
TELEVISION*
The aim of the research is to investigate how much are journalists
from Vojvodina familiar with program advantages of digitalization, i.e.
how much they are familiar with the basic terms that make new digital
perspective towards television.
The main hypothesis, confirmed by research, is that television
journalists and editors have very limited and modest knowledge about
the questions of digitalization, although they should be the very leaders
of that process.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia
*
37
Brankica DRAŠKOVIĆ, MPhil
Teaching Assistant
Jelena KLEUT, MPhil
Teaching assistant
INDIVIDUAL USER OF DIGITAL TELEVISION*
Digital television will introduce new services such as Electronic
Programme Guide, video-on-demand, home shopping, internet services and others. In contrast to non-digital television which offers programme that is standardised for all users, time dependant and one-way,
digital television programming is hyper-fragmented and two-way. This
leads to a shift from mass media audience (viewers) to users and consumers, from “media-to-provide” to “media-on-demand”, from “bardic
TV” to market oriented television. The aim of this paper is to explore
this shift in the context of digitalisation of television in Serbia.
The research is based on understanding that the practice of viewing and using digital television will be influenced by user choices and
practices of viewing non-digital television and on usage of internet. In
addition to main focus, one node of research is aimed at investigating
audience relations to Radio-Television of Vojvodina.
The research will be conducted in three phases: 1. Pre-digital era,
before the introduction of digital TV in Serbian households, 2. Protodigital era, at the moment of introduction of digital TV and 3. Digital
TV era, once digital TV becomes rooted in daily routines of users. The
method used in research are in-depth interviews with 15 respondents.
The paper presents the findings from the first phase of research.
This paper is an outcome of the research project "Digital media technologies and socio-educational changes" (Project No. 47020) which is implemented with financial support from the
*
38
Slađana ČABRILO, PhD
Assistant professor
Faculty of Business in Services
University Educons, Sremska Kamenica
Professor
Leposava GRUBIĆ-NЕŠIĆ, PhD
Associate professor
Faculty of Technical Sciences
FROM CHALLENGES TO OPPORTUNITIES: HOW TO USE
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TRANSFORMATION OF
SERBIA INTO INNOVATION DRIVEN ECONOMY
AND KNOWLEDGE BASED SOCIETY*
In order to meet the challenge of reinforcing its competitive position in the face of knowledge and digital era, Europe has launched Europe 2020 – EU’s growth strategy, aimed to exit the crisis and prepare
the EU economy for the challenges of the next decade. One of the main
goals of the Europe 2020 is to achieve ‘smart’, sustainable and inclusive growth. This growth depends on ICT, societal and technological
innovation and knowledge as key drivers of social and economic prosperity and sustainable development. The Digital Agenda for Europe
(DAE) is one of the seven initiatives of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The
objective of DAE is to maximise the social and economic potential of
ICT, most notably the internet. Digital technologies change life style
changing the way we do business, work, play and communicate.
*
39
This paper discusses the various actions of the Digital Agenda for
Europe, in the context of how to use benefits of the digital era in order to
transform Serbian economy and society making Serbia a better place to live
and work. The main objective is to analyze Serbia’s readiness to maximize
the potential of digital revolution in order to develop knowledge-based
society in line with DAE, which promotes digital Europe, information and
knowledge-based society, sustainable and intelligent development through
the promotion of knowledge, innovation, education and the digital society.
The analysis is particularly focused on the impact of digital technologies
on the future growth and development of Serbia and its transformation into
innovation driven economy and knowledge based society.
Ljubica DUĐAK, MPhil
Teaching assistant
Leposava GRUBIĆ-NЕŠIĆ, PhD
Associate professor
Faculty of Technical Sciences
Professor
CHANGING ATTITUDES TO DEVELOPMENT OF
EMPLOYEES IN THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY*
The basic economic resource is no longer raw materials, capital
and labor (which shall cease to be the sole and definitive source of
*
40
wealth), but this knowledge. This affects the type, scope and schedule
of events companies, which may threaten its survival. It is safe to conclude that organizations that do not detect in time the emergence of a
knowledge society in their environment and transform the organization
of knowledge, that they understand and accept the changes occurring
at the global level, slowly but surely going in the direction samolikvidacije.
Dynamic changes in business environment, and differentiated
needs of economic and social structures, strategic innovation requires
knowledge and training of employees. On that basis, establish a learning organization and learning is viewed in the context of “lifestyle”,
and not only as a preparation for life. Introduce the process of continuous learning and training and staff development requires an appropriate management, which takes place in the context of human resource
management and global management of the organization.
The paper will cover one of the factors of external environment
which is largely influenced by the changing attitude towards the development of employees and their knowledge. It is a technological development, or development of information technology and telecommunications and media technologies.
Thanks to the development of information and telecommunication
technologies, has increased the share of information and knowledge in
production technologies and products, and this in turn led to changes
in modes of communication (within the company, the company with
the environment and the market itself) and organization (Internet, Intranet).
41
Vladislava GORDIĆ PETKOVIĆ, PhD
Professor
Department of English
MEDIA, TECHONOLOGY AND GENDER: THE CHANGED
STATUS OF CONTEMPORARY WOMEN’S WRITING*
Since Elaine Showalter coined the term gynocritics and offered a
new perspective of women’s literary history, the newly emerged critical practice has explored the creativity of women with an ambition to
fight against the shortcomings of the literary canon dominated by men
writers and built upon assumptions of male supremacy. Within a new
framework, Showalter proposed a set of strategies and principles to
study women’s writing in relation to female experience.
With the aspiration to examine the ways media and new digital
technologies contribute to representations of gender and history in the
novels written by women, the paper will relate to the Showalter’s most
recent book, A Jury of Her Peers, which offers a survey of women’s
writing in American literary history, and attempt at illustrating the radical changes in the ways gender and literature are represented today.
*
42
Dušan RISTIĆ, MA
Teaching assistant
Department of Sociology
INTERNET IN EVERYDAY LIFE: SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
OF ONLINE COMMUNICATION*
Basic question raised in this paper is how the use of Internet and
online communication affect sociability, especially in terms of establishment of social contacts and communication? Online communication is viewed as a “continuation” of social communication by other
means. Its key feature is the presence of actors in real time and use
of softwares and applications that provide visibility of text, audio or
audio-visual communication. This type is just one form of computermediated communication. It is also the basis of social interaction and
its consequences for social action are contradictory. The paper also discusses social software as a technological basis for communication and
social interaction. Although there are profound disagreements about
aforementioned issues, some research suggests that the use of Internet
and online communication does not change significantly the structure
and routine of everyday life of users, but the content of activities, a
way of spending time and establishing new patterns of communication
and social interaction.
*
43
Anamaria FILIMON BENEA, MA
Teaching assistant
Department of Philosophy and Communication Sciences
Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication
Sciences
INTERNET USERS, COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL
IMPLICATIONS
After the introduction of the internet in our life, media scholars,
political scientists and sociologists started to debate about the role of
the internet in society. The two areas of research that have received a
special attention in the domain of internet effects are the digital divide
and social capital. Digital divide researchers have pointed out the critical gaps in society among different groups in the context of their access
to new media and technology. Social capital researchers have focused
on the influence of the internet on community life.
My article tries to find the role of community access to the internet in the context of the participation of individuals in their communities and their satisfaction with community life.
How a person sees the internet greatly depends on how they use
it. The internet has provided new ways to think about relationships, the
individual and one’s sense of home. Living online is more than having
a web page or an email address; being homed in cyberspace carries
with it a set of assumptions about the world. (Star, 1995)
44
Zlatomir GAJIĆ, MPhil
INTERVIEW AS JOURNALISTIC GENRE IN PRINT MEDIA
AND ON THE INTERNET
Expansion of internet, as a new media, opens numerous questions
of parallels between traditional journalistic genres and their application
in information era. In the current transition phase of global transformation of media landscape, internet has become similar to print media,
in methodology of information gathering and distribution. From print
media it has taken the traditional approach in processing journalistic
topic. Print media genres are successfully applied and they live on internet, but there remains a question about the possibilities and future
changes with constant and fast development of technology.
Interview, as one of the key segment of journalism, both now and
in past, follow this image completely, keeping the role of professional
journalist (in opposition to citizen journalism) who is direct actor in
finding and disseminating truth. Good and thorough preparation of a
journalist for an interview is now made easier by unlimited possibilities of internet, with necessary caution in selecting the data. During
the interview, a journalist has a role to guide the interviewee through
questions and answers in order to create a unique image about his/hers
attitude. While writing, in the introduction when he/she explains occasion and selection of an interviewee, part, a journalist demonstrated
knowledge and skill, and the written text, with necessary linguistic,
stylistic and technical adaptations keeps the full meaning of the interaction that was achieved.
45
Sonja VUKOBRAT, MA
Teaching assistant
PERSONALITY AND DIGITAL MEDIA USE PRIMARILY
AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION*
Past research dealing with personality in media environment were
mainly aimed at determining the preference of the media and media
content in the context of personality traits (Donohew, Palmgreen &
Rayburn, 1987; Conway & Rubin, 1991; Finn, S., 1997) and the potential adverse effects of media on mental health of individuals (Ferguson,
J.C. et al., 2011). Recent studies, in line with rapid development of the
Internet have mostly dealt with the characteristics of people who prefer
social interaction via Web or relations among traits of personality and
chosen content on the Web (Mingxin & Li, 2002; Correa, T., 2009).
However, what remains unclear are the characteristics of the population uses the Internet primarily as a source of information as opposed
to individuals who use the Internet as a medium designed above all for
social activities and entertainment. The aim of this study is to determine characteristics of the population, mainly personality traits, using
new media dominant as the source of information.
*
46
3. Teorijski i metodološki pristupi u medijskim studijama /
Theoretical and methodological approaches in media studies
Eva REŽNÁKOVÁ
PhD student
Faculty of Mass Media
Paneuropean University, Bratislava
AGENDA SETTING THEORY
This contribution discusses the agenda setting theory which deals
with mass media and their influence on public opinion. This theory regards media as an importing tool that helps influence public opinion by
setting the agenda in public debate as well as focus public attention on
key public issues. Using agenda setting, media give some priorities to
chosen issues and topics and determine which of them are perceived by
public as important. This theory assumes that media have a huge power
to establish what kind of information the audience gets and what part
of the news is important for the audience.
The first who analyzes the imapct of the media on consumer’s
perception was an american journalist Walter Lippmann. As the most
important representatives of agenda setting theory are considered Prof.
Maxwell McCombs and Prof. Donald Shaw.
Ivan DRANAČKA
PhD student
FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND CRITICAL THEORY
Frankfurt School is a philosophical school of 20th century, which
emerged from German philosophical environment and its theoretical
47
program is based on critical theory of society. Leaders of the Frankfurt school were inspired by Karl Marx and the Hegelian dialectic, the
other thought resources were the classic German philosophical tradition - Kant - as well as Weber, Freud. Unlike then dominating materialistic Marxism, which determines the nature of cultural production, is
the key of neomarxists of Frankfurt school the culture itself. According to critics of the Frankfurt school, capitalist society is characterized
not only by manufacturing goods, but also cultural goods, but culture
produced by the cultural industry is losing its critical potential. As the
most important representatives are considered Theodor Adorno, Max
Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm and sometimes Jurgen
Habermas.
Ioana VID, PhD
Assistant professor
Department of Philosophy and Communication Sciences
Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication Sciences
TRENDS IN THE STYLISTICS OF THE CULTURAL
REPORTAGE
Writing reportage is an art. But if the reporter does not use a correct documentation at the base of this art, we cannot talk about the reportage as a journalistic genre. But since the information and the document are not enough to achieve a reportage, the reporter must have
language skill to write a natural, expressive text and to transpose the
reader where the event takes place. If the author’s notes are unapplied
in the news, in the reportage, they are shown. The tone, morphology,
syntax, pronunciation, regionalisms, colloquial language, and figures
of speech – all are all the elements that give expressivity to the article.
„Mark Twain’s Principles” (acuracy, clarity, credibility and adapting the style to the event) are applied to the reportage, as well as they
are used when drafting any text belonging to the journalistic genre.
48
The journalism has evolved along with the language, but the language had also suffered changes becouse of the written press who has
always been closely linked to the nonconventional language, the one
spoken on the street. Thus, the press had to wait the start of a cohesive
Romanian language and then to continue by itself in a personal language, which obviously will never forget where it started from.
The journalistic language obeys a rigour of communication caused
by an institutional frame and established by a social-proffesional group,
whose purpose is to achieve an effective communication as Luminiţa
Roşca says in The journalistic text production. In the same book, she
gives us three features of journalistic communication:
‒ the production act of messages is, in the same time, an individual act and an institutional one
‒ the receptional act is an individual one
‒ the audience pressure leads to the major request of journalistic
communication: the message reachability.
Finally, I will analyze several articles written by Andrei Pleşu for
a cultural magazine Dilema veche.
Jana ZJAK, MA
PhD student
TELEVISION SHOW PROGRAMS FROM THE VIEW
OF VISUAL STUDIES
The aim of thesis is to approximate theories of visual studies applied
in television show programs for wide mass of people. Characteristic of
television program is defined as a typical frame of reality. The moving
picture in television is framed visual field and as so is a primary scope
of one’s sight. This basic model of television perception is used to make
deeper study of television picture itself with main cinematograph rules
such as light, camera moving and shot size with comparison on history
49
of art theories such as perspective, framing or use of light. Visual studies as a part of media studies deal with a components and a technology
of medial scheme as a system. In complex research media as an entity it
is inevitable to combine various media in the meaning of their message,
technology and mutual share as well. Television program is coherence
with film and fine arts.
Jana PIŠTEKOVÁ, MA
PhD student
SIGMUND FREUD THEORY IN TABLOID MEDIA
WORLD
Infotaintment as a tool of commercialization resonates today in
Slovak media. This trend is still getting stronger and stronger so even
more after the economic crisis. Out of four TV channels from which
three are privately owned redistribute profits from the small advertising package. Commercialization of the media in Slovakia as well can
no longer be affected or stopped. Commercial channels are working
closely with tabloid press and TV news and sometimes even infotainment are in prime/ time forced to use certain elements that increase
the volume of rating. Watching individual various television formats
in Slovakia is monitored by people meters and shares and ratings are
showing that in some situations people respond instinctively.
Sigmund Freud was an excellent observer of people and many
of his arguments have held relevant content today. In this work I have
applied and used some of his knowledge to the actual media environment.
50
Dejan SREDOJEVIĆ, MPhil
Teaching assistant
Academy of Arts
DICTION MISTAKES IN PRESENTING
THE RADIO NEWS*
Speech sign is usually a sign of wider context since it transfers
language information, but also information on the speaker, his emotions and his attitude towards the topic he is talking about as well as to
his listeners. In everyday life, this all comes naturally because language
is realised as a global sign even when the speakers are unaware of all
the above-mentioned factors. On the other hand, radio news presenters are usually unaware of the real context in which the speech takes
place while reading the news, which results in the stage fright and bad
diction. For this reason, speech form is often in contradiction to the
content being presented and therefore becomes the hindering factor in
decoding a message. This paper is based on 300 samples of radio news
read by fourth-year students of the Department of Media Studies at the
Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad. Typical examples are illustrated by
spectrograms and recordings analysed by means of methods of experimental phonetics.
*
51
Vladimir BAROVIĆ, PhD
Associate professor
Faculty of Philosophy, Novi Sad
JOURNALISTIC ETHICS AND MEDIA WORK IN CRISIS
SITUATIONS
This paper remarks that the large-scale commercialism of electronic and printed media leads to uncompromising struggle for market, in
which many of ethical codes are being violated. Such situation arises in
all fields of work in media, but particularly extreme cases are noticeable
in crises which often lower the ethical criteria of acceptable photographs,
recordings and the follow-up texts that are being released in media. In
this paper, based on analysis of contents in media we discuss whether
it is necessary to include new normative in present ethical codes, which
would sanction the extreme examples of ethics violation. In the end,
we accomplished connection between the need for bigger popularity/
numerous edition and cherishing the dignity of contemporary moral subject whose existence is jeopardized in ruthless media commercialism.
Mira VIDAKOVIĆ, PhD
Associate professor
ROLE OF MEDIA IN FORMATION OF UNIVERSAL VALUES*
Today, mass media plays a large part in forming the opinions of
all classes of societies, those of general public, consumers and even the
*
52
people who acquire and share information. Radio, television, print media and Internet have become everyday routine of every person on this
planet. Number of consumers of these media resources grows by the
day. Mass media have the capability and power to control progression
of the society. Although we cannot and should not stop the media as
an embodiment of the freedom of speech, it is important to make them
aware of their power of manipulation and that repercussions can harm
society, because will is a propellant of the society.
Modern opinions are that the influence of mass media on individual members of society is virtually limitless. This paper examines
how that unbounded power can shape the universal values of the whole
society.
Mass communication is the term used to describe a way of social
communication where a message can be distributed through means of
mass media to a wider public and large number of people at the same.
With emergence of the Internet and Web 2.0 mass communication gets
it new aspect – two-way mass communication.
Informational age, in which we live right now, as well as creativity, culture, knowledge and education have been completely globalized.
Hence, global communication demands new definitions of mass culture, cultural identity, artistic genres, etc. We are entering a society that
knows not of limitation, segregation, isolation, a society in which universal values as social policies are encouraged. Still, one of the main
questions of contemporary society is how to keep your individuality
but stay in the boundaries of these globalization tendencies, how to
stay on the path to achieving “unified world”, which is based on economic and technological integration, and still avoid the dangers of cultural uniformity, serialization of a special cultural and politic entity?
53
ODABRANI RADOVI UČESNIKA
NAUČNO-ISTRAŽIVAČKE ŠKOLE
„MOSTOVI MEDIJSKOG OBRAZOVANJA 2011“
SELECTED PAPERS OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF
THE SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH SCHOOL
“THE BRIDGES OF MEDIA EDUCATION 2011”
Jasna MERKLIN
Petra ZNOJ
Urška ZALAR
Student of the Department of Communication
Faculty of Social Sciences
REPORTING ABOUT NEIGHBORS IN SLOVENIAN DAILY
NEWSPAPERS
1. Introduction
In this essay we will present and interpret data that we collected
in two daily Slovenian newspapers and analyzed their content while in
Novi Sad. In the quantitative-qualitative discourse analysis, supported
by lectures of theory, we analyzed 27 newspapers, dating from 4th of
May to 28th of June. We analyzed 20 items from Slovenske novice and
30 from Primorske novice.
Firstly, this report will explain the context of both dailies. Before
the interpretation of results we will explain methodological settings of
our research. Finally we will conclude our report with findings and make
an overview how our newspapers reports about neighbor countries.
2. Context of newspapers
2. 1. Primorske novice
Weekly Nova Gorica which was first published in 1947 with the
circulation of 3200 and weekly Istrski Jadran which was published in
1950 with the circulation of 5000 merged into weekly Primorske novice in 1963. Through the years Primorske increased its publishing to
twice and later three times a week until 2004 when it became the first
Slovenian regional daily. Its website begin to live in 1996. Publishing
company Primorske novice d.o.o. is registered in Koper. Primorske
novice is an informative and non-party daily that is regionally active
but its readership belongs to a wider area. As of 2009, it is the only
regional daily newspaper in Slovenia.
57
2. 2. Slovenske novice
Slovenske novice was the first Slovenian tabloid paper. First edition was published in 1991 and until this day it has been a newspaper with the biggest circulation in Slovenia. Publishing company ČGP
Delo (Delo publisher) presumably founded a bypass company to establish Slovenske novice (Bašič Hrvatin, 2007: 29). This explains identical
ownership of newspapers – or rather Delo’s ownership over Slovenske
novice. Its current circulation consists of 305.000 readers (National research of readership 2009 II-2010 I).
3. Reporting about neighbors: case Slovenia
Slovenia has four neighbor countries: Austria, Hungary, Croatia
and Italy. With other countries in the region was connected to Yugoslavia, but it was first country to secede from federation in 1989.
It became member of European Union in 2004 and currently
Slovenian government is left-sided. It has three minorities: in Austria,
Hungary and Italy.
There was 1.619 media in 2009; within 1.178 printed media, 262
on-line publications, 100 radio stations, 79 TV stations and 9 dailies.
4. Methodology
Our analysis consisted of examining two daily Slovenian newspapers. We took in consideration editions published on 4nd, 7th, 14th,
19th, 23th, 27th and 31th May; as well as 4th, 8th, 11th, 16th, 20th,
24th and 28th Jun. Analyzed corpus consisted of 60 articles, 20 items
from the Slovenske novice and 30 from Primorske novice.
Every piece of newspaper had at least one article about neighbor
countries. Codex was constituted of 19 categories. Apart from basic categories like date and title of newspaper the rest of codex demanded an
analysis of Position in newspapers, section (or its title), size of the text,
genre, authorship, occasion, visual presentation, location, topic, subject, identification of subject, object, identification of the object, value
context: subject about object, type of the title and notes to our easier
understanding.
Aim of our research was to try to determine how much and in
58
what way Slovenian media report about the neighboring countries,
Slovakia, Romania and the former states of Yugoslavia.
5. Results
5.1. Position of articles in newspaper and size of the text
Most articles about neighbor countries were not on the front page
(92%). We can link this result with results that we got in category Size
of the text. There were 68% of short news (34 articles) and only 12%
of large articles (6 articles).
Short
Middle
Large
Figure 1. Size of the texts
5.2. Genre
Short news was the main genre in analyzed articles (66%), followed by reports (20%), feature articles (10%) and feature story (4%).
There was no interview, commentary, reply, letter of the reader, vox
populi, expert feature or other.
Short
news
Report
Feature
articles
Feature
story
Figure 2. Genres of the texts
59
5. 3. Authorship
Most of all articles didn’t have authorship indicated (46%), journalists were signed under the text in 28% of articles and in 24% of
articles the authorship belonged to news agencies.
Figure 3. Text autorship
5. 4. Occasion
There was only one article which was considered as media initiative (2%), followed by pseudo-event (6%). Most of articles covered
actual events (92%).
5. 5. Visual presentation
Two categories were equally presented: only text (48%) and text
and the photo (48%). There were no text with caricature or text box,
except in articles where text was fulfilled with more categories (4%).
5. 6. Location
Most articles cover news from Italy or Austria (other countries
– 45%), followed by Croatia (35) and Serbia (12%). There were also
one article from Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia.
During the analysis there was not even one article from Hungary or
Slovakia.
60
Serbia
Croatia
Romania
BiH
Montenegro
Macedonia
Figure 4. Reporting about neighboring countries
5. 7. Topic
Articles mostly covered crimes (20%) and sport (20%), followed
by culture (12%), war crimes (10%), social issues (8%), regional corporation between two or more countries (5%), politics (4%), religion
(4%), entertainment (4%), economy (2%) and minority issues (2%).
Regional
coopertion
War crimes
Crimes
Economy
Politics
Minority
issues
Figure 5. Topic of the texts
61
5. 8. Subject
Subject in analyzed articles were mostly subjects from regional/
neighboring countries (35%), followed by representatives of the worlds
of culture, education, science, sport (21%), citizens (15%), military and
police (12%), state bodies and organs (6%), economic experts, companies, businessmen (4%), provincial, county canton and local bodies
and organs (2%) and journalists (2%). In analyzed pieces there is no
international organization implied as a subject, no science expert or
ethnic minority representatives.
Figure 6. Main subjects in the texts
5.9. Object
Most covered objects in the analyzed articles were representatives of the world of culture, science, education and sport (25%), then
citizens (21%), military and police (15%), followed by subjects from
regional/neighboring countries (13%), economic experts, companies,
businessmen (8%), state bodies and organs (6%) and political parties
(2%). Some categories are not covered in analyzed articles, such as
provincial, county canton and local bodies and organs, science expert
or ethnic minority representatives.
62
Figure 7. Main objects of the texts
5.10. Value context
First, analyzed articles showed that evaluation: subject about
object was mostly positive (43%), but followed closely with negative
(37%) and last – neutral (20%).On the other hand, value attached by
an author about topic was mostly neutral (72%), but more negative
(16%),then positive (12%).
5.11. Type of the title
Realistic type was the most frequent type of the title (52%), followed by sensationalistic (30%) and metaphorical (18%).
63
6. Conclusion
Most articles cover news from Italy or Austria, followed by
Croatia. During the analysis there was not even one article from Hungary or Slovakia. Most of the examined articles cover news from Italy,
and that is expected, because Primorske novice has its headquarters
near the border with Italy. If the analysis included only Slovenske novice, number of articles mentioning Croatia would took the first place.
Third most covered country was Serbia, which is connected to the case
of Ratko Mladić, who was arrested in that time.
Other countries had one or two articles, but they were not relevant, like news from Romania, in which bird crashed into the plane,
but nothing really happened.
There is almost no “first page stories”, which is also connected to
the size of the text, which is usually small and genre, where the most
common genre is short news. In analyzed articles there is not any interview, commentary or vox populi.
Texts are mainly concerned with the (war) crimes (connected
to the case of Ratko Mladić) and sport. There are no articles about
cooperation between countries in the region in relation to the media,
education and science. Subject in texts are mainly government institutions and representatives of sport and culture, slightly less subjects are
citizens or representatives of police or army. Representatives of ethnic
minorities are not mentioned as a subject.
To expose main findings of our research, we must emphasize that
articles were mainly short news, texts were mainly concerned with the
(war) crimes and sport, there were lots of negative items connected to
Croatia, representatives of ethnic minorities were not mentioned, there
was no article connected to Hungary even though it is our neighbor
and there is no topic connected to cooperation among countries in the
region or with neighbors.
64
References
Limb, Peter (1992). „Alliance Strengthened or Diminished?: Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation
Movements in Southern Africa. Retrieved 7th May 1992, URL:
http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.
html.
Radovanović, Milorad (1986). Sociolingvistika. Novi Sad: Književna
zajednica Novog Sada - Dnevnik.
Primorske novice. 2011. Analysis of the daily (May, June). Ljubljana:
Delo d.d.
Primorske novice Accessible on: http://www.primorske.si/.
Reynolds, Susan (1983). Medieval Origins: Gentium and the Community of the Realm. History, 68: 375-390.
Sperber, Dan (1990). „The Epidemiology of Beliefs“, in The Social
Psychological Study of Widespread Beliefs, ed. C. Fraser & G.
Gaskell (Oxford: Clarendon Press): 25-44.
Slovenske novice. Accessible on: http://www.slovenskenovice.si/.
Slovenske novice. 2011. Analysis text of the daily (May, June). Ljubljana: Delo d.d.
65
FRUNZĂ-ȚOGOE Andreea-Aida
PÂNTEA Ana-Alexandra
SZOFRAN Gabriel
Students of the Department of Philosophy and Communication
Sciences
Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication
Sciences
THE CASE STUDY ROMANIA
We analyzed two Romanian newspapers: Click!, a popular tabloid
and another daily newspaper called Jurnalul National.
Click!
Click! (former Averea) is an Romanian tabloid newspaper owned
by Adevarul Holding media trust. It is a very popular tabloid that reached the top position is sales in 2009 with 208.903 copies sold on
issue.
Before becoming a tabloid, Averea used to be a daily newspaper
dealing with general subjects, but also a lot of economical and financial
ones. It used to have a popular Christian-democratic orientation and
it first appeared in May 2005 under Sorin Rosca Stanescu. It became
a full-time tabloid in March 2006 with the help of a very aggressive
media campaign. The newspaper became a part of Adevarul holding in
October 2006, when it was bought by media tycoon Dinu Patriciu for
over 560.000 Euros. In 2007 the name Averea was changed to Click!
Now a few words about Adevarul Holding: it is one of the biggest
and most influential media trusts in Romania and it contains several
printed newspapers as well as their online versions. Adevarul (The
Truth), Adevarul de seara (The Evening Truth - a free newspaper that
sustains itself through advertising), Forbes, Ok! Magazine, Dilema
Veche (The Old Dilemma) and Click! are some of the most popular
newspapers of the trust. Adevarul Holding is also the owner of the
66
Ukrainian daily newspaper Blik. Dinu Patriciu, the owner is a controversial person and he was often accused of having a great influence in
Romania’s politics.
Tabloids usually come in smaller dimensions than the usual
newspapers and they treat subjects that are considered superficial and
sensational and Click! is no exception. It also has an online version
and three other printed versions for women, healthcare and cooking
(Click Pentru femei, Click Sanatate and Click Pofta Buna). Click! is a
tabloid with very low standards. There is basically nothing it wouldn’t
publish and the pictures in the printed and online versions have pornographic innuendos more often than not. Still, Click! remains in a
top position in the preferences of the readers, being one of the most
popular publications in Romania. Scandals almost always occupy the
front pages and the information published is not very well documented most of the time. But the audience doesn’t seem to mind that,
preferring to read about the scandals, VIPs and other frivolous things
instead of reading a serious newspaper. Click! deals with almost any
subjects, from politics to the weather, but the articles are written in a
very sensationalist way.
Jurnalul National
Jurnalul National is one of the most important and appreciated
newspapers in Romania. It has been around for years and people see it
as one of the few quality newspapers still on the market. The first issue
of Jurnalul National first appeared in 1993 and it was made in Bucharest. It is a part of the Intact Media Group, a very powerful Romanian
media trust.
The owner of Intact Media Group is Dan Voiculescu, a powerful
Romanian tycoon and the founder of the Conservative Party. He runs
the trust with Romanian equity only. Intact owns 6 national TV channels, 11 publications and 3 radio stations.
Some of the journalists working for Intact Media Group are very
well known in Romania. A few of them even have their own TV shows
like Mircea Badea, Marius Tuca or Victor Ciutacu. Others are well
known writers, like Mircea Cartarescu and some are just appreciated
foe their articles, like Ion Cristoiu and Radu Tudor.
67
Jurnalul National has 24 pages, in a big format, both colored and
in black and white. In 14 of the 24 pages there are advertisements.
The articles are placed in regard to their subject in different sections:
“Events”, “Investigations”, “Reportage”, “Analysis”, “Politics”, “Economic-Buisness”, “Foreign”, “Cultural” and many others depending
on the situation.
The newspapers format and graphics are similar to those of the
British Guardian. Jurnalul National also has an online version where
the public is able to read most of the articles. It is also a serious website
and people mostly consider it a valid source of information. The printed newspaper costs 1.5 lei (about 36 dinars) alone and about 11.9 lei
with a book (about 285 dinars). Its target audience is formed of people
between 20 and 50 years of age and with an income and studies above
average.
Reporting about neighbors
For two months we analyzed two Romanian newspapers Click!
and Jurnalul National. During this time frame the most important articles that had any information about neighboring countries and the
Region had a share of 47% in Click! and 53% in Jurnalul National.
We were surprised that both publications have a share close to 50%,
taking into consideration that tabloids usually approach more sensational topics.
We have found 15 articles about neighboring countries. Only one
of this news could be found on the front page in 27th May in Jurnalul
National and it was about Ratko Mladić. The rest of the articles were in
special sections of international news or were very short and could be
found on the last page of the newspaper. All of the 15 articles appeared
in different sections in the following way: 20% politics, 20% war crimes, 13% sports, 13% social affairs, 13% economy and 20% in other
sections.
After analyzing the articles we noticed that 40% of them were
very long, taking up more than half a page, 33% were medium in length and 27% were very short.
68
Regarding the genre of the articles, 53% were reports, 27% were
short news, 13% were opinions and 7% were a combination of these.
We noticed that the reports were predominant in Click!, as well
as in Jurnalul National. In 80% of the cases the articles were signed
by their author and in 20% of the cases the articles were signed by the
press agency.
In most of the articles the current events had a share of 73%,
media initiatives were 13% and press conferences were also 13%. That
means that current events have priority in both newspapers. The visual
presentation in both publications was structured in the following way:
text with photo had a share of 40%, text with more categories has also
40%, text with textbox had 13% and simple text had 7%.
From the 15 analyzed articles three were about Serbia, three were
about Bulgaria, one was about Hungary and the rest were from other
European countries.
Most of the topics were related to war, politics, economy, entertainment, social events and sports.
The context these articles were presented in was a negative one in
53% of the cases, a neutral one in 33% of the cases and a positive one
in only 13% of the cases. Both newspapers had a majority of realistic
headlines with 67% and the sensationalistic headlines had a share of
33%.
69
NÁNÁSI Anita
TÓTH Zsuzsa
VRAZSOVITS Rita
Students at the Department of Communication and Media Studies
Faculty of Arts
University of Szeged
MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF NEIGHBOURS
IN HUNGARIAN PRINT MEDIA
I The object of the research
In our analysis (Media representation of our neighbours in Hungarian printed media) we concentrated on the Hungarian newspapers
Blikk and Délmagyarország. We focused on the pieces that were published in May and June 2011.
Which countries are our neighbours? We are geographically in
neighbourhood of seven countries: Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Austria. We focused on other countries because of the historical and geographical connection, for example Bosnia
and Herzegovina and the Czech Republic.
II
Method
During our work we used quantitative and qualitative methods
as well. We will tell our results and our conclusions in the next section.
In Hungary, although the concept of objective informing exists,
papers hardly keep themselves away from influence of political and
economic powers. For tabloids (Blikk) the base theory is “bad news is
good news”. Blikk is a daily tabloid published by the publisher Ringier from Schwitzerland. It was first published in May 1994. Since
70
2004 it has been published in a coloured form. It is the most popular
newspaper in Hungary. Délmagyarország is a regional daily newspaper about public life.
III
Hypothesises
Before the introduction of our findings we would like to present
our hypothesis: We expect that Blikk as a tabloid will have shorter, less
deep investigation of the background information and we expect that
Délmagyarország will report much more from the foreign happenings
than Blikk. We have another expectation and that is that we will find
many articles about our neighbours and about their political, economic
and public lives.
IV Analysis
The location was the most important part of our representation.
Most of the articles were about Serbia, because of the case of Ratko
Mladić. The second and third countries were Romania and Slovakia.
Its first reason may be the neighbouring cooperation, and that Hungary
is in strong connection with these neighbours. The second reason may
be the great number of Hungarians who live in those countries next to
the border. On the other hand we did not find so many articles about
our other neighbours (Macedonia and Slovenia).
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Serbia
Croatia
Romania
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Montenegro
Slovenia
Countries
Figure 1. Locations represented in the sample
One of the most interesting results in these newspapers is that the
section’s 35% was about sport, and then came the crime and the politics only with 21% and 17%. Our hypothesis was that in the Hungarian
media the neighbours get bigger attention than others and of course we
thought the field will mainly the politics and minority, but as you can
see this hypothesis is wrong.
Sport
Politics
Local
Crime
Accident
Tourism
History
Economy
Culture
Figure 2. Sections in which texts appeared
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We cannot give definite answer without researching, but we can
give feasible explanation. Probably the reason is that in Hungary sport
has got history.
Take for instance Ferenc Puskás, a well-known Hungarian football
player. Or nowadays, our water polo team is the only one in the world
who was able to win the Summer Olympic Games 3 times running.
We have had the most effective kayak-canoe team in the world since
1994 with the world’s best athlete, Katalin Kovács who won 31 times
in kayak world championships. Hungary won 160 gold, 144 silver and
164 bronze medal at the Olympic Games, and that means we are in the
first 10 nations (in the official top list).
The reason maybe that with these successes the Hungarian people
pay big attention to sport, and the media follow this as well.
On the other hand there is another reason. At this time of the year
(May, June 2011) there were more big sport events in the region (European Senior Canoe Sprint Championships in Belgrad, Serbia, or the Ice
Hockey World Championship in Bratislava, Slovakia).
Most of the articles were short (67%) and only 10% of them were
on the front page. It means three articles from the thirty.
The longest one was about the Treaty of Trianon because of its
91st anniversary (4. June 1920). It mainly told about the past, the history with a lot of data and details. So we came to the conclusion that
we pay more attention to our past than necessary. The other two articles
were about sport as in most of the articles.
63% of the articles were short news with only one or two sentences and only 20% were reports.
V Conclusion
The expectations were different from the results of the research.
Most of the articles were not about politics, economics and crimes, but
sports. We found only 30 articles about our neighbours although we
expected more. These articles were about the most important actual
events. So Hungarian people (or at least the readers of these newspa73
pers) are not well-informed about the region. In these two months Délmagyarország and Blikk focused mainly on the western part of Europe.
We must ask – even though Hungary is in the center of the region –
why these newspapers pay less attention to its neighbouring countries
(which all have Hungarian minorities).
74
Dušan ALEKSIĆ
Neven OBRADOVIĆ
Ana ŠURDILOVIĆ
University of Niš
MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION IN SERBIAN
NEWSPAPERS KURIR AND NARODNE NOVINE
Introduction
In the research on Serbian media writing about the countries in
the region (region means neighbouring countries, Slovenia, Austria
and Slovakia) we have analyzed two daily newspapers – Kurir and
Narodne novine. The tabloid Kurir is published on the territory of
whole Serbia with the average daily circulation of around 160.000,
while the local daily newspapers from Niš, Narodne novine, has a daily
circulation of around 5.000. The corpus consists of seven issues of both
newspapers published in May and June 2011.
The subject of the research is writing of these two Serbian daily
newspapers about the neighbouring countries. The way these media
have structured an image on others is investigated through the analysis of the texts on the neighbouring countries – the representation of
themes from these countries is determined as well topics reported, the
reporting value context, diversity of sources and the way in which it
was reported. Besides, the professinal characteristics of reporting have
been analyzed like genre, vusual prezentation, headlines, text size,
etc.
The objective of the research is to determine the place and role
of reporting on the countries neighbouring Serbia and in the observed
region in creation of the media relationship towards these countries
through the analysis of content and form – form of expression used by
journalists that wrote about the neighbouring countries.
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Hypothesis
Initial hypotheses:
• As Narodne novine is a local newspaper, more texts on neighbouring countries could be found in Kurir published on the territory of whole Serbia, therefore covering much more topics.
• Factual forms of the journalist expression (news, reports) prevail the analytical forms of expression (article, comment).
There are no reasearch texts in either of these two newpapers.
• A large number of texts in both newpapers refer to the former
Yugoslavian republics.
• A large number of texts in both newspapers refer to the unsolved problems among the former Yugoslav republics like war
crimes, succession, cross-border crimes.
• As these are foreign countries, the majority of texts are taken
over from the news agencies.
• Due to the dreary past of the Balkans in the texts prevails a
negative relationship towards the object.
• As Kurir is considered a tabloid – “illustrated daily newspaper of smaller format dominated by the sensationalism in the
processing techniques“ (Todorović, 2006: 20), the headlines
are mostly sensationalistic.
Methodology
This paper used quantitative-qualitative discourse analysis of two
daily newspapers – national newspaper Kurir, as a tabloid, and the
local Niš newspaper Narodne novine. 14 issues published in May and
June 2011 of each publication have been analyzed. The analysis was
conducted by filling in the predetermined code sheet.
Analysis
Within the analyzed period 79 texts have been found on neighbouring countries. Out of this number 60 have been found in Kurir
(76%) and 19 in Narodne novine (24%). None of the texts have been
on the front page.
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Analysis of Kurir
The majority of texts, 24, that makes 40% out of total number of
texts published in Kurir, could be found under the “News“ section. It is
worth mentioning that under this section there also were texts on happenings in Serbia itself. Under “Black chronicle“ there were 13 texts
(22%), but even these events have not been detached from the happenings in Serbia. In Kurir there is a section “Planet” with texts on non
ex-YU countries. Within the analyzed period, 11 such texts have been
published (18%). Due to the fact that Kurir is a tabloid, the attention has been paid
to the happenings in show-business. These texts could be found under
the section titled “Stars”, and within the analyzed period there were
8 texts on celebrities from the neighbouring countries (13%). The regional sports events were covered in 4 texts published under the section “Sport” (7%).
The majority of texts were short (few sentences). Kurir published
44 short texts (70%). There were 6 medium size texts (10%) (up to
one third of page), while 10 texts (17%) were published covering half
or more than half of the page.
As far as genres are concerned, the most represented were news
(42 texts, 70%). The second place belongs to reports (10 texts, 17%).
There were 3 interviews (5%). One was with an Albanian who was
driving the corpses of Serbians whose organs have been removed in
Kosovo (8th June, “I Felt the Smell of Blood“), another was a confession of a woman molested in the Remetinec camp in Croatia (24th
June, „I Survived Hell!”) and an interview with the Big Brother winner, Marjana Čvrljak (28th June, “I Put a Shame on My Family“). Two
articles have been published (3%) – one on decision of the Montenegrian Parliament that the historical fact is that Serbia had forcibly annexed
Montenegro in 1918 (8th May, „Montenegrians Rape the History“) and
one on the conflict between the state of Montenegro and the Serbian
Orthodox Church in this country (19th May, “Milo Abolishes SOC!”).
There were 2 texts (3%) that could not be classified in either of genres.
Regarding the arrest of Ratko Mladić, a survey was conducted with the
statesmen in the region (2%), (27 May). There were no other genres.
The majority of texts have not been signed (32 texts, 53%). 25
texts have been signed (42%). Only for one article, on vaccination of
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cattle after antrax epidemics in Bulgaria (20th June, “They’re vaccinating a cattle” ), the news agency was stated as a source, while the
two texts have been signed by the editorial staff of Kurir. These texts
referred to the problems of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro (19th May, “Milo Abolishe SOC!”) and crimes of Dragan Paravinj (28th June, “Bloodshed of Dragan Paravinja”). The motive for
texts was almost always a current affair (58 texts, 97%). Only 2 texts
(3%) ensued as the result of media initiative. These are a confession
of woman molested in the Remetinec camp in Croatia (24th June, “I
Survived Hell!”) and the texts on the business affairs of the former
Croatian vice president Ivo Sanader with Serbia (23rd May, “Sanader’
Business with Serbians”).
As for the visual presentation, in 27 cases (45%) there was only
a text without accompanying elements, while 21 texts (35%) were
illustrated by a photo. 11 texts were with photo, text box or other
elements (18%), while 1 article (2%) had only text box as an addition.
The majority of texts – 30 (48%), have been on Croatia, although
some of them referred to two or more countries. 14 texts have been
published (22%) on happenings in Bosnia and Hezegovina, 9 (14%)
on Montenegro, 2 (3%) on Macedonia and 1 (2%) on Romania. There
were 7 texts on other neighbouring countries – Bulgaria and Albania
(11%).
Thematic area with majority texts was black chronicle (15 texts,
25%). This area has been followed by politics, entertainment and war
crimes, while other themes occurred in almost even percentage. The
order looks as follows:
• Black chronicle – 15 texts (25 %)
• Politics – 9 texts (15%)
• Entertainment – 8 texts (13%)
• War crimes – 7 texts (12%)
• Other – 7 texts (12%)
• Social topics – 3 texts (5%)
• Sports – 3 texts (5%)
• Religious topics – 2 texts (3%)
• Minority affairs – 2 texts (3%)
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The biggest attention was paid to the referendum in Bosnia and
Herzegovina (5 texts, 8%).
The subjects in the texts had mainly been citizens from the neighbouring countries – 19 texts (32%). Next are the representatives from
provinces/counties/cantons/local bodies – 16 texts (27%). Third place
belongs to the people from entertainment – 7 texts (12%). Representatives from culture, education, science, sports were subjects of 4 texts
(7%). The same number of texts were dedicated to the representatives
of army and police forces. 3 texts (5%), were dedicated to the governmental bodies, as well as to the subjects belonging to neither of these
categories. Economic experts, companies, businessmen were subjects
of 2 texts (3%), while one article (2%) was dedicated to the civil society..
As far as objects are concerned, the citizens were objects in 10
texts (33%), represented as follows:
• Others – 6 texts (20%)
• Army, police – 5 texts (17%)
• Governmental bodies – 2 texts (7%)
In 37 texts (61%) it was impossible to define the subject.
In the majority of cases, the attitude of the subject towards the
object was negative (23 texts, 74%), in 4 texts (13%) it was neutral,
with the same number of positive ones.
The attitude of the journalists to the event was mainly neutral –
58 texts (97%). Yet, in two texts (3%) the attitude of the author was
negative. These are texts on decision of the Montenegrian Parliament
that the historical fact is that Serbia had forcibly annexed Montenegro
in 1918 (8 May, “Monenegrians Rape History”) and the text on the
Pope’s visit to Croatia (4 June, “The Croats Provoke Us”).
Majority of headlines were of informative character (37 texts,
62%), although the significant number of sensationalistic headlines
have been noticed (17 texts, 28%). The headlines of 6 texts (10 %)
were metaphoric.
Analysis of Narodne novine
In the analyzed issues of Narodne novine 19 texts have been dedicated to the neighbouring countries, much less then in Kurir with 60 of
them. None of these texts found its place on the front page.
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The majority of texts could be found in the “Chronicle” section
(7 texts, 37%), followed by “World” section (6 texts, 32%). These sections also refer to the situation in Serbia and to the cooperation of Serbia with neighbouring countries. Narodne novine is not a tabloid, and
the texts are based on facts and information genres are not painted with
the opinion of the journalists. Narodne novine do not write about showbusiness, they mostly deal with political topics.
As for the size of the article, the most represented was short news
form consisting of few sentrences. This kind of texts comprises 68%,
followed by medium size texts (32%), with no long texts at all.
When speaing of genres, only two types have been found in
the analyzed texts – news in 12 texts (63%) and reports in 7 texts
(37%).
Majority of texts have not been signed by authors – even no
initials. 10 texts (53%) were like this, while 6 texts (32%) were news
taken over from the news agencies. Two texts were taken over from
other media (11%), with only one signed by the author (5%).
As for the motive, all of them refereed to the current affairs, making 100%.
The most represented form of visual presentation was text accompanied with photo – 11 texts (58%), followed by plain text – 7 texts
(37%), with only one text with more elements (5%). There are no other
forms of visual presentation.
The majority of texts were dedicated to Bosnia and Herzegovina
– 7 texts (37%), followed by Croatia with 4 (21%), Montenegro with
2 (11%) and other countries also with 2 (11%). One article was dedicated to Hungary, Slovenia and Macedonia each, as is 5 % for each
mentioned country.
The war crimes were major thematic area in Narodne novine
within the analyzed period. 8 texts were dedicated to this topic (42%).
5 texts were about politics (26%). The rest of the texts were dedicated
to other topics:
• Multilateral cooperation – 2 texts (11%)
• Economy – 2 texts (11%)
• Black chronicle – 1 article (5%)
• Entertainment – 1 article (5%)
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Subjects were mainly representatives of governmental bodies – 7
texts (37%). Next are citizens with 4 texts (21%), army and police forces with 3 texts (16%) and one text was dedicated to the show-business
celebrity (5%).
As far as object is concerned, the governmental representatives
and army forces and police representazives share an equal percentage.
3 texts are dedicated to both categories (38%), one text was dedicated
to citizens (13%), and one to the governmental bodies.
When speaking of the subject’s attitude towards object it is negative
in 4 texts (50%), neutral in 3 texts (38%) and positive in one (12%).
Journalists have been neutral, making 100%. Out of 19 texts, all
had information title, making again 100%.
Comparative analysis
From the analysis presented, one can notice that both Kurir and
Narodne novine report on news in ex-YU countries and in Serbia under
the very same section.
Based on the complete analysed material (Kurir and Narodne novine), we come to a conclusion that the prevailing texts are the short
ones (57 texts, 72%). 12 medium size texts have been observed (15%),
while all long texts were published in Kurir (10 texts, 13%).
As for the genres, the news is prevailing (54 texts, 68%). Next is a
report with 17 texts (22%). News and reports are mutual genres for both
newspapers, while other genres have been observed only in Kurir.
When speaking of authors, majority of texts have not been signed
(42 texts, 53%). Other sources of information are as follows:
• Journalist – 26 texts (33%)
• Agency – 7 texts (9%)
• Other media – 2 texts (3%)
• Something else – 2 texts (3%)
The current affairs was a topic of majority of texts (77 texts, 97%).
Only Kurir published two texts originating from media initiative.
As far as visual presentation is concerned, only text and text +
photo were equally represented:
• Only text – 34 texts (43%)
• Text + photo – 32 texts (41%)
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• Text + more categories – 12 texts (15%)
• Text + text box – 1 text (1%)
Most off the texts were dedicated to ex-YU countries, especially
Croatia – 34 texts (41%). The complete order is as follows:
• Croatia – 34 texts (41%)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina – 21 texts (26%)
• Montenegro – 11 texts (13%)
• Other countries – 9 texts (11%)
• Macedonia – 3 texts (4%)
• Romania – 2 texts (2%)
• Slovenia – 1 article (1%)
• Hungary – 1 article (1%)
Most texts were dedicated, in almost equal percentage to the crimes,
war crimes and political events. There were only few other topics.
• Black chronicle – 16 texts (20%)
• War crimes – 15 texts (19%)
• Politics – 14 texts (18%)
• Entertainment – 9 texts (11%)
• Something else – 7 texts (9%)
• Multilateral cooperation – 6 texts (8%)
• Sports – 3 texts (4%)
• Social affairs – 3 texts (4%)
• Religious topics – 2 texts (3%)
• Economy – 2 texts (3%)
• Minority affairs – 2 texts (3%)
Common topics of Kurir and Narodne novine were referendum in
Bosnia and Herzegovina (7 texts, 9%) and anniversary of the crime in
Dobrovoljačka street (3 texts, 4%).
Major subject in most of the cases were citizens (23 texts, 29%)
and politicians (22 texts, 28%). The third position belongs to the showbusiness celebrities (8 texts, 10%). Others are represented in smaller
percentage:
• Governmental bodies – 7 texts (9%)
• Army and police – 7 texts (9%)
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• Representatives from culture, education, science and sports – 4
texts (5%)
• Someone else – 3 texts (4%)
• Economic experts, companies, businessmen – 2 texts (3%)
• International organizations – 1 text (1%)
• Political parties – 1 text (1%)
• NGOs – 1 text (1%)
The object could be defined in 38 texts. Out of this, 11 texts
(29%) were dedicated to the citizens. The second position belongs
to army and police forces with 8 texts (21%). The third position
is shared with 6 texts each by politicians (16%), and the category
„someone else“. 4 texts were dedicated to International organizations
(11%), and 3 to governmental bodies (8%).
The attitude of the subject towards the object was negative in 27
texts (69%), neutral in 7 (18%) and positive in 4 texts (13%).
The attitude of journalist was, in most cases, neutral (77 texts,
97%). Two texts with negative attitude were observed in Kurir
(3%).
Majority of headlines were information (56 texts, 71%). All
headlines in Narodne novine were like this, while 17 sensationalistic
headlines (22%) and 6 metaphoric were found in Kurir (8%).
Conclusion
• The first hypothesis that more texts will be found in Kurir as
national newspaper was confirmed. The majority of texts (60
out of 79) is from Kurir (76%).
• Hypothesis that the factual forms of journalist expression
(news, reports) prevail over analytical forms of expression (article, comment) was completely confirmed. News and reports
comprise 90% of analyzed material. It was also evident that
there were no research texts in either newspapers.
• As expected, majority of texts are dedicated to ex-YU republics, proving this hypothesis completely – 85% texts refer to
ex-YU countries, especially to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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• Hypothesis that large number of texts in both newspapers refers to the unsolved problems among ex-YU countries, such as
war crimes, succession and cross-border crimes was partially
confirmed. Although 19% of texts are dedicated to war crimes,
significant number of texts (20%) refers to the crimes within
the countries themselves and internal affairs of these countries
(18%).
Besides, the majority of texts in Narodne novine (42%) are dedicated to war crimes, so the separate analysis of this newspaper confirms the hypothesis.
• The hypothesis that, due to the fact that these are foreign countries, most ot the texts are to be taken over from news agencies
was rebuted. In majority of cases, the authors were not signed
(53%). Only in 7 texts news agencies are mentioned as a source
of information (9%).
• Due to a dreary past of the Balkans the negative attitude of the
subject towards object prevails. This hypothesis was completely confirmed. The attitude of the subject towards the object was
negative in 69% of cases.
• As Kurir is a tabloid, it was expected that majority of headlines
would be of sensationalistic type, but only 28 % of such headlines were detected, debuting this hypothesis.
The trend of the modern journalism in printed media to strive to
short factual forms is evident in the two analyzed newspapers. The
lack of analytical texts does not contribute to the reconcilliation in the
Balkans. Here we think of Kurir and other tabloids, as tablod journalism is usually collection and dissemination of contents of populist
character, mainly opposite to the official political attitudes (Todorović,
2006: 20). Combination of low price and circulation of 160.000 copies, can easily brings us to a conclusion how influential Kurir can be
on the population in Serbia, especially on the less educated portion of
population. The largest number of texts in both newspapers inevitably
refers to the problems like war crimes, cross-border crimes and crimes
within the borders of the countries involved in our research work,
while more texts on culture, education, economic cooperation among
the neighbouring countries would be a much faster path to establish84
ment of better relationships and brighter future in the Balkans and in
the South East Europe. This particularly refers to economic and trade
topics, as the wellknown thesis says that trade reduces probability of
wars among states and is present through almost complete history of
political thinking Frensis Fukujama, theoretician, claims that tendency
to individual freedom, enrichment, private happiness, leisure and easy
living made war lose much of its “charm”, if any (Stevanović, 2008:
230). So, besides more analytical writing about the sensitive topics one
turn is needed when the neighbouring countries are concerned. Besides
entertainment and show business comprising a lot of space it is necessary to have more texts on arts, culture film and sports, but in fair-play
manner, tipical for sports, and not in a manner that will additionally stir
up already flared intolerances among ex-YU countries. The current status certainly leads to no prosperity and cooperation needed to the South
East European countries for further progress in economical, political,
social and any other aspect.
References
Todorović, Neda (2006). Tabloidni žurnalizam. CM: Časopis za
upravljanje komuniciranjem, 1: 19–33.
Stevanović, Branislav (2008). Demokratski principi i političko
kulturne vrednosti. Niš: Filozofski fakultet.
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Iva ZOVKO
Hana GRGIĆ
Krešimir KATIĆ
Faculty of Political Science
THE CASE STUDY CROATIA
In the research we have conducted during The Bridges of Media
Education conference which took place in Novi Sad (2011) we have
analyzed two Croatian daily newspapers: Slobodna Dalmacija and 24
sata. The focus was on how they report about neighboring countries.
The main aim was to find out which neighboring countries are the most
represented, why and in what context. The two mentioned newspapers
Slobodna Dalmacija and 24 sata have circulation of around 75,000.
We have analyzed 77 articles chosen through the sampling procedure
explained below. The method used was that of discourse analysis, which looks at
the language as essential for establishing the reality and constrains
what can be said and in what way. Although, the term ‘discourse’ has
numerous ways of usage in linguistics and other social studies, the angle we find very important is how Michel Foucault has put discourse
as “a social construction of reality, a form of knowledge” (Fairclough,
1995, in Gillespie and Toynbee, 2006: 122). It was exactly what we
were trying to find out: how neighbors are represented in two daily
newspapers and how media language can paint us a picture of those
we share borders with. The two approaches are very interesting for
this paper and that is of UK linguist Norman Fairclough and the Dutch
linguist Teun van Dijk because they “attempt to draw connections between the use of language and the exercise of social power” (Gillespie
and Toynbee, 2006: 122)
In short, regarding the historical background of the 90s Croatia
was a Socialist Republic, part of a six-part Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia along with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia,
86
Montenegro, Slovenia and Serbia (including the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo which after 1974 were largely equal
to the other members of the federation). From 1991 to 1995 Croatia
fought in War of Independence, against Yugoslav National Army that
at that time consisted mostly of conscripts from Serbia and Montenegro. Media wise, situation has changed significantly. During the 90s
and before war propaganda was used as a military strategy. But on the
other hand we can say that by the year 2000 there was a huge progress
in the work of media, huge progress towards the democracy of media. Methodology
Sample
This research is focused on 77 articles from two Croatian daily
newspapers: Slobodna Dalmacija and 24 Sata. The articles were from
period between May 4th 2011 and June 28th 2011.
Methodology
For researching how Croatian newspapers report about their
neighbors and events in Croatia connected with the citizens of the
neighboring countries we used discourse analysis. The chosen method
helped us to “focus on knowledge about language beyond word, clause,
phrase and sentence…taking in consideration the relationship between
language and the social and cultural context in which the texts occur”
(Paltridge, 2006: 2). Discourse analysis shows how use of language
presents “different views of the world and different understandings…
how language is influenced by relationships between participants”
(Paltridge, 2006: 2).
The term discourse analysis was first introduced by Zellig Harris
in 1952 even though we can find the earliest examples in the 1930s.
Except examining the language beyond the sentence, Harris was interested in non-linguistic behavior. He made an observation that there
are typical ways of using language in particular situations that share
not only particular meanings but also characteristic linguistic features
associated with them (Paltridge, 2006: 2).
87
Forms of discourse analysis are numerous and come from different disciplines. Each discipline understands the role of different discourse, different aspects are emphasized.
Some approaches support the idea that our language and way of
speaking does not reflect the world, identities and relationships in a
neutral manner, but language is essential for the establishment of reality – it limits what can be said and enables us to speaks.
In discourse analysis we have four elements: objects that were
given statements, subjective positions or places from which to speak,
conceptual bipolar oppositions and pictures of the world.
Variables
Variables used in this research were:
1.Topic: regional cooperation (cross border cooperation) between
two or more countries, war crimes, crimes, economy, politics
(activities of state/provincial/local bodies/politicians etc.), minority issues, social issues, culture, democracy (human rights),
multiculturalism, religious topics (ecumenism), entertainment
(showbiz), sports.
2.Subject (carrier of the action or attitude, whose activities are
being presented): international organizations, subject from regional/neighboring countries, state body and organs, provincial, county, canton and local organs and bodies; military, police; political parties; economic experts, companies, businessman; science experts, NGO, representatives of the worlds of
culture, education, science, sports; citizens, ethnic minorities
representatives; journalists, other, no subject.
3.Identification of the subject (name, surname and position or the
name of the institution).
4.Object: international organizations, subject from regional/
neighboring countries, state body and organs, provincial,
county, canton and local organs and bodies; military, police;
political parties; economic experts, companies, businessman;
science experts, NGO, representatives of the worlds of culture,
education, science, sports; citizens, ethnic minorities representatives; journalists, other.
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5.Identification of the subject (name, surname and position or the
name of the institution).
6.Value context – subject about object: positive, negative, neutral.
7.Value attached by the author (journalist or other) to the topic:
positive, negative, neutral.
8.Type of the title: realistic, sensationalistic, metaphorical.
Analysis and interpretation of data
The focus of this research was to see how the two daily newspapers report about citizens from neighboring countries. One of the tasks
of this paper is to show what the context of articles is and which country is the most represented. It was interesting to see how much space is
covered by domestic newspapers concerning topics about neighboring
countries.
Research has found 61% articles reporting about neighbors in
Slobodna Dalmacija and 39% in 24 Sata. Very important date in the
researched period was 27th of May 2011 because accused war criminal
and a former Bosnian Serbs military leader Ratko Mladić was arrested
and extradited to Hague the day before. That day, 28 articles (36%)
in both newspapers were related to Ratko Mladić and the topics of
articles were his years spent in hiding, his war crimes, his actions in
war and the procedure arrest. Some of the headlines were “He hated
Muslims”*, “He came here, defeated us and burn down and our lives
were never the same”** (written in dialect). Probably because of these
events, 25% of topics in analyzed period were placed on the front page.
When it comes to sections in newspapers, 81% articles were placed in
news section, 5% in show section, 1% in sport, 5% in regional section
and black chronics takes only 1% in analyzed period. This analysis has
shown that 43% of articles were written in the large form. Interesting,
40% were written in short form and only 17% as middle text.
If we talk about text journalistic genres, in both newspapers there
was 47% short news. Longer forms, such as report takes 38%. Other
Source: 24 Sata, 27th May 2011
Source: Slobodna Dalmacija, 27th May 2011
*
**
89
form such as interview, feature articles, commentary and feature story
are significantly under-represented. There are only two articles written in the form of an interview and feature articles. Commentary form
was found in five articles and feature story in three. Other genres; reply, letter of the reader, vox populi, expert feature and hybrid genre
are not represented in any article. Contrary to the expectations, 88%
of analyzed articles were signed by the author. Some of them were
signed only by initials and some with full journalist name. Only 10%
of articles don`t have authorship. In 77 analyzed articles, only one was
signed by a news agency.
In analyzed period 90% of the articles were about recent events,
which were mostly related to arrest of Ratko Mladić. Most of the news
were represented with text and photo (79%) and few (13%) with textonly. When it comes to the location of reporting, most of the news was
related to Serbia (25%). Bosnia and Herzegovina takes 9%, Slovenia
5% (the subject was mainly co-operation between Borut Pahor and
Jadranka Kosor), only one article was connected to Montenegro and
Romania and two were about Macedonia. In analyzed period, some
news items were about other countries from Europe (10%). In these 77
articles, the main topic is still war crimes (39%), after war crimes, 18%
of articles were about politics and 10% were about regional cooperation between two or more countries. To be more precise, it was mostly
about inter-governmental cooperation. Considering the past they have,
neighboring countries are still struggling with social issues. Due to that
fact, social issues take 6% of the topics in analyzed material. Significantly, in the analyzed material, minority issues are not represented.
Only three articles were on culture.
During the research period, topics such as democracy (human
rights) and multiculturalism were not represented. In these analyzed
newspapers reporting about neighbors was focused on citizens (31%)
from neighboring countries. Other subjects were state institutions representatives (18%), military and police (11%). Subjects in analyzed
articles were Ratko Mladić, Borut Pahor, Milorad Dodik and Dragan
Paravinja.
When we talk about reporting about others, the biggest problem
is the way reporting was done. Headlines such as “Hungarians are not
all the same”,“Robbers from the Republika Srpska rage in Slavonski
90
Brod”, “Belgrade Media boosting with lies the tourists who want to go
to the Adriatic coast”* continue to show negative context in reports on
neighbors. The authors (journalists or others) are still taking a stance
while reporting, with negative 48%, neutral 40% and 12% positive
context. Sensational headline was found in 60 cases and that is an
alarming number.
Conclusion
Croatia was a Socialist Republic, part of a six-part Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia along with Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro and Slovenia. After years of living
together the nineties have brought changes. During the Croatian War
of Independence (1991–1995) and other Yugoslav wars, many journalists used war propaganda as a military strategy. Today, after 20 years,
journalists are still struggling with honest reporting on their neghbors,
especially those coutries they were at war with. In analyzed period a
large number of articles about the arrest of Ratko Mladić can be linked
to this historical circumstances. When it comes to the neighbors, war
crimes are still main topics. Other topics such as social issues, cooperation and minority issues are barely or not even mentioned. Our two
analyzed newspapers, Slobodna Dalmacija and 24 Sata tend to have
sensational headlines, very often with negative context. The examples
of good reporting are very rare. Therefore, this research should indicate
problems and assist in their resolution.
References
Gillespie, M. and Jason Toynbee (2006). Analyzing Media Texts. The
Open University Press.
Paltridge, B. (2006). Discourse analysis: an introduction. Continuum
International Publishing Group.
Source: Slobodna Dalmacija
*
91
Jelena PETKOVIĆ
Jovana VELJKOVIĆ
Vesna RADOJEVIĆ
University of Belgrade
I Media context
Politika is the oldest daily newspaper in Serbia and the Balkans. It
was founded by Vladislav Ribnikar, and the first issue came out on the
streets of Belgrade on 25th January back in 1904. By the end of the last
century, “Politika AD”, as a media house – except the printing, press
releases and its own sales network across the country, also had its own
radio and television. In 2002 it got a business partner – German media
company WAZ (West Allegmeine Zeitung), which owns half of the
house. During the rule of Slobodan Milošević, the paper with several
other electronic and print media was characterized as a regime media.
Editorial board, journalists and their texts further anchored the government. After 2000 the situation in this field is changing, primarily due to
changes in editorial policy.
Press is a daily created in 2005 as a result of disagreements of
journalists from the daily Kurir. This newspaper is a semi-tabloid that
monitors political, economic and other issues which are relevant for
the Serbian region.
II Method
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of media discourse is a method that was used in research. The main goal of this method is the interpretation of the meanings of media content as part of social aimed,
ideological and political context. The American sociologist Bernard Be92
relson believes that content analysis a research technique aimed to reach
an objective, systematic and quantitative description of manifest content
of communication tools. Content includes words, images, music, movement, or other common symbols expressed messages (Plačko, 1990).
III Analysis and Comments
We have analyzed 14 editions daily newspapers Politika and Press
published during May and June 2011. The aim of this analysis was to
gain an insight into how and in what way these two papers report about
the countries in the region. There were total 59 articles, of which 39 in
Politika, and 20 articles found in Press.
In terms of position in the newspapers, 95% of articles do not take
the place of the front page. This leads to the conclusion that the news
from the region, the editors think, do not deserve attention or they are
not significant enough for the local public. What is interesting is that
only three articles whose titles were on the front page are from Croatia.
However, all three texts have indirect relations with Serbia (the news
of the arrest of Ratko Mladić first appeared in Croatia, the arrest Paravinja, victory of Croatian participant in Serbian reality program).
In Politika, almost half of texts were found in section called “Region”, while most articles in Press were found in section “Globus”.
Interestingly, under the section “Region” Press treats Serbian districts
(Moravički, Timočki, Braničevski and other.). When it comes to culture and sport, these two fields have reached the lowest percentage,
only 3%. In both papers majority of text are of medium size, which
means that most of the reports, followed by news and hybrid genres.
Report
News
Hybrid form
22%
12%
Other
37%
29%
Figure 1. The representation of genres
93
When the authorship of the text is in question, more than half of
the articles were signed with full name or initials of journalists, which
indicates the professionalism and collegiality. Further research revealed
that more than ten articles were taken from a domestic or foreign news
agencies. There is an equal number of articles retrieved in this way,
analyzed in both papers. However, there is a doubt that some of the
authors signed the texts which are also taken from news agencies. This
is supported by the fact that some news in both papers are interpreted
in a very similar manner.
Most of the articles reported on actual events, just a few are the
result of media-initiated events, and only two reports from press conferences, so-called “pseudo-events”. Importantly, the period of study
coincides with the period in which the arrest of Ratko Mladić is made,
when most of the articles in the newspaper were dedicated to this subject. Ratko Mladić in this study is not being treated as a foreigner,
thus no articles devoted to this subject have been analyzed as reporting
about the countries in the region.
In terms of visual presentation, we can say that photographs are
obligatory. More than half of the texts are accompanied by photographs,
but there is a large number of unsigned photos or the ones taken from
agencies, particularly in Press. None of 59 analyzed texts included a
chart, which confirms the previous mentioned information that most of
the texts are in the form of news and reports, and only a few in more
serious journalistic forms (articles, expert support, etc.).
text+photo
only text
text+ more
categories(photo and
other)
text + text box
Figure 2. The visual presentation of text
94
The largest number of articles was reporting on events in Croatia.
The data was expected, given the circumstances of history and some
still unresolved political issues. Much smaller, but the same number of
texts (6-7) is reporting on Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. In
addition to the countries ‘neighbors’, the analysis also includes articles
about the events in Greece, because of the traditional Serbian-Greek
friendship and mutual interests of one country to another.
other neighbour countries
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Montenegro
Other countries (Greece and other)
Croatia
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Figure 3. Countries that are the subject of newspaper articles reporting
Political and social issues are usually the ones written about, which
indicates that Serbian citizens are interested in political developments
in the region. Articles most often reported about subjects from the
region (representatives of national, provincial and other authorities)
and citizens. Eminent names such as former Croatian official, Stjepan
Mesic and Ivo Sanader are most interesting to public. More articles
originated from Politika, because this newspaper has its own correspondents in the region. Therefore, journalist is often characterized as
a subject, because he has a role of commentator. A number of articles
(6 of them) is related to war crimes (probably there would be more
if Ratko Mladić was taken as a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina),
and 4 texts are about religious, entertainment and sports events. It is
interesting that there is not highe interest in this subject, because of
popularity of entertainment and sports programs in Serbia.
Politika is newspaper that tries to respect the so-called rule of the
second source, so even in the same articles both subject and object can
95
be found. Politika cherishes more detailed explanation, what presupposes many statements. Press in this regard is different, so the news,
mostly taken from the agencies, are dealing with the same issues, but
much closer. The representatives of show business, generally as objects, found a place in this newspaper.
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Neutral
Positive
Negative
Figure 4. The attitude of the subject about the object
As mentioned, most articles originated from Croatia, with which
our country has unresolved issues, therefore, as seen in the previous
chart, position of the subject about the object is generally negative. In
terms of news from Montenegro, they are mainly related to conflicts
of the Serbian Orthodox Church with the local church authorities. Articles from this country, with which, until recently, we were in one
country, are mostly talking about bad relations between states and promote more conflict level. In Politika whose texts are author generally,
and in Press, the journalists rarely expressed a negative attitudes.
Politika daily, because of its editorial policies and issues to deal
with, has mostly informational headlines (81%). At the same time,
Press which tends toward sensation, with large headlines and pictures
of larger size, has a metaphorical and sensationalist headlines. There
are articles dealing with show business. Regarding this point of view,
we can conclude that it is more important that titles are informative,
even though topics from the region were mainly political in character.
96
IV Conclusion
Based on the analysis of selected editions of these two newspapers, we can concluded that the region takes on topics from the monotonous kind of reporting that is not positioned high in the press.
When we state this we mean primarily the fact that there was only 3
texts on the front pages, out of 60 analyzed. Topics that are closely
related to political relations with countries in the region, particularly
with Croatia, take up most of the space. It must be noted that on Tuesday, 31th May there were no news from the region in both papers.
This in turn leads to the conclusion that editors select topics from the
region in a certain pattern, not taking into account the needs of its
readership. However, the genre that dominated is a report, which supports the papers because news are supplemented with additional news
and explanatory statements. What further shows the bias of reporting
on neighbors is the fact that a large number of articles have analyzed
direct or indirect relations with Serbia. So, we can say that they were
published because of this fact.
The main conclusions of the study are the following:
1. Socio-political issues are treated more as compared to other
topics,
2. The value of the subject according to the context of the object
is negative,
3. There is neutral journalistic approach.
Although with most neighbors we were once part of one country,
according to media reports about them that cannot be even guessed.
The disintegration of the country caused the disintegration of a network of correspondents. According to professor Dubravka Valić, after
2000 the situation is changing and countries are starting to be interested in what happens to their neighbors, primarily due to the large
number of immigrants. However, after more than a decade from democratic change, the media picture of the neighbors is not significantly
different.
97
References
Plačko, Ljudevid (1990). Analiza sadržaja. Zagreb: Institut za društvena
istraživanja Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Savić, Svenka (1993). Diskurs analiza. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet
Novi Sad.
Links
1. http://www.politika-ad.rs
2. http://www.pressonline.rs/
3. http://www.novinarska-skola.org.rs/NNS/documents/Izvod
Diskusija.pdf
98
Jovana ŽIVKOVIĆ
Marija IVANOVIĆ
Ivan OTOVIĆ
(UN)ETHICAL ISSUES IN REPORTING ABOUT RATKO
MLADIĆ ARREST IN MONTENEGRIN NEWSPAPERS
How media report about neighbours
Our analysis of media reporting on regional countries is based on
164 articles from newspapers Pobjeda, Vijesti and Dan. Articles were
mostly considering topics such as: political (especially on euro-integration processes of regional countries and arrestment of the Hague inductees), economical problems and official statements. Most of them are not
biased, in content they tend to look like agency news. First look can lead
to wrong conclusions about unbiased reporting of media in Montenegro.
It’s the same it reported about less important events, which don’t call for
people’s attention. But, problems start when our media report news such
as arrests, refugee status, slow pace on the way to the EU. Then, we get a
true picture – each editorial board has its own version of what happened.
It is impossible that in a free, democratic society there is just one true
editorial policy, worth for everyone. We don’t want to suggest it is a right
solution, rather we want to show an example where the differences between texts were just too big. This is a complex problem of our society if
we have in mind current situation in Montenegro, where no one is willing
to set with a compromise, where people tend to divide into groups and
where media just strengthen prior beliefs.
We have used quantitative method to find out how many news from
region we reported on, selected by: origin country, authorship and topics included. The results, as can be seen in Figure 1, show domination
of news from Serbia (63%), followed by news from Croatia (17%) and
Bosnia and Herzegovina (10%). Montenegrin media didn’t give much attention to what is going in Macedonia, Slovenia, Romania or Hungary.
99
Most news related to Serbia are published in Dan. There is even
special section named “Serbia”. In sections named “Periskop” and
“Church” there is many news related to Serbia as well. Bosnia and
Herzegovina in this daily is divided – section named “Republic of Srpska”, tells us a lot on events there, though news from Federation are
not that frequent. Editorial policy of Dan is open in its tendency of
representing Serbian minority in Montenegro and in region.
Serbian sports results are also well covered in sport section of
Dan. Whereas Vijesti report about most important sports events, Pobjeda is focused on national sport.
2% 2% 1% 2%
1%
1%
10%
63%
Figure 1. Representation of news by country of origin
Figure 2. Authorship structure
100
Authorship of texts is shown in Figure 2. As can be seen, 10%
of texts are not signed by author, 74% of texts are signed by name or
initials structure, while agency news constitute 15% of the analyzed
texts. We think it is good that most of the texts are signed. Our readers are familiar with authors and this automatically affects the level of
information credibility. Also, percentage of news taken from agencies
is important because those are mainly objective, unbiased information.
Number of articles taken from other media is negligible since most of
these texts are critics in literature, articles of well-known journalists,
analytics, and writers from region, such as: Svetislav Basara, Teofil
Pancić, Muharem Bazdulj, David Albahari and others. This way we
have an opportunity to get another picture from region, helping us to
get better insight.
Figure 2. Structure of authorship
Newspapers mostly write about regional cooperation (26%),
sports (20%) and politicians’ activities (16%). Vijesti used to write a
lot on Euro-integration processes of Croatia, and Serbian cooperation
with the Hague Tribunal. Politicians’ statements were differently contextualized in all three newspapers regarding the problems related to
war crimes. As we were expecting, inner and foreign affairs of regional
countries, sports and economy receive most of the attention, while they
write less about other important question, such as human rights, multiculturalism and democracy in practice.
101
Figure 3. Representation of topics
Conclusion we got through the whole sample shows too large
inclusion of regional news (especially from Serbia), sometimes even
prior to local and national news. This is especially the case with Dan,
as a newspaper people could think it is from Serbia if they are not informed well.
Reporting about Ratko Mladić arrest
We dedicated the second part of our paper to the question of quality of reporting about the Other in Montenegro. Now, we excluded
numbers and statistics and started to look on texts through their quality
characteristics. We looked at how stories are contextualized. In our
opinion, it’s not that important are media reporting on some event, but
how they do it. We decided to show how this looks in practice by taking an example about arrest of Ratko Mladic, commander of Serbian
forces during the war in Yugoslavia.
Analysis showed some similarities, but also very big differences
in reporting of these dailies.
102
When it comes to space provided for this topic – it’s pretty big in
each newspaper. The news was covered in couple of pages and on the
cover as well. In Dan it was just half of cover, since the same day the
news was published, Dan was writing about 7th year since the murder
of their editor-in-chief, Duško Jovanović. Beside those two, Dan had
two more news on cover, obviously less important. Vijesti also put this
story on their cover, and gave it so big importance that they had just
one more small news on the cover. This news had most of media space
in Pobjeda, where it was the only topic on the cover. This exhausts all
similarities, and beyond this we have three completely different angles
of the story with huge oscillations in story reporting.
We said that all three newspapers gave a lot of space for reporting on this event. It is correct, if we look at quantity. In quality – they
tend to diverse a lot, and differences can be easily noticed. The first
difference refers to the cover page itself and photo selection following
the news. In Pobjeda, we can see short history of Mladić’s career. One
photograph shows him surrounded by soldiers giving a candy to a Bosnian child a moment before the beginning of operation in Srebrenica.
Other photograph shows Mladić laughing and dancing with someone.
On the third one we can see Mladić nowadays, old, pale and sick. On
the forth photo we can see caves of war victims in which Mladić took
part, fighting on Serbian side. Pobjeda has chosen different way of
representing the story, neither celebrating it, nor misrepresenting the
importance of this event. Headline “End of 15-years long farce” shows
that. Cover is not sensationalistic, photos are chosen carefully so they
would represent the whole context of Mladić’s life and career.
Cover of Vijesti is most surprising among these. They chose new
angle that is not usual, if we have in mind their reputation of the newspaper that never use sensations to sell the paper and that is gaining
more trust each year. Still, their headline is “Dead Bosnian souls coming for him”. Photographs show Mladić being taken by police, and
another one, where he looks old, weak and pale. On the cover there
are no photos representing him from period when he was commander
of Serbian forces, nor any other attempt to place him in relation to
victims. It seems as if Vijesti wanted to show to the audience that he is
so weak now and his life is over. We had an impression that this whole
text was written for people mostly influenced by his doings the.
103
Most interesting cover for analysis is the one from Dan. As we
already mentioned, in Montenegro choice of dailies is strictly coincides with political opinion. Everyone knows that news from Dan are
mostly oriented towards Serbian nationality. That has a lot of impact on
how the story was written. No matter how much they support Serbian
people, still these journalists should not give direct support to Mladić.
There is no organization based on human rights respect rules which
would consider this a good practice. Their angle of story was aimed not
to ruin a picture of Ratko Mladić as a hero, a picture some people have.
On the cover is his image waving to soldiers. He looks strong, healthy,
there is nothing that refers to what happened with him later on. Headline corresponds with picture – “General Ratko Mladić arrested”.
After analysis of cover page and headlines’ context we started
reading carefully all the articles, comments and boxes that were talking
about this story. They were in four to five pages in every newspaper.
In Pobjeda, content with some mixed genres was related to their
headline. Focusing the moment “end of the farce” they printed comments of world known politicians, such as: Obama, Sarcozy, Merkel,
Del Ponte, Kosor. Further on, they wrote an article about why did Serbian government waited so long for his arrest and how did it happen
just at the moment when there was a meeting of world’s most developed countries in Dovile. Also they have published a statement of the
European Commissioner for EU enlargement Stephen Fille stating that
only problem for Serbia to get into EU now is Kosovo. They have
also published reactions from the region. Pobjeda writes how hard this
news was for thr people from Republic of Srpska and how people in
the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were excited. Also, statements of Montenegrin and Serbian officials who were congratulating
on arrest of Mladić were published. The very last article in Pobjeda
is focused on his past, actually his life. Headline says: “Just go, commander. In fresh meat only”, and it is written in detail, from his communist past until now. This is the only moment where readers’ attention
is focused on crime he ordered, while everything else is about how he
fell in the arms of justice.
In Vijesti, we notice that after sensationalistic headline, article on
three pages of the newspapers is not that much related to it. After they
got our attention with the cover, they stepped back. New headline –
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“Why they waited for so long?” makes the focus of the story. They do
not mention his current state, but, as Pobjeda, they write about reasons
why the arrest did not happen before. On the other page we can read
details of his life, since birth in 1942, until the moment his family requested to declare him dead (source Reuters).
All the statements are published in an article titled – “Good news
for justice in Europe”. There are some elements showing up in Vijesti
that we did not notice in Pobjeda. First of all, they published comments
of victims’ cousins under the headline – “He said no one would be
hurt”. Couple of emotional statements show grief and pain and relief
had mothers of killed children. Second, there was picture and comment about things that happened in Lazarevo village near Zrenjanin
after the arrest was made. This picture shows how Lazarevo villagers
are blocking the road for journalists, take Serbian flags and say supporting words for their ‘hero’. Third element we found here, unlikely
in Pobjeda, is part where journalist of Vijesti is speculating on Mladić
surpassingly hiding in Montenegro for a while.
Dan report is very different. Despite differences we have seen
between Vijesti and Pobjeda, readers could still grasp the approval of
the arrest of a killer and man accused for crime against humanity. But,
Dan does not have that positive attitude. One of the key elements of
cover – “Mladić as a dignified soldier” – is everywhere. Besides three
of his photos, there is a photo of Boris Tadić, president of Serbia, and
another one of house in Lazarevo, where Mladić is arrested. Headline
is the same as on the cover, and everything is said carefully so not
to hurt honor of the former commander. Some of them say: “That is
how Mladić spoke” (where were some quotes of him, about homeland,
Serbs, and evil we should say no to); “From praises to challenges”
(where we could read reaction of Serbian officials, which are though
all positive and non challenging as they write in headline), and “Happy
and satisfied” (ironically quoted statements from world politicians on
this arrest). One of the most important details of these articles in Dan
is the way they refer to Mladić, never mentioning him as a murder,
criminal, just that he is accused. This is the only Montenegrin daily
that had sent reporters to Mladić’s village Bozanovice, “birth place
of war commander of Republic of Srpska”. Here we can see journalist’s support to the general, defiance to his arrest and denial things he
105
did. The article headline is “Birthplace in silence and fear”. There are
some photos, with words of support to Mladić. “No one who ever met
Mladić would think he is capable do things is accused for” and “This
was expectable, since we know who is in power in Serbia. They would
sell their own mother just to get into EU”, these are some statements
of people living here. Journalist adds, “Both young and old, everyone
feels sorry for their hero”.
Polarization of politics in Montenegro is the main reason for fear
when media are reporting on such big things. Closed minds, belief in
only one ‘right’ side in politics and division into ‘us’ and ‘them’ takes
us to surprising critical thinking towards any event, person or organization. If we have in mind that most of people in Montenegro do not
read all three newspapers, but just one of them, and if we are aware that
two out of three are pretty much strict, we can say there is a problem.
Media are then creating closed groups of people not ready to discuss
with each other. This might be a big obstacle for development of civil
society, democratic consciousness and free journalism in Montenegro.
Conclusion
Our research deals with the problem of representation our neighboring countries in everyday media life. Perspective of the results is
based upon many lectures we had on our university when we were
differentiating dailies through their political/ideological orientation, as
well as our own media monitoring prior this research. In Montenegro, belief that each daily has its own ideological background and that
they edit and publish texts mostly upon this is taken for granted, so we
wanted to see if this is correct.
This research makes one think more on socio-political relations of
Montenegro and its neighboring countries because it is more visible in
the way we report on them. Questions we thought about were moreover about diversity of countries presented and topics covered through
articles in different sections.
This research proved that Pobjeda, the only state financed daily
newspaper, supports the ruling party in Montenegro with its texts and
106
does not criticize any of governmental decisions. That is why the manner of reporting on neighboring countries and number of articles on
this topic are obviously influenced by relations our government has
with these countries.
As they appeared in 1997 in order to improve media scene in
Montenegro, Vijesti, within their relation to our neighbors, keep the
professional distance and report on events depending on their actuality
and/or their influence on domestic activities. Still, we can notice liberal
ideas through the texts and the way they are edited.
Dan is an independent daily newspaper where most of the attention goes to national issues and Montenegrin- Serbian relation.
In general, media in Montenegro report depending on their own
political choice without criticizing it. This way, they totally suppress
public opinion. Media scene is as polarized as the society itself. This
work shows one shot of that polarization and demonstrated how the
citizens of Montenegro can get different, even opposite, impressions
about a single event.
107
Ksenija PAVKOV
Milica TEŠIĆ
Stefan ZLATKOVIĆ
Vuk KEŠELJ
Students of the Department of Media Studies
MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE REGION IN SERBIAN
DAILIES DNEVNIK AND BLIC
The goal
The main goal of this paper is to determine the ways in which
two daily papers, one of which has a national coverage and the other is
a provincial, report on the developments and the events in the countries
from the region. As a region we considered only those countries bordering
with the Republic of Serbia, as well as Slovenia because it is the former
member republic of Yugoslavia. The paper tries to determine the way in
which these two newspapers are reporting about neighbours in the context
of topic, occasion, attitudes of journalists towards the subject and so on.
Special attention has been devoted to the analysis of reporting on the
former Yugoslav republics, especially Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, given the hictorical background. We attempted to determine whether
the media reporting on these republics has progressed over the last 20
years, or not. What had changed and in what way, comparing to media
coverage during the war and immediately after its end, when the dominant media image of these republics was extremely negative, and when
the „media campaign was the predecessor of military campaign, and the
verbal violence produced physical violence“ (Thompson, 1995: 2).
Method
The subject of this study was the analysis of the discourse as a
„unit greater than the sentence that was achieved between the interlocutors in some context in written, spoken, or printed form“ (Savić,
108
1993: 29–33). To be more precise, we analyzed the discourse of print
media coverage in relation to developments in the countries bordering
with Serbia, with special emphasis on the former Yugoslav republics.
Discourse analysis is suitable for the analysis of media content because
discourse analysis questions the way in which text recipients recognize
its parts and their coherence“ (Lakić, 2010: 8). In other words, in adition to the linguistic structure of a newspaper text as a message, the discourse analysis is taking into account the context as „an entire reality
surrounding the sign“ (Savić, 1993: 80). For this analysis, particularly
important were socio-political, historical and cultural contexts.
As a unit of analysis we chose a newspaper article which in its structure contains one or more information about the countries of the region,
and includes text itself, title, genre, byline and other accessories (i.e. photograph, illustration, chart etc). For the analysis of the corpus, quantitative
and qualitative methods were used. The quantitative part of the analysis
refers to filling out the table based on a code that contains a list of 19 categories, all of which were surveyed. The qualitative part of the analysis
relates to the interpretation of the data. Bearing in mind that discourse
analysis is dominantly an interdisciplinary field, during the interpretation
we used knowledge gained in various sciences during our studies.
Corpus
The analyzed corpus comprises of 251 texts found in the dailies
Dnevnik and Blic, during two artificially created weeks in May and June
2011. It is very important to note that on May 26th 2011, a former Yugoslav army general Ratko Mladić, who was indicted for war crimes, was
arrested. Reporting on this event greatly affected our corpus – out of
251 texts, more than a hundred were related to Mladić and war crimes.
Media context
Blic
The daily newspaper Blic was started in 1996 as an opposition
paper. Its beginnings are associated to student protests that took place
109
in Belgrade in 1996 and 1997. Blic is one of the first papers in Serbia
to resemble a tabloid. Big photographs were used on a daily basis, and
this practice sent out the message that texts are only there to fill in what
cannot be seen on a photo, and not the other way round. Applying this
pattern, which is characteristic for tabloids (big photograph with little
text) presented itself as an excellent move, because in the last couple
of years Blic has been one of the papers with the kightes circulation in
Serbia.
Even though on many occasions the selection of topics and the
approach to reporting made it look borderline tabloid, over the years
Blic turned out to be a very credible paper.
Dnevnik
Unlike Blic which is famous for numerous big photographs,
Dnevnik has a tendency towards broadsheet journalism. Its headlines
are rarely sensational, and the texts are mainly factual. On one hand it
seems as if the journalists are putting much effort into notifying their
readers on wide range of topics, but on the other hand one can get the
impression that certain article’s only purpose is to fill up the empty
space on a page.
This paper was started in 1942 under the name Slobodna Vojvodina, but it was not until 11 years later that it got the name it has today.
During the 80’s Dnevnik was one of the most read papers in Vojvodina
province, but in the last decade its circulation dropped significantly.
As a province paper, Dnevnik should base its reporting on the events
closely conected to people living in Vojvodina, but very often this
newspaper covers topics about the Balkans and rest of the world, that
cannot be found in national papers.
Analysis and discussion
Cover page
When it comes to news preview, very few of them made it to the
front covers of the paper (17 in Blic, and only 8 in Dnevnik). This result
should not come as a surprise, given the fact that Dnevnik is a paper
with provincial coverage, while on the other hand Blic is distributed
110
nationwide. This means that both dailies are expected to focus mostly
on reporting about events taking place in the country in which they are
printed. Texts that were announced on the front cover were in most cases the ones concerning Ratko Mladić and his arrest. This event was the
main topic of media reporting in Serbia at the time. While on one hand
the news of his arrest could not be classified as the coverage of neighbouring countries, since he was arrested in Serbia, on the other hand this
event concerns the entire region, because according to the indictment,
Mladić was responsible for genocide in Bosnia during the nineties war.
Bearing in mind that search for him went on for years, it is fully justified
for his arrest to be the main topic of reporting in all newspapers, and the
fact that it found its place on the covers should not come as a surprise
either. Still the fact remains that his arrest disrupted the true picture of
reporting on neighbouring countries, since many articles were devoted
to this event (Figure 1). Final results of this analysis surely would have
been way different if the analyzed newspapers dated from another, preferably earlier period – texts would have been fewer, and almost none of
them would have found its place on the cover page.
Figure 1. Topics on the front page
Section
While Blic has no separate section for reporting on the region
which means that news concerning neighbours can be found in almost
every section, Dnevnik on the other hand does have a separate page
111
called The Balkans. However, section “The Balkans” is not the only
one in which Dnevnik reports on developments in neighbouring countries, but these news can also be found in “Politics” section, especially
when they concern international cooperation between Serbia and its
neighbours. Texts outside “The Balkans” section are more extensive
and thorough, while the articles in it are in most cases taken from news
agencies.
It is notable that Dnevnik puts its focus on political processes,
in accordance with the image it tries to maintain for decades, which
implies not writing about show business. On the other hand Blic has
a special section called Entertainment in which they write about show
business stars not necessarily of Serbian descent, but the ones from
the region (Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina) who enjoy
great popularity in Serbia. Bearing in mind that Blic presents itself as
a semi tabloid, presence of this kind of topics is not surprising, and is
somewhat justified. Other than section about politics in both papers,
and the Entertainment column in Blic, on other pages one is likely to
come across only a few texts related to neighbouring countries.
Genre, authorship, headlines and accessories
Speaking of genre, vast majority of texts are news and reports,
and there is a significantly fewer feature articles, interviews and other
genres (Figure 2). While on one hand presence of factual genres is
Figure 2. Genre
justified, because weekly papers are the ones that should conduct more
thorough and detailed analysis of a certain event, on the other hand one
112
should bear in mind that weeklies focus only on a certain number of
the most important issues from the previous week, and therefore do not
have enough space to analyze all the events.
While reporting on next door developments during May and June
2011 the two dailies, in most cases used to inform their audience about
what happened, without putting any effort to analyze or investigate the
events. Such tendency towards basic genres comes as a direct consequence of superficiality. In other words, information is only presented
as a „mirror reflection of reality“, therefore by only answering to 5W+H
questions and often leaving out the answer to question why, journalists
only present the events without any further analysis.
According to proponents of the concept of message as an interpretation of reality, this way of presenting information is inappropriate
because „only the answer to the question why can give the adequate
answer, lack of which reduces the informativeness of message itself“
(Radojković and Miletić, 2005: 175). Consequently, one can conclude
that issues from neighbourhood are treated superficially, without further
analysis, giving readers correct, but not complete information. Given the
historical background between Serbia and former Yugoslav republics,
especially Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, we think that issues
concerning these countries should be treated way more thoroughly.
One should never forget the overall media coverage during the
nineties war, when most of Serbian media offered its audience warmongering propaganda resting on all possible forms of manipulation
– disinformation, distorting the facts, demagogy, lack of evidence and
questioning. During those years, public was manipulated and lead to
believe in such media model which identified and branded the enemy. It is known that media manipulation in adition to its direct effects, produces long term consequences as well. These lasting effects
are reflected in the „transformation of individual and collective values
and acceptance of cultural patterns suggested by mass media content/
messages“ (Radojković and Miletić, 2005: 204). Taking this into account, we can conclude that a large number of reading audience still
sees Croats and Bosniaks as enemies. In order to change this picture,
a much more detailed and complex analysis of the nineties conflicts is
necessary, but also more attention should be paid to reporting on current events concerning the cooperation of the three countries.
113
When it comes to sources of information in the column The Balkans, Dnevnik uses articles taken from news agencies. While on one
hand it can be considered as a lack of interest and non-engagement, on
the other it is absolutely justified, given the fact that Dnevnik is a provincial paper. Taking that into account, news form Vojvodina should
be emphasized, while the worldwide events should be treated with less
engagement, just so the readers know that something happened. This
is exactly why news agencies are the main source of information when
it comes to reporting on neighbours and other countries (Figure 3). In
addition to that, in most cases in both Dnevnik and Blic, there is no
indication of the authorship, so the possibility remains that all those
articles might have been taken from the agencies as well. It should be
mentioned that in both dailies there is a certain number of signed texts,
either with full name or initials, which tells us that both Dnevnik and
Blic are still trying to publish their own articles and not just copy literally every news from the agencies.
Figure 3. Authorship
In most cases article equipment is as basic as it can be – title and
text, while somewhat smaller number of articles is accompanied by
photos. Only a small number of texts has a richer equipment (photographs, charts and text boxes), but that is the case only in articles
related to the arrest of Ratko Mladić, an event thoroughly covered by
all the media.
114
The analysis results have shown that informative titles were the
most common ones (181), after which are metaphorical (65), while
there was only 11 sensational headlines. This comes as surprise because one would expect Blic, a semi-tabloid paper to have way more
sensationalism in its headlines.
Occasion, Location, Topic
The occasion for writing the vast majority of texts was current event (Figure 4); such reporting is a standard manner in daily
Figure 4: Reporting occasion
newspapers – they inform readers about current events. There is much
smaller number of pseudo events, and media initiative at least - it occurs mostly when it comes to Ratko Mladić. In some texts, journalists presented residents of the village where Mladić was arrested as a
source of information – without their names, surnames or initials; that
puts media initiative in the case of Mladić under a question. On one
hand, this is totally correct, since the source may request to remain
anonymous (according to journalistic rules), but on the other hand, this
anonymity leaves room for manipulation. Little media initiative can
be justified by the fact that both analyzed dailies focus on the events
in Serbia, and that they probably do not have their staff in other countries. However, the absence of foreign journalists is not a justification
115
for the absence of media initiative; by telephone, and especially via
Internet, one can now easily communicate with people all around the
world. Journalists can easily contact the sources from abroad, and create a unique story.
When it comes to location, the analyzed sample shows that most
of the events were reported from Serbia (Figure 5). Although it seems
that this has nothing to do with its neighbours and countries in the
region, we should take into account the fact that Ratko Mladić was
arrested in Serbia. Serbia is followed by Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. A large number of news is subsumed under
the category “other” countries, but in most of them location is Netherlands and the Hague, which is again related to Ratko Mladić.
Figure 5. Location
Mladić’s arrest has also had influence on the topics which were
treated, therefore there are far more articles on war crimes than those
that could be classified into any other category (Figure 6). If the articles
on the Hague fugitive were excluded, most attention would be devoted
to politics and the black chronicle. It is interesting that Blic has more
articles about show-business than both papers have about black chroni116
cle together. Sport news were also present, but that is expected, since
every newspaper in the sports pages, writes not only about the success
of national teams and players, but also about the results of all relevant
matches. The analysis shows that only two articles were related to minority issues (one in Blic and one Dnevnik), which is very strange,
especially for Dnevnik – considering the fact that large number of minorities lives in Vojvodina, especially those of Hungarian origin. Also,
as far as the location is concerned, there was a very few news from
Hungary ‒ only seven. Although the Hungarian community in Vojvodina has a daily paper in their own language, it should not be an excuse
for the absence of articles about them.
Figure 6. Topic
Value context
Even though a journalist should not give his own opinion on the
subject he is writing about (except in the case of a commentary), and
should remain objective about the matter at hand, in some cases it is
noticeable that a journalist is expressing his own attitude regarding the
subject. When we are considering Blic and Dnevnik, the journalists
were neutral in the vast majority of analyzed texts (218), but there were
cases when value context was positive (40) and negative (16). This
way, a journalist is influencing the reader and (being aware of it or not)
trying to force his own opinion on the reader, thus breaking the ethical
code of the profession.
117
Conclusion
Results of the analysis show that daily newspapers Blic and
Dnevnik have in the May and June 2011 given a lot of attention to
events from neighbouring countries. Yet, regardless of the fact that,
speaking of quantity, enough space was given to the events from neighbouring countries, coming to the quality of the texts at hand, it is quite
noticeable that there is a lack of analytic genres, which means that
reporting is overall quite shallow.
The arrest of Ratko Mladić was a central topic of media reporting
in the period that was being analyzed, creating a distortion in the sample and creating somewhat wrong image about Serbian media reporting about countries from the region. The majority of the news was from
Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, but taking the historical context and the wars in the nineties in Bosnia and Croatia, this result is quite expected because one of the key factors deciding whether
a certain event is going to be in the media or not is cultural closeness”
(Valić-Nedeljković, 2002: 42). In addition, strategic and political goals
of Serbia are almost the same as the ones that aforementioned countries are striving to, mainly regarding EU integrations, and therefore
it is logical that many texts are dedicated to things happening in these
countries.
For the lack of texts regarding other neighbours we can find
no excuse, especially considering Dnevnik, since in the province of
Vojvodina lives a vast percent of minorities. This is why journalists
should make contact with minority institutions, so they could report
about events from other neighbouring countries.
118
References
Miletić, Mirko i Radojković, Miroljub (2005). Komuniciranje, mediji
i društvo. Novi Sad: Stylos.
Savić, Svenka (1993). Diskurs analiza. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet
Novi Sad.
Tompson, Mark (1995). Proizvodnja rata: mediji u Srbiji, Hrvatskoj,
Bosni i Hercegovini. Beograd: Medija centar Radio B92.
Valić Nedeljković, Dubravka (2002). Praktikum novinarstva.
Beograd: Privredni pregled.
Lakić, Igor (2010). Lingvistička analiza diskursa pisanih medija.
Medijski dijalozi, 3(7). Retrieved: 28th August 2011,
URL: <http://www.med-dij.com/MedDij7/007-018%20
Medijski%20dijalozi%2 0-%20Lakic.pdf>.
Tannen, Deborah Discourse analysis. Retrieved: 29th August 2011.
URL: <http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-discourse.cfm>.
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