New Progress for Better Development of Dams and Reservoirs

New Progress for Better Development of Dams and Reservoirs
Dr. JIA Jinsheng
Hon. President of ICOLD
Vice President of IWHR
Contents
1 Investment in dams & reservoirs is investment in the green economy
2 Relationship between dams and socio‐economic development
3 Concerns in future development of dams & reservoirs
4 Joint efforts for a better world
A quick developing world
14
1
Population growth & socioeconomic development
billion
High variant
Medium
variant
12
10
8
2
Water security
Low variant
6
4
3
Food and energy security
4
Ecological security
2
1960 1970 1980 1990
2000
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year
Freshwater availability per capita 1950-2050
1950
12,050 m3
2000
7,310 m3
2025
5,120 m3
2050
4,580 m3
In 2025, water-stressed countries will increase to 48
countries with combined population of 3 billion
Adaptation to the impact of climate change
Glacier
smelting
Extreme
weather
events
A major focus: Drought and water scarcity
Drought in South West China in 2010
Large hydropower facilities have
become a key milestone for green
growth.
Rachel Kyte, Vice President of WBG for
sustainable development
The era of the World Commission on
Dams (WCD) has gone and the
guidelines for sustainable
development of dams and hydropower
are used in practice.
Investment in hydropower
development (WBG, 2009)
Water storage for sustainable development
World Declaration on water storage
for sustainable development
issued jointly by:
ICOLD
ICID
IHA
IWRA
hydropower generation to its economical potential
by continents
Developed 40%
World
Developed 45%
Australia
Developed 71%
Europe
Developed 25%
Asia
Developed 65%
N America
Developed 13%
Africa
Accelerate dam construction and hydropower
development for better use of water resources
Developed countries in North America and Europe are shifting their priority
to upgrade and reinforcement of existing dams.
Most developing countries such as in Asia and South America have
formulated plans to complete the task of hydropower development by 2025.
Some countries and regions, especially in Africa, though with rich water
resources and strong intention of developing dams & hydropower, mostly
still face great difficulties for the lack of capital, technology, etc.
Countries suffering from political turmoil, though urgent for developing
. dams and hydropower, advance the construction very slowly due to the
weak national strength and other unfavorable conditions.
Hydropower with the highest energy
payback ratio and extremely low
carbon emissions
Energy payback ratio:
a case of thermal power station
EPR =
¾EnL
( E matL
E nL
+ E conL + E opL + E decL )
= the net electrical energy produced over a given plant lifetime L
¾EmatL
= total energy invested in materials used over a plant lifetime L
¾EconL =
¾EopL
total energy invested in construction for a plant with lifetime L
= otal energy invested in operating the plant over the lifetime L
¾EdecL
= total energy invested in decommissioning a plant after it has
operated for a lifetime L
Hydropower with the highest energy payback ratio
Hydropower with extremely low carbon emissions
The development of dams & hydropower is related
with the socio-economic development.
Indicators of dams &
hydropower
`
per capita storage
capacity (Berga 2008)
-the UN Human
Development Index (HDI)
-the degree of
development of the
economic hydropower
potential (Jia 2012)
weighted average of the
per capita GDP, health
and education
`
Indicators of socioeconomic development
Correlation between the per capita storage capacity and HDI
Correlation between % of hydropower economic development and HDI
——Dam safety
The construction of 300m-high dams
Highest Dams in the World (Top 10)
Dam
Country
Height
(m)
Type
Jingpin I Dam
China
305
VA
15.0
Nurek Dam
Tajikistan
300
ER
10.5
Xiaowan Dam
China
294.5
VA
15.1
Grande Dixence Dam
Switzerland
285
PG
0.4
Keban Dam
Turkey
282
ER
31.0
Xiluodu Dam
China
285.5
VA
12.9
Kambarazin I Dam
Kyrgyzstan
275
ER
3.6
Inguri Dam
Georgia
271.5
VA
1.11
Vaiont Dam
Italy
262
VA
0.169
Storage Capacity
(km3)
Concrete experiment on hydraulic fracturing
混凝土
钢盖
预设裂缝
固定螺栓
压力表
进水口
预设裂缝
混凝土
Designed by principle of zero tensile
stress
Designed by principle of U.S.
245
240
235
230
225
220
215
210
205
325
Water head for Limit status of
Hydraulic Fracturing (m)
Water head for Limit status of
Hydraulic Fracturing (m)
250
Designed by principle of Grand Dixence
320
Designed by principle of zero tensile
315
310
305
300
295
290
285
280
275
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Crack Depth at Dam Heel（m）
Dworshak Dam (H=219m)
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Crack Depth at Dam Heel（m）
Grand Dixence Dam (H=285m)
Comparison of the capacities of super high gravity dams against hydraulic
fracturing with three different design codes
The safety of dams against extreme natural
disaster
Recent earthquake events
Earthquake
Time
Location
Magnitud
e
Death toll
Wenchuan
May 12, 2008
Sichuan,
China
8.0
> 68,000
Haiti
Jan. 12, 2010
Haiti
7.0
217,000230,000
Chile
Feb. 27,
2010
Concepcion,
Chile
8.8
500-1,000
Apr. 7, 2010
Eastern
Indonesia
7.8
Unknown
Mar. 11,
2012
Northeastern
Japan
9.0
15,500-16,500
Indonesia
Japan
Zipingpu Dam in good condition after Wenchuan earthquake
Shear failure of Shigang dam
The safety of cascade reservoirs
`
`
A four-dam-system on Ru River, including Banqiao, Zhugou,
Boshan, and Suyahu Dams.
In August 1975, the former two dams failed by overtopping
during an extreme storm while the later two dams survived.
——New technology
Cemented Material Dams (CMD)
between RCC dams &
embankment dams
100.00
CMD
RCC
20.00
Embankment
Cemented Material Dams (CMD) include:
f
f
f
f
Hardfill dams and CSG dams (Cemented sand and gravel dams)
Rock filled concrete dams (RFC dams)
Masonry dams in a modern way
…
Cindere dam (H=107 m) in Turkey,
the highest hardfill dam in the world
Changken RFC dam (H=26.5 m) in
China
Characteristics of CSG dam
Dam Safety
f
High anti-seismic ability
f
High ability against
overtopping
Economy
f
Use local materials
f
Cost saving > 15%
Environment
f
Few waste materials, and
even “zero” waste
materials
Tobetsu CSG dam (H=52 m) in Japan
List of the new type of dams in the world
Dam
Location
Height (m)
Cindere
Turkey
107
Completed
year
2008
Beydag
Turkey
100
2007
Gongguoqiao
China
56
2009
Tobetsu
Japan
52
2010
Can-Asujan
Philippine
44
2004
Hongkou cofferdam
China
35.5
2006
Nagashima
Ano Mera
Moncion
Marathia
St Martin de Londress
Jiemian cofferdam
Japan
Greek
Dominica
Greek
France
China
34
32
28
28
25
16.3
2000
1997
2001
1993
1992
2004
Hongkou CSG cofferdam (H=35.5m) survived against
overtopping (ΔH=8m)
Overtopping height 8m
——New concepts
Better development of dams & reservoirs
4 aspects to be improved
1
Cognition
Utilize and change nature
As well as
Protect and adapt to nature
2
Technologically feasible and Decision making As well as
Eco-friendly and social
economically reasonable
acceptable
3
Project safety and function
realization
National and collective
interests
Operation &
Management
4
Benefit Sharing
As well as
Ecological compensation,
safety and regulation
As well as
Stakeholders’ benefits
——Ecological function
Dams & reservoirs keep healthy life of rivers
To allow upkeep of minimum flows during dry seasons
which enable the preservation of many aquatic animals and
plants during droughts.
To contribute to stabilizing ground water levels in adjacent
land areas.
To create new and biologically desirable habitats and to
irrigate wetland biotopes or wetland forests.
…
Yellow River:
Ecological Function of Xiaolangdi Dam
oir
serv
e
R
a
enxi
m
n
Sa
Guxian Reservoir
Xiao
langd
i Res
ervoi
r
Luhun Reservoir
H=157m
P=1,800MW
Achievements of Water & Sediment Regulation of
Xiaolangdi Dam
z 13 times since 2002
z scour the whole
riverbed of lower reach
z mill. tons of sediments
into sea
z riverbed 1.5 m
(average) lower
Water & sediment regulation by
Xiaolangdi Dam
Improved Ecosystem
•
•
•
•
River flows all year long
Estuarial ecosystem improved
Estuarial wetland restored
Biological diversity increased
-- Bird Species: 187 (1990s) Æ 283 (present)
Ecological Regulation on Pearl River Delta
Macau
•
•
Salt water intrusion in dry season
Water supply problem in delta areas (e.g. Macau)
Emergency Water Diversion to Guarantee Water Supply
大藤峡工程
Datengxia Dam
To Guarantee Water Supply in Pearl River Delta
To Unify Water Resources Regulation
To Build Datengxia Ecological Reservoir
To Achieve Full Ecological Functions of Dams
Technical standard and certification system
™
Green Hydropower
Certification
™
Low Impact Hydropower
Certification
™
The Hydropower
Sustainability
Assessment Protocol
We will still be in the Fossil Fuel economy.
IEA WEO2012
Renewables increases by 80%, Nuclear by 60%. But Fossil Fuels continue to be major sources of energy, though their share drops from 81% to 75% in 2035.
North American Energy Independence and Middle
East oil to Asia: a new Energy Silk Road
Middle East oil export by destination
mb/d 7
2000
6
2011
2035
5
IEA WEO2012
4
3
2
1
China
India
Japan & Korea
Europe
United States
By 2035, almost 90% of Middle Eastern oil exports go to Asia; North America’s emergence as a net exporter accelerates the eastward shift in trade
COAL DEVELOPMENT AND WATER RISK
煤炭发展与水资源危机
`
`
`
`
`
To issue more protocols, bulletins, and guidelines.
To enhance international cooperation on new
technology and application promotion.
To encourage governments, financial institutions, and
private sectors to give more investment.
To advance the development of sharing rivers with
win-win cooperation.
To promote more round table meetings, more
communication between developed and developing
countries, more capacity building programs,etc.
ICOLD Committee on Integrated Operation
of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs
`
`
`
Safe operation and management of hydropower
stations
Integrated operation of hydropower stations with
multi-objective oriented reservoirs
Optimal operation of basin reservoirs and
hydropower stations for a cascade development
To improve safety, efficiency and management level
ICOLD COMMITTEE ON MULTIPURPOSE
WATER STORAGE
`
`
`
dam sites, particularly storage sites, are scarce
national resources
long-term perspective argues for flexibility in use
over time
global warming contributes to increasing
variability in rainfall, agricultural production,
floods, etc
Each of these arguments point towards a serious consideration
of multipurpose project design.
Yellow River:
Ecological Function of Xiaolangdi Dam
oir
serv
e
R
a
enxi
m
n
Sa
Guxian Reservoir
Xiao
langd
i Res
ervoi
r
Luhun Reservoir
H=157m
P=1,800MW
ICOLD and other
International
Organizations
` Closely with ICID, IHA,
IWRA, WWC, …
With IWRA President Mr. Xia
With ICID Hon. President
Mr. Madramootoo
With IHA President Mr. Abdel-Malek
New members of ICOLD family
Since 2009, the total number of ICOLD members has
grown from 88 to 95, with 7 new countries.
z The 7 new members are: Armenia, Georgia, Kenya,
Mozambique, Niger, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
z
Update Constitution and By-laws
ICOLD technical materials downloaded by
National Members freely
Organize or co-organize sorts of activities
Special Session on Water Storage
for Sustainable Development
during the 6th WWF (Marseille,
March 2012)
One-week exhibition at the World
Water Pavilion stand in Shanghai
World Expo (Shanghai, Sept. 2010)
《储水设施与可持续发展》世界宣言
`
`
为了呼吁全世界共同努力，采取可持续发展的方式发展和保护
储水基础设施，国际大坝委员会联合国际灌溉与排水委员会、
国际水电协会和国际水资源协会于2012年6月6日在日本京都发
布了《储水设施与可持续发展》世界宣言。
目前该宣言已有中、英、法和西班牙语版本。
Dams & Hydropower for African Sustainable
Development
issued jointly by
ICOLD
ICID
IHA
WEC
……
……
Round Table Meeting on “Dams and
Hydropower for African Sustainable
Development”
The 1st in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2010.5
The 2nd in Lisbon, Portugal, 2010.9
The 3rd in Beijing, China, 2010.11
The 4th in Zhengzhou, China, 2011.9
Hanoi, Vietnam, 2010.5
Beijing, China, 2010.11
Lisbon, Portugal, 2010.9
International Milestone Projects
Achieving innovative progress
Good performance
Environmental Friendly
Realizing the functions designed
Other
Hoover Dam
Grand Dixence Dam
Three Gorges Dam
Itaipu Dam
Capacity building programs for engineers of
developing countries and young engineers
Youth Forum during 79th
Annual Meeting in
Switzerland 2011
Training Program for African
experts in China in 2010
Quick response to sudden events
Accident of Sayano-Shushenskaya HHP
Presentation on the accident of Sayano-sushensike hydropower
station by Russian Committee on Large Dams during the 78th
Annual Meeting of ICOLD in Hanoi, Vietnam
International Seminar on Earthquake & Dam Safety
(China, March 30 - April 3, 2009)
World Hand in Hand
Promoting Exchange & Cooperation
Sharing Experience & Lessons
Meeting Challenges Jointly