Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions

Transcription

Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions: 2
Author(s): Byron W. Bender, Ward H. Goodenough, Frederick H. Jackson, Jeffrey C. Marck,
Kenneth L. Rehg, Ho-min Sohn, Stephen Trussel, Judith W. Wang
Source: Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Dec., 2003), pp. 271-358
Published by: University of Hawai'i Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3623243
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Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions-2
Byron W. Bender,WardH. Goodenough,FrederickH. Jackson,
JeffreyC. Marck,KennethL. Rehg, Ho-min Sohn,
StephenTrussel,and JudithW. Wang
UNIVERSITYOF HAWAI'I AND UNIVERSITYOF PENNSYLVANIA
Part I (in volume 42 [I]) presents some 980 reconstructionsfor Proto-Micronesian,
Proto-Central Micronesian, and Proto-Wester Micronesian. Part 2 in this issue
gives reconstructionsfor two additionalsubgroupswithin Proto-Micronesian:ProtoPohnpeic (PPON) and Proto-ChuukicPCK), and for the largergroup that they comprise, Proto-Pohnpeic-Chuukic(PPC). A few putativeloans are also identified, and a
finderlist for all reconstructionsis provided.
PROTO-POHNPEIC-CHUUKIC
(PPC)
PPC *adoola 'variety of sweet-husked coconut palm': CHK atoon, otoon; PUL yotool,
CRLatod; WOLatoole;PCK*adoola;PONadol. Cf. YAPwaqthoel,waqtoel,waqy6todid-(n);
toi 'a type of tree'.
PPC *-ali 'strand,thin piece (counting classifier)': PUL yaal 'necklace, belt', -el, -dl 's. or
string (in counting)'; CRLddl, dli-(l) 's. of head hair,s. of', -ydl 'long thin object such as string,
hair (in counting)'; WOLyaali, yan-(ni)- 'hair,thread,thin object, h. of', -yali, -yeli 'thin piece,
sheet, or leaf (in counting)'; PuA yaani, yani- 's. of hair', -yani 'thin piece (in counting)'; PCK
*yaali, yali-; PON-el 'garland(in counting)'.
PPC *aiuri 'south': CHKeer, eeru-(n) 's., in the s., s. of', (notowa)-ar'southwest', (eetiwe)-
er 'southeast',ewur'spiritworldin the s. or southernsky (sourceof bountifulfruitandfish)';
MRTyeer; PUL eer, neer-n 'to be the southwind,be at the s., southwind, s. of', (lotow)yeer 'be
west southwest', (ye'tiw) ygeR 'be east southeast'; CRL eer; STWyeer; WOL(i)-yaiur 's.',
yauru-(lape) 's.', (letowa)-are'west southwest', (gootuwa)-are'east southeast'; PuA (katiwa)ala 'southeast'; PCK *yarui, -ar[ia]; PON(pali)-eyr;PNG (pali)-eyr,(pali)-eyr.KSReir, glossed
as 'north' in dictionary,is a probable loan (see PMc *afaqi 'north'). Marck (I994:323) reconstructsPMc *auru,including the KSRforms whose r is unexpected.
PPC *awa, 'mouth': CHK aaw, awa-(n), awe-(n) 'm., his m., m. of'; MRT awa-(n); PUL
yaawo(sic),yewd-(y)'m.,my m.';CRLaaw,awa-(l);STWyaaw,yewa-(n);WOLyaawe,yewa(le); PuA yaawa, yawa-; PCK *aawa, awa-; PON aaw, EWe;MOKaw, owI; PNG aw, ewe. Cf.
KsR Oai-(k) 'my m.'; SAAwawa 'm.'; BUGaa 'open m.'
CHKaaw; CRLaaw, ghili-aw 'b. t. (F.
PPC*awa2'banyantree(Ficuscarolinensis)':
virens)'; STW aaw; WOL(gili)-yawe 'a t. (F prolixa)'; PCK *awa; PON (ay)-aw; MOKaw. Cf.
PEO *qayaoa (Geraghty 1983) (FIJyayawa, yacawa 'kindof b. t.'); YAPqaaw 'type of b. t.' This
may well be a loan from YAP.Cf. PCK *kawannu.
PPC *ayita 'Parinariumtree': CHKayis, eyis; PULyddyih (sic); WOLyaise 'a tree with fragrantfruit';PCK *ayita;PONays; MOKayj 'tree sp'.
PPC *caiu-ni-lukui,luiki 'bird's nest fern': CHKnnuk, nnlai-(n) 'b. n. f., f. of'; MRT llk;
Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 42, no. 2 (December 2003)
? by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved.
272
OCEANICLINGUISTICS,VOL. 42, NO. 2
WOLshee-n-nugu;PCK*cai-niPUL andSTWRee-l-luk;CRLshe-l-luigh;CRNReyti-l-lug;
lukui,luki; PONtee-n-lik.Cf. KSR(ma)-liklik'a kind of plant'.
PPC*cee,ceecee 'movequickly':CHKche,chche'bein motion',cheeche'bein continuing
motion,be movingfast',chee-(n6)'runoff, hurry',che-(kkdy)
'hurry';WOLchchee'to escape,
usedwhenanotherattemptsto coverup
flee';PCK*cee;PONteetee-(nlikamwada)
'expression
Cf. PMc *cece,cecece 'shake,tremble',PCK*cecu 'continuembarrassment
(likamwada)'.
PCK*caka-i-,ccaka-i-'chase,pursue'.
ouslywidespread',
PPC*cepe,cepe-ki 'kick':CHKchchep'kickingwiththefeet, be kicked',chepe-ti'k. it';
PULRepe-ti-(y),
Ripe-ti-y'k. it'; CRLshep,shepe-ti;CRNRip,Ripi-ti;WOLshepe'k. withthe
PONtep,tepe-k.
'k.it';PuA sepesepe'k.',sepe-ki'k.it';PCK*cepe,cepe-(kt)i-;
feet',shepe-gi-(i)
CHKchiyechi'c., friend,be companions',chiye-na-(n)'his c.,
PPC*ci[ae]'companion':
him';
chiye-ne-(ni)
'acquireas a c.';PULRiye-nd-'c.';WOLshiye-la-'c.',shiye-li-(i)'accompany
PCK*ci[ael,ci[ae]-na,ci[ae]-ni;PONtie-(kepe)'childof a chief(honorific)("thighc.")'.
PPC? *[cd]iki'fragrant':
PuA tikitiki'fragrance,
f.';PONpwo-tik'f'.
PPC*cip[ae]'comforted,consoled':CHKchip, chipe-(n6);PULRip 'be c., consoled',
shipe-e-(y)'actin anappeasingman(d)-shipashipa.
Ripe-e-(y)'c. him/her';CRL(d)-shipaship,
'comfortorconsole(s.o.)';
ner,appeaseorbribe(s.o.),comfortorconsole(s.o.);CRNRipe-e-(y)
'comforthim/her',(ga)-shipeshipe
WOLshipe'to recoverfromcryingor anger',(ga)-shipe-(e)
'comfort,console';PuA ? sipe sipesipe'to beg,pray';PCK*cip[ae];PONtip 'to be full after
Cf. KIRriba-na'totill,cultivate(s.t.)'.
eating(honorific)'.
'c. or call to chicks(by
PPC*coko,li-coko 'tocluck,cluckingbird':CHK(6)-chokochok
'a smalllandbird(probablybushwarbler)';
motherhen)',ni-chchk,-chchoe-(n),-chchcku-(n)
CRL(li)-tchogh'sp.
bushwarbler)';
PUL(o)-coccok'c.',li-cck, -cc(co-(n)'a smallbird(probably
of bird';CRN(li)-tchog'sp.of bird';WOLli-chchogi'a kindof bird';PCK*ccoko,cokocoko,liccoko;PONli-tok'hen'.NotethatMRSteAlkwkkek'cluckingof a hen'hasaninitialt insteadof
loanfromPONorCHK.Cf.MOKli-sok'sp.of fish'.
anapparent
expectedd andis, therefore,
futurenegative)':
CHK-te;MRT
lest(purposeful
PPC*-de 'negative
marker,
aspect
imperative
-te;PUL-te;CRL-te WOL-te'shouldnot,won't,maynot,oughtnot';PCK*-de;PONdE'lest'.
PPC*dera-ina 'fishscales,be scaled':CHKtere-wun,tere-wuna-(n)'s. (of fish),its s.';
PULteraa-wtna(sic) 'to scale(a fish),pluck(feathers)',
tera-wuna
(sic) 'a fishthathasbeens.,
pluckedbird';CRLtera-yili,tera-ytili'to scale(a fish)';WOLtera-ule'to scalefish,be s.', tera'toscale
PON(ke)-der-win
'toscale,pluck',(ke)-der-wina
ula-(a)'toscaleit';PCK*d(ea)ra-una;
orpluck(s.t.)'.Cf. MRSkar-win'to scalefish,be scaled'.See PMc *una,unauna,una-fi'hair,
feathers,scales,remove(hairorscales)'.
PPC*die 'squeezed,pushedtogether':CHKti 'becrowded,p. together',tiiti'shove,push,
shoving';WOLtiye'bes.,p.,packed,jammed';PCK*die;PONdie'topoke(s.t.),pushorpull(s.t.)
witha stickorthefeet'.Cf.PPC*didi,di- 'fence,wall'.Cf.PMc *lsS]ixi,[sS]ixi-ri-'push,shove'.
PPC*didi,di- 'fence,wall':CHKttiit,titti-(n)'f.,w.,housepartition,
hegde,pen,f. of', tti-i'w.,partitionof a house,room,his r.';
(y),titti-i-(y)'f. or enclose(s.t.)',(e)-ti-(ip),(e)-ti-(ppa-n)
PULtitti-(n)'barrier,
enclosure,wall),shut,close';CRL
enclosure,w.of', ti-i-(y)'build(a barrier,
tti 'shut,close, secure(s.t.)',ttii-(lo)'close, shut',ti-i-(y)'to close, shut(s.t.)',ttit'be closed,
shut';WOLtti 'be closed,enclosed,shut',tti-i-(ye)'closeit, shutit', tti-(paape)'w. boardof a
housew.';PuA titi(sic) 'w.,beamdividingfloorof houseintosechouse',tiiti(sic) 'partition,
tions';PCK*di-,ddi,diddi,didi,di-i-,ddi-i-;PONdii 'w.of a building',did 'builda w.',didi-i
'build(a w.)';MOKdid 'w.,to makea w.'Cf.PEO*Iszli[szli,[szJidi,[szlin[szli(BUGhidi'wall,
stonewall') andcf. SAAtete'stonefence'. Cf. also MRSkiyi- 'sideof a house'.KIR(te)-riri
'grassskirt'is a loanfroma PNsource(cf. FIJlili).
PULttiwe;CRLtiwe-igh;
PPC*diwa-ike'ninety':CHKttiwe'n.',(e)-ttiwe-e-(n)
'ninetieth';
PONduwe-ek.
See PMc *Siwa'nine'.
WOLtiwe-ige,PuA tio-iki;PCK*diwa-ike;
PPC*dowu 'stab,pierce,be stabbed,pierced':CHKttu 'be sewn, stitched(of thatch),be
thrown,hurled,jabbed,stabbed(of spearsonly)';ttuu-(w)'sew,stitch(thatch),s.,jab,hurl(a
(sic)
spear)';MRTtt(wu'to s. (s.o.)';PULtto,ttJw 'to s., p., spear,vaccinate,inject',tt(7w-(p1ij)
'to spearrepeatedly,
'to s., to spear';CRLtt(W'to spears.t.,s. s.t.,giveone aninjection',touttcw
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS -2 2
273
'to spear,innoculate,
s.,
engagein spearing,be thorny,thorns';STwtowutow'tOS.';WOLtCW,U
'to spearit, s. it,p. it', ttau'pickwithfork,s.';PuA tou'spearit,poke
p.', tiu-u-(we),ttcu-u-(we)
it, injectit', tautou'to spear,poke,inject';PCK*dowu;PONdow-(y-ak)'a typeof spearfishing
donein mangroveswamp'.Cf.Fijisova4sovu-ta'breaka holeinthinthings').Cf.alsoSAASusu
'to prick,p., impale,sew'; KWAsusu 'jab,inject,injection';AROSUSU,
SuM-'i'to prick,p.,
'topushinto';PKB*sudu'topushforward';UAN *susuk'p.'Sec also PMc
impale;LAKSUSU
'todig'.
*[sS]owu,[sSJowu-tiPPC*edda,#eeda 'thenumberone, one (in serialcounting)':CHKeet 'one', egtt-(raaiw)
'one-two(incountingby twos)';MRTeet;PULY6gt;CRLext,eet;STWyggt;WOLyte, yata(sic);
PCK*edda,#eeda;PONEed;MOK od; POc *([eeil)-(n)sa,
(Feil)-(n)sasa(Tongataha [? <
*nsasa];SAA['el-ta taa; ULAta'e;BUG[keJ-ha;ARota; KWA[eJ-ta,tee, PLK*Sasa'one');
UAN * (e)-sa,(i)-sa.Cf. KSRsie 'one';POc *sa(Rossi988).
PPC*faa 'brave,strong':CHK.fr'beb.,bold';WoLfaa-(tagi),
'beb.,S.';PCK
fia-(tagiteWji)
*faa;MOKpa 'betalented'.
PPC*faco 'longobject'(countingclassifier):CHK-fr6ch,
fichti-(n) '1.o., 1. o. of'; PUL
PuA -daso 'movingobject(counting
:f6R;CRL:f6Sh;
-fishO;
CRN.f6R;STW:f6R;WOL
'1.o.' (countingclassifier).
classifier);PCK*-faco;PON-PwOt
PPC*fadili 'anygrass,sedge,orfern':CHK.fetin,
MRTfirail;PULfritl,frihfli-(n);
fefini-(n);PuA datini;PCK*fadili;PON(ree)STwfetin;WoLfritili;
CRL.fitil,frill;
UL1.ffith11;
SNsfirltini;
Cf.YAPlrxyi 'typeof grass'.
padil 'sp.of grass(ischaomn chonlatwn)'.
PPC*fadi,fadi-ki- 'pinchor squeezewiththefingers':CHKjetti-k,
jiyitti-k'p.withthef.',
'top. (s.t.);CRN.fiti'p.it';PuL.fatiki-(y)
'top.';CRLjfidte-ghi.fti-ghi
filf-ki-(i-y),ftyitti-ki-(i-y)
gi 'top. (s.t.)';WoL.fati-gi-(i)
'p.it,pluckit,nipit,pickit upwithfingertips';PuA dati-ki'p.it';
PCK*fadi-ki-;PONpeld'besqueezedorpressed',padi-k'to squeezeorpress'.
PPC*fadiila 'canoepaddle':CHK.f9trin,ftline-(n)
CRL
'c. p., p. of'; PUL.fatufiatai0-(n);
PuA dattina;PCK*fadffla;
PONpadil;MOKpadil.
fatal;WOLfatile;PPC*fai[ae]'fare,proceed':CHKftyiye-'f., p., happen',feyiya-(,jaw),j?yiye-(pwutak)
'go
feyiy6-(watdc)
badly,havebadluck',feyiy~-(&ch),
'part'go well,havegoodluck',feyiye-w(mHmwefl)
(sic)'havebadluck,bein trouble',.f*ii-(fiR)
(sic)'belucky,well
inggiftof food';PuLftye-(q9aw)
'havebadluck,be ata disadvantage',
'fortune,luck',faiiye-(y e),,fari-(p"'uto)
off'; WOLfiiYa4PuA (ka)-daie-(maii)
'be lucky,fortunate';
(sic) 'be happy,blessed,
.faiye-(f,shi),
faiye-(m"'aadi)
'tobecursed';PCK*fai[aeI-;
PONpaiya-(mWaaw)
'luck,goodfortune,be
lucky',(ka)-daie-(p"Yitelri)
MOKpay 'goodfortune,befortunate'.
lucky',paxzye-(ntE)
'luckily,fortunately';
PPC*fala,ka-falafala'adzing,cutwithan adze':CHKKfianafan
'adzing,adzework',fana
'c. or shapeit withana.',fane-(e-ya-)
'c. or shapeit withana', fr1ne-(e-y)
'thingadzedby (s.o.)';
'tocarve,cut,hew'%,frde-y
'carve,adze,orcutit';
MRTafafil 'c.orcarvewithana.';P'UL.fal,fiall4d
fiale-ya-'thingadzedby (s.o.)';CRLfiI,ffiale-e-y
'chop,split(wood)',fa1afal'adzing,chopping,
notchescutin a coconuttree';STWya-falafal'c.,carvewithana, stepscutin coconuttree';WOL
.fiifak 'toc. orhewwithana.',fda-(a)'c.,hew,orcarveitwithana.',ge-frle-fale'
stepsoncoconut
tree,to makesuchsteps';PuA danadana'carving,to carve,chopwood',dana'tochopit';PCK
PONpal 'hackwithaknife',pelr'hackit',peepElE--(n
*fala,falafala,
fala-(a),(ka)-falafala;
siklUiwi)
'notchesin coconuttree';MOKpclpcl'tochop',pol 'chop(s.t.)',ka-palapx'stepscutin coconut
trunk'.Cf.MRSyalyL'tocarve,to repaira boat,to fixoroverhaul';
KSRye-ki'tocarveout';KSR
'c.stepsin a coconuttree'(aloan).
(a loan);KSR.falke
firl 'split,sawlengthwise'
PPC*fawo-ni-pei'nameof PohnpeiIsland':CHKf6i6nupi;
CRLj66opey;
36nepeey;
PULfi(
WoLbb6lopei;PONpoLp6fxy;MOKpoonpey;MRS frk1'9wnp9y;KSR palpe. The PON,MOK,and
areclearlyloansfromthePONor CHK forms.
formsappearto be cognate;theremainder
See PMc *fawo'surface,on', PMc *-ni'of,pertaining
to',PCMc *pei'stonestructure'.
PPC*fee 'engagein sexualintercourse,
performan action':CHKkt'e. in s. i.',.ft*-(y)'have
sex withhim/her';PULJfrCRL.fefi-(y);WOLj.frf-(ye);PuA date(sic);SNS.je,' PCK*fee;
PON(a)-pe'performor causesomeactionormotion,haves. i.', (a)-pee-neP
'havesex withhim!
her'.Cf. CRLfaiU-li-aa'lover';ULI.fdds'penis';LAu.fai-'performative
pref.',j&i'dowith,help
orperformative
in';LAKvai-,Va-,vi- 'causative
prefix'.
CHK
274
PPC *fele 'to peck': CHKffen,fwffe 'to p. (as a chicken)', .fee-e-(y) 'p. it'; CRL.fl, fle-e-
PCK*fe[ln]e;PONpeI,pali-i.
(y), WOLfelefdefile-e-(ye);
PPC*fin[ei]'wrapped,boundup':CHK.finifin
'wrapping,bandage',fini-ti 'bandageit,
wrapclothor mattingaroundit (end-pieceof a canoe)',fis-sop"(<*fini-s6pw)'wrappingof
coconutclothandropeon theend-pieceof a canoe',ffiit,fit-ti-(n),tiit-ti-(n)(*fini-ti-lnl)'snarl,
tangle,entwining',ffii it, iit 'be snarled,entangled,entwined',fit-tek
(*fini-tek)'betwisted,
writhe',fit-ti-i-(y)(*fini-ti-i-[yI)'winduponit, twineaboutit, windit up (as a fishlineon a
stick)';CRLfit-ti(*fili-ti)'towraprope,string,orgarlandaround(s.t.)',()-fit-ti 'tobraid,coil,or
entwine(s.t.)';PCK*fi[lnli,fi[ln]i-di-;PONpinipin'closelytwistedor curled,kinky,tangled',
pinpene'to wraparound(s.t.)'.Cf. UAN*bilirj'turn,twist',*bilit'windup,roll'.Cf. alsoPMc
*fi- 'mutually',
PMc *fira,fira-[kx]i'totwist',PWMc*fiji-[sSli'totwist,twirl'.
PPC*idi,idi-[g0]i-'point,havedirection':CHKiti- 'p., be toward,face (in a direction)',
itiit'd.in whichs.t.pointsorfaces',iti-ni'p. towardit', (a)-yit'show,makedemonstration,
give
PULiti (sic) 'tolie (as a stick),to face(as a house),yitiiti-(n)'d.facing',yitiit'top.
instruction';
at',yiti-yi-(y)'p. (s.t.)out';CRLitiit'a p., pointingprojection',(a)-iti'guide(s.o.),p. out (the
PuA iti- 'go (in a d.)';PCK*idi,idiidi,idi-ii;PON
way)';WOLitiiti'destiny,doom,mortality';
idi- 'p.(ina d.)',idi-i'top. at'.
PPC*-ik[ae]'counterfortens':CHK-0, -e-,-ik -ika-'c.fort.',riwe (e-ruiwe)-e-(n)
'twenty,
wani-ik(atwentieth',nimen
(e-nime)-e-(n)
'fifty,fiftieth',ini-ik,(e-ini)-ika-(n)
'thirty,thirtieth',
'twentiPUL-0, -e-,-ik,-ika-;CRL-igha-(asin la-ruwe]-igha-[ll
wani)-ika-(n)
'eighty,eightieth';
eth');WOL-ige(as in lsel-ige 'ten',lruwe]-ige'twenty');PuA -iki(as in [del-iki'ten');PCK
*-ik[ae];PON-ek (asin [sl-ek 'ten',/riel]-k'twenty',[lirme-sk'fifty',[welsl-ek'sixty',[due]-ek
'eighty').
'ninety').See alsoPON-akan(asin lsili]-akan'thirty',[isil-akan'seventy',[weliJ-akan
Cf.PCMc *-itaki'counterfortens',PMc *-rawulu'unitof ten(incounting)'.
PPC*ila,ilaila 'carryin themouth':CHKine-e-(y),ine-yi'tohold(s.t.)in one'steeth';CRL
ileil'toseizes.t.andmrnoff withit in them. (asa dog)';PONilayl'toc. in them.',ila 'toc. (s.t.)
in them.'
PPC*iyu,iyua 'to grind,grate':CHKiiw, iwe-(n) 'grindstone,whetstone,g. of'; PUL
PONuu 'sharpening
stone'.
yiiyuw,yiiyuwt-(n)(sic) 'whetstone,w. of'; CRLiyuw'whetstone';
Cf. KIRii 'tograte,grind',(te)-ii'theprocessof gratingor grinding',ii-a 'to grate,grind(s.t.)';
KSRii 'rub,erase,wipe',i-l 'grind,grate,whet,rub(s.t.)',whichappearto be cognatewithWOL
iriiri'torib, scrub'(PMc *iri,iriiri'rub,scrub').
PPC? *kaapi 'yam':CHKkdip,#kdppi-(n),
#kddppi-(n)
(eep,#eppi-(n)appearto be loans)
'yam,y. of; PONkeep,keepi-n;MOKkoop.Cf.PMP*qubi(BlustI984-85).
PPC? *kailu 'sing,song':CHKkkCen,
kkLeen-(n)
'sing,song,s. of'; MRTkke,l;PULkeel,
CRLkkeel,kkeelu-(l);CRNkkeel;STWkkeel;PONkowl,kowli-(n);MOKkowl.Cf. KSRon 'song,
sing'.Cf. PWMc*kau,kakau,kau-ri,kakau-ri'call,callto',PMc *alele'toreckon,sing'.
PPC*kere 'happy':WOLkkere'be h., glad,rejoice,be delightfil,pleasant',(ga)-kkere-(e)
'makehimh., delighthim';PuA kkele'beh.,joyous,glad';PCK*kkere;PONkere-(mW'E)
'h.,
joyful(honorific)'.
PPC*-ki[tT][ai]'littlebit':CHKkis,kisikiis,-kkiis'l.,small',(e)-kis'a 1.,a bit(incounting);
PCK* (te)-ki[tTl[ai];
PUL (ye)-kuih,(ye)-kts; CRL (e)-ghuis;WOL(se)-kkute
(archaic);
(se)-kkiite
PON-kis 'counterfor smallobjects';MOKkij 'bit,piece'kijkij'fraction';PNG(e)-kis'a small
piece'.Cf.Tongasi'i '1.';SAMitiiti'1.'Cf.alsoPMc *kisi'small,little'.
PPC? *koyikoyi'pipingor whistlingsound,pipingbird':CHKkoyikoy'apipingbird',(o)bird'.Cf. MRSkel 'semi-palmate
sandpiper';
koyikoy'a smallwhistle';PONkoykoy'broadbill
'whistleupanddownon two
FIJkalu'towhistle';BUGguigui'towhistle';LAK(vialo)kdlukfou
notes'.Cf.alsoPONkdul'goldenplover';KIR(kani)-mn()i'towhistle;KSRkulld'sandpiper'.
PPC*-ki- 'backor napeof headandneck':CHK#kuuai,
kuu-(n)'b.orn.of h. andneck,b.of
his h.', (epi-ni)-ku,(epi-n)kuu-(n)'b. of the h., n. of the neck, b. of his h.'; PUL (ydpi-nu)-ku-(n)'b.
and CRN(api-ni)-gui-(n)'n. of his neck'; WOL(gapi-li)-gu 'b. the
of his h.'; CRL(api-lui)-gh/u-(l)
h.'; PCK *kiu; PON (kepi-npay)-ki 'lower partof the b. of his h.'; MOK(kopi-npay)-k, (kopi-n
'b.of theh.,b.of h.of'. Cf.PKB*kisu,kidu'b.orn. of one'sneck';ARO'uu-(na)'his
pxy)-ki-(n)
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
275
neck,throat';PEO*keju-'b.of theh.' (GeraghtyI983).Thereareproblemswithreconstruction
outsideof CHKandreinterpreted
here,sincetheformhasbeenpreserved
onlyincompounds
along
theway.Cf.alsoKSR(in)-kwewE,
'neck,n. of'. Cf.PMc *ua3'neck'.
(in)-kwewe-(n),
kwewe(n)
PPC*kuiaili'kindof lizard':CHKkauween,kuween,kuuweeni-(n)'kindof 1.,1.of'; PUL
CRNgiyel 'smallgreen1.';WOLguweeli;PCK*kUeelior *ktiaili;PONand
kuwed,kuweli-(n);
MOKkieyl.Cf. MRS(man)-niwyaj;
KSRknAul.
PPC *kumwucui
'fist,hand,andwrist':CHKkumwuch,
uchu-(n)'f., hoof,foot,paw,f.
kumw
MRTkumw'ushu-(n)
'hish.';
of', -kwumuch
'fistful,handful,hoof,foot,paw(countingclassifier)';
PULkumwaR
'w. andh., w. andh. of'; CRNgumw'uR
'w.
'w.,h.';CRLgumwush,
gumwushu'-(1)'
andh.';STWkwnmuR
'h.';WOLgumw'ushu
'w.',-gumuwshu
(fromw. to fingertips)
'wrist-length
PONkumwnut,
kumn'uti
'f., his f.'; MOK
(countingclassifier);PuA knmusu'f.';PCK*kumwucu;
kunm'us,
kwumusi-(n)'w., his w.' Cf. SAAkumu,kumukumu'to punch, to beat with the f.'
PPC*kurupwu'smallyoungcoconut':CHKkurup",
kurupWu-(n),
#kuruwpp"'u-(n)
'tinyc.
in firststageof growth';PULkurupnq
fruit(of coconutsor limes)';CRL
'immature
kurupwi-(n)
'smallyoungc.';WOLguruhu'youngc.';PCK*kurupwu;
PONkurupw
ghuru&andCRNguruw&
'immature
c.'
PPC*kuTu'squirtout,spitout,ejaculate':CHKkus 'squirtout, be squirtedout, flow (of
be ejaculated
be spit,be squirted,
blood);escape,getaway',kkus'spurt,bedischarged,
(of sperm)',
'besquirted
orejaculated
kusu-fikii-fi'spitit out,spiton him',kkusi-(iti)
upon(s.t)';PULkuh'to
be discharged,
to spurtout',kuhu-fi-(y)
'tospitout(s.t)';CRLghus,
pouredorspilledout,drained,
'todischarge
to leakout(asfroma faucet)',ghusu-fi'tospitout(fluid)from
suddenly,
ghusu-(wow)
CRNguh'to
themouth,to blow(chewedupmedicine)ontoanaffectedarea',kkus'toejaculate';
dischargefluid,to drainout,to leakout(asfroma facuet)',guhuu-fi'to spitout (fluid)fromthe
'blow
mouth';WOLkkusu'sperm,toejectsperm,spout,emit',kkutu'spit,spittle,to spit',gusu-fi-(i)
it out(withthemouth),spitit out',gutu-fi-(i)
'spiton it';PuA kutu-de
'spittle,to spit';PCK*kuTu,
MOKkuj'togush',kuj,kuji-(n)'semen,s. of'.
kuTu-fi;PONkus'togush,to climax,to ejaculate';
'tospurtout,squirt'.
Cf.alsoSAAPUSU
Cf.KWA'usu'havesexualintercourse'.
PPC*laawa 'haves.t.caughtin thethroat':MRTlaaw 'c. in thet.';CRLlaaw 'chokeon a
bonec. in thet.';WOLlaawe'haves.t. stuckin thet.';PCK*laawa;PON(x)'haves.t. stuckin
one'st.'Cf. PEO*laqaRa'choked'(GeraghtyI990).Cf.alsoPCK*nnawa'to cough'.
nechenech'be struck
PPC*lec[ae],lecelec[ae]'to rap,strikesharply':CHKnech,nennech,
PULIdR'ring
'strikeortap(s.t.sharply)';
sharply,tapped,rapped,be rung(of a bell)',neche-e-(y)
ortapping)',
(asa bell),sound(ashammering
leRe-(y)(sic)'ringit';PuA nnesa'ringingof a bell';
PCK*lec[ae];PONlet, letelet,lete-j 'to flick,f. it'; MOKles 'gamein whichshellsareflicked
betweenadjacentsquares',lesles'toknock,rap'.Cf.alsoPCK*llecfi'makea loudnoise'.
PPC *likarikari 'a fish': CHKnikeriker'butterflyf.'; CRL lighdreghdrand CRN ligdregidr
MOKlikerker
'sp.of f.
'generictermforbottomfeedingf.';WOLligerigeri'af.';PCK*likarikari;
tuskf.)'.
(? harlequin
PPC*liia, lijaliaa, lliga 'becomevisible,be bright,shiny':CHKnig 'come into view,
appear,becomevisible',nira-(fe)'appearanew',nnir,nniga-(n)'bepleasantor brightof hue,
glorious,beautiful,pleasanthue,glory,beauty,its beauty';PULlig,liye-(td)'tocome intoview
(as a ship),appear(asthenewmoon)',llij 'bepretty,beautiful,beauty,fineness';CRLllig'to be
loomup',nnige'bebeautiful,pretty';PuA niye-(tcko)
beautiful,cute,pretty';WOLlie 'appear,
'new moon';PCK*liia, llira;PONliga-(da)'appearon thehorizon(of land)',ligalig'bright,
(of things)'.Cf.
clear,shiny',lioa-n'beautiful,
shiny',lige'itsbeamof light';MOKlir 'beautiful
PPN*NiNila'shine,glitter';UAN*linar'glitter,shine'.
'exhibitone'sdislikein one'sface';PULli-9ereger
PPC*li-rjariijari'angry':CHKni-yeriger
'be verya.';CRLli-yir,li-rireair 'be quietlyfurious,be extremelyfurious';WOLli-gerieri'to
get a.,buildup anger';PCK*li-arirari;PONli-geriger'a.'
PPC*lota'mat':CHKnxos,nosa-(n)'mat,his m.';PULloh (sic) 'sleepingmat';PONloss
'mat'.
PPC? *ma 'if': WOLme 'that'(as in 'I wish that...');PONma; MOKma; PNGma. It is
unclearwhatto makeof this.
276
OCEANIC LINGUISTICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2
to
'afflictionof theeyes fromover-exposure
PPC*maal[iu]'glareblindness':CHKmnw''n
brightsun,resultingin partialblindness';WOLmaala'to haveeye sicknessfromstayingtoo
blindnessinducedby excessive
long in thesun';PONmaal 'be excessivelybright,temporary
light',maalid'eyeconditioncausedby exposureto glare'.
leaves':C HK
PPC*(ka)-maarek[aeI'anyof severalspeciesof fernwithalternating
WOLgemaarage;ULI hanmarakh
CRLaddickre;
dmddire;MRTamddrd,PULyamia'a're;
(Bender et
al. 1984); PCK *kamaarekIae];PONmaarEk.
'be e. for,go
PPC*mac[ae]-raki'easy':CHKmeche-res'e., notdifficult',meche-resi-(iti)
CRLmeshe-rdgh and CRN
PULmeRe-rcdk;
easily to', (e)-mwhe-NSi'make it e.'; MRTmtisha-rk,k;
WOLmashe-ragi'e., free
meRee-rdig
(sic) 'bee., simple';Siw merie-Rak
(showingmetathesis);
fromtrouble,not strict';ULImece-rdg;PCK*maclae]-rali;PONmatamat'pliable,resilient',
matE-rek'supple, limber,easilypersuaded,
lucky';MOKmas-rec 'do wellin things'.
PPC*madiiiiV'a lethrinidfish':CHKmetiin;PULmetiin'porgy(Lethrinus
variegatus)';
'a snapper(Lthrinuslkjan)'.
PCK*madiin;PONmfW&
PPC *mali, maluimalui'to storm, wind storm, typhoon': CHK mrn 'blow, be windy',
CRLmaltimal,MRTWhN"Wll;
PULmdlemxil,
'severes.,' (puu-nu)-nun
mnintimdn
't.,hurricane';
WOL mahtimelti;PCK*malj, mal6mald; PON melimel;MoK melmel, PNG
STW Mdilimadl;
melimel.See also Marck (1994:311) PMC *malumalu'wind stomn'.
PUL
PPC*maajarli'flyingfish':CHKmnit m,Jeni-(n), meipe'f. f., f. f. Of';MRTmeiyair;
PON
meijar;WOLmeiarii;PuA majalli; SNSmeialu';PCK*mar]ar-6
m~yar;CRLmayLar
meter,-MOKm.rpr.
'the s. V., a sidereal month'; PUL MMzel
PPC *maiil 'the star Vega': CHK mnieen
V., a side-
realmonth';CRLtnM1;STWmMel;WOLnue'lti,PuA matuini'siderealmonthequatedwith
November';PCK*mafild;PONmed(Benderet al. 1984).
PPC *meafi'feel,sense':CHKmeeji'f. it, s. it, be awareof it', meefi,meefiy-(n)'feeling,
sensation, values, sentiments,his feeling'; PUL mji 'f., hear,see, appreciate,understand';CRL
meefi'tof. (s.t.throughtouching),to havea belieforfeelingabout(s.t.),feelings,stateof health';
WOLmnyafi'to f., perceiveby physicalsensation',mvqqfi-(i)'f. it'; PCK*meafi;PoN peem
(<meep)'f., think,S.';MOKPOxm'f.,havea feeling'.
PULm"'ariker
PPC*mwakarikari'Pleiades':CHKmeeriker-;
STW
(sic);CRLm"'daariar,'
PONmtWakErEkEr.
mHeriker
(sic);WOLml'aratigeri,
PPC? *mwakui'a strandtree(Pisconia
#m"'akke-(n)'P. t., t. of';
grandis)':CHKmH'aak,
MRT mHee~~k;PUL mwcrk,
#mYrka-(n);-CRLm"Ytgh,ml'ddgh;STW mYik; WOLmweegu',
Cf.
PCK? *mwa; PONm'eek'a t. (Glochidionrcaniflorwn)'.
mgua-; PuA mllaaki,mw'aki-;
MOKmaes 'treesp.'(Benderet al. 1984: 'P grandis');MRSkahgal'P grandis'.
on 'be c., sheltered,
PPC*mwano,mwano-ki'covered,hidden':CHKm"i'n, mHononm"
andCRNm6naCRL
PUL
secret,h.',m11'6n6-(nm)
'disappear'; m616-(16
'disappear'; mH6no-(l6)
'hidebehind
'tohide,hiding',m"'alo-gi-(i)
(hi) 'bec. fromtheelements,beh. away';WOLmnlalo
'topeepat'.
'tohide,disappear';
PON ml,'ono-k
it';PuA mH,ano
'betinyandprofuise
PPC*mwa-ijerei)ere
(asof fine
'rough(of surface)':CHKmea-yerje1r
(sic) 'kinkyhair,be kinky-haired';
printor veryfine weaving)';PUL mll'a-9ere1Je
mo-Qtereler
'be curly,
or treebark)';WOLm4l'a-igereyere
'havea r. surface(as sandpaper
CRL rnw'e-.ereJJer
PONm"la-yErEe7er
'spotted,splotched'.Cf. MOKmb"akinky(of hair)';PCK*mwa-IJeregJere;
gayyay'ber.(of a surface)'.
'r.'(Mniiti-n)
'rainbow':CHKt'n'dresi,
PPC? *mwarckiy[aec
m"'drisi
mi'drisi'godof ther.
(associated with war, navigation,and causing illness in small children)';MRT(antiii-n)m4'arave
'r.';
'stormwith smallwind';PUL (yanii)-m"Llarehiy
'r.,nameof a god'; CRN (anati)-mll'arahi
PON
'a kindof sickness';PCK? *mwarekiy[ael;
STW rnH".iresi
'r.';WOL(yaitiii-li)-rtnH,4'nHaregiye
'rankof highestchief in one of two title lines'. Cf. Marck(1994:3 ii) PCK
(naan)-tnmHcarki
*m'arakii.
See alsoCHKreviim,reiiume(n)'r.,r.of (godof rainbowwasgod of war)'.
'formof s. r.';PONmW'ey
PPC*mweyi 'skinrashor blemish':CRLml,'eev
'spot,stain';MOK
in'ncy
'markon thebody,freckle,birthmark'.
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS -2 2
277
PPC*mwoco,mwocomnoco'short':CHKmwoch,mwochomwoch
's., abbreviated,tempoCRLmshOmnIhnwoosh;
WOLmwmwosho
CRNmwoRCn'oR;
PULmw'oRWnWoR;
rary';MRTmw'osh;
'be s., severed,cut s.; PuA m4'oso;
PCK*mwoco,mwocomwoco;
'be s., brief',mwoshom('oaho
aV.Cf. KIRkimwototo
PONmwot(omHot
's.', mwot-(kdoy)
's.', kimhwotoitoi
'verys.';MOKmwcwmw
'verys.';KsRft0o 's.,brief,curt'.
PPC*nekii,nekiinekii'store,putaway':CHKnaka-(a-w)'putit away,storeit, put it in
andCRNnle'ggrng
CRLkgghdegh
safeplace';PUL1kii 'putawayforsafekeeping';
'keeps.t.of
PONnekinek,neki-d'to store,putaway';
valuein a well-concealedplace';PCK*nektinekU;
MOKneki-d'to save,keep(s.t.)'.Cf. SAAne'i andULAno'i 'to place,put'.Cf. MRSIlik'put,
nek-inekUi
'tight'.
deposit'.Cf. alsoPCK*nek(i,nnekW,
PPC*ijid[iiil 'congested,tightlypacked':CHKfyit'be c., stoppedup,stuffedup (of nose,
'tightlystuffedorc.',(g)-iti 'causeto be tightlyfitted';PULf)tit'bep.
pipe,hose)', tita-(chchar)
'bec.,
full', (ya)-atifti-(w)
'packit full',(ya)- iti-(k1)'packcompletelyfrll'; CRLyit, ijafti-(16)
blockedup (of nose)';WOLYtii 'be full,p.' filledup,c.', iyJit'becompact,closelyandfirmly
PON jidiiid'adherent,cohesive,
packed',Viti-i-(ye)'compactit, fill it tightly';PCK*ljidFiiiI;
stuffed'.Cf.MRS7iyJ
Cf.
'p.solid,firm,compacted'.
gummy,sticky';MOK{yid'crowded,jammed,
alsoPCK*ti)dfi,iJridti'strong,resistant'
sameroot)andPCK*1)1iTO,
iyiTUi-,TJfi-T-i(perhaps
'tosnort,blowone'snose'.
an 'whisper,talk
PPC*gjniruiijdJndJ,
m"we'-ijaini
mwa-dJtiniJijuin,i
'whisper':CHKViinui'iyn,
in a softvoice',1)4ntio)inri-(00aw)
'tow.';CRL
'grumble,mutter,complain';PUL(ma)- 'iniuVun
andCRN(m6J)-VuinuItyuin
'to w., speaksoftly';WOLY9Liayu'l1u,
'to w.,
rn)iliVl1iu
(mtW6j)-,yihzi'1)1
talkunderone's breath';PCK*ijnin6jiind,
PON(mW')-yinijin
'to w.'; MOK
mwa-iJ6nOiyin6;
'towhisper',(kwai)'tomurmur,
w.').Cf.KWAVJu1u
(mtwe)-inin'tow.';PEO*ijunu(LAUgjunu
'w.to one another'.
Vudu-fi
PPC 'UiJ6gii,
CHK5(titig<' DDijrJ6,
ijti-di'chewandsuck(as sugarcane)':
i)61)I3i'be chew'histhingto c. ands.';PULV)t-tiing andsucking(ason sugarcane)',)il-ti'c. ands. it', Wal-a-(n)
'histhingto c. ands.';CRLiliauy'toc. (asbetelnutor sugarcane)',Vri(y) 'c. ands. it', Vii-ta-(n)
ti 'c. it', Vai-ta-(1)'histhingto chew';WOLOJli
ji (sic) 'to c. (betel)',jyi-ti-i'c. it'; PuA ytitiuj
'chew,bite',,tihi-ta'c. (sugarcane,ete.)';PCK* 6rJiJl.i,ijt-di-,rjt-da-;PON(ka)-ji-d'c. intofine
'suck,pullatwith
particles';MOKVidjid'c. to extractjuice',Vi-d'c. (s.t.)'.Cf.PWMP*1)utnJut
thelips'(Blust1982-4:88)andPANryit1it'gnaw'(Blusti989:154).
PPC*paa- 'conditionof being':CHKpaa- 'condition,stateof being'pa-(chchaw)'bein a
hurry';PULpaa-(chchaw'be in a hurry';WOLpaa- 'shape,condition,size', paa-(shig)'thin,
sorrowful'(lit.'heavycondition').
thinness';PCK*paa-;PONpaa-(tow)'disappointed,
PPC? *paar,para-, parata 'windy,windyseason':MRTparas'rainthatcomesin dueto
PONpKIar
PuA paxinada
'bewindy,blow';PCK? *parata;
thewind';WOLXIpLCs
'tradewind';
'year',
(nan)-par'tradewindseason'.Cf.PEO*avaRa(Geraghty1988)(PKB*avala);UAN *habaRat
asis thep insteadof fin theChuukic
'westwind,monsoon'.ThePuA d insteadof t is unexpected,
fonms,so we may be dealingwitha chainof loanshere.See Marck(I 994:311) INDEXPMC*pari(ta).
CHKpMnti'n., artof navigation',(c)-pgntiwa'be a n. for (s.o.)';
PPC*palia, 'navigator':
learnnavigation';CRLpaILwV,pahiwa-; CRN pcdli; STW ppai; WOL
pxahiweULIpehli;PuA pantia'trip'journey,to sail,navigate';PCK*paljwa;PONpali 'navigais presumably
a loanfroma Chuukicsource.
tionalskill'.YAPpiluw'n.,navigation'
'o. number,opponent,dancing
PPC*palu'a,'opposite,answer':CHKppe'nu',
ppntuiwa-(n)
'a.him';
his o. n.'ppgnii'to a.,reply',(9)-ppenu&wa
'a.him,payhimback',ppgntiwe-ni
partner,
'a.him';PULp[xdiiw'fellowcarrier
MRTpatti'a.',pahliwe-ne
(atoppositeendof a canyingpole),
'a.him':CRLPahiwa-1'a.a question.
ppahiwe-ni-(yl
opponent.antonym.to be o.. be opponents',
be a pair,be paired',pahiwe-li'a.him';CRNpaliya-n'a.a question,be a pair',Ixiye-ni 'a.him';
'a.him,replyto
STWpaiwa-n 'a.';WOLpaltiwe,paIawa-(le)'price,value,its p.',pahtiwe-li-(i)
him',(ge)-pahtiwei-i-(ye),
(ge)-ppahiwe-li-i-(ye)
'oppose,be against,objectto it'; PuA panuiec-ni
his opponent',
PONpEliE'hiscounterpart,
pakia-ni-;
'pay,buy,givein return,sell';PCK*palWa,
be on
pElia-n'competewith(s.o.),be matehedas apairwith(s.o.)',pelia-li'tomatchin compition,
MRTJialgw; PUL ppali 'n.,
278
hisp.'Cf.
opposingsides,be a memberof a matchedpair';MOKpalla-li,poll 'partner,
opponent,
YAPpiluw'itsprice,value,cost,pay,opposite,counterpart'.
SeealsoPMc *pa-'side'.
PPC*pari,paripari 'betrimmed,shaped':CHKperiper'bes., dressed(of wood),shapeor
dress',peri-i-(y)'shapeor dressit';WOLpariperi'cut,slice',pari-(i)'cutit, sliceit';PCK*pari;
PONpar,pEriper'tocut,trim,sharpenwithanylargecuttingtool'.
PPC*pauidi'abandon,let drop':CHKpewuti 'leave,a., discard';PULpayiti-16'be lost,
mislaid'; WOLpeti-i 'let it fall, 1.it d.'; PuA peiti 'throwit away, d. it, get rid of it'; PCK *paudi;
PONpeyd-(la-kid)
'carelesswithphysicalpossessions,likelyto loose or misplacebelongings';
MOKpyd-(di) 'tod. (s.t.)',peyd-(la)'throw(s.t) away'.See alsoPMc *pau'hand,arm,wing'.
PPC*pede 'shallow':CHKppet,petpet, (d)-peppeet.(d)-petpeet,MRTpet,petepe, petepeet;
PULppet,petepet;CRLppett;STWpetandpetepete-(t5d)
'becomes.';WOLpete; PuA pete, PCK
KSRpasrpasr 's., without
*pede;PONp?deped; MOKpodp(X.Cf. MRSpe.jpj 's., superficial';
of PPC*pesebased
depth'.Cf. also KWAbala-a'shallow'.Marck's(1994:315)reconstruction
on theMRSformis opento question.
PPC*pini,pinipini'twisted,entwined':CHKppin,pippin 'be snarled,tangled',ppini-n
'snarlingof (s.t.)',(e)-ppini'make(it)tangledor snarled';MRTpinipin'braided,woven';PUL
ppin'betangled';CRLppil 'betangled',ppili-(lo) 'bebraided,
plaited',pili 'tobraid,plait,make
intoa garland';STWppin 'braided,tied,twisted(of hair,leis)';WOLpilipili'to tie,twist(as in
makingrope),fold,lash',pili-i 'twistit, fold it, lash,makea garlandby tyingit'; PuA pini 'to
twist,rotate,tur'; PCK*pini,pinipini;PONpinipin'closelytwistedorcurled,kinky'.Cf. MOK
piy 'tangled';KIRhincka'strandsof coconutfiberformakingtwine,engagein twistingstrands
with the fingers', hinka-a 'twist (fibers)with the fingersto make twine'; KSRpirak 'braid,plait',
piraki'tobraid,plait(s.t.)'.
PPC *pirafa 'to steal': MRTpuraf; CRLpurcafpiraf''to s.', putrafa,pirafa, purafa 'to s.
(s.t.)';STWpuraf,pirnif,WOLpirqfe'tos., rob',pira-a 'to robs.o. of (s.t.)';PuA piladc 'to s.',
pila 'to s. (s.t.)';SNSpilafa;PCK*pirafa;PONpirap, pirapa 'to s., s. (s.t.)';PNGpirap, pirapd
formsin WOLandPuA areunexpected.Cf. KSRpisrapasr,pasr'to
's., s. (s.t.)'.The transitive
s.',pisre'tos. (s.t.)'.Cf.alsoBUGbilau'tos.'
PPC *poroto'a wrassefish':CHKporo;PULpoorow,poor(owu-(n)
'w. f., w. f. of'; CRN
poro; WOLporaso 'a kind of f.'; PCK *poroto;PONporos 'f. sp.', pomra-nnmrer 'f. sp.'(mrerr
'wrasse'). The initialpo- is a problemhere. Cf. MRSpew 'wrasse'.
PPC*pWa-ki-da
PONp"'e-l-da
p"'a-gi-ta-;
'because,why':CHKp'o-ki-ta-;PULpê-ki-ta-,
suffix'.
'why?'Cf. PuA p"ame-ta'why'.See alsoPMc *-Saa,mee-Saa'interrogative
PPC*pw'aa'weak,tired':CHK(a)-p''aijap^'ai 'weakness,be weak, withoutstrength',
'be listless, making no effort'; PUL (ya)-pW'ayapWa,'be weak, feeble, slack';
(wuwo)-p^"'aLyap"'a
PONpâC)
WOLhbxae'tobe unfit';PCK*pwaJa;
'tired,lazy',(ka)-p'aqi
'tiresome,boring';MOK
p"'oy'fumble,be a fumbler'.Cf.MRSf'an, f'anb'an 'unable,weak';KIRbh'ana'discouraged,
manner'.
emaciated',b'anaf'ana 'doings.t.in a perfunctory
PPC *pWara'pubic area':CHKpaar, p"ara- 'woman's pubic triangle'; PuA pW'aar;
CRL
^ 'ara-;WOLhaare, hera-'triangularshapedtattooon woman'spubictriangle';PCK
bh'aar,
*pwara;PONp"'ere'her lower abdomen'; MOK(poo() pWor'pubic area'. Cf. MRSh"'aj'lower
abdomen,triangulararea;loins;pubis.Cf. PONpwaar'holefor plantingyams', AROb"'ara
'box,hole'.
'empty'.Cf. PMc *pwaro
PPC *pWariki 'kind of dance': CHKp'rnik, p"rnikui-'dance'; MRTp'aruk,'PULpi'aruk;
CRL b'artigh, bwarughtu;CRN hb'arg; WOL hartgu; PuA p'altukui;PON pwerik. Jackson
(1986:229, fn. 4) reconstructsPCK *pwariku.
PPC*pwiTi,pwiTi-ki-'opening':PULp"iih,p"'ihi-(n)'hole (perforation),o. (as of nos'todrill,makea holein (s.t.)';WOLhisihis'toopens.t.withliquidinside',
trils)';CRLb"'isi-ghi
hisi-gi-i'open(s.t. withliquidinside)',hisi-ygi 'be opened(of s.t. withliquidinside)';PCK
*pWiTi,
pwiTi-ki-;PONp"'isi-k'to pry out, to pry off (a nail or bottle cap)'. Cf. KSRpat 'hole, per-
foration,aperture',
pata'perforate
(s.t.),pierce,punchopen(a can)'.
PPC *pwuiu 'right, correct, as it should be': CHK pw'tiu, p"u'iu- 'what is agreed on as
- 2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
279
whatis right';PUL puUt (sic) 'be
right',pw'ur'beright,correct,proper',pwu,Upâig 'determine
correct,right',puiu-puy(sic) 'to determine,
plan,decideon';CRLbf'uo'beright,correct';WOL
bhug 'be right, correct'; PuA p'uaiu' be right, correct, fit'; PCK *pWUjiU;PONp"'uuj'justice',
'toagreewith,to consentto (s.t.)'.Cf.
p^'ui'beright,correct,just';MOKpW'Uj
'correct',
pWuy-ki
MRSWiJW'total a correctamount,come out even, complete, whole'.
PONpwuur't. sp.',pW'ure-nPPC*pwure'a tree(Canangaodorata)':CHKpwuur,
pWure-(n);
p'ur 't. sp.'TheCHKformmaybe a loan
MOK
way,seyri-n-way'C.rocrata'(wai 'foreigners');
fromPON.
PPC *pwuro, pwuropwuro,pwuro-ti 'drill a hole': CHK p'uur, pW'ure-(n)'anchoring or
'toplant(s.t.)',pwpwur
'beplanted',
rpure-e-(y)
pwure-ni
mooringstakecarriedby a canoe',pûra,
'to anchoror moor(a boat)witha mooringstake';PULpuroopur
(sic) 'd. formakingholes in
turtleshell'; CRL f'ura 'to bore holes in (wood), make holes in (the ground)';WOLhurOnir 'to
d.,drilling',hum-(o)'d.it';PuA p'ulo'tod.,to d. a holein (s.t.)';PCK*pwur[ao],
pwuropwur[ao];
PONp'uropWur'd. a hole', pwurE'd. a hole in (s.t.)'; MOKpWur'to turn',p'urop4ur 'to spin, be
'to turn,spin(s.t.)'.Cf. POc *buro-s(AROburo'turnroundandrevolvefrom
dizzy',pWuro-j
rightto left',hur-si 'totwist,roll(s.t.)';KWAbulo,hllo-si-(a)'toturn';PKB*pulo'twist,turn').
Cf. alsoFIJvulo,vulo-ca'twista threadon theknee';UAN*pules'twist'.
PPC*ramaki 'Scaevolatree':STWremak'S. t.'; WOLremagi'kindof strandt.'; PCK
PONremek't. sp.';MOKromok'S. t.'
*r[ae]maki;
PPC*rata 'clearedland':CHKraas,rase-(n)'trace,spoor,tracks,remains,markof s.t.that
passedby, t. of', rase-e-(y)'clearor prepareit (a site, as for houseor garden)',(wii)-rase-(n
mo6wun)'fieldof battle';MRTraas,rasa-(n)'c. 1.,c. 1.of'; PULraah,rahd-(n)'site (as for
houseorcult),siteof'; STWraas'c. 1.';WOLraate,reta-(li)'field,a clearsectionof 1.,f. of'; PCK
*raata,rata-;PONraas 'placeof theearthoven, smallstonesusedfor makingan earthoven'.
Cf. FIJdrata'grassNote alsoCRLraas.rase-(l)andCRNraah'holeforpreservedbreadfruit'.
of nuttrees';UAN *DataR'flat,even'.Marck
less (of ground)';BUGrata'a grove,plantation
PMc *rataby addingKIRata 'broadas a matorcloth,widthof land'to
(1994:322)reconstructs
thissetof forms.
PPC*ree- 'in regardto, on behalfof, at':CHKree-'onaccountof, on behalfof, athomeof,
becauseof,
becauseof, by,concering (withposs.pm.)';PULree-'with,to, about,concerning,
dueto';CRLree-'at,for,with,by,becauseof'; WOLree-'at,in, with,for,to,upon,on';ULI(i)ree-'at';PCK*ree-;PONree-'locationof (him/her,it)'.Cf. PuA (i)-ydo-'place,at,with';KIR
(i)-rou-'with,by'.
PPC*riciia 'gate,doorthatmaybe openedor closed':CHKrichiy'gatewayto the abode
of the sky gods';WOLrishie 'wallof a house';PCK*ricira;PONritii 'to openor close anythinghingedorattached(asa doorora window)'.Cf.PCK*riciIa'a fish'.
lauCRLsqfay,se4Ci'flowerof Alexandrian
PPC*tafaija'a tree,Callophyllum
inophyllum':
PNGsqXai'C.i.'
tree,kamanitree';PCK*tafa1a;
rel';STWsefao'C.i.';WOLsefaye'mahogany
PPC *taka, taka-ni 'stomach, have stomach for': CHKsaa, saa-(n) 'abdomen, belly, her
a.'; PUL haa-(n) 'his s., character,feelings'; WOLsaaga, sea-(le) 's., belly, his s.', se,a-li-(i) 'to
PONsaak'food(honorific)',sak 'to eat',
rememberit (in thes.)'; PCK* [tTlaka,[tT]aka-ni-;
saka-n'to eat(s.t.)'.Cf. PCMc *taa,taa-ni'to like,be fond',PMc *tia'stomach,belly,abdomen',PCK*daa'intestine'.
PPC*talee-gii'to face':CHKsnee- (withdir.suffixes)'f. (in givendirection)',senee-y'be
CRLselee-y'be open,
PULhelee-ij'to lie or be face-up,top-side-up';
bare,exposed,uncovered';
exposed';CRNhalee-r'beopen,exposed'WOLselee-oi'tof. uptowardthesky';PCK? *talee-,
talee-gi; PONsalee-I) 'to f. (s.t.)'.
PPC*tare 'ended,finished':CHKsir, sdissdr'beover,e,, f.', sdri-(n)'hisbeingf.';CRLsdr
'toend(of a gathering,
sere-(I)'e.of'; CRNhar;WOLtare'tostop';PCK
meeting,performance',
*tare;PONsara-(da)'tocease'.
PPC*tari-fi'to rootandsearch':CHKscri-fi 'open(a box), lift (a lid), raise(a curtainor
mosquitonet)';PONsenser'tor.whilelookingfors.t.,to scratch,as chickens',seri-(di)'tobury',
'tobury(s.t.)';MOKjiojor'todig',jari-p 'todig(s.t.)'.
sari-p'tor.(s.t) whilelooking',sari-pi-(di)
280
PPC*tawaa,ka-tawaa'to break,crack,hatchanegg':MRTa-sewaa-(y) 'to c. (a coconut)';PULya-ssewa'toh.'(Benderet al. 1984);CRLssowa'b.,b.open(of waveson thereefora
'behatched';CRNssawa 'b.,b. open
soreon theskin)',a-ssowa'toh. (anegg)',a-ssowaa-(16)
(of waves on the reef or a sore on the skin)';WOLtewaa'be broken,cracked(as an egg),
PON
smashed',ga-tewaa-li-(i)'to h. (anegg)';PuA ka-ttawa'toh.', PCK*ttawaa,ka-ttawaa;
kaor
to
b.
sawa'tobe broken(of anythingcontaining
granular
(of
waves)',
liquid,
objects, gas),
sawa'toh. (of anegg)'.Cf. KSRsam'toh. (of anegg)',sawe'toh. (anegg)'.
PPC*tayi 'watertransportation,
travelby sea':CHKsdciy'transportation,
journey,travel,
depart,set out, set sail', seyi-n'shipor vessel of (a place)', sey (itar) 'voyage,travel'(itag
'usage');PULhddy,hcidy-n'travelby sea,sea-goingvessel,v. of'; CRLsady,seey'to sail,make
voyage',sddyi-ti'voyageto (a place)';CRNheey,heeyi-ti;STWsaidy'trip,voyage';WOLsaai
'trip,tour,journey',sai 'takea trip';PCK*tayi;PONsaay 'fleetof canoes,tripby sea',sey 'to
paddle',sayy'topaddleto';MoKjey'topaddle'.Cf.KIRka-ti 'setsail'(lit.'makestand').
PPC*Tik(ea)'beexcessivein behavior':CHKsik 'beonewhoflauntsoneself,vain,lascivious',sikd-dsi-ni'be vainabout,inordinately
proudof, flaunt',sike-(roj)'flauntone's special
WOLsige
'belustfil,promiscuous';
knowledge';PULhik'belustful,lascivious',hikr-(pWpWaR)
PONsik 'tobounce,skip'.Cf.
'bemad,angry,hostile',sigesige'getangryeasily';PCK*Tik(ea);
KIRikaika'engagein punchingin theside'.
PPC*lhku 'pound,knock':CHKssuk 'k., beat,rap,strike,p.', suku-ni'bumpagainst',
'to touch,jostle';PuAdcuku'hitwiththe
suku-u-(w)'beat,k., strike,p. (s.t.)';PULhuku-ni-(y)
fist';PCK*Tuku;PONsuk'to p.';MoKjuk'to p., hit,ringa bell', uki'to p., etc. (s.t.)'.Cf.FIJ
NotethatPULsuk(sic) 'steel(forstriking
tuki,tuki-a'strikeat,k. at,hammer';UAN *TukTuk.
'strikeit (as flintandsteel)'is probablya loanfromCHK.Cf. PMc
flintandsteel)',suku/-ui-(w)
*suka,withwhichthereseemsto havebeensomesemanticconfusion.
PPC*6fa 'garment,covering':CHKwuuf,wufa-(n)'g.thatdrapesorcoverstheupperpartof
thebody,his/herg.',wufe-wuf'weara g.';wuuf,wufa-(n)'clothing,hisc.';CRLu.f,u.fi-(l) 'clothu'fe-(li)'leavesusedforc. anearthoven,1.of'; PuA iuida,ida- 'clothing,cloth,hisc.';WOLruufe,
usedforthingsto coverwith,such
classifier
PCK
shift';
6fa-;PONipe'possessive
*66fa,
dress,
ing,
Cf.F1Jibe'mat'.
as sheets';MOKup'c.,sheet,blanket,to coverwitha sheetorblanket'.
'to end, terminate,come to an end'; PULwlik,
PPC*6kui'end':CHKwuk,wuku/-(tiw)
'finish,stop,be finished';CRLyigh,uigh andCRNrg 'stop,cease(of drippingliquids
wuiki-(16)
'tobe lastin a
or rain)';WOL
ugu' 'befinalized,finished,completed';PCK*uiki;PONik-(m"ir)
ukfi-fi
'cut
off'.
PCK
Cf.
PMc
*iku
*UikiUik,
off,
'tail',
chop
sequence'.
PPC*lla[t0]o 'butterfly
inerme)':MRTu6k;PULwul; CRLul6 'a plant
pea(Cleraoendron
PONandMOK
withbittertastingleavesusedin teato curefever';STWuld,un6;PCK*ula[t0Jo;
ilaw.Cf. MRSwilej'C. i.'; KIR(te)-inoto'a tree'.TheMRSandKIRformsappearrelatedto the
othersbutposeproblemsas trueinherited
cognates.
CHKiyoyi'be a., assemble',iyo-(ffVen)'bea. together',
PPC*uxo 'assembled,gathered':
iyo-ni'assembleit, collectit, bringit together';MRTiyoi 'pileof coconuts';PULyiyo-na-a-(1o)
'topile (things)up',iyo-neki-(to)
yee-lagh 'assem'bringtogetherhither,assemblehither';CRL
uye-neg 'assembly,meeting',
bly,meeting',yee-lu 'to gatheror collect(things)together';CRN
yee-ni 'to gatheror collect (things)together,to pile (things)up'; WOL
U/yeiye 'collect,get
uiye-lagi 'bea.',(tte)-uye'meettogether,assemble',uye-li-(i)'gather,collect,or assemblethem',
ing, gathering,conference,council,to collect,heapup, gather,bringtogether';PuAtuyo-ni
'assembleit'; PCK*Uyo, uyotyo,
uyo-ni, fyo-naki;PONuro-(do)'gatherpalmfrondshither'.
Cf. MRShayey'gather,collect,pool';KIRiko-ti'a bringingtogether,
engagein bringingtogether
or adding',iko-ta,ikoiko-ta
'bring(s.t.)together,collect,gather'(a loanfromSAMi'o,i'oi'o 'to
windup or coil rope'?),uu 'to go in greatnumbers,to swarmabout';KSRik-to-(k)'crowded,
thronged,full', ik-to-(ki)'crowd,throng,pack,cram'(a loanfromKIR?);SAAsi'o 'collect,
gather';PEO *qiko. Cf. also MRSyejyej'buildup, erect,pile up, build';KSRetoat'pile up
stones',yt oe'pileup(stones)'.See alsoPMc *Toko'collect,pileup'.
PPC *waa 'carryit, convey it, transportit': CHK waa- (with directional suffixes); CRL
waa-;(withdirectional
suffixes);PONwa;MOKwa. Cf.AROwa-i'tobring,c., take(s.t.)';KWA
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
28l
gwae,gwae-a'c. in thearms'.Cf. alsoPMc ? *u[sS]a,u[sS]a-ni,u[sS]a-na'cargo,load',PMc
*u-Ti,u-Taki'carry',PMc *wua,wuawua,wua-ti,wua-ta'carry,convey,transport',PMc
*waxa,'a frame'.
PPC*wairaki'difficult,agonizing':CHKweyires'be d., hardto do, bejealous(withw66'makeit d.';PULwdyerdh'd.';CRLwdires,weires'bed. to finish';CRNweireh
n)' (d)-weyiresi
'bed.';WOLwairesi'behardto do,d.';PCK? *wairaTi;
PONweyrek'painful,agonizing,torturous';MOKweirok'tobe in agony'.Notetheh ands in thePUL,CRN,CRL,andWOLformsmay
indicatethattheyareloansfroma CHKsourcein which*kihasshiftedtosi.
PPC*waiya 'journey,be foreign':CRLweey'totravel';WOLwaiye'voyage,sailingtrip,j.';
PuA waia 'trip,j.'; PCK*waiya;PONway 'bef., fromabroad';
MOKway'f.'
PPC*warawara'ditch':CHKwarawar,waraware-(n)
'ditch,d. of', waraware-e-(y)
'diga
d. in (s.t.)';MRTwarawar;STWwarawa warawarawara-(l);
PCK*warawara;
PONwarawar'd.,
'todig a d.' Cf.MRSwar 'lobster
trench,grove';MOKwarwar'd.,groove';PNG(dey)-warewar
lair';KSRlaf'd., trench,dike'.
PPC*waTl 'behurt,injured':CHK(e)-wesuwes'a formof warmagic';WOLwasu'be h.,
i., wounded',(ge)-wasu-(u)'h.him,i. him';PCK*wasu;PONwas 'obnoxious,discomforting'.
Cf. SAA(sae)-wasu'be angry,sulk' (sae 'heart,mind');AROwasu 'to smell, stink',wa'u
'annoy',wa'uwa'u'restless'.
PPC*wau 'valley':CHK(ewu)-we'stream,river'(lit. 'valleycurrent');PONwaaw,waw'valley'.Cf. KSRinfael'river,stream,brook',infaclfcl'valley'.Cf. Marck(1994:320)PMc *wao
basedonlyon thePONform.
PPC*waya,waya-Ti:See PPC*wea,weaTi.
PPC*wayi 'to sneak,do in secret':CHKweyi-(lgaw)'to commitincest',weyi-(nee-y)'do
WOLwai-tegi'to s. outhurriedly
andsecretly';PCK*wayi;
(s.t) in a hurry,hurry(reflexively)';
PONwayy'tos., to prowl',way-(ne)'tos. upto (s.o.)'.
PPC*wea,wea-Tior *waya,waya-Ti 'open':CHKwd 'be o., be opened', wdcdwa'be
roomy,spacious',wai-si 'o., makeroomfor,cleara wayfor (s.t.)';CRLwa'-si 'o. (theway),
makeroomfor(morepeople)';CRNwai-hi 'o. (theway),makeroomfor(morepeople)';WOL
waa-(ruu)'be wide o.', waawaa'be uncovered,be large(of a hole), be o.'; PCK*wea;PON
weewe,weewee'opening,its o.' Cf. PPN*waa 'intervalof spaceor time';SAAwaa, waawaa
'empty,hollow,haveo. doors,havea holein';BUGaa 'o., to o., o. mouth';LAUgwaa 'to be o.
Cf. PONwarawar'ditch,trench,groove';AROwaga,
(of ears)';KWAkwaa'o., perforated').
waga-si'too., as themouth'.
PPC*wolo 'maleperson':CHKwono-'fellow (of malesonly)', wone-(ey)'thisf.', wonoCRLolo- 'man,male,
(we) 'that(outof sight)fellow';PULwolo-'male(withdemonstratives)',
doc-(ny) 'goodman',do-(odi)'widguy'.olo-(we)'thatm.';PCK*wolo-;PONoo 'man,male',
ower';MOKwol 'man'.
PPC*wolo-faadi'nameof a sky god' (lit. 'stampingfellow'):CHKwono-fdt;WOLwlofaati; PCK*wolo-faadi;PON(luuk)olo-paad(Hambrush1926,2:105).See PPC *wolo 'male
person',PMc *faa,faa-[sSli'applythesoleof thefoot'.
PPC*wono-yik[ae]'sixty':CHKwonmwonee-;PULwone;CRL
oleigh;WOLwoloige;PuA
PONwene-ek.See PMc *wono-'six' andPPC*-ik[ae]'counter
onoki;PCK? *wono-yik[ae];
fortens'.
'to swallow
PPC*woro- 'throat,neck':CHKworo-mi'to swallow(s.t.)';PULworo-mi-(y)
CRLoro-mi,uru-mi'to swallow(s.t.)',oro-(md)'illnessfromhaving
(s.t.)',woro-n'esophagus';
eatenpoisonedfish', oro-y'throat';WOLworo-mi-(i)'to swallowit, gulpit down',woro-e,
neck,hist.';PCK*woro-,woro-mi-,woro-ja;PONwere'hisneck',(kepi-n)woro-ga-(1)'throat,
wer 'throat';MOKwar,wora 'neck,his n.' Cf. KWAodo,odo-mi-(a)'to swallow'.Cf. also
PWMc *oro'be,exist',PWMc*Toro-mi'suckup(s.t.)'.
PPC*wumWu'fruitcluster':CHKwumWu-(n)
'branchingstalkof' (as stalkof bananas,
'be manybranched,dense,thick(of f. or vegetacoral,branchingof vegetation',wumwuumw
'bethick(asf. orforestgrowth),yieldheavily',-wunw'bunchor c. of f.
tion)';PULwumWuumw
'bebushy,
'bunchor stalkof f. (in counting)';WOLum'Wuumwu
(in counting)';CRL-Wn',-WUmw
282
plentiful,have lots of f., have a lot of people', -um'u 'stalkor c. of f. (in counting)';PCK
PON-um^' 'counterfor yams and bananas'.Cf. YAPthum 'classifierfor
*wumWu,wumWuumWu;
bundleof anything'.See doubletPMc *wuru'fruitcluster'.
PPC*wunut[ao]'bewhole,entire':CHKwunus,wunusa-(n),
'bew., e., full (of
wunusu-(n)
moon), w. of him', (mo)-wunusa-(n),
(mo)-wunusu-(n)
'wholely,entirely,its entirety';PUL
wunuh,wunuhd-(n)
'w.,e., complete,total,w. of'; CRLulus,ulusu-(n)'becomplete,w., full (of
PONunse-k'e., w., commoon),wholenessof'; PuA unuta-ni'entiretyof'; PCK*wunut[aol;
plete'. Cf. MRSwigW'complete, w.'
PPC*wuru,wuruuru 'to play':CHKwur,wuruur'p., loaf, visit, take a stroll', wuru(mWmWot)
'p. about,havefun,fool around';MRTuruur;PULwur;CRLur 'engagein games,
formsof recreation';
STWwuur,WOLuuru,uru-'dance,p., game',
dances,or othertraditional
uru'to dance,p.',uru-(mmatto)
'sittingdance,do a s. d.';PONuruur'laughter,
happiness';MOK
uruur'tolaugh'.
PROTO-POHNPEIC (PPoN)
PPON*cana-k,cana-ki 'behungup,to hang(s.t.)up':PONtene-k,tene-ki;MOKsono-k,
sona-ki.See also PCK *c[aej]aki, cc[ae]raki 'hang, be suspended'.
PPON? *daari 'be quick,spin':PONdaar'toschool(of fishswimmingroundandround)';
MOKdaar'fast',(ka)-daar'a wheel',(ka)-daari-(ek)
'sailacrossthewind'.
PPON*dira 'be much, plentiful': PON dir 'be p., overcrowded, filled'; MOK dir 'be m.,
many'. Cf. KIRtia 'be completed, finished,done', with which these forms might be cognate.
PPON*luurV 'smallsp. of shrimp':PONluur,MOKluur'kindof s.' Cf. PEO*luRa'kind
of s.' (Geraghty 1990), which seems to have problems, being based heavily on the PON and
MOKforms.
PPoN*mici-ki'to kiss,makea suckingsound':PONmeti-k,miti-k'tok. (s.o.)';MOKmisik 'tok. (s.o.)on cheekorhand'.Cf.PEO*midi(PPN*miti'suck,lick').See alsoPMc *misi.
PPON*mWaaca'cleared land, garden': PON m"'aat'clearing, field, plantation,farm'; MOK
m"'os-(wel)
'vegetablegarden';PNGm'ese-(wel)'garden,farm'.Cf. MRSjemwaden'wasteland'.
'clearedspace'.
Cf. alsoPCK*maada'a garden',PMc *maata,maataata
PPON*nee,nee-ki 'bedivided,divide(s.t.)':PONne 'be d., distributed',
nee-k'to d., distribute(s.t.)';MOKneee 'tod.',nee-k'tod. (s.t.)'.
PPoN*gala, jalaijala'dry(of s.t.normallymoist)':PONr)alagal;MOKgalyal 'low tide'.
Marck's(1994:314)reconstruction
of PMc *rJalu
'oceanswell,billow'fromthisMOKformand
MRSyl is opento somequestion.
PONpali;MOKpali. Exceptas loansfromsomeundePPoN*palia 'dayaftertomorrow':
terminedsource,theseformscannotbe cognatewithGeraghty's(1990)PEO*wari[cz]a'two
daysago/hence'(SAAwa'iteandULAwalita'd.aftert.';ARO(na)warita'longago,sometime
ago';KWAkwalita'threedaysago';LAKuaisa'd.aftert.').
PPON*payipayi 'sea urchin': PONpeypy 'smallblack sp. of s.u.';MOK Oyp3y.
PPoN*piici,pici-,pici-i 'to trick':PONpiit'cheat,lie',piti-i'tot.,lie to (s.o.)';MOKpis 'to
t.',pisi,pisi-idi'tot. (s.o.)'.Cf.PMP*pidi.
PPON*piteki'be free,idle':PONpisek'bef., i., unconcerned,
MOKpijek'be
untroubled';
f., available'.
PPON*reeV,reV- 'grass':PONree;MOKre,PEO*reqi'g.'(GeraghtyI990).
PPON*riirV,rirV- 'floatingdebris':PONriir;MOKrir.Cf. PEO *ruRu'disturbwater'
(GeraghtyI99o),evidenceforwhichreliesheavilyon thesePONandMOKforms.
PPoN*uutV 'to takeone'sturnat':PONuud,iid;MOKwud.Geraghty(1990)seesthisas a
reflexof hisPEO*qu[cz]uRi'tofollow'.KIRin 'togo in company',whichhe alsoequateswith
this,is cognatewithCHK.fiti
(PMc *fiSi)anddoesnotbelongin thisset.
PPON*wara 'neck': PONwere 'his n.'; MOKwar.
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
283
PROTO-CHUUKIC (PCK)
PCK*aduadu 'a plant(Wedelia
biflora)':CHKetuwet;MRTetiyet;PULydtiydt;STWyatiyat;ULIyadyed(givenas adeudin Benderet al. 1984).
PCK*afakuira'childof maleclanmember':CHKefekur,eifekure-(n)
'childof malememclanorlineage,c. of'; MRTyqfakera-'childof malememberof a clan';PUL
berof a matrilineal
(sic) 'be a descendentthroughone's father(of a place)';CRLqfaghurandCRN
yaqfaakiiraclan';STWafakur'childof a malememberof a clan'.
afagur'linkageto a father'smatrilineal
Thismaybe anEastChuukicinnovation.
PCK*aki 'food,goods':PULydkiydk,
'f., g., f. of'; CRLcghiydgh'to wishfor
ydkiydki-(n)
f. or g.';WOLyaagi,yagi- 'f. gatheredfora funeralceremony'.
PCK*aki-,akiaki,aki-i- 'think,ponder':CHKddk,eki-(n)'thought,idea, his t.', ekiyek
't. (s.t.),have(s.t.)in mind';PULydkiydk,yekiyek'thoughts,
'thought,thinking',ekiyeki-i-(y)
't. it'; CRLdghiydgh'to t.';WOLyagi-(le)'forthoughtof it, by
plans,t., suppose',yekiyeki-(y)
reasonof it, becasueof it',yagiyegi'tot.,ponder,consider',yagi-i-(ye)'t.it,p. it,considerit'. Cf.
PONaaki'becauseof it'..
PCK*alaado 'nameof Elato(islandandatoll)in CentralCarolines':C HK 6in6 t; PUL
yeloot;WOLydaato.
PCK? *aliali 'walk':CHKeniyen'walkquickly';PULydliyel'to retreat(of fightingchickens)'.See alsoYAPyaen'togo, walk'.
CHKdnnd-(ya),dnne-(ya)'reading,counting,to read,c., e.',
PCK*alle 'count,enumerate':
'c. it, readit';PULydlle-(ya)'read,c.',ydlle-(ya-ni)
dnni-(yaa-ni),dnne-(yaa-ni)
(sic) 'c. it, read
it',ydlle-(y)'tothinkabout(s.t.)';WOLyanne'bewise,smart,think'.
PCK *aloo 'speech': CHK(noo-(n) 's.t. said by (s.o.), s. of (s.o.)'; PULyaloo-(l) 's. of'; CRL
alo, aloo-(l)'s., talk,words,conversation,s. of'; WOLyaloo 's., conversation,lecture';PuA
yano-(la)'habit,word,s., act'.
PCK*alualfi'thethreestarsin Orion'sbelt':CHKenuiwn;PULyeliyel;CRLeiwel; WOL
PuA yanuiyanu
'a siderealmonthequatedwithOctober'.Cf.MRsjeljel 'a constellation
yeldyelu;
comprisingdelta,epsilon,zeta,sigmaOrionisandsaidto mean"stoneaxe"(jeljel, cf. CHKsene
'adze').
PCK*ama 'to know,be familiarwiths.t.':CHKamaam'k.s.t.butnotadmitit';WOLyame
'tok., getaccustomedto s.t.,be familiarwiths.t.'
PCK*amaama,li-amaama'to pine,regret,feel sorrow':CHKamaam'knows.t. butnot
admitit', ni-yamaam'regret,repent,be sorry';CRLli-amaam'tohavepityorfeel sorryfors.o.';
'tolongfors.t.,be love sick,pinewithlove,be lonely'.
WOLli-yemaame
PCK*apa 'diaper':CHKCap,apa-(n)'d.,clotha babysleepson, its c.'; MRT#eep,epa-(n)
'd.,his d.';PULyaap 'clotha babysleepson, d.';CRLaap,apa-(1)'small,softmator clothused
WOL#yep, yepe-'ababy'smat'.Noteourassumption
thattheMRT,
forbabies,d.';STW#yeMp;
fromtheboundformwithpossesformsaresecondaryformations
STW,andWOLindependent
sivesuffix,whichwouldbe theone in mostcommonuse.Cf. alsoPMc *kapa'bundleof s.t.'It
is possibleto see a semanticconnectionbetweenrolledup mats,bundles,bundlesof grassput
therollingup of wovenclothon theloom-beam,
betweenbabies'legs forwastemanagement,
andtheclothitself,especiallythatof a kindusedforbabies'wastedisposal.
CHKep, ekkep'makemorethanone carryingtrip',epi-i-(y)
PCK*api 'carry,transport':
repeatedlyc. it, haulit', epi-i-(ya)-'largequantityof thingsneedingto be carriedin morethan
one trip',(d)-ip 'c. things'(lit. 'causecarrying'),(kkd)-dp'repeatedcarrying,hauling',(d)in manytrips';PULdpi-(y)'c. it', (d)-dp'toc.', dpiydp'to c.';WOLyaapi,
dpiyep'c. repeatedly
yapi-(weu) 'togo outonceagain',
yapi 'frequent
trip',yapiyepi'torepeat,keepcalling,reiterate',
PuA yapi 'torepeat'.Cf. PMc *afi,afi-Si-'carry
(ga)-apiyepi'to c. repeatedlyor continually';
on thehiporunderthearm'.
PCK*-ara 'south':See PCK*lodoa,lodoa-lapa,lodoa-ara,lodoa-afaui.See also Marck
(1994:323) PMc *-ara.
284
CHKoromWôy
'a s. (probablyA.), name of a sidereal
PCK*aremauti'starArcturus':
month';MRTaromoy;PULyoromooy'a s., a siderealmonth';CRLaremoy 'A., a sidereal
WOLyarmoni;PuA yalamaidi'a siderealmonthequatedwithFebrumonth';STWdremauv;
ary'; SNS delnad.
PCK*ari,ariari 'stripe,be striped':CHKeri- 's.,line' (in cpds.only),eri-i-(y)'makelines
or stripes on it', (d)-driyer'stripes, lines, be s. or lined'; PULyddr 's.', ydii-(y) 'put stripes on',
'tobe s., a s. wrap-around
skirt',(ga)-ariyeri-i-(ye)
ydriyer's., to havestripes';WOL(ga)-ariyeri
'makeit havestripes'.
PULy66r
PCK*aro 'a tree(Premnaintegriflia)':CHK(ni)-y66r,
#-y66re-(n),
#-y66ru-(n);
'a commont. (possiblyP.corymba)'; CRL(li)-y66r,(li)-yar'P.dtusifolia';WOLyaarI,yaro
'P.t.';ULIyaar'kindof t.'Cf. YAPqaar'kindof t.',saidto be a loanfromULI.
PCK? *au- 'k. of fish':CHKCwti-(wd)
'sp.of snapperfish';PULyayewu-(we)(sic) 'snapCRNayu-(tor)'mullet';WOLyaCUya
k. of
perf.';CRLai-we'sp.of whitef. similarto snapper';
'a snapperf.'
f.' Cf. MRSyewahyey
CHKchaapaap,
PCK*caapaapa'flattened':
pachchaach'becrushed,f., be verylow';CRL
shaapaap'be veryflat';CRNRaapaap'be veryflat';WOLshaapaape'becomeflat,flat'.See
PMP*da-.
PCK*cai 'counterfor animates':MRT-shay 'counterfor humansandanimates';PULRay;CRL-shcy 'counterfor animateswhenfewerthanfour';CRN-Ray'counterfor animates
whenfewerthanfour'.Cf.PONtey'other(functionslikeanordinalnumeral)'.
PCK*caka-i-,ccaka-i-'chase,pursue':CHKchee-(y),chche-(y)'c. it'; CRLtche'to be in
pursuit',shee-(y),tchee-(y)'c. it';CRNRee-(y)'c. it,p. it',Rg 'torush,hurry(in a specificdirec'c. it',chchage'toc., p.'Cf.PCK*ceeri'go andget(s.t.)'.
tion)';WOLshage-e-(ye)
PCK*caki 'just,only':CHKchelk;PULRa,Rak;CRLshag;CRNRag;WOLshagu;PuA
sakc.Cf. PON-t?;MRSdey.
'to w. oneself(as at a fire)',Rdci-i-(y)'to w.
PCK*caiji'to warmoneself':PULRdgiRdiy
(oneself)'; WOLchchayi 'to get warmedup (as at a fire)'. Cf. PMc *rari,rariraii 'be warmed'.
PCK*cao,cao-Ii 'pressdown':PULRdo6-i-(y)'to massage,weigh,p. d.',R66R6-y(sic)
'beweighedorpressedd.;CRLslO66-Ji
'toweight(s.t.)d. so as to keepitfrombeinglostorscattered',shoOshC
'weightthatis placedon paperor otherlightmaterialto holdit in place';CRN
'bepressed,flattened,
R6i-ii, R6oR6;WOLsho66-yi-(i)
'p. it, give hima massage',sho6-J-aggi
squeezed',shooshoo'load,burden,be loaded,packed,p.,givea massageto' sh66sh66-(a)'massage him'.
PCK*cao-ni-imwa'householdmember':CHKcho6-nimna-(n)'m.of hish. orfamily';PUL
Roonim"(sic) 'wife,husband,spouse';CRLshdi-li-imw'
'spouse,wife,husband';WOLshod-liof thehouse'.SeePCMc*cao'group,groupmember',PMc *imWa
'house'.
im"e'members
PCK*cao-pwuda'woman':CHKch&o-p"'ut,
PUL
-p"ute-(n)'w., w. of'; MRTsh66-b"'ut;
CRNR6o-w'ut;
STWRd6-p'ut;WOLsh6o-buto'w.fortyto
Roo-p"ut'olderw.';CRLsh6d--bhut;
fiftyyearsof age'. See PCMc *cao 'group,groupmember',PCMc *pwusa,pwusa-ka'bad,
improper'.
PCK *cappa 'be turnedface down': CHK chaap, chappa- 'f. d.'; PUL Rapp 'be upset,
capszied, t. over'; CRLshapp 'to capsize', vsappe-(tiw) 'turnf. d.'; CRNRapp 'capsize', Rappe(tiw) 'turnf. d.'; WOLsiappe 'capsized, t. upside down'. The PCk form is to be understood as
fromanolder*ca-papa(seePCMc*ca-'stateof being').
PCK*capwu'makea loudnoise':CHKchop^'makea suddensharpsound',chopu"u-(nap)
PULRop",Rop"'u'soundof explosion,explode,pop';WOL
'thunder,
boom,louddetonation';
chlchhu 'make a bang, a loud sudden noise'. Cf. PONtap'ur 'to roll (often of heavy objects)';
MOKsap'or'roll'.
PCK *ca-riwariwa 'be shiny, glossy, bright,glitter':See PCK *ma-riwariwa, ca-riwariwa
'glitter,sparkle'.
PCK *calcal 'to massage (after a fall or bruise)': PUL RdeRd;CRLsheeshd 'm.', shde-gi
'to m. (s.o.)'; WOLshedshee; PuA salsau. Possibly refers to the applicationof leaves in massage (see PMc *cau 'leaf'). Cf. PMc ? *ma-caucau'soft'.
- 2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
285
PCK*ccaga 'to reachout':CRL tchag'r.for s.t. andobtainit', tchagi-to'r.hither';WOL
'r.out for
chchage'r.outfor withouttouching,be shortof, be greedyforfood', chchage-eti-(i)
(s.L)'.
PCK*ccara, 'seacreature':
CHKchchar'starfish';PULchchaar'a commonedible sea
urchin';WOL(li)-share'a kindof seacreature'.
PCK*ccara2'exact,tight':CHK-chchar'very,extremely',(wene)-chchar
'be straight,perPULccar 'betaut,tight',(wene)-chchar
'bedirect,exact';WOLchchare'betaut,
fectlystraight';
straight'.
PCK*ccinialo'nameof TinianIsland,MarianaIslands':CHKchchiniyon;PULcciniy6l;
CRLtchiliy6l;CRNtchiniy6l;
WOLchchiliyalo.
PCK? *ccii, ciiiciri 'a lightnoise':CRLtchig,tchigi-(l)'snapping,
cracking,or squeaking
'n.(asof a typen.,n. of'; WOLchchigi'a lightkindof sound,a lightn.',shigishigi,
shiyishirji-(li)
writer),n. of'.
PCK? *ccoki 'be wet':CRLtchogh'besaturated,
soaked,wet';WOLchchogi'bewet',(ga)chchogi-(i)'makeit wet'.Cf. SAAdcdo'tosink,drown'.
PCK*cee 'connectingbraceson outrigger':
CHKchee-(nee-yamw')
'stringerfromoutrigger
boomto outriggerstanchionon a canoe';WOLshee'outrigger
floatbracesof a canoe'.Cf. KIR
(te)-rai'plank,board'.
PCK*ceeri 'go andget (s.t.)':CHKcheeri'go afterit, fetchit';PULReer'tofetchandget';
CRLsheeri'to chase,pursueandcatch(s.t.),to runawaywithor steal(s.t.)';WOLsheeri-(i)
'attackit, assaultit,chargeit'. Cf.PONtaar'attackin a hitandrunfashion'.Cf.alsoPCK*cakai-, ccaka-i-'chase,pursue'.
PCK*c[ae]gaki,cc[ae]gaki'hang,be suspended':CHK(d)-chchejes'offeringof goodsto
a benignspirit'(theofferingwashungup on a hangingshrine);CRLtcherigandCRNtchegeg
'to hangfroms.t.(as basketson wallhooks)';WOLchcheCagi
'tohang',chchechcheagi'to be
hanging',shegagi-li-(i)'to hangit up,hookit up';PuA sagaki'to be hanging,to hangit'. See
alsoPPON*cene-k,cene-ki'behungup,to hang(s.t.)up';KIRregeroey
'longor extendingas a
branch'.
CHKchchug'be shaken,jarred',(e)-chuguchugi
PCK*cejui,cceijui'vibration':
'causea v.';
WOLchcheiu 'to grunt,breatheforcefully (as in deliveringa child)'. Cf. CHKchuggLaw
'meanpractical
(?<*chugu-grjaw)
joke'.
CHKchew 'continuous,
PCK*ceei 'continuouslywidespread':
featureless,
unintemlpted,
'bewell known,w.',chewi-(iti)
be w., be common(of knowledge)',chewui-(fdtdn)
unbroken,
'bewellknown,w.,common,widelypracticed';
WOL
'spreadto it';PULReewu(sic),Reewui-16
sheeu'spread,scatteralloveranarea'.See PMc *ca-.
PCK*ciaa 'mangrovetree':CHKchiya;PULRiiya;CRLshiiya;CRNRiiya;WOLshiyaa.
PCK*cife,cife-di 'liftwiththehands,makeerect':CHKchif,chchifchifichif'prod
female
genitalswiththepenis',chifi-ti'prodher';CRLtchif'erectionof thepenis';WOLshifeshife'to 1.
withthe h., raise',shife-ti-(i)'1.it withthe h.', chchife'be straight,stiff,taut(of rope)',(ga)chchifh-(a)'makeit taut'.NotealsoPONtip'befullaftereating(honorific)'.
PCK*cii, cii-ri 'drip,sprinkle':CHKchiichi'dripping,
's.
(of rain)',(e)-chchii-(y)
sprinkling
'to s.',cii-(tiw)(sic) 'tod. (asrain)';CRLtchi'd.
it', -chchi'drop(incounting)';PULRiiRii-(tiw)
down(of liquids)';WOLshiishii'towet,moisten,wash',(ga)-shii-shii'to dip',shii-ri-(i)'toput
it in water',shii-ra-(gi)'bewet,moistened';PuA sisi (sic) 'to washclothes',si-li(sic) 'to wash
it'. Cf.KWAgui 'wet'.See alsoPCK*kacii'palmtoddy'.
CHKchiichi'a f. (P or Phymotodes)';
MRTshiishi;PUL
PCK*ciicii 'a fern(Polypodium)':
CRNRiiRi;STWRiiRi;WOLshii-shii.
RiiRi;CRLshiishi'oak-leaff. (P scdopendria)';
PCK*cikara 'recovered,abated(of illness,weather)':CHKchikar,chikare-'be clear (of
'waitforit to
weather),subside(of wind),recover(fromillness),a cureor antidote',(e)-chikara
clear(of weather)';PULRikaar(sic) 'be clear(of weather),be cured(of illness)';CRLshighar
to havepassedthe
andCRNRigar'be cool aftera hotday,recoverfroma difficultpregnancy,
'letit be calm,
crisisof a seriousillness';WOLshigare'be calm,mild,abated,(ga)-shigera-(a)
makeitpeaceftil'.
286
PCK*cike 'weary,sleepy':CHK (e)-chikichik'be blinkingone's eyes in weariness,be
'be tired,
sleepy', (e)-chiki'to blinkthem',(e)-chchik'to wink';PUL(yd)-Rik,(yd)-RikdRik
'to blinkthem,winkthem,halfclose them(of eyes)';CRL(a)weak,bored',(yd)-rika-(a-16)
schiga,(a)-shighishigh,(a)-shighi-(mas)andCRN(a)-Riga,(a)-RigiRig,(a)-Rigi-(mah)'tire
oneself out, be tiredor exhausted,to blinkor wink one's eye'; WOLshigeshige'be tired,
exhausted',(ga)-shigeshige
'gettired,taketrouble'.Cf.PONketiket'benumb,asleep(of a leg)'.
PCK*ciji 'be speedy,fast':CHKchchin'behurried,speedy,fast(normallyin referenceto
speech)',(e)-chchini'tospeedorhurry(one'sspeech)';PULRiyeRij'tobe fast(asspeech),to do
CRLshiyfshiyandCRNRigiRiy'beexceptionally
fast,quick,rapid(indoingwork)'.
constantly';
PCK*cior[ao]'choke,throat':CHKchiyor,chiyora-(n)'t., his t.; CRLshiyor'to c.'; CRN
Riyor'toc.';WOLshiyoro'bestuckin thet.'
PCK*ciwa-ni'still,yet':CHKchchiwe-n, chchiwe-yi-; PULRuiwa-n,Ruwa-y, WOL
shu'we-li
chchuwe-li,
; PuA su',suwe-ni.
PCK*colo 'to gossipaboutsex':CHKchon,chochchon
(<*chonch/on)'g. aboutmembers
of theoppositesex', chona'to g. abouthim/her'chona-(n)'g. abouthim/her',chona-a-(n)'g.
abouts.o.by him/her';CRLshodi,tchoxl'coversation
amongpersonsof samesex aboutpersons
'totalkabouther'.
of theoppositesex';CRNRoll;WOLsholo'totalkaboutgirls',shdol-o-(e)
PCK*coo,coo-fara'maturecoconut':CHKchoo), choo- 'very ripe c., copra', choo-for
c.';PULRO),Roo(-far(sic);CRLsshoo,shfiar; CRNRxo,Rox.filr;WOLshoo,shon'sprouting
ffare,PuA soa;SNSsoO.See alsoPCK*coo,(ka)-coocoo'strong'.
PCK*coo, (ka)-coocoo'strong':CHKcho 's.', (6)-choocho'strive,try hard';PUL(ya)CRLsho 'beverys., powerfll,tough',WOL(ga)-shoxvshx)
RoxRo'tryhard,exertstrength';
'try
or ironwoodtree'.
of a tree';PPNt(o 'casuarina
tryhard'.Cf. FIJcdo 'heartwood
desperately,
Cf.alsoPCK*coo,coo-fara'maturecoconut'.
PCK*coroiro'noisycondition':CHKchorox,chc/horo'bebothered
by noise';CRLtchorW),
PuA solaLa'benoisy'.See PMc
'loudnoise,1.n. of, speakloudly';WOLchchororo;
tchoro(o-(l)
*roro'hear,listen',PCMc*ca-'stateof being'.
PULRiu'k,Rtiku'-;
CRL
PCK*cukul'basketmadeof coconutleaves':CHKchu'uik,
chiakui-;
WOLshiiugui,
ULIcuug(Benderet al. 1984);PuA sikui-(ni-kana)
CRNRuUiig;
shuuigh;
shugui-;
'throat(basketof food)'.
PCK*cull[ae]'post,stake':CHKchuun,chunne-(n)'p.,paling,picket,p. of'; PULRtil 's.
of taroplots)';WOLshuinne
'housewall'.
(asto supportsideembankments
PCK*ciUi-'on,on topof (a canoe)':PULRuu-(n);CRLshiuu-(l);WOLshiuu-(li)'topside
'ontopof'.
of'; PuA (i)-suui-(ni)
PCK*cuku 'mound,hill,mountain,nameof Chuuk(Truk)':CHKchuuk, chuku-;MRT
WOLshuugu,shugu-.PON
shuuk;PULRuuk;CRLshuugh,shugu-;CRNRuug,Rugu-;STWRuukC,
a loan,as is MOKruk,MRSrikw,andKSRruk.Cf. KIR(te)-riki'land
ruk'Chuuk'is presumably
formedby thewashingupof sand'.See alsoMarck(I994:320)PCK*t'uku.
PCK*cUyicCiyi'yard,boom(of canoe)':CHKchuuichuu-(feefin)
'b. of sailing canoe',
chiuuchuui-(m"cidn)
(ho6on)'b.',RuiuR(m'ddin)'y.';CRL
'y. of a sailingcanoe';PULRiuuRui
shiuuishiuut-(m'ddl)
'topmostsectionof verticalb. on a sailingcanoe', shuuishuui-(sh6o6bût)
'uppermostsectionof horizontalb. on a sailingcanoe';WOLshuiuishia'y. (of a canoe).See
PMc *cuyi-'bone'.
PCK*ciiyi-falu'nail(in carpentry)':
CHKchuiui
fn; PULRii:fal,ccii:-fl;CRLtchui-fll'to
hammerdown,nailtight,fastenwitha sharpstick',tchui-fall-(w)
'to nailit'; WOLchchii-felu
'needleof hibiscususedforweaving').See PMc *cuyi'nail';PuA si-danu(sic) (cf. sii-tcap"u
'bone',PWMc*falu2'prick,pointedobject'.
PCK*daa 'intestine':CHKtaa,taa-(n)'i.,hisi.';PULtaa;CRLtaa;WOLtaa.Cf.YAPt'aay
'itsi., feces,guts,filth,remains,lrst'; PEO? * [szlaRa(SAA tala,ta'atala'a row,string';ARO
tara'in a row,in succession';KWAtala 'ailment(hernia)in whichpartof intestineprotrudes').
Cf.PPC*taka,taka-ni'stomach,havestomachfor'.
PCK*dadda[ln]i'a pelagicfish':CHKtetten'a kindof yellowtailpompano';CRLtttdil
'sp.of ediblep. f.' Cf KSRal 'akindof fish'.Cf.alsoPMc *mam[eil'a largefish'.
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
287
'covPCK? *[dt]afi[dt]afi'boxforfishinggear':WOLtafitefi'fishingkit';PuA t aditadi
eredbox of squareshape'.
CHKteyuk,teyikteyuka-(n),
PCK*daiko 'turmeric':
't.,cosmeticmadefromt, his
teyika-(n)
t.',tdyko-ni-(y)
t.';PULtdyk(sic) 'prepared
'keepor acquiret.';WOLtaigo't.'Cf. PONo0o,oya(lap)'t'
PCK*dake,dake-ri-: See PCK*deka,deka-rior *dake,dake-ri-'to moveclose alongor
over'.
PCK*daki-[ae]ta'behigh,height':CHKteki-ya'height,greatness,high rank,be high,
-ydha-(n)'behigh,height,h. of';
lofty,exaltedin rank',teki-yaa-(td)
'gethigher';PULtdki-ydh,
CRLtdghe-yas,tighd-dsandCRNtdgi-yah'beveryhigh,be extremelytall';WOLtagi-yate'be
'highplace,raisedplace';PuA taki-eta'height,pride'.
high,tall,great,lofty',tagi-yetaate
PCK? *dakka 'be finished':CHKtak;PULtakk;CRLtakk'bef.', (a)-takka,
(a)-takka-(a-16)
'finishit, causeit to be f.'
PCK*dakua 'yellow-fintuna':CHKtoku,#tokuu-;PULtoku'bonito';CRLt6gu;'kindof
tuna';CRNtogu'kindof tuna';WOLtaguwe,PuA takua.
PCK? *d[ae]iarik[ai]'largebasket':CHKtejerik,teyerike-n
'women'slargefishingb., b.
of'; WOLtaearigi'hugeroundb.'
PCK*dao, dao-fi- 'to rub,stroke':CHKt66-f'givean alcoholr.',t66-fe-e-(y)
'givean alcoholr.to (s.o.)',t6oofi'r.gently,pat,carees';PULt66-f'wipe,r.gently,caress',t66-fe-(y),
t66-fi'to
r.(s.t.),wipe(dishes),braid(rope)';CRLtooto's.,r.gently,caress',t66-fi'pet,s., r.,caress(aperson or animal)';WOLtootoo 'massage,rubbingor kneadingpartof the body',to66fi-(i)'r.it,
massageit', too-f-agi'berubbed,be massaged'.
PCK*dappe 'category,kind':CHKtdppi-(n)'hisage-mate,age-mateof, generationof', taip'agegroup(in counting);PULtappe-(n)'k. of, age of'; CRLtappa-(l)'size,age,or kindof
(personor thing)',tapatap'be thesameage,be the samelevelor rank';CRNtappa-(n);WOL
tappi'k.,sort'-tap,-tep'k.of thing(incounting)',tappe'clan,clanmember,tribe'.
PCK*dapwa,dapwe-e-'follow':CHKttapw'be next, be afterward,f.', tapWa-(to)
'f., be
next', tapwe-e-(y)'f. after (him), chase, pursue'; MRTtapwe(sic) 'to f.', tapwe-e-(y)'f. him'; PUL
tapw'to chase, run after', tapwe-e-(y-l6)(sic) 'to accompany,go with'; CRLtabw'accompany,f.',
'f. him';WOLttabwe'to chase,runafter,
tabwe-e-(y)
'accompanyor f. (s.o.)';STWtapwe-e-(y)
'f. or accompany(him)';PuA tap^'e
(sic) 'f. or imitateit'. Cf. KSR
accompany,f.', tabwe-e-(ye)
(e)-tawi'f.,believein, conformto (s.t.)'.
PCK*[dt]ara'belt':WOLtaare,tera-(i)'b.,myb.';PuA taala,tala-'b.,loincloth'.
PCK *d(ae)r(ae) 'torn, destroyed': CHK ter, teri-(no) 'be devastated, ruined, stripped',
(n66)-ter'tidalwave';PULttere-(y)'to devastate(withwaves)',tter'crashhigh(of waveson a
canoe)',(n6)-tter'a veryhighwave';WOLtare'bebroken,ripped,tor, destroyed',(ga)-tera-(a)
be
'rip,tear,end,break,destroy,be breaking,
'ripit,tearit,rendit,destroyit,breakit', (ga)-tettare
destroyed',tera-gi-(i)'takeit apart'.Cf. MRsjar 'split,tornoff'. Thereareproblemsherewith
the CHKand PULforms.
PCK*dau,dau-ki 'go on all fours,crawl,climb':CHKte 'walk on the hands, creep or
crawlon all fours',tee-(td)'creepor crawlup,climbor clamberup, ascend,rise',tee-ki,tee-si
(duoblet)'invade,infest,crawlupon(s.t.)';PULtee-(td)'toclimb,go up,rise',tee-ki-y'climbup
(a tree,as a personor vine)';CRLte 'crawl',tee-(td)'climb',tee-ghi'climbup s.t.';CRNtee-gi
'climbup s.t.';WOLtee 'climb,move',tee-(tage)'climbup',tee-gi-(i)'climbit';PuA tauita 'to
climbwithhands,arms,andlegs', tau-(take)
'ascend,climbup'.Cf. PONdow'to climb',dau-r
'tocrawl,creep'.Cf.BUGhalu
'toclimb(s.t.)';MOKdow'toclimb';MRSte-(bal),te-(&albwal)
'togo'. See alsoPCK*dai-llawa'tocreep,crawlon handsandknees'.
PCK*dau-llawa'to creep,crawlon handsandknees':CHKte-nnaw;PULtee-law'crawl
(as a crab)'; CRLtte-ll6w;CRN te-llaw; WOLtee-nnawe. See also PCK *dau, daui-ki'go on all
fours,crawl,climb'.
PCK? *d[ao]wura'reefpass,channel':PULt6wur,t6wure'-(mdm)
(sic) 'p. in a reef, our
p.';CRLt6wur'channelin a reef';CRNtaur 'channelin a reef';WOLture, taure-(li)'channel,
bed of a runningstream,river,c. of'.
288
PCK*ddafteil,dafi-i-'be open':CRLttdf'be wide o.', tafi 'to o. it wide'; WOLttafi'be
(sic) 'too. it with
opened(of vagina),pulledapart',tcfitefi'too. (vagina),pullapart',tafi-i-(ye)
the fingers,to pull it apart'.Cf. SAAtaha 'be o., havea channel';AROtaha 'to o.', tahataha
'opening';KWAtqfa'beo.';Cf.alsoPMc *[sS]afi,PPC*dafa,dafa-ji,PMc *tafa,tafa-Si.
PCK*ddari,li-ddari 'go aboutgatheringor in searchof s.t.':CHKtter'go aboutin s. of,
lookfor,gather,collect',tteri'lookor s. forit',ni-tter'a lightbrownlandbird'('searcher');
CRL
ttar,ttir 'to s. forandgathermedicinalplants',tdri'topick(leaves)formedicine';WOL(li)-tteri
'a kindof bird'.
PCK*ddiri 'fast,speedy':CHK(m"i)-ttir,
-ttiri-n'f., s., quick,speed,s. of'; PUL(mu)-ttir
'f., s.' (saidto be loanfromCHK);WOLttiri'bef., s., early,soon'.
'havea h., be cupped,'(m'di)-ttoPCK*ddo 'havea hollow':CHK(m'mHm')-ot,
(mW6)-tto(noij)'be dented,havea h., groove,concavity';WOLtto 'to be deep(of water),extendingfar
downwardfromthetoportopedges'.
PCK*ddoko 'kindof clam':CHKtto,ttxoo(n)'varietyof smalltridachna
c., c. of'; CRLtto
'tridachna
c.';WOLttogo'c.,anyof hard-shelled,
usuallyedible,bivalvemollusks'.
CHKttup''becollected,gathered
PCK*ddupwo'contribute
to a communalundertaking":
'contribution
(usuallyfood,as
together,assembled(of things)',ttuphu-ni'toc. (s.t.)';PULttup"'
to communalfeast)';CRLttel', ttuhto-(l)'contribution
of foodor money,his c.';WOLttube-(liim"e)'contributed
hasbeendesignated
one'sshareof whatever
bya groupof elders,c. according
to thenumberof houses'.Cf. SAAsupu-yi'tooffer,entreat'.
PCK*deka,deka-rior *dake,dake-ri-'to moveclose alongor over':CHK td 'come
'toskirt,skim,sailclose alongtheshoreof, fly low along';PULtid-(n6)'to
close,skirt',tMd-ri
surf,bodysurf(as withhandsor board)';CRLtidd-ri'to passveryclose by (a specificpoint)';
WOLtega-ri-(i)'tomakeone'sway on (apath),walkon,take(a path)'.
or
PCK*dik[ae]'tilt,tipover':CRLtigh'totipover,capsize(of a drinkingglass,container,
boat)';WOLtige'to slant,incline,lean,tilt,be slanted'.Cf.PONdikow'tobendforward(of people),be tilted';MOKdk(A^'tosomersault'.
toolfor
adze':CHKtiketik;
WOLtigetige'chisel,sharp-edged
PCK*dikadika'straight-edge
cuttingor shapingwoodandstone'.Cf.MRsjekjek'cut,hew,chop'.See alsoPCK*dika,dikka
'cutandliftoff orout,peel'.
PCK*dika,dikka 'cutandliftoff or out,peel':CHK(e)-ttik'bescrapedorpeeled,be peelbe strippedintostrips(of bark)',(e)-ttika'stripit, p. it, scrapeit'; PUL(yd)ing (as in sunburn),
tikk'cutout(ascopra),p. (as a banana)',(d)-tikka'c. it out,p. it';CRL(()-tikk'copra',(d)-tikka
'to remove(coconutmeat)fromtheshell';WOL(ga)-tikka'c. s.t.(witha knife)andliftit up(as
in cuttingcopra)'.Cf.PONked,kadi-g'c.opento removecontents',MRSjekjk 'cut,hew,chop'.
PCK*diki,ddiki 'sound,makesound':CHKttik'sound,whistle,songof birds,chirp,buzz,
peep,squeal,trill,strum,ring',(d)-ttik'actof makings.t.s., engagein causingto s., playa musical instrument,
whistlebetweentheteeth',(c)-ttiki,(e)-ttiki'playit, whistleto him, makehim
CRLttigh 'to ring(of a bell)', (c)-ttigh'to whistle
squeal';PULttik,(yi)-ttik,(ydi)-ttiki-(y);
radio';
(d)-tittigh'phonograph,
shrilly',(d)-ttighi'toplay(a musicalinstrument)',
taperecorder,
CRNttig 'to ring(of a bell)';WOLttigi,(ga)-tigitigi.Cf. PAN*sijgit 'shout,yell at s.o.' (Blust
1989:165).
PCK*dikkaa 'coconutoil':CHKtikCk,tikkaa-(n)'unscentedc. o., u. c. o. of'; PULtiikka
(sic) 'c. o. meltedon a fire';CRLtikka'generaltermforbodyor hairoil, especiallyc. o.'; WOL
tikkicl 'c. o.'
PCK*dila,dila-gi- 'choplengthwise,split':CHKtin 'bechoppedlengthwise,be separated,
be split',tinetin'c. 1.,separate,
'cutin half(of a coconutshell)';
split',tine-ni'c. (s.t.)1.',tine-(pH"u)
PULtile-yi-(y)'to cutopen,split';CRLtili-gi'to splitor separate(anobject)intohalves',tili(/'u) 'splita wholecoconutshellin half';WOLtile-gi-(i)'openit, splitit, crackit', tile-gagi'be
opened, split,cracked';PuA tina-iji'cutit intohalf,splitit'. Cf. KIRrine'to exceed,excel,be
'distancefromoutstretched
superior,passbeyond,projectabove'.See also PCK*dila-wupwa
to mid-chest(clothyard,lit."breast
finger-tip
split,"a measurein counting)'.
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
289
PCK*dila-wupwa'distancefrom outstretchedfinger-tipto mid-chest(cloth yard,lit.
"breastsplit,"a measurein counting)':CHKtine-wupw;
CRLtilo-ubw;
PuA tino-upwa.
See also
PCK*dila,dila-ji-'choplengthwise,split',PMc *wupwa'belly,abdomen,torso'.
PCK*dili 'a smallfish':PULtiil, tili-(n)'tinygrowthstageof variousf., f. of'; tiil 'sp. of
small ocean f., anchovy'; PuA tiini, tini- 'sardine'.Cf. PCK *dili-mWaulu'a fish', PWMc *sili
'louseegg, nit'.
PCK*dili-mWauluf
'a fish':PULtili-mwo,-mooli-(n)'kindof f. caughtin scoopnets,f. of';
CRLtili-mweel'sp. of edibledeep-seaf.'; WOLtili-mWeelu
'a kindof tinyf.' Cf. PCK*dili 'a
smallfish',PMc *mwonu'squirrel
fish'.
PCK*dilo,diddilo 'talk,converse,a story':CHKIto- 'expressormakeknownin speech',
in a nastyway,gossip',tuno-(mmoj)
'begarrulous
'toexaggerate',
#tuutuno-(fo56s)
tuttun-(nap),
CRLtittil-(lap)'s., tell a s.';CRNtuttul-(lap)
's., tell a s.';
tun-(nap)'s. (toldfor entertainment)';
WOLtittule'tot. abouts.o.',tle-e-(y) 'tot. abouthim',tittin-(nape)
'toc., tellstories,chat';PuA
word'.Cf. KIRrino-a'to finishwell,to perfect',rinorino-a
'to makeor
tino,tittino's.,tradition,
do withgreatcare',(te)-rinorno'particularity,
exactness'.
preciseness,
PCK*dixjaro'request,plea':CHKtigortigyr,tugor'makea r.orp., askfors.t, a r.,p.',tigoreCRLti6or,
'desire,lustfor(s.t.)';PULtigor,tigore-(y);
e-(y)'to ask(s.o.fors.t.)';MRTtugore-(y)
WOLtiarv,tioar)o-(we);
PuA tildo (Benderet al.I984).
tiore-e-(y);STWtior, titgre-e-(y);
PCK*dipWa,
dipwa-i-'lever,lift (s.t.)witha lever':CHKtiipw,tirpe-(n) 'auxiliaryrodsused
in complicatedweaving,a. r.of', tipw'prized,pried,liftedwitha 1.',tipwetipw
'usethe auxiliary
rodson theloom', tipwe-e-(y)
'prizeit up,lift it witha 1.,use theauxiliaryrodson (theloom)';
rodsin complicated
PULtiip"'auxiliary
WOLtiibe,tiba-(li)'lever,sticksof the
weavingpattern';
'usea forkorchopsticks',tibe-i-(y)'liftit upwitha forkorchopsticks'.
loom',tibetihe
PCK*diw[ao]'changelocation':CHKtiw 'changeone'slocation',tiwe-(tiw)'disembark',
'comeashore';PUL(yd)-tiwd-(tiw)
'tocomedownfrom
tiwe-(to)'movehither';MRTtuwo-(log)
(as a canoe)',(yd)-tiwe-e-(y)
'bringit ashore',tiwo-(td)'go up ashore';WOLtiwa-agi'move
around,walkabout'.NotealsoKSRtA'come,land'.See alsoPMc *siwo 'down,westward'.
PCK*doo- 'to go': CHKtoo 'go,proceed',too-(nag)'go in, enter',too-(wu)'leave,go out';
PULtoo-(lqg)'enter';CRLtoo-(log)
'enter',too-(wow)
'leave,go out';WOLtoo-'come,walk,move,
migrate',too-(loo)'enter,comein',too-(wai)'go out,moveout'.Cf.LAKso- 'going,proceeding'
(ofpeople)';LAUtoo'people,race'.
(withdirectional
suffixes);FIJsoo'toassembletogether
'f. down',turu-(no)'f.
PCK*doro 'to fall':CHKtur'f.,be fallen',ttur'befallen',turu-(tiw)
over',(o)-turu'let or cause(s.t.)to f.'; PULtoro-(16)'f. over';CRLttor'jump,leapoff of s.t.',
'jumpup';WOLtoro'tof.'
ttoro-(td)
PCK*dowu-lapa'be many,a crowd':CRLtou-lap'assembly,c. of people';WOLtoa-lape
'bea lot,m., much,numerous,
abundant,
plentiful'.
PCK*duinui-yawa
'lips':CHKtuna-aw,tina-awa-(n),tunnaaw,tannaawa-(n)'1.,his 1.';
PULtunawuwa-(n
PuA tuni-yawa.
w6on)'upper1.';CRLtulaaw;WOLtulu-yawe,
tuhi-yawa-(l);
kili-n-ewE
Cf.PONkili-n-aw,
'1.,his 1.
'to wadeaway',
PCK? *dupwu,'proceed,wade':CHKtupt 'go, proceed';PULtupWu-(kl)
'to wadeeastward'.
tupWu-(td)
PCK? *dupwu2'befooled,deceived':CHKtup"''be f., d.', tupwi-iti'be fooled by (s.o.)';
PUL Wtup'u-u-(w)
'deceive, fool, joke with (s.o.)'; CRLtubw'be d., cheated,f.'
PCK *dupwu3'set (of sun), go down': CHKtupW'to s. (of the sun)', tupWu-(ni-y6n)
'sunset',
'to s. (as the sun)', (hoo)(soo)-tup 'departedperson, dead person'; PUL tupwu-(16),
tupWu-(tiw)
soulof thedead';CRLtU1i'to sink,go d.',tul'u-l 'settingof'; WOLtubu'to s.,
tup'worshipped
'sunset';PuA (tou)-tupWa
(sic) 'spirit,god'.Cf. BUGhuu'sink,dive,go d.
go d.', tubu-(li-yalo)
(of sun)';LAUSUU's. (of heavenlybodies),dive';AROsuu's. (of thesun),dive',suu-hi's. on or
over,dive for'; KWASUU'dive, sink (of sun)', suu-fi-(a)'to dive for'. Cf. also PMc *Suu,
SuuSuu,Suu-fi-'dive,bathe'.
lookedat',emwePCK*emwa,emwa-ri'be lookedat':CHKonw'beinspected,investigated,
i 'paya symptheticvisitto (s.o.)',(d)-aim'ddam
'watch,makeongoingorrepeatedinspections,
290
repeatedlyhave a look', (ci)-dm'la'pay a sympatheticvisit to (s.o. who is sick)'; PULyemHeri-(y)
'to visit (a sickperson) with food gifts'; CRL (a)-am,, 'to look or face in a certain direction',
'to observe, to look at (s.o.) in a
'to look for (s.o. or s.t.)', (alla)-amwa,-~amHd
dmH'u-ri
am"wu-ri,
secret or sneaky way'; WOLyamWe'to peep' loom up, stretchone's neck tp or out to observe s.t.,
'lookat it, visithim,
'to visit,look at s.t.,watch',yemnlca-ri-(i)
stickone'sheadout',yonH"aamw"e
watch it'. Cf. MRS mih 'to craneone's neck to see'.
PCK ? *6r6ra 'coconut blossom or spathe': CHK Trci ere6trre-(n)'coconut blossom or
spathefrom within which new clusterof nuts will form and from which palm toddy is extracted,
c. b. of'; PULyerei ye're'rr-(n);WOLertLre.
PCK ? *faa- 'go on foot': PUL.ffia(tap1')'to chase, follow, hunt',,f*ia-(tap1'ee-y)'to chase,
follow, hunt (s.o. or s.t.)'; CRLfria-(,lis--y),fia-(tchee-y) and CRNfiaa-(Ree-y)'to give chase to,
huntafter(s.o.)',alsoCRL,1ba-(tabH),fi-(ttaf)
'tonin',.fra-(taf-r"e-e-y),
fr-(ttofre-e-y)'to
pursLie,
'to chaseor pursue,
nin after,chase(s.o.)';WOL.fita-(shage)
'to chase,pursue',fiza-(shage-e-y)
rtinafter(s.o. or s.t.)',alsoWOL.fra-(ttabe)'to chase,runafter',Jfia-(ttaifre-e-ye)'chasehimor
it'. See also PCK*caka-i-,ccaka-i-'chase,purste',PMc *faa,faa-IsSIJi'applythesole of the
foot',PCK*dapwa,
dapwe-e-'follow'.
PCK*fa[aelfa[ael 'footbracein the formof a stationaryblockof wood underthe warp
beam of a loom': CHKfi!idfi, PULbafti; CRL.fata (sic); WOLfiafaa. Cf. PMc *faa- 'underside,
tnder', PMc *faa, faa-[sSji 'apply the sole of the foot', PCK *faa.raki 'tse one's foot'.
PCK *faalipw[aeI 'lee side': CHKffidnip11';0fidinpJP1,-pll'e-(n) '1. s., downwind
s., 1. s. of';
STwjdi.1ipf; WoL.faalibe.
PCK *f=njiyape 'mountain apple (Eugeniajavanica)': CHKKfjd riyap; MRTjTaniyap
'malay a.': PuLjfiddniy&ip; CRLjfid6lydp and CRNjfiddniydp: STwffiCidniyap 'malay a.'; WOL
fialiyape.Wecannotaccountforther in the CHKforms exeept as a reinterpretationof flapped
intervocalic n. Cf. PON apel 'motntain apple (Syzygium malaccense),
clearly a loan from
English or German. Cf. YAP qarfi'ath 'mountain apple'; PAL ke-aiil'Etigenia tree'.
PCK *faa-rald 'use one's foot': CHK.faa-reS 'rub one's feet back and forth on the grotnd in
anger or distress'; WOL.fia-ragi 'walk, go on f.' See also PCK *fa- ? 'go on foot', PMc *faa,
faa-IsSIJi
'applythe sole of thefoot', PCK*falaelfa[ael'footbracein theformof a stationary
blockof woodunderthewarpbeamof a loom'.
PCK *facauilapa
nap; PuL.faRayidp;
folk etymology).
PCK *fadafada
'to rali.',
fa
teft-(1i)
'name of Faraulep (island and atoll), Central Carolines': CHK
KfjchewUWOLJfrhaldalpe (<*fasha-yaid-lapa 'big-appearing-pandantis', perhaps a
'to roof a hotise': CRLfiftafiU 'to tie thatch to the roof frame'; WoL~fdtefrte
'to r. it'; PuA datadata and SNs.fritfrita 'to r. a h.'
'roofing of',fia-(a)
PCK *fado 'look, observe': CHK.fijto- 'pertainingto scrutiny',fbto4(nayim11')
'mariage of a
manwithhis patemalcross-cousin',
(i):fita '1.at',(k6)frft'havea 1.,watch,observe',(kk6):f6t
'to stareat',fito-n 'to seem,be apparent',
Cf.
'betrothed';
(ko):fit'bebetrothed'.
PUL.fi6te-e-(y)
WOLfintOgo 'betrothal'.
PCK *fai- 'only, sole' (pref. to ntimbers): WOLrd-; PuA dai-.
PCK ? *fa-ia 'file, nib, sharpen': W01-ia iye 'a file, to f., r., s.',%fi-yiya-a 'f., r., s. it'; PEO
*qikuRa 'rub, scrape' (Geraghty 1990). CHKfiyiyan 'file' is an apparent loan from English, and
the WOL form may be, too. Cf. PMc *iri, iniiri 'rub, scrub'.
PCK ? *fafira 'to grate': CHKtKfiyiir'engage in grating, a grater',fityiira 'to g. it (banana, taro,
arrowroot, manioc)'; WoL0fiiir? 'to rub hard',laira-(a) 'to rub it'. Cf. PMc *iij, inn 'rub, scrub'.
PCK *faili 'go, proceed': CHK/feyin 'go, p., fare',.feyini-(wu), jeyin-(n6), fiyit-(to), feyit-(ti)
go ott, go away, proceed hither, go tp'; PULfiiyil; WoLfinili.
'a f.'; CRLffiilighi
PCK*fainikia'a kindof fish':CHKfyirnisi'goatfish';PUL.friayiniki
'species of bottom dwelling f.'; CRNftmnisi 'sp. of bottom dwelling f.' (an evident loan from
CHK); WOLfirdigiiye 'kind off.' Cf. PoN ilek 'sp. off.'; MOK Opil, opil illok/ 'sp. of goaffish'.
PCK *fakafaka, fafaka 'coughing, to cough': CHK,fria/f ; WOLjfflge, ~ffage 'to c.', (ga)-(a) 'make him c.'; ULI1fi1gft1g;-PuA dakadaka; SNS.frkfialka.Cf. PCMc *pekopeko or
/Jiga
*kopekope 'cotigh, to cotigh'.
- 2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
29I
PCK*fakee 'to feel sympathy':CRL.faiye 'feel s., feel pity',faiyee-ti 'feel s. or pity for
(s.o.)', (a)-ffaiye'bepitiful,pitiable';WoL,fagee 'to love,like,pity',fagee-(we) 'loveit, likeit,
pityit';PuA dakee andSNs.fakee'besad,sorrowful'.
PCK*f[ae]kir[ae]'tame':CHKfesir 't., honest,trustworthy,
socialized,housebroken(of
CRNfigir;
animals)',(e)-fesira'educate,t., socialize,reformhim/her';PUL.fiakir;CRL.fighir;
t. it'.
WoLfegire'betamed,domesticated'
'domesticate,
(ga)-fegira-(a)
PCK *fakola 'grow, be reared':CHKff6oon 'to g., be raised',fonnu-ni 'to raise, tend, herd';
f661e-(y)(sic),andf66le-yd-(y)(sic) 'myupbringing';
MRTfo61,
Jfi61o-ne; PULffl (sic),.f66le-ni,
Cf.KIRako'behavewell',ako-a'treat
CRLff661,ff66id--li,ff66la-a-(y); WoLfaigodlefagola-(a).
(s.o.)kindly'.NotealsoPCK*fako[ln]a'longing',PCK? *fano'pampered'.
PCK *fako[ln]a 'longing': CHKff66n '1.,homesickness',Ji66ne-(yiti) 'be homesick for it';
love'.NotealsoPCK*fakola'grow,be reared',PCK? *fano'pampered'.
WoLfagole 'romantic
PCK*falara 'ashes':CHK.fanay
'a.,dust,fireplace,hearth,siteof anearthoven,lineage's
food preparingplace';MRTfalaV
'cookhouse,earthoven';PuLfalay 'a., cinders';CRL.falay
'wood-burningstove, cooking fire,hibachi,a., charcoal,charredwood'; STw.felar;WOL
felaye 'a., fireplace';PuA danayja;SNs.fanaya(Benderet al. I984:faray). Cf. PONpeleg,
palag 'dryin the sun', MOKpoloj, palay 'dryin the sun'.Cf. also Marck's(I994:324) PPC
*falaja.
'breakwind,fart';CRLfell,falli-(ghet)'d., move
PCK*fa[ln]i'defecate':CHKfeni-(toy)
'wastematerials,
to d.'
one'sbowels';WOL.fanni-(gate)
PCK*fanai 'lowlandor reef':CHKfan 'go aground(of shipor canoe)',fana-,fee- 'lowlandor reef' (in place names);PUL.fddn,
fdne-,fana- (in place names)'island';WoLfala'island'(inplacenames).Cf.UAN*bena'lowland'.
PCK*fana2'look,gaze':CHKfana-,fanafana-'1.,stare,attendvisually'(withdirectional
suffixes);PULfan 'l.about';CRLfala-,fale- '1.,observe';CRN.fina-; WoLfale '1.,gaze at,
watch'.
PCK*fana-anuti 'nameof an islandin the Hall Islands'(lit. 'spiritlowlandor reef'):
CHKfana-anu; PuLfana-anu;WoLfela-aluu.See PCK*fana,'lowlandor reef',PMc *anitu
'god,spirit'.
PCK? *fano 'pampered':
CHKf6n'be p., coddled,cherished,spoiled',(a)-fona, (6)-f6na
'to pamperhim/her';PvL.fon 'be p.', (ya)fi6ni-(y)(sic) 'to honor,respect'.Note also PCK
*fakola'grow,be reared',PCK*fako[ln]a'longing'.
PCK*faofao'a fish':PUL.fi6ofO'a deepseaf.';WoLf6oOf66'akindof f.'
PCK*fare 'putovertheshoulders(as a lei)':CHKjfiar,t
fdr-(td) 'be conferred(of a chiefship,theallusionbeingto theactof placinga cordaroundthechief'sneck)',fcri-si 'p. s.t.over
'to crown,be crowned',fare-(n-niuuhis s. (aroundhis neck,likea wreath)';WoLfare-(n-nuu)
we) 'crownhim'.
PCK*fari, 'already,
justnow':CHKfen'really,indeed,already';PULfjr 'very,certainly,
unexpectedly'.
already';CRL.far,.fdr'aboutto, rightnow';STw.far'rather';WoLfiari 'rather,
We cannotaccountforthen in theCHKformexceptas a reinterpretation
derivingfromsandhi
Cf. PCMc *fari-'lessthan...'.
phenomena.
PCK*fari2'carvingalongsideof a canoe':PuLftddr,firi-n 'blacksides of sailingcanoe
'carvedlinesextendingthelengthof a sailingcanoejustabovethe
end-pieces,b. s. of'; CRLfdcir
waterline';WOLfaari,
fari-li'a narrowc. alongsideof a canoe,n. c. of',,fari-(i-y) 'makea c.
alongsideof it'.
PCK*fata,fata-ra 'to sprout,grow,a sprout':CHK.fasa-r,
-ra-(n)'a s., shoot,its s.'; PUL
fah 'to happen, be, occur'; CRLfas and CRN.fah 'to s. (of plants)'; WoLfase 'to grow (of
plants)';PuA dadaandSNSfada'beborn,be alive'.Cf. YAPfJs 'alive,living',faseag'enliven,
makealive,raisecrops,resurrect'.
'be mischievous,
PCK*fata,ffata 'to laugh':CHK-ffis 'objectof laughter',(turu-nu)-ffds
makesportof others';PUL.fah;CRLffas,fqffas;WOLffase'to 1.,smile,chuckle',(ge)-fase'to
makeajoke'.
PCK*faui'new':CHKfe; MRT. , (see)-te;PUL.e, (hee)-fe; CRL.#f 'be n.',ffg-(td) 'be
292
newlycomposed';STWffe; WOLfee,ffee; PuA (tai)-dai;SNS(tai)-fiau.PEO*faqoRu(PPN
*foqou;SAAha'alu;ULAha'du KwAfoolu);UAN *baqu[h],baqeRu[h].KIRht'ouis a loan
froma Polynesiansource.Cf. also PEO *faqaRu(Geraghty1983) and*foqoRu(Geraghty
Cf. alsoKIRai 'rise(asthemoon)'.
gg1990).
PCK*faiuru-anitfi'recitea spell':CHK feerui-wer, feera-yer 's., incantation,r. a s.',
feeru-weruut-(w),feeri-yeriut-(w), ferui-yrui 'r.a s. uponit'; PULferi-yana 'do magicwith
chantsandherbs';CRL(a)-ffer 'to makean incantationor s.';WOL
f air-walusui (sic) 'utter
magic',fani-waluisu-(u)(sic) 'uttermagicon it. Notetheshiftof n to r afterr in CHK.See PMc
*fauru'do,make',PMc *anitu'god,spirit'.
PCK? *fa[uu]naki'raisedseatorplatformon a sailingcanoe':CHKJfiXfW
'elevated
sitting
fromleeplatform
acrossthebodyof a sailingcanoe(oneoneachsideof themast)';
boardextending
bench,b.of';CRL
PUL.
fxtndk,fixi-(n) 'canoeplatform
fee. gh,fixKighandCRN.fidkkc 'raised
seaton leeplatform
of a sailingcanoe';WOLfelagi 'raised
on a bigcanoe'.
platform
PCK*feifei,fei-iji-'to tearapartor off': CRL.fei-Yi'to pull(thehairor whiskers)in anger,
't.it off, tatterit',fei-rgi 'tobe tom,ragged';PuA deidd'tot.
to yank(thehair)';WOL.fei-ti-(i)
apart',deidi'tot. it apart,to putit intatters';SNs.fifei,fei-ri. Cf. SAAhdi,hdihei'toscratch(with
thenails),dig (as forbait)';AROhai,haihai'scratchwiththenails';KWAJfii'pullon, scratch',
faii-a'scratch,scrape,pullup(s.t.)',.fti-li-(a) 'weed(s.t.)';PEO*fai.
PCK*ffada 'clear,transparent':
CHKfaaCt,
fate-(n)'areaof c. shallowwater,a. of',.fat 'be
c., t.',(a)#fft 'bemadec.', (a)-#afta'makeit c. (of water,glass,thought)';PuL.ffaat(sic) 'bec.,
'bec., t. (of water)';STWffat'c.';WOLffate
certain',(ya)-ffjat'toclarifyit, makeit c.';CRL.ffat
'bec., pure,real';PuA ddata'to be c.' Cf.CHK-ffat'just,that'sall,withoutapparent
reasonor
PUL-ffat'withoutresult,profit,pleasure'.
purpose,exactlyorprecisely(withnumerals)';
PCK*ffi,fiffi 'tangled':CHK.ffiif;
iffi-; WoL.fifi'gett.',ffi'bet. up';'becramped,snarled',
'tangleit, crampit' (ga)-ffi(i).Cf.PONpij 'confused,disordered,
messy'andMOKpij 'tangled',
possiblyfrom*pi-(Ia);KSRpip 'tangled,matted'.Cf. PMc *pini,pinipini'twisted,tangled',
PMc *fi-'mutually'.
PCK*fia,fiya-ri- 'squeeze':CHK. fiyefi'squeeze,pinch,be squeezed,bepressed(of a button),fiye-e-(y)'to squeeze,pinchit'; MRTfiye-(y)'squeezeit'; PuLfiye-(y)'squeeze,strangle';
CRLfei-yi (showingmetathesisof vowels) 'to squeeze(s.t.) with the hand';STWfiye-e-(y)
'to squeeze,press,wring',fiya-(a)'squeezeit',fiye-ji-(i)'squeezeit,
'squeezeit'; WoLfiyefiye
wringit',.fye-igi 'besqueezed,wrung'.Cf.PuA diyiti'tosqueezeit,twistit,wringit',SNSfiyiti.
PCK*fici, 'good,well':CHK-fich'w., thoroughly',(ii)-fich'be right-handed';
MRT.fish;
PuLfiir(sic) 'beg.';CRL
-h,ish andCRN ,fiR,
f '(v.)be nice,pleasant,(adv.)w.,thorfh, fish,
WOL-fishi'g.,completely,
oughly,carefully';STW.ffiR;
perfectly'.
PCK*fici2'packet':CHK(e)-ffich,(e)-ffichi-(n)'small leaf package (of food)'; WOL
fishifishi'p.of betelnut,lime,andleaf'.
PCK*fi-di-'wrap,mix':MRTfi-ti'tow.';CRLfi-t'to m. together(of food)',fi-tii-(16)
'w. it
together';STWfi-ti'to w.';WOLfi-ti-(i)'tie it, tangleit'. See PMc *fi- 'mutually'.Cf. PPC
boundup'.
*finleil'wrapped,
PCK? *fi[ln]aWre
, findgjri-(n)'speciesof s. f.'; CRLfilddj,.fildr
'surgeonfish':CHKfindgi
finaa (sic) 'a kindof f.'
'stripeds. f.';WOL
PCK*filefile,file-di 'blow(of wind)':CHK.finefn'blowing(of windorbreath),to b.';PUL
file-ti-(y) 'to turnit (as a crank),b. on it (as the wind)'; CRL.filifil'be breezy (as in the
tradewinds)'
fili-ti'to turnit (as a crank),to b. towardit';WoLfile-ti-(i)'turnit, stirit, b. it',filePuA dine-dine'belight(of wind),b.lightly',dine-ti'b.on (s.t.)'.
tagi'betured, stirred';
PCK*finee'Alocasiataro':PULfine'kindof dry-land
t. withyellow-greenstems';CRL.file,
STWfile'giantfalseL';WOLfilee
'at. (A.mac)rrhiza)'.
f.deandCRNfine'a t. (A.macrorrhiza)';
Cf.FIJvia 'A.andCyrtosperma
asiatit.';CHMpiga' 'A.indica',pigapalayi'typeof t. (Crinum
cum)';PEO *fiRa 'A. t.' (Geraghty 199o); PAN *biRaq 'A. t.' (Blust 1984-85).
PCK*firi 'femalegenitalia':CHK,fiir,
minora';PuLtfir(sic) 'vagina';CRLfiir,
firi-(n)'labia
firi-(l)'clitoris';W Lfiiri,firi- 'vagina lips'.
PCK *fiTi, fiTi-ki 'apply fire': CHKfii-si 'to transferfire to, to light'; WoL./fsfi.si 'to roast,
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RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
293
bur, broil,grill,bake',fisi-gi-(i)'bumit, roastit, etc.';PuA didi-ki'to bur it, roastit, broilit,
grillit'. Cf. PMc *fiti'flash(of light)'.
CHKfiuu-se-mwekuat;
PCk*futuu-te-mwakudu
'NorthStar,Polaris(lit.star-not-move)':
PUL
fiiau mwaket;CRL.fit-se-mw6ghut. Maybe a post-PCkinnovationconfinedto eastern
portionof Chuukicarea.
PCK*iata 'pickingpole':CHKiyas,iyase-(n)'p. forp. breadfruit
(withanobliquelycrossat
to
make
a
forked
PUL
stick
p.',
'p.
of';
end),
yiye-e-(y)'p. (breadfruit)
top
p.
yiyaah
yiye,
ing
witha p.';CRLiyas;CRNiyah;WOLiyate,iyeiye'p.fruitwitha p.' Cf. KIRieta'tolift,raise(the
coverof a basketorlidof a chest).
PCK*ici 'a star':CHKiich,ichchi-'a star';PULyicc,yicci-(n)'nameforthreeunidentified
stars';STWicc 's., month(=November)';WOLichchi'a s. in Hydra';PuA isi (sic) 'month
(=December).
PCK*ifaluku'nameof Ifaluk(islandandatoll),CentralCarolines':CHK ifenuk; PUL
yifeluik(sic);WOLifalgui.
PCK*iftae]-di'scoopout':CHKifet'bescoopedout(ofa clamshell),beremovedfrominside
's.itout,digitout'.
's.itout';WOLifeti'goclamfishing',ifeti-(i-ye)
(asbya knifeorpin)',ifeti-(i-y)
PCK*iici,ici-, ici, ici-i- 'writing,to write':PULyiiR 'w., especiallythe Faraulepwriting
system'iRi-i-(y)to w. or mark(s.t)'; CRLiish 'w.,script',ish 'tow., w. letters',ishi 'tow. (s.t)';
numeral'.These
CRNiiR'w.',iR 'tow.',iRi'towrite(s.t.);WOLiishi,ishi-'letterof thealphabet,
in theCentralCarolinesby a castawaymiscouldbe a chainof loans.Writingwas introduced
sionarylatein the nineteenthcentury.It was firstdonethereby carvinglettersin wood. The
sourceof thewordremainsunknown.
PCK*ika-falifalu 'fishwithspines':CHKike-ffnu,fen
'anyf. with sharpstiffs. or thorny
'a kindof f.' See PMc *ika,ika-naCRLigha-falfail'unicornf.';WOLige-falefale
projections';
'fish',PWMc*falu2'prick,pointedobject'.
PCK*i-kenaa,i-kenaa-ye'today':CHKi-kenod-y;PULyi-kena;CRLi-ghilaandCRNigina 't, nowadays';WOLi-gelaa'now,t, atthistime'.
PCK*i[n]iiln]i 'a smallploverbird':CHKiniin;WOLiliili.
'navel'(lit. 'houseof the soul');
PCK? *imWa-nini-en'solarplexus':CHKimwe-ni-yuin
'centerof thechest'.See PMc *inma 'house',PMc *Uenu'soul,spirit'.
WOLimwe-li-rdui
CHKinet,initi-(n)'divisionintopartsor shares',ineti-(i-y)
PCK*inedi 'divide,distribute':
'divideit,distribute
it';MRTinet;PULyinet,yinei-(y);CRLilet,iliti;STWilet,ileti-iit, apportion
PuA ineti.Cf. PPoN*nee,nee-ki'bedivided,divide(s.t.)'.
(y);WOLileti,ileti-(i-ye);
'allof it';PULyinek,yinekiPCK*ineki 'body,totality':CHKinis,inisi-'b.',(me)-yinisi-(n)
'b.,self';CRLilighi-'b.(of a person)';CRNinigi-'b.(of a person)';STwyinek-;WOLilegi-'all,
very';PuA ? ineki'beold'.
PCK*ir[ae] 'filled':CHKir,ireyir'bef. (as a hole)',ire-(e-y)'buryit, interit, fill it up (as a
hole)';PULyire-(-e-16)
'buryit';CRLire-e-(y)'to fill up (a holeor grave)withdirt';WOLireire
'coverit (a hole)up,fillit'.Cf. PONiri-di'todigdown'.
'fillup,coverup',ire-e-(ye)
PCK*irae 'tree,stick,timber,log':CHKird,irdd-(n);MRTurci'stick,branch';PULyird,
'yard(on sailingcanoe)';
yirdd-(n)'t.,etc.' ira (h66n)'boom(on sailingcanoe)',ird(mw'cdn)
CRLurc,ird,trdci-l 'stick,pieceof wood',urddi-(sh66p'ut)'boom',uridi-(mWddl)
'yard';STW
tieor longitudinal
yiri 't.,stick,pole,pieceof wood';WOLiraa't.,etc.',iraa-(lape)'main-plate
beamof a house';ULIire'stick';PuA ilae'drywood,stick,twig'.See alsoPMc *rae'branch'.
PCK*itano 'deposited,putaway':CHK#is6yis'bed.,stored,p. a.',#is6-ni'depositit, store
it, p. it a.';PULyihDn'to keep,leave,put,place,save',ihal-(loy)'to putinto (as coprainto a
sack)';CRLisal, is6l-(loj),isala-(wow),isol-(16)'to carryor placeobjectssomewhere';WOL
isalo 'keepit!, retainit!'; PuA itano'keepit, holdit', SNSitaro'putdown,place'.The unexpected6 in theCHKformsmakessenseif we see theseformsas arisingfroma reinterpretation
of *is6n(<*isano)by analogywithCHKiseni,iseyis(seePMc *ita,itaita'deposit,pile up').Cf.
PAN*taNem'earth,bury'(Wolff1993).Cf. alsoPMc *tano'ground,low'.
PCK*kaata,kaataata 'a tree(Terminalia
catappa)':CHKaas, aasaas,aasse-(n)'T tree,
't. of'; CRLasass, asaas; WOLgcaasaCe 'a t. (edible nuts)'.
294
PCK*kaccika'feel a lack':CHKdchchik'1.(of s.t.)',dchchika'f. the1.of it, missit'; PUL
dccik'be sorry,regretspoiledor wastedobjects,grieve',accika'regretit';CRLdtchigh'tobe a
WOLgachchigawaste,be a loss', dtchigha'to waste(anopportunity),
damage(a reputation)';
(a) 'misshim,yearnforhim,longforhim'.Cf. PCK*kacika'tired'.
PCK*kaccui'good,suitable,proper,appropriate,
fitting':CHKeech,echchu-n;PULkacc,
kaccu;CRLghatch'g., well done,p., a.',ghatchu-(16)
'better';WOLgachchu.Cf. KSRketo 'g.,
beautiful,well done'.
PCK*kace 'to tack(in sailing)':CHKich, dkkdch'shiftsailfromone endof thecanoeto
theother(ingoingon theoppositet.),changecourse'(withdir.suf.:dchd-no,dchd-td,ache-nog,
dche-to,dchi-tiw,dchi-wu);WOLgashe.Cf.PCMc *kace'throw'.
PCK *kacii 'palm toddy': CHK dchi; MRTyashi; PUL ydRi; CRL dshi; CRN aRi; WOL
gashii;ULIgachi;PuA kasi(sic).Cf.YAPqachif.CHKd insteadof e suggeststhepossibilityof
a loanfromWOL(palmtoddywas knownbutnotordinarilymadein Chuuk).Toddymaking
was probablyintroducedfromthePhilippinesintothe WesternCarolinianatollsandthence
spreadto ChuukandYap.TheMRStermsjedanandjekarewareloansfromKIRte-ran('liquid')
andte-karewe
('sweetor unfermentedlcoconutsap]'),KIRhavingdevelopedits own distinct
for
vocabulary toddymaking(see Bender198I). See also PCK*cii, cii-ri'drip,sprinkle',on
whichrootthismaybe a causativeconstruction.
PCK*kacika'tired':CHKechik'hungry',echike-(pin)
'fast,observetabooagainsteating';
PULydRik't.,weak,bored';CRLdshigh't.,weakfromhunger',dshighishigh
'fatigued,veryt.',
WOLgashigeshige
't.'Cf.PCK*kaccika'feela lack'.
kkdshigh,
akkashigh't.,bored,exhausted';
PCK*kade 'boy,child':CHKCddit,
ite-, cit- 'b., male c., male person(with demonstratives)',(mci-ni)-kdt'childishbehavior',(enu)-kidt'teen-agedb.';MRTyddt,yate- 'b.';PUL
yddt,ydte-;CRLddt,cite-,itte- 'c.';STWddt,dte-;WOLgaate'c.'
PCK *kadelu 'sleepy, drowsy': CHKatun 'sleep, be asleep'; PUL ydtel 'be s., sleep, go to
bed';CRLatel,dtel'be s.';WOLgatelu;PuA kattanu.See alsoPMc ? *mawa'yawn,be open
mouthed'.
PCK*kado 'basket':CHK66t 'kindof hangingb.';PULy6ot 'coconut-leaf
b.';CRLghd6t
'kind of b.' (Bender et al. 1984); STWko6t 'b. with handle'; WOLgaato, gato- 'a kind of small
food b.';PuA kaato,kato-'roundb. witha handle'.Cf. KIR-kora'b.'(countingclassifier),(te)kaao'largebagor sackmadeof coconuttwine';PPN*kato'b.'
PCK *kae- or *kaya- 'speak, tell': CHKaC(-ni'tell it, sing it', dd-yni 'tell to (s.o.)', dd-niini
'argueviolently', dd-nii-maaw 'arguevigorously'; PULyad-igi-(fegymn) 'arguetogether';CRL
d-eli, dd-geli'to tell (s.o. s.t.),d-giigi'to argue';WOLgaa-gi-(masowe)
'insist,argue',gaa-gi(yawe)'to quarrel,argue'.Note also FIJkaya 'to say'. Cf. PuA ka-ggei'to argue',ka-gigi
'throat'.Cf. alsoPMc *kai2'toinform'.
PCK*kae 'stick,pole':CHKda- 'stick(in cpds.only)',dd-(pees) 'purlin(of house)', id(chip") 'tongs' (lit. 'bent stick'); PULydd-(peak) 'rafters';WOLgaagaa 'stalk, tree trunk',gaa-
(pegagi)'purlin';PuA kae'treetrunk'.
PCK *kae-paiki 'purlin(of house)': CHKidd-peies;PUL ydd-peoak 'rafters'; WOLgaapejagi. See PCK *kae 'stick, pole', PCMc *paja, paraki 'crossways'.
PCK *kaewa[ln]ui 'type of sailing canoe': CHKaCwen; WOL gaawalti 'chief's c.' The
name seems to mean 'foresttree', cf. PCK *kae 'stick, pole', PMc *walu 'vegetation,forest'.
PCK *kafaamaca 'a kind of vine': CHKafaamach 'a flowering v. (Operculumturpethum),
white morning glory (Ipomoeaalba)'; PULyafaamaaR(sic) 'a tree-climbingv.'; CRLafaamash
'a v.'; CRNafaamaR 'a v.'; WOLgefaamashe'white moring glory'.
PCK*kafalafala,'a plant':CHKafanafan'rattlebean' (Crotolariamucronata),coffee
senna(Cassiaoccidentalia)';
STWaqefele-(lkeR)'nettle(Laportea
rderalis)';WOLgefalefale
'coffee senna (Fleurya uderalis)';ULI haFrlfal'nettle';SNShafarefare.
PCK *kafalafala2 'advise, give guidance': CHKafanafan 'formal talk before an audience,
speech, sermon', afanafana 'deliver it (of a speech)'; PULyafalafal; CRLafal 'to guide, direct,
lead the way', afila 'to guide or direct(s.o.)', afalafala 'teach or advise (s.o.)', afalqfal 'to teach,
give advice, lead a dance group';WOLgWefalea-(a) 'tell him off'.
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RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
295
PCK*ka-falli'be carefulof, attendto':CHKdcfddnni,d-fdnni,d-fdnni-i-(y)'pay close
attentionto, beware,be c. of, carefor,attendto';PULyd-fdlli-(y)'careforor aboutit,be c. of it,
be concernedaboutit, heedit';CRL fdilli,d-fdlli-i-(y),
d-fdliandCRNa-falli'watchoutfor,be
'takecareof him,look afterhim';PuA ka-danni'to guardit,
c. of, guard';WOLge-fanni-i-(ye)
watchit, takecare of it'. Cf. PWMc *-ali, -aliali,mwa-aliali'circle,circling,dizzy', PCK
*mWaali'confused, mistaken'.
PCK*kaloia 'entirety':CRLalaja-(l)'allof it',aloae-(er)
'everyoneof them';STWyologa-,
kalo)a-'all,totality';WOLgaloei galoCja-(i)'body,shell,tree-trunk,
my b.'
PCK*ka-ma-ruperupe'flicker,blink':CHK6-mo-rupurup'f.,
b., flash';CRLmo-rupurup
'to b., wink';PuA ka-ma-lupa'to b., wink
'to f. (of light)';WOLge-ma-rupege-ma-ruperupe
'to wink,throb'(presumably
a loan
(once slowly)'.Cf. PONma-rep'to b.';KIRrunberubenrbe
froma Polynesiansource,cf. TONja-lupelupe
'tojog, spring,flop,ormoveup anddown').
PCK? *kamawo'boobybird':CHK6m6,6mo6-(n);PULyomo;WOLgemoo.
PCK *kamwee or *kamwai 'tridachnaclam': CHKamWe,kamwe;PUL yaaumWey
(sic); CRL
amne;CRNamWey;WOLgamWee.
PCK*kamwmware
'carrywitha shoulderpole':CHKdmWmWar'
carrying pole', admamwmwara
'c. it on theshoulders';
PULdmWar
dmmwmera,
mWdra,
'carrying
pole,c. on theshoul'c. it on theshoulders';CRLamn'mWar
'to c. on the shoulderor back,pole
ders',ydmWare-(e-y)
carriedacrosstheshoulderusedby two or morepeopleto transport
heavyobjects',amwmwara
'(of two or threemen) to c. (s.t.) on the shoulderswith a pole'; WOLgonwmware'carryingpole'.
See PMc *mWare
'shouldergarland'.
PCK? *kaopeope'weavesword':CHKoopoop, 6poopu-(n),
66poope-(n)'w. s., w. s. of';
WOLg66poopo'partof theloom';PuA kaupeupe
(sic) 'frontflatlathusedto spreadthethreadof
a loom' (probably'w.s.').
PCK*kapilipili'elbow,heel':CHKepinipini-(n
pewu-n)'hise.', epinipini-(n
pechee-n)'his
h.';PULydpilipili-(n-pawu),
'e.',
-(n-peRe'e.,h.';CRLpilipili-(lpaay)'e.';WOLgapilin-(ni-peu)
'e.'Theder'h.',gapili-(feshalape)'toe. smash';SNSgapiripin-(ni-pewu)
gapilipin-(ni-peshee)
ivationof thisis obscure.Itcouldbe a Chuukicinnovation
froma comlptionof PMc *kapi'bottom,buttend'(cf. MOKkopi-npo 'e.';KSRkapi-npaco-'hise.';PMc *pau'hand,arm,wing'),
PCK*1ratherthan*nis a problem.
butthentheapparent
PCK*kappa,kappa-na 'neonate,newlybornanimal,newlyhatchedbird':CHKappa-n,
appa-ne-(n);PULyapp,yappa-(n);WOLgappe;PuA kappa-(ni)'smallnessof', kappa-na'a
smallone'.
PCK *kapwata 'shout': CHKapWas,akkapwas's. or cry "wehuhu"as an exclamation at fall-
CRLabwas,akkaf'as
ing downor narrowlyescapingan accident';PULyapwah,yakkapwaha;
andCRNaf'ah 'to s., callloudly';STWapW6s,
WOLgdebta'toyell,s., bark';PuA ?
akkapj'asa;
kkap'ati'scream,s.' Cf.KIRkalfaa-(tauta)'call(s.o.)or speakof (s.o.)as stingy(tauti)'.
PCK*kapwpwaroko
6ro 'crouch forward in
'crouch,stoop(in deference)':CHK6pWpW
as
another
a
of
'crouch
to
sign
deference',
him';WOLgdebargo'to
passingby
6ppwprro-(mi)
walkwithone'sbodystooped,bow,stoop'.
'a grass(Hedyotisbiflora)':CHKop'Wp'u-son;
PCK? *kapwpwu-ta[ln]o
WOLgbbu-salo.
PCK*kara 'sweet':CHKar,araar;WOL(shalu)-gara'sweet,sugary';PuA kala.
PULyaraf;CRLaraf'mullet';WOLgerafe;PEO
PCK*karafa 'a kindof fish':CHKarqCf;
*kaRafa'k.of f. (Lizavaigiensis)'(GeraghtyI990). NotethatKSRkaraff'kind
of f.' is anapparentloanfroma Chuukicsource.
PULyara'acreepingburrwithtiny
PCK*karaka 'creepingvine (Triumfetta
procumbens)':
gerageyellowflowers';CRLara;WOLgerage'tocreep,crawl,nameof a c. v. (T proxumbns)',
rage'to crawlaround';ULIharokh.Cf. PEO*kaRaka'climb,a kindof crab'(GeraghtyI990)
(SAA'ala'a'up,upward';LAUcala 'up';KWA(aga) 'ala'a'lookupat').Cf.KSRkerask'akind
of tree'.
PCK? *karawa,karawarawa'blue,green':CHKaraw,arawaraw'b., g.'; MRTaraw,
arawaraw;PULyeraw,yarawaraw'shade of light g.'; CRLaraw, arawaraw 'b.'; WOL
karakarawa
Cf.PMc *ma-rawa
'b.';PEO*karawa,
(sic)'g.,b.';PuA kalawalawa
gaarawarawa
296
PCK *karee,kareeree'if, when(futureuncertain)':
CHKare 'if, w.',dreere'be uncertain,
suppose,takea chance';PULydre'if, or,whether';CRL(ij)-dire(V)-dre,(y)-are (<yeare) 'if,
or';STW(q)-are'if,or,whether';WOLgaree'or,by anychance,if', gareeree'wonder,be uncertainabout,guess,assume';PuA kalee'if,whether,or'.
PCK*katia,katitia 'to ask,a question':WOLgassiye'q.,interrogation,
to a. a q.',gassiya(a) 'a. or q. (s.o.)';PuA kadia'to a. it, q. it'. Cf. PMc *tiSaki'to ask',PCK*[kla[t0lieki 'to
ask'.
PCK*[k0ja[t0]ieki'to ask':CHKeyiis'a. a question,makeinquiry',eyiisi-ni'to a. or inter'a question';PULydyek'to a.',ydyeki-ni'to a. (s.o.)',(kkapaha)rogate(s.o.)', (kkapase)-eyiis
ayc 'aquestion';CRLaiyegh'toa.',aiyeghi'toa. (s.o.)';CRNaiyeg'toa.',aiyegi'toa. (s.o.)'.Cf.
PMc *tiSaki'toask',PCK*katia,katitia'toask,a question'.
PCK*[k0]aTe-i-,[k0]aTTe-i-'tearor peel withtheteeth':MRTesse-(i)'to peel (s.t.)with
theteeth';PULyahee-(y)'tocut(s.t.)intothinstrips';
CRLasse-(y),av-y andCRNahee-(y)'tostrip
totearoff(stripsorchunks,asof fleshormeat,said
orcoconutleavesforuseinplaiting),
(pandanus
of sharkstearingmeatoff a bodyorof dogsfightingovera pieceof meat)'.Cf.Fij isi,isi-a'totear
outin smallpieces,cutlengthwise,
as bamboo'.SeealsoPMc *etieti'topeelwiththeteeth'.
CHK(Ine-ni)-kes
PCK? *kaTi 'carry,transport':
'goddessof favorablewind' (lit. 'mother
WOLgaVi-(i)'c. it,t. it'.NotethattheCHKnamemaybe a loanfromWOL.
of transporting');
PCK*kai-camWa'tiebeam':CHKewu-chamw'crossbeamof house'; PULyee-Ramw,
(sic) 'endpurlinsof house'.
yeeyi-Ramw(sic);WOLgmi-sham'e't. b. of house';PuA kaui-samu
brow'.Cf. PMc *xawu'rafter'.
See PMc *camWa
'forehead,
of samesex, affinalrelative':CHKees, eesa-(n) 's., his/her
PCK? *kaita 'sibling-in-law
s.', eese-es,ekkees'be s., treat(s.o.) as s.', eese-(ni)'acquirehim/heras s.', (wini)-kees'those
marriedintoa linageor clan';PULyeha-(n) 'a.r.of', yeeha-(a)'be an a. r.to him/her';WOL
(of woman)'.Cf. WOLgaieuise 'actlikea bigshot,giveoneselfairs',andcf.
gse 'sister-in-law
PMc *kau,kau-ti,kau-ta'fishhook,catchwithhook'.
PCK*kawannui'banyantree(Ficastinctoris)':
CHKeween, PULyawann,yawannu-(n);
WOLgewannu.Cf. KSRkonyv'b.t.'Cf. alsoPPC*awa2'banyantree(Ficuscarolinnsis)'.
CHKeWU-,
PCK*kawui'you (pl.,as subj.marker)':
wo-;PULyaw,ydw;CRLaw;WOLgai;
PuA kau.Cf.ROT'aus, 'au'you(pl.)'.Cf.PCMc*kamii'you(pl.)',PMc *kamwu
'you(pl.)'.
PCK*keci 'rat':CHK(naa)-kkich,(na)-kkich;MRTeech;PULkeeR,keRe-(n),keRekeR,
yeRekeR
'r.,r.of'; CRLgheeshandCRNgeeR;WOLgeeshi,geshi-;PuA keesi,kesikeRekeRi-(n),
a 'r.'is a loanfromSAM'im(a,andKIR(te)-kiri'dog' is an apparent
'mouse,r.'KIR(te)-kim'H
loan from a PN source (PPN *kulii; SAM 'uli) and is not cognate with these words for 'rat'. Cf.
KWA'asuhe;BUGkuhi,KWAgasi, LAK(e)-kusukeCf.alsoPONkitik'rat,mouse'.
PCK*keen[ae]'you (sg. personalnoun)':CHKen; MRTeen;PULyea; CRLeel,CRNeen;
STWeel;WOLgeele,ULIgeel;PuA kena(sic).
PCK? *kii,kiini 'very':CRLghi,ghiilandCRNgii,giin 'v.,v.much';STWkin;ULI(yi)-gil
'v. much'.Cf. MRS(li)-k^'k'iwin
'exact,true,certain,right,actual,extremely,indeed,really,
surely'.Cf. alsoPCK*kkoni,kkoi'very'.
PCK*ki[ln]iawa'kindof tree':CHKkiniyaw'speciesof palmnativeto Chuuk';CRLgiliaw 'banyan(Ficus)t.';WOLgiliyawe"a hard-wood
t. (Ficusprolixa)'.
PCK*kini 'woman'sbeltor necklaceof shellbeads':CHKkiin,#kine-(n),kini-(n)w. b. or
n.,b.of'; PULkiin;CRLghiil;CRNgiin;WOLgiili,gili-.
PCK *kipwa 'instep, sole, foot': CHKiip"'ipwa)-(n)'instep,sole, his i.'; PULyiip"' 'footprint';
CRLghuuhr,ghuh'a-(l); CRN iib";WOLgiibe, giba- 'footprint';PuA (da-ni) kup"a(sic) 'sole of
foot'. Note the loss of *k in the CHK,PUL,CRL,and CRNforms is unexpected.
PCK ? *kiri, kiri-i- 'to pick things up by hand': CRLghirighir 'to p. t. up by h.', ghiri-i-(y)
'to bring and give a quantityof s.t. to s.o.'; CRNgirigir 'to p. t. up by h.', giri 'to bring and give a
quantityof stuff to the speaker';WOLgiri-(i) 'to unload it by hand, take it by hand'. Cf. PONkirikir 'stem', kirikiri'its stem'.
PCK? *kka[t0]i'to laugh':CHKkkey,kekkey
'to 1.at,mock
'to 1.(politeword)',kkeyi-si-ni
(s.o.)', (ri)-kccay 'be funny,amusing'; MRTkkay;PULkkcly'to 1.',(ya)-kekkay'be finny, auns-
-2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
297
ing'; CRLghekkdy'to 1.,giggle, chuckle',(d)-ghekkdy'amusing';CRNgekkey'to 1.,giggle,
'to 1.at,ridicule,mock,deride'(reyrey'to1.').
chuckle';STWkkay.Cf. MRSkajji-reyrey
CHK-chchik,-kkich'absolutely,very'; CRL-kkesh,
PCK*kkici 'negativeemphasizer':
n. qualityof s.t.'Cf.
n. qualityof s.t.';CRN-kkiR'suffixemphasizing
-kkish'suffixemphasizing
PCMc *siki'very,more'.
PCK*kki-lako'be weak,hungry':CHKkki-no'be w. (fromhunger,a spasmof laughter,
holdingone'sbreathunderwater)';PULkiili-16'beveryh.';WOLkki-lago'beh.'
PCK*kkoni,kkoi 'very':CHKkoon,kon,kkon'most,v., extremely'(preverbal)',(f66)kkun,(fo)-kkun,
extremely(intensifies
positiveornega(fo)-kkii'indeed,v.,absulutely,
(f66)-kkii,
v.
kkon
PUL
much,
'v.,
absolutely';
completely,
(fa)-kkon,
(fa)-kkoy
'intensifying
particle',
tive)';
'exact,
STW(fo)-kkon'just'(sic, Benderet al. I984).Cf. PONkeen'easily';MRS(li)-kkvwiwin
indeed,really,surely'.Cf.alsoPCK? *kii,kiini'very'.
true,certain,right,actual,extremely,
PCK*kocali 'kindof fish':CHKwochen'sp.of wrassefish';PULwoRdl'a kindof fingerlengthfish';WOLgoshali'a kindof fish'.Cf.CRLoshaandCRNuRa'largesp.of parrotfish'.
'f. a., his f. a.';WOLgomWa-(liCHKwOCm',
PCK*komwa'facialappearance':
womWa-(n)
of themouth').Cf. PuA komnco'mustache'.
awe)'mustache'(lit.'facialmanifestation
PCK? *kooluuaor *kauluuwa'a vine':PUL wooluuw, wooluuwe-(n) 'a v. (Cassia
'a strandplant(Vgnamarina)'.
sophera)';STW duuw'C.sophera';WOLgooluuwe
'asmallm.,m.of'; CRLghoos'largegray
PCK*kooTo'kindof moth':CHKwoos,woosu-(n)
gooso,goso-'akindof m.'
m.';CRNgooh'largegraym.';WOLgooso,goso- 'a grasshopper',
PCK*koou 'payment,fee':CHKOOw,
oowu-(n)'p.,f., burialgift,funeralgift,p. for',oowuni 'payhima f., give(thedeceased)a burialgift';CRLghoow,ghowu-(l)'p.to a medicalspecial'foodgivenin returnforpeople's
ist to giveit to a spiritto appeaseit,p. for';WOL(gan-ni)-goou
relative'.
dead
to
one's
gifts
'bebrokenor c. short',kupi-i-(y)'breakor
PCK*kopi,kopi-ti 'cutoff': CHKkup,kupukup
'tobe c. down',ghopoghop's.t.usedin
c. it short';MRTkopi-i'c. it off'; CRLghop,ghopo-(tiw)
cutting(as a knife,machete,adze)',-ghup'countingclassifierforpiecebrokenoff of a longhard
object',ghupi-i-(y)'to c., chop(s.t.)';CRNgop 'to be c. down',gopogop's.t.usedin cutting',
gopi-i-(y)'toc., chop(s.t.)';STWkopi-(y)'c. it off'; WOLgopigopi'c., chop',gopi-i-(ye)'c. it,
chopit', gopi-t-(egi)'be c. off'; ULIgopgop'becutting',gopi-(y)'breakor c. it off'. Cf. POc ?
andtwolateralbody
*kobi(KWA'obi-a'carve[apig,opossum,etc.]intohind-andfore-quarters
'apiece'.
'apiece';ULAkohu'tochop',kdhukoiu
pieces').Cf. alsoSAAko'ukohu
PCK? *kotaor *koTo'voice':CHKwoos,wosa-(n),koos,kosokos,kosa-(n)'v., accent,
'loudv.';PULwoh(sic)pronunciation,
his v.',woso-(mm6o)
accent,tone,diaspeechintonation,
) 'engagein
lect,v., to speak',woho-(mm6j)'havea loudv., speakloudly';CRLwoso-(m^'m6^J
bigtalk,brag,showoff';WOLgosogaso'tocount,compute,figureout',goso:fi-(i)'countit'.
PCK*koTo'stingrayspine':CHKwoose,wose-(nmataw)'anyof a class of male spirits
associatedwiththe sea thatcauseillnessin infants'(lit. 'stingerof the sea'?);PULwoh(sic),
woho-(n)'stinger(as on tailsof stingrays),s. of'; CRLghos,ghoso-(td)'be undera curse(of a
child)',ghoos,ghoso-(l)'kindof childhooddisease';CRNgoh 'be undera curse(of a child)',
gooh'kindof childhooddisease';WOLgooso,goso-'poisonousstinger,spine(of stingray)'.Cf.
KIR(te)-koro
'javelin'.
'a squirrelf., s. f. of'; CRLghutchand
PCK*kucui'kindof fish':CHKkkuch,kkuichu-(n)
CRNgutch'a smalllagoonf.';WOLgauushu,
gashui-'a kindof f.'
PCK*kudda 'search':CHKkkutit,kkut'a s., to s.', aitta'lookor s. forit'; PULkuitt'to s.',
'to lookforit';CRLghutt'to s.',ghuutta,
ghuitta'to s. for(s.t.)';CRNgutt'to s.',gutta
kuitte-e-(y)
's. hard,lookdesperately,
'to s. fors.t.';WOLguttte
tryhard'.
PCK*ku[ln]ari 'belch':PULkuirr;CRLgherer;CRNgerer;WOLgurere;PuA kulnalu;
of n or Ito
KSRkirar(a loan?).Cf.PONmarerandMOKmaler'hiccough'.Notetheassimilation
a following r in CHK,PUL,CRL,CRN,WOL,KSR,and PON.Cf. also CHKmeku 'belch'.
PULkulii,aklijd-(n)'a
PCK*kul[iu]ia 'plover':CHKkuniij,
kuniryj-(n);
kunioie-(n),
WOL
CRN
CRL
American
gulugo
'goldenp.' Cf.PPC
guliij;
ghuliij;
p.';
p.,
golden
p.,
migratory
? *koyikoyi'pipingorwhistlingsound,pipingbird',PMc *kulu'kindof bird'.
298
PCK*kullu,da-kulu,da-kullu 'turn,rotate':CHKkkun'turning,rotation,revolve, be
't. (s.t.)',to-kun'revolve,spin,be spun',(o)-to-kunu
'causeto revolve,
turned,roll',kunnu-u-(w)
makespin';PULkutll'to t. (as in walking),t. over(in sleep)',kullu-(w)'t. it over(as a paper)';
'rotateon anaxis,t. allthewayaround';CRNtu-gul;WOLta-gulugulu
'to spin,r.,t.',
CRLto5-ghul
ta-gunnu'tot. (inwalking),to return,to shift(of wind)';PuA ta-kunni'torevolve'.
'at. (B.asiatica,B. racePCK*kulu 'Barringtonia
tree':CHKkun, #kuune-(n),
#kuunne-(n)
mosa),t. of'; MRTkuul'larget.'; PULkund,
kulu-(n)'B. t. (usedfor fishpoison)';CRLghuul,
ghuunandCRNguun'a t. (B. asiatica)';STWkuul'B. t.';WOLguulu,gulu-'B. t. (usedfor fish
treeandfruit'(RossI988) (PPN*kulu
poison)';ULIhul(sic) 'B. t.'Cf.POc *kuluR'breadfruit
PKB*kulu'breadfruit');
PMPkuluR'breadfniit'
'breadfruit';
(BlustI984-85).
'h.t. orbe h. t.,h. t.of'; PUL
PCK*kiinna 'hightideor be h. t.':CHKkuun,kkin,kunne-(n)
lain;CRNgun;WOLgunne.
PCK *kiuji 'dark(of shade)': CHKkuY,kuiuj-kutr'brown,be b.'; WOLkktuu 'dusk, dark-
ness'.Cf. KIRkun'black,blue'.
PCK*kurukuru'orange(tree,fruit,or wood)':CHKkurukur'o., carvedand decorated
hardwoodstickusedin traditional
stickdances';PULkurukur;
CRNgurugur'o.,carvedanddecoratedstickused in traditionalstickdances';WOLguruguru'o., citrusfruit';PuA kulukulu
'lemon'.Cf. YAPgurguur'o., citrusin general',fromwhichthe Chuukicwordsmaywell be
derivedas a loan,citrusnotbeingnativeto theChuukicislands.
PCK*kurupu 'joint':CHKkurup"'j.,node',kurup'p"u-(n
paaw)'wrist';PULkurup"i-(n
andCRNgurub''anklej., anklebone';WOLguruhu-(l
xuai)
paawu)(sic) 'elbow';CRLghlurub'
'wristcap',guruhu-l
peshee'ankle'.
PCK*kuu, 'befed up':CHKku'bemorethanenough,bef. up';CRLghu'bef. up,annoyed';
WOLguu'betiredof, haveanaversion
to'.Cf.KIRkua'weary'.
CRNgu 'bef. up,annoyed';
'makeitd.';PuA kuu.
PCK*kuu2'dull,notsharp':WOLguu'd.',(ga)-guu-(we)
PCK*kiuu'be dense,thick':CHKku 'forma denseschool(of fish)';WOLgau 'be closed,
crowded(of people),close together';
shut,clogged'.Cf. MRSkwit'thick,dense(of shrubbery),
KIRkia 'tothrongabout',kiakia'tothrongabout,pourforthwithfullness(asanodor),scatterin
fright(asa schoolof fish)'.
'hawkfish':CHKnaamW'cr;
PULklamWcir;
WOLlaam"aare.
PCK*laamWaare
PCK*laam"o 'longago,ancienttimes,theold days':CHK n(om"; PUL lo6(m";CRL
lom",';WOLloonm"o.
PCK*laar[iu]'seaurchin':CHKraar,#raare-(n),
of
rcitr,#rddri-(n)(showingassimilation
n to followingr);PULlaar,iri-(y) 'smalls. u. withmanyspines,s. u. of'; CRLlaar;WOLaaru,
lani- 'spiny s. u.'
PCK*lake 'bracelet':CHKndc-nd'b.,ring,eurring,weara b.',ncoi-nc-(ni)'acquirea b.';
PULldd-ld'weara b. or wristornament',ldi-(n) 'hisb.';WOLlaage,Iga-(le) 'b.,wristornament',lage-lage'useorweara b.',lega-(li-i)'own(a b.)';PuA ncoka,naka-'b.,wristornmment,
ring'.Cf. SAAIa'o 'cone shell,trochus,foreheadornamentmadeof same';BUGlogo 'cone
of coneshell';KWAl 'e-(ni)'trochusshell';LAKlage(la-pagogo)'toputon earshell,ornament
ings(la-pagogo)'.
PCK*larji-daa'famine':CHKniji-ta; PULleji-ta;WOLlajii-taa;PuA naoi-ta(sic). Cf.
PMc *laiji'sky,heaven,storm'.
PCK*-lapa 'badly,contrarily':
CHK-nap'b.','c,'(roro)-nap'disobedient,
heedless';PULlap; WOL-lape.
PCK*-le(aspectmarker)'immediate
future':CHK-ne,(-p'e)-ne,PUL-le, CRL-e, (-h"'e)-le;
WOL-e, (-be)-le.Cf. PONpaan;MRS-namhj;
KIR-na.
PCK *[ln]ewa 'flee': CHKnew 'f., run away (of animals)', (dc)-new'chaser,shover, cause a
fleeing, shoving', ((i)-newa'shoo it, chase it, cause it to f.'; WOLlawe 'be scared,frightened,star-
do
tled',(ga)-lewa-(a)'makehimscared,scarehimaway,chaseit away'.Cf. KWAlakwa'hurry,
quickly'.
PCK*liapa,liapa-ni 'a catchof fish,to catch(fish)':CHKniyap'a c. of f., to get a c. of f.',
niyape-ni 'to take it (as a c. of f.)'; PULliyap 'a c. of f., to c. (as f.)', liyd(pe-ni-(y)'to c. (f.)'; CRL
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
299
liyap'to c. moref. thanusual',liyape-li'to c. more(f.) thanusual';CRNliyap,liyape-ni;WOL
'takeit as one'sc.'
liyape'a goodc. of f., to c. a lot of f.', liyepa-li-(i)
PCK*li-cowu'smart,clever':CHKni-chuuchuu-(mataw)
'sea goddess who fishes with
handnets';CRLli-show'smartorcleverperson'(lit.'netter'or 'scooperwitha handnet');WOL
li-shcu 'to learnfast, have a quick memory'. See PMc *cowu, cowu-ki 'handnet'.
PCK *[ln]ie, [ln]ie[ln]ie 'to pour, spill': CHKniini,niinii-(tiw)'to p.', nii-ni,nii-nd-(d-tiw)'p.
it'; WOLliye 'to be spilled',(ga)-liyeliye'to p., s.', (ga)-liya-(a)'p. it, s. it'. Cf. MRSlliw-tek'p., overflow, slop out, s.' Cf. TONma-ligi 'be pouredout, spill'; SAAligi, liji-si 'to p.', ma-liti 'to spill'.
PCK *likaapi 'a bird': CHKnikidp 'a land b. (has a long tail)';WOLligaapi-(aai) 'a b.'
PCK*li-kaa-tt[ae]raki'kindof fish':CHKni-kd-sseres
'sp.of moorishidolf.'; PULli-ka'a smallreeff. withverticalstripes,f. of'; CRLli-ghaa-sserdgh
'sp.of edible
hherk, -hherdki-(n)
rockf.' (lit. 'easysailer').See PWMc*taraki'tosail'.
PCK *l[iu]kol[iu]ko 'gnat': PUL likolik 'stinging gnats'; CRL lighiliigh and CRN ligiliig
'very small black mosquito'; WOLlugolugo'gnat'. There are problems here.
PCK *likoTo 'a seafood or fish': CHKnikos 'a seafood'; WOLligoso 'a fish'. Cf. KIR (te)-
nikoro'a fish'.
PCK *lima, limalima, lima-kaccui, lima-di 'clean, neat, beautiful, to clean or neaten
nime'-ch,nimenime-ech
'c.,pure,n.,b.',nime-ti'c. it, neatenit,makeit b.',
(s.t.)':CHKnimenim,
ime-kacc'bec.', lime-ti-(y)'washit, c.
nnime-t'becleaned,neatened,sprucedup;PULlimdimlim
it', lime-t 'to wash, to c.'; CRLlimilim 'to c., tidy up, straightenup a place', lime-ti 'to beautify,
'becareful,skillful,beinggood,success',limearrange,straighten
up (s.t.)';WOLlime-gachchu
ti-(ye)'makeit reallygood',lime-ti'tomakereallygood'.
PCK*li-maadaada'kindof unicornfish' (lit. 'roughto thetouchone'):CHKni-maataat
'sp.of u. f.';CRLli-maataat'small,blacksp.of u. f.'
PCK*li-mwa-doro'stingingjellyfish':CHKni-m66-tor 'Portugueseman-of-war'(lit.
-toyo-(n)'varioussmalls. j.'; CRLli-mW'o-tog
'j.,
'stinger',togj'smart,sting');PULli-mW6-tojy,
PuA ni-mWa-taoo
man-of-war';
'j.'ThereareproblemswiththeCHKform.
PCK *li-pici 'unmarriedadult (not marriedor widowed)': CHKni-pich; MRTli-pich (sic);
PUL li-piiR (sic), li-piRi-(n); CRL li-pish and CRN ni-piR 'u. mother (single, widowed, or
divorced),'bepromiscuous,
sleeparound';WOLli-pishi;PuA ni-pisi.
PCK *lipwa- 'at the time of, during': CHKnupwe-(n);PULlipwe-(n),lupwa-(n);CRLlihra-(l);
CRNliva-(n); WOLlebe-(li),libe-(li).
taro':CHKniwees;WOLliwesse.This could
PCK? *[ln]iwetta'varietyof Cyrtosperma
loan.
well be anintra-Chuukic
'besnapped(of a finger),clicked(of
PCK*llecu 'makea loudnoise':CHKnnuch,nutnnuch
a lock),snapped,ground(of teeth)';CRLllsh, Ilesh'makea 1.n.', lellesh' n. thatis loudand
CRNllR 'makea 1.n.',lelldR'n.thatis 1.andrepeated',
(a)-lelleR'makea pounding
repeated';
or bangingn.'; WOLnnesht 'makea bangingn., bang,soundof a fallingbottle'.Cf. PPC
*lec[ael,lecelec[ael'torap,strikesharply'.
'tieit witha rope';
PCK*llema,lema-ti- 'tie':PULllmn 'ropetiedby s.o. else', llome-e-(y)
CRLlonwa andCRNnuma'hang(oneself)by theneck';WOLnneme'betied,tethered',lema-si(i) 'makeknotsin rope'.Cf PCMc*fiama'makea nooseor snare'.
PCK*llima 'lowerrimof a sail':PULllim'reefa s.';WOLnnime'lowersideof a canoes.';
PuA nnumma(sic) 'lowerrimof a s.', nnuimu
(sic) 'bottomof a s.' Cf. PCMc*lukuma'fold,
wrap',PMc *lumi'tofold'.
PCK*lodoa,lodoa-lapa,lodoa-ara,lodoa-afaii 'west,duewest, southwest,northwest':
MRTlotowa-(n)'w.
CHKnotow,notowa-(n)'w.,w. of it', notowa-nap,
notowa-ar,
notowd-cifen;
'duew.',letowa-are
WOLletowe(i)-letowe
PULlotow,lotowa-(n);
'w.',letowe-lape
of', lotowa-ar;
'w. northwest';
PuA (i)-notoa'w.'NotealsoKSRroto'w.'withits
'w. southwest',letowa-afraji
unexpectedintialr,whichmarksit a probableloan,alongwithotherdirectionterms.Marck
(1994:324) includes it in his reconstructionof PMc *losowa.
PCK *lomwo, lomwolomwo'gurgle': CHKnInw
z
nomr omWono
'g., make a liquid noise', (6)nom'a 'makeit g. (byshaking)';PULlomIr'dom
'g.',(ya)-lomne-(y)
(sic) 'to shake(as a liquid)';
3o0
CRLlom'doan' 'to haveliquidinsidethatcanbe shaken';WOLlomn'olom'o
'to g., makea bubblingsound'.
PCK*loto 'a boil,sore':PULloo;CRLXo'skineruption,boil';WOLkxs, laoo- 'boils',loso
'have boils'; ULI l1s, loso-(1) 'b. (of skin)'; PuA noxlo, nxlo- 'b. (skin infection)'. Cf. CHK
noot,notu-(n)'pus,p. of'.
PCK *luku-lapa 'ocean side (of an island or reef)' (lit. 'great outside'): CHKnuikui-nap'o.
'rearpartof anislandon thewindward
s., opensea';PULlukui-lkpd-(nfanui)
side';WOLlugu-lape
'sideof anislandoppositethevillageside'.See PMc *liku'outside',PMc *lapa'big,main'.
PCK? *lulTh 'remainder,
leftovers':CHKnuus,nussu-(n)'r.,1.,r.of'; MRTlusse-(n)'1.
1.of'. See also
of'; PULluhhu-(n)'scraps,r.,1.of'; CRLluss,lussu-(l)'1.(asof food),remnants,
PMc *luuwa'remainder,
remnant'.
PCK*luu 'come,go, passby':CHKnu 'go beyond,go past,pass by', (6)-nuu-(w)'skip,
miss(a lineof print),parry(a blow)',(kk6)-nu'havemisseda menstrual
period';CRLand(presumably)CRNlu 'belastorbehind(inraces)';WOLluu'bepassed',(ga)-luu-(we);
'go beyondit,
passit'; POc *liu(FIJliu 'toprecede,go before,surpass';SAAliu,liuliu'to come,go, passby,
plyabout';BUGliu'togo beyond,pass',liu-yi'tostepover';KWAliu 'go,pass,walk,sail';LAK
luu'to duckundertrees,duckthroughbush').Cf. PWMP*liut'go around,encircle'and*liu
'circumvent'
(Blust1989:150).
PCK*lIUi,lluUiti, liuuluuii-(wa)
'to chew':CHKnu 'regurgitate
a bitof food as a resultof
'chewit, eatit';PULlui (sic) 'to chew
nuunuui-(w)
heavyeating',nuunui'chew,eat,masticate',
(as gum),eatnoisily,eat(polite)',luilu 'chew,eat(politeto children)';CRLluulu'to chewon
s.t.', luuluu-(w)'to chew on (s.t.)';WOLluului 'chew,masticate,eat (honorificby female)',
taro,yams,or
luuluu-(we) 'chew it'. Cf. PONlili 'poundedor mashedfood (as breadfruit,
bananas),to poundor mashfood';MRSlij 'pound,mash',lijl4j'poundor mashfood';KSRII,t
'toswallow'.Cf.alsoPPN*lua'tovomit';BUGlua'tovomit';lulu,lulu-mu'tovomit'.
PCK*liiwa,luwa-di 'loose,swungout':CHKnuw 'be flungout (of arm),slung(of sling
stone),s. to andfro(of thebody)',nutwnuw'swingingof thebodyin dance,sexy handlingof
one'sbody',nnuwe-t'be cast(of a fishline),be slung,s. out',nuwe-ti'castit (of fishingline),
swingitout,thrustit out(of one'sarm),slingit (slingstone)';CRLliwe-tiandCRNliye-ti'shake
(thehead)backandforth';WOLluwe-ti-(i)'throwit quickly,shakeit off, snapit off, toss it',
luwe-tagi'besnapped,thrownquickly,shaken,tossed',(ma)-luwe,
(ma)-luweliwe'be1.or loosened(as a ropethatis nottaut)',(ge-ma)-luwa-(a)
'makeit 1.'Cf.FIJhdlva'1.,notwelltied'.See
alsoPCK? *maldia
'loose',PCK*ma-laltia'calm',PCK*luwaa'becalm(of seaorweather)'.
PCK*liwaa 'becalm(of seaor weather)':CHKnUwa;,PULIUUwa(sic); WOLluwaa;
PuA nua. See also PCK *ma-ltiala 'calm', PCK *lfiwa, liwa-di 'loose, swung out'. Cf. Marck
(I994:31 I) PMc *malua 'calm'.
PCK*maa 'behavior,manner,habit':CHKmaa, mtid'b., m., h.', maa-(maaw)'be hard,
'bestrong,
tough,strong,healthy';PULmaa-(maw)'bewell,strong,healthy';CRLmaa-(maaw)
'be strong,powerful'.See also PMc *ma-toa,ma-toatoa'firm,
powerful';WoI maa-(maawe)
hard,strong'.
PCK*maada 'a garden':CRLmaat,maata-(l)'farm,hisf.; WOLnaate'g.,farm,cultivated
area',maata-(a)'changeit intoa g.', maata-li-(i)'haveit as one'sg.; PuA maata'g., lot,property,taropatch'.Cf. KSRime 'field,plantation,
g., grove,farm'.Cf. alsoPMc *maata,maataata
'clearedspace',PPON*mtwada'clearedland,garden'.
PCK*ma-arawa'be green(of fruit),unripe':CHKma-araw'be at a g. stage, be g. (of
fruit);WOLma-arawe'beraw,unripe,uncooked'.Cf.alsoPMc *ma-rawa'green,blue'.
PCK*ma-areare'relative,kin,be related':CHKmd-drddir,
mdmd-dreydr,
mi-drddri-(n),
cireyiri-(n)'kinsman,r. of any distance,be k., be r.,his k.'; MRT'mt-driddr;PULmnd-dreer
'remoteaffinalor consanguinealr.';WOLm-areyare(sic) 'friend,be friends,be intimate',
'havehimas a friend';ULIm-areyar;
SNSm-aleyale.
Cf.WOLyare'getthrough
m-areyera-(li-i);
a channelsafely'.
PCK *maaro 'thirsty':MRT moor; PUL moor; CRL mrl"'o moor,' STW moor. Cf. WOL
maaro 'to starve,sufferfrom hunger and starvation'. Cf. PMc *marewu 'thirsty'.
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PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
30I
PCK*maa-yi-rui 'be startled,surprised':
CHKmdd-yi-nr'alarm,be alarmed,astonished,
MRTmad-yi-ruu
PULmd-yi-ru(sic) 'be surprised,
scared,frightened';
(sic) 'startled';
surprised,
startled,astonished'.See PMc *rut[iu]'becomeaware,wakeup, be surprised',PCK*maa
'be surprised,
'behavior,manner,habit'.Cf. PON(pwuria)-mwey
astonished,amazed,shocked';
MRSmWleyirw
andPCK*mwa-ucuucui
or *mwa-icuiicu
'toshake'.
'startled';
PCK*ma-calu'slimy,slippery':PULme-ceccel,mee-RelReel(sic) 'be slimy,slippery';
CRNma-RdiRel'slimy,slipperysubstancesuchas mucus';WOL(guru)-me-shali
'be slippery,
smooth,velvety,slimy'.Cf.MRSme-tal'smooth,sleek,slick'.See alsoPMc *ma-cai'slimy'.
PCK*ma-ca[ii] 'no trespassingsign':CHKme-chen,me-cheni-(n)'n. t. s. in form of a
'markit witha n. t. s.';WOLmestickset upon a reef,shallowarea,or landplot',me-cheni-i-(y)
'markit witha n. t. s.'
shaur'n.t. s.',me-shaygu-u-(we)
PCK*ma-caro'muddy':CHKma-chchach'be m., havingmud puddles';MRTmeshor
'mud, m.'; PUL me-Rar,me-Rare-(n) 'be m., mud, mud of'; CRLmme-shar and CRN mo-Rar
'swamp,mud,stickymudon lakebottom,be m., swampy';STWmeR6r'mud';WOLme-sharo,
'be m., dirty,filthy';ULI
me-shore'dirt,soil, mud,filth,be dirty,m., filthy',ma-chochchore
mocor'mud';PuA ma-salo'ground,soil,earth,place',ma-salo-(pKpwini)
'mud,dirt'.Cf. PON
pwel-matak 'mud, m.'; MOK masak 'hard'; KsRfiu-rxrrxr 'm., sludgy'. See also Marck's
of followingr to precedingch in CHK.
( 994:316)PCK*mat'aro.Noteassimilation
PCK*macikawu'ter': CHKmechikow'seabird(probablysooty tern)';PULmeRik66w
WOLmashigou'sootyter'. Cf.MRSmmej'sootytern'.
edibleseabird';
(sic) 'ground-nesting
PCK*macia 'ceremonialclothing':CHKmechiye-(ni-mey)'special loincloth worn by
WOLmashiye'akindof lavalava(sic)wornby
breadfruit
summoner'(lit."clothof breadfruit")';
chiefsforceremonialoccasions'.
PCK*madai[ln][ae]'a fish':CRLmteeyil'sp.of ediblef. foundoutsidereef';WOLmetaile
'thegillof a fish'(butsee PMc *woro,'gills').
'a kindof f.' Cf. KIR(te)-maraino
PCK *ma-dawudawu 'smooth': CHKmw-tow, mWo-towutow's.', (o)-mWo-towutowu 'make
'be s.';STWmo-tawutawu
'be s., shine';PULmo-towutowu
(sic) 's.
(s.t.)s.'; MRTmo-tawutaw
(of cloth)'.We considerthe mwof CHKto be a secondarydevelopment.Cf. MRSmetaltel's.,
'softto touch,s. like fur,sleek,slick,velvety';KIR
sleek,slick(distributive
form)',meyewyew
'be easy,
ma-rau'somewhatsoft',ma-raurau
mâmWa-dau
'quitesoft'.Cf. also SAAmWa-dau,
'be easy for (s.o.)'; BUGma-luate'soft, smooth';KWA
possible, soft, pliable',mwa-dau-si
'smooth(of surface)'
wa-la'u'easy,soft,overripe'.Cf.PMc *ma-[sS]aLu,
ma-[sSlaLu[sS]aLu
posited by Goodenough (I995:77).
PCK*ma-dipi,ma-ddipi 'spitout (fromthemouth)':CHKme-ttip,memme-ttip's. out
's. it out';WOLma-ttipi'to s. out',ma(particles)fromthemouth(as of food)',me-ttipi-i-(y)
brokenpieces'(alsocountingclassifierforsame).
's. it out';PuA ma-tipi'fragment,
ttipi-i-(ye)
PCK? *mai,maia 'taut,tight':CHKmmey'betaut,pulledtight',(d)-mmeyi,
(d)(e)-mmeyi,
'makeit taut',(sd)-mmey
'movevigorouslyin runningor walking',(te)mmeyiya,(e)-mmeyiya
mmey'befastor efficientat work',(e)-mey'heavyrope';PULmdiy 'be taut,tight',(yd)-mdidy
WOLmai-(ne)'taut,tightlydrawn
(as cloth,elastic,or rubber)';
'rope';CRLmmey'bestretched
thesail)'.
(of a line)',maiye'to sailagainstthewind',(ge)-maiya-(a)
'pullit (theropecontrolling
PCK*makkui'break,be in pieces':CHKmmek'be shattered,b. into pieces', (e)-mekki
'b.off,b. away',(iya)-mekk'shatterit, b.it';MRTnmekk
birth';PULmakki-(16)'give
'premature
'shatterit completely';CRLmakk
'to shatter,b.', (ya)-maikku-(u-we-16)
birth',makkkuk-(16)
'givebirthto a child',makkl-li'givebirthto (a child)';WOLmakku'b. awayfromthewhole,
delivera baby'.Cf.KIRkki-(a)'totakeout(thecontentsof
'todistribute,
givebirth',(ge)-makkr
a bivalvularshell)',maakiki-(na)'completelyremoved,exhausted'.Cf. PCK*mwakk[iul
'bit,
chip'.
PCK*makoto, makoto-lapa, makoto-ciki 'fingerjoint, f. between tip and second
knuckle,f. betweentipandfirstknuckle':CHKmoo-nap'f. betweentip andsecondknuckle',
#m66-sich,m66-chis 'f. betweentip andfirstknuckle';PULm66-(tol)'node andportions
betweennodes(of sugarcaneandbamboo)',m66-(wow)'joints(asof fingersandtoes),portion
betweennodes(as of sugarcaneandbamboo)';WOLmagoo'curve,joint',magoo-lape'length
302
PuA makxco
of twof. joints(inmeasuring)',
magwo-shigi
'lengthof onef.joint(inmeasuring)';
'bebroken(of a stick)'.Cf. SAAma'o'i'brokenin two'.
PCK*mali,mmali 'smile':CHKmeni-(n)'his s.', menimen'pleasantfacialexpression';
'to s.';
MRTmelimwl
'beginto s., be amused';PULmel'to laugh,gigglea little,s.',(yd)-melimel
CRLmmil 'tosmile';STWmmdl's.,laughquietly';WOLmmali'tolaugh,s., grin';PuA mmani
'tolaugh';SNSmmiri'tolaugh'.
PCK*malii 'perhaps,maybe':CHKmeni;PULmcili (sic);CRLmili, meli;WOLmalii.Cf.
PuA mana'perhaps,
might'.
PCK*malla 'dawn':CHKmman,mmane-(n)
'firstlightof d.,f. 1.of d. of', (a)-manna'look
himwithd., d. upon
whattheweatherwillbe like',manne-(yiti)
'overtake
atthed. to determine
him';MRTmmala-(we)'d., sunrise';PULmaal 'd. light,to d.'; CRLmall 'morningtwilight,
of
becomelightin themorning';STWman(sic) 'sunrise,d.';WOLmanne'd.,firstappearance
lightin the morning',manne-(lape)'d., pre-d.',(ge)-mann'look at the d.' Cf. MOKmaalaal
'morningstar,Venus';FJ malamalawa'earlypartof the morningbeforedaylight'.Marck's
(I994:312) PMc *mala(wa)'dawn'is notsupported
by evidenceoutisdeChuukiclanguages.
PCK*malle, malemale, (ka)-malemale-(a),male-di- 'groundclearedof vegetation,
swiddenfield':CHKmddn,mdnni-(n)'s. f., his s. f.', dndinrmin
inhabited
'placeof habitation,
'clearit of v.';
area,be c. of v., be a f. (forcultivation)',
(nee)-mn 's. f., c. land',(d)-mdndmdna
MRTmalamal'c. land',male-te'toclear(land)';PULmele-(n)'gardenof (a crop)',milemil 'be
clearof brush',(d)-melenel'toclear(asa garden)',mdle-ti-(y)
'toclear(landfora garden)';CRL
mdlimdl,mdlemdl'to clearbrush',nuili-ti,mdle-ti'toclear(brush),straighten
up (a yard),clear
'to clearbrush,a clearspace', mile-ti 'to clear
(the way by steppingaside)';STWmdilemdl
'clear
(brush)';WOLmalmale'c. g., be c. of v.',mela-ti-(i)'toclear(ground)',(ge)-malemela-(a)
it'. NotethatCHK(nee)-man'inland(especiallyin relationto settlementareas),ashore,pertainingto land'andMRT'lee-mal'land'do notgo withthese.Cf.PMc *malala'areawithoutvegetation'. See also Marck(1994:322) PCK *malemale.
PCK*mallo 'prepared,
madeready':CHKmnmn'bep.,r.',(6)-rmm6n,
(6)-wmnne-(n)
'preparation,p. of', (6)-m6nna,
(6)-mrnni-(d-ti)'p.it';PUL(yd)-mell'p.',(y0)-melle-(y),
(y6)-melld-(d'finishit up,finalizeit,comr.',(ge)-manno-(o)
ti) 'p.(s.t.)';WOLmanno'befinished,completed,
ortidyup(aplace),make(it)r.'
cam'ala'toprepare
pleteit'.Cf.CRLm6l-(16)'befixed,corrected',
PCK? *malia 'loose':CHKmenUiU-(w)
'pullit witha jerk,pull it 1.';PULmahlN-(we-16)
'beloosened',(ge)-makiwa-(a)
'castoff (a canoe)';WOLmaluwe'be1.(asa rope)',maluwehlwe
of somepartbeingremoved'.Cf. Also
'makeit 1.'Cf. PONluU'beincompleteas a consequence
PCK*liwa, liwa-di 'loose,swungout'.
PCK*ma-lualuia'calm':MRTma-law'c. (of sea)';PULma-luwall 'be easy or slow (as
work),be c. (as sea), be gentle(as wind)';CRLma-luwandCRNmma-lu'be c. (of sea or
'bequiet,silent(as in water),gentle
weather)';STWma-lu'c. (of thesea)';WOLma-luweluwe
c. (of sea)';PuA ma-niantia'calmness,peace,be c., peaceful,gen(as in a goodpersonality),
slow moving,passive,lethargic';
tle'. Cf. PONmw-,leyy'peaceful,easygoing,unenthusiastic,
MRSlahyey'smoothandc. (of water)'.Cf. also BUGma-luate'soft,smooth'.See also PCK
*luwa,luwa-di'loose,swungout', PCK*lfiwaa'be calm(of sea or weather)',PCK*ma-ltii,
ma-luuld61
'tired,fatigued'.
PCK*ma-lui, ma-luliluu'tired,fatigued':CHKme-niunu'be t., f.', (e)-me-nuunuu-(w)
'make him t.'; MRTmma-lu (sic); PULma-luuli 'be t., weak, tiredness,fatigue'; CRLma-liuli
'be numb,t. andnumb,shocked,stunned';WOLmaa-luu(sic) 'becomef., get t., be exhausted',
'makehimweakor t.'Cf. KIRma-nni 'languid,weakthroughsickness,life(ge)-maa-luu-(we)
less';LAKma-loo'weak';UAN*lawlaw'weak'.Cf. alsoPCK*ma-lialua'calm'.
PCK*mamwu-ciki'mackerel':
CHKmm"'u-chis,
CRLm^"im"'e-shigh
momWu-sich;
'sp. of
ediblebottom-dwelling
'm. scad'.
fish';WOLmuamnu-shigi
PCK *manu-ni-pwoji 'centipede' (lit. 'creatureof night'): CHK men-nui-pin, PUL man-
CRL(li)-mdl-li-b"og;
CRNmanii-i-hboy;
WOLman-nu-hboyi;
PuA manui-ni-pi"ori.
Cf.
ni-p"'oj;
PONmzni-n-rcan 'centipede' (lit. 'creatureof day').
PCK *mauica 'unripe, immature':CHK meylJch, metgucha-(n) 'green or u. fruit, its u.
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PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
303
'be immature,u. (of fruit),firststagein theripeneningof
fruit';CRLmagjushandCRN magJuR
fruit,be youngorimmature
(of people)';WOLmacushe'beimmature,
young',(ge)-mauisha-(a)
'beweak,beatenin a fight'.
'makeit young';PuA mayutsa
PCK*marata 'bitter':CHKmaras,mdrds'a tree(Soulameaamara),b., acid',(a)-maras,
(d)-mdrds'gallbladder';MRTmaras'a smalltree,b.';PULmerah'a tree(Soulameaamara),
amara,b.';WOL
acid,veryb.';CRLmarasandCRNmarah'b.tasting';STWmeras'Saulamea
ULImarat'Sadlameamara,b.';
merate'a tree(Souameaamara),b., sour,salty,indigestable';
YAPmarat'b.(of
PuA malata'beb.'Cf. KIRmaai'b.';FIJmarasa'a tree(Sorckiella
vitimenis)'.
betelnut)'is a loanfromULI.
PCK*ma-riwariwa,ca-riwariwa'glitter,sparkle':CHKme-riweriw
'g. (as thesurfaceof
'be shiny,glossy';PULma-riwethe sea in theearlymorningsun)',chche-riw,chche-riweriw
to flash';CRLma-riwriw'beshiny,sparkling
(asjewelry);WOLma-riweriwe
(rewuw)'lightning,
'shine,be brightby reflectionof light',sha-riweriw'bebright,shiny,g.' Cf. CRLre-liwliw'be
shiny'.
PCK*maro,maro-nako'evaporate,
dryup':CHKmor 'be at low tide, e., boil away',
of', m6r6-n6'e.entirely',(6)-mnr'go fishingin shallowflatsatlow tide';
moru-(n)'evaporation
'below (asthetideorwaterin a pool)';CRLmw6r,
PULmor,muro-16
m"6ra-l6)'bed.,driedup',
'let(s.t.)d., d. it';WOLmaLr'below tide,diminish',(ge)-maronarm
'bemakingwater
(6)-mW6ra
decrease';PuA malo,malo-nako'falldown,topple'.Cf. KWAmalo-(ya)'dying,withered(of
vegetativematter)'.
PCK*mata 'attached,
joined':CHKmas 'be well joined,fittedtogether',(a)-masa'fit it
together,connectit';WOLmate'to stick,be attached'.
CRN
PCK? *mata-ccaa'kindof snapperfish(lit. 'bloodyeye or face'):CHKmese-chcha;
'afish'.
mahaa-tcha.
Cf. PWMc*matamata
'be pleasPCK*mata-ika'happy':CHKmese-yik'be pleasantlyexcited',mese-yike-(yiti)
antlyexcitedaboutit';PULmehdi-yik(sic) 'beh.,pleased';CRLmese-ighandCRNmehe-ig'be
h., cheerful,excited';WOLmesa-ige'beh., be willing',mesa-ige-(eti-i)
'longforit, missit, yearn
forit'. See PMc *mata'eye,face'.
PCK*mata-paca'blind':CHKmese-pach'bewithclosedeyes,be slit-eyed(likeanOriental)';CRLmasa-pash'be b.';WOLmate-pashe'be b., b. person'.See PMc *mata'eye, face',
PWMc *paca,papacaor *capa,cacapa'adhere'.
of two starsin tailof S.
PCK*mata-ruwa'star(s)in Scorpio':CHKmese-ri'constellation
(lit. 'two eyes')'; PUL mehdd-rew(sic) 'starsin S.'; CRLmase-ruw 'two starsin S.'; STWmase'two'.
ni 'a star';WOLmeta-riwe'starin S.' See PMc *mata'eye,face',PMc *mna
PCK*ma[t0]e-[i0]-l1elee'be seasick,seasickness':CHKmdd-neene;PULmdd-yi-leele
'be nauseated,s.';WOLmaa-i-leelee'seasickness,nausea,be s., dizzy'.Cf. PuA ma-tete(sic)
's.';KIRmanni 'belanguid,weakthroughsickness,lifeless';PONmee-nmadaw'seasickness'.
PMc *lau'pool,haveliquid'.
See PMc *mate'die,loseconsciousness',
'a formof sorcerythatcauses
'kindof sickness':CHKmdd-pwut
PCK*ma[t0]e-pwud[ao]
'sore,boil,abcess';WOLmaa-bhto'a kindof s.' See PMc *mateand
madness';PULmdi-pWut
NotethattheWOLformin thiscasemaybe a loanfromPULor CHK.
PMc *pwusa,
pwusaka.
PCK *ma[uui]ta 'a snapperfish': CHKmeew 'sp. of s. f.'; PUL mew(w, mewowd-(n) 'red s.
(Lutjanus vaigimnis, L bxiar), red s. of'; CRNmeew 'sp. of s.'; WOLmoose 'a kind of f.' It is not
clearthatthe WOLformbelongsin this series.Cf. PMc *maawa'a fish', PCMc *maoko'a
fish';andcf. alsoPONmawd'f. sp.';KSR(o1i) mAta'a kindof f.'
CRLm"'Ls,m"'usuPCK *maut[iu] 'be gray-haired,white-haired':CHKmoy; PULmOuOy;
(I) 'white hair,become w.-h.';WOLmOusI,mosuusu; PuA maudi.Cf. KIRmaii 'pale white'.
PCK? *mawa 'giveoff steamor odorin cooking':CHKmaw,mawe-(n)'tosteam(asfrom
anearthoven),steamingof'; PULmawo (sic) 'bediffused(asodorfromcooking)'.
PCK *ma-woco, ma-wocooco 'coals, ashes': CHK mo-och, mo-(che-(n) 'hot c., h. c. of';
PULm6-6Re-(l6)'bebumed(of wood)',mo-6R66oRo
a.,
(sic),m6-6R66Ro-(n)
'verylight-weight
WOLm6andCRN(a)-mW'm^6-CR
'a.(asfroma cigarette)';
a.of'; CRLm"'6-osh,
(a)-mH'm"'6sh
6sh(r)sho'a.'
304
PCK *mi[cTli 'be deceived, to deceive': CHK mich 'be d., fooled, duped, tricked',
michimich'bedeceiving,duping',michi-i-(y)'tod. him';PULmihimih'to lie,d.',mihi-i-(y)'to
d., lie to (s.o.)';CRLmis 'to lie, tellfalsehoods',misimis,misemis'be lying',misi-i-(y)'lie to
(s.o.)';WOLmisi'tolie, cheat,fool', misi-i-(ye)'lieto him'.
mmiTi 'shiny':CHKmmis,misimis'be s., glossy, gleaming(as of greased
PCK*mniTi,
hair',(e)-mmisi'polishit, makeit gleam';PULmih'bebright,s., greasy(as withcoconutoil)';
CRLmmisandCRNmmih'be s., greasy,oily';WOLmmisi'be slippery,greasy,smooth';PuA
mmidi'bes., smooth,slippery'.Cf. KSRmis 'calm,peaceful,tranquil,
quiet';TONmiti'a sauce
madefromcoconutcream'.
PCK*mmidi,midimidi'slip,slide,slippery':CHKmit 'slip, slide, be slick', mmit'slip,
slide,glide',mitimit'beslippery,slick',(e)-mmiti'makeit slippery';PULmit'toslipon s.t.wet',
mitimit'be slippery';CRLmmit'to slip, slide',mitimit'be slippery;WOLmmiti'to slip'. Cf.
MRSmidij 'slip'.
PCK*moro 'fiber':CHKmoor,more-(n)'threadof coconuthuskf., bananafiber,orhibiscus
'one or
bark,t. of'; PULmoro-(n)'fiber(s)of (hairclippings,coconut)';WOLmoro-(li-gosho)
moreseparatestringsof coconuthuskusedto makerope'.
PCK *mWa-ada,mwa-adaada 'be quick, fast, active': CHKmWa-at'q., f.'; PUL mWa-at'be
'a. or diligentperson, be a.',mWa-ataata-(a) 'make him a.' Cf. PONmwaaday
f.'; WOLmWa-ataate
'go f., be q.,hurry';FIJmaavaa'restless,fidgety(of a sickperson)'.
PCK *mWaali'confused, mistaken': CHK
mrmW'ddn, mWdnni-(no),
mddinni-(n6) 'err,make
'cause him to be wrong, make it incorrect';PULmwddl'misa mistake, be wrong', (d)-mW'dinni
take'; CRLmw&il'get lost'; WOLmWaali'be misleading,c., get lost', mwaa1i-(yase)'be c., absent-
minded,stunned,stupefied',(ge)-mwaali-(i)'misleadhim'. See also PWMc *-ali, -aliali,
mwa-aliali'circle,circling,dizzy',PCK*ka-falli'becarefulof, attendto'.
PCK *mWaali 'twisted, sprained':CHKmWddg,mwaddyi-(n) 'a sprain,muscle strain, s. of';
'bephysicallystrainedandaching';WOL
mw'aapi
CRLmWddyi
PULm^Wdi
(sic) 'behurt,annoyed';
PuA mWagi
'bet., s., dislocated';
(sic) 'becrooked'.
mare- 'sweetheart':
WOLmW'aar,;
mnare-(i)'s.,my dear',(ge)-mWare,
PCK*mWaare,
(ga)'shouldergarland'.
See PMc *mWare
mêra-(i)'s., lover,my s.'; ULI(ga)-m'are;PuA (ka)-mwale.
mWaca-ni-aa
'to desire,want':CHKmweche-n'to d., w.', mweche-n,
PCK*mWaca-ni,
'a
d.
or
d.
'unreasonable
a
d.,d. forwhatis notappropriate',
w.,
for',
mWwhe-ni-(n)
mweche-ni-ya
be ambitious';
PULmWeRd-n
'tow.,wish,like,consent',mnWeRd-ni-yd
'ambition,
mw'ehe-(yi-nap)
mwushe-l
'begreedy,covetous,mercenary,
'w.,wish,hopefor',mw'eshe-lejealous';CRLmweshe-l,
andmw'eRe-ne-yd;
STWmeRa-n'w.';WOLmwesha-li
'to
yc 'begreedy,covetous';CRNmêRe-n
'tolike,w.';
'begreedy,avaricious,
covetous';PuA mwasa-ni
agree,be persuaded',
mwesha-li-yaa
kindof food',gadre,gadre-va'tod.,lustafter'.
'w.'Cf.Fiugace'tod. someparticular
SNSmWasa-ri
PCK *mWacoko'to steal': CHKmw6cho'to s., be thievish, rascally, wild, untamed'; MRT
PULmW6oRcw
'bewild,rascally';CRLmw6shoandCRNmw6Ro
'to s., be wild,rascally,
mwosho;
WOLmw'ashogo
'to s.', (ge)-mwashogo-(o)
'makehim s.';
untamed(of animals)';STWmwoRo;
'be greedy,wild, savage',(lei)-masoko'thief'.Cf. KSRmxsrik 'sneak,move
PuA mWcsoko
stealthily',mcesriki'catchoracquire(s.t.)stealthily'.
'be held,caught,to hold,grip':CHKmweech,mYechu-(n)
PCK*mwacii,(ka)-mwacu-(Li)
'beheld,fastened,stuck,restrained'
(e)(to holdaffection),giftof'; mwiech
'giftto a sweetheart
'be held,claspedin the
mwechtu
'graspit, takeholdof it, retainit, holdfastto it', (kkW)-mwech
'stickto it, holdfastto it'; PUL(ya)-m^'aR
'to hold,handle,grip,
hand',mêchiu-mêchi-(iti)
'to hold,be careful';
maketight',(ya)-mwaRiu-(ya-)
'holdingor graspingby (s.o.)',(ka)-mn'aR
'bestuckandunableto move',(a)-mw'ashtiu--(tiw)
'to
CRLmwash'bebusy,detained',mwmwash
stall(s.o.),to retain(s.o.)';WOLmwaasht,mashii- 'obligation,
duty,secretgiftto a sweetheart',
mWmwashl
'holdit,
(ge)-mwashi-(tu-we
caught',(ge)-mwashtu-(u),
'getstuck,be held,immovable,
'tohandle,touch,hold,arrest'.
grabit';PuA (ka)-masii'holdit, shutit tight',(kka)-masti
PCK*mwaduko? 'tame':CHKm'"6tuk'be tame(notwild)';WOLm'atugo'to eat, graze
(of pigs)'.
- 2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
305
'be incised, have incised
CHKmwa-keneken
PCK*mwa-kelekele
'speckled,variegated':
'bespotted,dotted,s., v.';PuA mwa-kenekene
designs,be v.,havemanycolors';PULmwa-kdeekl
'be v.' Cf. SAAkeleandULA'ele'somewhat,a little';LAUgele 'a little,somewhat'.Cf. also
embellish'.
KWAkene-a'decorate',kene-si-a'decorate,
PCK *mWa-kiikili 'tickling or pleasant feeling': CHKmwe-kinikin
't., be tickled'; CRLmWa-
'to feel pleaghilighil'be ticklish,reactwhentickled,to tickle(of anaction)';CRNmwa-ginigin
WOLmWa-giligili
surefromsexualintercourse';
'feelingof pleasure(asin sex),t. feeling,be ticklish,feel good'.See PMc *kuli'skin,bark'.
'bit or morselof mashedfood
PCK*mWakk[iiu]
mwekku-(n)
'bit,chip':CHK-mWmWek,
'tobe chipped,cracked,split,dented,marked
andCRNmwekk
(countingclassifier)';CRLmH'dkk
up, defaced,to breakoff (as a cliff on a hillside),brokenoff (as a cliff in a landslide)';WOL
mwakki
'piecesthatarechippedoff fromthe whole,be chippedoff, m'akikki'be brokeninto
pieces'.Cf. KIRkiki-a'takeout (thecontentsof a bivalvularshell)',maa-kiki-na'completely
removed,exhausted'.Cf.PCK*makki'break,be inpieces'.
'his s., word,command',mWdPCK*mwa-lie,mwa-lielie'speech,talk':PULmwa-liya-(n)
'his
to
CRL
m"'a-liili
conversation',
words,
mwd-liya-(l)
'speak,converse
liydliy'word,s., speak';
in a quiet, respectfulvoice'; WOLm'a-liya-(le) 'his word, s., t., conversation',ml'a-liyeliye's., t.,
voice,to speak,t., be talking'.Cf.CHK(dd)-niini'argueviolently'.
'letit ferment,let it
'befermented,
PCK*mwalle'sour':CHKmw'mHmn
soured',(d)-m"'dnna
'be extremelybitteror intoxicatbitterness',mwalle-(ttik)
s.';PULmwall'bebitter,intoxicating,
'be extremelys.'; CRNm'all, m'alle-(ttig);WOL
ing'; CRLmwall'be s., tart',mwdlle-(ttigh)
'bitm'anne'bes.';PuA mmane(sic) 's.,salty',mWaanni
(sic) 'sourness,to be s.' Cf.MOKmeWn
ter';MRSmeY'smellortastes. orbitter';KSRmwen'bitter'.Cf.alsoPOc *malij'bitter,s., salty'
(Grace I969:57).
haveanappetite',
'desire':CHKmo'66n,
PCK*mWanno
mWmr'6n
mo6nne-(yiti)
'crave,hunger,
'like(especially
forit';PULmW'6nn
'havea craving,hunger,orappetetie
food),haveanappetiteor
CRLm611'tod. s.t.(foodor sexpartner)',
'cravefoodthatis notpresent';
fondness',m^6nno-(lo)
'befondof, like';PuA m^'anno
'tod. s.t.';WOLmWanm)
'haved. for(s.t.);CRNmw6nn
m"11lle-(ei)
'toliketoomuch'.Cf.KIRm'ano,m%'ano)
indented,
havinga hollow'.
'depressed,
m4'aram^'ar
mwmwara
PCK*mWara,
'u., v., uncertainly',
'uncertain,
vague':CHK-mH"ar,
'be in doubt';CRL(a)'probably,likely,tentatively'(adverbial);PULm'aramW'ar
mWmH'ar
'to hesitate,to thinkagainbeforeacting';WOLmware'be undecided,neutral,conmW'aramWar
'be
'to appear,loomup,be barelyseen',mW'aare
'confusehim',mH'ml'are
fused',(ga)-m"era-(a)
barelyseen'.
PULmWare-faaR
PCK*mware-faca'surgeonfish':CHKmW'dre-fach.
(sic);
mWcdrd-ifach;
'kindof fish'.
WOLm'are-fashe
PCK *mWa-ucuucuior *mWa-iciciu 'to shake': CHKmte-wuich'be startled(as by a sudden
'flap,wave,bounceupanddown';
noise)',mê-wuchutich
'jiggleup anddown',mW'a-wuchuiuch
'toswayors. (asa tree
mWa-ishuutsh
CRLmWa-yttch'tos. froma majorevent(asanearthquake)',
'be
'to swayor s. (as a treein thewind)';WOLmWa-wushuiishi
in thewind)';CRNmWa-iRtuiR
'bestartled,
ucu-ki'shake'.Cf.PCK*maa-yi-ruii
surprised'.
moving,shaking'.SeePMc *ucuucu,
'be sunk, submerged,drowned',m"xnWo 's.
PCK ? *mWait[iu] 'to sink': CHKmWo,
m"'mWo
by degrees'; PUL mWeeyi-(16)'sink (as a canoe)'; CRLm"'o- 's., lower oneself down, m'ois,
ow'todouche',
moisi-(kf)'tosink';WOLm"'usu's. down,sunken,setdown'.Cf.PONm"'owrvm
'to subside,lull';SAMgoto's., founder'.
m"aw-(r)'to douche(s.t.)';KIRml'aro'to s.', mW'aroro
Cf. PMc *maaso,masoso'tosit'.
'a food madefrommashedchunksof breadfruit,
PCK*mweale'largeshell':CHKmWeydn
it by boilingin a
s.', mWeydne-e-(y)
banana,or tarothathavebeenboiledin a tridachna
'prepare
'helmets., h. s. of'; WOLmHeyale'helmets.'
tridachna
meyel,mweyele-(n)
s.';PULmWeydl,
PCK*mwel[ie]'sheet(of sailingcanoe)':CHKmween,
m'eni-(n) 'mains. (of sailingcanoe),
m. s. of', (wdd-ni)-mWen
'stringerconnectingtheoutriggerboomsat a pointcentrallylocated
overthehullof a sailingcanoeandservingas a blockaroundwhichto rln the mains.';PUL
306
#mw'eele-(n)
miweel,
's., line controllingangleof sail, s. of'; CRLm"eel'lineleadingto pulley
attachedto lowerboomon a sailingcanoe,usedto adjustthe sail';WOLmweeli,#m"edli-'rope
usedon canoeto controlsail',mneli'totie,bind,fasten'.Notetheeeande of theCHKformsare
unexpectedfor a stem vowel i andsuggestthatthe CHKformsresultfromborrowingfrom
anotherChuukiclanguage.
'avarietyof giantdry-landA.
PCK*mWe[ln]ia'Alocasiataro':CHKmwuinut,
#mwunuu-(n)
t.',t. of'; WOLmwdluwe'a kindof t.';PuA mrwnua
(sic) 'a wildt.'
of oppositesex':CHK m"'ojeya- 'brother of a woman',
PCK*mWei[ae]ya'sibling
CRLmêyya-;STW
andsister';MRTmW"'oya-;PULm"êeya-,m"'eryYcd7;
mWi'(yaY'bebrother
m^"3yya-; WOLm'Warya-, PuA mayaga (<*maracya); SNS meyaqa (<*meyaya).Note that Jack-
son (I986:230,fn.5) reconstructs
PMc *mWarea.
PCK? *mWewu
'pile,group,assemblage':CHKm"'u,mWuu-(to)'be assembled, be a.
hither';PULm"eeiy'p. (as of severalhundredcoconuts)',-mWey
'countingclassifierforpilesof
coconuts';CRN(a)-m"ey'top. thingsup', (a)-m'eya 'gatherandp. (things)up (as coconuts)';
WOLmneeu'group,a.',-m" ' 'counterforgroupsof things'.
PCK *mwia,mwiamwia'asthma, be short of breath':CHKm"'iiy,mniya-(n) 'cough, his c.',
'havea.';CRLmn"i'bepanting,
seriouscoughing';PULm^"iyam"iy
m"'iyemni
'a.,breathlessness,
outof breath';WOLmWiyem'iye
sweat,to sweat'.
'perspiration,
of peopleforanypurPCK*mwiica'meeting':CHKm"iich,m^'iiche-(n)
'meeting,gathering
m"'iird-(n)
'meeting,groupof peoplemeeting,council,m.
pose,group,team,m. of'; PULm"hiiR,
andCRNm^'iiR
of'; CRLmWiish
'meeting,conference,
personpresentata meeting,witness'.Cf.
WOLm"u'chchi
'to go, visit'.
PCK *mwiri-i-dupwu'after setting (of sun or moon)': CHK m^"iri-i-tupw
'afterglow in sky
< *mi"iri-li-tubu'aftermoon-set'.See PWMc *mWurifollowing sunset';WOLm"'iri-t-tubu
constructions
from
'set(of sun),go down'.Thesemaybe independent
'behind',PCK*dupwu3
thesameroots.
'not a., sick': CHK mîm"'en'be done, finished (as
PCK *mwmWele'able', *ta-mWmWele
with eating), be up to what it should be', se-mn'm'men,
-mn"m"mei-(n)
'sickness, sick, s. of' (lit. 'not
'be
good'); PUL mi'm"en'be a.'; CRLm"'m"el'a., capable', se-m"'m"el'not a.'; WOLmWmn'ele
'beimpossible,incorrect,
wrong,unable'.
possible,a.,good',ta-m"m"'ele
PCK*mwo'emphasismarker':CHKmt'o'fornow,forthetime,instead,atthattime(adverbial), even (Eyiwe m"'o'even Eyiwe'); CRL(ii) m"no'even he'; WOLmt"o'even, indeed, for the
PuA m"'o'too,again,yet(emphasismarker)'.
monlent(adverbial)';
'kindof s. f.'; PULm^'och,
PCK*mwocco'surgeonfish':CHKm"'oxxh
mn"ocho-(y)
(sic) 'a
'small sp. of s. f. (Acantmhrus
kind of small lagooon f., f. of'; CRLm^"otch,
mWutch
aliala)'; WOL
m^(chcho'a kindof f.'
PCK*mwor[ae]'strongwind':CHKm^"x'r,
m"ore-(n)'s. w., windy condition.s. w. of',
m"'or'be windy,be a s. w., be maderoughby thew.',m"'oro-(ti)'getrougheror windier';PUL
rnor(sic) 'blow(of wind)',moro-(l6)
(sic) 'blowitselfout(of a storm)';CRLm"'(xr's. w., gale';
m"'oorWOLm^'(xre,mor[a,el-'wind-storm',
m^"ore'bea s. w.'Cf.KIRm"ee'blowgently';WOL
agi 'breeze,lightorgentlewind'.Cf.PMc *maura'a coldorcough,breathehard'.
PCK *mworo 'to fall': CHKm"or,m"'mnor
mWôro-(tiw) 'f. or drop of its own accord (as ripe
'bestrewnwithcrumbsorgrainsof sand,trickle(of grainythings)';PULimor
ôrar"nor
fruit)',m"
'to f. (as
(sic) 'f. (as breadfruit)';CRLm"'or'to f. out, f. down, to shed (of leaves)', mWoro)mWor
rainor fruitfrom a tree)'; WOLm^'on, m W'onornoro'to f. (as breadfruitor false teeth), drop down,
be fallen', (ga)-m"'oro-(o)'let it f.' Cf. PONmtler 'f. in quantity(as rainor fruit)';MRSmn'ed 'lose
leaves(of trees),losehair';KIRmWno
'ripecoconutreadyto drop,be readyto drop'.
'finished':CHKm"'uutch,
PCK*mwiuccu
'be f., terminated';PULm"'ucc'be f.,
mmû"mich
used up (as a tape)'; CRLm"u/tch'be ended'; WOLm"'uchcht'complete'. Cf. FIJmnudu'cut off,
'to cut
ceased, ended', mutu,musu-ka'breakoff, cut crosswise', and guu, gudu-va,gutl gugutu-va
off, sever'; PEO *mutu 'cut off' (Geraghty( 983). Cf. PMc *mWotu'ended, finished'.
- 2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
307
PCK*mwuko'slowgrowing':CHKm'uk'be s. in g. (of personsandplants)'mwuko(n6)
'maledwarf',(peree)-m'uk'a dwarf,be dwarfed';PUL
'havelived a long time', (dte)-m"uk
mwuk'growslowly (as childor plant),be older(as people)';CRLmwugh,
mwughu-(16)
'grow
slowly,be smallin size', (li)-mwugh
'personwho does not grownormally';CRNm'ug 'old,
ancient,aged(of people)',(li)-mûg'personwhodoesnotgrownormally'.
PCK*mWuu,
CHK(e)'that,those(nearpersonaddressed)':
kka-mwuu-n[ae]
mwuu-n[ae],
MRT-mwu,-mWuu-n;
PUL(i)-mWu,
'there
m"uu-n,(e)-kke-mwuu-n;
(i)-kko-m'u,(i)-ko-mWuu-n
CRL(i)-mWu,
(i)-mwuu-landCRN(i)-m^'u,(i)-m'uu-n'thatone
(verynearpersonaddressed)';
(closeto hearer),thatone (closeto hearer,emphatic)';WOL(i)-m'uu,(i)-mwuu-le
(i)-kke-mw'uu,
'thatone,there(awayfromyou
(i)-kke-m'uu-le'that,those(nearyou,pointing)'.Cf. PONmWo
andme)'.
PCK*na- 'feminineprefix(withpersonalnamesof women)':CHKna-, nd-,ne-, ne-, non6-; PULna-,nri-,ne-;WOLla-. Cf. POc *na-'commonnounmarkingprefix'(FIJna-; BUG
na-; LAKla- < PNAK *na-).
PCK*naa, [ei]-naa,[ei]-kka-naa,kka-naa'that(byyou),those':CHK(e)-na, na, (e)kka)-na,(kka)-na;PUL(ye)-na,na, (kke)-na;CRL(i)-la;CRN(i)-na;WOL(i)-laa,(i-kke)-laa;
PuA (i)-na.Cf. KIRanne'that(notfaraway)'.
PCK*naana,kka-naana'that,those':CHK(e)-naan,naan 'that(at some distancefrom
kka-naan'those';PUL(ye)-naan, aan;CRL
speakerandaddresseebutvisible)',(e)-kka-naan,
CRN(i)-naan;WOL(i)-laale,laale,(i)-kke-laale,
kke-aale.
(i)-laali)-i)-kke-laal;
PCK*nata 'hole,pit':CHKnaas,nase-(n)'h.,p., h. of'; PULnah(sic),ndhi-(n);CRLlaws;
CRNnaah;WOLlaate'ditch',#laata-(a)'changeit intoa ditch'.
PCK*nekui,nnekii,nekuinekui
'tight':CHKnnuk'be t.',nuku'--(w)'tighten,makefirm';
'makeitt.',(em"'chu)
'learnit byheart'
nukui-(n)
(e)-nuiknk 'tightening,
makingt.',(e)-nuikurku
(lit.'holdittightly');PULnek/nek'bet., steady,firm,taut',neku'totighten';CRLllegh'bet. (of
CRN
knotor screw),bet. fitting,befirmlymuscled',leghlkgh'bestronglybuilt,wellconstructed';
nneg'bet (ofknotorscrew)';WOLlegUaieg'pulltomaket.,tie', lgaulgdU-u-(we)
'pullitt' Cf.PPC
*nekti,nekinekul'store,putaway',PMc *l[iulku'trust,believe,beconfident'.
to assault,k.',nnii-(y)'s., beat,
PCK*nii, nnii, niinii 'strike,kill':CHKninni'be assaulted;
or smitehim';MRTnni 'hit,k.',nnii-(ko)'hityou';PULni 's., hit,k.',nii-(y)'s. him',nii-ni'to
CRLlli 'to hit,beatCRNnni 'tohit,beat',lii-(y)'tohit(s.o.)';STWniini'to k.',
hit,k., murder';
lii-li 'engagein beating,hitting,killlii-(y)'k. him';WOLlii-(ye)'k.it, beatit', nnii,ninnii-(ye),
ing';PuA nii 'k.it,hitit'. Cf. KSRuni 'hitork. (s.o.),enwak'fight,k.,hit,s.'
PCK*niwa,niwa-idi 'afraid,be afraidof, a coward':CHKniw 'a., scared, frightened',
'bestartled,
bejumpy',
niwe-(yiti)'fear,be a. of', niw(o-(kku)
jumpwithfright,be apprehensive,
(e)-niwa'frighten
him,scarehim';MRTnuw6-(kkus)
'timid,a.';PULniyuw(sic)'bea.,scared,to
CRLlaw 'be a.,frightscared',(d)-niwa-(a)'tofrighten';
fear',niwe-(ti-y)
(sic) 'tobe frightened,
'bea.of(s.t.)',liwe-(ta)'coward';
CRNnuw'bea.,frightened',
ened',luwe-(eti)
nwe-(eti)'bea.of
WOLhlwe'bescared,a.,frightened',
luwa(s.t.)',niwe-(ta)'coward';STWnuw'a.,frightened';
'fearit,be a of it'.
'betimid,cowardly',
luwe-(eti-i)
(agi-li-i)'bea of him,fearit',luwe-(etaa)
PCK*nna 'appear':PULnna-td'to a. (as a distantshipor land)';CRLlla andCRNnna 'to
havejustappeared
(of vesselsorotherobjects)';PuA nna-aki'tobe shown,seen'.Cf.WOLnneya
'letitbe seen'.Cf.alsoPCK*nne-or *lle-'look'.
'beoutstanding,
ga-nneya-a
conspicuous',
PCK*nnakui'plantedbedof taro':CHKnnek,nneku-n'p.in a pattern(of t.), p. of'; WOL
nnagui'sectionof a t. patch'.
PCK*nnapeor *llape 'to thrust,push':CHKnndp'to t.';WOLnnape't., p. (againsts.t.),
forceone'sway'.
PCK*nnawa 'to cough':CHKnnaw,nawanaw;PULnnaw;CRLnnaw'c.,clearthethroat'.
Cf.PPC*laawa.
'havea
PCK*nne-or *lle- 'look':CHKnne-(to),
nmrne-(to)'lookhither',WOLnne-(li-mata)
(Blust1986:66).Cf.CHK(dc)-nejiner'glance,peeksideways',
quicklook';PAN*Ner,NeUNer3
(d)-neja'glanceat, look sidewaysat (s.o.)'.Cf. alsoPCK*nna'appear',PCMc *lelesa'true,
real',PMc *loo,loo-Si 'tosee,behold'.
3o8
PCK*-nni 'them(thirdpersonpluralinanimateobjectpm.)':PUL-nn,;CRL-11,WOL-nni;
PuA -nni.
PCK*noko 'stay,remain,be (ator in a placeor time)':CHKnonno-;
MRTno;-PULnonno;to a
attribution
POc *nopois notsupported
by theWOLfonmr
PCK*fiama 'incontrol,responsible':
CHKnemenmm,
'c., authority,herc.',
nemmenma-(n)
CRLIC,bib;, CRNno, noino;-STWlo' WOLlago. NotethatJackson's(i9gg9:0o)
neme-ni 'exertpower or c. over, supervise, gover, rule'; PUL namenam,nomenem'govenmment,
rule,authority,
c.', namdi-ni-y
rule,c.', neme-ni-(y)'to rule,govern,c.,
'government,
authority,
watchover(s.t.)';CRLlemelem,
'be in authority,
be responsible,havepower',leme-li,
Irncilemn
londi-li'takechargeof, takecareof, takeresponsibility
for';CRNnenon 'bein authority,
etc.';
WOLlnkUnew'to be responsible',
lemna
forit'. Cf. KSRIwem'lord,rulerof
li-(i) 'beresponsible
high rank',lwomi 'ruleover'.
PCK *ij[aeI 'and, but': CHKg~;PULIF g& CRL,CRN{je STW y; WOLo 'and,then'; ULI
y; PuA ga 'and, but,then'. Cf. MRSI)ey'when, if'; KIRke or'.
PCK*Iaall 'kingfish':CHK1jddn,igdni-(n) 'k., k. of'; PULija'adl;
CRL,CRNij(idl;WOL
Cf. MRSha1l'kingfish'.
._jaali.
PCK*iJaeIae'cryout';CHK Ii, Jdda'y'makea suddensoftnoise',Qdd-ii'makea sudden
soft scarynoiseat(s.o.)';CRLVfl7d-(ki)'to c. o.', nd{jzjd
'toc. o.';WOLgaaja 'c.,howl,hum',
(ge)-gaagaa-(y)'makehimc.' Sec also ROTyaa 'to squeal,squawk,neigh'.Cf. PMP *DJaqJ,
sound'andPMP *i.ak,iakiJak'raucoussound,shriek,screech,howl'
ija(ij)jaiJ'inarticulate
(Blust i980:i1i8- ii9).
PCK *j[ae]ntiwaniwa
'shiny': PUL ytniwana 'be bright but dark (as som-e cowries)';
CRL'diWliw'bes.';WOLy'Liweliiwe
'bes.,glitter,sparkle'.
PCK*ijaTa,ijaTagjaTa
'breathe':
CHKgas, 1jasay1as;
MRTyasaiJas;Puiiaha.yah 'b.,
'b.rapidly,
breath';CRLVyUV,gavaWvandCRN'ylj)ah,
{lwhayh'b.,breath,sigh';WOLyavsemase
be exhausted';
PuA gada;SNSyjada'b.,breath'.NotethatPuA andSNSd indicatesPCK*T.
PCK*geixei,iei-ti- 'peel,removeskin':WOLQ)eilei'to p. with barehands, pare, skin,
husk',yi-si-(i) 'top. (s.t.)';PuA Veije'takeoff the skinor fat layersof meat',r9ei-di'takeoff
(theskin),bite(meat)'.
PCK? *ielcjwa 'nameof Ngulu(islandandatoll),WesternCarofines':CHK zgtinii;PUL
Cf. YAPduluw.
OIuw (sic);WOLyehliwe.
'a tree':CHK1)9 (at. withsmoothseeds'(Benderet al. 1984);MRTgyJy'akind
PCK*UJna6i
oft.'; PUL 1 'a kind of t. (Alloplylus tinmoresis?)';STWipyy 'a kind oft.'; WOLigye'e"at. (AlloCf.PMc *i-JIeiIa
'ironwoodtrec(Pemphis
p)hylus
acida)'.
timorensis)'.
PCK*jUgiiri,
'to b., takethebait',Viri-i-(.)
igirfjiri,iiri-i 'to bite(baitby fish)':CHK1).yir
'b.(thebait)'.yiri3ir'bebitingthebait',CRLandCRNVigir'tonibbleon bait';WOLViri-i-(ye)
'b.
it (of a fishtakingbait)',giritn'lightfeelingof a fishbitingbait'.
PCK*"]olo'admire,envy':CHKVon,yonoinjon
'observewith pleastre, behold appreciatively';PULgd.i gdcxjl 'admire,praise';CRLigol'flirt,showoff', iyJol'beproud',9gob-ti(sic)
'beproudof (s.o.)';WOLiybo'bejealous',(ga)-gdo'makes.o.jealous'.Cf.KSRgAlA!?
'proudof
one'sin-group'.
PCK*ZIfCiiu
CRLgus/i,g4Sh; WOLgtisha
'bored,tired':CHKntich,nich'bedisappointed';
'bet.,b.,breathless,
hungry';PuA giisd'beb.,t.,weary'.Cf. PONyata-.
PCK*gfidt, ijuiidui'strong,resistant':
PULVl4t'be s. (of a ropeor current)';
CRLgglit 'be,
tough,be finr (of a person'sgrip)';WOLggite 'bedurable,unbreakable,
r.,rigid'.Cf. MRSgig
'clenchtheteeth'(lit. 'bitestrongly');KWA
'packedsolid,firm,compacted';SAA ('ala')-gighite
iij 'congested,tightiypacked'.
giyita's.'Cf. alsoPPC*djtid
PCK*ijTi,ii j6Tdi-,rgiTdi-ri-'to snort,blowone'snose':CRL gus 'to sniff, snort
'toscold,
throughthenose(so as to clearit)', gusuri. gtsii-ri'toblow(thenose)';CRNijailul-ri
'nasalmulcous,to
rebuke,reprimand(s.o.)'; STw giisti-ri'to blow (the nose)';WOLgguIisti
'consneeze,snivel,snort,blowthenose',gzisdi-i-(i)'sneezeat,snortat(s.t.)'.Cf.PPC*iyOd[itiJ
gested,tightlypacked',PCMc ? *ftlaollj[oL
Isi- 'blow(one'snose)'.
PCK*paca 'handle,tail(of fish)':CHKpaac/I,paIlca-(ni)'h.,itsh.',PULpaaR,pxaRi-n't.,h.,
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS
309
its t., its h.'; CRLpxash,pasha-(l) 'h.,tail (of fish), h. of'; WOLpaash peIha-(l)e 'h.,tail (of a fish),
itsh. ort.';PuApaCxa,pasa- 'tail(offish)'.Cf PEO*faRaRa'h.'(Geraghty
I990) (AROa-harara
'havingah.')andPMP*paRada'h.of anaxe'(Blust1989:155).SeealsoPWMc*paca,papacaor
PMc *paca,pacapaca'foot,flat'.
*capa,cacapa'adhere',
PCK*paccaai 'be hungry':PULpaccawu(sic) 'be h., hunger';CRLpetchaay,pitchaay;
Cf.CHKpachaaw'shark'.
WOLpechchami.
PCK*pada,padapada 'cool,bland':CHKpat,patapat'c., fertile';PULpatpat'c., damp';
CRLpat 'tasteless,bland,c. (of foodto be servedhot),warm(of foodto be servedcold)',patapat
'becold (of thingsorweather),feelcold(of people)';WOLpatepate'bewarm,mild,genial'.
PCK*pala 'tilted':CHKpan 'be t., tipped',pano-(n6) 't. away',pane-(noj) 't. inwards',
pane-(wu),pana-(wu)'t. outwards',(nee-y6no)-pan
pane-(tiw), panu-(tiw) 't. downards'
'early
PULpal 'belittlepastthezenith(of thesun)';CRL(le)-pal 'afterafternoon(when-sun-tilted)';
noon', (lee)-pali-(iy)'thisafternoon';WOLpale-(yalo)'afternoon'.Cf. PCMc *paria,paraki
'crossways',PCK*paTo,paTTo'motionless,still'.
PCK*pa-ni-waa'a fish' (lit. 'sideof canoe'):CHKpe-ni-wa;PULpd-ni-wa'a smallreef
CRNpe-ne-wa'sp. of rabbitf.' Cf.
f.'; CRLpa-la-wa'sp. of rabbitf. (Siganuscanaliculatus)';
PCMc *pe[ln]e-awa'a fish'.
PCK*parata 'windblownrainor spray':CHKparas 'spray,spume', parase-yi-set'sea
spray';MRTparas'rainthatcomesin dueto wind';WOLperase'to splash,sprinkle'(Benderet
'bescattered,
al. 1984:'tradewind'),
peraserase
dispersed'.PuA panada'bewindy,blow' looks
like a loanfromanotherChuukiclanguage.Cf. PKB*avala'year,wet season(northwestmonsoon)';PEO*qafarat'storm'(GeraghtyI990);POc *apaRat'monsoon'(Ross I988);UAN
*habaRat
'northwest
monsoon'.
(Dyen*habaRyate)
PCK*pare 'be surplus':CHKpdr'be s., extra';WOLpare'havea remainder'.
Cf. SAApanr
'beyond'.
PCK*paruii[iu]'bumpagainst':PULparuni-(y)'b.againstit, hit,collidewithit, strikeit';
b. intoit, encountermisfortune';
CRLparegi'intentionally
WOLparauu-(u)'pushit withgreat
force,shoveit'.
PCK*paripari, pari-i[aui] 'headcover':PULpaar 'hat,umbrella,hardbackof turtle',
parnpar'wearas a hat',pari-(y)'puton orwear(a hat)';CRLparni-,paru-ya-(l)'hat,covering,
'use as a hat';WOLparuperi'carryon thehead,puton the head',
foreskin,his f.', parniruuru
pari-ye 'hat,penis(metaphorical)',
parni-i-(u) 'putit on thehead,carryit on thehead';PuA
palipalt 'weara hat,carryon thehead',paxri-uy'shade,shelter,umbrella,hat,puton thehead,
carryon the head'. Cf. KIR(te)-lhau 'wreathfor the head, a crown, noose'.
PCK*pata 'spoken,said,uttered':CHK(a)-pasa'speak,utterit', (kka)-pas'talk,speech,
utterance,language,to talk,speak';MRT(a)-pasa,(kka)-pas;PUL(ya)-paha,(kka)-pah;CRL
(a)-pasa'to say (s.t.)', (kka)-pas'word,speech,talk,language';CRN(a)-paha'to say (s.t.)',
(kka)-pah'word,speech,talk,language';STW(a)-pasa,(kka)-pas;WOL(ga)-peta-(a),(kke)pate;PuA tapa 'speakaboutit'. Cf. PONpada-(ak)'preach,lesson,teaching',pada-(akii)'to
teach,instruct';MOKpada-(ak)'teach,instruct,learn,instruction,lesson',pada-(aki)'teach,
instruct(s.o.),learn(s.t.)'.Cf. alsoSAApaa-(lahe)'topraise'(lahe'praise');KWAxaa-(tqfe-a)
'topraise,extoll'(tq. 'praise').
PCK*paTo,paTTo 'motionless,still':CHKp66s,pp6s 'steady,stable,m.';PULppohh'be
stable,steady,s., m.';CRLp"pw6ss
(sic) 'becalm,stable,steady';WOLpasso'bepeaceful,calm,
settledown';PuApado'bes.'
'be aslant,tilted',
PCK*paye or *peya 'slant,tilt':pay,pcy 'slant,tilt',(kko)-pay,
(kko)-pdy
(a)-paya, (d)-pdya 'cause to tilt'; WOLpeye 'to bend, bend over (as a tree)', (ga)-ppeye 'to lean,
incline',(ga)-peya-a'to slantit, bendit'. Cf. PuA pe-(tio)'benddown',pe-(take)'bendup'. Cf.
alsoPCK*pala'tilted'.
PCK *p[ae]cakkfila 'strength,power, force, good health': CHK p&chekkun,pechekkuna-
WOLpeshdkule.
peRakkdla-(n);
(n) 's.,his s.';PULpeRakkcl,
PCK *pecee 'leg': CHKpeche pechee-(n) '1.,1.of'; MRTpEshe,pshee-(n); PULpeRe; CRL
peshe;CRNpeRe;STWpiRe;WOLpeshee.Cf. MRSlijjipdew'weakin thelegs',pede-(n-pay),
3Io
pedyi-(npay) 'a cloudformationpredictinga typhoon';KSRpAsra-(nniye) 'topof the foot',
pistra-(n
paco) 'backof thehand'.See alsoPMc *paca,pacapaca'foot,flat'.
PCK? *pee 'to die':CHKpe,pee-(no) 'lose consciousness,die', pee-(kkus)'be exhausted,
weary(physically)',(soo)-pe'demon,ghost(deadperson)';CRL(soo)-pe'ghost';WOLpeya(agusu)(sic) 'be exhausted,tiredfromhardwork';PEO*beqo(PLK*peho 'die').Cf. BUG
babto'tired';KWAkweo'tired,weak'.
CHKpe 'bee.',pee-n 'e. containeror shell',
PCK*pee,pee-n[iu]'empty(as a container)':
e. c.
(a)-pee-(w) 'makeit e.';MRTpee-n 'e.';PULPe,pee-n 'bee.',pee-n, pee-ni-n 'e. container,
STW(ya)-pee-(w)'e. it';
of'; CRLpc 'be e.', (a)-pee-(w),
(a)-pee-(w) 'e. it',pee-l 'e. container';
WOLpde 'bee., be vacant';PuA pee 'e.';SNSpewu-rU(sic) 'e.'See alsoPCK*p&ra'coconut
PCK*ppeeor *ppau'playwitha ball',PMc *peo'brnshaside'.
shellcontainer',
PCK*peeC'flower':CHKpee-,pee-n'f.,blossom,f. of'; PULpee-n, pee-yi 'f. of', -pe 'f. (in
counting)';CRLpee'f.,blossom';WOLpee-(rare)'kindof yellowf.',pe-(eshe) 'kindof white
f.' Cf.PONpeepe'f. of thebreadfruit
tree';MOKpow-(weij)'akindof f.'
PCK *pee2 or *palu 'measure': CHK(ka)-pe 'm. (especially of length and width as with a
ruler)',(a)-pee-(w)'m. it'; PUL(ka)-pd'm. distance(as a canoelength)';WOLpee 'measurement,be m., match,be measured',(ga)-pe-(we)'m. it, matchit', (kka)-pee'ruler,anykindof
'tom.'
measurement
device',(kka)-pee-pee
CHKpder,peere-(n)'emptywhole c. shell (with
PCK*peera 'coconutshellcontainer':
meatremoved),e. s. of'; PULpeer,peerr-n'flask,c. s. container';CRLpeer 'c. s. container';
Cf.PCK*pe, pe-n[iul 'empty(as a container)'.
WOLpeere'c. s. usedas toddycontainer'.
PCK*perewu'beachrock':CHKpiru,piruu-(n)'b. r.,b. r. of'; PULporoow'sandstone';
WOLporou;PuA polw. Marck's(1994:317)combiningtheseformswithKIRb'aa andMRS
i'ar to reconstruct
PMc *p'arois opento somequestion.
'starchflourthatis theresiduewashed
PCK? *p[eo]wu'residual,spilled':(o)-pu,(o)-puu-n
fromturmericfor dye or frommaniocor arrowrootfor food'; WOLpou 'be spilled(of solid
'to dump,spill',(ga)-pou-wa'spillit, dumpit';PuA (ka)-ppou-a
stuff),dumped',(ga)-poupou
(sic) 'powderedsweetsmellingwood(usedby womento rubon theirtemples)'.Thereareproblemshere.
PCK*peyiyaor *payiya'a grave':CHKpeyiya-(s),peyiya-(se-n)'g., g. of', peyiya-(se-ni)
'buryhim';PULxpY,pcya-n 'g., g. of'; CRLpety,peya-'g.',peya-(s),peya-(sa-)'grave';WOL
peiyepeiya-(li);PuA peia.Cf.MOKpey'cemetery'.Cf.alsoPCMc *pei'stonestircture'.
PCK *piike 'nameof presentPikelotIsland,CentralCarolines'(meaning 'sandyislet'):C HK
piik;PULpiik;WOLpiige.NotethathereCHKpreservesthefinalk.See PMc *pike'sandislet'.
PCK*piipii, pii- 'examine,inspect,watch':CHKppii-y'examine,inspect,havea look at',
MRTppi 'lookatexamine,find';
(e)-ppii-y'holdupto view,holdupforinspection';
(e)-piipii-y,
PULpiipii-y'inspect';CRLpiipi 'tolook,watch,search',piipii-y'lookfor(it),watch(it),examine(it)';STWpiipi'lookatorfor';WOLpiipii'lookat,gaze,watch',piipii-ye'lookatit,watchit'.
PCK*pin[ae]ku'bundle':CHKpinuk,pinuku-n'tiedb.',-pinuk'b.(in counting)',ppunuk
'betiedin a b.';PULpindk,pindki-n'b.(asof firewood),b. of'; CRLpelegh'b.(ts of firewood,
'make(it) intoa b., b. (it)';WOL-pilegt 'b. (in counting)',
coconuts)',pilughu-w,pilughiu-uw
pil,egt-we'b.it';PuA pinaku.Cf. KIRnuku-ma'b.,package,to foldin a b.';KSRap 'b.,pack',
api 'to b.,pack(s.t.)',nuk'b.,pack';LAKpilu'tofoldup,to foldunder(asa leafapronwhensittingdown)';PMP*piluq'tofold'(BlustI983-4:96).
CHKpiin,pini-n't.,p., t. of', pin 'be t., forbidden,prohibPCK*pini 'taboo,prohibition':
from(s.t.)';PULpin
ited',pini-iy't.it,p. it',pini-ni'beundera t. in regardto (s.t.),be prohibited
CRLpiil,pili-n'forbidden
'bet, forbidden,
sacred,'pini-ni-y'tokeep(it)holy(astheSabbath)';
WOL
piili,pili-'t.,restriction
(saidto be
thingoraction,f. t. of', pil,ppil 'besacred,t.,forbidden';
a loanfromSatawalese).
PCK*pitaki 'goods,chattels':CHKpisek,piseki-n'movableg.', piseki.sek'be richin g.,
wealthy';CRLpisegh'belongings,valuablepersonalpossessions',piseghisegh'be rich';WOL
'g.';PONpisek'free,idle,
pitegi'belongings,g.';ULIpiteg'thing,possession'.Cf. PULpeyirrik
CHAM
MOKpijek'befree,available';
'g.'
untroubled';
unconcemed,
petkcbs
PROTO-MICRONESIAN RECONSTRUCTIONS -2
3"I
PCK *ppakui 'even, matched, simultaneous': CHKppgk 'in conjunction, at the same time,
in unison, together',pgUpgki-(Vyaw) 'be uneven, not uniform, badly matched'; PULppak 'be
exact,punctual,exactly';-ppagh'simultaneously,
together,at thesametime';WOLppagai'be
even,equal,atthesametime,evenly,equally,be complete,be agreedupon'.
PCK*ppala 'hill':CHKppar4ppJxe-(n)'hillside,steepslope,sideof (a hill)',panapan'be
hilly,steep';MRTppal;CRLppal,ppala-(1)'h., h. of, be steep';STWppan.Cf. KIRbabane
'skilledin climbing'.See alsoMarck(I994:319)PCK*ppala.
PCK*pp" or *ppaii 'playwitha ball':CHKppg 'hollowball';PULppe'to hit(asa ball)';
CRLPP4/'tobounce(asa ball)',p9-1i 'tobounce(a ball),hit(a baseball)';WOL
ppeg 'hita ball,
PMc *peo'brushaside'.
playbaseball'.See alsoPCK*pee,p&-n[iul'empty(asa eontainer)',
PCK*ppjjjjj 'closed,covered':CHKppliY
'beshut,closed,coveredwitha lid',(g)-ppiy'lid,
'bedeaf'.
pw,7U-J
cover',((9)-ppi 'puta lidon,closeup,shut';PuA ipp4 'bedeaf'.Cf.CRL
PCK*piijii 'to fall':CHKPriiJ'f. (asrainor as on slipperyground)',ptiVu-(tiw)
'f. down';
'tof. down',pwvau-(show)
MRTpaDaii-(t~w)
PULpi4i 'tofall(asrain)',ptavi-(fiw)
(sic) 'rainfall';
'f. away,be lost';CRLPtiV'trip,f.', (a)-pa 'let(it) f. (asmosquitonet),
'to f. down',ptiqji-(16)
let down(hair)';STwpligy'to f., rain',ptiVtd-(tiw)
'f. down';WOLpiippa1,Ji
'to be falling';ULI
'smallwaterfall';MRSbwijyw
'f.'; KIRbwug
ppuj; PuA pui4ti,SNSputigt.Cf. PONkoro-pwuVJ
'be
See also
down,
'going
descending',buwuibwuy long(of hair),flooding(aftermiscarriage)'.
PCMc *rpuij[iul'descend,get lower'.
PCK*pi, p uiijpxjti 'makea sudden,loudnoise':CHKpag 'pop, crack,sound sud'makea poppingnoise',puagt-ri'make(s.t.)pop,crack,
denlyandsharply,explode',puaguapuag
g 'thump(as a ship'smotor),roar(as
explode';PULp'g 'to breakor slap(as waves)', iguipui
WOLU,i ,pi 'heavysound,roaringsound,
thunder),
anythumpingnoise(asby a hammer)';
to roar,makea loudnoise',pputiui'to boom,makea hollowdeepsound,explode';PuA pu'Vi
'toboom,explode'.
PCK *pwaa 'spoiled, rotten':CHKpwa,pwaa-; PULpwa; CRLbwa,bwaa-'be r. on one side
(of fruit)';WOLbaa;PuA pwa(sic).
PCK *pwaapwa'later':CHKpwaapw'1.,at a future time'; PULpwaapw;CRL-"'Vaafw;WOL
&tabe.
PCK *pwaaul,'dance': PULpwaay 'd., song, to d., to sing'; CRLfvaay 'generic term for tra-
ditionaldancesanddancing';STWPIraay'kindof d.';WOLlxiaa,bwaaui-(l)
'd.,d. of'. Cf. MRS
'ad. formimportedin post-colonial
timesfrom
stickd.';KIR(te)-Hvaaten?
(je)-bah 'Marshallese
theElliceIslands(WHG)'.Cf.alsoPCK*pwaa63'deathritual'.
PCK ? *pwaaii2'bamboo': CHKpwaaw,paw(iCw-;PULpwaay,-;CRLIf aay; WOLpwaati.Cf.
PEO*pwaRu
(KWAwalu).PuA papwuandKSRpxmpuareloansfromEnglish.Cf. PONPEEli,
YAPpuw;SAAqe'i 'b.withclosejoints';UAN*be[tTùIJ.
MRSbwahyey,
(kew)-fwah;
'tabooon thegatheringof food aftera
PCK*pwaauj3'deathritual':CHKpwaaw,
pwaawu'andredistribution
death';WOLbacia'rite, ceremonialaceumulation
duringfuneraltaboo'.Cf.
PCK*pwaau,'dance'.
PCK ?*pwaali,pwpwaaui
'rolledcigaretteorcigar': CHK pwpwaaw 'r. c. or cigar',
c. (incounting)';WOLbblaai'roll
'roll(a c. or cigar)';CRL-pwpwaay
'hand-rolled
pwpwaawi-ni
'rollit up'.
baai-i-(ye),
bxaai-li-i-(ye)
upcigarettes',
PCK *pwadii 'scar': CHKpwpwgt,
pWYti-(n),pw&apwt 's., his/her s., be scarred';MRTPwCgt,
'scarredone'; WOLbaatIi,
pw(fipw9t; PULpwaat; CRL/fvaat,If ata-(1),bvataiwat;STW(1ika)-pwat
batti-; PuA pl"aatai,pwatUi-.Cf. PON pat, pWet,(aw)-pwet; MOKpwcs; YAP.faath. Jackson
(1986:229,fn.4) givesPPC*pwadu.
PCK *pwaduir[eiil 'tennite': CHKpwg(lr,;
pwef1aa-;
WOLbbattire.Cf. CRLp"'pH'attir
'lep-
rosy'.
PCK *pwai,pwaipwai,pai-Ti- 'untied, loosen, untie': CRL bweibwey'to untie, 1., undo',
'beu.';WOLIbiibei,
Ivadi-si
'tountie(s.t.)',If di-sdgh,Ifvai-scigh
bai-tegi;PuApwaipwai,
baii-si-(i),
'beloose,nottightlyscrewed'.Cf.KsRfirJt'u.,loosened',firrti-n'untie
pwai-diandpwai-(tete)
or 1.(s.t.)',fortwe 'unraveled,
untie,unbind'.Cf.alsoSAAqeli'tobe raveled'.
disentangled,
312
PCK*pwaia 'pearloysterandshell':CHKP"'eey,
#p"eeyi-,
#p11P1'eyY,
'p. 0.', p4Yyi#frp4pweyi(ker) 'coconut grater(grating-shell)';PULpWiy,p,wdyd4-(y) (sic) 'p. s.', p"'ayi-(kMri-iy)
'grateit';
CRL arddy,
hibiscuscloth',IP'#iy'to shred(of
fr-'dyi-,
frey, bwei-'shinyshellusedfor shredding
hibiscuscloth)',bdi&-(ghar),
'coconutgrater';CRN4r'ez-(gdr)
'coconut
bwei-(ghar)
bwee-(ghar),
grater';WOLIxiiye'kindof shell'.
PCK *pwaipwai, pwai-di- 'divide food into small portions': CRL hweibwey'to d. breadfruit
intos. p.',bwei-ti,
intos. p.';WOLbai-ti'poundedtarothatis dividedinto
fr'di-ti'd. (breadfruit)
a backformation
froma verb*airti4-(i)'d.it').
squaresections'(presumably
PCK *pwakui,pwpwakii'be awake at night': CHKp"pre'/4 p"'IpAui- 'lie awake at night, visit
a sweatheart',
'lie awakeuntil',p4pweYj.-aw'keepwatchon her(a brother'swife) at
pIpYe'ki-iti
'wakehimup',pK'akei-aw
'watchover';
night';PULp'ak 'wakeup, standguard',(ya)-pw'akti
WOLbbagd'havea planto do s.t.(usuallybad),beproud(refenring
to a sweetheart)',
bxbaga-i-we
'beproudof it (thinkingaboutaccomplishing
a goal)';PuAIP-ak 'haveaplanto do s.t.(usually
bad)'.Cf. PWMc *pwaku'open(asbudorblossom)'.
PCK *pwala 'also, in addition':CHKJivan;MRTpfl(a (sic); PULp'al; CRLItJ4al;
STWp"an,
KSRpE-.
JP'a;WOLpwaLe,PuA pxana
(sic).Cf.MRSIhar'again,more';KIRnahxa
(<*bana?);
PCK*pwaiji,'artof riggingandconstruction':
CHKp'ddin,pweni-'artof riggingor righting
an overturned
canoc',(d)-pKen
'teaching,learning,orperforming
rigging';PULp'aji-(y) 'right
(a canoc),move(s.t.heavy)',(ya)-pl'ay,(ya)-pwayji-(y)'teachingartof rightinga canoe';CRL
frdtidy,
frPdyi-'specialknowledgerelatingto housebuildingandrepairandprotectionof constructedobjects';WOLbwy~i,bay- 'expert knowledgeof houseor canoebuilding'.Cf. PCK
*pwq]i, 'martialart'.
PCK *pwat)i, 'martialart':CHK PKdana'tl
'martialart',#p fljaiani(n),
p'ni-n 'i.
a. of',pl'ni-i-y
usem. a. against',(4)-pEn'teaching,lerniing,orperformance
of m. a.';PULp'aiyi-y 'fightwith
'teachm. a.'; CRLbldd.dg,
'martialart',(a)traditionalm. a.', (ya)-pllcay,
(ya)-p"'ayi-y
bhdiajii'i. a.,(ge)-baji'lean m. a.
frThifraij,(4)-fraijifraij'to wrestlewiths.o.';WOLfraai, b"ayii-;
Cf. PCK *pwqJi, 'artof rigging and construction'.
PCK*pwaraka'brave':CHKp"'ara,
CRL
p4'araa-(yiti)'b.,be b.in itspresence';PULpl"ara;
Ivar,frH'orac,
frura;WOLberage.
PCK *pwarika 'itch': CHKpwerikpwerikerik 'i., have a ticklish irritation(as in the throat)';
PULprdriik;
CRLfrHdrigh;
CRNrvdrig;WOLIxirige'beitchy,havea stingytaste'.
PCK *pwa[tyli 'pinch': CHK -pwey,-pl:eyi-'p.or morsel of food (in counting)', (ni)-pJp?'q,
'landcrab(pincher)';CRLb44'dy4'-(l)
-pllpwcyi'portionof (preparedbreadfruit)';WOLbai(kkeshi)'top.' Cf. PONmpwa'hermitcrab';MOK(umu)-pl'a'hermitcrab';SAAqa'i-(ao)'large
hermitcrab'(cio'h.c.')
PCK*pwaya'swarmof fish'.See PCK*pweyaor *pwaya'swarmof fish'.
PCK*pwa6irtael 'kindof fish':CHKpll'wdir,#p1Ywtirti-'kind of pompano fish'; PUL
CRLfr"6uri-(yap)
'redfishwithlargeeyes similarto the snapper';WOL
p4awui,p",awtira-(y);
xauire.
PCK *pwedai 'be fat (as a person)': PUL pwot'ay,
fr'uteey'be f., obese
p'Yt6y; CRLbwut6ldy,
Cf. MRTp4'&tWr~k
'to expand(as
(of personsor animals)';STWpwe1ay;WOLbeiai;PuA pKatai.
thestomach),to ripen';MRSIr'6lahtah
'verygreat,exceedinglyrare,eminent,majestic';KSR.fxt
'fat'(Englishloan?).
PCK *pweeyya 'a fish': CHKpweeyav,pweeyaven) 'pompano fish, p. f. of'; CRN bwevah
'jack crevally'. Cf. PCK *pwpweya'a fish'.
PCK*pwekipweki,li-pwekipweki
CHKp4 isip4lis 'move one's
'flapnoiselessly,butterfly':
lips withoutmakingany noise', ni-pwisipwis
'butterfly'(lit. 'silenttogetherbeater');PULIiCf.
'b.';CRLli-fr'eifwogh
'b.';CRN1i-haX)g0#og
'b.';WOLli-begibegi
'b.,caterpillar'.
p%4ekip"le,k
PONlikepip'flap (of wings)';MRS pikpik'flutter,flapping(of wings)';KSR pikpik'flutter,
flap
(wings)rapidly'.
PCK *pwele[ael 'kind of fish'. CHKp'ene 'a f. of the bass family'; PUL pt'ele; CRL hbe1e
'ediblef.':Woi-elaa.
- 2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
313
PCK *pwete 'mildewed': CHKpey 'be m.', p'eyi-(n) 'm. state of'; STWpweyipwey
'old, rot-
ten(of fish)';PuA pwede'beold,rotten'.Cf. KIR(te)-ed4'ee(? <*(te)-frete)'mildew'.
PCK *pweti 'finished, old': CHKp"'i'f., done, ceased'; PULp"'ey'leave (as a spouse)'; CRL
frey'beo., decayed,frayed(ofthingsonly)';WOLhesi'o.(notnew)';PuA p'/e (sic) 'o.,rotten'.
PCK *pWeyaor *pWaya'swarm of fish': CHKpWHci-n
(iik) 'sighting of a school of fish';
CRLbwid'a swarmof fish';WOLhbaa'to swarm(of fish)';PuA p4'aa'to swarm(of fish)'.Cf.
PMc *pWawu'fishing pole'.
'h.(forheadandneckin clothing),h. of'; WOLbiiye,
PCK*pwia'hole':CHKpwii,pwiye-(n)
pWiabiya- 'h. (oftenreferringto the femalevagina)',biye-ri-(i)'makea h. in it'; PuA pWiia,
'hole(referring
to woman'svagina)'.
PCK*pwii-ta[ln]o'postto whichloombeamattached':
CHKpwii-s6n,-sonu-'upright
posts
to whichwarpbeamof a loomis attached';
WOLbii-salo'loom,flare-lineof houseor canoe'.
PCK*pwikili'seed':CHKkip'in(<*p'ikin)'s.',kipwini-(ttiun)
'a stormgod'; PULp%'ikil;
CRNbwugil'edibleseedsin onevarietyof breadfruit';
WOLbigili'nut',bigili-(ssigi)'whirlwind';
PuA pHikini
'nut(of a fruit)'.Cf.PCK*pwuku
or *pwiku'sprout(of a seed)'.
PCK *pwili 'to troll': PULpwili-(y) 'to cast as for bonito'; WOLbili 'to t. (in fishing)'; PuA
pwini'trolling,to t.'
PCK *pwiri,pwpwiri'fart':CHKp' p^'ir,p"'Hpiri-;PUL p^'ir;CRLpW4pW
ir; WOLbbiri. Ger-
aghty(199o)wronglyinfersa PMc *pirifromtheWOLformandequatesit withhisPEO*puRu
'makea trumpetnoise'.
PCK *pwolowado 'name of Puluwat Island': CHKpw0now6t;MRTpdolowat;PULpolowat
(sic);CRLbfolowat;WOLhlowate.Theinitialvowelof theWOLformis unexpectedandsuggestsit maybe anold loan.
PCK*pwomwo,
'characteristic
motion(of s.o. or s.t.)':CHKpvWRnw,
pwomwo-nip"'ao'a-n
'gesture(of thebody),motions(of a thing),g. of', p'ovnWe-ey
'gesturewith,performthemotions
with(s.t.)';PULp"wn"'
rendition',
(sic) 'imitation,
performance,
pon"'o-ni-y 'imitate(it),enact
(it),perform(it)';CRLppwcanwo-li 'tofeignaggressionat,raiseone'shandas if to strike(s.o.)';
WOLPOrnWo
(sic) 'gesture(asin dance),posture',pon'o-li-i(sic) 'actit, imitateit'.
PCK *pwono 'have s.t. in the eye': PULpW
on; CRLbfol; CRN f"'on;WOLboolo, bdo- 'for-
eignparticle(ineyes)'.Cf. PONp'Udl'haves.t.in one'seye';MRSpey'k 'gets.t.in one'se.'
'b. t., t. b. by him'; PULp"'on,
PCK? *pwonu'borrowedthing':CHK#pW'iun,
pWunu-(n)
(sic) 'b.t.,t. b.by you'.
pWonui-(m)
'to staylong,be d., lastlong';CRLb'uyi,bt'oji'takea
PCK*pworjiya
'delayed':PULpWo'ji
long time,havebeenin a placefor a longtime,havebeensedentary';WOLboyiye'be quitea
'todelayit'.Cf. KIRfb'ojata'prolonged
in time'.
while,be d.',(ga)-baoiya-(a)
PCK ? *pWpW[ae]
'gill arch':CHKpWpWa-(n),
pwpwe-(n)'its g. a., g. a. of', (sdndi)-papw,
'Moorishidolfish',(senee)-pH
'kindof surgeon
(sAne)-pWapwa#(seee)-pWe-(n)(< *sene-p'ppw)
fish,s. f. of'; PULp"p'e-(n)'boneof (fish)to whichventralfinsareattached',
(hele)-pp",(hele)'pectoralfin
(associatedin CHKlorewithsurgeonfish);CRLp"pWa-(n)
pHpwe-(n)'earthquake'
andattachedboneof a fish';WOLhbe-'lowersideof headof a fish'.Cf.Tonga(lau)-mwa
'gills'.
PCK*pwpweya
'a fish':PULpWp'ey'deep-seafish (stageof skipjack?)';WOLhbbye'fish
thatstaysneara driftinglog'.
PCK*pwpweye
'blister':CHKp"'P'oy,
'be
P"P'oyi-(n)'bescalded,scaldingof'; PULpW%oy
blisteredby a bum';CRLpWpwey
'bumon theskin,bumblister';WOLbhye 'redmarkresulting
froma bur', (ga)-bbhya-(a)
'causeit to turnredby burning'.Cf. PONmpWey
'ball,stomach,
'tobum,scald,caumlpet'tob.';MOKp'olol'tob.';KSRJfio-k
sphere';mp"el'b.,fromsunburn',
LAKxalulu'havea hives-likeswell'tohurt';TONfaa'b.,be blistered';
terize,sear';PuApwpwali
ing'; ROTpo'o,po' 'to b., be blistered';FIJboo-(daka) 'b.,be blistered';andPEO*faRa'b.'
thatincludes
mpv-'protrusion'
(Geraghty1990). ThethreePONformsarepartof a phonestheme
'budof a flower', mpwi'dropof water',mpwokos
also mpWek
'hunchback',mpwos 'a boil',
'lowhill',andmpfi'bamacle',amongothers,andmaythushavebeensubjectto innompfaunmp
vativeforces withinPON.Cf. also PMc ? *pweLe'blister' posited by Goodenough (1995:77).
3I4
PCK ? *pWpwU1o
'nameof PuloAnnaIsland,WesternCarolines':PUL PPU1,CRLp`P"'u1,
WOLbhdo. Note thatsome of these could be loans as easily as inheritedforms.
PCK *pwpwuro,pwuro-qi-, pwuroijaki 'peel, scrape': PUL ptira-Vi-(y)(sic) 'p. it (as bark
or banana)',p;ur0-{ja-a-(16)
'scrapeor p. it off', p'uri-Daki-(16) (sic) 'bepeeledoff (of sun'to be peeled. skinned(of fruits.vegetables, or animals)', &ruru-yji
's..
burnedskin)': CRLpwpH'ur
'to be
p. (s.t.)'; WOLbhiro 'to p., be peeled (as a banana)', buro-(i-(i) 'p. it, pare it', Hr!uro-,-agi
peeled, pared';PuA pl'uIo(-{i'to p. (skin)'. Cf. AROhUm)'to rub the body'.
PCK *pwpwfjJlj, pwiThj..wa-'spouse, married':CHKptiinui-wa-(n) 'his/her s.', pl'uinii-we-ni
pwvapwfianu 'be m.'; PULpuli-wa-(n) (sic) 'his/hers.', (ya)-p'up'acquire(s.o.) as a s.', p"pHulini,
w 'tomany,becomem.',hPtihiii-we-li
'to
,pHu/u(pin)'to be i.'; CRL I'Phli-wa-'s.', YL4'pHp4Htihi
narry (s.o.)'; STWptihii-wa-(n)'his wife'; WOLhhtiht 'to hold (as holding a baby)', hbihi-we
'i. couple, to get i.', p"'awdi-ki'to many
'hold it (e.g., a baby)'. Cf. PONp%'owd
's.',pwopHonwd
(s.o.)'; MOKp'opH'wd 'i. couple, to be i.'; MRSpaleye- 'spouse'; KIRfruu-(na) 'his/her s.'
WOLhuga-a, PuA pHuka.
PCK *pwuka-a 'boil (fcod)': PuLpH"uka;
'at the estate' (a place name); CRL
PCK *pwukota 'property,estate': CHK (nee)-plH,ukoS
h'ughos, bwughUS,
&rughaRa-1
'property,his p.'; WOLbugoie'family,home, village, estate'; PuA
p'ukota- 'estate,relatives'.
PCK *pwuku or *pwfikfi 'sprout(of a seed)': PUL pl"rik;CRLp"pwugIh;CRN pH"pH
ug. Cf.
also PMc *pwere'to sprout,blossom', PCK *pikili 'seed'.
'b. it'; MRTpJ"'til'b.,
PCK *pwWl116,pwpwilih 'break':CHKp,,'iiin,ppl"tin 'b.',p"tnrinni-(tiiw)
snap', p4alupHilhi-a'(tew)'b. it down'; PULpH'1li'b. (as a stick)', pHil/lu(sic) 'to b. (s.t.)'; CRL
&Oull'be broken or fractured(of long things)', ftullu-u-(w) 'to b. (s.t.)'; WOLbiinnti 'be broken
(of lung objccts)'; PuA pHpH'ini'to be smashcd'. Cf. PCMc *pwclu'break'.
PCK ? *pwurako, pwuraako 'emit smoke': PUL p"'uro'k(sic); CRL bhlur6kk'very heavy
smoke, be extremely smoky'; STWpHur6k,-WOLburaago 'smoke, steam, emit smoke'; PuA
o (sic); SNS frulogo. Cf. PONpI'urak'spit out'. Cf. POc *bwaku[rRI'smoke' (Ross i988)
pH~uldc
(SAA qi'u 'to s.'; ARO&'a'u 'to s. thickly') and Blust 1982 PMP *burak 'white'. Cf. Marck
(1994:325) PCMC *p'u(rako).
PCK*pwuro,pwuropwuro'bubble,foam': CHKpHuropH
pwuropH"uroUT; MRTplHIur6pwor,
pH'ur 'be boiling, be in a lather',pH'uro-(tc4 'come in (as the
(n); PULpH"ur'boil (as water)', pH
burr- 'high tide', bin 'be high
ur,;WOLbuuro,
tide)'; CRLfr"ur'to be high tide'; STWp'HuropH
tide', buroburo'bubbles, f.'; PoA pH"uulo
pulVo- 'high tide', pulopulo'bubbles, f.' Cf. PMc
'foam', PONpwolol 'bubble'.
*PWwI[SS10
PCK *pwuyu 'flow, go, move'; CHKp"'UU(with directionalsuffixes) 'f. (of water)',p'uuWp'u
'f. of a stream',pHuu-ri 'cary or wash it along (in f. of a stream)';PULp"'U'f. (asblood', pHwUUJqy4u
'river';CRLfrU 'to f.', full'tau 'be running,flowing'; WOLbii-, buu-(with dir.suffixes) 'g., i.';
PuA p-i-(take) (sic) 'g. or come up'. Cf. PONP"il 'f. (of water)'; MRSbh"ewe1-(tMeqti)
'overflow
of water', he 'f.'; KSR.fAI'slip, drop, slide'; pud'fall with a splashing sound' (an apparentloan);
YAPluul',maluuld'f., stream,run(of water)';FIJkui 'f.', vuu'wash, cleanse with water';TONpuu
'rinseout the mouth'; ARO miu
'go down, descend'; ROTpUn'descend' (loan from TON),pUUpUU
'drip, fall (of water)'; LAKpUn 'fall (as rain),drop'; BUGpulu-jagi 'sink, submerge', puru-sagi
'overflow'; PPN *pulu 'soaked'; PKB *puru 'be fallen, descend'. Cf. also Marck (1994:319)
who reconstructsPMc *p'ulu 'fall, flow' while noting the PCK irregularloss of PMc *1, and
Goodenough (1995:77) who posits PMc *pwuLu'flow', for which this loss would be regular.
PCK *raki, rakiraki, raki-i- 'repeatedly,ponder': CHK -res, resi-(n), -rek 'repeatedly,
again and again', rekirek'to think, go over in one's mind', reki-i-(y) 'think it'; PUL rdikiradk
'think', rdkir-ki-(y) 'think it'; CRLraighirdgh'be thinking, remembening',raghi-i-(y) 'think it
over, debate it'; WOLragi 'be counted, kept trackof', ragiregi 'be arranged,put in order,lined
up', ragi-i-(ye)'go throughevery one of them'. Cf. KWAlh'a, la 'u 'again, another,more'.
PCK *rakici 'a tree (Calophyllim)': CHKrekiCh,rekichi-(n);MRTrekiish;PUL rtdkiR;CRL
rdghish;-CRN rtgiR; STw rdkiR;WOLragishi. MRSlik'ej, liwq' 'Calloplhyllwn'appearsto be a
loan from a Chuukic source. Cf. YAPragich 'a type of tree'.
- 2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
315
PCK*rako-mi'embrace,hug(s.o.)':CHKro(-mi;PULr66-mi-(y)'holdon to it';CRLr66mi;WOLrago-mi-(i)'hughim,embracehim,wrapit up'.Cf. UAN*dakep'embrace'.
PCK*ratirati,rati-i- 'cut,removeby cutting':CHKreyirey
'cutting,surgery,slicing,be cut
'cutit, sliceit';PULrdyirdy,
rdyi(sic) 'tocut,sever';
(witha knife),sliced,operatedon', reyi-i-(y)
CRNrdrey'cut,slice';WOLrasiresi'toremoves.t.withaninstrument
(asinremovingmeatfroma
it'.See alsoPCK*ree,reeree'tosaw'.
clam),getridof,eliminate',rasi-(i)'removeit,eliminate
PCK*rawa 'cookingpot':CHKraaw,rawe-n'metalc. p.,p. of'; PULraaw,rawo-n'tincan,
CRLraaw,rawe-l'c.p.',rawa'cook(s.t.)in a pot';WOLraawe'c. p., ironpot'.
container';
PCK*rece 'tern':CHKrech 'atern';PULreeR'smallvarietyof chickens'(sic);WOLreeshe
reshe-'white-capped
noddy'.Cf.PONpa-ret 'blacktern'.
PCK*ree,reeree 'to saw':MRTreere,PULreere'to s.', ree-(y)'to cut,s. (s.t.)';CRLreere'a
s., to s.', ree-(y)'tocut(anobject)witha s.';WOLreeree'a s., to saw',ree-(ye)'s.it, severit,amputateit, usea s. to cutit';PuA lee'tocutit witha s., clipit',ledeee
's.,to cutwitha s.';SNSleee 's.'
Cf. PONrasaras's., to s.', rese 'to s. (s.t.)';KSRlaslas 'to cut,operateon, incise',lihse'cutor
rati-i-'cut,removeby cutting'.
operateon (s.o.).See alsoPCK*ratirati,
PCK*reepiya'wise,knowing':CHKreepi'bewise,experienced',
'understand,
reepiye-e-(y)
'tounderstand
bewisein (s.t)';PULrepviya
smart,knowledgeable,
(s.t.)';CRLreepi'beintelligent,
'besmart,clever,haveknow-how'.
wise,clever',repiya'torecall(thingspast)';WOLreepiye
PCK*repa,ka-repa 'near,close':CHKa-rap,akka-rap'be n., c.', a-rapa-(kkan)
'veryc.';
MRTa-rapa-(n) 'its vicinity, c. to it'; PULya-rap 'be or draw n.', akka-rap'be c.'; CRLa-rap 'be
STWa-rap,a-rapa-(n)'n.,c. to it';WOLrepe'bec. by,n.',
n.',akka-rap'comecloser,approach';
ga-repa'be n., come c.', ga-repa-(a)'to be n. to it, come c. to it', ga-repe-repe
'get closer,be
PuA ka-lepa'tobe c.'
approaching';
f. of'; PULriRig'butterfly
'akindof flounder,
PCK*riciha'a fish':CHKrichir,richige-n
f.';
CRLresher'sp. of ediblef.'; WOLrishiy 'kindof f.' Cf. PPC *riciia 'gate,doorthatmay be
openedorclosed'.
PCK*riki 'to turnquickly':CHKrik'changedirection,t.',riki-(to)'turnhither',rikirik'zigzag, move fromside to side', (kkapas)rikirik'misleadingtalk';MRTrikui-(loj)'t. andenter';
PULriki-(to)'t. to come';CRLrigh'beturning(of wheels),rollfast',righirigh'to t. quickly';
fastrunner'.Cf.PMc *ruku,'tip,go underwater'.
WOLrigirig'a runner,
PCK*roko 'bend,curve':CHKro 'bend the body forward,bow, stoop', roo-(to)'lean
*roo-tew])'tobow';WOLrgo-(tiw)'benddown', v(gohither';MRTro-(tei)(sic,presumably
'curved'.Cf. PONreki-(di)'to benddownto picks.t. up'.Cf. SAAoro,orooro'to benddown,
stoop,leanover';BUGolo 'to bend,stoop';AROoro'to lean,incline,stoop',oro-hi'leanon';
KWAdo 'feelsleepy'.Cf.PMc *ruku2'tostoop'.
PCK*rogo 'specialknowledgeof spells':CHKrooJ,roge-(n)'s. k. involvingthe use of
rry-(l) 'k.,
spells,s. k. of'; MRTnrox'magic,k.';PULnro, rno-(n) 'magic,m. of'; CRLrrxxj,
k. (handeddown),t. of'. See also
specialty,medicine,lore,1.of'; WOLnoXO,rory)(l)'tradition,
PMc *rouo'hear,listen'.
'to pick up (as a child)';CRN
PCK*rooroo,roo-ki- 'to liftup,carry':PULroo-kd-d-(td)
'toc. (s.t) in thearms';WOLrooroo'to
rcoro'to c. s.t.in thearms(asa childorbundle)',row-ghi
it,conveyit';PuA ldo (sic) 'to1.',lo-ka
c., pickupandmove,transport',
rr-gi-(i) 'c. it,transport
trwe 'c. (s.t.)
(sic) 'to 1.it'. Cf. PONro 'becarriedon a litterbetweenforwardandrearcarriers',
on a litter'.
WOLrutu'to 1.',rutu-u-(w)
'1.to (s.o.)'.
PCK*rudu 'to lie, tella lie':CRLrut,ruturut;
rwinurwumu-n
PCK*rumwu'barb,sharppoint':CHKnumnW,
'barb,b. of'; WOLrunWuu,
'sharppointof a spear'.
PCK*rupwu'yaws,skinsore':CHKruup";
rnpu-n 'y.,his y.';PULruwup
'leprosy,y.';CRL
'a boil'.
nrua',ruwhu-l'rash,skinsores,y.,hisr.',ruP''havey.';PuA luuqpu,lupwuPCK*rupw"uu'ivorynutpalm':CHKriupWti,
nipWuii-(n)
'ivorynutpalm(CodoccusamiCf.PONoos'ivorynutpalm';YAPruuy'typeof tree'.
p. of'; CRLrde'u; CRNru/WPur.
calrwn),
PCK*ruumee 'bottle':CHKruuerunuwee-n'b.,b. of'; WOLruume'hugeb.usedforstoring water'.
P66
PCK *ruijiuir'searchfor things':CHK raar,rarniuir's. for scatteredobjects';PUL niair
orcoconuts)';WOLruiarti
'tofishby chance,huntfor,col'gathertogether(aspickedbreadfruit
's. forscattered
lect(fruit)'.Cf.CHKkulaiir
objects'.
PCK*ruwa 'movequickly':CHKru'rushabout,bustleabout,hunyto andfro',ruwe-e-(y)
'to hun-ytowardsit'; WOLruwe'sneakbackandforth,movequietlyandstealthily',ruwenrwe
to nin fast'.
'fastrunner,
PCK*-taa[i0]'no longer'(aspectmarker):
CRL-saa;WOL-taai;PuA -taai.
PLJL
Cf. MRs
PCK*taani 'notyet`:MRT-sadain;
-h4dn;CRL-sadail.
jahyin, ,'ahyin'notyet,
Sciz'notyet'.
never';KSRS(XN,
PCK*tadawana'nameof SatawanIsland,MortlockIslands,andof SatawalIsland,CentralCarolines':CHKsatawan;PULlaltciwaan;
CRLsatawan;CRNhatawan;WOLsatewale.
PCK*tadi-kka:9i'haveskinaffectedby seawater':CHKsli-kkm 'beor tastesalty,tasteof
sea water';WOLtati-geyii
'haveblistersor scratehesbetweenthelegs as a resultof walkingor
wadingin thesea'.Sec PMc *taSi'saltwater'andPCMC*kakai 'sharp'.
PCK*tado,tado-ni- 'to attempt,try':CHKs6t 't.,a.',ss0t'beattempted,
tried,tested',s6ss6t
'trial,temptation.
test,betried,attempted,
tested',sAu-n'havea t, makeaneffort,havea go',sOtu-ni
(v) tot Ortaste(s.t),totempt(s.o.)';CRLs6to-l'tot.,a', sc5to.li
't.
t, test(s.t)';PUL40to-1i-i)
'attempt,
ora.(s.t)'.Cf.PLO*ta1szIo-n
'toplan,setout[agarden]';
AROato,ataito,af>tO-,)i
'tolay
(SAAakto-ni
outinrows[asagarden]';
makeready').Cf.LAUatO'bedifficult'.
KWAato-ni-[altoprepare,
PCK *tafe(y)a 'medicine': CHKsat6y sdfeya-(n),sqfr?e-(n)'in., his i., m. of', sf(i-ni 'to
'to medicate';
medicate(s.t.)';PULhjfr~;hateya-(n),hafeyd-(n)'i., his i., m. of', hafeydi-ni
CRLS4fy s4~ya-(l)'i., m. of'tsafia 'tomedicate';CRNhafry'im.',hdfiyd'tomedicate';WOL
ta yca-(li)
'to medicate';PuA tadw 'tomedicate'.
'i., m. of', tatvaa-(a)
tatqy6v
PCK *takullu 'egg': CHK s6kuun, s6kunnu-(n) 'egg, e. of'; MRT s6kkull; PUL hakull,
CR1 So6ghull,
CRNhugull,STWs6kunn;WOLSuIgiinnu.
Looks
Saghll, s6ghullu-(l);
hlakllha-(n);
likea loanfromsomewhere.Cf.PuA sakaiandSNSsakav'egg'.
PCK*ta-mwaad'sickness,be sick':CHKsa-m4l'aaw,
's., be sick,notwell,
#sa-mwaawe-(n)
CRLse-mwaay,
CRNhes. of'; MRTse-m,'aaw;PULhe-mHl'aay,
he-mwaayi-(n);
se-mw'aya-(l);
Cf. PONsow-rnl"aaw
mwlaay;
's., be sick'; MRSwita-m"'ey
'sick,
se-m"aay;WOLte-mr'aatu.
unhealthy'.See alsoPMc *rmwaau
'good,hiealthy'.
PCK *ta..mwmwele:See PCK *mwmwele'able', *ta-mwmwele'not a., sick'.
PCK *tamwoolu (?<*tama + ulu) 'chief: CHK s6mw"xon,s6mwor.)nu-(n)'c., c. Of'; MRT
CRNhamn"'xi4
STws6mA-, somwoxnWOLktamdu
PULham'ol(sic);CRLs6mK'ail;
s6W(nXiu-;
(sic); ULI tamn'ol(sic); PuA taml'onu(sic). Cf. MRs jem"M'ahan 'top man, boss'; KIR (telmwl'aane
'man')MPoN sam,'oro 'high priest in traditionalreligion'. Cf. also ROTtamori 'human
r
NGUNA(na)-tamwdi
'humanbeing',PANGO(Efate) (na)-tamd
tarnl 'man';
being'; GEDAGED
'man'.
PCK*tao[ln][ael'to bloom(of flowers)':CHKS6(6n'beinb.(of flowers,blossoms),.66n6(no')'tob.';WOLt661e'tob.,blossom,bearflowers'.Cf.PONma-sal'toblossom,bloom'.
PCK*tao[InIo 'a tree':CHKs66n, s60nu-(n)'a t. (Barringtoniaasiatica,B. racemosa)';
WOLs6ilo0,sriJ6o-'a kindof t.'
PCK*taparo'dolphin(fish)':CHKsopor,soporu-(n)'d., d. of'; PUL hap
6Io'r, h6pw6r,
CRt sap6r; WOLtep66ro'a kindof yellowd.'
1)pwofre4y);
PCK? *tapekui'sprout':CHKsdpak'sugarcane'(Toondialect);WOLtapMa'to sprout,be
overgrown, sprouting'.
PCK *ta-rama 'a light': CHK sa-ram, sa-rame-(n) '1., 1. of'; PUL ha-ram, ha-rame-(n) '1.,
CRNha-ram'light';WOLte-rame'1.,be 1.'Cf.MRsjadcaylight,i. of'; CRLsa-ram,sa-rama-(l);
r-on 'electricity'.(lhiamnw)
electricU.'KSR.sa-n-'n'electricity'would appearto
'flashlight,
jacrwrn
be a loanfromMRS.See PMc *rama'bright,
luminous'andPAN*damrR'torch'(Ross1988).
PCK*tarepwajj 'a staror constellationin Corvus':CHKserqepwn
'a s. or c. in C., nameof
a siderealmonth';PULhat-epal"
l 's. or c. in C., a siderealmonth';saropel''a starin C.'; Srw
WOLsardelai'a starin C.';PuA taltp"anti
'a siderealmonthequated
sairepel'C. (probably)':
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
317
with January';MAP.jerual.
PONsEripwel
'C.' (Benderet al. 1984)is a probableloan froma
Chuukicsource.
PCK? *[tTarii 'smallknife':CHKsaar,#saaCr-(n)'s. k., tablek., pocketk., k. of'; MRT
WOLsaaru,#saaru-(l),
CRNhaar,harun-(n);
saar,sari-; PULhaarharu-(n);CRLsar, sarui-(l);
saru-(l);ULIscir(sic).Cf. YAPyaer'k.';CHMse'se''k.,cutwitha k.'
PCK *tafi 'sunset': CHKsee 's. glow'; MRTsee 'dusk'; PUL he; STWsee. Cf. PMc *tau2
'season,sun'.
PCK *taidaa 'a star':CHKseet 'a s. (probablyalpha Equulei),name of a siderealmonth';
PULheeta'a s. in Equuleus,a siderealmonth';CRLseeta'asiderealmonth';STWseeta'Aquarius'; WOLseeta 'a s. in Aquarius';PuA tauta(sic) 'a siderealmonth equatedwith June'; MAP
associatedwithEquuleus'.Cf.MRsjitahtah
'gamma,zeta,pi Aquarius'.
tyata'constellation
PCK*tawa-yi-'to go alongthesideof (anisland)':CHKsawe-e-(y)'maketheroundsof';
WOLsawe-e-(ye)
'go alongsideof it (asanisland)',ssawe'walkalongthebeach,go alongside'.
Cf. KIRtatawe'movequickly'.
PCK*ta[w0fia-awa'largesp. of bass':CHKsewii-yaw,seyi-yaw'largesp. of b. (probably
jawfish)';CRLsai-yawandCRNhai-yaw'largesp.of grouperfish';WOLtaiya-awe'a Plectropomusfish'.See PWMc *tawia'anyof severalkindsof seabass'.
'a clanname',PULhawqfiij(sic) 'moray
PCK*tawuwafaii 'kindof eel':CHKSOwuwefie
'a smalle., a clanname'.Cf.YAPf'aa0c'kindof e.', fromwhich
e.';CRLsafia; WOLsauwefalji
it maybe derived.
PCK*terui, 'to cry out':CHKer,eruyer'calloutin fearor pain,bawl,bellow,moo, roar',
'calloutto (s.o.)froma distance';PULyeriyer'to shout,growl';CRLeriyer'to bark,
erui-u-(w)
growl',eru-(l6)'to screamfrompainor fright';CRNere-(lo)'to screamfrompainor fright';
WOLsseru'toscold,yell,shout,makea loudsound'(cf.WOLseru'tosay');PuA ddti 'tocry,to
say'.Thefirstvowelof theCHKformis unexpectedandthisformmaybe a loanfromanother
Chuukicdialect.See alsoPCK*teru2'tosay'.
PCK *teriu2 'to say': CHKWUtU-(WO)
'origin legend, history', wuru-(wcx-ni)'tell the history
of'; PULwuru-(wo)'traditional
history'(perhapsa loanfromCHK);WOLSCer'to say';PuA
ddu 'to say'.See alsoPCK*terui'tocryout'.
CHKine-nap; PULyine-lap;
PCK*tina-lapa'principal(true)motheror grandmother':
CRLile-lap; CRNine-lap;WOLsile-lape.See PMc *tina 'mother',PMc *lapa 'big, main'.
PCK *tiri 'masturbate':CHK ir 'm.', iri-i-(y) 'm. it/him'; PULyiriir; CRLir, iri; WOLsiri,
(ga)-siri-(i).Note thatKSRiri-i 'm.' maybe a loan fromCHKvia the TrustTerritory'shigh
schoolthatwaslocatedon Chuukfora whileafterWorldWarII.Cf.PMc *iri,iriiri'rub,scrub'.
PCK*ttapwu,or *tapwpwu
wopp, Ie-(n),#oop',
'pompanofish,skipjack':CHK#woopw,
's., s. of; CRLOpp'fifthand
opWp'u-(n)
opWp^'e-(n),
'sp. of p. f., p. f. of; PULy6p,;y6op'u-(n)
largeststageof thesk.';WOLssabu'a kindof f.'
'woodenchest,w. c. of'; WOL
CHKssopw,ssopwu-(n)
PCK*ttapwu'woodencontainer':
ssapWu
'fishingkit'.
'formof sorcery':CHK(enuti)-soso,soo-yenu'a
PCK*Tawu,TawuTawu,Tawu-yanuttiu
riteof sorceryusedin war';CRLsaOusIow
'curse,blackmagic,spell';WOLsausao'blackmagic,
to makeblackmagic';PuA dai-yoauid'magic,curse,magician'.
PCK*Tefi,Tefi-rji'topeel,pulloff': CHKsifi-n,#sifi-na-n'peeling(of sunbumedskin),his
peeling';PULhfiu-yhefuii-u-n'to peel (as sunburnedskin),peelingof'; WOLtefitefi'to pull
loose, pulloff, drawdown,tug', tefi-i-(i) 'pullit loose, pull it off', tcfi-ygi 'be pulledloose,
drawndown,tugged'.Cf.PuA drc-i andSNsfd-yi 'tearit apart,tatterit'. Cf. alsoKWAsufi'to
shave,cuthair'sufi-a'shave(theface),pluck(a bird)'.
PCK*Teiki'be slid,pushed':CHKsiiki,seyiki,seeki 'slideit, makeit move', ssiik,sseyik,
sseek'be slid,pushed,moved';PULheyiki'push,shove';CRLseighi'pushit, moveit by pushing';CRNheigi;WOLsigi-(i).
PCK*Telu'testicles':CHKsuUn,sunu-(n)'t. andscrotum,his t.',sunu-(mmch),sunu-(p"'o)
of thescrotum';PULhel, hlui- 't', huli-(nmmaR)'tohaveswollent.';CRLsului'elephantiasis
(1)'hispenis'.Cf.PWMc *wul[ae]'penis'.
P88
PCK*Teij[eal'manner,bearing':CHKsjeseIJ,seeseia-(n) 'gait,m. of walking,his g.';
'bepatient,mildof disposition';WOLSiea-(le)
PUL h~yd-(llow)'be badtempered',he9pi-(fiR)
'his shape, i., way, situation',ssac 'shape, i., way, method'.
PCK*Ticalo'a blackworm':CHKsich6n,sich6ne-(n)'a b.w.,b.w. of'; PULhiR6l,hiR6lon; WOLsishlde.
CRLSooj'bea.',
'bea. at';PULhaM7;
PCK*TooiJa'be angry':CHKS00j'bea.',soxoe-(yifi)
hxojo-(fay),WOLSooiye'anger,rage,be a.';PuA dcxja
scjo,-(1)f 'be hottempered';CRNlwx)V,
'a.'; LAKt0olo 'a.';ARO v, (X)-,Ji'to heat'.
(sic). Cf. MRSYiYJ
PCK *Tora 'morning': CHKSoXorsora-n 'n., its m.', (nee)-sor 'tomorrow';MRTscxr; PUL
hora-n 'm.', (lo)-hor 'i.'; CRL(lee)-sor; CRN (lee)-hor; STW (y&6t)-sor;WOLsora-, sora-(lo)
'become light, dawn'. Cf. PONsCoraan'predawnm. hours'.
'i.' sora-(lo-iye)'this in.', sorasore
of PPC*tora'moring' is opento somequestion.
Cf.Marck's(1994:313) reconstruction
PCK*Toro,ToroToro'turnone'sfaceor direction':CHKsoro-(n6) 't. away', sossore-n
sore-e'beturnedinoppositedirections',
'tumingof,changingof (meaningof words)',som.(feseon)
'reverseit,
'faceinoppositedirections',
PULh0rV-(fdiyVj)
hore-c-(y)
(y) 't.it,changeitsdirection';
't.and
direction',
soivsor't.repeatedly',
solr-(s41dp)
it';CRLssor't.andfaceina different
transpose
face in oppositedirections';sore-cy't. it to facetheoppositedirection';CRNhor,hordor,horCf.
be tured',so,-o-(we)'t.it,t. thetwoendsaround'.
WOLsesoM't.around,
(hfiay),hore-e-(y);
SAAsarv 'to face, to t. oneself'; BUGero 'to t. the face away'. Cf. also PCK *Tora'moming'.
PCK *Touk[ael 'name of Pulusuk Island': CHK suuk; MRT souk; PUL hook; CRL sough,
is a loanfromtheEnglishversionof thename.
CRNhoug; WOLsouge.CHKpwtinzisuuk
PCK *TT6k61(< ? PMc *cocoku) 'hiccough': CHK ssAk, sslikd-; PUL hhWk;CRL ssigh
dci.
'soundof h.';CRNSSag 'soundof h.';UAN*ceguk.Cf. LAKCkXI
Kssk 'to bleed, flow (of blood, sap of trecs)', (c)-sUikti'cause
PCK *'TMkti2 'overflow': CHK
to bleed or flow'; PUL hcki-(td) 'to choke (on water)'; CRLssogh, ss~gh'be ftill, have plenty';
CRNssog; WOLSS~gti'beftill, tight,jammed, overflowing', (ga)-ssaga-(ti) 'makeit full'.
PCK*TTid[ael'energetic':CRLSSit'befast,rapid,quick',(a)-ssiti,(a)-ssita'to speed(s.t.)
ip';WOLssite'bestrong,forceful,great,big,hard'.
PCK*T66i'to run away':CHKsli 'r.a' flee,go away,scram',r
iisuiv'fly(ofbirdsandinsects)',
stuu-ri'flecto, go off to', (e)-sadi-w'cause(s.o.)to leave,chaseorr.(s.o.)off'; PULh1i'leave,go
away,r.,fly', Iidiihdi'to fly'; CRLsli 'to fly, get away,r.a.' ssU'r.a., scram'.Cf. PMc *cowu.1J
PCK *6lkiulni-ika 'a constellation in Cassiopeia' (lit. 'fish's tail'): CHK w4k-iani-ik; PUL
wtikti-ni-ik;CRL1ikki-ni-igh(sic); STWtikai-ni-ik;WOLlig4i-li-ige.See PMc *ika, ika-na- 'fish',
PMc *j-ku'tail'.
PCK*jikijijkUi,
ilkil-fi 'cutoff, chopoff': CHKwakaa'k'cutoff, chop off, lop off, be cut,
WOL
wdikti-fi;
chopped, or lopped off , w/c-.fi 'lCUtit Off, chop it off, lop it off'; PUL wkikiakC,
aga-f4i 'stop,cease,halt,pause'.Cf. PMc *iku'tail',PPC*6kti'end'.
PCK*jjle,til(ea)il(ea),(ka)-tile,(ta)-ile 'swing':CHK#()-w4inatin'braidedsling',(s)'s.',(m"l~)-wdinewtin,
widna'slingit, shootit (froma sling)',(ni-kU-wdnewtin,
(ni-kce-wtinddin
'children'ss.'; PuL (yaa)-wdil,(yaa)-wdIdi's. back and forth', (ni-/cU-mlm"em)-w4n
(mHm"Ie*-wdn
'aswing';CRL
(n)(sic) 'sling,slingof, to use a sling',wdle-(ipii-y) 's. it backandforth',wdMl~l
(a)-ydldil 's., hammock,to s., rideon a swingor hammock',(sa)-ydil 'to s. (as on a vine or
'to s. (s.t.),makeit
ydldd/dh
rope)',(a-sa)-yaldi-(w)'tomake(s.t.)hangdown,dangle(s.t.)',a-sa)-
'to make(s.t.)
s.';CRN(li-ga)-yallddil
's., hammock,to s., ridein a hammock',(a-ha)-ildi-di-(y)
'to s. (s.t.), makeit s.'; WOLildile 'cradle,hammock,swinging
dangleor s.', (a-ha)-ihidd/d
's., sway,movebackwardand
couch',(ga)-iile'to sling,throw,boomerang',
(se)-d/e(se)-udlade
's. it, swayit';PuA (ka)-diWnadnd
forward',(ga-se)-dle-(e)
's., to s.' PUAsa-dia is clearlya loan
fromWOL.Cf. KIRwia-a'hit(a target)repeatedly'.
PCK*u'l'diwo 'nameof Ulithi(islandandatoll),WesternCarolines':C HK wdind- tiw;
PUL Wd/d-tiW,;
CRL luh-tiW;
WOL uli-fiwe; ULI dil-thi.
See PMc *siwo'down,westward'.
PCK *umwao 'a tree': MRT wn,"5'Neiospermaoppavitifolia';PUL wwmn"6
'a tal t. used in
house construction'; CRL urn"'6'a medicinal t. (Neiospermaoppositiftiia)'; SiFw wn"'i 'hard-
- 2
RECONSTRUCTIONS
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
319
woodplantusedin medicine';WOLumoo'at. (Ochrosia
Cf.PEO*faRa'Ochrooppositifdia)'.
siat.'(GeraghtyI990).
PCK*unouno 'nameof Ulul Islandin NamonuitoAtoll':CHKwunuun;
MRTuluwel;PUL
WOLulade.TheCRLformappearsto be a loan.
wonoc (sic);CRLunain;CRN naoun;
PCK*ura 'be full,filled':CHKwur,wurowur'be f., filled',(o)-wura'to fill,makef.';PUL
wur'bef., filled,(ya)-wuraa-(16)
'fill,makef.';PuA ula 'bef.' Cf.WOLureure'size,proportion,
be in proportion'.
PCK? *uw[ae]di'to no avail':CHKwawet'tired,weary,lazy',weti-(n)'againandagain,in
vain';PULwuweti-(n),
weti-(n)'eventhough,in spiteof thefactthat,to tryin vain';WOLwiweti
'to suffer,havetrouble,havea hardtime'.
PCK*wacawaca'be naked,unclothed':CRLwashawash; CRN(hd)-waRawaR;WOL
washewashe'ben.,u., nude',(ge)-washewasha-(a)
'unclotheher'.Cf. KIRwaraa'betreeless'.
PCK*wacca 'to boil,bubble,seethe':PULwacc 'to b. (as water)',wacce-(y)'b. it'; CRL
wechch;CRNwachch;WOLwachche.
PCK*walu-mako'a vine (Canavaliacathartica)':
PULwali-mo; CRLwali-mwo;STW
walu-mo;WOLwalu-mago;ULIwale-mokh
(Benderet al. 1984).See PMc *walu'vegetation,
forest'.
PCK*walu-yik[ae]'eighty':CHKwani-ik,wani-ika-;PULwali-ik;CRLwali-igh;WOL
wali-ige;PuA wanu-iki.See PMc *walu,walu-ua'eight,eight(general)'.
PCK*wareiu 'basil':CHKwarug,werti 'sweetb.';MRTwariu 'mint,basil';PULwarig,
warugu-(n)'swampplantwithsweetflower,s. p. of'; CRLwarni 'sacredb.';CRNweru'i'sacred
b.';STWwariug'b.,mint';WOLwaregt'sweetb.';ULIwarog'b.'(Benderet al. 1984).
PCK*wawo- 'face,surface,upside,on':CHKw66-(n)'(on)topof, on', alsoCHKw66-(n),
'beof cheerfulf.',woo-ri'tof. toward(s.t.)';
f.',w66w66-(yeech)
w66w66-(n)'hiss. appearance,
PULw66-(n)'on,on topof', w66-n'to looklike,resemble',w66w66-(n)'colorof, natureof';
CRLw66-(l) 'on, above';STWwoo- 'on, above';WOLw6o-(l) 'on, topsideof'; PuA o-, wo(sic) 'on,upside',waawo,wawo-'f.'Cf.KsRfe'on',fe-(l)'onorabovehim',fi-(n)'s. of, topof'.
See alsoPMc *fawo'surface,on'.
PCK*wawu,wawu-di 'to spank,hit':STWwawuwaw'to s., h.', wau-ti's. or h. (s.o.)';
WOLwau 'to h., strike,give a blow to', wau-ti-(i)'s. him,h. him',wau-tegi'be hit,spanked';
PuA wauwau'to s., h.,beat',wau-ti'toh. it';PEO? *wau(FIJ(i)-wau'a club').
PCK*wayi,wayi-di 'bepulled,pull,pullon':CHKwey 'be p. in tight,taut,jerk,be convulsed,shudder,
twitch',weyiwey,
weyiweyi-(n)
'lashings,1.of', weyi-t'betaut,bep. tight',weyi-ti
'shock(a person),p. back(anobject)towardoneself,p. (s.t.)in tight,lash(s.t.)together';PUL
wayiwayi-(n)'hispulsebeat',wayi-ti-(y)'p. it, hangit'; wdyi-(le)'go fishing';CRLwdi-t'do
fishingfromananchoredcanoewitha linehangingovertheedgeof thecanoe',wei-ti'p. gently
on an object';WOLwai-ti-(i)'grabit, clutchit, snatchit'. Cf. SAAwa'i,wa'i-ni'to draw,pull,
pain',wiiwei 'tocollect'.Cf.alsoKSRa 'takeby force,snatch(s.t.)',we-t'movesuddenly(asin
See alsoPCK*wayidi'fishlure'.
attacking)'.
PCK*wayici 'a plant':CHKweyich,weyichi-(n)
'weedp. witha smallpurpleflower,p. of';
WOLwaishi'akindof p.'
PCK*wayidi 'fishlure':CHKweyit,weyiti-(n)'featherf. 1.usedin trolling,f. 1.of'; WOL
waiti'f. 1.,lurefishing,do trolling'.See alsoPCK*wayi,wayi-di'bepulled,pull,pullon', CHK
weyiye-rek
'trollingon theopensea'.
PCK *we-, we-ni- 'on, topside of': CHKwi-, wi-ni-, wi-i- 'on, at'; PUL we-ni 'on, in'; CRL
we-l-'on,on topof'; WOLwe,we-li'on,topsideof, above'.Cf.KsRfi-n'surfaceof, topof'.
PCK *wedi, 'wait for': CHKwiti, wuiti'w. for (s.o. or s.t.)', witiwit 'to w., be waiting', witi-
'w. a minute';PULweti-(y)'to w. for (s.o. or s.t.)',
witi-(n6)'be postponed',witiwiti(mWo)
'w.a minute';CRLweti'w.for(s.o.or s.t.)';WOLweti-i'wait
wetewet
(mWo)
(sic) 'tow.',wetiweti
for(s.o.)';PuA weti'tow. for(him)'.Cf.PONawii 'tow.for(s.o.)';KSRtwegi'tow. for(s.o.)'.
PCK? *wediz'to scoop,scrapeout,dig (as withclaws)':CHKweti-(ken)'coconutgrater';
WOL eti 'to claw,rake,seizeor dig (as withclaws)',weti-(yase)'hawkor eagle',weti-gegi'be
320
scoopedout,dugout', wei-gi-(i) 'scoopit out,dig it out',wetiweti'to scoopout,dig out'.Cf.
SAAasi 'tocut,score';AROosi 'tocut,score'.TheCHKformhasunexpectede insteadof i.
PCK*wee 'that(pastor notvisiblypresent)':CHK(e)-e, we,'MRT-we, PUL(ye)-we,we;
CRLwe; STW-we, WOLwee,ULI-wee;PuA we (sic). Cf. PON-o 'that(awayfromyou and
MRSyew'the(remote)',wiweyew,
me)';MOK-o 'that(distant)';
yiwweyew'that(distantbutvisible)';KSRwe 'there'.
CHKweewe'be informed,u., meaning,interpretation',
PCK*weewee 'understand':
(d)weewe'explanation,
explain',(d)-weewee-(y)
'explainit'; PULweewe'u., meaning,intention',
(a)-weewe'explain';WOL(ga)-weewee'to discuss,decide'.Cf. PONweewe'be understood';
MOKWOOWO
to u.'See alsoPMc *wee 'bealike,same,equivalent'.
'clear,understandable,
CHKwen'bes., well aligned,honest,sincere',
PCK*wene,wewene,wenewene'straight':
wenewen,wenewena-(n)
honesty,sincerity,his honesty',(d)-wen 'straightenit,
'straightness,
'constellation
Cruxatuprightposition,due south';PULwenewen
makeit s.', wenewene-(nu-p'
'be directlyabove,s., direct,honest,exact';CRLwel,wwe 'becorrect,good, s.', welewel,wel'be verys., straightup,upright';CRN
weli-(l)'truth,correctness,accuracy,t. of', weleweli-(td)
'beverys., s. up,
wen'becorrect,good,s.',wenewen'truth,correctness,
wenewene-(td)
accuracy',
upright';STWwenewen'atitsdirectlyuprightposition(of Crux)';WOLwele'tohitright,makea
s. shot', welewele'be s., steady,still', uwwele(<*wewele) 'be s., be at noon, be overhead',
of Crux'(lit. 'duesouth');PuA wene'be s., flat',wnewoe 'a
wdewele-(lu-yeure)
'mid-position
constellation'
Crux).Cf.PAN*wanaN'right'(WolffI990).
(presumably
CHKwiniPCK*weni-maraawu'nameof Olimarao(islandandatoll),CentralCarolines':
maraaw;PULweni-maraawo
(sic);WOLweli-meraau.
PCK*weri- 'to see':CHKweri,wtiri'to s., behold(s.t.),attack(s.o.,as a disease)',weriwer
'seeing',(e)-wiriwiri'look aboutfor (s.t.)';MRTweri's. it'; PULweri-(y)'s., find,get, come
upon(s.t.)',weriwer'to s., find';CRLwei, uri'to s. (s.t.)';STWweri's. it';WOLweri,weriweri
'tos., observe',weri-i's. it,attackit,getit';PuA weli'find,s., meet'.Cf.PONiroyr(? < *ori)'to
MOK
lookorpeerin thedistance',iro-yj'to lookat (s.t.)',idawarii'to sayors. (s.t.)'(honorific);
inm-'peerat(s.t.)';YAPquy's. (s.t)'. Cf.alsoPCK*woo-,woori'examine,observe'.
PCK*wici,wici-i 'strike,whip,hit':CHKwichiwich'to w.,lash,whipping,lashing',wichii-(y)'tow.orlash(s.o.)';PULwiRi-i-(y)'tow.,beat(s.o.),bat(a ball)';CRLwishiwish'bat,club,
w., beating,whipping,clubbing',wishi-i-(y)'toclub,s., w. (a personor animal)';CRNwiRiwiR
'bat,club,w.,spanking,beating,clubbing',wiRi'toclub,s., w. (a personor animal)';WOLwishi
'h.it, s. it,knockit, slapit, givea blowto it'.
'toh., getreadyto fight',wishi-i-(ye),
wiwishi-i-(ye)
Cf.PONweweti'bewhipped,spanked',weti-i'w.orspank(s.o.)';KIRuruuru
'engagein destroyuru-a'todestroy(s.t.)';KSRwi 'toh., s. (s.o.).'Cf. alsoBUGpuSi
'destruction',
ing', (te)-uruuru
'toh. in falling'.See alsoPMc *wedeor *wodo.
'tosmite,beat,h., slap';AROhUSU
PCK*wiita 'allotment,share':CHKwiis, wiisa-(n)'a., assignment,s., part,division,lot,
task,responsibility,
duty,office',wiise-ni'allotto, assignto (s.o.)';PULwiih'to s. (as of food),
'responsibility,
assignp^'eyse
job, task';WOLwiise'foodset asideforvisitors'.Cf. PONpWays,
concern'.
ment,task,hisr.';MOKp"'ayj,
poy,-(n) 'responsibility,
PCK*woo,woo-ri- 'examine,observe':CHKWO'be looked at, examined,scrutinized',
woo-x)w(n6) 'be facingaway,lookingoff', w,-ri 'to examine,scrutinize,look at (s.t.)';PUL
of a canoe,givesailingdirections',wxowow(sic) 'to stare,aim(as a gun),directthenavigation
ri-(y) 'to stareat, aim at (s.t.)'; CRLwo-ri 'to look at, observe (s.t.)'; WOLwoo 'to look (at), scru-
'lookatit,scrutinize
tinize',wcx-dri-(i)
it,lookintoit'.Cf.PCK*weri-'tosee'.
PCK*wudu 'pieceof cookedbreadfruit':
CHKwutu-(n),-wut'chunkof it, c. of c. b. (in
counting)';WOLuutuutu-(l)'handful,
p.,p. of (asof c. b.)';PuA -utu'portionof c. b. (incounting)'.
PCK*wula,wulawula,wula-i- 'slice':CHKwunowun's., be sliced,' wune-e-(y)'to s.
(s.t.)';PULwulool'slicedportion',wule-e-(y)'to s. (fish),operateon';CRLuldrl'to s.', ule-e-(y)
's. it,cutit'.
'tocutor s. (s.t.)';WOLu/lau'tos., cut(usuallyintosmallpieces)',ule-e-(ye)
PCK *wuludo 'lease rod of a loom': CHKwunut, wunute-(n),wunutu-(n)'1.r., 1.r. of'; PUL
wuluut,wuluutd-(y)(sic) 1.r., 1.r.of'; WOL1ulit 'partof loom'.
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIANRECONSTRUCTIONS
321
PCK *wupwa 'to swell': CHK wupWowupH'hill, mound'; PUL wupw''be chubby (of an
be severalmonthspregnant
ubwu-(16l)
infant)';CRLuhb'a-(I
peshe)'calfof theleg', ubwe-(16l),
WOLUbe,ubh-()'bepregnant,
withoutshowingit externally';
pregnancyof'. Cf. MRSjifb 'rise
PEO*tubu'grow'(Geraghty
(of bread)';KIRti/Utihwu'uneven(astheground)';PMc *tupwu;
1983); POc tuhuq'grow' (Ross 1988) (SAA 'upu'upu'to swell', 'upu-le'a swelling'; BUG tuh1
'be thick,deep';AROubu'to swell';KWAubu'swell,swelling';PKB
'to swell';LAUuhbUUh
*tubu'to grow').
'be stabbed (with a
PCK *wupWuwupWu, wupWu-u-'strike,hit down on': CHKwuPWuupw
'tohit,strike,box withdownward
motions,to wash(clothes)by pounding
knife)';PULwup"'u-u
downon them',wupWuwupw
hit,strike,or washby pounding';CRLubl'uuf'engage
'repeatedly
'to wash(clothes)';CRNUb"'u
'to wash(clothes)';WOLuhUUhd
in washingclothes',uhvu-u-(w)
'towashclothes'.Cf.MOKupwu-dak'steerwitha paddle'.
PuA upWuu^'u.
PCK *wupWuupWu 'solidified blood': WOLuhuuhU;
PCK*wura 'be full':CHKWr;wur7wur
'bef., filled',(o)-wura'tofill (s.t)'; PULwur;PuA
ula. Cf. PONdir 'overcrowded,filled, plentiful';MOKdir 'many,much'.
PCK *wulu 'kind of fish': CHKwunuun,wunuunu-(n)'a kind of lethrinidf., f. of'; PUL wuI-
uul,wuluulu-(n)
f., f. of'; WOLuulu,ulu-a kindof f.'
'porgy(lethrinid)
CHKwuun'thes. A., nameof a siderealmonth';PUL
PCK*wuunu 'thestarAldebaran':
wuun'A.,a siderealmonth';CRLwuun(sic) 'A.,a siderealmonth';WOLulu; PuA uunu'a siderealmonthequatedwithSeptember'.
PCK? *wuweya'a reeffish':CHKwuwey,wuwyd-(y) 'a light-coloredr. f.'; CRNuwey
'goatfish'.
PCK*yaado 'legendarywoman':PULyaat '1.w., wife of yool, who was noted for his
Sarfert,andDamm 1935:240-24I);WOLyaato'nameof a 1.w., wife of
fishing'(Hambruch,
yoole,a legendaryheronotedfor his fishingskill';ULIyath '1.w., wife of yol' (theyfigurein
manystories)(LessaI96I, I980).Hernameappearsto be cognatewithPEO*qazo'sun,day'
(PPNqaho'day';SAAsato;BUGaho;PKB*hazo'sun,day');UAN*qajaw'sun'.Thenameof
herhusband(ULIy6l) appearsto reflectPEO*qalo'sky,heaven,sun'.See PMc *alo'sun'.
s.t.forgotten)':
PCK*yaakui'oops!oh! (exclamationat havingmispokenor remembered
CHK9ek;PULyek; WoLyaaku.Cf.PONaak'anexpressionof disgust';MOKook'exclamation
KIRaki'not'(e)-aki'it
of surpriseor admonition';
usedto shameanother',ok 'hey,exclamation
oremotion',(a)-akea'thereis none'.
of surprise
is not,he didn't',akfe 'exclamation
PCK *yaca 'handle, stem': CHKaach, acha-(n) 'h., s. (of fruit),its h.'; PUL yaaR, yeRa-(n),
'h., its h.';CRLevha-(1,asha-(1),dsha-(l)'its h., its stem';CRNaRa-(n)'itsh.';WOLyaashe,
yesa-(le)'h.,itsh.'Cf. POc *qanta(FIJyadayada'thecoreof a boil';TON[tuaj-qata'upperend
'the"leg"of a bivalve[la-malel').
of a yam[tual';LAK[la]-haga-kla-maleJ
PCK*yafi 'bunchof ten':CHK#e; efi-(n)'b.of tenripecoconuts,b.of it', -4f'b.of tenripe
coconuts(in counting)';PULyafi-n,-yaf'pileof ten(as coconutsor birds)';CRL-af'pileof ten
(in counting)';WOL-yafi,-yefi'bundleorgroupof tenoreight(incounting)'.Cf. KIR-ai 'countchests,barrels,timber,coconutleaf stems,fingers,teeth,
furniture,
ing classifierforhardware,
largefish,sharks'.
PCK *yalaija'coralgravel':CHKanay,anage-(n)'broken,white,branchingc. as found
on thestrand,c. g., c. of'; PULyelaj,yelae-(n) 'placewithdeadsharpc., c. of'; WOLyelare'a
rock-pile'.
PCK *yali 'to fly': PULyddl (sic); CRLydl, ydliycil;STWyaniyan;WOL yali 'to f., yaliyeli 'a
fastflyer,to f. fast';ULIyeyd'flying';PuA yani.Cf. PONandMOKalu 'towalk'.
PCK *yalimadau 'a star':CHK enimate 'name of a s. and sidereal month'; STW alimatu
(sic) 'Andromeda';WOLYalimate 'a s. in Andromeda'.Cf. MRSyelmwad'Vega'.
'a tree(Pittosporum
CHKdnne-pW'ut
PCK*yalle-pwuta'a tree(Pittosporum)':
sp.,lit. 'taste
tree'.Cf.CHKeyi-reres'a tree(Pittosporum
sp.)'.
bad');PULydlle-pHut
'Pittosporum
MRTW616W61
PCK*yaloyalo'yellow':CHK6n, 6ney6n,6noycSn;
'yellowish';PULy661,
CRLyoly6l 'lightcolorsuchascream,yellow,ortan'.Cf.MRSyiya[ew'y.;PKB* (i)aro'y.'
y61eyol;
See also PMc *alo 'sun',PMc *rerja'turmericcolor',PMc *aro 'curcuma,turmeric,ginger,yellow'.
322
PCK*yamWa'woodenspacerjoiningoutriggerboomandfloaton a canoe':C HK aam",
STWyaam";WOLyaam'e,
am"e-(n)'w. s., w. s. of'; PULyaCamn,
yemn'-n;CRLaam;,yaamn";
yemn"a-(li).
PCK*yaIa 'fingerspan':CHKaac,-ay 's.betweenthumbandforefinger
PUL
(incounting)';
CRL-yar's.betweebthumbandlittlefinger
-yac 's.betweenthumbandlittlefinger'(incounting)';
WOL-yaWy
'f. s. (incounting)';
PuA -yaya'f. s. (incounting)'.Cf.PEO*zaUa's.'
(in counting)';
(Blust1980:157).
I983)(FIJcaga,SAAtara-a;AROtcap-a);PMP*zaan 'handspan'
(Geraghty
PCK*yaijida'havea headwind':CHKenit 'be slowed by the wind', enite-(n)'slowing
effectof (a wind)',enita'cause(s.o.)to be slowedby thewind';WOLyayite'to be disadvantabe in a badposition(asin sailing)'.
adverse,detrimental,
geous,unfavorable,
'becursed',(66-(ttei-i-y'toc.
PCK*yao-,yao-ri 'to curse':CHK66-ri'toc. (s.o.)',b6-(ttek)
(s.o.)';(i)-y65-(tdk)
'prayer';PULy(6-ri-(y)'tochant(a spell),to curseor swearat (s.o.)';WOL
yo6yo6 ' to c., execrate,use profanelyinsolentlanguageaboutpeople'.Cf. PONkaaw,kaw'harmfulmagic,sorcery',kawdok'topray,worship'.
PCK*yaonaki'to speak':PULyoonek'to orderfood, speak,assemble',y66neki-i-(y)'to
say (s.t.)'; CRL6olegh 'to say, tell (respectusage)', oleghi (sic) 'to say (s.t.)'; CRN6oneg 'to say,
tell(respectusage)';WOLyoolagi'totalk,speak,chat'.Cf.CHK66n,6nu-(n)'foodfora special
occasion'.
PCK*yari 'a fish':CHKidr 'Pseudoscarus
f.'; PULydir,ydri-(n)'a lagoonf., f. of'; CRL
WOLyaari,yari- 'akindof f.'
ddr,ydir 'ayellowparrotfish';
PCK*yaui,yau-ri-,kka-yaui,ka-yati-ii-'be learned,be accustomedto':C HK e 'be 1.,
taught',(a)-yee-(w),(i)-yie-(w) 'teachit,causeit to be 1.',(kka)-ye'learning,studying,to study,
to learn',#ee-ru-ni,#ee-re-ni'be a. to,be familiarwith,be usedto (s.t.),custom';PUL(kka)-ye
be knowledgeable',
'tolearn,practice';WOLyde'getfamiliarwiths.t.,be a.,be acquainted,
yeewithit, get usedto it', (ga)-aui'to say,tell',(ga)-auiri-(i)'befamiliarwithit, a. to it, acquainted
u-(we)'saytohim,tellhim,mentionto him';PuAyau-li'toknowit bypractice,be familiarwith
it', yaiyalu'custom,habit,practice',(kk)-aii(sic) 'learnit, studyit, teachit'. Cf. PONer 'thorere-ki'toknow(s.t.)well,to master'.Cf. alsoPMc *ata-i-'to know',
oughlyknowledgeable',
PMc *kai2'to inform'.
PCK? *yau[ln]awa'platformon theoutriggerboomsof a canoebetweenthehullandthe
float':CHKnenaw,eenawe-(n);
WOLyeelawe.
PCK*yoko,yoko-fi'catch,capture':CHKo 'be caught,captured',(6)-yox-w'catch,capture';MRTyo 'captured,
caught';PULyo 'tocatchin thehands(asa turtle)',(y6)-yoo-w'tocatch
(s.t.)',yoxfi-y 'catch(asa chicken)';CRLyoofi 'graborcatch(a personor animal)';CRNyO6-fi
'graborcatch(apersonoranimal)';STWyo 'captured,
caught';WOLy(go 'becaught,captured',
(ga)-yogo-(o)'captureit, catchit'. Cf. PEO *zoko,zoko-fi'caught,catchin a net' (Geraghty
I983) (FIJcok) 'caughtin a net';SAAto'o-ha'i'beentangled,caughtin a net';BUGtogo-vi'to
hit';LAUtoo'hit,possess,have';AROto'o'hit,be setor fixed[ascolorsl,possessorhave',to'ohi, to'o-'i'hit,strike[aswindthesail]';KWAto'o'receive,catch,hit').Cf. alsoPMc ? *Loo 'be
caught,overtaken,found' positedby Goodenough(1995:76), with reflexesPONlo 'to be
recovered'.
caught',KR oo-a'toovertake(s.o.)',andKSR10 'found,retrieved,
PCK*yop[eo]'to hide,be hidden':CHKwop'h.,be h.,concealed',wope-ri'beh. from,spy
on,waitin ambushfor(s.o.)',(()-pca,(wo)-opa'toh.,conceal(s.t.)',opo-(win)'methodof hunting turtles';PULyopo-(6l) 'toh., takeshelter';CRLop,ap, op 'toh. oneselffrompeople',6pe-ri
'to h. behind,to h. from(s.o.)';WOLyope'to h., remainin hiding'.Cf. MRSpaw 'enterandh.
insidecoral(of fishonly)'.
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
323
LOANS
LI: CHKdchiiyu'a tree(Ixoracarolensis)';
MRTashiiyow;STWyaRiiyow;WOLgashiou
'a kind of tree (Ixora casei)'; PONketiew 'sp. of tree (Ixoracasd)'; PNGkalesu;MRSkajdCw'a
tree (Ixoracardinensis)'; KSRkalsrm'a kind of plant (Bender et al. 1984: 'a shrubwith red flowers'). These appearto be loans, possibly from PALkerdeu'Ixoraplant'.
L2: CHKanmneset 'a tree (Messerschmidiaargentea)' (also CHKne't); PUL yamolehdt
'tree heliotrope (Messerschmidiaargentea)';CRLamaleesetand CRNamaneeset'sp. of tall tree
found on sandy beaches'. This appearsto be a loan within the Chuukic languages. Cf. PALnirs
'tree heliotrope'. See also PMc *ceni, ceceni 'strandtree'.
PULyaane,yaaluw,yaaluwd-(n)'a tree(Codia
L3: CHKIann 'a tree(Cordiasubcordata)';
Lof'; CRLaliw andCRNanne'atree(Cordia
subcordata),
subcorata)';WOL
galiwe 'atree(Cordiasulcordata).
Theseformsseemto beloans.See alsoPCMc*kana,kai 'habit,tendency'.
L4: CHKdpuuch'a tree(Crataevasp.)';MRTafuush;PULydfuuR;CRLafuush; CRN
afuuR; STW qfuuR; WOLyafuushu, yefuiushu.These appear to be loans from YAP qabiich,
qabyuch'atypeof treewithediblefruit'.
L5: CHKaroma, 6roma 'Abutilonshrub';MRTarnma 'Pipturusargentus';PUL y6roma 'a
tree';STWyaroma'Pipturusargentus';WOLyaromaa'Pipturustree';PCK*yaromaa;MOK
MRSharmwey
ormo'treesp.';PNGoroma'Pipturus
tree'.Possibly
argentus';
argenteus
'Pipturus
a loanfromChamorro
aroma'a spinyshrub'.
L6: CHKattu,dttu,kattu,kttu 'cat,housecat';PULkattu;CRLghattu;CRNgattu;STW
kattu;WOLghaatuu.TheseareloansfromCHMkatuu,whichis in turna loanfromSpanish.KIR
is a loanfromanother,
butnotclear,source.
(te)-katama
L7: CHKd-dni-pe'fan'(lit. 'makewindblowing'),d-dni-pee-(w)'f. him,beckonto her';
PULyd-dni-pe'to fan';CRLdli-pe,alu-pe,ale-pd'af.', dli-pee-(w)
(sic) 'tof. s.o.';CRNhd-cnui'f. him'.Cf.PuA ulut-pau
'f.'CRNh
pe 'a handf.';WOLga-ali-pee'f., to wave',ga-ali-pee-(we)
insteadof expectedg andPULandCRNn andCRLandWOLI insteadof expectedy suggestthe
PUL,CRL,CRN,and WOLforms are loans originallyfrom CHK.
L8: CHKasddp,adsdppi-(n)
'shuttle(of loom),s. of'; WOLgesaape; PuA kadape(sic).
This appearsto be a loanword, since we have PuA d instead of expected t.
Lg: CHKxp, #eppi-(n) 'yam, y. of'; PULyeep, yepi-n; WOLseepe, sepa-(li). Presumably a
loan from YAPtheap. Cf. PMP *qubi (Blust I984-85). See also PPC ? *kaapi 'yam'.
'atree(Pittosporun
LIo: CHKeyi-reyes
tree,t.
sp.)';PULyayi-reres,-rojese-(n)'Pittosporum
'a tree(Pittosporum)'.
of'. ThePULformappearsto be a loanfromCHK.Cf.PCK*yalle-pwuta
LII: CHKewut-ni-ydr
nameof a stormgod';MRT awa-ni-yar
'whirlwind,waterspout,
whirlwind,w. of';
'whirlwind,tornado,rainbow';PULnddwu-ni-yer,
-ere-(n)(sic) 'waterspout,
STWndwui-ni-ydr'tornado';
WOLlau-li-are
CRLlayi-li-ydr'tornado,
whirlwind,
waterspout';
'rainbow'; PON ey-ni-ar 'whirlwind, gust of wind containing rain'; YAPnaenyoer 'tornado,
Thislookslikea chainof loans,fromPONthroughCHKwithoutan initial*n and
waterspout'.
fromPULthroughYAPwithone, showinga reinterpretation
alongthechainbetweenCHKand
PPC*auniari'whirlwind',
butit is questionable.
PUL.Marck(I994:3I6) reconstructs
LI2: CHKfeeyis'nameof FaisIsland,WesternCarolines';PULfaayis; WoLfaisse. The
CHKand PULforms appearto be loans.
LI3: CHKfedyiyew,
.jyiyewe-yi-rek 'nameof GaferutIsland(WestFayu)in the Central
Carolines';PuLfayeewowa-y-rek
(sic) 'nameof GaferutIsland(WestFayu)';CRLfayiew
'name of GaferutIsland (West Fayu)';WoLfeuiyetwe'name of a place in Woleai'. Looks like a
chain of interdialectloans.
LI4: CHKiyap 'name of Yap Islands'; PUL yaap; CRLyaap; WOLyaape; ULI ap; PON
yap; MRSyiyahabW;KSRyep. These are clearly a progressionof loans, with the KSRform coming from the English form of the name. Cf. YAPwaqab.
to Chuukby theJapalizard(introduced
LI5: CHKkanuf,kanufe-(n)'large,multicolored
nese to kill rats), 1.of'; MRTkaluf1.'; PULk6luufk6luufd-(n)'giant1.(introducedby Japanese)';
CRLghaluuf ghaluf 'a black and green forest 1.,gecko'; STWkaluf '1.';WOLgalufe 'kind of 1.';
324
monitor1.';PALcheluh'Indianmonitor1.'Wehavehereanevident
PuA kanada'I.';YAPgaluut4'
chainof loansfromPALto YAPto theChuukiclanguages.
'houseon lee platformof sailingcanoe';PULyci-yim"L'ayim,"
Li6: CHKki-iml'eyimw,
'pan'huton deepwatersaildanusthatchhousethatfitson lee sideof sailingcanoe';STWki-imWeim"
'shelteredareaon a canoe'.Theselook like internalChuukic
ing canoe';WOLga-im"leimwe
loans. See PMc *umwa,imwa'house'.
LI7: CHK(ki)-pl"p"aaw,
-p7p"aawe-(n)
'papayatreeandfruit,p. of'; MRTp"awapl"aaw;
WOLbedxaye. Thisis an introduced
PULp"iyiip"'y; CRLfreifraay; STWp"aip%'aay;
plantin
a setof loans.Cf.YAPhaa/xiay,PALbdai.
postcolonialtimesandtheseformsrepresent
'sweetpotato,s. p. of'; MRT
Li8: CHKk6m"llu
k6m"uti,kom"uuti,
kko'm"u,
k6mm"'uu-(n)
CRLgh6m"uuti,
kuim"uutiy,
gharnl'uuti,
am",Yti;PULyirnl"uutiy,
y0im"uutiyd-(n);
gh6m"uutti,
YAPkamoict,
kamuut.Theserepresenta
STw kwm"uuti,
komote,WOLgam"'uutiye,
gh(im"utti;
chain of earlier and later loans from CHMkamutiand Spanish camotefrom Nahuatl.
LIg: CHKkonaak'dog';PULklaak,-CRLghul66gh;CRNgulag; WOLgeiaagu.Thisis a
loanfromChamorro
ga'lagu.NotethatPuA pinisiis a loanfromPALhilis.
L2o: CHKmaas, maase-(n) 'march,marching,a dancewith a marchingstepandmoves
basedon close-ordermilitarydrill,m. of'; PULmaas,nuisd-(n)'a marching
dance,d. of'; CRL
maas'men'smarchingdance';WOLmaasi'akindof dance';YAPmaas'marching
dance';MRS
rn"ahuj'to march,parade'.Theseformsareclearlyloans,theChuukicandYAPones possibly
fromGermanandtheMRSone (whichdoesnotinvolvea dance)fromEnglish.
L21: CHKmaraak, rnaqijaai-(n) 'cloth,c. of'; PUL mryaak; CRL m6iyx)gh,CRN m"o'yijaag;
WOL
_Meyglu,nagaagu.`
TheseareloansviaWOL
fromCHmmagagu'clothes,
dress,shirt,yardage'.
L22: CHKmdird
'yardor clearedgroundarounda houseormeetinghouse';KIR ma rae
TheKIRformis clearlya loanfromSAMmalae'villagegreen',andin theabsence
'playground'.
of anyattestedcognateformsin otherMClanguages,we mustassume,forthepresent,thatthe
CHKformis a loanfromKIR.See PPNmalaqe'meetingplace'.
'a ceremonial
m)rop
L23: CHKmo)rop"',
1"' u-(n)'coverlet,cover,sheet,c. of'; WOLmnarubu
whitewovenskirt,a typeof tributeconsistingof wovenskirts'.Cf. PALmeleleb'coverwitha
'tocover,a cover'.
blanket';YAPmathruw
'arrowroot
PULtna(jlc(*nH(1ak
CRL
L24: CHKm"Y'k,m"'kin"Amk
(Tacca1eLntopetaloides)';
g ULIrndgmog;SNSmogomogo;PON
m6ghom6gh,CRNrnigom6ig;WOLm"YgaMm"
MOKm"D,km"c3k;
MRSm,akm"dcA;
KSRmcmcm.This looks like a chain of loans.
ml",ekim"1ek;
The KSRform with its initial m is clearly a loan. iThe MRSform exhibits the a/6 alternation
*C1aC2Vi,1i
roots.]
expectedof ftillyreduplicated
L25: CHKrn"iik,nm"iike-(n),
#in"ikke-(n)
'pepperplant,hotpepper,p. of';PUL mI"n"'iik,
'chilipepper,c. p. of'; CRLmiigh, (a)-m"leigh
'chilipepper';
(ya)-m"m"iik
(ya)-m"lm"'iikd-(n)
CRN(a)-m"iig 'chilipepper';WOLinl"n"iige,m"lm"'iiga-(li)
'hotpepper,p. of'. Apparentlya
loan from Chamorropika 'burnwith hot pepper', donne'pika'hot pepper'.
L26: CHKnichop,"'second finest grade of pandanus mat'; PONlimop'mat'. Perhapsa loan
here, from PULto PON.
L27: CHKniy(xAA,niyussu-(n) 'imdge, statue,doll, picture,representation,i. Of', MRT IHYOSS
'i., d.'; PUL liyosV,
liyoSi-(n) 's., i., d., weather charm'; CRLliyiCs 'religious i. or s.'; CRN hyS00
'd., any s.'; STw nios 'd.'; WOLliyooAve
's., toy, shape, i.'; PuA niyaso 'd.'; MOKlbs 'demon'.
Said by Jackson (199 I: i01) to be a loan via CHMfrom Spanish Idiosi, which would account for
the s in PUL and CRN instead of expected h.
L28: CHKnoJin"uo-chchek
'name of Lamotrek (island and atoll) in the Central Carolines';
PULnaflo-cCek
CRLlam"o-tcheggh
CRN
(we expect*n()m1'-cc(hk);
(we expect*l6m'o.tchegh);
WOLlam",o-ch-chegi(<*lamwo-li-ragi'lagoon of the
nam"lo-tcheg(we expect n6mm4(otcheg),
west'). If the derivationof the WOLform is oorrect,the otherforms are clearly loans.
L29: ? CHKnwsu-paat'mud skipperfish' (lit. 'continualjump'); PUL luhu-3pat 'a kind of
small, dark,leaping f.' (i.e., mud skipper);CRLlU-Ufu.t'sp. of inedible roek f.' Looks like internal CHK coinage and loan. See PMc *luTiT'to jump'.
RECONSTRUCTIONS- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
325
uL Yoru-pik
'nameof Eauripik
Carolines';P
(islandandatoll),Central
L3o: CHKowuru-pik
TheCHKandPULformslook likeloansfromWOL.
WOLyauru-pige.
(we expect*yoorupik);
Cf. PCK*piike.
L3I: CHKpaanaw'nameof thePalawor BelawIslands';PULpaalawu(sic);CRLpalley;
WOLbdaau,ULI
Hbalau.Thesearea progessionof loans.Cf.PALbdau.
Cf. CHMpanao 'hardL32: ? CHKpanaw'a treepoisonousto the skin(Semicarpus)';
woodtreegoodforlumber';PALbelau'Guettarda
tree',toyet 'poisonoustreein mangofamily
populnea)'.
(S. vnnosa)'. Cf. Chkpene 'a tree(Thespasia
L33: CHKpike-noot,#pike-nooch'nameof formerPikelotIslandin CentralCarolines,
Theseformsappear
(<*pige-li-loota).
destroyedby a typhoon';PULpikollot;WOLpige-n-noote
to resultfromborrowingwithintheChuukiclanguages.
L34: CHKppek'shoot(witha gun),gun,firearm',pekki-i-(y)'s. (s.o.)witha gun';MRT
pakki-i-; PULpek, pekid-i-(y);CRLpdkk pdkki-i-(y);STWpikki-i-(y); WOLpakki,pakki-i-(ye);
loansfromChamorro
ULIpak 'gun';MRSpakkey'biggun,cannon'.Theseareapparently
paki
'gun,s. a gun'.
L35: CHKp'anap, pwana)e-(n) 'ilangilang tree (Cananga odorata),t. of'; PULpwalaj. Cf.
CHMalaiikla'C.odorata';PMPkanaja'C.
CRLldjiildig'C.odorata';PALchirat 'C.odorata;
odorata'(Blust1984-85).
L36: CHKpwonnap'name of Pulap Island'; MRTpwollap;PUL brollap; WOLbhnnap.The
CHKformof thenameappearsto be a loanfromPUL.
STWpWpu;WOL
pWpuu'areca or betel nut'; PULpuw (sic); CRLpWpWu;
L37: CHKPWPWU,
loansdirectlyorindirectlyfrom
All arepresumably
bbuwe;PuA pua(sic);PONPWu14.MOKPWU.
YAPbuw or PALbuuch.Cf. POc *buaq (Ross I988) (KWAbua; SAApue and ULA pua; LAK
iba);PMP*buaq'b.nut'(BlustI984-85).
r.of' (godof rainbowwasgodof war);CRLrcsiim,
'rainbow,
L38: CHKresiim,resiime-(n)
CRNrehiim;PuA lakimu(sic);PONrakim(sic) 'godof war';MRSrakyim'to plunder,destroy
andtakeeverything,
(ne)-lekwem'r.'Thisappearsto be
ravage,ransack,loot';KSR(le)-l3kwem,
a loanwordin at leastsome of theselanguages;cf. Palauorrekim'r.',YAPragim'r.'Marck's
of PMc *rakiimiis opento somequestion.
(1994:311) reconstruction
L39: CHKsaasaf 'soursop tree';PUL saasaqf saasap; YAP saawsaaw. These seem to be
loansfromEnglish.
WOLsaliwisi 'name for the Marshall
'namefortheMarshall
Islands;
L40: CHKseniwis
Islands';MRSjalewej 'Jaluit(islandandatoll)'.The CHKandWOLformsareclearlyloans
fromMRS.
L4I: CHKseewur, seewutr-n 'plumeria,p. of'; MRT seewur; PUL yeewur; CRL seyir,
seytir;STWseeyur;WOLseeuru;ULIsaur.Cf.YAPsowur,fromwhichthisseemsto be a loan.
L42: CHKtenaaw, tenaawe-(n) 'mat, m. of'; MRTtelaw (sic) 'mat'; MRSteahwew 'sitting
mat';KSRtrla?'akindof mat'.Thereareproblemshereof thekindwe mightexpectwithloans.
L43: CHKtonoya,tonoyaa-n'circularthrowingnet,n. of'; CRLtelo1ya 'throwing net';
CRNtelaiya'throwingnet';WOLtalaaiyaa'throwingnet'. These areapparentlyloansfrom
orthrowingnet'.
Chamorro
talaya'circular
144: CHKttipi-s,ttipi-si-n'error,mistake,fault,sin,his e.';PULtipi-s,tipi-si-(n)'sin,mistake,error,s. of' (a loanfromCHK);STWtipi-s'sin(notmerelymistake)';PONdiip,dipe'sin,
'tostumble,stubone'stoe';MOKdipi-j'totrip
his s.',dipe-(kele*),dipre-(keleel)
wrong-doing,
on (s.t.)';PNGdep'stumbleandfall';MRStip-jek'stumble,slip,trip',tipij 'totripon (s.t.)';KSR
missiontipi-s'badugly'.Weseemto havea chainof loansfromMRSin thewakeof Protestant
aryactivitythatbeganin theMarshallIslandsandspreadwestwardfromthere.Cf. WOLtapissi
'letit slip'.
'toslip,falloff,comeoff', (ge)-tapissi-(i)
'to dye,do dying(anycolor)';CRLtuumWu
'locally made dye of any
L45: CHKtuumWu
colorusedto colorcloth';WOLtum'u'to dye,colorclothor hair,colorwitha dye'.Loanfrom
CHMtumu'coloring,dye'.
326
'loom for weaving,1.of', turu-ni'weaveit', tur 'to weave on a
L46: CHKtlur, tuaru-(n)
CRLter '1.',ttrr'weaveon a 1.';WOLteorm,
I.';PULtfer,tnru-(n);
teru-(li)'1.,1.of', teru-uj-(u)
'weaveit'; PuA taalu,talu-.This is presumablya loan froma Philippinesource.Cf. UAN
*tenun'toweave'.
t.of'; CRLweighu,weetree(Casuarina
equisdifdia),
L47: CHKweku,wekuu-(n)'ironwood
ghu;CRNweegu.PossibleloansfromYAPwalguw'a typeof tree'.Cf.PALdort'ironwoodtree'.
L48: CHKweneya'old nameof Woleai(islandandatoll)',woneyaye(fromEnglishform
of name);MRTwoleyaye(from Englishform?);PULweniyay(from Englishform?);CRL
woleyaay(from Englishform?);CRNweniya;WOLweleyaa.These appearto be internal
Chuukic loans.
L49: CHKwocXuCip
'dragonfly;PULwoRdidp,woRiidpi-(n),CRLoshadp,oshidpi-(l);
WOLgoshaape; PuA kasappi.The CRL,WOL,and PuA forms appearto be corrmptionsof the
CHKand PUL forms, which can be analyzed as deriving from *koca-kapi meaning 'butt-end-
eating',referencebeingto thewaydragontlies
appearwhenflyingin matingpairs.A reconstnrctionof PCK*kocakapi
is questionable.
See PMc *koca,oca 'eatrawfood',PMc *kapi'bottom,
buttend'.
L50: CHKwores'washtheface';PULw6rih 'tow. (asthef. in themorning)',worahi-i-(y)
'w. it'; CRLurdis,urdse-(lo) 'w. one's f.', (o)-urdsi-i-(y) 'w. (s.o., as a child in the morning)'. Is
thisa loanfromPidginEnglish?
L5 1: CRLat(xa'ey 'nameof Tobi Island,WesternCarolines';CRN gatogohwey; WOL gato-
Theseformsappearto be a chainof loans.
gdoh;PuA katodxld;SNSkatdkfd;TBIgatogd"'ey.
L52: CRLbhiila,f'eila 'sheath(fora knife)';WOLhailaa. Loan from CHAMhaina
'sheath,scabbard'.
L53: CRLgaaghu 'to be lazy'; WOLgaaguu. Loan from CHMgago' 'lazy'.
L54: CRLlaash 'ironwoodtree';WOLlaahi, lashi-'pinetree';ULIlaach'pine-liket.' Cf.
YAPlCach,naech,saidto be borrowedfromULI;CHMladda,lauda 'Morindacitrifolia';PAL
IyIs'a type of pine t.' A possible loan from CHM.
L55: CRLmaaghuf;
m6oghuf1'behappy,pleased';CRNmaag?f'be h., p.' WOLmaagufe
'beactive,encouraged,
animated'.
Thisis a loanfromCHMmag(f'h.,gay,glad,delight'.
L56: ? CRLoghot(xlhgandCRN6gitoolei 'large,hardwoodtree(Eugeniapalumbis)';
WOLgatoolaqi'akindof tree'.Cf. PALkesiil'Eugeniatree'.
'uncookedrice,ricegrain';WOLperaasi 'rice'; ULIperris 'rice'.
L57: CRLp"p"Puughas
The WOLand ULI forms are apparentloans from PALberas 'rice'; and the CRLform is a loan
from CHMpugas 'uncooked rice'. See PAN *beRas (Blust 1984-85).
L58: CRLso)osh(l 'name of Sonsorol Island, WesternCarolines'; CRN sacoRol; Wo L
so(slsazlo; PuA doijsanu. Cf. YAPsc(chol. The CRNform is clearly a loan.
L59: KIRmaao 'nearly finished (as a shower), be raining gently'; (ka)-maao-(a) 'to wait
upon (the rain) until the shower is quite over'; PPN *mao 'cease raining'. Note that the KIR
forms may be loans from a PN source, e.g., SAMmnaona'let up, abate, calm down (of rain,
storm)'.
L6o: KIRmim'to urinate';An apparent
loanfroma PNsource;cf. SAMmiimii;TONmimi.
L6I: KIRjae 'satiated';KSR^ji 'feel satisfied(especiallyaftera good meal)'.The KSR
loanfromKIR
form,wherewe wouldexpect*Jwe,is anapparent
L62: KSRes 'papaya';ROTesu 'papaya';SAMesi 'papaya'.Cf. TONlesi 'papaya'.Other
thanin KSR,cognatesof thisformarenot attestedin Micronesian
languages.Theseareclearly
productsof borrowing.
L63: MoKjikalue 'coconut toddy'; MRS.jekarew'coconut sap, toddy'; KIRte-karewe'fresh
coconut sap' (lit. 'the sweet'); KSRsakara 'coconut sap'. The MOKand MRSforms are loans
from KIR(incorporatingthe KIRprefixed article),and the KSRform is in turna loan from MRS
(as indicatedby the initial KSRS from MRSJ).
jo jro-(n) 'handle, its h., h. of'; MRS jirwe- 'handle'. The MOK form
L64: ? MoK.jorn,
couldbe a loanfromMRS.
- 2
PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
327
L65: MoKjopwro 'constellation Pleiades'; MRs jebwraw'star eta Taurus (Pleiades)'; KSR
safuro 'Pleiades' (Lutke) (Bender et al. I984). The MOKand KSRforms are likely loans from
MRS.
L66: MoKjoron 'lightning'; MRSjarmn; KSRsxarv. The MOKand KSRforms are likely
loans from MRS.
L67: MOKkidaak 'Allophylus tree'; PNG kidaak; MRS kitahak. Cf. KSR kirak 'kind of
tree'.We seemto be dealingwithloanshere,probablyfromMRS.
L68: MOKmagij'gonesour(as of spoiledliquid)';MRSmagigV
'old and s. fermented
coconutsap',ji-magig'fermented
coconuttoddy,s. toddy';KIRmagig'drunk,intoxicated',
(te)or intoxicating
coconutsap',ka-maVigt
TheMOKandMRS
ka-magig'fermented
'intoxicating'.
formsareloansfromtheKIRform(thesecondMRSformincorporating
theKIRprefixedarticle).
See PMc *marijiforcognatesof KIRmagij.
'tuna'.
'tuna, t. of'; PNGpwEypWEy
'tuna'; MRSbWeybwey
L69: MOKPWYPWEY,
pwEypwei-(n)
These could be loans from MRSinto MOKand PNG.Cf. WOLbuire 'kind of fish that looks like
'a fish',baibwo
a barracuda';
KIR(te)-baibai
'a fish'.
L7o: MRsjebwey
'oar,paddle,rudder,steeringwheel';KIR(te)-bwee
'oar,steeringoar,rudder';SAMfoe 'oar,paddle';PPN*fohe;PEO*voze.TheMRSformis clearlya loanfromKIR,
theKIRnoun-marking
prefixwithinit;andtheKIRformis a loanfromSAM.
incorporating
'a tarovariety(Colocasia);KIR(te)-bwabwai
'Colocasiataro'.The
L7I: MRsjibwabwbwayiy
MRSform may be a loan from KIR,incorporatingthe prefixed KIRnoun markerand exhibiting
thefinalvowelof theKIRform,butsee Bender(198I) foran alternative
Cf. CHM
explanation.
baca''typeof swamptaro'.
L72: MRSteptep 'chest, trunk,footlocker'; KSRtaptap'suitcase, trunk,chest, coffin'. The
KSRform could well be a loan from MRS,but see YAPdapdep 'storage trunk'.Cf. KIRrabi 'be
indentedas a coast,bellyingas a sail',rabirabi'widelaterallyas a coconutshell
curvedlaterally,
bottle'.
L73: MRSyanyen'tobail(as a canoe)';KIRanan(sic)(*annan< *aniani);KSRenyen.We
theMRSandKSRformsas loansfromKIRandtheKIRformas a backformationfrom
interpret
KIR(te)-anima'bailer'.Cf.PEO* [cz]aRu-m'b.out'(GeraghtyI990).
L74: MRTmalk 'chicken';PULmaluk;STWmanuk;CRLmahlgh;WOLmaluge;ULI
mdleg; PONmalek.These are loans from CHMmannok'chicken'.
'worm';PULmw6ho'w.';CRLmwus6'intestinalw.' Cf. PMc *mWaata,
L75: MRTmWuso
Couldwellbe a chainof loans.
mWata-.
L76: PNGpeded'fall';KSRpatat 'fall, drop'.In the absenceof reportedcognatesfrom
other languages, we must consider one of these a possible loan from the other.
L77: PON ini 'to carry two bundles of things with a pole across the shoulder', inie 'to c.
PNGini,iniani'yokeor polefor
(s.t.)witha pole';MOKinani(sic) 'yokeorpole forcarrying';
carrying';MRSyineyney 'c. on the shoulders,bear a burden',yineye-k'c. (s.t.) on the shoulders';
KSRena 'pole,yoke'. Thereareproblemshere,andwe maybe dealingwitha chainof loans.
CHKeyi-ni-wow'pole for carrying'does not belong in this set.
ThePONformis evidentlya loanfromKIR;
L78: PONkidi'dog';MRSkidiw;KIR(te)-kiri.
as loansfroma Polynesiansource(cf.PPN*kulii;FIJ
theMRSandKIRformscanbe understood
koli).Cf. KWAku'i.Cf.alsoSAA'USU.
L79: PONkitik'rat,mouse';MOKkije-sik'smallanimal,lizard,mouse',kije-sik(winan)
'rat';MRSkij-dik'mouse,rat'(lit. 'littlelouse');KSRkisrik'cat,mouse,rat'.ThePONandKSR
formslook like loansfromMRS;the MOKformcouldbe eithercognatewithor a loanfrom
MRS.Cf.LAKkusuke'rat'.Cf. Also PCK*keci'rat'.
'counterforheapsor piles';MRSm'iwij 'pile up plantmateriL8o: PONmWut,
mwuti-(n)
als'.ThePONformis a loanfromMRSortheMRSforma loanfromPON.
L8I: ? PONscorj'to measure,survey,a measurement';
MOK.j
ojoo3 'to measure',jog 'to
measure(s.t.)';MRsjerfjerf'tomeasure,comparesize',jefa- 'size(of s.t.)'.Thelongvowelof
PONpresentsa problem.WemayhaveloansintoMOKandPONfromMRShere.
328
L82: PuA lepakati'capable,able';KIRrabxkau'skillfull,dextrous,adept'.The PuA form
appearsto be a direct loan from the KIR.(KIRmen were recruitedas boat crew by the late nine-
tradersin theCarolines.)
teenth-century
L83: PULhoyoogo'a reeffish';CRLsORoyxt'sp.of ediblereeffish'.NotethatWOLsOy9X)e
'akindof fish'wouldappearto be a loanfroma CRL-like
source,sincewe wouldexpectit to be
form.
*sayxxjoif it wereaninherited
L84: PULsaraal'nameof SorolIsland,WesternCarolines';WOLsoroole.The PULform
is clearlya loan.
L85: PULydsiika,ydsiikaa-(n)'salt,to salt,s. of', ydsiikii-ni 'to s. or season(s.t.)';C RL
asiighaandCRNasiig 'S.';STWyassika's.';WOLgasiigaa's.'Theseareapparentloansfrom
CHMasiga.
L86: STWsolop'land,earth';WOLsalope,talope(Benderet al. 1984) 'earth,soil'; ULI
talop,talop"'earth'(Benderet al. I984);PuA (i)-danopa'earth,ground,world'.The variants
andthe d of the PuA formsuggestthatthisis a loanfromYAPdanoop'world,earth,native
land'.Cf. PMc *tano'ground,low'.
inerme)';ULIhab'i; SNS
L87: STWyaH'iy'a plant';WOLgabiye'a plant(Clerdxendrum
inerme)'.Appearsto be a loanintothe West
habiya.Cf. CHKapêch'a plant'(Clernxendrum
ChuukiclanguagesfromYAPgaauuy'a plant'(cf. YAPgahuuy'pepperleafforbetelchewing';
PALkedxy'pepperleafforbetelchewing').Cf.PAN*apuR.'betelchew'(BlustI984-85).
L88: WOLkkeelekkelekkili'a tree(Terminalia
keklj 'atree
catappa)';MRSkkWV
[ydIkkd,
'Terminalia
carolinensis',
catappa'.
litorali)'.Cf. PONkeema'Terminalia
(Terminalia
dipw'op'o
'a tree(Terminalia
Theselooklikeloans,if anything.
See alsoPCK*kaata,kaataata
catappa)'.
lepê-'beard,musL89: WOLreebe,reb- 'mustache,whiskers';ULIreb"-;PuA leep"'e,
'whiskers'.LoanfromYAPrrxb.
tache,wattles(of a chicken)',lepêlep'e
L9o: WOLsiifi,sifi- 'woman'sskirt,grassskirt',siftsifi'g. s., weara g. s.';PuA didididi
loanfromYAPsiif,fiis 'typeof dancingskirt'.
'g. s., to weara g. s.' Thisis anapparent
L91: WOLtiipi,tipi-'bigsteeringpaddle';YAPthiip'steeringoar'.Cf. PEO *sua 'scull'
(FIJsua and PPN sua 'scull', MTAsua 'paddle' [Geraghty1983:140-141 ).
FINDER LIST
afraid
abandon
angry:PPC*li-iarinari.
be angry:PCK*Too?a.
afraid,be afraidof, a coward:
abandon,letdrop:PPC*paidi.
animate
PCK*niwa,niwa-idi.
abate
PCK*cai.
to fear,be afraid:PMc *mataku. counterforanimates:
recovered,abated(of illness,
anoint
afterbirth
weather):PCK*cikara.
oil forskinorhair,anoint:
PMc
abdomen
placenta,afterbirth:
PCMc*kapi-sa,kapi-si.
PWMc*pati,
*ta[w01u[iu],
belly,abdomen,torso:PMc
answer
*wupwa
patia.
opposite,answer:PPC*palua2.
stomach,belly,abdomen:PMc again
to answerPMc*tapa,tapa-[kj]i.
*tia,.
again,retur:PWMc*tafaali.
ant: PCMc*l[eo]lu.
able: PCK*mwmwele.
age
a largeblackant PMc *kaci.
womwithage:PMc *maki.
PCMc*sapa
able,prepared:
notable,sick:PCK*taappear:PCK*nna.
agent
PMc *lakalaka.
mwmWele.
appearance:
agentiveprefixindicating"one
who(does,is givento doing)" appearance,
condition,shape:
to arrive,be able:PCMc*kona.
PCMc*au.
to be able:PCMc*taro.
(likeEnglishsuffix-er):
PMc *lama.
PCMc*li-.
shape,appearance:
accompany: PMc *fiSi.
accustom
apple
ago
mountainapple(Eugenia
be learned,be accustomedto:
longago,ancienttimes,theold
PCK*yaui,yat-ri-,kka-yaui,
javanica):PCK*faaniyape.
days:PCK*laamo.
appropriate
agonize
ka-yau-i-.
goxx,suitable,
difficult,agonizing:PPC
proper,
approacquire
*wairaki.
be traded,acquirein trade:PMc
priate,fitting:PCK*kacci.
area
ahead
*mau,mauni.
active
ahead,goingbefore:PMc
depressedandfloodedarea:
PWMc*pasa.
be quick,fast,active:PCK
*mW[oula.
arm
mwa-adaada.
*mWa-ada,
algae
carryon thehiporunderthe
add
seaweed,moss,algae,scum:
arm:PMc *afi,afi-Si-.
PMc
lumfu.
PCK
in
addition:
*limwu,
also,
*pwala.
hand,arm,wing:PMc *pau.
address
alight
arrange
politetermof address:PMc *le, settle,alight:PMc *Toka.
PWMc? *piko,
dissarrange:
lee.
align
PWMc
piko-si.
towardor in directionof person makealignment:
arrive
addressed:
PMc *watu.
*apara.
reach,arrive:PMc *[sS]oko.
adhere: PWMc *paca,papaca alike
to arrive,be able:PCMc*kona.
be alike,same,equivalent:
PMc
or *capa, cacapa.
arrowroot
*wee.
admire
arrowroot
alive:PMc *mauri.
(Tacca
admire,envy:PCK*0olo.
letltpetaloide):PWMc?
life,alive:PMc*matlnnlawa.
adult
*mwakumwaku.
adult(notmarriedor allot
unmarried
ashamed:PCMc*taaw(ae).
allotment,share:PCK*wiita.
widowed):PCK*li-pici.
ashes:PCK*falaea,PMc *peyata.
already
advice, advise
coals,ashes:PCK*ma-woco,
PMc *fanau. already,
justnow:PCK*fari,.
advice,instruction:
ma-wocooco.
also
advise,giveguidance:PCK
PCK *pwala aside
also,in addition:
*kafalafala2.
brushaside:PMc*peo.
adze: PMc ? *kiiV,kiV, PMc ancient
to slipoff,putaside:PMc *pwili.
*talai.
ask
days:PCK*laamwo.
adzing,cutwithanadze:PPC
PMc
to ask:PCK*[k0i]a[t0ieki,
and
*fala,ka-falafala.
*tiSaki.
adze:PCK
and,but:PCK*U[ae].
straight-edge
to ask,a question:PCK*katia,
*dikadika.
and,with:PMc *ma.
katitia.
Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 42, no. 2 (December 2003)
? by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved.
33o
assemble
ball
beard:PMc *alliulta.
PPC*uxo. playwitha ball:PCK*ppeeor bearing
assembled,gathered:
PCK?
*ppau.
manner,bearing:PCK*Tel[eal.
pile,group,assemblage:
*mWewu.
bamboo:PCK? *pwaai2,PCMc beat
asthma
strike,hit,beat:PMc*weceor
? *tici.
*woco.
asthma,be shortof breath:PCK banana:PMc *wuci.
beautiful
mWiamWia.
*mWia,
handof bananas(counting
at
clean,neat,beautiful,to cleanor
PCMc? *i[t1]i.
classifier):
neaten(s.t.):PCK*lima,
at,in(witha nounbase):PWMc barb
? *lee-,law-.
limalima,lima-kacci,lima-di.
*rumWu.
PCK
barb,sharppoint:
at (locative):PMc *i-.
because:PCMc*pW[ael.
bark
atplace(asdesignated):
PCMc
skin,bark:PMc *kuli.
because,why:PPC*pwa-ki-da.
*ika.
base
beckon
attach
to wave,beckon:PMc *alo,
base,tail:PMc'?*pwuku.
attached,
joined:PCK*mata.
aloalo, alo[fmli.
beginning,origin,base:PWMc
before
attempt
*capi.
to attempt,try:PCK*tado,tado- basil
ni-.
basil:PCK*wareru.
*mwloula.
attend
basis
begin
be carefulof, attendto:PCK
cause,beginning,basis:PMc'?
beginning,origin,base:PWMc
*ka-tfalli.
*pWenu.
*capi.
attitude
basket:PCK*kado,PMc
cause,beginning,basis:PMc ?
emotion,feelings,sentiment,
*pW'enu.
*pWasau.
mind:PMc*sipa.
attitude,
basketmadeof coconutleaves: behalf
avail
inregardto,on behalfof, at:
PCK*cUki.
to no avail:PCK? *uwlaeldi.
PPC*ree-.
kindof roundbasket:PCMc
awake
behavior
*pWaca2.
awakened,awaken:PMc *fauu,
behavior,
manner,habit:PCK
largebasket:PCK?
farju-ni.
*mnaa.
dllaeljariklail.
be awakeatnight:PCK*pwaki, bat
behind: PMc *mWuri.
P'p"paki.
behold
kindof bat:PMc *pweka.
standwatch,stayawake:PMc bathe
to see,behold:PMc*1oo,kxo-Si.
*mamata.
dive,bathe:PMc*Suu,SuuSuu, belch:PCK*ku[lnlani.
aware
to belch:PMc *kurerlael.
Suu-fi.
becomeaware,wakeup,be
believe
be
PMc*rutliul.
surprised:
PMc
trust,believe,be confident:
be,exist:PWMc*oro.
away
*lliulku.
stateof being:PCMc*ca.
from(s.t.),awayfrom(usually
belly
stativeprefixindicating
that
suf.to verbs):PWMc*taJi.
whatis describedis an
go, proceed,(asdirectional)
*wupwa.
orconditionof
appearance
away:PMc *lako,laa.
stomach,belly,abdomen:PMc
PMc*ma-.
being:
to runaway:PCK*Tiu.
*tia,.
stay,remain,be (atorin a place
back
belt:PCK*[dtlara.
or time):PCK*noko.
back(of body):PMc *takuru. beach
woman'sbeltor necklaceof
bad
shellbeads:PCK*kini.
beachrock:PCK*perewu.
PMc*pWusa,
bad,improper:
sand,beach:PMc *pia,pipia, bend
be bent,to bend(s.t.):PMc
p-usa-ka.
piapia.
PCK*-lapa.
badly,contrarily:
*kupwe,
kupwe-li.
shore,beach,vicinity:PMc*aro.
bail
bend,curve:PCK*roko.
beads
bailer:PMc*lln)ima.
curve,bendinward:PMc
to bail:PMc *[tf1ani[tlJani.
*cip"a,.
bait
beam
curved,bent:PCMc*pwaro.
bait,worm:PMc *paa,.
tiebeam:PCK*kau-camWa. beside
to bite(baitby fish):PCK*rJiri, bear
near,beside:PMc *Soru.
iriniri,iiri-i-.
between
be bom,bearyoung:PMc
bake
openspacebetween:PMc
*t[iulpWu.
earthoven,bakeinanoven:
*kacawa.
liftup,carry,bearinone'shands:
PMc *wumwu,
wumhu-ni.
PMc*tapIael,
big
taplael-ki.
big,main:PMc *lapa.
FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIAN
RECONSTRUCTIONS
331
bind
blood
newlyborn,infant:PCMc
blood,be bloody:PMc *caa,
builder,bindtogether:PCMc
*ka[w0jo.
cacaa.
borrow
*talilapa.
solidifiedblood:PCK
borrowedthing:PCK? *pwonu.
tie,bind:PMc *fau,fau-Si.
*wupwuupwu.
bottle:PCK*ruumee.
wrapped,boundup:PPC
bloom
bottom
*fin[ei].
bird
to bloom(of flowers):PCK
bottom,buttend:PMc *kapi.
a bird:PCK*likaapi.
*tao[lnl[ae].
boundary:PCMc*tiaa.
a smallploverbird:PCK
blossom
bowl
coconutblossomorspathe:PCK bowl,constellation
*i[ln]ii[lnli.
Delphinus:
? *6erra.
PMc*tapia.
boobybird:PCK? *kamawo.
heron:PCMc*karau.
box
open(asbudorblossom):
kindof bird:PMc *kulu.
PWMc*pwaku.
box,hole:PMc*pWaro.
to sprout,blossom:PMc *pwere. boxforfishinggear:PCK?
pipingor whistlingsound,
pipingbird:PPC? *koyikoyi. blow
*[dtlafildt]afi.
blow(of thewind):PMc? *pau, boy
plover:PCK*kulliu]ra.
seabird,duck:PMc *rJaaJaa.
boy,child:PCK*kade.
paupau.
PCK
tern:PCK*macikawu,
blow(of wind):PCK*filefile, brace
file-di.
*rece,PMc*karakara.
connectingbraceson outrigger:
to cluck,cluckingbird:PPC
PCK*cee.
blow(one'snose):PCMc?
bracelet:PCK*lake.
*coko,li-coko.
*tlao]r[ou]si.
branch:PMc*rae.
tropicbird:PMc *tikuor *tuki. to blow:PMc *wuku.
whiteorfairyter: PCMc
to snort,blowone'snose:PCK brave:PCK*pwaraka.
*kiakia.
*ruTu,iurjTd-,ruTu-ri-.
brave,strong:PPC*faa.
birth
to sound(whenblown,as a
breadfruit:PMc *mai,.
PMc
PMc ? *pwuu.
PCK
trumpet):
pieceof cookedbreadfruit:
windblownrainor spray:PCK
*tauliu],PWMc*pati,patia.
*wudu.
bit
breadfruit:
PMc
*parata.
preserved
bit,chip:PCK*mWakkIiU]. blue
*mara.
littlebit:PPC*-ki[tT][ai].
blue,green:PCK? *karawa,
break:PCK*pWdlld,
pWpWld,
bite:PMc *kai,,PMc *ku,kuku,
karawarawa.
PCMc*pwelu.
ku-ti,kuku-ti.
green,blue:PMc*marawa.
break,be in pieces:PCK
board
bite,peck:PMc *toki.
*makku.
to bite(baitby fish):PCK*rJiri, board,plank:PMc *papa.
broken:PMc *tawaa.
break,
boat
jiriliri,iiri-i-.
scatter:PMc *kala,
bitter:PCK*marata.
steera boat:PMc *ako,akoako. break,cut,
makala.
black
bob
cut,break:PMc *kota.
dark,black:PMc*calo,
tipup,raiseup,nod,bob:PMc
cut,sever,breakoff:PMc
calocalo.
*cimwe.
*m\'otu,mwotu-Si.
bland
body
brokenintopieces:
shattered,
PCK
bland:
C(x)l,
*pada,
body,totality:PCK*ineki.
PMc*ripi,ripiripi,maripi.
boil
padapada.
to break,crack,hatchanegg:
blanket
a boil,sore:PCK*loto.
PPC*tawaa,ka-tawaa.
coverlet:
PMc
blanket,
boil(fxxld):PCK*pwuka-a.
to break,destroy(s.t): PCMc
to boil,bubble,seethe:PCK
*k[ao]ut[ael.
*sawa-ti,sawa-ta.
blemish
*wacca.
breast:PCMc*wupwu2.
skinrashorblemish:PPC
bone: PMc *cuyi.
breast,to suckle:PMc *susu.
boom
*mweyi.
nipple(lit.'pointof breastor
blind: PCK*mata-paca.
yard,box)m(of canoe):PCK
PMc *mata-ninursing'):
glareblindness:PPC*maal[iu].
*cuyicuyi.
susu.
blink
bore
breathe:PCK*raTa,rjaTaraTa.
flicker,blink:PCK*ka-mabored,tired:PCK*Udcd.
a coldorcough,breathehard:
born
ruperupe.
PMc*maura.
be born,bearyoung:PMc
blister:PCK*pwpweye.
be shortof breath:PCK
asthma,
block
*t[iu]pu.
*mwia,mwiamwia.
be shut,blocked,to shut,block, neonate,newlybor animal,
outof breath:PMc*maaru.
close:PMc *pwono,pwonoti,
newlyhatchedbird:PCK
*kappa,kappa-na.
p'onota.
332
to call,summon:PCMc*fato,
carryon thehiporunderthe
bright
arm:PMc *afi,afi-Si-.
fato-ri-.
becomevisible,bebright,shiny:
calm:PCK*ma-lualua.
PPC*liIa,lijalira,lliia.
cary, take:PMc ?*pweki.
be calm(of seaorweather):
be shiny,glossy,bright,glitter:
PCK*api,PCK
carry,transport:
PCK*ldwaa.
? *kaTi.
PCK*ca-riwariwa.
bright,luminous:PMc *rama, cane
carrywitha shoulderpole:PCK
marama.
*kamwmWare.
cane,walkingstick:PMc*toko,
tokona.
broil
liftup,cary,bearin one'shands:
to roast,broil:PCMc*tinitini, canoe:PMc *waxa2.
PMc*tap[ae],
taplael-ki.
canoepaddle:PPC*faddla.
tini-mi.
to liftup,carry:PCK*r(xoro,
brow
roo-ki-.
carvingalongsideof a canoe:
PCK*fari,.
carve
forehead,brow:PMc *carna.
lee platformof sailingcanoe,
bruise
carvingalongsideof a canoe:
bruised:PMc *falu.
PCK*fari,.
platformon sideoppositeto
float:PCMc
catch
brush
outrigger
a catch(asof fish),to catch:
brushaside:PMc *peo.
*epaepa.
lee sideof a sailingcanoe:PMc
PMc *kona.
bubble
*katea.
a catchof fish,to catch(fish):
bubble,foiam:PCK*pwuro,
PCK*liapa,liapa-ni.
on,on topof (a canoe):PCK
pWuropwuro.
*cuu-.
be caught,snagged:PMc *tapa3.
booms be held,caught,to hold,grip:
on theoutrigger
*wacca.
platform
of a canoe:PCK?
PCK*mwacd,
bud
(ka)-mWacl-(u).
*yadulnlawa.
catch,capture:PCK*yoko,
raisedseatorplatformon a
PWMc*p"aku.
yoko-fi.
sailingcanoe:PCK?
fishnet,catchin a net:PMc
spathe,unopenedbud:PCMc
*asi.
*fa[uulnaki.
*wuko,wuko-ti.
seatin a canoe:PMc?
haves.t.caughtin thethroat:
build
PPC*laawa.
*l(xo)w0Oa,
lo[w0la.
sheet(of sailingcanoe):PCK
to catch:PMc *tautau,tau-ki.
*talilapa.
to catch(water)in a container:
*m'elliel.
bump
PMc*tano-mi-.
bumpagainst:PCK*pardU[ilj. typeof sailingcanoe:PCK
bunch
*kaewa[lnlu.
category
windward
bunchof ten:PCK*yafi.
platfonnon outrigger category,kind:PCK*dappe.
boomsnextto hullof sailing cause
bunchorclusterof nuts:PCMc
canoe:PWMc? *farafa.
*amwii.
cause,beginning,basis:PMc?
woodenspacerjoining
*pWenu.
bundle:PCK*pin[aelkd.
outrigger
boomandfloaton a canoe:
causativeprefix,pref.forming
bundleof s.t.:PMc *kapa.
PCK*yamwa.
ordinalnumerals:
PMc *ka-.
burn:PCMc'?*kio,kiori.
center
burt: PMc*kara,kakara.
yard,b(x)m(of canoe):PCK
*cuyicuyi.
center,middle:PCMc*luuka.
bury
to plant,bury:PMc *tawu,
capture
centipede: PCK*manu-niPCK*yoko,
catch,capture:
pW'ori.
tawu-ni,tawu-na.
yoko-fi.
busy:PCMc*tape,.
ceremony
ceremonial
grab,capture,seize:PMc
busy,occupied,detained:
clothing:PCK
*inacia.
PWMc*mAaca,.
*[sSIoro,IsSloro-i-.
care
certain
but
be carefulof, attendto:PCK
and,but:PCK*Ulaej.
uncertain,
vague:PCK*mWara,
*ka-falli.
butt
m'mw'ara.
chafe
bottom,buttend:PMc*kapi. cargo
cargo,load:PMc ?*ulsSla,
be chafed,rasping:PMc *rere,
butterfly
u[sSlani,u[sSlana.
PCMc ?*pWepWe.
gererere.
butterfly:
PCK carry:PMc*u-Ti,u-Taki.
change
flapnoiselessly,butterfly:
PMc
be changed,change:PMc
*pwekipweki,
li-pwekipAeki. caTy,convey,transport:
*wua, wuawua, wua-ti,wua-ta.
buzz
*wleolli,wleolli-ki-.
channel
cany in themouth:PPC*ila,
buzz,hum,makesound,
ilaila.
reefpass,channel:PCK?
intonation:
PMc *rii.
call
cany it, convey it, transportit:
*'daolwura,PMc*sawa.
PPC*waa.
call,callto:PWMc*kau,
kakau,kau-ri,kakau-ri.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
chant
chant,sing,be noisy,laugh:
PMc *qiTi.
to chant,intone:PCMc*Uoro.
chase
chase,pursue:PCK*caka-i-,
ccaka-i-.
chattels
g(xxls,chattels:PCK*pitaki.
cheek: PMc *tapa,.
chew
chewandsuck(assugarcane):
PPC*0uui,Ij-di.
to chew:PCK*lui, lddilu,
luildd-(wa).
chief:PCK*taimWoolu.
child:PCMc? *atarei,PMc
*natu,PMc *tari.
boy,child:PCK*kade.
childof maleclanmember:PCK
*afakdra.
childof siblingof oppositesex:
PMc *fafsS]ua.
chin
jaw,chin:PMc *a[sS]e.
chip
bit,chip:PCK*mWakkfil].
choke
choke,throat:PCK*cior[aol.
choose:PMc *fili,filifili.
chop: PMc *taa,taaki.
be cut,chopped:PMc*paku.
choplengthwise,split:PCK
*dila,dila-1i-.
cutoff,chopoff:PCK*Ukikui,
dk-fi.
to chop:PMc *toka,.
chunk
slice,chunk,to cut,to slice:
PMc *[sS]ipa,[sS]ipa-ki.
cigar
rolledcigaretteorcigar:PCK?
333
classifier
clothe
alienableobject(withposs.
ceremonial
clothing:PCK
*macia
suf), acquireana. o., general
be naked,unclothed:
PCK
possessiveclassifier:PCMc
*wacawaca.
*aa,aa-ni.
classifierforcherished
cloud
cloud,rain:PCMc*kacawu.
possessions:PMc *natu.
drinkable
cluck
object:possessive
classifier:PMc *nima-.
to cluck,cluckingbird:PPC
*coko,li-coko.
generalclassifierin counting
PMc cluster
(suffixedto numerals):
*-ua.
handof bananas(counting
*amwii.
PCMc? *i[t01i.
fruitcluster:PPC*wumWu.
classifier):
longobject(countingclassifier): coals
PPC*faco.
coals,ashes:PCK*ma-woco,
ma-wocx)co.
possessiveclassifierforcanoes:
PMc *waxa2.
coconut:PMc *niu.
basketmadeof coconutleaves:
strand,thinpiece(counting
PPC*-ali.
PCK*cuku.
classifier):
claw
coconutblossomorspathe:PCK
? *6ereera.
toenail,claw:PMc
fingernail,
*kuku.
coconutcloth:PMc? *inuor
to scxoop,
*uni,PMc *unu.
scrapeout,dig(aswith
coconutcream,scrapedcoconut
claws):PCK? *wedi2.
meat:PCMc*ar[eo]ju.
clay
redclay:PMc? *lape.
coconutfiber:PCMc*koca.
clean
coconutoil:PCK*dikkaa.
to cleanor coconutshellcontainer:
PCK
clean,neat,beautiful,
*pera.
lima-di. growthorlumpundertheskin,
limalima,lima-kaccd,
clear
spongycoreof mature
coconut:PMc ? *piri.
clear,distinct:PCMc*tale.
clearedland:PPC*rata.
maturecoconut:PCK*co), coXclearedland,garden:PPON
tara.
*mWaaca.
meatof coconut:PCMc*peni.
clearedspace:PMc*maata,
midribof coconutfrondor leaf:
maataata.
PMc *noko.
PCK*ffada.
smallyoungcoconut:PPC
clear,transparent:
groundclearedof vegetation,
*kurupu.
swiddenfield:PCK*malle,
to huskcoconuts:PMc *koso,
malemale,(ka)-malemale-(a), kosomi.
male-di-.
coconut
varietyof sweet-husked
*pwaau,pwpwaa.
clever
palm:PPC*adoola.
circle
smart,clever:PCK*li-cowu.
youngcoconut:PMc *wupwu.
circle,circling,dizzy:PWMc
climb
youngcoconutleaf:PCMc
*ali,aliali,mwaaliali.
go on alltours,crawl,climb:
*wupWu-,.
clam
PCK*dau,dad-ki.
cold
kindof clam:PCK*ddoko.
a coldorcough,breathehard:
clam:PCK*kamwee close
tridachna
be shut,blocked,to shut,block,
PMc *maura.
or *kamWai,
PMc *kima.
close:PMc *pwono,
pwono-ti, be cold:PMc*maci,macici.
clan
feelcold:PMc *fou.
pwonota.
clan,family:PMc ?*tawu2.
closed,covered:PCK*ppUidi. collect
clan,folk,tribe,stock:PCK
near,close:PCK*repa,ka-repa, collect,pileup:PMc *Toko.
*kayinata.
PCMc*karani.
collide
clap
to moveclose alongor over:
collide,fall:PMc *pWuro.
PMc
the
hands,
(s.t.):
clap
slap
PCK*deka,deka-ri-or *dake, come
*piki,pikipiki,piki-ri.
dake-ri-.
come,go, passby:PCK*luu.
cometo land:PWMc*ila.
334
cover
go orcomethrough,pass:PMc control
in control,responsible:
PCK
blanket,coverlet:PMc
*pwera.
*nama.
comfort
*k[ao]utlael.
converse
closed,covered:PCK*ppdri.
comforted,consoled:PPC
talk,converse,a story:PCK
covered,hidden:PPC*mWano,
*ciplael.
m-ano-ki.
*dilo,diddilo.
community
to a communal
contribute
convey
cover,lid:PMc *pwalu.
PMc
PCK*ddupwo.
carry,convey,transport:
undertaking:
encirclingorcoveringa whole:
*wua,wuawua,wua-ti,wua-ta.
PCMc*pwalili.
companion:PPC*cifae].
it:
cary it,conveyit, transport
complain
garment,covering:PPC*dfa.
PPC*waa.
headcover:PCK*panrpani,
moan,complain:PMc *Uuse.
cook
complete
paru-r[adl.
cooked:PMc *malsS]o,
coward
whole,complete:PMc
PMc? *malw0lu[sSl[aul.
afraid,be afraidof, a coward:
*pwonlaol.
concave
PCK*niwa,niwa-idi.
cookingpot:PCK*rawa.
giveoff steamor odorin
hollow,concavity:PMc
crab:PMc *rakloulmwu.
PCK? *mawa.
*mawolo.
co(xking:
coconutcrab:PMc *afafi.
raw:PCMc
condition
undercooked,
hermitcrab:PMc *wumwa.
*amata.
condition,shape:
appearance,
kindof crab:PMc *aSiri.
cool: PMc? *l[aolu.
PCMc*au.
mangrovecrab:PMc *ali-majo.
conditionof being:PPC*paa-.
ctxl, bland:PCK*pada,
whitesandcraborghostcrab:
confident
padapada.
PMc*karuki.
PMc copra
trust,believe,beconfident:
crack
slice
of
PWMc
*takaka.
copra:
*lliulku.
cracked,split:PMc? *kaka,.
coral
confuse
coralgravel:PCK*yalaja.
PCK
confused,mistaken:
PPC*tawaa,ka-tawaa.
coralreef:PCMc*woca.
*mwaali.
crawl:PMc ? *ae,.
kindof coral:PCMc*ale,
congest
go on allfours,crawl,climb:
PCMc*laxa,PMc? *laZe.
congested,tightlypacked:PPC
PCK*dat,dau-ki.
stone,coral:PCMc*cakai.
*rudliu].
to creep,crawlon handsand
core
conscious
knees:PCK*dau-llawa.
PMc *ulsSJ[ou]-.
PMc
core,interior:
die,lose consciousness:
crazy
core(of breadfruit,
*mate.
coconut,
f(x)lish,stupid,crazy:PCMc
PMc *fara.
console
pandanus):
*pwuce.
growthorlumpundertheskin, creature
comforted,consoled:PPC
core
of
mature
spongy
*ciplael.
of landor air:
livingcreature
coconut:PMc? *piri.
constant
PMc*manu.
correct
PCMc*faco.
constantly:
creep
construct
right,correct,as it shouldbe:
to creep,crawlon handsand
PPC*pW"uu.
artof riggingandconstruction:
knees:PCK*dad-llawa.
PCK *pWai,.
cough
cricket:PMc ?*liolijo.
a coldorcough,breathehard: cross
container
PMc*maura.
coconutshellcontainer:
PCK
crosspiece:PCMc*walxdla.
*peera.
coughing,to cough:PCK
crossways:PCMc*para,
fafaka.
PCK
*fakafaka,
empty(asa container):
pajaki.
cough,to cough:PCMc
*p&e,pee-nliul.
crotch
or
*pekopeko *kopekope.
innerthigh,crotch:PMc *Sara.
to cough:PCK*nnawa.
PMc *tano-mi-.
crouch
count
wcxxtencontainer:
PCK
crouch,stoop(indeference):
PCK*alle,
count,enumerate:
*ttapwU2.
PCK
PMc *waSe,waSe-ki,PMc crowd *kapwpwaroko.
continuous
*pa, paapaa.
PCK
continuously
widespread:
be many,a crowd:PCK*dowucounterforanimates:
PCK*cai.
-ceeu.
lapa.
counterfortens:PPC*-iklael. crumble
contrary
PCK
classifier):
long
object
(counting
badly,contrarily: *-lapa.
PCMc
crumbled,
decomposed:
PPC*faco.
contribute
"'m"oka.
contribute
to a communal
crunch
PPC*-ali.
PCK*ddupwo.
classifier):
undertaking:
nibble,gnaw,crunch:PMc
*Bari,'ari-ti.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
to crunch:PMc *Jarujaru
or
*l[eo]ru,Ir[eojrun[eo]ru.
cry
cryout:PCK*aeIJae.
cry,weep:PMc *tari,tari-Si.
to cryout:PCK*terd.
curcuma
curcuma,turmeric,
ginger,
yellow:PMc *aro.
current: PMc *ayu, ayuSa.
curse
to curse:PCK*yao-,yao-ri.
curve
bend,curve:PCK*roko.
curve,bendinward:PMc
335
debris
toscoop,scrapeout,dig(aswith
floatingdebris:PPoN*riirV,
claws):PCK? *wedi2.
rirV-.
dip
deceive
dipit up,dipit out,sc(x)pit up:
be deceived,to deceive:PCK
PCMc? *isifi,esifi.
direction
*mi[cT]i.
be fooled,deceived:PCK?
PPC*idi,
point,havedirection:
idi-[rfli-.
*dupwu2.
turnone'sfaceordirection:
PCK
decompose
PCMc
crumbled,decomposed:
*Toro,ToroToro.
dirt
*mwoka.
dirt,soil:PCMc*pwelu,
deep: PMc *lalo,.
defecate: PCK*fa[ln]i.
pWepwelu.
deform
taroswamp,dirtasfoundin t. s.:
PCMc
PCMc*pwalu.
physicaldeformity:
discard
*cipwa.
*mwacaya.
discard:PMc *liki,
curved,bent:PCMc*pWaro. delay
discarded,
cut
liki-Sa,liki-Si.
delayed:PCK*pworiya.
disease
adzing,cutwithanadze:PPC delicious
*fala,ka-falafala.
skindisease:PMc*tanitani.
delicious,tastego(xd:PMc
be cut,chopped:PMc *paku.
*finaau.
disgusted:PMc *laloua.
be cut,lopped,to cut(s.t.)off: dense
dish
PMc *tapa,tapatapa,
sidedishof meat,fish,or sauce:
tapa-ki. be dense,thick:PCK*kdd.
PCMc*talia.
break,cut,scatter:PMc *kala, depart
ma-kala.
leave,depart:PWMc*Towu. distance
cutandliftoff or out,peel:PCK deposit
distancefromoutstretched
to mid-chest,cloth
*dika,dikka.
finger-tip
deposited,putaway:PCK
*itano.
cut,break:PMc *kota.
yard,a measurein counting:
cutin two:PCMc*woTo.
PCK*dila-wupWa.
deposit,pileup:PMc *ita,itaita.
cutoff:PCK*kopi,kopi-ti.
derris
distant
cutoff,chopoff:PCK*dukuuku, derrsvine:PMc *upa.
far,distant:PCMc*soa.
uku-fi.
descend
distinct
cut,removeby cutting:PCK
descend,get lower:PCMc
clear,distinct:PCMc*tale.
rati-i-.
distribute
*ratirati,
*pwurliul.
PCK*inedi.
divide,distribute:
desire:PCK*mWanno.
otu-Si.
*mtu, motu
to desire,want:PCK*mWaca-ni,district
cut,wound,sore,scar:PMc
district,division:PMc *tapwo.
mWaca-ni-aa.
ditch:PPC*warawara.
*kina,kina-ta.
destroy
ditch,hole(inground):PMc
to break,destroy(s.t.):PCMc
*lipwa.
*sawa-ti,sawa-ta.
dive
snip,cut,snap,flick:PMc *fici, tor, destroyed:
PCK
fici-ki.
dive,bathe:PMc*Suu,SuuSuu,
*d(ae)r(ae).
to cut:PMc *koco,.
Suu-fi-.
detain
to cutin pieces,slice:PMc
longwindedin diving:PMc
*tafa,tafa-si.
*patiki.
PWMc*mWaca,.
divide
dance:PCK*pwaau,.
diaper: PCK*apa.
be divided,divide(s.t.):PPoN
kindof dance:PPC*pwardku. die
*nee,nee-ki.
dark
PMc
die,loseconsciousness:
PCK*inedi.
be dark:PMc *roco.
divide,distribute:
*mate.
divination
to die:PCK? *pee.
dark,black:PMc *calo,
knotdivination:
PWMc*pwee.
calocalo.
difficult
division
dark(of shade):PCK*kdiu.
difficult,agonizing:PPC
dawn: PCK*malla.
district,division:PMc *tapWo.
*wairaki.
dizzy
day: PMc *raani.
dig: PMc *keli,kei-ii.
dear
circle,circling,dizzy:PWMc
dughole:PMc *[sS]ua.
*ali,aliali,m'a-aliali.
beloved,dear:PCMc*cari.
todig:PMc*[sS]owu,
do
death
[sS]owu-ti.
deathritual:PCK*pWaad3.
do,make:PMc *fauru.
do (s.t.):PMc *mefaa.
336
ear
endure
dodge
to dodge,parry(infighting):
unableto endurefurther:
ear,mushroxm,
fungus:PMc
PCMc*tou.
PWMc*rasa.
*talira.
door
to theear:PMc*cua, energetic:PCK*TTid[ael.
pertaining
cuacuaor *ciwa.
doorway,entrance,gateway:
enough
PWMc*katama.
early
enough,sufficient:PCMc
*sawu.
gate,doorthatmaybe opened
go earlyin themorning:PMc
orclosed:PPC*ricira.
*wuko.
entire
down
east: PMc ? *kautiwa.
be whole,entire:PPC
be turnedfacedown:PCK
easy: PPC *mac[ael-raki.
*wunutlao].
eat
*cappa.
entirety:PCK*kaloja.
PMc *siwo.
eatrawftoo: PMc*koca,oca. entrance
down,westward:
set (of sun),go down:PCK
eat(s.t): PMc *kaiji,PMc
doorway,entrance,gateway:
*kani.
PWMc*katama.
*dupWu3.
to pressdown:PMc *isa,isa-ii-. to eat,foxod:
PMc *mWaoau. enumerate
PCK*alle.
count,enumerate:
drag
edge:PWMc*jace.
to count,enumerate:
PMc*paa,
drag,haul,tow:PMc*uri,
edge,side:PCMc*Toaor
uruuru.
*Towa.
paapaa.
dream:PWMc*sasana.
eel
envy
drift:PMc *pata.
morayeel:PCMc*lapW[oulso. admire,envy:PCK*0olo.
adrift,drift:PMc*maanu.
equivalent
efficacy
PCMc*kai-peti.
PMc
be efficacious,havespiritual
driftwooxl:
drill
*wee.
power,efficacy,s. p.:PMc
erect
drilla hole:PPC*pWuro,
*mana,manamana.
liftwiththehands,makeerect:
egg:PCK*takullu.
p"'uropWuro,
p"uro-ti.
PCK*cite,cife-di.
drink:PMc *inu,(i)nu-mi,
estate
PPC*tawaa,ka-tawaa.
(i)nu-ma.
drinkable
estate:PCK*pwukota.
eight
property,
object:possessive
classifier:PMc*nima-.
PMc
evaporate
eight,eight(general):
*walu,waluua.
drip
evaporate,
dryup:PCK*maro,
maro-nako.
PCK*cii,cii-ri.
eighty:PCK*wali-yik[ael.
drip,sprinkle:
leakout,drip:PCMc*siJliu]. ejaculate
even
to drip:PCMc*Tep"u,PMc
squirtout,spitout,ejaculate:
even,matched,simultaneous:
PPC*kuTu.
PCK*ppaku.
*turu.
elbow
evening:PMc *fakaafi.
drop
abandon,letdrop:PPC*paudi. elbow,heel:PCK*kapilipili. exact
drown
lengthfromelbowto fingertips: exact,tight:PCK*ccara2.
PMc *mWanuu.
to drown:PMc*malemwu.
exaltation:PCMc*mWaire.
embrace
examine
drowsy
embrace,hug(s.o.):PCK*rako- examine,inspect,watch:PCK
sleepy,drowsy:PCK*kadelu.
mi.
dry
*piipii,pii-.
be low tide,dry:PMc *masa, emotion
examine,observe:PCK*w(x),
mamasa.
wooxri-.
mind:PMc*sipa.
driedout,withered:PCMc
attitude,
excess
emphasis
be excessivein behavior:
PPC
*p"ata.
PCK*mwO.
emphasismarker:
dry(of s.t.normallymoist):
*Tik(ea).
PPoN*rjala,jalaiala.
excise
empty
PCK
empty(asa container):
evaporate,
dryup:PCK*maro,
removed,excised:PCMc*taxe,
maro-nako.
*pee,pe-nliul.
taxe-ki-.
excrement:PMc *peka.
dull:PCMc*kapwu,
kakapwu. encounter
encounter
exhausted
bychance:PWMc
dull,notsharp:PCK*kuu2.
*Terlael.
PCMc*kari.
durable
tired,exhausted:
PWMc*cuu, exist
meet,encounter:
slowgrowing,durable:
PMc
cuu-qi.
be,exist:PWMc*oro.
*koco2.
end: PPC*uku.
live,dwell,exist:PCMc*mefia.
during
ended,finished:PMc*mWotu, expert
atthetimeof, during:PCK
PPC*tare.
d'lip a-.
master,expert:PMc *tawu,.
PMc*tap'o,
end,tenninate:
dwell
extinguish
PMc *kunu.
extinguished:
tap'o-lsSa.
live,dwell,exist:PCMc*mena.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
337
extract:PMc ? *unu[sS]i.
fatigue
finger
tired,fatigued:PCK*ma-lui,
fingerjoint,f. betweentipand
extremity
ma-luuluu.
secondknuckle,f betweentip
extremity,
top,tip,head:PMc
*ulu.
fear
andfirstknuckle:PCK
to fear,be afraid:PMc *mataku.
*makoto,makoto-lapa,
eye
tremble(withfear):PMc *rere.
makoto-ciki.
eyebrow:PMc*faSu.
feathers
toenail,claw:PMc
eye, face:PMc *mata.
fingernail,
havea sty in theeye:PMc ?
*kuku.
hair,feathers,scales,remove
*cili.
(hairorscales):PMc *una,
fingerortoe:PWMc*tanisi.
haves.t.in theeye:PCKpwono.
unauna,unafi.
fingerspan:PCK*yaDa.
face
feces:PCMc*pwuta[ei].
finger,toe:PMc *tu[sS]u.
fed up
lengthfromelbowto fingertips:
eye, face:PMc *mata.
PMc *mWanuu.
face,surface,upside,on:PCK
be fedup:PCK*kuu,.
*wawo-.
fee
pinchor squeezewiththe
face,turn:PCMc*tape2.
fingers:PPC*fadi,fadi-ki-.
payment,fee:PCK*koou.
finish
facialappearance:
PCK*komwa.feel
be finished:PCK? *dakka,
feel a loss:PMc ? *lici.
facing:PCMc*tali.
to face:PPC*talee-Ji.
PCMc*mWau.
feel,sense:PPC*meafi.
to pointorface:PWMc*tisi,
be finished,usedup:PWMc
tisi-ii.
*rota.
mind:PMc *sipa.
attitude,
PCK female
ended,finished:PMc *mwotu,
PPC*tare.
*Toro,ToroToro.
femalegenitalia:
PCK*firi.
washone'sface:PMc *wuro,
finished:PCK*mWUcci.
femaleperson:PWMc*lia.
wuromata.
feminine
finished, old: PCK*pweti.
fade
feminineprefix(withpersonal fire: PMc *afi,.
fadefromview:PMc *[sS]olo.
namesof women):PCK*na-, applyfire:PCK*fiTi,fiTi-ki.
fall
firewxxl:PMc*fafia,PMc
PCMc*n[ae]i.
fence
*mWucu.
collide,fall:PMc *pwuro.
to fall:PCK*doro,PCK
fence,wall:PPC*didi,di-.
laid,to lay(of a fire):PMc
PCK*pUlii.
*mWoro,
wall,fence:PMc *worn2.
*tawu,tawuni.
familiar
makefireby fireplowmethod:
fern
to know,be familiarwiths.t:
a fern(Polypodium):
PCK
PCMc? *iso.
PCK*ama.
makefirewithfireplow:PMc ?
*ciicii.
family
*us[ei].
anygrass,sedge,orfer: PPC
*fadili.
firm
clan,family:PMc ? *tawu2.
famine:PCK*laji-daa.
firm,hard,strong:PMc *matoa,
anyof severalspeciesof femr
fan
withalternating
leaves:PPC
matoatoa.
to fan:PMc *iri,iri-pi-.
fish:PMc *ika,ikana.
*(ka)maarek[ae].
far
a Carangid
bird'snestfern:PPC*cau-nifish,pompano,
PMc *arolo.
far,distant:PCMc*soa.
luku,luku.
skipjack:
fare
a catch(asof fish),to catch:
fiber:PCK*moro.
a stripof fiberforplaiting:
PMc*kona.
fare,proceed:PPC*fai[ae].
a catchof fish,to catch(fish):
PCMc*fica.
PMc
fart:PCK*pwiri,pwpwiri,
coconutfiber:PCMc*koca.
PCK*liapa,liapa-ni.
*Tiji.
rollor twistfiberintorope:
a fish:PCK*dili-mwadil,
PCK
fast
PCMc*kalo.
*faofao,PCK*madai[ln][ae],
PCK*pa-ni-waa,
PCK
tentacle,strandof hairorfiber:
mWa-adaada.
*mWa-ada,
PMc ? *koo,koona.
PCK*ppweya,
be speedy,fast:PCK*ciji.
*pweeyasa,
PCK*ricija,PCK*yari,
fight
fast,speedy:PCK*ddiri.
to dodge,parry(in fighting):
PCMc*maoko,PCMc
fasten
PCMc*tou.
PCMc*pe[ln]eawa,
PMc *TooToo.
*mwoTo,
holder,fastener:
PCMc? *tawuor *co[w0fa,
war,fighting:PMc *maawunu.
fat
file
PMc *apili,PMc *kaseki,
be fat(asa person):PCK
PCK? *fa-ia.
PMc
PMc*kawa,kawakawa,
file,rub,sharpen:
*pwedai.
fill
*maawa,PWMc? *mWuno,
fat,be fat:PWMc*wiy[ae],
be full,filled:PCK*ura.
PWMc*pali,
PMc*palapala,
wiwiy[ael.
filled:PCK*ir[ae].
PMc*pparapara,
PMc ?
father:PMc *tama.
fin
fathom:PMc *i3afa.
*tapa,,PMc ? *tia2,PPC
dorsalfin:PMc*igi.
*liikakari,PWMc*leleki,
338
PWMc*matamata,
PWMc
PCK*pwele[ae],
PCK*wulu, flap
PCK
PCMc*ulafi.
*pasiuor *pasui,PWMc
flapnoiselessly,butterfly:
kindof snapperfish:PCK?
*p'ulaka,.
li-pwekipweki.
*pwekipweki,
a kindof fish:PCK*fainikia,
*mata-ccaa.
flare
PCK*karafa,PWMc*noso.
kindof unicornfish:PCK*lito flame,flare:PMc*pwula,
a kindof needlefish:PCMc
maadaada.
pupwula.
*fanaa.
flash
kingfish:PCK*raali.
k. of fish: PCK? *ad-, PMc
a largefish:PMc *mam[eil.
flash(of light):PMc *fiti.
a lethrinidfish:PPC*madiiiV.
*aua.
to flash,shine:PWMc*were,
werewere.
anyfishthatcanbe caughtat
langusta,lobster:PMc *ura.
largesp.of bass:PCK*ta[w0]ia- flat
night:PCMc*ikanipwoii.
awa.
flattened:
PCK*caapaapa.
anyof severalkindsof fish:
PCMc*kuu.
mackerel:PCK*mamWu-ciki.
foot,flat:PMc *paca,pacapaca.
anyof severalkindsof seabass: morayeel:PCMc*lapw[oulso. flavor
PWMc*tawia.
needlefish:
PMc*[sS]aku,
taste,flavor:PMc *iana,
a pelagicfish:PCK*daddajlnli,
nanana.
PWMic*maki.
PCMc*kausaa.
PCK flee:PCK*[lnlewa.
pompanofish,skipjack:
a reeffish:PCK? *wuweya.
flesh:PMc *fiSiko.
*ttap'u, or *tapWpWu.
a reeffishprizedas foox:PCMc porcupine
flick
fish:PMc*tautu.
*wumwulau.
PMc*fai,faia. snip,cut,snap,flick:PMc *fici,
rayfish,stingray:
a seafoodorfish:PCK*likoTo. scorpionfish,stonefish:PMc
fici-ki.
a smallfish:PCK*dili,PMc
flicker
*nowu.
*tanifa.
fish:PMc
flicker,blink:PCK*ka-maskipjack,Carangid
a snapperfish:PCK*maluu1ta,
ruperupe.
*lauua.
PCMc*pWaua.
flimsy
squirrelfish:PMc *mwonu,
a wrassefish:PPC*poroto.
PMc *taraa.
thin,flimsy:PMc *manifi,
manifinifi.
ballxoon
fish,pufferfish,be
stingingjellyfish:PCK*li-mWaflit
large:PMc *wasi,wasiwasi.
dor3o.
to skipalong,flit:PMc*pepe,
barracuda:
PMc surgeonfish:PCK'?*filln]are,
PCMc*tarawa,
? *turai.
PCK*mware-faca,
PCK
pepepe.
float
bonito,tuna:PMc *atu.
*mtWocco.
a floaton a net,lightwood:
boxforfishinggear:PCK?
swarmof fish:PCK*pWeya
or
PCMc*iTo.
*ldtlafi[dtlafi.
*pwaya.
fish:PMc *cepa,
Carangid
floatingdebris:PPoN*riirV,
swordfish,marlin:PMc
firV-.
cecepa.
*jsS]aku-laara.
dolphin(fish):PCK*taparo.
outriggerfloat: PMc *Sama.
to bite(baitby fish):PCK*qriri,
catchwithhook:PMc
to float:PMc *peti,pepeti,
fishh(xok,
qirijiri, giri-i-.
*kau,kauti,kauta.
pe(t4)ipeti.
constellation
fish,
trigger
flood
fishingpole:PMc *pwawu.
SouthernCross:PMc
fishline:PMc *awo.
depressedandftxxledarea:
*pWupwu.
fishlure:PCK*wayidi.
PWMc*pasa.
tuna:PMc*tauiri.
flow
tuna,bonito:PMc *atu.
*wuko,wukoti.
flow, go, move: PCK*pWuyu.
wickerfishtrap:PMc*wuu.
fishpoison:PMc ' *ItT]upa,
overflow:PCK*TTdku2.
yellow-fintuna:PCK*dakua.
PMc ?*tupa.
to flowstrongly:PCMc
PWMc*tata.
yellowsnapper:
fishscales,be scaled:PPC
*[sSlaaja.
fist
*dera-una.
flower:PCK*pe1,.
fist,hand,andwrist:PPC
fishwithspines:PCK*ikahalfflower(Scaevola):PWMc
*kumwucu.
falifali.
*nanasu.
fitting
hibiscus:PMc*fau,PMc*lawa.
flyingfish:PPC*marari.
good,suitable,proper,
freshwater
eel: PMc ?*tuna.
spiderlily:PMc*kiepwu.
appropriate,
fitting:PCK
to bloom(of flowers):PCK
goatfish:PMc? *tewe,
*kaccu.
tewemea.
*taollnllael.
five
handle,tail(of fish):PCK*paca five, five (general),five
fly
hawkfish:PCK*laanWaare.
flyingfish:PPC*maUaru.
(animate),
fifty:PMc*lima,
kindof eel:PCK*tawuwafagi.
limaua,limmanu,limarawulu. fly (insect):PMc *laro,.
kindof fish:PCK*kucu,PCK flame
to fly:PCK*yali.
*kocali,PCK*li-kaato flame,flare:PMc*pWula, foam:PMc *pwulsSjo.
PCK*pWaurlael,
ttlaelraki,
p"upwula.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
339
bubble,foam:PCK*pWuro,
fragrant:PMc *jata,PPC?
generous:PWMc*mWox)l[iu].
*[cd]iki.
pwuropwuro.
genitalia
frame
fold
femalegenitalia:
PCK*firi.
a frame:PMc *waxa,.
be furled(of a sail),rolledor
get
free
foldedup:PMc *lulu.
go andget(s.t.):PCK*ceeri.
be free,idle:PPON*piteki.
fold,wrap:PCMc*lukuma.
take,get:PMc *ala2.
friend
to fold:PMc *lumi.
gills:PMc *woro,.
folk
friendly,kind:PMc *Seke.
gillarch:PCK? *p-pW[ae].
from:PMc*mai2.
ginger
from(s.t.),awayfrom(usually
*kayinaja.
curcuma,turmeric,
ginger,
suf.to verbs):PWMc*tari.
follow:PCK*dapwa,dapWe-e-.
yellow:PMc *arlo.
fromwhere?:PCMc*maia.
fond
girl:PMc ? *rea2or *raya2.
frond
to like,be fond:PCMc*taa,
give
leafandstalk,frond:PMc *paa2. handover,give:PMc*faja.
taani.
midribof coconutfrondorleaf: glare
fontanel
PMc *noko.
glareblindness:PPC*maal[iu].
topof head,fontanel:PMc
fruit:PMc *wuaa.
*mao).
glitter
fruitcluster:PMc*wuru,PPC
food:PMc *kana.
*wumwu.
PCK*ca-riwariwa.
boil(fooxl):PCK*pwuka-a.
full
glitter,sparkle:PCK*mafxOd,g(oods:PCK*aaki,aki-.
be full:PCK*wura.
ca-riwariwa.
riwariwa,
to eat,fox)d:PMc *mWarau.
fungus
PMc *pwau.
to poundfoxxd:
glossy
fungus:PMc
ear,mushroom,
fool
*taliaa.
PCK*ca-riwariwa.
be fooled,deceived:PCK?
furl
gnat
*dupwu2.
gnat:PCK*l[iu]kol[iu]ko.
foolish,stupid,crazy:PCMc
foldedup:PMc*lulu.
gnaw
*pwuce.
future
foot
futureaspectmarker:
PMc
*lari,rari-ti.
the
foot:
PMc
the
sole
of
apply
*pwlae].
go
*faa,faa-[sS]i.
immediatefuture(aspect
fxotbraceon a loom:PCK
PCK*-le.
marker):
*mW[ou]a.
*fa[ae]fa[ae].
futurenegative:PCMc?
foot,flat:PMc *paca,pacapaca.
*tlou]wai.
flow,go, move:PCK*pWuyu.
go on foot:PCK*faa-.
go andget (s.t.):PCK*ceeri.
instep,sole,foot:PCK*kipwa. gall
gall:PMc*asi.
gallbladder,
leg,foot:PMc ? *wae.
*wuko.
garden:PWMc? *mWaca2.
step,tread,applyone'sfoot:
a garden:PCK*maada.
go on allfours,crawl,climb:
PMc *pwutu.
clearedland,garden:PPoN
PCK*dau,dad-ki.
use one'sfoot:PCK*faa-raki.
*mWaaca.
go on foot:PCK? *faa-.
force
go orcomethrough,pass:PMc
garland
strength,
power,force,goodx
*pwera.
PMc *mware.
health:PCK*p[ae]cakkufla. shouldergarland:
go, proceed:PCK*faili.
garment
forehead
garment,covering:PPC*ufa.
go, proceed,(as directional)
forehead,brow:PMc *camna.
away:PMc*lako,laa.
gate
foreign
entrance,
going:PMc *[sS]i.
moving,
gateway:
do(xrway,
PPC
be
journey, foreign:
to go: PCK*dot-.
PWMc*katama.
*waiya.
to go alongthesideof (an
gate,dcx)rthatmaybe opened
forest
or
closed:
PPC
*riciUa.
island):PCK*tawa-yi-.
*walu.
forest:
PMc
vegetation,
god
gather
forget: PCMc *maluoki,
PPC*uxo. gdxl,spirit:PMc *anitu.
assembled,gathered:
maluoka,PMc *maleku,
gatherfromtheground:PWMc nameof a skygod:PPC*wolomaleleku,malekuleku,
faadi.
*rikuor *ruki.
PMc *malie.
or in search good
go aboutgathering
four
PMc
of s.t.:PCK*ddari,li-ddari.
delicious,tastegoxxd:
four(prefixedto classifier):
*fiafau.
to gather,pick:PMc ? *[sS]afa,
PMc *faa,fa.
IsSlafa-ii-.
good,healthy:PMc *mwaau.
thenumberfour(inserial
gaze
counting):PMc *faiji.
lokk,gaze:PCK*fana,.
340
gooxl,suitable,proper,
appropriate,
fitting:PCK
*kaccu.
good, well: PCK*fici,.
peergroup,tier:PWMc*tare.
PCK?
*mwewu.
grow
grow,be reared:PCK*fakola.
goods
fo(xl,goots: PCK*aaki,aki-.
growingtipof a tree:PWMc
g(xds, chattels:PCK*pitaki.
*tiapwo.
gossip
growthor lumpundertheskin,
to gossipaboutsex:PCK*colo.
spongycoreof mature
grab:PWMc*kulu.
slowgrowing,durable:
PMc
*isS]oro,[sS]oro-fi-.
*koco2.
to sprout,grow,a sprout:PCK
grass:PPoN*reeV,reV-.
a grass(Hedyotisbiflora):PCK
*fata,fata-ra.
?*kapppwu-ta[lnlo.
slowgrowing:PCK*mwuko.
anygrass,sedge,or fern:PPC growl
*tadili.
growl,rumble:PMc*iri,
grate
rjiriiri,qiri-ti.
bivalveshell,shellknifeor
guide
advise,giveguidance:PCK
grater:PMc *koyi.
to grate:PCK? *faiira.
*kafalafala2.
to grate,scrape:PMc *a[sS]a. gum
to grind,grate:PPC*iyu,iyua.
gum,sap,resin,gummy:PMc
to scrape,grate:PMc*karu.
or
*pwili,pwilipwili,
pwilita,
grave
*pwuli,pwulipwuli,pWulita.
a grave:PCK*peyiyaor
gums
*payiya.
palate,gums:PMc*rjaco.
gravel
gurgle:PCK*lomwo,
coralgravel:PCK*yalaja.
lomwolomwo.
green
habit
to haveor takein hand,to
handle:PMc *aja,.
to pickthingsupby hand:PCK
*kiri,kir-i-.
to washone'shands:PMc '?
*[ajmwi, [a0jmwi-ni-.
handle:PMc *pwuru.
handle,stem:PCK*yaaku.
handle,tail(of fish):PCK*paca.
hang
be hungup,to hang(s.t.)up:
PPoN*cana-k,cana-ki.
PCK
hang,be suspended:
*c[aeljaki,cc[aelraki.
PPC
happy:PCK*mata-ika,
*kere.
harbor
lagoon,harbor:PMc*namwo.
hard
firm,hard,strong:PMc*matoa,
matoatoa.
hatch
neonate,newlybornanimal,
newlyhatchedbird:PCK
*kappa,kappa-na.
PPC*tawaa,ka-tawaa.
haul
drag,haul,tow:PMc *uri,
uruuru.
be green (of fIuit), unripe:PCK
haul,pull,tow:PMc*are,are-ki.
habit:PCK
behavior,
manner,
*ma-arawa.
haul,pull,tow,troll:PCMc
*maa.
blue,green:PCK? *karawa,
*liko.
PCMc
habit,tendency:
*kana,
karawarawa.
he
kai.
green,blue:PMc *marawa.
he,she,it (independent
hair
grey
PMc*ia.
pronoun):
hair:
wuana.
PMc
*wua,
grey
be grey-haired,
white-haired:
PMc
he,she,it (subj.marker):
remove
hair,
feathers,
scales,
PCK*maut[iuI.
*e.
orscales):PMc *una,
(hair
greyhair:PMc*wua,wuana.
head:PCMc? *fatuku.
unauna,unafi.
grind
backornapeof headandneck:
hair:
PMc
*koro.
pubic
to grind,grate:PPC*iyu,iyua.
PPC*-k6-.
grip
extremity,
top,tip,head:PMc
PMc ? *koo,koona.
be held,caught,to hold,grip:
*ulu.
halt
PCK*m'acd,(ka)-mWaci-(u).
headcover:PCK*padnpani,
stopped,halted:PMc *tuu2.
groan:PCMc*qisa.
parui-[auil.
hand
groan,moan:PMc *quu.
clapthehands,slap(s.t.):PMc
*maio.
ground
*piki,pikipiki,piki-ri-.
gatherfromtheground:PWMc fist,hand,andwrist:PPC
heal
*rikuor *ruki.
PMc
healed,obliterated:
*kumwucu.
go aground,runon a reef:
*mawo.
PMc *pau.
hand,
arm,
wing:
PCMc*koso.
health
handover,give:PMc *faia.
groundclearedof vegetation,
strength,
power,force,goodl
liftup,cary, bearin one's
swiddenfield:PCK*malle,
health:PCK*pIaejcakkila.
hands:PMc *taplael,
malemale,
g(x)d,healthy:PMc*m'aau.
taplael-ki.
male-di-.
(ka)-malemale-(a),
liftwiththehands,makeerect: hear
ground,low:PMc *tano.
hear,listen:PMc *roro.
PCK*cife,cife-di.
group:PWMc*pwiti.
heart:PWMc'?*pWulo,
pulloutwiththehandsfrom
group,groupmember:PCMc
insides.t.:PMc *ralwl0u.
pwulloulo.
*cao.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
34I
to spank,hit:PCK*wawu,
heat
hurry
wawu-di.
to heat,be warm:PMc *rara.
hurry,movequickly:PWMc?
hither
heaven
*kaye.
towardspeaker,hither:PCMc hurt
horizon(lit.'edgeof heaven'):
be hurt,injured:
PPC*waTu.
*soko.
PWMc*pa-i-lari.
be painful,hurt:PMc *masaki.
sky,heaven,storm:PMc *lari. hoarse: PMc ? *[fplara.
husk
hold
heavy
to huskcoconuts:PMc *koso,
be held,caught,to hold,grip:
heavy,heaviness:PMc *cawu,
PCK*mWaci,
cacawu,cawucawu.
(ka)-mwnact-(). koso-mi.
PMc *T(x)Too. I: PMc *Uaa,0au.
heel
holder,fastener:
I (Ist sg. subj.):PCMc*i.
holdtightly:PCMc*faro,faroelbow,heel:PCK*kapilipili.
idle
ki, taro-ka.
help
be free,idle:PPON*piteki.
to help:PMc *[st]apa,
saved,heldon to:PCMc
if: PPC? *ma.
[stlapa-qi.
*tawu3.
[stlapa[st]apa,
PCK
her
PCMc*pwara, if, when(futureuncertain):
hole:PCK*pWia,
*karee,kareeree.
him,her,it (obj.pm.):PMc *a.
PMc *jasa.
ignore
his,her,its:PMc *fa.
box,hole:PMc*pwao.
turnaway,ignorethepresence
here
ditch,hole(in ground):PMc
of others:PWMc*fa-liku,
here,thisnearspeaker:PMc
*lipa.
fa-liku-ri-.
*ee.
drilla hole:PPC*pwuro,
ill
heron
pwuro-ti.
pwuropwuro,
abated(of illness,
recovered,
heron:PCMc*karau.
dughole:PMc*[sS]ua.
PCK*cikara.
hibiscus
weather):
hole,pit:PCK*nata.
hibiscus:PMc *fau,PMc*lawa hollow
impede
PMc *sawee.
unimpeded:
hiccough: PCK*TT6kd,,PMc
havea hollow:PCK*ddo.
in
*maSeru.
hollow,concavity:PMc
at,in (witha nounbase):PWMc
hide
*mawolo.
? *lee-,law-.
covered,hidden:PPC*mWano, holy
bendinward:PMc
curve,
mwano-ki.
*tara.
sacred,holy:PMc
*cipWa,.
to hide,be hidden:PCK
hook
*yopleo].
catchwithhook:PMc inside:PMc *lalo.
fishhox)k,
insides:PCMc*purua.
to hide,hidden:PWMc? *aki,
*kau,kau-ti,kau-ta.
inward,inland,ashore:PMc
akiaki.
horizon
*loo[ao].
high
horizon(lit 'edgeof heaven'):
be high,height:PCK*dakipulloutwiththehandsfrom
PWMc*pa-i-lari.
insides.t.:PMc*ra[wf]u.
[aelta.
hot: PMc *pweci.
indeed
hightide:PMc *uapwutiul.
imwa.
PMc
house:
*umWa,
PMc
indeed(exclamation):
hightideorbe h. t.:PCK
householdmember:PCK*cao*mnaa.
*kinna.
ni-imwa.
infant
hill:PCK*ppala
housepost:PMc*tura.
newlyborn,infant:PCMc
mound,hill,mountain,nameof
meetinghouse:PMc *fale.
Chuuk(Truk):PCK*cuku.
*ka[w40o.
purlin(of house):PCK*kaeinform
peak,hill:PMc *Solo.
paraki.
to inform:PMc *kai,.
him
to rxofa house:PCK*fadafada.
inhabit
him,her,it (obj.pm.):PMc *-a.
hug
land:PMc *fanua.
inhabited
hip
embrace,hug(s.o.):PCK*rakoisland:PMc
uninhabited
the
or
under
small,
cary on thehip
mi.
arm:PMc *afi,afi-Si.
*anu[sS]a.
hum
inheritance:PMc ? *to[ae].
his
buzz,hum,makesound,
*fia.
PMc
its:
injure
his,her,
PMc *rii.
intonation:
PPC*waTu.
be hurt,injured:
hit
or *- inland:PMc? *rea,or *raya,,
hundred:PMc *-pwukiwa
hit,strike:PMc*suku.
PMc*uta.
pWukua.
strike,hit,beat:PMc *weceor
insect
hungry
*wOCo.
be hungry:PCK*paccaau.
PCMc? *pwepe.
butterfly:
strike,hitdownon:PCK
be weak,hungry:PCK*kkifly (insect):PMc *laio,.
wupWU-u-.
*wupWuwupW,
lako.
gnat:PCK*l[iu]kol[iulko.
strike,whip,hit:PCK*wici,
kindof moth:PCK*kooTo.
wici-i.
termite:PCK*pWadUir[ed.
342
kin
relative,kin,be related:PCK
*ma-areare.
kind
category,kind:PCK*dappe.
friendly,kind:PMc *Seke.
*piipii, pii-.
kiss
instruction
PMc *fanau. kissby rubbingnoses:PWMc
advice,instruction:
intercourse
*faiTojo.
to kiss,makea suckingsound:
engagein sexualintercourse,
PPoN*mici-ki.
performanaction:PPC*fee.
knee
interior
PMc *uIsSl[ou]-. node,joint,knot,knee:PMc ?
core,interior:
*pwuku,
interrogative
pukua.
suffix:PMc*-Saa, knife:PCMc*taapa.
interrogative
mee-Saa.
intestine:PCK*daa,PWMc
grater:PMc*koyi.
smallknife:PCK? *[tTlaru.
*mWata[rlIala.
knock
island
pound,knock:PPC*Tuku.
reef,reefisland:PMc*sakau.
island:PMc knot
small,uninhabited
PWMc*pWee.
knotdivination:
*anu[sS]a.
knot,node:PMc *pwuklaoj.
sandislet:PMc *pike.
node,joint,knot,knee:PMc?
it
*pwuku,
pwukua.
he, she,it (independent
know
PMc *ia.
pronoun):
to know:PMc*atai,PMc*kila,
PMc
he, she,it (subj.marker):
*e-.
kila-a,kila-i.
him,her,it:PMc *-a(obj.pm.). to know,be familiarwiths.t.:
PCK*ama.
itch: PCK*pwarika.
wise,knowing:PCK*reepiya.
its
knowledge
his,her,its:PMc *-fa.
specialknowledgeof spells:
jaw
PCK*rorJo.
jaw,chin:PMc *a[sSle.
lack
lowerjaw:PCMc*jace.
feel a lack:PCK*kaccika.
join
attached,
joined:PCK*mata. lagoon
harbor:
PMc *namwo.
lag(oxn,
tied,joined:PWMc*rii.
lagoon,lake:PMc *lama2.
joint: PCK *kurupwu.
lagton side(of anisland):
fingerjoint,f. betweentipand
PCMc*mataaro.
secondknuckle,f. betweentip
lake
andfirstknuckle:PCK
lagxon,lake:PMc*lama2.
*makoto,makoto-lapa,
land
makoto-ciki.
clearedland:PPC*rata.
node,joint,knot,knee:PMc ?
cometo land:PWMc*ila.
pwukua.
*pwuku,
land:PMc*fanua.
inhabited
journey
inland:PMc? *reaor *raya,,
be
PPC
foreign:
journey,
PMc *uta.
*waiya.
langusta
jump
jump,movequickly:PWMc
large
*mwese,mWemWese.
balloonfish,pufferfish,be
tojump:PMc *luTu.
large:PMc*wasi,wasiwasi.
just
late:PWMc*pwasa.
just,only:PCK*caku.
slow,late:PMc*cawa.
kick: PPC *cepe, cepe-ki.
later:PCK*pWaapWa.
kill
strike,kill:PCK*nii,nnii,niinii. laugh
insert
PMc
inserted,penetrated:
*[sS]ili,[sSlili-fi.
inspect
examine,inspect,watch:PCK
PMc *DiTi.
to laugh:PCK*fata,ffata,PCK?
*kka[tJli.
lay
laid,to lay(of a fire):PMc
*tawu,tawu-ni.
leaf:PMc *cau.
leafandstalk,frond:PMc*paa2.
midribof coconutfrondor leaf:
PMc *noko.
leaf:PMc *maru.
pandanus
youngcoconutleaf:PCMc
*wupWu,.
leak
leakout,drip:PCMc*siJiul.
notleaky:PCMc
waterproof,
*mano.
learn
be learned,be accustomedto:
PCK*yaU,yau-ri-,kka-yau,
ka-yat-u-.
leave
leave,depart:PWMc*Towu.
ledge
rockyledge:PCMc*pwara.
lee
lee side:PCK*faalipwiael.
lee sideof a sailingcanoe:PMc
*katea.
left
lefthanded:PCMc*maliului.
leftovers
leftovers:PCK?
remainder,
*luTTu.
leg: PCK*pecee,PMc *ney|ael.
leg,foot:PMc ? *wae.
legend
woman:PCK*yaado.
legendary
length
lengthfromelbowto fingertips:
PMc *mwanuu.
less
lessthan:PCMc*fari.
lest
negativeimperative
aspect
lest:PPC*-de.
marker,
lever
lever,lift(s.t.)witha lever:PCK
*dip"'a,dipWa-i-.
lick
to lick:PMc *camwlail,
camw[ai]-ti.
lid
cover,lid:PMc *pWalu.
lie
lie down,sleep:PMc
*w[eolnleol.
to lie,tella lie:PCK*rudu.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
343
lowlandorreef:PCK*fana,.
life
log
tree,stick,timber,log:PCK
life,alive:PMc *ma[ni]awa.
descend,getlower:PCMc
*irae.
lift
*pwuD[iu].
cutandliftoff orout,peel:PCK loin
luminous
loincloth,skirt:PWMc*kalo.
*dika,dikka.
bright,luminous:PMc *rama,
marama.
lever,lift(s.t.)witha lever:PCK long:PMc *ala[iu],alala[iu].
longing:PCK*fako[ln]a.
*dipwa,dipwa-i-.
lump
liftup,carry,bearinone'shands: longobject(countingclassifier): growthorlumpundertheskin,
PPC*faco.
PMc*tap[ae],
tap[ae]-ki.
spongycoreof mature
liftwiththehands,makeerect: longwinded
PCK*cife,cife-di.
lungs:PMc *far[ae].
lure
to liftup,carry:PCK*rooxr),
*patiki.
look:PCK*nne-or *lle-.
fishlure:PCK*wayidi.
roo-ki-.
emwa- maggot:PMc *ulo.
be lkxkedat:PCK*emWa,
light
ri.
main
a light:PCK*ta-rama.
flash(of light):PMc *fiti.
look,gaze:PCK*fana2.
big,main:PMc *lapa.
observe:PCK*fado.
make
lightin weight:PMc *maraa.
looxk,
to look,lookat:PMc ? *tara,
do,make:PMc *fauru.
lightof weight:PWMc*pale.
tara[sS]i.
male, man
sunlight:PMc ? *sia.
to peer,havea look:PMc *tiro, childof maleclanmember:PCK
like
*afakdra.
be loved,well liked:PWMc
tiro-ji.
maleperson:PPC*wolo.
loom
*faiju.
on a loom:PCK
to like,be fond:PCMc*taa,
f(x)tbrace
man,male:PMc *mwaane.
taa-ni.
manner
*fa[ae]fa[ae].
leaserxl of a loom:PCK
lime
behavior,manner,habit:PCK
*wuludo.
*maa.
white,powderedlime:PMc
postto whichloombeam
manner,bearing:PCK*Tej[ea].
*pwece,pwecepwece.
attached:
PCK*pwii-ta[n]o. many
line
be many,a crowd:PCK*dowuloose:PCK? *malua,PCMc
fishline:PMc *awo.
in a lineorrow:PMc *Sali.
lapa.
*pwaca,.
howmany:PMc *fi[sS]a.
pullon a line:PMc *afi2.
loose,swungout:PCK*luwa,
lips: PCK*dinu-yawa,PCMc
marry
liwa-di.
*sia
PCK*pwpWUli,
spouse,married:
loosened,released:PWMc
smackone'slips:PMc *misi.
pwlud-wa-.
*pici.
martial
liquid
slack,loosen:PMc *tala,
PMc
*lau.
have
martialart:PCK*pwari2.
liquid:
pool,
tala-[sS]i.
listen
untied,loosen,untie:PCK*pwai, massage
to massage(aftera fallor
hear,listen:PMc *rono.
pWaipwai,
pWai-ti-.
little
bruise):PCK*caucau.
lop
littlebit:PPC*-ki[tT][ai].
be cut,lopped,to cut(s.t.)off: mast
PMc *lo[sS]o.
small,little:PMc *ciki,PMc
PMc *tapa,tapatapa,
tapa-ki. masthead:
*kisi.
mast(of a canoe):PMc *kautu
loss
or *katuu.
small,little,tiny:PWMc*niii.
feel a loss:PMc? *lici.
live
master
loud
live,dwell,exist:PCMc*mefa. loudsound:PCMc*iru,ijuiru. master,expert:PMc *tawu-,.
liver:PMc *ate.
makea loudnoise:PCK*capwu, masturbate:PCK*tiri.
lizard
mat: PPC*lota.
PCK*lleci.
kindof lizard:PPC*kuaili.
makea sudden,loudnoise:PCK a mat:PMc *tapaka[w0lu.
load
coarsemat:PWMc*kinia.
*purui,
pduIuputiri.
cargo,load:PMc ? *u[sS]a,
plaitedmat:PMc *kie,kiekie.
talkloudly:PMc *kata.
match
u[sS]a-ni,u[sS]a-na.
louse:PMc *kutu.
lobster
louseegg, nit:PWMc*sili.
PCK*ppaku.
tinylouse:PWMc*lijarari.
location
mature
love
PCK
changelocation:PCK*diw[ao]. beloved,dear:PCMc*caUi.
unripe,immature:
where?how?whatlocation?:
*mauica.
be loved,wellliked:PWMc
PCK*-faa.
maybe
*faIu.
stay,remain,be (ator in a place low
perhaps,maybe:PCK*malii.
or time):PCK*noko.
me: PMc *-au(suf.obj.pm.).
ground,low:PMc *tano.
344
measure:PCK*pe6 or *pau.
moth
callthenameof: PCK? *tato,
distancefromoutstretched
kindof moth:PCK*kooTo.
fato-ri.
to mid-chest,cloth mother:PMc *tina.
feminineprefix(withpersonal
finger-tip
namesof women):PCMc
yard,a measurein counting:
(true)motheror
principal
PCK*dila-wupa.
PCK*tina-lapa.
grandmother:
*n[aeli.
meat
motion
mound,hill,mountain,nameof
meatof coconut:PCMc*peni.
be in motion:PCMc*mwakusu. Chuuk(Truk):PCK*cuku.
medicine:PCK*tafe(y)a.
characteristic
nameof anislandin theHall
motion(of s.o.or
meet
Islands:PCK*fana-antiu.
s.t.):PCK*pwomwo,
nameof Elato(islandandatoll)
meet,encounterPWMc*cuu,
pwom"'o-ni-.
in CentralCarolines:
PCK
cuu-ji.
motionless,still:PCK*paTo,
*alaado.
paTTo.
meeting:PCK*mWiica.
nameof Faraulep
(islandand
mound, mountain
meetinghouse:PMc *fale.
PCK
nameof
atoll),CentralCarolines:
member
mound,hill,mountain,
Chuuk(Truk):PCK*cuku.
*facadlapa.
group,groupmember:PCMc
nameof Ifaluk,Central
mouth:PPC*awa,.
*cao.
Carolines:
PCK*ifaluku.
middle
carryin themouth:PPC*ila,
nameof Ngulu,Wester
ilaila.
center,middle:PCMc*luuka.
Carolines:
PCK?*jeldwa.
haveliquidin themouth:PMc
midrib
nameof Olimarao,Central
*kumwu.
midribof coconutfrondorleaf:
Carolines:
PCK*weniPMc *noko.
yawn,be openmouthed:PMc?
maraawu.
*mawa.
mildew
nameof PohnpeiIsland:PPC
move
mildewed:PCK*pWete.
*fawo-ni-pei.
mind
flow,go, move:PCK*pwuyu.
nameof presentPikelotIsland,
Central
Carolines:
PCK*piike.
attitude,mind:PMc *sipa.
*kaye.
nameof PuloAnnaIsland,
havein mind,think,remember: jump,movequickly:PWMc
WesternCarolines:
PCK?
mWemWese.
PMc *marni.
*mWese,
*pwpwulo.
kiki.
move,be moved:PMc *kki,
thought,be in mind:PMc
nameof PulusukIsland:PCK
movequickly:PCK*ruwa,
*lama,.
PPC*cee,
PCMc*carja,
*Touklae].
miserable
nameof PuluwatIsland:PCK
ceecee.
PCMc
miserable,wretched:
*pwolowado.
*riea.
moving,going:PMc*[sSIi.
nameof SatawanIsland,
to moveclose alongorover:
mistake
MortlockIslands,andof
PCK*deka,deka-ri-or *dake,
PCK
confused,mistaken:
SatawalIsland,Central
dake-ri-.
*mwaali.
Carolines:
PCK*tadawana.
to move,remove:PMc*tare,
mix
nameof TinianIsland,Mariana
tare-ki-.
to mix:PMc*[sS]ola,IsS]ola-a.
Islands:PCK*ccinialo.
walk,movearound:PMc
wrap,mix:PCK*fi-di-.
nameof Ulithi,Western
*faSale.
moan
Carolines:
PCK*ulu-diwo.
much
groan,moan:PMc *rJuu.
be much,plentiful:PPON*dira. nameof UlulIslandin
moan,complain:PMc *9juse.
NamonuitoAtoll:PCK
mud
mode
*unouno.
muddy:PCK*ma-caro.
realitym(xlemarker(suffixedto
mushroom
nape
subj.pm.):PMc *-a,-Ta.
backornapeof headandneck:
moon:PMc *marama.
ear,mushroom,
fungus:PMc
PPC*-ku-.
*talira.
aftersetting(of sunormoon):
mutual
PCK*mWiri-i-dupwu.
navel:PMc *pwuto.
PMc*fi.
more
mutually:
navigator:PPC*palia,.
near
my
very,more:PCMc*siki.
my,of me:PMc*-xu(suf.poss. near,beside:PMc *Soru.
morning:PCK*Tora.
pm.).
near,close:PCK*repa,ka-repa,
nail
*wuko.
PCMc*karani.
nail(incarpentry):
PCK*cuyi- neat
mosquito:PMc *famwu.
fal.
clean,neat,beautiful,to cleanor
moss
naked
be naked,unclothed:
PCK
lima-di.
limalima,lima-kaccu,
PMc *limwu,
lumwu.
*wacawaca.
neck:PMc*ua3,PPON*wara.
name: PMc*iSa,aSa.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
backor napeof headandneck:
PPC*-k-.
throat,neck:PPC*woro-.
necklace
woman'sbeltornecklaceof
need
to wish,need:PMc *aneane.
negative
futurenegative:PMc *tapwu2.
futurenegative,will not:PCMc
? *t[ou]wai.
PCK
negativeemphasizer:
*kkici.
aspect
negativeimperative
lest:PPC*-de.
marker,
nest
platform,nest:PMc *fata.
net
a floaton a net,lightwood:
PCMc*iTo.
*wuko,wuko-ti.
handnet:PMc *cowu,cowu-ki.
weavea net:PMc *[sS]aa,
[sS]aa-i-.
new: PCK *fau.
nibble
*jari,rjari-ti.
night:PMc *pwo0i.
be awakeatnight:PCK*pwaki,
pwpakui.
nine:PMc *Siwa.
nine(generalclassof things):
PCMc*Siwaua.
ninety:PPC*diwa-ike.
nipple
nipple(lit 'pointof breastor
PMc *mata-ninursing'):
susu.
nit
louseegg, nit:PWMc*sili.
no: PWMc*aapwa.
to no avail:PCK? *dw[aeldi.
nod
tipup,raiseup,nod,bob:PMc
*cimWe.
node
knot,node:PMc*pwuk[aol.
node,joint,knot,knee:PMc ?
pwukua.
*pwuku,
noise
a lightnoise:PCK? *cciji,
ciljicini.
a thuddingnoise:PMc
*kumwukumwu.
345
oil
coconutoil:PCK*dikkaa.
PMc *oiTi.
makea loudnoise:PCK*capWu, oil forskinorhair,anoint:
PCMc*kapi-sa,kapi-si.
PCK*lleci.
makea sudden,loudnoise:PCK old
*puiu,puiupudu.
finished, old: PCK*pWeti.
noisycondition:PCK*corolo.
no longer
days:PCK*laamwo.
PCK old times:PMc *metu.
no longer(aspectmarker):
omen: PMc ? *toko.
*-taa[i01.
noose
on
makea nooseorsnare:PCMc
*waw(-.
*nama.
north:PMc*afai.
on,on topof (a canoe):PCK
*cuu-.
fromthenorth:PMc
northerly,
*tokolau.
on,topsideof: PCK*we-,weni-.
nose:PMc *pWauSu.
surface,on:PMc *fawo.
blow(one'snose):PCMc?
one
*ftao]l[ou]si.
one (prefixedto classifiers):
kissby rubbingnoses:PWMc
PMc *te-.
*faiTogo.
thenumberone,one (inserial
to snort,blowone'snose:PCK
counting):PPC*edda,#eeda.
ruiTu-ri-.
*ufiTu,iguTud-,
only
not: PMc*tai,ta.
futurenegative,willnot:PCMc just,only:PCK*caki.
only,sole (pref.to numbers):
? *tloulwai.
PCK*fai-.
notyet:PCK*taani.
oops
now
oops!oh!:PCK*yaaki.
already,
justnow:PCK*fari,.
open:PPC*wea,wea-Tior
nurture
*waya,waya-Ti.
to nurture:
PCMc
pertaining
be open:PCK*ddafleil,dafi-i-,
*amwa.
PCMc*Tuuki.
nut
be wideopen:PMc *[sS]afi2.
*amwii.
PWMc*pwaku.
obliterate
pwiTi-ki-.
opening:PPC*pwiTi,
PMc
healed,obliterated:
opposite
*mawo.
opposite,answer:PPC*palua2.
observe
examine,observe:PCK*woo, orange
orange(tree,fruit,orwxxld):
w(x-ri-.
PCK*kurukuru.
look,observe:PCK*fado.
ordinal
occupied
causative prefix, pref forming
PMc *ka-.
ordinalnumerals:
PWMc*mWaca,.
origin
ocean
oceanside(of anislandorreet): beginning,origin,base:PWMc
*capi.
PCK*lduk-lapa.
our
octopus:PMc*kuyita.
st pl.incl.poss.pm.,of us,our:
odor
PMc *-ca.
or
odor
in
steam
off
give
out
cooking:PCK? *mawa.
xdor,smell:PMc ? *pwoi,pwoa. outside:PMc *liku.
outward:
PMc *wotu.
of: PMc *-i-.
outrigger
*-ni.
to:
PMc
of, pertaining
connecting braces on outrigger:
oh
PCK*cee.
oops!oh!:PCK*yaakd.
boom:PMc *kiaZo.
outrigger
float:PMc *Sama.
outrigger
346
bx)ms peel
platformon theoutrigger
of a canoe:PCK?
cutandliftoff orout,peel:PCK
*dika,dikka.
*yau[ln]awa.
woodenspacerjoining
outrigger peel,removeskin:PCK*Jeiiei,
boomandfloaton a canoe:
oei-ti-.
PCK*yamWa.
peel,scrape:PCK*pwpWuro,
oven
pW'uro-Ji-,
pwuro-jaki.
earthoven,bakein anoven:
tearorpeelwiththeteeth:PCK
PMc *wumwu,
wum"uni.
[kl0]aTTe-i-.
*dk0JaTe-i-,
overflow: PCK*TTekd2.
to peel,pulloff:PCK*Tefi-gi.
own
to peelwiththeteeth:PMc
verbsuffixindicating
*etieti.
orownership:
acquisition
peer
PCMc*-ni,-na.
peergroup,tier:PWMc*tare.
to peer,havea look:PMc *tiro,
oyster
pearloysterandshell:PCK
tiro-oi.
*pwaia.
penetrate
PMc
inserted,penetrated:
pack
*IsS]ili,[sS]ili-fi.
congested,tightlypacked:PPC
*jud[iul.
penis: PMc *Tekaor *Tika,
be wrapped,a package,to wrap
PWMc *wul[ael.
(s.t.):PMc *sukusuku,
people
suku-ma,suku-mi.
person,people:PMc*mata,
aramata.
packet:PCK*fici2.
perfect: PCMc *lele.
paddle
canoepaddle:PPC*faddla.
perhaps
pain
perhaps,maybe:PCK*malii.
be painful,hurt:PMc *masaki. period
timeperiod:PCMc*ta[wOfu,.
palate
person:PMc *tau,.
palate,gums:PMc *0aco.
maleperson:PPC*wolo.
palm
ivorynutpalm:PCK*rupWuJu. personof orbelongingto (a
clan,nation,or place):PCMc
pamper
PCK? *fano.
*re-,ri-.
pampered:
person,people:PMc *mata,
pandanus:PMc *faca.
aramata.
leaf:PMc *manu.
pandanus
personal names
parry
to dodge,parry(in fighting):
namesof women):PCK*na-.
PCMc*tou.
perspiration:PCMc*mawono.
part
pick
part,portion:PMc *iraira.
pass
pickingpole:PCK*iata.
pick,pinchoff:PMc*kini,
kini-ti,kini-ta.
go or comethrough,pass:PMc
*pwera.
pick,pluck,tearoff:PMc ?
*[sS]afi,.
to gather,pick:PMc ? *[sS]afa,
PMc *sawa.
*d[ao]wura,
IsS]afa-ji-.
passive
topickthingsupbyhand:PCK?
passivesuffix:PMc *-aki,PMc
*kiri,kiri-i-.
*-aki-ni.
piece
path
break,be in pieces:PCK
path,road:PMc *ala,.
*makku.
payment
PCK
pieceof cookedbreadfruit:
payment,fee:PCK*kox)u.
*wudu.
peak
peak,hill:PMc *Solo.
PPC*-ali.
classifier):
peck
bite,peck:PMc *toki.
to peck:PPC*fele.
*tafa,tafa-si.
pierce
pierce,stab:PMc ? *[sS]oka.
stab,pierce,be stabbed,pierced:
PPC*dowu.
to spear,stab,pierce:PCMc?
*wai.
pile
collect,pileup:PMc *Toko.
deposit,pileup:PMc *ita,itaita.
PCK?
*mWewu.
pillow: PMc *ulu0a.
pillow,usea pillow:PMc
*uluulu.
pinch:PCK*pWa[ty]i.
pick,pinchoff:PMc *kini,
kini-ti,kini-ta.
pine
to pine,regret,feel sorrow:PCK
li-amaama.
*amaama,
pipe
pipingbird:PPC? *koyikoyi.
pit
hole,pit:PCK*nata.
place:PMc *ni[ael.
atplace(asdesignated):
PCMc
*i-ka-.
placenta
PMc
*ta[lwtuliu],PWMc*pati,
patia.
plait
a stripof fiberforplaiting:
PCMc*fica.
to weave,plait:PMc *fatu,
fatufatu.
plank
board,plank:PMc *papa.
plant
a grass,Hedyotisbiflora:PCK?
*kapwp'u-ta[lnJo.
a kindof vine:PCK*kafaamaca.
Alocaviataro:PCK*finee,PCK
mWe[ln]da.
a plant:PCK*kafalafala,,
PCK
*wayici.
a plant,Waidiabiflora.PCK
*addadu.
a vine:PCK? *kooluuaor
*'kauluuwa.
a vine,Ccuwavalia
catllrtica:.
PCK*wald-mako.
basil:PCK*warequ.
bird'snestfem:PPC*cau-nilukd,luku.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
347
to pointorface:PWMc*tisi,
butterfly
pea(Clernxiaudron
prick
tisi-ni.
iienne):PPC*ula[tOOo.
prick,pointedobject:PWMc
Cdocasiataro:PMc *wos[ao]. poison:PCMc*mariji.
*falu.
fishpoison:PMc ? *[tT]upa. proceed
creepingvine(Triunfdfa
fare,proceed:PPC*fai[ae].
praunbens):PCK*karaka. pole
taro:PMc
Cyrtospenna
carrywitha shoulderpole:PCK go, proceed:PCK*faili.
*kamwmware.
go, proceed,(asdirectional)
*pwulaka2.
mountainapple(Eugenia
away:PMc *lako,laa.
fishingpole:PMc *pwawu.
PCK*faaniyape.
javacuica):
proceed:PWMc*ii-.
pickingpole:PCK*iata.
ridgepole,top:PMc *wuja.
plantedbedof taro:PCK
proceed,wade:PCK? *dupwu,.
*nnaki.
stick,pole:PCK*kae.
prohibit
PCK*pini.
taboo,prohibition:
planted,to plant,a plantedthing: to punt,puntingpole:PMc
PMc *faSo,fafaSo,faSoki,
*faxo.
promise:PMc *pwono.
faSoka.
wxxl, pole:PMc *kayu.
prop:PMc *lairo2.
sprout,shoot(of plants):PMc ponder
proper
*ili.
repeatedly,
ponder:PCK*raki,
PMc *pwusa,
bad,improper:
to plant,bury:PMc *tawu,
raki-i-.
rakiraki,
pwusaka.
tawuni,tawuna.
think,ponder:PCK*aki-,akiaki, g(xx, suitable,proper,
taro:
aki-i-.
varietyof Cyrtaopenna
appropriate,
fitting:PCK
PCK? *[ln]iwetta.
pool
*kaccu.
platform:PCMc*pawo.
pool,haveliquid:PMc*lau.
property
lee platformof sailingcanoe,
porpoise:PCMc*kua.
estate:PCK*pwukota.
property,
platformon sideoppositeto portion
pubic
outriggerfloat:PCMc
part,portion:PMc *iraira.
pubicarea:PPC*pWara.
*epaepa.
post
pull
housepost:PMc *tura.
platform,nest:PMc *fata.
be pulled,pull,pullon:PCK
botoms post,stake:PCK*cull[ae].
platformon theoutrigger
*wayi,wayi-di.
of a canoe:PCK?
postto whichloombeam
attached:
PCK*pwii-ta[ln]o. haul,pull,tow,troll:PCMc
*yad[ln]awa.
pot
*liko.
sailingcanoe:PCK?
cookingpot:PCK*rawa
pulledback,pullback(of
*fa[uu]naki.
pound
foreskinoreyelid):PWMc
windward
platformon outrigger pound,knock:PPC*Tuku.
*kura,kura-ti,kura-ta.
boomsnextto hullof sailing
to pound:PMc*tuki,tukituki.
pullon a line:PMc *afi2.
canoe:PWMc? *farafa.
to poundfoxxd:
PMc*pWau.
pulloutwiththehandsfrom
play
pour
insides.t.:PMc *ra[w0]u.
to pour,spill:PCK*[ln]ie,
playwitha ball:PCK*ppeeor
pullup,takeup:PMc*pWai,
*ppau.
Ilnlie[ln]ie.
pwai-ti.
to play:PPC*wuru,wuruuru. power
pullup,uproot:PMc *wuti.
plea
to peel,pulloff:PCK*Tefi,Tefirequest,plea:PCK*diJaro.
rji-.
pleasant
*mana,manamana.
pumice
ticklingorpleasantfeeling:PCK strength,
power,force,good
pumicestone:PMc*waani.
"mwa-kilikili.
health:PCK*p[ae]cakkula.
punt
plenty
prepare
to punt,puntingpole:PMc
be much,plentiful:PPoN*dira. able,prepared:
PCMc*sapa.
*faxo.
madeready:PCK
pluck
prepared,
purlin
tear
off:
?
PMc
*mallo.
pick,pluck,
purlin(of house):PCK*kaebe ready,prepared:
PWMc
*[sS]afi,.
paUaki.
*liku.
plural
pursue:PMc *wuko,wuko-Si-.
pl. pref.fordem.pms.:PCMc preserve
chase,pursue:PCK*caka-i-,
to preserveby smoking:PCMc
*ka-,kaka-.
ccaka-i-.
point
*fagi.
pus: PMc *nana.
barb,sharppoint:PCK*rumWu.press
push
pressdown:PCK*cao,cao-i]i.
pointedthing:PMc *mecea.
be slid,pushed:PCK*Teiki.
PPC
have
direction:
to
PMc
*idi,
point,
*ta[w0lo,
press:
push,shove:PMc *[sS]ixi,
idi-[nj0i-.
ta[w01o-ni.
[sS]ixi-0i-.
to pressdown:PMc *isa,isaii.
prick,pointedobject:PWMc
PPC
squeezed,pushedtogether:
*falu.
*die.
348
to thrust,push:PCK*nnapeor rear
removeroughedges:PCMc
PCK*fakola.
grow,be reared:
*Tei,Tea.
*llape.
removed:PCMc*tae,tae-ki-.
put
reciprocal:PMc *fa-.
recite
removed,excised:PCMc*taxe,
deposited,putaway:PCK
*itano.
recitea spell:PCK*fturu-anuti.
taxe-ki-.
to move,remove:PMc *tare,
putovertheshoulders(asa lei): reckon
to reckon,sing:PMc *alele.
PCK*fare.
tare-ki-.
recover
store,putaway:PPC*neki,
repeat
nekuineku.
abated(of illness,
recovered,
repeatedly,
ponder:PCK*raki,
PCK*cikara.
to slipoff,putaside:PMc *pwili. weather):
raki-i-.
rakiraki,
red: PMc *para.
request
question
redclay:PMc ?*lape.
to ask,a question:PCK*katia,
request,plea:PCK*diJaro.
reef
residual
katitia.
coralreef:PCMc*woca.
residual,spilled:PCK?
quick
lowlandorreef:PCK*fana,.
*pleolwu.
resin
mwa-adaada.
*mWa-ada,
PMc *sawa.
be quick,spin:PPON? *daari.
gum,sap,resin,gummy:PMc
*d[ao]wura,
reef,reefisland:PMc *sakau.
*pwili,pwilipwili,pwilita,or
regard
*kaye.
*pwuli,
pwulipwuli,
pwulita.
in regardto, on behalfof, at:
resist
jump,movequickly:PWMc
PPC*ree-.
mwemwese.
PCK*udui,
*mWese,
strong,resistant:
movequickly:PCK*ruwa,
regret
jrJidd.
to pine,regret,feel sorrow:PCK responsible
PCMc*caia,PPC*cee,
li-amaama.
incontrol,responsible:
ceecee.
PCK
*amaama,
to turnquickly:PCK*riki.
*nama.
regurgitate:PCMc*makua.
related
rest
rafter:PMc *ka[sS]o,PMc
atrest:PCMc? *Too.
*toka2,PMc *xawu.
*ma-areare.
rain:PMc *ulsS]a.
restrict
be
taboo,ritualrestriction,
cloud,rain:PCMc*kacawu. relation
what?whatrelationship?:
PMc
windblownrainorspray:PCK
taboo:PMc *tapwu,.
*Sata.
return
*parata.
PWMc*tafaali.
rainbow:PPC? *mWarekiy[ael,relative
again,return:
reveal
PWMc*iyaa.
*ma-areare.
cometo view,reveal:PMc
raise
of samesex,
sibling-in-law
bob:
raise
*pW'ax[ael.
PMc
nod,
tipup,
up,
affinalrelative:PCK? *kaita. reverse
*cimWe.
release
turns.t.over,reversedirection:
rap
loosened,released:PWMc
PMc*woki,woki-si-.
to rap,strikesharply:PPC
ride:PMc *[sS]ake.
*pici.
*lec[ael,lecelec[ael.
remain
rash
ridgepole
remnant:
PMc
remainder,
ridgepole,top:PMc *wuja.
*luuwa.
rig
*mweyi.
artof riggingandconstruction:
stay,remain,be (ator in a place
rasp
or time):PCK*noko.
PCK*pwarji,.
be chafed,rasping:PMc *rere,
remainder
right
rererere.
leftovers:PCK?
remainder,
rat: PCK*keci.
right,correct,as it shouldbe:
*luTTu.
PPC*pwuju.
raw
remember
rim
undercooked,raw:PCMc
havein mind,think,remember: lowerrimof a sail:PCK*llima.
*amata.
PMc *maMi.
reach
ripe
remnant
be green(of fruit),unripe:PCK
reach,arrive:PMc * sSloko.
remnant:
PMc
remainder,
*ma-arawa.
to reachout:PCK*ccaqa.
*luuwa.
PCK
unripe,immature:
ready
remove
*martica.
be ready,prepared:
PWMc
cut,removebycutting:PCK
*liku.
veryripe,rotten:PMc *maca,
rati-i-.
*ratirati,
mamaca.
madeready:PCK
prepared,
hair,feathers,scales,remove
road
*mallo.
real
path,road:PMc *ala,.
unauna,una-fi.
true,real:PCMc*lelesa.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
349
sail
roast
scrape
a sail:PCMc*yuwe,PMc?
to roast,broil:PCMc*tinitini,
be scrapedout,scoopedup:
*leaor *laya.
tini-mi.
PMc *raku,rakuraku.
lowerrimof a sail:PCK*llima. peel,scrape:PCK*pwpwuro,
rock
beachnock:PCK*perewu.
to sail:PWMc*taraki.
pwuro-i-,pwuro-aki.
to tack(in sailing):PCK*kace.
rockyledge:PCMc*pwara.
scraped,to scrape:PMc
rod
typeof sailingcanoe:PCK
*ra[w0fu,ka-ra[w0]u,
leaseroxof a kx)m:PCK
*kaewa[lnlu.
ka-ra[w0Ju-si.
salt
*wuludo.
to grate,scrape:PMc *a[sS]a.
saltwater:PMc *taSi.
roll
toscoop,scrapeout,dig(aswith
same
claws):PCK? *wedi,.
PMc
foldedup:PMc *lulu.
to scrape:PMc*kara,kara-si,
*wee.
kara-sa.
sand
PCMc*kalo.
to scrape,grate:PMc *karu.
roof
sand,beach:PMc*pia,pipia, scratch
to roxfa house:PCK*fadafada.
to scratch:PMc *kaaSu,
piapia.
sandislet:PMc *pike.
root:PMc *waka,wakara.
kakaaSu,PMc*kari.
scrub
sap
pullup,uproot:PMc *wuti.
to rootandsearch:PPC*tari-fi. gum,sap,resin,gummy:PMc
rub,scrub:PMc *iri,iriifi.
or
to scrub,wash:PMc *salu,
*pwii,pilipwili,pwilita,
rope:PMc *tali.
salusalu.
*pwuli,pwulipwuli,
pwulita.
PCMc*kalo.
sate
scum
rot
sated(withfoodordrink):PMc seaweed,moss,algae,scum:
*masu.
PMc *limwu,
lumwu.
spoiled,rotten:PCK*pwaa.
sea
veryripe,rotten:PMc*maca, saturate
mamaca.
PMc *Tox).
a seafxxldor fish:PCK*hkoTo.
soak,saturate:
sauce
rotate
deepsea,opensea:PMc
sidedishof meat,fish,orsauce:
*maSawa.
turn,rotate:PCK*kullu,daPCMc*talia.
haveskinaffectedby sea water:
kulu,da-kullu.
save
PCK*tadi-kkaJi.
rough:PCMc*magari,
maiariinari.
watertransportation,
travelby
saved,heldon to:PCMc
*tawu.
removeroughedges:PCMc
sea:PPC*tayi.
saw
seacreature:
PCK*ccardi.
*Tei,Tea.
seacucumber:
PCMc
rough(of surface):PPC*mWa- to saw:PCK*ree,reeree.
eereeere.
say
*panipani.
PCK*pata. be seasick,seasickness:
row
PCK
spoken,said,uttered:
to say:PCK*tenj2,PMc *pwaa.
in a lineor row:PMc *Sali.
*ma[t0]e-[i01-lelee.
seaurchin:PCK*laariji],PPON
scales
rub
PCK? *fa-ia.
fishscales,be scaled:PPC
file,rub,sharpen:
*payipayi.
*dera-una.
rub,scrub:PMc *iri,iriiri.
rubtogether,
PMc *limwu,lumwu.
twist,rumple:PMc hair,feathers,scales,remove
search:PCK*kidda.
*mwulo,mwulkSi.
to rub,stroke:PCK*dao,dao-fi-.
or in search
unauna,una-fi.
go aboutgathering
of s.t: PCK*ddari,li-ddari.
rubbish
scar:PCK*pwadi.
PMc *peti.
searchforthings:PCK*riinU.
trash,rubbish:
to rootandsearch:PPC*tari-fi.
ruin
*kina,kina-ta.
ruined:PMc *[sSIaa.
season
scatter
seasonof southerlywinds:
rumble
break,cut,scatter:PMc *kala,
PCMc*raki.
growl,rumble:PMc*jiri,
ma-kala.
season,sun:PMc *tau2.
iri0iri,i-fi.
scoop
be scrapedout,sc(xoped
windy,windyseason:PPC?
rumple
up:
rubtogether,
twist,rumple:PMc
PMc *raku,rakuraku.
*paar,para-,parata.
*mwulo,mulo-Si-.
dipit up,dipit out,scoopit up: seat
run
PCMc? *isifi,esifi.
to runaway:PCK*Tuu.
sailingcanoe:PCK?
sc(x)pout:PCK*iflael-di.
sacred
*fa[uulnaki.
sc)op up:PMc *[sS]iko.
tosctx)p,scrapeout,dig(aswith secret
sacred,holy:PMc *tara.
to sneak,do in secret:PPC
tabox,sacred:PMc *fali.
claws):PCK? *wedi,.
to scoopup:PMc *ari.
*wayi.
350
sedge:PWMc*pwukari.
anygrass,sedge,or fern:PPC
*fadili.
see
to see:PCK*weri-.
to see, behold:PMc *loo,looSi.
seed: PCK*pwikili.
sprout(of a seed):PCK*pwuku
or *pwAku.
seethe
*wacca.
seize
*IsSloro,[sS]oro-fi-.
semen
semen,sperm:PMc *weSe.
sense
feel,sense:PPC*meafi.
sentiment
attitude,mind:PMc *sipa.
set
aftersetting(of sunor moon):
PCK *mwiri-i-dupWu.
*dupwu3.
settle
settle,alight:PMc *Toka.
seven: PMc *fitu, fitu-ua.
sever
*mWotu,mW'otu-Si.
sew: PMc *saisai,sai-ti.
PMc *[sSli,
sew,stickthrough:
[sSli-ki,[sSli-ka.
sex
engagein sexualintercourse,
performanaction:PPC*fee.
to gossipaboutsex:PCK*colo.
shade:PMc *l[iulnuru.
dark(of shade):PCK*kird.
shake:PMc *ucuucu,ucu-ki.
shake,tremble:PMc *cece,
cecece.
to shake:PCK*mwa-icudcu
or
*mWa-icdicu.
tremble,shake:PMc *cucu.
shallow:PPC*pede.
shame
ashamed:PMc *maa,maa-ki.
shape
condition,shape:
appearance,
PCMc*au.
be trimmed,shaped:PPC*pari,
paripari.
PMc *lama.
shape,appearance:
share
asthma,be shortof breath:PCK
allotment,share:PCK*wiita.
*mwia,mwiamWia.
shark:PMc *pakewa.
shoulder:PMc *afara.
t(x)thless
shark:PCMc*pWapwu.carrywitha shoulderpole:PCK
*kamwmware.
sharp:PCMc*kakari.
barb,sharppoint:PCK*rumwu. putovertheshoulders(asa lei):
PCK*fare.
dull,notsharp:PCK*kuu2.
PCK? *fa-ia. shout: PCK*kapWata.
file,rub,sharpen:
PMc *taitai,tai-mi,
shove
sharpen:
tai-ma.
push,shove:PMc *[sS]ixi,
shatter
[sSJixi-Di-.
brokenintopieces:
shattered,
shrimp
PMc *ripi,ripiripi,
smallsp.of shrimp:PPoN
ma-ripi.
she
*luurV.
shut
he, she,it (independent
PMc *ia.
be shut,blocked,to shut,block,
pronoun):
PMc
close:PMc*pwono,pwono-ti,
*e.
pwono-ta.
sheet
sibling: PMc *ria.
sheet(of sailingcanoe):PCK
crosssibling:PMc ? *lowu.
of samesex,
*mwel[ie].
sibling-in-law
affinal relative:PCK? *kadta.
shell:PMc *pwuli.
siblingof oppositesex:PCK
*m"Weqlae]ya.
grater:PMc *koyi.
coconutshell,skull:PMc?
youngersibling:PMc *ta[sSli.
sick
*laSa.
be seasick,seasickness:
PCK
largeshell:PCK*mWeale.
*ma[t0Je-[i0j-leelee.
pearloysterandshell:PCK
kindof sickness:PCK*ma[t01e*pwaia.
PMc
p"ud[ao].
spidershell(Strombidae):
not able, sick: PCK *ta*ara2or *yara.
m'mwele.
tritonortrumpetshell:PMc
*tawui.
sickness,be sick:PCK*tamWaau.
turtleshell:PMc *pWoca.
side:PMc *pa,PMc *paiki,
woman'sbeltornecklaceof
PWMc*palia.
shine:PMc*[sSJinlae].
edge,side:PCMc*Toaor
*Towa.
becomevisible,be bright,shiny:
oceanside(of anislandorreet):
PPC*boa,
lia, lira, llija.
PCK*liku-lapa.
to go alongthesideof (an
PCK*ca-riwariwa.
to flash,shine:PWMc*were,
island):PCK*tawa-yi-.
sift
werewere.
shiny:PCK*r[ae]ndwandwa, to strain,sift:PMc *liki,likiliki,
liki-Si.
PCK*miTi,mmiTi.
shoot
sign
sign,symbol:PMc *kilala.
sprout,shxot(of plants):PMc
*ili.
silly
silly,stupid:PWMc*pwaipwai.
sprout:PMc
youngshxoot,
simultaneous
*"tT]ulu.
shore
PCK*ppaku.
inward,inland,ashore:PMc
sinew
*lor)[ao].
vein,sinew:PMc *waka.
shore,beach,vicinity:PMc
*aro.
sing
short:PPC*mwoco,
PMc *UiTi.
mwocomwx:o.
sing,song:PPC? *kadlu.
to reckon,sing:PMc *alele.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
sink
to sink:PCK? *mwait[iU].
sit
to sit:PMc *maaso,masoso.
six: PMc *wono.
sixty:PPC*wono-yik[ae].
skin
growthorlumpundertheskin,
spongycoreof mature
haveskinaffectedby seawater:
PCK*tadi-kkaii.
peel,removeskin:PCK*)ei)ei,
jei-ti-.
skin,bark:PMc *kuli.
skindisease:PMc *tanitani.
*mweyi.
yaws,skinsore:PCK*rupwu.
skip
to skipalong,flit:PMc *pepe,
pepepe.
skirt
loincloth,skirt:PWMc*kalo.
skull
coconutshell,skull:PMc ?
*laSa
sky
lowerregionof sky:PCMc
*faa-i-lari,faa-ni-lani.
nameof a skygod:PPC*wolofaadi.
sky,heaven,storm:PMc *laii.
slack
slack,loosen:PMc*tala,
tala-[sS]i.
slant
slant,tilt:PCK*payeor *peya.
slap
clapthehands,slap(s.t.):PMc
*piki,pikipiki,piki-ri-.
PMc
sleep:PMc *maturu,
*mWoe.
lie down,sleep:PMc
*w[eo]n[eo].
sleepy,drowsy:PCK*kadelu.
weary,sleepy:PCK*cike.
slice:PCK*wula,wulawula,
wula-i-.
sliceof copra:PWMc*takaka.
*tafa,tafa-si.
slide
be slid,pushed:PCK*Teiki.
slip,slide,slippery:PCK
*mmidi,midimidi.
35I
snort
slightly
to snort,blowone'snose:PCK
somewhat,slightly:PMc
rudTd-ri-.
*l[iu]ku.
*rjuT, jduTui-,
slime
soak
PMc *Too.
soak,saturate:
slimy:PMc *ma-cai.
slimy,slippery:PCK*ma-calu. soft:PMc ? *ma-caucau.
soil
slingshot:PMc *pwuasa.
dirt,soil:PCMc*pwelu,
slip
pwepwelu.
slip,slide,slippery:PCK
*mmdiidi,midimidi.
solarplexus:PCK? *imWa-nito slipoff,putaside:PMc *pwili.
rlenu.
slimy,slippery:PCK*ma-cald. sole
slow
applythesoleof thefoot:PMc
be slow:PCMc*mWea[w0]u.
*faa,faa-[sS]i.
slowgrowing:PCK*mwuko.
instep,sole,foot:PCK*kipwa
slow,late:PMc *cawa.
only,sole (pref.to numbers):
smack
PCK*fai-.
smackone'slips:PMc*misi. somewhat
small
somewhat,slightly:PMc
small,little:PMc *ciki,PMc
*l[iu]ku.
*kisi.
song
small,little,tiny:PWMc*niii.
sing,song:PPC? *kadld.
smart
sorcery
formof sorcery:PCK*Tawu,
smart,clever:PCK*li-cowu.
to smart,sting:PMc *so0o,
TawuTawu,
Tawu-yanutu.
sore
sorjsooio.
a boil,sore:PCK*loto.
stingingsensation:PMc
*[f0]eci[f0]eci.
smell
*kina,kina-ta.
odor,smell:PMc ? *pWoi,
pwoa. yaws,skinsore:PCK*rupwu.
to smells.t: PMc *sauu.
sorrow
to pine,regret,feel sorrow:PCK
smile:PCK*mali,mmali.
li-amaama.
smoke:PMc *a[sS]u.
*amaama,
emitsmoke:PCK? *purako, soul
soul,spirit:PMc *jenu.
puraako.
to preserveby smoking:PCMc sound
buzz,hum,makesound,
*fai)i.
intonation:
PMc *i)ii.
smooth:PMc *ma-[sS]ali.
smooth:PCK*ma-ddawudawu. loudsound:PCMc*iju, iguiru.
low sound:PCMc*[mmW]asnag
be caught,snagged:PMc*tapa3. asaasa.
sound,makesound:PCK*diki,
snap
ddiki.
snap,vibrate:PMc *pici,pici-ki.
snip,cut,snap,flick:PMc *fici, to kiss,makea suckingsound:
PPoN*mici-ki.
fici-ki.
to makeanintruding
or
snare
sound:PMc
makea nooseor snare:PCMc
interrupting
*fama.
*kaka,.
to sound(whenblown,as a
sneak
to sneak,do in secret:PPC
PMc ? *pwuu.
trumpet):
voice,sound:PWMc*jil[ai].
*wayi.
sneeze
sour:PCK*mWalle.
to sneeze:PCMc*mWaTie. south:PCK*-ara,PPC*auni.
snip
PCMc*raki.
snip,cut,snap,flick:PMc *fici,
fici-ki.
space
snore
clearedspace:PMc *maata,
to snore:PMc *Uoro,ioroioro,
maataata.
[sS]i-ioro.
352
stain
spit
openspacebetween:PMc
stainedyellow:PMc *mera,
*kacawa.
spitout(fromthemouth):PCK
meera.
span
*ma-dipi,ma-ddipi.
stake
spit,spittle:PMc
fingerspan:PCK*yaja.
*kalsS}i[sS]ifa.
post,stake:PCK*cull[ae].
spank
to spank,hit:PCK*wawu,
squirtout,spitout,ejaculate: stalk
PPC*kuTu.
leafandstalk,frond:PMc *paa2.
wawu-di.
stand
splash
sparkle
to stand:PMc *tuu,.
glitter,sparkle:PCK*masplashwateron (s.t.):PCMc
ca-riwariwa.
star:PMc *fit[ou]u.
riwariwa,
*wusi,wuwusi.
a brightstar:PCMc*manu.
split
spathe
a constellation
in Cassiopeia:
coconutblossomorspathe:PCK choplengthwise,split:PCK
? *ereera.
PCK*uku-ni-ika.
*dila,dila-gi-.
in Aquila:
Altair,constellation
cracked,split:PMc ? *kaka,.
spathe,unopenedbud:PCMc
PCMc*matilapa.
*asi.
to splits.t.open:PMc*pw[aejla,
a star:PCK*icci,PCK*taudaa,
speak
pwiae]la-qaki.
pW[aella-0i,
PCK*yalimadad,
PCMc
speak,spoken:PCMc*tapa,
spoil
*maticiki.
ka-tapa.
spoiled,rotten:PCK*pwaa.
in Corvus:
a starorconstellation
speak,tell:PCK*kae-or *kaya-. spouse
PCK*pata. spouse,manied:PCK*pwrdld,
PCK*tarepwali.
to speak:PCK*yaonaki.
bowl,constellation
Delphinus:
pwdlu-wa-.
PMc*tapia.
speaker
sprain
towardspeaker,hither:PCMc
PCK*mWaaMi.NorthStar,Polaris:PCK*futuutwisted,sprained:
*soko.
te-mwakddu.
spray
Pleiades:PPC*mWakarikari.
spear
to spear,stab,pierce:PCMc?
starArcturus:
PCK*aremauti.
*parata.
*wai.
star(s)in Pegasus:PWMc*laka.
spread
speckled
to spread:PCMc*cai,PMc
star(s)in Scorpio:PCK*mataPCK
rnwa.
speckled,variegated:
*feraki,feraki-ni-.
*mWa-kelekele.
thestarAldebaran:
PCK
sprinkle
*wuunu.
PCK*cii,cii-ri.
speech: PCK *aloo.
drip,sprinkle:
thestarAntares:PCMc
speech,talk:PCK*mwa-lie,
sprout:PCK? *tapeku.
*sumwuru.
mwa-lielie.
sprout(of a seed):PCK*pwuku
thestarVega:PPC*mauilu.
or *pwdkd.
speed
be speedy,fast:PCK*cigi.
thethreestarsin Orion'sbelt:
sprout,shoot(of plants):PMc
PCK*aldalu.
fast,speedy:PCK*ddiri.
*ili.
to sprout,blossom:PMc *pwere. triggerfish,constellation
spell
recitea spell:PCK*fadni-anutU. to sprout,grow,a sprout:PCK
SouthernCross:PMc
*pWupwu.
specialknowledgeof spells:
*fata, fata-ra.
PCK*roJo.
startle
youngshoot,sprout:PMc
be startled,surprised:
PCK
sperm
*[tTjulu.
semen,sperm:PMc *weSe.
*maa-yi-ruu.
spurt
state
spill
spurt,squirt:PMc *Tiri.
to pour,spill:PCK*lln]ie,
stateof being:PCMc*ca.
squeeze:PCK*fia,fiya-ii-.
stativeprefixindicatingthat
Iln]iellnlie.
whatis describedis an
residual,spilled:PCK?
orconditionof
*p[eolwu.
PPC
appearance
spin
*die.
being:PMc *ma.
be quick,spin:PPoN? *daari. squid:PMc *nulsSlo.
stay
spine
stay,remain,be (atorin a place
squirt
fishwithspines:PCK*ikaortime):PCK*noko.
spurt,squirt:PMc *Tiri.
faldifal.
squirtout,spitout,ejaculate: steal
to steal:PCK*macoko, PPC
PPC*kuTu.
stingrayspine:PCK*koTo.
spirit
stab
*pirafa.
pierce,stab:PMc ? *IsS]oka. steam
stab,pierce,be stabbed,pierced: giveoff steamor xlorin
*mana,manamana.
PPC*dowu.
cooking:PCK? *mawa.
goxl,spirit:PMc *anitu.
to spear,stab,pierce:PCMc ? steer
soul, spirit:PMc *nenu.
steera boat:PMc *ako,akoako.
*wai.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
353
strand
PMc
stem
you (sg. subj.marker):
*ko-,koe.
handle,stem:PCK*yaaki.
suck
PPC*-ali.
classifier):
step
breast,to suckle:PMc *susu.
step,tread,applyone'sfoot:
PMc ? *koo,koo-na.
PMc *pwutu.
PPC*urJid,ui-di.
strike
stick
suckup(s.t.):PWMc*Toromi.
hit,strike:PMc *suku.
stick,pole:PCK*kae.
to kiss,makea suckingsound:
strike,hit,beat:PMc *weceor
PPoN*mici-ki.
*irae.
*woco,PMc*woco.
sufficient
strike,hitdownon:PCK
still
enough,sufficient:PCMc
motionless,still:PCK*paTo,
wupwu-u-.
*wupwuwupwu,
*sawu.
strike,kill: PCK*nii, nnii, niinii.
paTTo.
strike,whip,hit PCK*wici,
sugarcane:PMc *towu.
still,yet:PCK*ciwa-ni.
wici-i.
sting
PPC*udijfu,
to beat,to strikewithanobject:
rij-di.
stingingsensation:PMc
suitable
PCMc*w[ao]pwo.
*[f0]eci[f]eci.
to smart,sting:PMc *so)o,
to rap,strikesharply:PPC
good,suitable,proper,
soIosoJo.
fitting:PCK
appropriate,
*lec[ael,lecelec[ae].
*kaccu.
string
stingrayspine:PCK*koTo.
summon
stir
string,be strung:PMc *faa,
to call,summon:PCMc*fato,
aru-ti-.
faasa.
to stir PMc *aru,aruaru,
tato-ji-.
to string:PMc * turi.
stock
sun: PMc *alo.
stripe
aftersetting(of sunor moon):
*kayinaja.
stripe,be striped:PCK*ari,
PCK*mwiri-i-dupu.
aiari.
stomach
season,sun:PMc *tau2.
stomach,belly,abdomen:PMc stroke
to rub,stroke:PCK*dao,
*tia,.
dao-fi-.
stomach,havestomachfor:PPC
*dupwu3.
sunlight:PMc ? *sija.
*taka,taka-ni.
strong: PCK *coo, (ka)-coocoo,
sunset:PCK*tad.
PMc *kiSa.
stone:PMc *fatu.
surface
be strong:PMc*kaila.
pumicestone:PMc *waani.
brave,strong:PPC*faa.
stone,coral:PCMc*cakai.
*wawo-.
PCMc*pei.
stonestructure:
firm,hard,strong:PMc *masurface,on:PMc*fawo.
toa,ma-toatoa.
stoop
strength,
crouch,stoxp(indeference):
surplus
power,force,good
be surplus:PCK*pare.
health:PCK*p[ae]cakkila.
PCK*kapwpwaroko.
PCK*iuddd, surprise
to stoop:PMc *ruku2.
strong,resistant:
becomeaware,wakeup,be
iJiddfL.
stop
PMc*rut[iu].
structure
be stoppedup,stop(s.t.)up:
surprised:
be startled,
PCK
stonestructure:
PCMc*pei.
PMc *pina,pina-ti-.
surprised:
*maa-yi-niu.
struggle
stopped,halted:PMc *tuu2.
to struggle:PCMc*fitaki.
store
suspend
PCK
hang,be suspended:
store,putaway:PPC*nekii,
stupid
neklinekd.
foxlish,stupid,crazy:PCMc
*c[aelJaki,cc[ae]laki.
swallow:PCMc*woro.
*pwuce.
storm
sky,heaven,storm:PMc *lari.
silly,stupid:PWMc*pwaipwai. swamp
taroswamp,dirtasfoundin t. s.:
to storm,windstorm,typhoon: sty
PCMc*pwalu.
PPC*malu,malimalu.
havea styin theeye:PMc ?
swarm
*cili.
story
or
swarmof fish:PCK*pWeya
story,tella story:PMc *fiaMo. subject
PMc
*pwaya.
*e-.
*dilo,diddio.
sweat:PMc *pW[iulSowa.
PCMc*i-. sweet:PCK*kara,PMc *mami.
I (lstsg. subj.marker):
straight:PCK*wene,wewene,
we (excl.,subj.marker):
PMc
wenewene.
sweetheart:PCK*mWaare,
strain
*kayi.
mware-.
PCMc
to strain,sift:PMc *liki,likiliki, we (incl.,subj.marker):
swell
liki-Si.
*Ti-.
swelling:PMc? *ciilee,PCMc
PCK
you (pl.,subj.marker):
*pwoto.
*kawd.
354
to swell:PCK* wupWa.
swim: PCMc*ate.
swing:PCK*ule,dl(ea)dl(ea),
(ka)-ule,(ta)-ule.
loose,swungout:PCK*ldwa,
luwa-di.
symbol
sign,symbol:PMc *kilala.
sympathy
to feel sympathy:
PCK*fake.
taboo
PCK*pini.
tabOx,prohibition:
be
taboo,ritualrestriction,
taboo:PMc *tapwui.
taboo,sacred:PMc *fali.
tack
to tack(in sailing):PCK*kace.
tail:PMc *iku.
base,tail:PMc ? *pwuku.
handle,tail(of fish):PCK*paca
take
carry,take:PMc? *pweki.
pullup,takeup:PMc *pWai,
paai-ti.
take,get:PMc *ala2.
talk
speech,talk:PCK*mwa-lie,
mwa-lielie.
*dilo,diddilo.
talkloudly:PMc *kata.
tame:PCK*tae]kir[ae],PCK
*mwaduko.
tangle
tangled:PCK*ffi,fiffi.
twisted,tangled:PCMc*cafifi,
PMc *pini,pinipini.
taro
Alocasiataro:PCK*finee,PCK
*mwelln]da.
Cdociasiataro:PMc*wos[ao].
taro:PMc
Cyrtmpenna
*pwulaka2.
plantedbedof taro:PCK
*nnaku.
taroswamp,dirtas foundin t. s.:
PCMc*pWalu.
variety of Cyrtaopennataro:
PCK? *[lnliwetta.
taste: PMc *fiama.
delicious,tastegoo(d:PMc
*nafiau.
taste,flavor:PMc*iafia,
nanana.
tattoo
inscribe,tattoo:PMc *cicigi.
taut
taut,tight:PCK'?*mai,maia.
tear
they
PMc
they(3plsubjectmarker):
pick,pluck,tearoff:PMc?
*re-,ra-.
*[sSlafi,.
tearor peelwiththeteeth:PCK
pronoun),
they(independent
them(suf.obj.pm.),their(suf.
[k01aTTe-i-.
*[kOlaTe-i-,
tom:PMc*sae.
poss.pm.):PMc *ira.
to tearapartoroff:PCK*feifei, thick:PMc *ma-tolu,ma-totolu,
ma-tolutolu.
fei-ii-.
be dense,thick:PCK*kud.
teeth
tearorpeelwiththeteeth:PCK thigh
innerthigh,crotch:PMc *Saja.
[k0]aTTe-i-.
*Ik0laTe-i-,
thin
to peelwiththeteeth:PMc
*etieti.
thin,flimsy:PMc *ma-nifi,
ma-nifinifi.
tell
speak,tell:PCK*kae-or *kaya-. thing: PMc *mefa.
story,tella story:PMc*fiaio. think
havein mind,think,remember:
ten
bunchof ten:PCK*yafi.
PMc*mari.
counterfortens:PCMc*-itaki, think,ponder:PCK*aki-,akiaki,
aki-i-.
PPC*-ik[ae].
unitof ten(incounting):PMc thirst
*-Uawulu.
thirsty:PCK*maaro,PMc
*marewu.
tendency
habit,tendency:PCMc*kana, this:PMc ? *ae,.
kai.
here,thisnearspeaker:PMc
*ee.
tendon
this,that:PMc *ena.
tendon,vein:PMc ? *ua,.
tentacle
thought
thought,be in mind:PMc
PMc? *koo,koo-na.
*lama,.
terminate
thousand
thousand(num.classifier):
PMc
PMc *tapwo,
end,terminate:
*-aa-ratu.
tapwo-lsSla.
three
termite
termite:PCK*pWaddr[eU].
three,three(general):PMc
testicle
*telu,telu-ua.
throat
testicles:PCK*Telu.
that
choke,throat:PCK*cior[ao].
haves.t.caughtin thethroat:
that(byyou),those:PCK*naa,
PPC*laawa.
kka[eil-naa,[eil-kka-naa,
naa.
throat,neck:PPC*woro-.
that(outof sightorin thepast): through
PMc? *oo.
go orcomethrough,pass:PMc
that(pastornotvisiblypresent):
*pwera.
PMc*[sS]i-,
PCK*wee.
sew,stickthrough:
that,those:PCK*naana,kkaIsS]i-ki,[sS]i-ka.
throw:PCMc*kace.
naana.
thrust
that,those(nearperson
to thrust,push:PCK*nnapeor
PCK*mwuu,
addressed):
m'uu-nlae],kka-mwuu-n[ae]. *llape.
thud
this,that:PMc *ena.
a thuddingnoise:PMc
thatch: PMc *aTo.
*kumwukumwu.
tiethatch:PMc *kaka,kaSi,
thunder:PMc ? *para,parara.
kakaSi.
thwart
them
a thwart,tie:PMc*tao.
them(thirdpersonplural
inanimate
objectpm.):PCK*- tickle
nni.
ticklingorpleasantfeeling:PCK
*n'a-kilikili.
FINDER LIST FOR PROTO-MICRONESIAN RECONSTRUCTIONS
to tickle:PMc ? *kurakura
tide:PMc *ua,.
be low tide,dry:PMc *masa,
mamasa.
hightide:PMc *uaprut[iuI.
hightideorbeh. t.: PCK
*Upnna.
to
transport
to,toward:PWMc*Ilani.
PMc
cany,convey,transport:
*wua,wuawua,wua-ti,wua-ta.
today:PCK*i-kenaa,i-kenaa-ye.
it:
toddy
carnyit. conveyit. transport
PPC *waa.
palmtoddy:PCK*kacii.
toe
carry,transport:PCK *api,PCK
?*kaTi.
fingemail,toenail,claw:PMc
*kuku.
watertransportation,
travelby
tie: PCK*llema,lema-ti-.
a thwart,tie:PMc *ta[wfl]o.
finger or toe: PWMc *tanisi.
tiebeam:PCK*kadlcamwa.
finger,toe:PMc *tu[sSIu.
tie,bind:PMc *fau,fau-Si.
together
tied,joined:PWMc*rii.
tiethatch:PMc *kaka,ka-Si,
*talilapa.
PPC
kaka-Si.
*die.
tie together:PMc *ako.
PMc *ako.
tieup,wrap:PCMc? *r[Inusi. tie together:
untied,loosen, untie:PCK*pwai, tomorrow:PMc *l[au]tuu.
PPoN
dayaftertomorrow:
pwaipwai,
pwai-ti-.
tier
*palia.
peergroup,tier:PWMc*tare. tone
buzz,hum,makesound,
nnek-i,
tight:PCK*nelkd,
intonation:PMc *IJii.
nekdnekti.
to chant.intone:PCMc*IJoroexact.tight:PCK*ccara,
holdtightly:PCMc*faro,
tongs:PMc *cipwa,.
faro-ki,faro-ka.
tongue:PMc *lewe.
taut.tight:PCK? *mai,maia. tooth: PCMc *Jii.
tilt
top
slant.tilt:PCK*payeor *peya.
extremity,
top,tip,head:PMc
tilted:PCK*pala.
*ulu.
tilt.tipover:PCK*dik[ae].
on, on topof (a canoe):PCK
timber
*cddi.
on, topsideof. PCK*we-,we*irae.
ni-.
time:PMc *a[sS]o.
ridgepole,top:PMc *wulja.
atthetimeof, during:PCK
*lipwa-.
*maBo.
old times:PMc *metu.
upperpart.top:PMC*ata.
timeperinod:
PCMc*ta[wffu,. torch:PMc *sulu.
torn
tiny
PCK
small,little,tiny:PWMc*nirji. tom,destroyed:
tip
*d(ae)r(ae).
torso
extremity,
top,tip,head:PMc
*ulu.
growingtipof a tree:PWMc
*\wupwa.
total
*tiapwco
tip
body,totality:PCK*ineki.
tip,go underwater:PMc *ruku,. tow
tipup,raiseup,nodi,bob:PMc
drag,haul,tow:PMc *uri,
*cimWe.
tilt.tipover:PCK*dik[ae].
tire
be tired. PCMc *Uixo.
bored, tired:PCK *iJtcj.
tired:PCK*kacika.
tired,fatigued:PCK*ma-ilj,
ma h1dh1ti.
PCMc*kari.
tired,exhausted:
weak,tired:PPC*pwaija.
355
*liko.
trade
be traded,acquirein trade:PMc
*mau,mau-ni.
transparent
PCK*ffada.
clear,transparent:
sea: PPC *tayi.
trap
wicker fish trap:PMc *wuu.
trash
trash,rubbish:PMc *peti.
travel
water transportation,travelby
sea: PPC *tayi.
tread
step, tread,apply one's foot:
PMc *pwutu.
tree
a strandtree, Pisania grandis:
PPC ? *mwakd.
a tree, PCK *]JDad,PCK
*tao[In]o, PCK *umwao,PMC
*jipipjj, PMc *uS[iu].
a tree, Barriigtogkiaaviatica:
PCK *kulu, PMc *futu, PMC
? *iwu.
a tree, Callophylliuninophyllwn:
PCK *rakici,PPC *tafaija,
PMc ? *itau.
a tree, Cananga odorata:PPC
*pwura.
a tree, Cordiasubcordata:PMC
*kanawa.
a tree, Morindiacitrifdia: PMC
*flonhiul.
a tree, Parinawriun:
PPC *ayita.
a tree, Pittavponun:PCK *yalle-
pruta.
a tree, Prninna integrifolia:PCK
*aro.
a tree, Scaevolada
PPC *ramaki.
a tree, Tenninaliacatappa: PCK
*kaata,kaataata.
banyan tree, Ficus cardeins:iis:
PPC *awa2banyantree, Ficits tinctoris:PCK
*kawannu.
growing tip of a tree:PWMc
*tiapwo.
ironwoxxdtree (Pemphis
acidida): PCMc *j[eila.
ivory nut palm: PCK
*r[eu]p-uu.
kind of tree:PCK *ki[lnliawa.
mangrove: PMc *totjo.
mangrove tree: PCK*ciaa.
356
tur, rotate:PCK*kullu,davague
kulu,da-kullu.
uncertain,
vague:PCK*mwara,
tums.t.over,reversedirection:
mwmwara.
strandtree:PMc *ceni,ceceni.
PMc *woki,woki-si-.
treelessplace:PMc *maaTiaTi.
valley:PPC*wau.
turtle:PMc *woiu.
value
*irae.
kindof turtle:PCMc*tapwakea. objectof value:PCMc*pwai.
treetrunk:PMc *fata,fata-aa.
turtleshell:PMc *pwoca.
variable
coconut twine
varietyof sweet-husked
havinga
prefixindicating
twisted,entwined:PPC*pini,
variable,
palm:PPC*adoola.
oscillating,or
condition:PMc
tremble:PMc *cici.
pinipini.
variegated
*mWa-.
shake,tremble:PMc *cece,
twins:PMc *pwexe,pwepwexe.
cecece.
variegated
twirl
PCK
tremble,shake:PMc *cucu.
to twist,twirl:PWMc*firji[sS]i. speckled,variegated:
tremble(withfear):PMc *rere. twist
*mwa-kelekele.
trespass
vegetation
no trespassing
sign:PCK*maPMc
areawithoutvegetation:
PCMc*kalo.
*malala.
cai[liu].
rubtogether,
twist,rumple:PMc
tribe
forest:PMc *walu.
vegetation,
*mwulo,mwulo-Si.
to twist:PMc*fira,fira-lkxli. vein
*kayinaja.
to twist,twirl:PWMc*fiji-[sS]i. tendon,vein:PMc? *ua,.
trick
vein,sinew:PMc *waka.
twisted,entwined:PPC*pini,
to trick:PPON*piici,pici-,picivery:PCK? *kii,kiini,PCK
pinipini.
i.
*kkoni,kkoi.
twisted, sprained:PCK *mwaaji.
trim
twisted,tangled:PCMc*cafifi, very,more:PCMc*siki.
be trimmed,shaped:PPC*pari,
vibrate
PMc *pini,pinipini.
paripari.
two: PMc*rua.
snap,vibrate:PMc *pici,pici-ki.
troll
vibration:
PCK*ceju,cceiju.
cutin two:PCMc*woTo.
two (generalclassof objects): vicinity
*liko.
shore,beach,vicinity:PMc
PMc *ru[aol-ua.
to troll:PCK*pwili.
*aro.
typhoon
true
to storm,windstorm,typhoon: view
comeintoview,beginto take
true,real:PCMc*lelesa.
PPC*mal6,maldmali.
trunk
unable
shape:PCMc*pirju,
pwuju.
tree trunk:PMc *fata, fata-ra.
cometo view,reveal:PMc
unableto endurefurther:
trust
PWMc*jasa.
*pWax[ae].
PMc under
trust,believe,beconfident:
fadefromview:PMc *[sS]olo.
*lliu]ku.
tip,go underwater:PMc*ruku,. vine
a kindof vine:PCK*kafaamaca.
try
under:PMc*faa.
underside,
to attempt,try:PCK*tado,tado- understand:PCK*weewee.
a vine:PCK? *k(xoluua
or
ni-.
*kauluuwa.
up
to try:PWMc*To)o.
a vine(Cwamvalia
catlartica):
tuna
PCK*walu-mako.
*wawo-.
tuna,bonito:PMc*atu.
creepingvine(Trilntfta
pullup,takeup:PMc *pwai,
turmeric:PCK*daiko.
pricumb7ls):PCK*karaka.
pwai-ti.
curcuma,turmeric,
ginger,
derrisvine:PMc *upa.
pullup,uproot:PMc*wuti.
yellow:PMc *ario.
tipup,raiseup,noxl,bob:PMc visible
color:PMc *reUa.
turmeric
becomevisible,bebright,shiny:
*cimre.
turn
PPC*liia, liraliia,llia.
*ata.
PMc
upperpart,top:
be tured facedown:PCK
voice:PCK? *kotaor *koTo.
up,upward:PMc*Sake.
*cappa.
givevoice:PMc *cia.
us
face,turn:PCMc*tape2.
Istpl.incl.poss.pm.,of us,our: voice,sound:PWMc*rillail.
to takeone'sturnat:PPON
vomit
PMc *-ca.
*uutV
to vomit:PMc *mWumWuta.
use
to turnquickly:PCK*riki.
wade:PWMc? *Tuuru.
be finished,usedup:PWMc
turnaway,ignorethepresence
proceed,wade:PCK? *dupwu,.
*rota.
of others:PWMc*faliku,
wait
utter
falikuri.
PCK*pata. to wait:PCMc*talwOlu2.
PCK vagina:PMc
waitfor:PCK*wedi,.
*pia
*Toro,ToroToro.
orange(tree,fruit,or wood):
PCK *kurukuru.
RECONSTRUCTIONS
357
weak
wake up
white,powderedlime:PMc
be weak,hungry:PCK*kkibecomeaware,wakeup,be
*pWece,
pwecepwece.
lako.
who
PMc *rut[iu].
surprised:
who?:PMc ? *tau3.
walk:PCK? *aliali.
weak,tired:PPC*pwara.
whole
cane,walkingstick:PMc*toko, wealth
be whole:PCMc*lua.
toko-na.
wealthy:PMc *wa[w0Lu.
be whole,entire:PPC
walk,movearound:PMc
weary
*faSale.
*wunut[ao].
weary,sleepy:PCK*cike.
wall
weather
encirclingorcoveringa whole:
abated(of illness,
PCMc*pwalili.
recovered,
fence,wall:PPC*didi,di-.
PCK*cikara.
whole,complete:PMc
wall,fence:PMc *woro2.
weather):
want
weave
*pwon[ao].
to desire,want:PCK*mwaca-ni, to weave,plait:PMc *fatu,
why
fatufatu.
mWaca-ni-aa.
because,why:PPC*pwa-ki-da.
weavea net:PMc *[sSlaa,
wide
war
[sSlaa-i-.
wide,width:PMc*cau,cau-lapa.
war,fighting:PMc *maawunu.
weavesword:PCK?
warm
widespread
PCK
be warmed:PMc *raji,raiiraui.
*kaopeope.
widespread:
continuously
*ceeu.
to heat,be warm:PMc *rara. weep
to warmoneself:PCK*caji.
cry,weep:PMc*tari,taDi-Si-. wind:PMc *ari,auiaji.
blow(of thewind):PMc? *pau,
wash
weight
to scrub,wash:PMc *salu,
lightin weight:PMc *maraa.
paupau.
blow(of wind):PCK*filefile,
salusalu.
lightof weight:PWMc*pale.
well
file-di.
to washoneshands:PMc ?
havea headwind:PCK*yajida.
gcdxl,well:PCK*fici,.
[a]lmwi-ni-.
*[a0nmwi,
washone'sface:PMc *wuro, west
PMc *siwo.
PCMc*raki.
wuro-mata.
down,westward:
west,duewest,southwest,
watch
strongwind:PCK*mwor[ae].
PCK*lodoa,
northwest:
to storm,windstorm,typhoon:
examine,inspect,watch:PCK
lodoamalumalu.
PPC*malui,
lodoa-ara,
lodoa-lapa,
*piipii,pii-.
standwatch,stayawake:PMc
afaqi.
wet
*mamata.
*parata.
be wet:PCK? *ccoki.
water:PMc *pili.
windy,windyseason:PPC?
whale:PMc *rato.
freshwater:PMc *canu,
*paar,para-,parata.
what
winded
cacanu,canucanu.
do what,what?:PMc ? *faiSa.
saltwater:PMc *taSi.
what?:PMc*mee-Saa.
*patiki.
splashwateron (s.t.):PCMc
PMc wing
what?whatrelationship?:
*wusi,wuwusi.
*Safa.
hand,arm,wing:PMc *pau.
when
wise
PMc *tano-mi-.
PCK wise,knowing:PCK*reepiya.
if, when(futureuncertain):
waterproof
wish
notleaky:PCMc
*karee,kareeree.
waterproof,
when?:PMc*fiai-Sa,iai-Sa.
to wish,need:PMc *aneane.
*mano.
where
with
wave
fromwhere?:PCMc*maia.
to wave,beckon:PMc *alo,
and,with:PMc *ma.
where?:PCMc*iaa,PMc *faa. wither
aloalo,alo-[t]ji.
driedout,withered:PCMc
waves:PMc *nawo.
whip
strike,whip,hit:PCK*wici,
we
*pwata.
wici-i.
PMc
we (excl.,assubj.marker):
PMc
woman:PCK*cao-pWuda,
*faifine.
*kayi.
whisper:PPC*iunudiun,mWawe (excl.),us:PWMc
eUnununu.
ijtind0find.
whistle:PCMc*kauae.
*ka[aijmami,
namesof women):PCMc
PWMc*kami.
*nlae]i-.
we (incl.,as subj.marker):
pipingbird:PPC? *koyikoyi. legendarywoman:PCK*yaado.
PCMc*Ti-.
to whistle(of humans):PCMc
we (incl.),us:PMc *kica,PMc
*uae,ka-uae.
*kita.
white
wood
white-haired:
be grey-haired,
a floaton a net,lightwoodl:
PCK*mautliu].
PCMc*iTo.
358
curcuma,turmeric,
ginger,
wrap,mix:PCK*fi-di-.
wretched
yellow:PMc *aro.
stainedyellow:PMc *mera,
PCMc
wretched:
miserable,
meera.
*riea.
PCK *kurukuru.
yesterday:PMc *fafioa.
wring
PCK
container:
w(xxden
wringout:PCMc*wor[iu]si. yet
wrist
still,yet:PCK*ciwa-ni.
*ttapwu2.
fist,hand,andwrist:PPC
you
wooxxl,
pole:PMc*kayu.
*kumwucu.
you (pl.):PCMc*kamii,PMc
worm: PMc *mWata.
*kamwu.
write
a blackworm:PCK*Ticalo.
PCK
you(pl.,as subj.marker):
writing,to write:PCK*iici,ici-,
bait, worm: PMc *paa,.
*kawu.
ici, ici-l-.
worn
you(sg. personalnoun):PCK
yam: PPC ? *kaapi.
wornwithage:PMc *maki.
*keenlael.
yard
wound
you (sg. subj.pm.):PMc *ko-,
yard,boom(of canoe):PCK
koe.
*cuyicuyi.
*kina,kina-ta.
young
yawn
wrap
youngersibling:PMc *talsSli.
be wrapped,a package,to wrap yawn,be openmouthed:PMc?
*mawa.
your
PMc
*sukusuku,
(s.t):
yaws
your(sg.):PMc *-mWu.
suku-ma,suku-mi.
yaws,skinsore:PCK*rupu.
fold,wrap:PCMc*lukuma.
tieup,wrap:PCMc? *[ln]usi. yellow:PCK*yaloyalo.
driftw(xd:PCMc*kai-peti.
firew(xxl:PMc *fafia,PMc
*mwucu.
orange(tree,fruit,orwood):

Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions

Transcription

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