Peter Flora

Transcription

Peter Flora

Peter Flora
ZA-Studie: 8190
Bildungsentwicklung
im internationalen Vergleich
1800 bis 1975
Quellen und Anmerkungen
HISTAT
QUELLEN zu den Tabellen:
O.01: Bildungsentwicklung in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (1830-1961)
O.02: Bildungsentwicklung in Russland (1801-1914)
O.03: Bildungsentwicklung in der UdSSR (1920-1961)
O.04: Bildungsentwicklung in Japan (1873-1964)
O.05: Alphabetisierungsrate der Bevölkerung, Rekruten und Brautleute in
ausgewählten Ländern (Preussen+Dt. Reich, Frankreich, England+Wales,
Russland) (1690-1914) und
O.06: Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung – pro Einwohner – in Preußen/Deutsches
Reich, in Frankreich, England + Wales, und in Rußland (1800-1914),
P.01:Geschätzte Gesamtbevölkerung.
ANMERKUNGEN zu den Tabellen:
Russland) (1690-1914)
O.06: Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung – pro Einwohner – in Preußen/Deutsches
Reich, in Frankreich, England + Wales, und in Rußland (1800-1914),
P.01: Geschätzte Gesamtbevölkerung.
QUANTITATIVE HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY - Statistical Sources and Quantitative
Analyses of Western European Modernization: A Selected Bibliography
O.06: Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung – pro Einwohner – in Preußen/Deutsches Reich,
in Frankreich, England + Wales, und in Rußland (1800-1914),
Quellen zu
Tabelle: O.01: Bildungsentwicklung in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (1830-1961)
Tabelle: O.02: Bildungsentwicklung in Russland (1801-1914)
Tabelle: O.03: Bildungsentwicklung in der UdSSR (1920-1961)
Tabelle: O.04: Bildungsentwicklung in Japan (1873-1964)
Annuaire Statistique de la France. Paris 1878ff.
Annuaire Statistique de la France 1966, Resume Retrospectif. Paris 1966.
Anweiler, 0., 1964: Geschichte der Schule und Pädagogik in Rußland vom Ende des
Zarenreiches bis zum Beginn der Stalin-Ära. Berlin.
Archiv für Post und Telegraphie, hrsg. vom Reichspostamt. Berlin 1876-1920.
Baske, S. und M. Engelbert, 1966: Zwei Jahrzehnte Bildungspolitik in der Sowjetzone
Deutschlands, 2.Bde. Berlin.
Birchenough, C., 1938: History of Elementary Education in England and Wales from
1800 to the Present Day. London.
Bowden, W., M. Karpovich und A. P. Usher, 1937: An Economic History of Europe
since 1750. New York.
Cahiers de 1' Institut de Science Economique Appliquee, Histoire
Quantitative de l'Economic
Francaise (3): La Population de 1700 ä 1959. Suppl. Nr. 133, Serie AF, Nr. 3. Paris
1963.
Chew, A. F., 1967: An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of
Changing Borders. New Haven und London.
Cipolla, C. M., 1969: Literacy and Development in the West. London.
DeWitt, N., 1961: Education and Professional Employment in the USSR. Washington,
D. C.
Eason, W. W., 1959: Soviet Manpower: The Population and Labor Force of the USSR.
Columbia University: unveröff. Dissertation.
Fishlow, A., 1966: The American Common School revival: fact or fancy? In:
Industrialization in Two Systems, hrsg. von H. Rosovsky. New York.
Fleury, M. und P. Valmary, 1957: Les progres de l'instruction elementaire de Louis XIV
à Napoleon III. Population 12, 71-92.
Zur Geschichte und Statistik des Volksschulwesens im In- und Auslande. In: Katalog
der Jubiläums-Sonderausstellung ,Jugendhalle` in Wien 1898. Wien 1898.
Gothaischer Hofkalender (Almanach de Gotha). Gotha 1764-1944.
Hans, N., 1964: History of Russian Educational Policy, 1701-1917. New York.
Hauser, P. (Hrsg.), 1957: Urbanization in Asia and the Far East. Calcutta: UNESCO.
Historical Statistics of the United States — Colonial Times to 1957. Washington, D. C.,
1961.
Knox, H. M., 1953: Two Hundred and Fifty Years of Scottish Education (1696-1946).
Edinburgh.
Kolb, G. F., 1875: Handbuch der vergleichenden Statistik der Völkerzustands- und
Staatenkunde. Leipzig.
Levasseur, E., 1897: L'Enseignement Primaire dans les Pays Civilises. Paris.
Lexis, W. (Hrsg.), 1904: Die Universitäten im Deutschen Reich. Berlin.
Lexis, W. (Hrsg.), 1904: Die höheren Lehranstalten und das Mädchenschulwesen im
Deutschen Reich. Berlin.
Lexis, W. (Hrsg.), 1904: Das Volksschulwesen und Lehrerbildungswesen im Deutschen
Reich. Berlin.
Lexis, W. (Hrsg.), 1904: Das Technische Unterrichtswesen. Berlin.
Lorimer, F., 1946: The Population of the Soviet Union. Genf.
MacElligott, T.J., 1966: Education in Ireland. Dublin 1966.
Mann, H., 1862: The ressources of popular education in England and Wales: present
and future. Journal of the Statistical Society of London 25, 50-71.
Ministry of Education, Japan, 1963: Japan's Growth and Education. Tokyo.
Mitchell, B. R., 1962: Abstract of British Historical Statistics. Cambridge.
Mulhall, M. G., 1899: The Dictionary of Statistics. London.
Naroolnoc Chozjajstvo, SSR (Volkswirtschaft der UdSSR). Moskau 1968.
Osborne, G. S., 1966: Scottish and English Schools. Pittsburgh.
Petermann, A. (Hrsg.), 1875:Nr. 41, Die Bevölkerung der Erde 3. 1880: Erg.-H. 62, Die
Bevölkerung der Erde 6. Gotha.
Petzold, E., 1863: Historisch-geographisch-statistische Tabellen über Entstehung, Zuund Abnahme der vornehmsten europäischen Staaten. Leipzig.
Rashin, A. G., 1958: Formirovanie rabochego Klassa Rossii. Moskau.
Sargant, W. L., 1867: On the progress of elementary education. Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society of London 30, 80-137.
Selegen, G. V., 1960: The first report on the recent population census in the Soviet
Union. Population Studies 14, 1, 17-27.
The Statesman's Yearbook. London 1863ff.
Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom. London 1840ff.
Statistik der preußischen Landesuniversitäten. Preußische Statistik Bd. 167. Berlin
1901.
Statistique Generale du Service Postale dans les Pays de l'Union Generale des Postes.
hrsg. vom Bureau International des Postes. Bern 1875ff.
Statistisches Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. 1. Berlin 1888.
Statistisches Jahrbuch Berlin. Berlin 1952ff.
Statistisches Jahrbuch der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Stuttgart 1952ff.
Statistisches Jahrbuch der deutschen demokratischen Republik. Berlin 1955ff.
Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Berlin 1880-1942.
Stephan, H., 1859: Geschichte der preußischen Post. Berlin.
Taeuber, I. B., 1955: Population and labor force in the industrialization of Japan,
1850-1950. In: Economic Growth: Brazil, India, Japan, hrsg. von S. Kuznets, W. E.
Moore und J. J. Spengler. Durham, N. C.
Taeuber, I. B., 1958: The Population of Japan. Princeton.
UNESCO, 1954: World Survey of Education, Bd. 1. Paris.
UNESCO, 1953: Progress of Literacy in Various Countries. Paris.
UNESCO, 1957: World Illiteracy at Mid-Century. Paris.
United Nations: Demographic Yearbook. New York 1948ff.
United Nations: Statistical Yearbook. New York 1948ff.
United Nations, 1957: Report on the World Social Situation. New York.
United Nations, 1963: Compendium of Social Statistics. New York.
Wappäus, J. E. (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik für die gebildeten
Stände. Bd. 1, Teil 2: Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik von Nordamerika. Leipzig
1855.
Wappäus, a.a.O., Bd. 3, Teil 1: Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik von Ost- und
Nordeuropa. Leipzig 1858-1863.
Wappäus, a.a.O., Bd. 3, Teil 2: Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik von West- und
Südeuropa. Leipzig 1862-1871.
Wappäus, a.a.O., Bd. 4, Teil 2: Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik des
Königsreichs Preußen und der deutschen Mittel- und Kleinstaaten. Leipzig 1864.
Weber, A. F., 1965: The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century. New York.
(Erstausgabe 1899).
Weithase, H., 1895: Geschichte des Weltpostvereins. Straßburg.
Wiese, L. A., 1864: Das Höhere Schulwesen in Preußen, Bd. 1; 1869: Bd. 2; 1874: Bd.
3. Berlin.
Woldemar, C., 1865: Zur Geschichte und Statistik der Gelehrten und Schulanstalten des
Kaiserlich Russischen Ministeriums für Volksaufklärung. St. Petersburg
Zahlenspiegel der Deutschen Bundespost 1871-1945, hrsg. vom Bundesministerium für
das Post- und Fernmeldewesen. Bonn 1957.
Zeitschrift des Königlich Preußischen Statistischen Bureaus. Berlin 1860-1934.
Weitere Literatur
Anweiler, O. und K. Meyer, 1961: Die sowjetische Bildungspolitik seit 1917.
Heidelberg.
Anweiler, 0., 1964: Geschichte der Schule und Pädagogik in Rußland vom Ende des
Zarenreiches bis zum Beginn der Stalin-Ära. Berlin
Archer, R. L, 1937: Secondary Education in the 19th Century. Cambridge.
Bairoch, u. a. (Hrsg.), 1968: La Population Active et Structure. Universite Libre de
Bruxelles: Editions de l'Institut de Sociologie.
Banks, A. S. und R. B. Textor, 1963: A Cross-Polity Survey. Cambridge, Mass.
Banks, A. S., 1972: Cross-Polity Time-Series Data. Cambridge, Mass.
Baske, S. und M. Engelbert, 1966: Zwei Jahrzehnte Bildungspolitik in der Sowjetzone
Deutschlands, 2 Bde. Berlin.
Birchenough, C., 1938: History of Elementary Education in England and Wales from
1800 to the Present Day. London.
Black, C. E. (Hrsg.), 1960: The Transformation of Russian Society, Aspects of Social
Change since 1861. Cambridge. Mass.
Bogue, D. J., 1953: Population Growth in Standard Metropolitan Areas, 1900-1950.
Washington, D. C.
Bogue, D. J., 1955: Urbanism in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 60,
5, 471–486.
Bogue, D. J., 1961: The Population of the United States. New York.
Brunner, 0., 1956: Neue Wege der Sozialgeschichte. Göttingen.
Carr-Saunders, A. M., 1937: World Population: Past Growth and Present Trends.
Oxford.
Cipolla, C M., 1969: Literacy and Development in the West. London.
County and City Data Book, 1962. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
Cramer, J. F. und G. S. Brown, 1965: Contemporary Education. New York.
Cremieux-Brilhac, J.-L. (Hrsg.), 1965: L'Education Nationale. Paris.
Curtis, S. J., 1957: History of Education in Great Britain. London.
Curtis, S. J. und M. E. A. Boultwood, 1966: An Introductory History of English
Education. London.
Davis, K. und H. Hertz, 1953: The world distribution of urbanization. Bulletin of the
International Statistical Institute 33, 4, 227-242.
Davis, K. und H. H. Golden, 1954: Urbanization and the development of pre-industrial
areas. Economic Development and Cultural Change 3, 3-26.
Davis, K., 1955: The origin and growth of urbanization in the world. American Journal
of Sociology 60, 5, 429-437.
Dent, H. C., 1969: The Educational System of England and Wales. London.
Deutsch, K. W., 1969: Soziale Mobilisierung und politische Entwicklung. In: Theorien
des sozialen Wandels, hrsg. von W. Zapf. Köln.
Dore, R. P., 1965: Education in Tokugawa Japan. London.
Douglas, A. A., 1941: The American School System. New York.
Eason, W. W., 1959: The Soviet population today. Foreign Affairs 37, 4, 598-606.
Eason, W. W., 1960: Population changes. In: The Transformation of Russian Society,
hrsg. von C. E. Black. Cambridge, Mass.
Eilers, R., 1963: The nationalsozialistische Schulpolitik. Köln und Opladen.
Flora, P., 1974: Modernisierungsforschung. Opladen.
Flora, P., 1974a: A new stage of political arithmetik. Journal of Conflict Resolution 18,
1, 143-165.
Führ, C., 1970: Zur Schulpolitik der Weimarer Republik. Weinheim.
Quellen zu
Tabelle O.05: Alphabetisierungsrate der Bevölkerung, Rekruten und Brautleute in
Tabelle O.06: Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung in Preußen/Deutsches Reich,
in Frankreich, England + Wales, und in Rußland (1800-1914)
- Carlo M. Cipolla, Literacy and development in the West, London 1969.
- Peter Flora, Historische Prozesse sozialer Mobilisierung, in: Zeitschrift für
Soziologie 1 (1972), S. 85-117.
- H. F. Brachelli, Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik des Königreichs
Preußen und der deutschen Mittel- und Kleinstaaten, Leipzig 1864-1868.
- Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, Berlin 1880 ff.
- M. G. Mulhall, The dictionary of statistics, London 1899.
- UNESCO, Progress of literacy in various countries, Paris 1953.
- E. Levasseur, L'enseignement primaire dans les pays civilises, Paris 1897.
- Annuaire Statistique de la France, résumé retrospectif, Paris 1966.
- M. Fleury und P. Valmary, Les progrès de l'instruction élémentaire de Louis XIV à
Napoleon III, in: Population 12 (1957), S. 71-92.
- W. L. Sargant, On the progress of elementary education, in: Journal of the Statistical
Society of London 30 (1867), S. 80-137.
- UNESCO, World illiteracy at mid-century, Paris 1957.
- A. G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego Klassa Rossii, Moskau 1958.
- N. DeWitt, Education and professional employment in the USSR, Washington 1961.
- Statistisches Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. II, Berlin 1893.
- Statistisches Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. I, Berlin 1888.
- Statistisches Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. III, Berlin 1898.
- W. Lexis (Hrsg.), Das Unterrichtswesen im Deutschen Reich, Bd. III, Das
Volksschulwesen und Lehrerbildungswesen im Deutschen Reich, Berlin 1904.
- M. Willkomm u. a., Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik von West- und
Südeuropa, Leipzig 1862-1871.
- B. R. Mitchell, Abstracts of British Historical Statistics, Cambridge 1962,
- H. Mann, The resources of popular education in England and Wales: present and
future, in: Journal of the Statistical Society of London 25 (1862), S. 50-71.
- W. W. Eason, Soviet manpower: the population and labor force of the USSR,
unveröffentlichte Dissertation, Columbia University 1959.
- N. Hans, History of Russian educational policy, 1701-1917, New York 1964.
- L. A. Wiese, Das Höhere Schulwesen in Preußen, Historisch-statistische
Darstellung, 3 Bde., Berlin 1864, 1869 und 1874.
- Zeitschrift des Königlich preußischen statistischen Bureaus, Berlin 1860-1895.
- W. Lexis (Hrsg.), Das Unterrichtswesen im Deutschen Reich, Bd. II, Die
höheren Lehranstalten und das Mädchenschulwesen im Deutschen Reich, Berlin
1904.
- The Statesman's Yearbook, London 1863 ff.
- W. Lexis (Hrsg.), Das Unterrichtswesen im Deutschen Reich, Bd. I, Die
Universitäten im Deutschen Reich, Berlin 1904.
- Preußische Statistik: Statistik der preußischen Landesuniversitäten, Bd. 167, Berlin
1901.
- G. S. Osborne, Scottish and English schools, University of Pittsburgh Press 1966.
Quellen zu
Tabelle P.01: Geschätzte Gesamtbevölkerung der Länder (1815-1965)
Vereinigte Staaten
Quellen:
Historical Statistics of the United States - Colonial Times to 1957. Washington, D.C.,
1961. United Nations: Demographic Yearbook. New York 1948ff.
Rußland
Quellen:
1820, 1830, 1835, 1840, 1870, 1918: Eason, W.W., 1959: Soviet Manpower: The
Population and Labor Force of the USSR. Columbia University: unveröff. Dissertation.
1815, 1825: Lorimer, F., 1946: The Population of the Soviet Union. Genf.
1959: United Nations: Demographic Yearbook. New York 1948ff.
Preußen:
Quellen:
Werte aus linearer Interpolation für die Jahre: 1817,1818, 1820, 1821, 1823, 1824, 1826,
1827, 1829, 1830, 1832, 1833, 1835, 1836, 1838, 1839, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1845, 1847,
1848, 1850, 1851, 1853, 1854, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860, 1862, 1863, 1865, 1866,1868,
1869, 1870.
Werte aus dem Statistischen Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. 2. Berlin (1893) für
die Jahre:1816, 1867.
Deutsches Reich:
Quellen:
1871, 1915: Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Berlin 1880-1942.
1938: Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Berlin 1955ff.
BRD:
Quellen:
1946: Statistisches Jahrbuch der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Stuttgart 1952ff.
DDR:
Quellen:
Frankreich:
Quellen:
1815, 1865, 1920: Annuaire Statistique de la France 1966, Résumé Rétrospectif. Paris
1966.
England und Wales:
Quellen:
1815, 1865, 1915: Mitchell, B.R. (1962): Abstract of Britisch Historical Statistics.
Cambridge.
Schottland:
Quellen:
Cambridge.
Irland / Nordirland:
Quellen:
Cambridge.
O.06: Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung – pro Einwohner – in Preußen/Deutsches Reich,
in Frankreich, England + Wales, und in Rußland (1800-1914),
Zur Tabelle insgesamt:
Gesamtstaatliche Daten über die Bildungsentwicklung wurden in den Vereinigten Staaten vor
allem vom ‚Buerau of Census’ und vom ‚Ovvice of Education’ gesammelt und publiziert. Das
‚Bureau of Census’ erhebt seit 1840 in den Volkszählungen alle zehn Jahre Bildungsdaten der
Gesamtbevölkerung durch Inberviews auf Haushaltsbasis. Das ‚Office of Education’ gibt seit
1840 statistische Berichte heraus, die sich auf Daten der einzelstaatlichen und lokalen
Schulsysteme und höherer Bildungsinstitutionen stützen. Da keine Informationspflicht
besteht, liegen die Schülerzahlen, besonders in den frühen Jahren, zu niedrig. Der Anteil der
berichtenden Schulen hat jedoch im Laufe der Zeit zugenommen; dies gilt insbesondere für
die Sekundärschulen. Eine vollständige Liste aller Sekundärschulen wurde erstmals 1930
erstellt. Nach dieser Liste berichteten im Jahre 1930 93% aller Schulen und im Jahre 1951
praktisch alle.
Die in den Tabellen wiedergegebenen Daten beziehen sich durchwegs auf die Zahlen der
eingeschriebenen Schüler, die lange bedeutend höher lag als der tatsächliche Schulbesuch.
Nach der Quelle: ‘Historical Statistics of the United States – Colonial Times to 1957.
Washington, D.C., 1961’ betrug in den öffentlichen Primär- und Sekundärschulen der
durchschnittliche Schulbesuch in % der eingeschriebenen Schüler: 1870: 59,3%; 1880 62,3%,
1890 64,1%; 1900 68,6 %, 1910 72,0%; 1920 74,8%; 1930 82,8%; 1940 86,7% und 1950
88,7%.
Zu den Primärschülern:
1830-1860: Schüler und Studenten in allen Bildungsinstitutionen; die Abweichung gegenüber
der Zahl der Primärschüler kann für diese Periode vernachlässigt werden.
1871-1930: Kinder und Schüler in den öffentlichen Primärschulen (Klasse 1-8); eine
öffentliche Schule ist definiert als eine von öffentlich gewählten oder bestimmten
Schulbeamten geleitete und mit öffentlichen Mitteln unterstützte Schule. Es wurden nur die
regulären Tagesschulen erfasst; nicht enthalten sind die Sonderschulen und die ‚Vorschulen’
sekundärer Bildungseinrichtungen. Da in den hier verwendeten Quellen Informationen über
nicht-öffentliche Schulen erst ab 1889 und nur in aggregierter Form (Kinder und Schüler in
Kindergärten, Primär- und Sekundärschulen) vorliegen, wurde auf eine Korrektur verzichtet.
Die Zahlen der Primär- und Sekundärschüler dürften daher bis zu 10% zu niedr4ig liegen; der
Anteil der Kinder und Schüler in nicht-öffentlichen Kindergärten, Primär- und
Sekundärschulen an der Gesamtzahl der Kinder und Schüler betrug nach der Quelle:
‘Historical Statistics of the United States – Colonial Times to 1957. Washington, D.C., 1961’:
1889: 9,3%; 1900: 8,0%; 1910: 8,0%; 1920: 7,3% und 1930: 9,4%.
Der Anteil der Kinder in den Kindergärten an der Zahl der Primärschüler ist kaum
abzuschätzen, da er seit 1900 sicher stark zugenommen hat; bis 1930 dürfte er jedoch unter
5% gelegen haben. 1931 – 1961: Schüler in öffentlichen und privaten Primärschulen (Klasse
1-8), ohne Kindergärten.
Zu den Sekundärschülern:
1840: Schüler in ‚Academies’ und ‚Gammmar Schools’;
1871-1931: Schüler in öffentlichen Sekundärschulen (Klasse 9-12 und ‚post-graduates’),
vorwiegend in ‚Public High Schools’;
1931-1961: Schüler in öffentlichen und privaten Sekundärschulen; der Anteil der Schüler in
privaten Sekundärschulen an der Gesamtzahl der Sekundärschüler betrug 1954: 10,9%, 1957:
11,2% und 1961: 10,4%.
Zu den Hochschülern:
1840-1850: alle Universitäten und Colleges;
1870-1930: Öffentliche und private Universitäten und Colleges, Berufsschulen, ‚Junior
Colleges’, ‚Teacher Colleges’ und ‚Normal Schools’;
1931-1961: öffentliche und private Universitäten, ‚Liberal Arts Colleges’, technische
Schulen, Kunstschulen, andere Berufsschulen, ‚Teacher Colleges’ und ‚Junior Colleges’. Im
Vergleich zu den Schulsystemen der meisten westeuropäischen Länder wäre die Grenze
zwischen dem sekundären und dem höheren Bildungsbereich nach dem ersten oder zweiten
College-Jahr zu zeihen.
Zu dem Jahr 1830:
Die Zahl für 1830 beruht auf:
1) Schülerzahlen von 1830 für die Bundesstaaten Maine, New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, South Carolina und
Kentucky, in denen 1830 ca. 42% der amerikanischen Bevölkerung lebten;
2) Schülerzahlen von 1840 für Ohio und Pennsylvania sowie einzelnen qualitativen und
quantitativen Informationen über die Bildungsentwicklung zwischen 1830 und 1840;
in den beiden Staaten lebten um 1830 ca. 16% der amerikanischen Bevölkerung;
3) Daten über den Analphabetismus in den Südstaaten.
Zu dem Jahr 1958:
Ab 1958 einschließlich Hawai und Alaska.
Tabelle O.02: Bildungsentwicklung in Russland (1801-1914)
Zur Tabelle O.02 (Bildungsentwicklung in Russland) insgesamt:
Die Zahlen für die Primär-, Sekundär- und Hochschüler bis 1914 stammen fast ausschließlich
aus der Quelle „Hans, N.: 1964: History of Russian Educational Policy, 1701-1917. New
York. In diesem Buch sind neben der Gesamtschülerzahl und den prozentualen Anteilen der
Schüler in den drei Bildungsbereichen an der Gesamtbevölkerung auch Schülerzahlen für
einzelne Schul- und Hochschulzweige gegeben. Eine Schwierigkeit dieser Daten besteht
darin, dass die jeweilige Gesamtzahl der Schüler und Studenten nur unvollständig aus den
Zahlen für die einzelnen Schulzweige rekonstruiert werden kann, da diese für manch Jahre
fehlen und nicht erläutert wird, wie die Gesamtzahlen berechnet wurden. Um die Möglichkeit
zu geben, wenigstens die Richtigkeit der Größenordnung abzuschätzen, werden auf der
folgenden Weite die Gesamtzahlen der Schüler und Studenten in den drei Bildungsbereichen
den vorhandenen Schüler- und Studentenzahlen für die einzelnen Schul- und
Hochschulzweige gegenübergestellt. Die Abkürzungen im Kopf der Tabelle bedeuten:
A
Gesamtzahl der Primärschüler (Russland ohne Finnland)
B
Primärschüler in den Schulen des Ministeriums für Volksaufklärung (Rußland ohne
Finnland und Polen)
C
Primärschüler in denn Schulen des Heiligen Synods (Russland ohne Finnland und
Polen)
D
Primärschüler in den Schulen anderer Ministerien (Russland ohne Finnland und Polen)
E
Primärschüler in denn öffentlichen und kirchlichen Schulen (Rußland ohne Finnland)
F
Primärschüler in privaten, nicht-christlichen und anderen Schulen (Russland ohne
Finnland)
G
Gesamtzahl der Sekundärschüler (Russland ohne Finnland)
H
Schüler in Kreis- und Stadtschulen (Russland ohne Finnland)
I
Schüler(innen) in den Gymnasien des Ministeriums für Volksaufklärung (Russland
ohne Finnland und Polen)
J
Realschüler in den Schulen des Ministeriums für Volksaufklärung (ohne Finnland und
Polen)
K
Sekundärschüler in Schulen anderer Ministerien (Russland ohne Finnland und Polen)
L
Berufsschüler (ohne Finnland und Polen)
M
Mittelschüler (Rußland ohne Finnland)
N
Berufsschüler (Russland ohne Finnland)
P
Universitätsstudenten (ohne Finnland und Polen), einschl. abweichender Zahlen.
Q
Studenten in anderen Institutionen (Russland ohne Finnland und Polen)
R
Frauen in Universitätskursen (Russland ohne Finnland und Polen)
Tabelle aus der Anmerkung, S. 97:
Primärschüler (in Tsd)
Jahr
1801
A
B
C
D
Sekundärschüler (in Tsd)
E
F
41
G
H
I
J
K
L
Hochschüler (in Tsd)
M
N
4
O
0.4
1808
1.0
1824
2.6
1825
175
20
32
1835
215
23
25
270
26
26
1836
1845
14
2.0
3.0
3.3
21
1848
4.6
1850
370
182
89
227
98
3.6
26
27
20
30
5.7
1856
5.5
1861
360
233
35
1862
4.8
1864
40
26
34
740
283
413
45
24
36
120
1875
1.090
810
206
100
38
71
1880
1.425
4.1
6.8
4.6
9.9
5.2
14.7
8.2
1873
6.1
7
160
1881
1885
9.3
1.725
160
1887
1890
1891
1892
3.7
4.3
1860
1865
2.0
15
1846
1855
P
214
2.238
2.325
13.2
160
1.636
626
15.3 14.5
73
158
16.3 11.5 12.9
108
22
13.3
Q
R
Primärschüler (in Tsd)
Jahr
A
1894
1895
B
1.576
C
981
Sekundärschüler (in Tsd)
E
2.233 1.077
2.241 1.425
1900
4.300 2.348 1.634
1901
H
81
I
J
110
23
K
L
62
18
Hochschüler (in Tsd)
M
N
O
P
Q
R
13.2 13.9
16.1
9.6
3.780
260
100
156
33
112
179
38
26.6 16.4
97
1902
2.565 1.771
1904
2.920 1.903
4.581
5.200
1906
120
209
42
127
247
47
275
50
321
59
153
362
66
418
75
350
2.984 1.998
5.515
1907
5.505
593
1908
1.916 5.462
556
1909
13.0
64
5.956
657
6.512
770
500
3.849 1.793
1912
8.700
354
21.5 19.3
90
50.4
330
200
350
200
371
208
407
223
4522
237
33.5
19.7
38.4
80.4
173
630
5.0
29.4
5.500
7.425
1911
1914
G
165
1898
1910
F
74
2.620
1896
1905
D
22.5
37.9 38.9
135
180
267
34.5 36.1 39.0 28.3
131.4
Tabelle O.03: Bildungsentwicklung in der UdSSR (1920-1961)
Die Primärschüler umfassen von 1920 bis 1929 die Schüler in den Grundschulen (Klasse 1-4)
und allen Typen der z-Jahres-Schule. Der sprunghafte Anstieg nach 1929 erklärt sich dadurch,
dass ab 1930 auch die Schüler in den ersten sieben Klassen der 10- bzw. 11-Jahres-Schule
hinzugezählt wurden.
Die Zahlen von 1920 bis 1932 beziehen sich nur auf die Schüler in allen allgemeinen
Sekundärschulen; nicht berücksichtigt wurden die Schüler in den sekundären beruflichen und
technischen Schulen (vgl. Quelle: Anweiler, O., 1964: Geschichte der Schulen und Pädagogik
in Russland vom Ende des Zarenreiches bis zum Beginn der Stalin-Ära. Berlin.). Für die
Schülerzahl von 1939 ist keine Spezifizierung der einbezogenen Schultypen gegeben. Ab
1950 beziehen sich die Zahlen auf die Schüler in den allgemeinen Sekundärschulen und den
sekundären Lehrerbilungsanstalten; nicht enthalten sind die Zahlen für die sekundären
Berufsschulen (vgl. die Quellen: UNESCO, 1958: Word Survey of Education, Bd. 2. Paris.
UNESCO, 1961: Word Survey of Education, Bd. 3. Paris. UNESCO, 1966: Word Survey of
Education, Bd. 4. Paris.).
1920-1926: nur Universitätsstudenten; ab 1930: alle Hochschüler, einschl. der Studenten in
Abend- und Fernkursen; deren Zahl betrug nach der Quelle: UNESCO, 1958 bzw. UNESCO,
1966 für das Jahr 1954: 646000 und stieg bis 1961 auf 1436000.
Tabelle O.04: Bildungsentwicklung in Japan (1873-1964)
Zur Tabelle insgesamt:
In Quelle: ‘Ministry of Education, Japan, 1963: Japan’s Growth and Education. Tokyo.’ Sind
die Schüler- und Studentenzahlen nach vier Bildungsstufen zusammengefaßt: Primärschulen,
semi-sekundäre Schulen, Sekundärschulen, Hochschulen. Die Zahlen für die semi-sekundären
Schulen wurden hier nicht miteinbezogen. Diese Schulen umfassten vor 1948 die
fortführenden Berufschulen (Vocational Continuation Schools) und nach 1948 die sog.
‚Miscellaneous Schools’:
Schüler (in Tsd) in den sem -sekundären Schulen
Jahr
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
Jahr
2
5
5
7
72
72
56
58
58
63
68
82
88
81
84
86
76
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
Jahr
71
71
69
76
76
72
82
96
111
140
178
201
258
319
349
348
380
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
Jahr
417
455
506
552
625
682
778
888
1.029
1.136
1.231
1.239
1.234
1.235
1.269
1.287
2.256
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
Jahr
2.291
2.253
2.262
2.289
2.265
2.310
2.301
2.331
2.105
2.183
2.269
2.533
2.871
2.990
3.193
3.271
3.246
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
3.101
2.688
2.573
1.996
221
448
487
611
724
804
912
958
1.021
1.070
1.133
1.178
1.240
Elementarschulen (vor 1908 alle Stufen, seit 1908 nur mehr die normalen Elementarschulen)
und Spezialschulen (vor 1924 alle Stufen, seit 1924 nur mehr die erste Stufe).
Höhere Elementarschulen (seit 1908), Mittelschulen, sekundäre Schulen für Mächen,
sekundäre Berufsschulen, niedere und höhere Sekundärschulen, High Schools (erste Stufe),
Lehrerseminare (vor 1943), Spezialschulen (seit 1924, ohne die erste Stufe).
Hight Schools (ohne die erste Stufe), Colleges, Junior Colleges, Lehrerseminare (seit 1943),
höhere Lehrerseminare, Vorbereitungskurse der Universitäten (altes System), Universitäten
(altes und neues System).
Tabelle O.05: Alphabetisierungsrate der Bevölkerung, Rekruten und Brautleute in
ausgewählten Ländern (Preussen+Dt. Reich, Frankreich, England+Wales, Russland) (16901914)
Die Vergleichbarkeit der Alphabetismusraten ist von drei Faktoren abhängig:
1) der Definition des ‚Alphabetismus’,
2) der Erhebungstechnik,
3) der Bezugsgruppe.
Während die Erhebungstechnik weitgehend unbekannt ist, liegen über die Definitionen und
die Bezugsgruppen einzelne Informationen vor.
Bezugsgruppe:
Bei den Rekruten und Brautleuten entstehen nur geringere Probleme durch unterschiedliche
Rekrutierungs- bzw. Zulassungsregeln; bei der Alphabetismusrate der Bevölkerung sind
dagegen größere Differenzen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Abgrenzungen der Altersgruppe
möglich:
- Preußen: 1850: ‚Erwachsene’, 1870: 10 Jahre und älter;
- Deutsches Reich: 10 Jahre und älter;
- Frankreich: 1850: ‚Erwachsene’, 1870: 6 Jahre und älter, 1890-1910: 10 Jahre und älter;
- England: ‚Erwachsene’;
- Russland: 1850: ‚Erwachsene’, 1890-1910: 9 Jahre und älter.
Definitionen:
Brautleute: Fähigkeit, die Heiratsakte zu signieren;
Rekruten: Preußen/Deutscher Reich: lesen und schreiben; Frankreich: lesen; England:
schreiben; Russland: wahrscheinlich nur lesen.
Bevölkerung: Preußen/Deutsches Reich: lesen und schreiben; Frankreich: lesen und
schreiben; England: wahrscheinlich lesen und schreiben; Russland 1850: lesen, 1890-1910:
lesen und schreiben.
O.06. Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung – pro Einwohner – in Preußen/Deutsches Reich,
Entwicklung der Hochschulbildung in den Ländern insgesamt:
Der Vergleich der Schüler- und Studentenzahlen wird erschwert durch:
1) die kaum erfassbaren Bildungsvorgänge außerhalb der formellen Bildungssysteme,
2) die unterschiedlichen Strukturen der Bildungssysteme, die eine genaue korrespondierende
Klassifizierung der Schultypen unmöglich machen,
3) die Unvollständigkeit der vorliegenden Daten,
4) die unterschiedlichen Erfassungsmethoden der Schüler anhand der Schulregistrierung oder
des tatsächlichen Schulbesuchs,
5) die Unterschiede im Altersaufbau der Bevölkerungen.
Diese Probleme sind nicht befriedigend zu lösen. Um die Daten wenigstens annähernd
vergleichbar zu machen, werden
1) die Absolutzahlen auf die verschiedenen Schultypen bezogen, wird
2) angegeben, ob die Zahl der eingeschriebenen Schüler oder der Schulbesuch zugrunde
gelegt wurde, und wird
3) unter Bevölkerung der prozentuale Anteil der Altersgruppe von 5 bis 24 Jahre an der
Gesamtbevölkerung angegeben.
Preußen und Deutsches Reich:
Primär-Schüler:
Preußen: Schüler in den öffentlichen Volks- und Mittelschulen ohne die elementaren
Vorschulen der höheren Lehranstalten; Deutsches Reich: Volksschüler und 7/10 der
Mittelschüler, da die Mittelschulen sich nur in den oberen Klassen von den Volksschulen
unterschieden; nur öffentliche Schulen.
Sekundär-Schüler:
Preußen: Schüler in den höheren Lehranstalten (Gymnasien, Progymnasien, Realschulen
erster und zweiter Ordnung, höhere Bürgerschulen) ohne Vorschulen und ohne die Höheren
Lehranstalten für Mädchen; Deutsches Reich: Schüler in den öffentlichen und privaten
höheren Schulen, Schülerinnen in den öffentlichen und privaten Höheren Lehranstalten,
3/10 der Schüler in den öffentlichen Mittelschulen. In Preußen und im Deutschen Reich ist
der Unterschied zwischen der Zahl der eingeschriebenen Schüler und dem Schulbesuch zu
vernachlässigen.
Hochschüler:
Preußen: Universitäten ohne technische und andere Fachhochschulen; Deutsches Reich:
Universitäten und Hochschulen.
Frankreich:
Primär-Schüler:
Öffentliche und private elementare und höhere Primärschulen ohne die entsprechenden
Klassen der allgemeinbildenden Sekundärschulen; alle Zahlen beziehen sich auf die
eingeschriebenen Schüler und nicht den tatsächlichen Schulbesuch.
Sekundär-Schüler:
1815-1914: öffentliche Sekundärschulen (lycées und collèges) für Knaben; 1881-1914:
öffentliche Sekundärschulen (lycées und collèges) für Mädchen; beides einschließlich der
Schüler in den Primärklassen dieser Schulen. Die Zahlen beziehen sich auf die
eingeschriebenen Schüler(innen).
Hochschüler:
1855: Hörer an allen fünf Fakultäten; 1890-1898: französische und ausländische Studenten;
1899 ff.: französische Studenten.
England und Wales:
Primär-Schüler:
Da das englische Bildungssystem im 19. Jh. im wesentlichen auf privater bzw. kirchlicher
Grundlage ruhte, ist es bisher kaum möglich die englische Bildungsentwicklung quantitativ
zu rekonstruieren. Eine genauere Verfolgung der Entwicklung ist nur für den staatlich
subventionierten Teil der einzelnen Bildungszweige möglich. Die Zahlen beziehen sich
wahrscheinlich auf den Schulbesuch.
Sekundär-Schüler:
Im Jahr 1897 wurde in England erstmals eine umfassende Untersuchung aller
Sekundärschulen durchgeführt. Vor diesem Zeitpunkt ist eine quantitative Rekonstruktion
der Entwicklung der Sekundärschulen ohne umfassende historische Forschungen nicht
möglich.
Hochschüler:
1830: Oxford und Cambridge; 1891-1910: Universitäten und Colleges, London School of
Economics, ohne medizinische Schulen und technische Colleges.
Russland:
Primär-Schüler:
In der Quelle: ‘N. Hans: ‚History of Russian educational policy, 1701-1917. New York
1964.‘ sind die Gesamtschülerzahlen und die prozentualen Anteile im Primär-, Sekundärund Hochschulbereich gegeben. Die Absolutzahlen für Russland in den Tabellen 2 bis 4
stellen daher Berechnungen dar. Diese Daten lassen sich nur unvollständig aus den Zahlen
für die einzelnen Bildungszweige und Schultypen rekonstruieren.
Tabelle P.01: Geschätzte Gesamtbevölkerung der Länder (1815-1965)
Rußland
Anmerkung:
Keine Angaben für die Jahre: 1816-1819, 1821-1824, 1826-1829, 1831-1834, 1836-1839,
1841-1849, 1851-1859, 1861-1869, 1871-1879, 1881-1889, 1891-1896, 1898, 1899, 19011909, 1911, 1912, 1915-1917, 1941-1944, 1946-1949.
Eine genaue Definition der Gesamtbevölkerung fehlt größtenteils; da jedoch vereinzelt auch
Zahlen über die russische Bevölkerung, aufgeschlüsselt nach ihrer ethnischen Herkunft,
vorliegen (vgl. Lorimer, F. 1946: The Population of the Soviet Union. Genf.), scheint es
sicher, dass die Bevölkerungszahlen zumindest alle größeren Nationalitäten und ethnischen
Minoritäten enthalten. Die Zahlen für das zaristische Russland und für die UdSSR nach 1945
beziehen sich auf das jeweilige Staatsgebiet, die Zahlen von 1918 bis 1940 auf das Gebiet zur
Zeit des Zensus von 1939. Die Bevölkerungszahlen für 1897, 1926, 1939 und 1959 sind
Volkszählungsergebnisse; alle anderen - ausgenommen die interpolierten Werte - stellen
Schätzungen dar.
Informationen über das Wachstum und die Verteilung der Bevölkerung in Russland sind vor
der ersten Volkszählung von 1897 spärlich und unzuverlässig. Sie beziehen sich größtenteils
auf Zählungen der steuerpflichtigen Männer, ‚Revisionen’ genannt, deren erste 1824 stattfand.
Da sie sich immer über mehrere Jahre hinzogen, ist die Angabe eines genauen Datums nur
von beschränktem Wert. Die beiden wichtigsten Orientierungspunkte nach 1897 sind die
Volkszählungen von 1926 und 1959, während die Resultate des Zensus von 1939 vielfach
angezweifelt wurden (vgl. Eason, W.W. (1959): The Soviet Population today. Foreign Affairs
37,4, 598-606.; und Roof, M.K. (1960): The Russian population enigma reconsidered.
Population Studies 14,1, 3-16.). Um einen Vergleich der zaristischen und der sowjetischen
Bevölkerung zu ermöglichen, hat W.W. Eason (1959, Soviet Manpower: The Population and
Labor Force of the USSR. Columbia University: unveröff. Dissertation.) für die Zeit von 1850
bis 1914 die Gesamtbevölkerung bezogen auf das Gebiet der UdSSR von 1939 berechnet:
(Anmerkung; Tabelle 1:)
Jahr
Gesamtbevölkerung (in Tsd) im
jeweiligen Staatsgebiet des
zaristischen Reiches
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1897
1900
1910
1913
1914
Staatsgebiet der
UdSSR von 1939
68513
74120
84521
97705
117788
125640
131710
153768
161723
165138
57076
61720
65208
78592
92822
103933
109593
130354
137403
139913
Für die Jahre 1926 bis 1945 stellte Eason (1960) einen Vergleich verschiedener russischer
Schätzungen mit eigenen an (s. Tabelle 2). Für die Tabelle mit den geschätzten
Bevölkerungszahlen wur4den für die Jahre 1926 bis 1939 die berichtigten Schätzungen
Easons und für 1940 und 1945 die sowjetischen Schätzungen nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg
herangezogen.
Soweit Bevölkerungszahlen für Altersgruppen vorliegen, stimmen diese nicht mit der Gruppe
von 5-24 Jahre überein. In denn Volkszählungen von 1897 und 1926 wurden die
Alterskategorien 0-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-39 usw. verwendet, in der Volkszählung von 1959 die
Kategorien 0-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, usw. Es wurde allgemein angenommen, dass die
Altersgruppe 5-9 Jahre 45% der Gruppe 0-9 beträgt und die Altersgruppe 20-24 Jahre 90%
der Gruppe 15-19. Die Fehlerspanne dürfte maximal ± 1 Prozentpunkt betragen. In Quelle 12
(Eason, W.W. (1959): Soviet Manpower: The Population and Labor Force of the USSR.
Columbia University: unveröff. Dissertation.) hat Eason aufgrund von Geburtenziffern,
Angaben über Kindersterblichkeit und Primärschülerzahlen Schätzungen für andere Jahre
gegeben: 1931: 41,8%, 1939: 40,8%, 1940: 40,0%, 1945: 43,6%, 1950: 44,1%, 1955: 40,3%.
Jahr
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1945
Zensusdaten und sowjetische
Schätzungen
Schätzungen Easons
Quellen
vor dem Krieg
nach dem Krieg
nach berichteten
nach berichtigten
Statistiken der Bevölkerungsbewegungen
147028
147128
150450
154288
157700
160600
163692
165748
168000
196000
157467
193000
-
147028
155000
160700
164000
166100
169100
170557
190700
171700
147028
147100
150500
154100
157200
160100
163200
165300
159300
161300
163500
166900
170557
196300
198700
171000
147028
147100
149900
153100
155600
158100
160700
(160600)
(160600)
160500
162200
164100
167300
170557
Peter Flora
Quantitative Historical Sociology
Statistical Sources and Quantitative Analyses of Western
European Modernization: A Selected Bibliography
1. General Histories, Bibliographies, Almanacs
1.1 Histories
1.2 Bibliographies
1.3 Yearbooks and almanacs
2. National Statistics
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
3. International Statistics
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
International Statistical Congresses
International Statistical Institute
League of Nations
United Nations
International Labour Organisation
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
4. Private Statistics
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Early national collections
Older comparative collections
Newer cross-national collections
Newer historical collections
Data archives
5. Special Collections and Analyses
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Population growth and demographic transition
International migration and urbanization
Evolution of the working population
Economic growth
Literacy and primary education
Enfranchisement and elections
Government intervention and public finance
Social conflicts and collective violence
The development of official statistics in most 3uropean and a few non-European countries may conveniently be reconstructed using the following four
publications, all of which give a description of the evolution of statistical institutions, activities and publications for each single country. lirhereas the first book has only one author, the otlier three are composed of chapters mitten by country experts:
1 Boeclsh, R. Allgemeine Ijbersicht der Veröffentlichungen aus der administrativen Statistik der verschiedenen Staaten. Berlin, Schade, 1856. 65 p.
Al1 European countries including the various German and Italian states, the
United States of America and some information on Latin America.
2 Soci6t6 de Statistique de Paris. Le 25e anniversaire de la Societk de
Statistique de Paris. Paris and Nancy, Berger-Levrault, 1885. 411 p.
Austria, Belgium, Denmarlr, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, I\:etherlands,
Sweden and Switzerland.
3 Koren, J., ed. The history of statistics. Ne11 York, Placmillan, 1918. ,XI1 + 773 p.
Austria, Belgium, Cnnada, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Rungary,
India, Netherlands, Nonfay, Sweden and United States.
4 Institut International des Sciences Administratives. lionogr-hies
sur
llorganisationde la statistique administrative &ans les diffcrents nays.
Brussels, 1933 and 1938. 2 vols.
Austria, Czechoslovalria, Denmarlr, England, Xstonin, Finland, fiance, Greecc,
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, hmania cuid some non-kronean countries.
The best and most embracing account of the evolution of international statistics can be found in:
5 Statistische Iiefte. Cahiers Statistiques. Statistical Papers. 1 (1/2), 19G0.
The entire volume is devoted to "International statistics, history and organisation" and contains four articles: "On the concept of international
statistics" (G. ~en~es),"An essay on the history of international statistics
from forenuiners in ancient times to the inception of the Leage of Nations"
(G. ~en~es),'lStatisticsin international organisations in the days of the
Leage of Nations" (D. ~ott)and "Statistics in international organisations
since the end of the Second World liartl(J. ~roßmann). German text, English
and French swmaries. For a short overall historj until the International
Conferences of 1947 cf.:
6 Campion, H. "Internation statistics". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 112 (2),
1949, ser. A, 105-134.
Finally, two volumes which combine a history of official statistics with a
history of statistical methodology:
7 Meitzen,
A. Geschichte, Theorie und Technilc der Statistilc. (~istory,theory
and methodology of statistics.) Berlin, Cotta, 1886. IX + 214 p.
It has one extensive chapter on the history of official statistics and contains a bibliography giving the most important periodical statistical publications for almost all countries of the world.
8 Westergaard, H. Contributions to the history of statistics. London, King & Son,
1932. VII + 280 p.
The best combined history of statistical methodolow and official statistics
coverin:; t h e :>eriod from P o l i t i c a l ~ i r i t l u i i e t i ci n t h c '7th
e a r l i e r u n t i l t h e end of t h e 1 9 t h century.
c e n t u r y c?n? cven
L i s t s of s t a t i s t i c a l h i b l i o g r a a h i e s a r e givcn i n t h e t ~ t of o l l o x r i n ~bool:s;
t h e f i r s t e n l i s t s more o l d e r b i h l i o g r a p h i c s , buk t h e sccond i s more e x t e z s i v c :
9 B e s t e m a n , T. iL ~ r o r l dbib1ioi~ranh-y of b i b l i o . y r n ~'.:ies. Lausame, S o c i e t a s
B i b l i o g r a o h i c a , 1966. 5 v o l s .
10 ':;Tinchell, C .l.I. Suide t o r e f e r e n c c boolcs. 8 t h e?.
l i s s o c i a t i o n , 1967. 7 s u n ~ ) ~ - e m e n t I=
s . -t 741
-.
, C!iicc?co,
, h e r i c a n Lihrary
U n t i l 1:Jorld Ihr I p r i n t e r l c a t a l o w e s of t h e c c n t r a l s h t i s t i c a l l i b r a r i e s
have been t h e o n l y g e n e r a l b i b l i o { ~ r a n h i e s .The f i r s t among them have heen
publishec! i n I3clgium i n 1843, i n 51~cclen i n 1855, i n Z n ~ l a n d( ~ o a r dof l'rnde)
i n 1566, i n I.jrussia i n 1874 and 1879, i11 ilemarlr i n 1880 a d i n 211,qland
(noyal S t a t i s t i c a l s o c i c t y ) i n 1884. Here, only t h e c a t a l o ; ~ e s of t h e t11o
most i m p o r t a n t s t a t i s t i c a l l i b r n r i e c n r e given:
11 IZatalo,y d e r Bibliothelr Ces Königl. S t a t i s t i s c h e n Eureaus i n n e r l i n .
(Catalo,gue of t h e l i b r a r y of t h e Royal 3 t a t i s t i c a l O f f i c e i n ~ e r l i n . )
B e r l i n , V e r l a g d e s l i ö n i g l i c h e n ~ t ~ n t i s t i s c h eknr e m c . Vo?. 1, 1 8 i G ; T;~l.
2, 10:;
12 Gata10,n;ue of tlle l i h r a r y of t h e Iloynl S t a t i s t i c a l S o c i e t y . 3rd ed.,
The Royal S t a t i s t i c a l S o c i e t y , 1321. 374 T.
London,
A f t e r t h e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y t h e printecl c a t a l o , p e s wer2 r e n l a c e d hy accest
h a s been:
s i o n l i s t s and c u r r e n t b i b l i o g r a n h i e s . The f i r s t i ~ o r t a n one
13 B i b l i o g r a p h i e d e r S o z i a l w i s s e n s c h a f t e n . (2iblio2ran!zY of t h e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s . )
l l o n a t s h e f t e d e r Buch- und Z e i t s c h r i f t e n l i t e r a t u r d e s In- und Auslandes ü b e r
G e s e l l s c h a f t , P o l i t i l r , Y i r t s c h a f t , Finanzen, S t a t i s t i l r , ed. by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l e s I n s t i t u t f ü r S o z i a l h i b l i o g r a ; 7 h i e and s i n c e 1925 by t h e S t a t i s t i s c h e s
Reichsamt. 1-39, 1905-1943. Index 1-32, 1905-1936.
PIonthly c a t a l o g u e s of boolcs and j o u r n a l a r t i c l e s , I i r s t OS i n t e r n a t i o n a l
~ u b l i c a t i o n sb u t i n tlie 1930's more r c s t r a i n e d t o German l i t c r a t u r c .
A t t h i s tinie t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o i 4 t n t i s t i c s b e p i i i t s biblion;rnphi c a l ~irorlri n :
14 Revue de 1 ' I n s t i t u t I n t e r n a t i o n a l de S t n t i s t i q i i e . 1-, 1974-.
U n t i l 1966 t h i s q u a r t e r l y i n c l u d e d a b i b l i o g r a p l ~ yof p r a c t i c a l a l l s t a t i s t i c a l ~ u b l i c a t i o n s , a t t h e beginning 4 / 5 non-methodological, a t t h e end 1/2.
F o r t h e t i m e betrireen t h e ~ T I OIdorld Z a r s f o u r s i n g l e j u b l i c a t i o n s should be
mentioned i n a d d i t i o n :
15 London b i h l i o g r a p h y of t h e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s . London, The London Scllool of
Tconomics and P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , 1951, v o l . 1-7; v o l . 4. 6 supplenents.
Being t h e s u b j e c t c a t a l o g u e of tlie B r i t i s b L i b r a r y of P o l i t i c a l and Cconomic
S c i e n c e , it i s a n e x c e l l e n t w i d e t o s t a t i s t i c a l books and a r t i c l e s ,
e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e l a t e 1 9 t h and tlie e a r l y 20th century.
16 Gregory,
'!i.
L i s t of t h e s e r i a l p u h l i c a t i o n s of f o r e i g n governments 1815-1931.
720 P.
It i s t h e most comprehensive l i s t n o t o n l y of s t a t i s t i c a l b u t of a l l s e r i a l
p u b l i c a t i o n s of n a t i o n a l governments and p r o v i n c e s which a r c t o some e s t e n t
sclf-governing. I t s d i s a d v a n t a g e s a r e , ho:~ever, t h a t t i t l e s a r e n o t t r a n s l a t e d and no a n n o t a t i o n s a r e made.
17 Caumartin, J. L e s q r i n c i p a l e s s o u r c e s de documentation s t a t i s t i q u e .
P a r i s , Dunod,'1935.
38 p.
Although mainly on li'rance,
f o r 57 c o u n t r i e s .
it i n c l u d e s a l i s t of s t a t i s t i c a l ? u h l i c a t i o z s
I
I
18 Venrey, G.; Renooij, D.C. The economist's hanclbook: -A manual of statistical sources. Amsterdam, 1934. 460 p.
11 very useful but more special bibliography classifying existing sources of
the main countries and indicating where statistical data on any given economic subject may be fomd.
After Iiorld Ifar I1 the U.S. Library of Congress and the Bureau of C e n ~ s
sponsored the Census Library Project for the pu-ose of securing bibliographic control of the msjor statistical publications of the world. The
three most iqortant ~rorks,editcd under the general title "U.S. Library of
Congress. Census Library Project", are:
19 Dubester, R.J., ed. National censuses and vital statistics in Zuroqe I?%-1979.
kiashinghon, Library of the Congress, 1943. Suyylement 1940-1948, VII + 215 p.
20 Carter, P.G., ed, Statistical yearbooks. An annotated biblioyrayhy of the
general statistic~lyear-books of major political subdivisions of the world.
Tlashington, Library of the Congress,-1957. VIII + 123 p.
21 Carter, P.G., ed, Statistical bulletins. :in amotated bibliography of the
general statistical bulletins of major ~oliticalsubdivisions of the world.
Masllington, Library of the ~ongressi1354. X + 93 p.
The first book gives very detailed information on all national censuses in
Europe concerning population and occu~ation,housing, agriculture and lifestock, industry and commerce. The other two are major sup-lements to Gregory.
Finally, a bibliography which is a convenient guide for publications of smaller countries after iLforldVar I1 but which is not very complete and gives no
annotations:
22 Ball, J. Foreip statistical documents. A bibliography of general, international and agricultural statistics, including holdings of the Stanford
U, Libraries. Stanford, The iioover Institution on Var, Revolution and Peace,
1967. VII + 173 p.
1.3 Yearboolcs and almanncs
There is a considerable number of older and newer international ycarboolcs
and almanacs which also contain stntistical data. i
h extensive list of them
is given on pp
75-81 in:
.
23 Gurr, TOR, Politn metrics: An introduction to quantiti~emacropolitics.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-ZIall, 1372.
Here, only two are mentioned; undoubtedly the most im-ortant one is
24 The statesnanlsyearboolr. Statistical and I~istoricalannual of the states of
the ~zrorld. London, Placmillan; New York, St. EIartinlsPress, 1-, 1864-.
It certainly is the best and most convenient source for national data, political, economic, military, education, government finance etc., for all countries and territories of the ~~orld,
and it gives excellent bibliographic
guides to grimary sources.
The second pub1ication.i~less imgortant and reliable, but it includes
statistical data as early as around 1820:
25 Almanach de Gotha. h u a i r e gEnealogique, diplomatique et statistique.
1-9 1763-0
2.1
.',ustria
I
There a r c s e v e r s l k i s t o r i e s of ,rrovcrnment c t c - t i s t i c s i n - ' ~ u s t r i a . The t h r e e
most im;ort¿tiit sourcec s r e :
I
i
*,T. 515-3k5 i n : >;ociEt%d e S t a t i s t i q u e fie F a r i s , cc!. L!c 25e c?:iniversaire de
l a 9 0 c i e t 6 (le S t a t i s t i q u c de P a r i s . P a r i s anrl Tlancy, !!errcer-Levrault, 13E5.
I
i
This a r t i c l e c o n t a i n s ( 3 ) n d e t a i l e d B i c t o r y o? qovcrxment s t a t i s t i c s s i n c e
t h e e s t a b l i s l r n c n t of a s t a t i s t i c a l hnrcziu i n $82'3, ( h ) n d c s c r i 9 t i o n o i t h e
o r g a n i z a t i o n 03 zovel-nment s t a t i s t i c s i n t h c 133Cfs i n c l n d i n g a d e t a i l e d account of t h e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e d i f f e r e n t f i e l d s 09 s t a t i s t i c c , and ( C ) a
l i s t v i t h u l l p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h c s t z t i s t i c a l hurem o r tl!c c e n t r a l com-iss i o n u n t i l 1385.
i
i1
f
b
L
1
I
27 IIeyer, 2. "Tlic h i s t o v and d e v e l o ~ m e n tof ,:overment
s t a t i s t i c s i n -'iustriat1,
pp. 85-122, i n : Koren, J., ed. Tlze h-istory of s t c t i s t i c s . l:e:: Yorlc, !!acnillan,
j
i
i
1318.
i
Although l e s s d e t a i l e d t h a n (26) t h i s a r t i c l e i s u s c f u l , becausc ( a ) it ;i\-es
t h e b a s i c information on t h e h i s t o r y x ~ t i ::orlci
l
Y;ar I and ( b ) it ciescribes
t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e s t a t i s t i c n l o f f i c e s of t h e c e n t r a l d e n a r t n e n t s and of
t h e s e l f goveraiing hodies
i
i
.
2s I l e i t r ä g e zur Geschichte d e r S t a t i s t i ! ~i n ;,isterreich. ( ~ o n t r i h u t i o n st o t h e
h i s t o r y of s t a t i s t i c s i n i l u s t r i a . ) !)en Tei1neiunex.n an d e r 14. S e s s i o n des
~ n t e r n j t i o n a l e nS t a t i s t i s c h e n I n s t i t u t s ~ e v i d m e tvon d e r 1l.K. S t a t i s t i s c ! ? e n
Z e n t r a l l ~ o m i s s i o nanläl3licl.i d e r F e i e r i h r e s ?G jelirigen Cestandes. nriinn,
I r r g a n g , 19 17.
Besides a h i s t o r y of t h e c e n t r a l comlission t h i s j u b i l e e volume c o n t a i n s
s p e c i a l c h a p t e r s on t h e d e v e l o ~ m e n tof s t a t i s t i c s concerning emig-ration,
currencp, p u b l i c f i n a n c e , c r i m i n a l i t ; ~ arid labour.
For t h e h i s t o r y of p o p u l a t i o n mil. economic s t a t i s t i c s i n t:ie 1 G t I i cerltirry
cf.
8
C
f;
1
I
29 Großmann, 1;. "Die Anfänge und gescllichtliche iilntwicltlun:: d e r aintlichen
.
S t a t i s t i k i n Ö s t e r r e i c h f f ( ~ h ebegimings an(1 ! i i s t o r i c n l derelo-nent o i
off i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s i n ~ l u s t r i a )
S t a t i s t i s c h e ~ I o n n t s s c h r i t,
f
n.s. 21, 1916; 371-.$23
Already i n t h e second h a l f of t h e 18th c e n t u r y p o ~ u l a t i o ncensuses -crere carr i e d out i n A u s t r i a , and a r e < ~ l ai rn v e s t i ~ n t i o nof t h e novcment of PO-ulat i o n was i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d i n 1762. ht i t was n o t u n t i l t h e s e p a r a t i o n of
t h e p a t r i m o n i a l dominions from t h e ILoman-Gernan xlm~ircancl t h e i r i n c l u s i o n
i n t h e Chlpire of i l u s t r i a t h a t an o r g a n i z a t i o n of continuous s t a t i s t i c s i n
a l l p o s s i b l e branches of aciministration was s t a r t e d . I n 1817 a s y s t e n of
c o n s c r i n t i o n was enaxted ~ r h i c hincluded a r e - ~ l a renuneration of p o ~ u l a t i o n ;
an a t t e m ~ t o c r e a t c a t o ~ o ~ r a p l i i c so lf f i c e of s - k a t i s t i c s f a i l e d , h o ~ r e r e r ,
i n 18153. 111 1 3 3 , f i n a l l y , an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s e m i c e v a s e s t a b l i s l ~ e dwhich
had t o organize a r e g u l a r r e p o r t of t h e governmcnt departments:
30 T a f e l n zur S t a t i s t i k d e r ö s t e r r e i c ~ i i s c h e n BIona,rchie.
.
( ~ t a t i s t i c a lt a b l e s of
L
L l u s t r i a n monarcliy.) 1-21, lS?'.S-li,bS; n.s. 1-5, 13!r9/~1-1~60/65,
1
1
I!
These I f S t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s f f reinxinec'; tlic aiitl-!oritative .?iistrinn s t a t i s t i c s u n t i l
1865. :lt f i r s t t h e y rmre 1 : e ~ t s t i - i c i l y c c c r e t , but coon a f t e r tlie estnbl i s h e n t of a c e n t r a l 'uureau of stctis t i c s , tl-ie '!,;.X.
D i r e c t i o n iiir adnini[
I1
strative Statistik1,in 1840 ?arts of the tables Tiere published; full ?ublicity czme in 1348. In 1852 the central bureau started a nev publication:
31 IIittheilungen zus dem Gebiete der Statistik. (~tatisticalCommunications.)
1-20, 1852-74.
Usually four parts were published annually, a few containing general tables
(~jbersichtstafcln)of the monarchy, the other referring to more s?ecific subjects, above all to the movement of po-ulation, education, traffic, industy,
and later also to public finance and elections.
Stimulated by the growing need of the diet for c~uickinformation, a small
manual with general statistics was started in 1361 by the director of the
central bureau:
32 Statistisches Randbüchlein (~tatisticalmanual), conpiled by C. von Czoernig
and ed. by the II.II. Direction der administrativen Statistilr. 1-10, 1861-1871.
This is a very useful source with nresents in addition to current statistics
fron all fields several time-series and also gives verbal information.
Yith the establishment of a central statistical commission, the '1C.K. Statistische Central-Comissionl, in 1863 the main publication became the:
33 Statistisches Jahrbuch der österreichischen Monarchie (~tatisticalyearbook
of the Austrian monarchy). 1-19, 1863-1881.
Since 1867 it was called ,.Statistisches
Jahrbuch der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie (statistical Yearbook of the Austrian-IIungarien ~fonarch~).
It embraces all fields of government statistics and has been enlarged successively
In 1875 the earlier Statistical Communications vere replaced by the:
.
.
34 Statistische IIonatsschrift (1fonthly journal of statistics) 1-43, 1875-1917;
n,s. 1-3, 1919-1921, Index: 1-33, 1875-1907 in vol. 34.
This journal is invaluable for its short suumaries, historical overvie~~s
2nd
detailed monographs in all fields of government statistics.
New changes in the system of publications vere introduced after 1880. The Ctatistical yearboolr was abolished then and contiilued by the ',Iustrian Statistical
PIanual another yearboolr :
,
35 Österreichisches Statistisches TTanclbuch fiir die im Reichsrnthc vertretenen
Iiönigreiche und Länder. Nebst einem iMlal,i fiir die ,nemcins,men lingelei;cnhcitcn
der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie (~ustrim stotietical maiiual for thc
kingdoms and provinces represented in the Reichsrath. Including an anpendix
concerning the common concerns of the Austrian-TTungarian monarc hy) 1-35,
1~82-1916/17~
.
It gives a condensed, purely tabular survey of all branches of official statistics. In the saue year a uniform collection of statistical pblications
was started:
.
36 Österreichische Statistik (~ustrianstatistics) 1-93, 1880-1910; n.s
1910-1918. Index: 1-76, 1882-1905 in vol. 76.
1-18,
This rnain series of statistical sources contains the results of the census
of population and regularly the statistics of the movement of population, the
statistics of traffic, comerce and banlIing,the sanitary and educational systerns, the elections and public finance, justice and criminality.
The readjustment of ~oliticalrelations with ITurigarylimited the jurisdiction
of the Central Comrnission in 1867 which succeeded, however, in publishing an
official manual of the Austrian-Uungarian monarchy comprising the period
1867-1876 :
77 Statistisches Handbuch der
österreichisch-unri;arischen llonarchie für den Zeit-
raum 1567-1576 (Statistical uianual of the dustrian-llungarian monarchy for the
A t i t s 5+tii a n n i v e r s a r y i n 1913 t h e Centrczl Cor'z?iission ;)ublisI-icd ari I i i s t o r i c a l manual Y ~ r i - t ha Frcnch int.roc1uction):
78 S t a t i s t i s c h e Riickblic1;e a u s : i s t e r r e i c h (1i6s~iri6 r ' r t r o s : ? e c t i f Ge I n s t a t i c t i c u e
de l ' k l u t r i c h e ) , d e r l r i . T C ? , ~ Fd e; s 1i1ternntior;ülen S t a t i s t i s c l i c n I n s t i t ü t s
E h e r r e i c h t von d e r !<.I<. ! ; t a t i s t i s c h e n Z e n t r n l ? ; o ~ ; n i s s i o ~ .,,-ien,
.
;lasz,
:u;I;.; 4 99 1).
1Ll1';.
C0ntainin.g 169 t a b l e s , it %.sa cotivenien-t s o u r c e f o r a f i r s t an4 s l l o r t h i c t o r i c a l overvie16; i t s shortcomin;l;s a r e , fioil~cver, t h a t o n l y few a r m o t a t i o r : ~
a r e made and t h a t t h e t i m e - e r i o d s c c v e r e d d i f f e r ruidely; t h e n o s t i n ? o r t a n t
t a b l e s r e f e r t o t h e b a s i c c e n s u s r e s u l t s arid tlle movement of 7o;xilation s i i ~ c f i
1818, t r a f f i c s i n c c t E e 1 8 3 0 t s , p r i v a t e 2nd ? u l ~ l i cc o n m n i c a t i o n s i n c e 1843,
e d u c a t i o n s i n c e 1861, f o r e i : p t r a d e s i n c e 1557, c u h l i c f i n a n c e s i n c e 1862,
some economic p r o d u c t i o n s t a t i s t i c s s i n c e t h e 1 8 5 0 ' s t o 1870ts, h e n l t H S e n - i c e s i n c e 1873, c r i m i n a l s t a t i s t i c s s i n c e 1373 anP, l i n a l l y , l a b o u r s t a t i s t i c s
s i n c e t h e 1890's.
The r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s z f t e r t ? i c 7 i r s t ;*;orl<l .!ar
s c r i b e c l b r i e f ly i n :
i s dc-
39 "Die C n t ~ ~ i c l r l u ndge r a m t l i c h e n S t a t i s t i ! ~i n ~ ~ s t e r r e i c h(l '~ h edevelo::rse~lt of
o f f i c i c i l s t a t i s t i c s i n . i i u s t r i a ) , i n : I n s t i t u t I n t e r n a t i o n a l d e s Scierices
A c h i n i s t r a t i v e s , ed. I l o i z o y r a ~ h i e ss u r 1' o r . ~ a n i s t r t i o n2e l a s t a t i s t i o u e a c r i i n i s t r n t i v e dans l e s d i f f % r e n t s pays. P a r i s , l073, Vol. 1.
i i f t e r tlie war t h e main s t a t i s t i c a l a c r i e s of tEie '?undesamt ffir S t a t i s t i k ' ,
t h e s t a t i s t i c a l yearbook, a p p e a r e d under t h e t i t l e :
40 S t a t i s t i s c h e s T'lazdbuch f i i r den I h n d e s s t a a t (;sterrcicl.i ( ~ t a t i s t i c a lhanilbook
Tor t h e F e d e r a l Union o f A u s t r i a ) .
I-IG, 1320-1C77.
Irr 1938, ~ ~ h et hne ycarbooii a p p e a r c d f o r t h e l a s t time bci'ore tiie end of - o r l d
:!ar 11, i t s t i t l e was changed t o 'Statistisches J a h r b u c h f-iir E s t e r r e i c l i ' .
F o l l o + ~ i n gt h e war tl-ie t i t l e v a s cl-ian;i;eci oncc an:nin, novi t o 1)r nnnei?:
4 1 S t a t i s t i s c l i c s dTnndbuch fiir d i e ?ici~n!il.il; ii:;tcrri?icli ( ~ . ; . t a t i s t i < i n',iti~ic!?ioo?rl
Por
t l i c I l e j u b l i c of ~ I u s t r i n ) n. s. :L-,
1.930-.
.
!
13esidcs t h c s t a t i s t i c a l yearbool: t!!e main s e r i c s ~ , ~ i h l i s h cby
d t l ~ erfu~f2csnint1:cis:
4 2 i;citra,ye z u r S t a t i s t i k d e r Ile-r~uhlilrÖ s t e r r e i c f i ( ~ o n t r i h t i o ~t o~ st h e s t a t i s t i c s
o f t h e R e n u b l i c of . P u s t r i n ) . 1-12, 1319-I"??.
Of t h e t ~ ~ c l vvolumes
c
of t h i s s e r i e s i i v e a r e c!edicated t o e l e c t i o n s t a ' ¿ i s t i c s ,
f o u r d e a l r ~ t thh e r e s u l t s of t h e censilses, t k e r e r i a i n i n g two c o v e r i n ~3o:)ulat i o n movemeiats and l a b o u r s t a t i s t i c s .
I n 1323 t l i e s e r i e s rnras merged r r i t h t h e monthly ,j o~ir:lal " k 5 t a t i s t i s c l i e : ! i t t e i 1x1.genIf ( ~ t a t i c t i c a lc o m n i c a t i o n s ) , ;,ut,lisl-ied betrccen 1(?L11aricl 1927, t o becone:
I
1
Some y e a r s l a t e r a n i n d e y e n d e n t p u h l i c n t i o n s i m i l a r t o tTie e a r l i c r ";)eitrll,.;el'
rsTas beb%:
1
4!t S t a t i s t i k d e s B u n d e s s t a a t e s 6 s t e r r c i c h ( ; ; t c t t i s t i c s of t h e P e d e r a l Urzion of
: ' i u s t r i a ) . 1-12, 1934-1')77.
The Birst e l e v c n n m b e r s of t h i s s e r i c s c o n t z i n tlre r e s u l t s of tlie c e n s u s of
1954, t h e t ~ ~ r e l f t !ii s cleclicated t o p o y u l a t i on moverien-ts
.
A f t e r t h e Second i:'orld 'Jar a relatcc?. s e r i e s
V ~ Ss t c r t e d ,
nov n m e d :
k5 B e i t r ä ~ ez u r E s t e r r e i c l i i s c l - i c n S t a t i s t i l i ( ~ o n t ~ i h u t i o nt os A u s t r i a n s t a t i s t i c s )
1-, 15Li6-.
I
.
These "Contributions" of which every single nmber refers to a special subject
~racticallyembrace the entire field of official statistics. She most inportant
reriodically covered topics are population movements,statistics of higher education, judicial statistics and agricultural statistics.
There are trvo major histories of government statistics in Belgium:
46 Julin,
h. "The history and development of statistics in Belgim", pp.125-175
in: Koren, J., ed. The history of statistics. Ne11 York, Flacmillan, 1918.
47 I'Belgium", ~
p .205-228, chapter in: Societk de Statistique de Paris, ed.
Le 25e anniversaire de 1.a SociBt6 de Paris, 1860-1885. Paris and Nancy,
, 1685.
Berger-Levrault
The first article contains (a) an historical survey of statistics since the
time of the French domination, (b) an account of the subject matters of the
principal publications concerning demographic, economic and social statistics, and of the censuses, and (C) a complete list of all official statistical publications between 1830 and 1314. The second article, being shorter
~ d t hreference to (a) and (C), has the advantage of giving a much more detailed account of the worlr and the publications of the different ministries. Both articles should be used together. Further bibliographic information on official (and pivate) publications containing statistical data
may be found in:
48 Iieuschling, X. I1Aper9udes principales publications statistiques faites
sur la Belgique depis l'incorporation de ce lays a la France, en 1794,
Bulletin de la Commission Centrale de
jusqu'8 ce jour", .
Statistique 1, 1843: 579-627.
49 Ministere de l1Int6rieur.
Catalo,gue de la bibliothdque de la
Commission Centrale de Statistique. Brussels, Zayez, l902-l?ll. 7 vols.
50 Weerdt,
D. de. Biblio,yraphie retrospective des publications officielles
de la Belgique, 1794-1914. Louvuin and Paris, Nauwelaerts, 1963. 427 F.
The prosperity and com-plexity of Belgian society very early kave created
and facilitatecl a vigorous interest in statistical researcli. It was, however, chiefly under the Austrian and fienck domination that the nunber of
investigations and re7orts increased. Durinl~,
tlle time of unification with
the Netherlands a first statistical comission was created in 1826, attached to the central office in The IIague. After the revolution of 1850 an
independent geiieral statistical bureau was organized in 1831, a series of
official publications started in 1832. The first two volumes have a more
syecific character but the following four contain general statistics of the
kingdom concerning the physical, industrial, political and moral 'state of
the nation ':
51 Documents statistiques sur le Xoyame de Rel~ique,recueillis et publibs
par le Ministre de ltInt6rieur. 3rd official ~ublication. 1876; 4th official
publication, 1838; 5th official publication, i840; 6th official publication,
1841.
In 1841 this form of publication was discontinued; it was decided to decentralize statistics and to assign its branches to different minstries. At
the Same time a central statistical comission was created in the ministry
of the interior as a coordinating and advisory institution. Besides tl~epre-
p a r a t i o n of t h e censrises, t h i s coimnission 112s been cliarzed
a p e r i o d i c a l account of t h e c o n d i t i o n of tlie !iin~rlom:
1!7it!i
yublisliin_~r
52 X i o s b de l a s i t u a t i o n du C o ~ r e (?Eriode
~ e ~
clhcennale d e 1~41-1850), :,ublik
T>ar l e h l i n i s t r e de 1'1ntErieur, 1852, 1 v o l . ; i d . . (?&riode rl6ceruiale 18511 ~ 6 ~ 1865,
).
3 v o l s ; i d , de 1861 il 1275, nuhli6 n a r CS s o i n s de l a Comiss i o n E e n t r a l e de 6 t n t i s t i c ~ u e . 18235, 7 vols.; i U . $e 1876 3 1900, r 6 ~ i g ESOUS
l a d i r e c t i o n de l a Commission Centrale ilc S t a t i s t P q u e . 1907, vol.1; 1912,
n
vol. 2; 131h,vol. 3 ,
Covering aromc! 6,000 pages an(? coiqbining ~ ~ m i e r i c nrlata
l
vith qualitative
i n f o m a t i o n nnd v e r b a l i u l t e r p r e t a t i o n concerninr-; n l l conceivable as-ects of
s o c i e t y i n h i s t o r i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e , tliese volumes a r e u n r i v a l l e d i n an). 0the r country. An e a r l i c r and s m a l l e r ? u l . ~ l i c a t i o n9 a r t i a l l - y eml,racin~ tfie ;;er i o d 1831-18k0, uay bc understood a s t h e i r 7redecessor:
53 26sun6, des r a ~ p o r t ss u r l a s i t u a t i o n allministrative rlcs l r o v i n c e s e t des
c o m c s de I3cl~;iyuepour 1840L r?r&scnt$au ?,oi -iar I c i , f i n i e t r c cle l t i x t 6 r i e u r . 1541.
I n 1843 t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i s t i c a l cor:m~issionstartccl a s t a t i s t i c a l j o u r i n l
b e i n z published i r r e g u l a r y :
-„
54 R i l l e t i n clc l a Commission C e n t r a l e dc S t a t i s t i c l u c , vol. 1, l8L5; v o l . ?,
1345; V O ~ . 4, 1347; v o l . k , 1551; vol. 5, 1857; vol. 6, 18555; .i701.
1857; vol. 8 , 186C; vol. 3, 1.366; vol. 10, 1 ~ 5 5 ;vol. 11, 1257; v o l . 'I?,
1372; v o l m 17, 1370; v o l , 14, 1881; V O ~ . 15, 18Z3; V O ~ . iG, lGg(-J; 701.
17, 1 ~ 3 7 ;~ 0 1 . 13, 1904; vol. 13, 19C5; v o l . W , iiC!S; vol. ?I, ?C'?:;
vol. 22, 192.8.
It c o n t a i n s r e l a t i v e l y f e ~ rmonoy;sai>hs on no;:ulc?.tion rioverrients, ecluc a t i o n
and o t h e r t o p i c s , b u t z i v e s a l o t of i n f o m a t i o n aboiit nethociolo-;ical !)rohlems of B e l s i a n s t a t i s t i c s and u s u a l l y has a h i b l i o g r a - h i c p a r t ,
I n 1857 an a m a l p u b l i c a t i o n of general s t a t i s t i c s w a s starte<!, ? o r t i z l l y
followin.5 t h e e a r l i e r "!?ocuments s t a . t i s t i q r ~ c s:"
55 I!ocuments s t a t i s t i q u c s L puhlit! T:ar l e tlbnnrtcmcnt
tlc Z 1 j . n t 6 r i c u r a v c c I r coli-
cours de l a Coimission C c n t r a l c iic :itatistic!uc. 1-27,
1;:;7-186(),
!i'ith some v a r i s t i o n s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a collectcc! 1.17tlirce m i r i i s t r i c s wcrc niln u a l l y comniled: d a t a on populatioin, c l c c t i o n s , ancl CO~IEIUICL~ fiilsnces 117
t h e m i n i s t l y of j u s t i c e ; d a t a on comniillication, t r n n s ? o r t an(; s t a t e mines
by t h e m i n i s t r y of ~ u h l i cworlcs. A f t e r 2.2369 tliese docunents have been r e placed by t h e
56 ilnnuaire s t a t i s t i q u e de l a Bol,yic!ue. 1-, 1070-. S i t l e ~ . a r i e s .
From tlie v e r y beginning t h i s yearhooli Iias becn so extensive cznd detailecl
t h a t it compensates, t o g e t h e r w i t h tlle ''~::~os6", f o r t!ie ~ r e a td e c e i i t r a l i z a t i o n of Belyian o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s ,
2, j Denmark
There a r e s e v e r a l ? u b l i c a t i o n s r e l e v a n t f o r t h e h i s t o y of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s
i n Denmark:
57 Gad, 1~!,"Danemarkl1, ?-. 258-268, cliapter i n : ~ o c i 6 t 6de S t a t i s t i q u e de lJc?ris,
eci, I.,e 25e a n n i v e r s a i r e cle l a S o c i & t &de P a r i s , 1860-1835.
Berger-Levrault
1885.
,
F a r i s 2nd Yancy,
58 Jcnsen, d. "Tlle ! ~ i s t o r ; and d e v c l o ~ ~ m e notf s t a t i s t i c s i n Denmarkl',
pn. 101-214 i n : Lioren, J., ed. Tlie h i s t o r y of s t a ' t i s t i c s . New Yorlr,
FIacrnillan, 1918.
59 Jensen, A. "La s t a t i s t i q u e au Danemarlr" i a : I i l s t i t u t I n t e r n a t i o n a l des
S c i e n c e s t l d n i n i s t r a t i v e s , cd. PIonoqranhies s u r l f o r y a n i s a t i o n de l a
s t a t i s t i q u e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e dans l c s c l i f f 6 r e n t s Tays. P a r i s , vol. 1, 1933.
The f i r s t a r t i c l e i s e s s e i i t i a l l y a h i s t o r j o f o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c a l works and
p u b l i c a t i o n s betiqeen 1875 and 1885. I t p r e s e n t s n o t only a l i s t of a l l p u b l i c a t i o n s , b u t a l s o d e s c r i b e s t h e i r g e n e r a l c h a r a c t c r and t h e i r s p e c i f i c cont e n t s , even of t h e f i r s t s t a t i s t i c a l yearhoolx. The second a r t i c l e g i v e s a
rnore e x t e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t of tlie i n s t i t u t i o n a l h i s t o r y u n t i l t h e F i r s t :\rorld
!iar and it c o n t a i n s a l i s t of s t a t i s t i c a l ~ i u b l i c a t i o n sa t t h e t u r n of t h e cent u r y , b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l d e t a i l s missing, hol-rever. The t h i r d a r t i c l e mainly d e a l s
~ i t thh e p e r i o d between t h e t11o Yorld Yars and g i v e s an account of t h e oraani z a t i o n , t11e wor!rs and t h e p u b l i c a t i o r i of t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i s t i c a l bureau.
I n a d d i t i o n tliere a r e s e v e r a l more e x t e n s i v e h i s t o r i e s i n Danish:
60 ojolck, 11. Dans?; s t a t i s t i l r h i s t o r i e 1800-1850 ( ~ a n i s hh i s t o r y of s t a t i s t i c s 1800-18501, ed. by t h e S t a t e S t a t i s t i c a l Bureau. Copenhagen, 1301. 321 T.
6 1 Samfundet op; s t a t i s t i k e n . E t h i s t o r i s l r r i d s 1769-1350 ( ~ o c i e and
t ~ statistics.
i'm h i s t o r i c a l exposk 1769-1950), ed. by t h e S t a t i s t i c a l Department.
S t a t i s t i s k e I l e d d e l e l s e r , s.4, v o l . 139, pt.1. Copenhagen, 1949.
6 2 S t a t i s t i s l c hureaus h i s t o r i e ( l l i s t o r y of t h e bureau of s t a t i s t i c s ) , ed. by
t h e S t a t e S t a t i s t i c a l Bureau. Copenhagen, 1899 (French swnmary).
63 Det s t a t i s t i s k e derartment 1896-1920 ( ~ h es t a t i s t i c a l department 1896-1920),
ed. by t h e S t a t i s t i c a l Ilepartment. Conenhagen, 1920 ( ~ r e n c hs m a r y ) .
64 Det s t a t i s t i s k e department 1920-1950 ( ~ h es t a t i s t i c a l department 1920-1950),
ed. by t h e S t a t i s t i c a l Department. S t a t i s t i s k e PIeddelelser, s.4, v o l . 179,
p t . 4. Copenhagen, 1951.
Although two p o p u l a t i o n censuses v e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n 1769 and 1787 a l r e a d y ,
t h e h i s t o r y of organized o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s i n Denmarlc began i n 1797 when
t h e 'Dans-norske Tabellrontor ( ~ a n i s h - N o i l ~ e ~ iTabulating
an
0f f i c e ) was c r e a t e d .
Since it could n o t accomplish i t s p r i n c i - a l taslss, it was a b o l i s h e d i n 1819.
There was no s p e c i a l body f o r o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s u n t i l 1574 when t h e 'Tabelkommission' ( ~ a b u l a t i ncomuission)
~
was e s t a b l i s h e d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e polu l a t i o n censuses t h i s com?aratively independent c o m i s s i o n c o n s i s t i n g of h i g h
c i v i l s e r v a n t s c o l l e c t e d s t a t i s t i c s of t h e movement of p o p u l a t i o n , l i f e s t o c k ,
f o r e i g n t r a d e , e l c c t i o n s , s u i c i d e s and c r i m i n a l i t y wliich were publisheci i n t h e
f i r s t s e r i e s of t h e :
'
65 S t a t i s t i s k t a b e l v a e r k ( ~ t a t i s t i c a lt a b l e s ) -1-21, 1835-52; s.2, v o l . 1-26,
1850-63; s.3, vol. 1-55, 1860-76; 53.4 11, v o l . 1-9, 1879-96, B, ~01.1-8, 1878-93,
The f i r s t t ~ s os e r i e s of t h e " S t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s l ' were a l s o p u b l i s h e d i n German, S i n c e t h e members of t h e commission were n o t p r i m a r i l y occupied w i t h
s t a t i s t i c s , t h e y could n o t cope w i t h t h e qrowing need f o r and t h e expansion
of s t a t i s t i c s .
Therefore, i n 1850 a c e n t r a l s t a t i s t i c a l hureau vas c r e a t e d , c a l l e d 'Det
S t a t i s k e ;Cureaul, ~ r h i c hcontinuecl and successivek; e n l a r g e d tlle ~ o r kof
t h e c o m i s s i o n . SI-iere have been k r o g r e a t e r e x t e n s i o n s and r c o r z a n i z a t i o x s
of t h e bureou accornpanicd by a cha:~ge OS name: s i n c e 1895 it was ca..lleG 'Stat e n s S t a t i s t i s J r e E u r e m 1 ( ~ t a t es t a t i s t i c a l ?;iirem), anci s i n c e 1917 ' S t a t i s t i s k e Departirientl ( ~ t a t i s t i c a ld e ? a r t n e n t ) . Thc c e n t r a l s t a t i s t i c a l hurezu
coritinued t o p u h l i s h t h e f 1 ! 3 t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s f f , addinz i~ewf i e l d s , above 211
s t a t i s t i c s of y u b l i c income and e x ~ ~ e n d i t u rsei n c e t h e l n t e 1850's and s o c i a l
s t a t i s t i c s s i n c e t h e end of t h e ccntury. Eezir~lin,: vwith tlie !it!l s e r i e u tlle
" S t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s 1 I have been suhdivided i n t o : i'i 'L ?ooulntion (2nd i i l d u s t r i a l )
s t e t i s t i c s , E = judicial s t a t i s t i c s , C = a g r i c ~ l t u r ~
s tla t i s t i c s , 3 = Cornerc i a l s t a t i s t i c s , 2 = financial statistics.
Beside t h e l'Tablesll c o m j r i s i n g t h e most i q o r t r ? n t worlrs t h e bureau b e p z t o
~ ~ u b l i ssht a t i s t i c a l co~lllll~nications
115ich ei~ibracet h e r e s u l t s of Sone m i ~ o r
=d,
nore o r l e s s re,jular works a s w e l l a s t h e r e s u l t of o c c a s i o n a l i n ~ e s t i -rrations :
l.ieddelelser ( s t a t i s t i c a l communications). 1-6, 1852-61; s.2,
1-13, 1062-77; s.3, v o l . 1-18, 1879-97; s.4, c o l . 1-, 1897-.
66 <tatistis!:e
T O ~ .
The contens a r e v e r y v a r i e d c o v e r i n z a l n o s t a l l f i e l d s of s t a t i s t i c s , es9ec i a l l y s c h o o l s , e l e c t i o n s , taxc.tion u3d f o r e i %t r~a d e , b e s i d e s a mass of ecoilomic and s o c i a l s t a t i s t i c s ; u n t i l t h e f i r s t "Jorld ::ar s t a t i s t i c s r e f e r r i n r
t o I c e l a n d a r e a l s o included.
I n 1869 t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i s t i c a l burczu s t a r t e d a yearhoolr under t h e t i t l e :
67 Samnendrag af s t a t i s t i s l < e O ~ l y s n i n g e rangasender Ilongeriyet Damarlr (CWmary of t h e p r i n c i p a l s t a t i s t i c s of Denmark). 1-11, 1.569-97.
T h i s llYearbookll appeared aimually, hovever, only from 1369 t o 1874, t h e f o l l o ~ r i n gf i v e volumes b e i n g s c a t t e r e d over t h e n e x t ~ I I O decades. 7310 sunrmaries
(1874 m d 1878) Tiere a l s o p u b l i s h e d i n f i e n c h . I n 1836 t h e s e docunents Trrere
continued by t h e :
68 S t a t i s t i s k ilarbog ( ~ t a t i s t i c a yearbook).
l
1, 1896. ( ~ a n i s h2nd F-rench)
There i s no h i s t o r i c a l s t a t i s t i c a l handboolc.
Ä::ere a r e only ~ T J O l l i s t o r i e s of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s , iiublishect i n a n o t h e r
l m p a g e tlian F i n n i c h o r Svedish:
5.3
I ~ - a t i u s ,!\I. 2. 3'. "Finlandel', pp. 251-257, cllapter in: S o c i k t e de , S t a t i s t i q u e
Le 25e a n n i v e r s a i r e de l a ~ o c i 6 t ede S t a t i s t i q u e de P a r i s ,
Ce T a r i s , ed.
iC60-1335. P a r i s and P?ancy, Rerger-Levrault, 1885.
70 i : o ~ e r o , '.i. "La s t a t i s t i q u e o f f i c i e l l e de l a FinlandeIT, i n : I n s t i t u t I n t e r n a t i o n a l
2es S c i e n c e s - l d m i n s t r a t i v e c , eil. Efonographies s u r l l o r . r a n i s a t i o n de l a
s z a t i s t i q u e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e dans l e s (1.iffbrents ?ays. P a r i s , 1257. Vol. 1.
The f i r s t a r t i c l e c o n t a i n s a s h o r t h i s t o r y 2nd a b i b l i o g r a p k y of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s u n t i l 1G85. The second a r t i c l e p r e s e n t s a more extended h i s t o r y inc l u d i n g a d e t a i l e d a c c o m t of t h e d i f f e r e n t s e r i e s 7 u b l i s h e d under t h e comon
t i t l e V i n n i s h o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s l ' ; i n a d d i t i o n it g i v e s an account of t h e
s t a t i s t i c a l vork b e t ~ i e e nt h e ~ I OUorlcl Ilars, c l a s s i f i e d according t o b r m c h e s 01
s t a t i s t i c s a s w e l l a s according t o the publishing s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e .
I
The history of official statistics in Finland reaches back to the middle of
the 18th century when tlie Swedish-Finnish ?o;mlation tables Tiere introc',uced.
Taey Tiere continued after 1809 wlien Pinland was separated from Sveden, a d in
1832 the first summaries of the tables Tiere published. Besides, there bare been
renorts of tlie ,o;overnorsof provinccs, also 50iole back to t h e 18th century.
i!!ound the rniddle of the 19tli century some of the rle-ertnents of governnent begasi to publish reports containing statistical naterials (above all reports on
factories and the health service). Pinally, a Central Bureau of Statistics
(~tatistiskaCentralbyran Suon Tilastollinen 1'~2itoinisto) was establshed, at
first tem~orarilyin 1865, and definitely in 1870; at tlie same time an advisory Central Comission of Statistics wascreated. The organization of official
statistics remained decentralized, hovever, and this principle was still strenqthened in 1884 when the Central Comission was abolisl~edand statistical offices created in connection with several central departments. For the User of
comterbalanced by the
Finnish statistics this decentralization is some~~hat
fact that most statistics have been published in one source since 1865:
-
71 Suomen virallinen tilasto
tics of Finland),
- Finlands officiella statistik (Official statis-
Under this uniform title different series are published whose chronological
order gives an impression of the development of official statistics in Finlmd;
others the followin~series were successively included ( first year cov: foreign comerce (1865), quinque~ialreports on economic conditions
discontinued in 1900), national income (1865), -o?ulation (1865), agriculture (1869)~railways (1871). After 1880 the n~mberof new series greatly increased: prisons (1882), puhlic assistarice (1881), primary schools (1883),
secondary schools (1684) health service (1884), industry (1584), postal serv~
ice (1885). justic (1891j, insurances (1892), emigration ( 1 8 9 ~ )elections
(1907)~commwinl finance (1910). The earliest volumes were usually published
in S~~edish
only, but soon two editions vere usually prenared, one in Sriredisli
m d one in Finnish; after the first l?orld !dar most but not all publications
Tiere in one bilingual S~~edish-Pinnish
volume.
In 1306 the Central Bureau of Statistics started a series containin.5 statistical information on different subjects rrhich was discontinued, however, in
1920 already:
72 Tilastollisia tiedonuntoja
tions). 1-33, 1906-1920.
- Statistiska meddelanden
(~tatisticalcomaunica-
Besides the I10fficialstatistics in Finlmdl'tlie main publication is the
statistical yearbook which was started in 1879. There have been t~ioeditions m t i l the 1930' s, one in ~v~edish/~rench
and one in Fimich/~rench:
73 Statistisk arsbok för Finland
1879-1902; ns. 1-, 1903-.
- Anmaire statistique de Finlande. 1-23,
74 Suomen tilastollinien vuosilcirja
1879-1902; ns. 1-, 1303-.
- Annuaire statisticpe de Finlande.
1-23,
-jT
>
P r a n c e n r o h a h l y 'iias t h e h e s t tlocumcntcci !lic;toiu of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c z of a l l
o u r c o m t r i e s . Tliere a r e a t l e a s t i.'oiii a r t - i c l c r , f r i i i ~ ; . gn ~ e : i c r a l ! i i s t o r i c a l
description:
L e v a s s e u r , 1:. "?rancef7, :)F. 145-?C1!, c h a ~ t e i r ? : S o c i 6 t e de S t a t i s t i o i l e cle
F a r i s , ed.. Le 2rie a r m i v e r s a i r c l de la i.zoci'rtf ?.r2 ; : t ~ t i s t i q u e(!e P a r i s ,
1860-1887. P a r i s ar-id ?:c?ncy, ilerger-l;cvrnul-t, lrnK;5.
76 F a u r e , F. IITI!e c?Lcvelonmc~itan(? y r o z r e s s ol' . s t n t i s t i c s i~ Yrance", :J-?. 33 7-5?9
i n : Koren, J . , ctl. Thc T i i s t o r j of s t a t i s t i c c . ;:c!.i :"rl:, I i a c n i l l a n , 191s.
I n s t i t u t I n t e r n a t i o n a l d e s :;ciciices ~ l d m i n i s t r a t i v c s , er?. ?Ton0(rra-iiies s u r
1' o r g a n i s a t i o n (le l a s t a t i s t i q u c a ( h i n i s t r n t i i ~ c(?ans Ies d i f f e r e n t s -?alr?.
P a r i s , 1955, v o l . 1.
78 i l i c h e r t , E. "Von d e r S t a t i s t i c p e ~ 6 n e r a l ed la P'rance
cZe l a S t a t i s t i q u e e t d e s Etudes i;j'conomic~ue
s
s i s c h e S t a t i s t i k , 1837-1948.
33, 1949: 367-396.
I n s t i t u t ]rational
f ra~zliAl,lgcr:ieines S t n t i s t i s c 2 1 , e s - i r c h i v
ZIUX
. Iluric!.ertfi;,.if zehn J o 5 r c
S i n c e fiencli o f f i c i a l s t a - t i s t i c s wcre c h a r a c t e r i z c d by an e v c e s s i ~ ~cei e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n , t h e g r e a t m e r i t of tlie f i r s t a r t i c l e l i e s a l ~ o v en l l i n i t r n o s t
d e t a i l e d c l e s c r i p t i o n o l t h e o r z a n i z a t i o n , t h e vor!rs anc! tile : ~ u b l i c a ¿ i o n s of
a l l s t a t i s t i c a l s e r v i c e s of t h e d i f f e r e a t m i n i s t r i e s , t h u s presentin:: a comp l e t e b i b l i o c r a p h y .~i!,t o around 1885. Tlle sccond a r t i c l e i s l z s s u s e f u l a s
a b i b l i o g r a p t i i c a l s o u r c e , h u t it {rivcc a mucL niore e-i:tenderl h i s t o r y r r o i n ~
back t o t h e e a r l i e s t b c g i n n i n g s an(!. cnding ~ ~ i t ht e l F~i r s t ? i o r l ( i ;"ar. The
t l i i r d a r t i c l e c o n t i r i u e s t h e h i s t o r y f o r t h e p e r i o d h e t ~ ~ e ct11e
n t:;o '.-.-orld
; ; a r s aild t h e f o u r t h d e s c r i b e s t l i e g r e a t reor;:a3ization i l u r i n z ar-d sLortl.7
a f t e r t h e second V o r l d War. F o r a more e x t e n s i v e t r e a t m e n - t of tl;e las^
t i m e cf.:
79 l i a r i e t t i , P.G.
La S t a t i s t i q u e Gkncrale en F r a n c e . P a r i s , F r e s s e 5 Uix-?rsit a i r e s de P r a n c e , 1949. X + 2119 F.
S i n c e o n l y t h e f i r s t a r t i c l e c o n t a i n s a u s e f u l h i b l i o , . ; r a ~ l ~ j -o, t l i e r ? u b l i c a t i o n s
s h o u l d be c o n s u l t e d ; above a l l t h e hook of G i l l e vho g i v c s a n m a z i : ~ ~ l jfull
and l i v e l y a c c o u n t of t h e s t a t i s t i c a l s o u r c e s i n P r a n c e between t h c secoilc';.
l i a l f of t h e 1 7 t h c e n t u r y and 1870, c o n c e n t r n t i n y ; on tiie e n q u e t e s , b u t a l s o
i n c l u d i n g t h e r e , p l a r snd a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a i i s t i c s , wiiose c o n t c n t s a r e
described i n a l l d e t a i l s .
SO G i l l e , B. Les s o u r c e s s t a t i s t i q u e s de l ' h i s t o i r e de France. Des e n q u 8 t e s
du A W I " s i d c l e d 1870. Geneva, Droz, 196'-t. 288 n.
I n addition:
81 F r a n c e , S t a t i s t i q u e GenErnle dc l a Fra-ncc. T T i c t o r i q u e e t t r a v a u , ~cc! I n
f i n du ~ $ 1 1 s1i d
~c l e a u ci61)ut du :>;C.
P a r i s , ~ i - i ~ i r i m c r ?:cztionale,
ie
1717.
8"ance,INSE3.
2 & - [ 1 e r t o i r ed e s s o u r c r s c t a t i s t i ~ u e sf r a n ~ a i s e s . P a r i s ,
Imnrimerie Nationale,
T i n a l l y , a v e r y u s e f u l and mana,ycable b i b l i o y a ^ , l ! y !las been c o r n i l c a b ~ -
83 T i l l y , L.A.;
T i l l y , C. "I! selectec! hihlio,-;ra-liy of q u a n t i t a t i . r e s o u r c e s Tor
in:
P r e n c h h i s t o r y 2nd Frcnch s o u r c c s f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e " i s t o r y s i n c e I,",
L o m i n , V.2.;
P r i c e , J.)I.,
ed. The dimensions of t h e p e s t . I l a t e r i a l ~ . ~
q r o b l e m s , ailcl o n p o r t u n i t i e s f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e worl: i ~ hi i s t o n - . Xe:; Ilav n anti
London, Ynle U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1372.
Although concentrating on quantitative (secondary) analysec of French history, it also includes the most important (prirnary) sources of official
statistics.
Although a great variety of statistical information has been produced in
France since the 17th century, to mention only the fanous reports of the
intendants, it was only in the last years of the ancien reginze that a
regular comilation of statistics was attern~tedand, imediately following,
the French Xevolution gave a strong stimulus to the collection, and above
all to the publication of statistics. In 1796 the 'Bureau Officiel Oe la
Statistique' vras created, only to be abolisheci again in 1812. In 1801 and
1806 the first t~iogeneral enumerations of the nopulation were carried out,
however, not very successfully. Vith fevr e~ce~tions
the Xestauration
interru~tedtlle progress of official statistics ~irhose continual organization
had to wait unitil the revolution of 1870. The special statistical institutions created in France after 1830 are fairly nwnerous and the organization
of official statistics remained decentralized until the Second lJorldXar.
Its history is rather complicated, therefore, and the number of publications of 'General Statistics' is comparatively small.
T1.ie 'Bureau de la Statistique ~&n6rale',created in 1833, is the first and
most important statisticnl office. Its principal object at all periods has
been the yopulation of France, but to a lirnited degree it also played the
role of a central office. In 1835 it started the publication of a series
which, though far from includin,r:all national statistics, dealt with some
of the main branches (territory and population, agriculture, industry,
foreign trade, ~ublicfinance, prices, consumytion, public assistance,
nrisons) :
84 Statistique de la France. 1-14, 1835-1852,
(A detailecl account of the contents is given in Gille's bibliogra-hy, pp.
205-211.) The majority of statistics unified in this series have been dispersed successively in particulnr ~uhlicationsof different ministries.
The original program was rievcr realized ancl in 1872 furthermore restrained,
since in the meanwhile other rninistries Iinil devc1ol)cd tlieir o ~ mstatisticnl
scrvices, especially the ministry of justice (regular publications sincc
1527) ancl the ministry of public worlrs (statistical ofPice since 1844). In
1555 the 'Bureau de la Statistique GEn6ralet started a second, more limited
series ~ h o s e21 volaimes contain statistics relating to >opulation, ~ublic
assistance, agriculture, and industry:
85 Statistique de la France. s.2, vol.1-21, 1655-1872.
After 1871 this general series was subdivided into special series and again
reduced. On the otliier Ilnnd, however, the burcau started in 1878 the publication of its only docurrent of truly general statistics:
86 h u a i r e statictiquc de la France. 1-55, 1578-1951; ns 1-, 1952-,
This statistical yeasbook sumnlarizing all official statistics of fiance usually embraced annual tables as well as retrospective tables referring to fiance
m d other countries; between 191- and 1927 the annual and the retrossective
tables were published alternativcly every second year; later, the historical
retrospections Tiere published more irreplarly, the last one in 1966:
87 Bmuaire statistique de la France 1966. Ri5sumi5 r6trospectif.
Although the publication of the statistical yearbook somewhat increased the
importance of the1Bureaude la Statistique G6n6ralet,the decentralization
still grew owing above all to the creation of two irn;,ortant neri statistical
offices in the ministries of finance (1876) and agriculture (1881). The
f i r s t of t h e s e o f f i c e s a u b l i s h e d n s t a t i s t i c n l j o u r n a l of y n e r a l i n t e r c s t
:irhich, thoufrh c o n c e n t r a t e d on yublic: f i n a n c e , Laxes arid c o m c r c c , a l s o cont a i n s o t h e r s t a t i s t i c s r e l a t i n ~t o i n s u r m c e s , c o c s u n ~ t i o n ,p r i c e s , c o m i c a t i o n , t r m s p o r t , as l > ~ c lals s o c i a l 2nd l a b o u r s t a t i s t i c s :
88 B u l l e t i n de s t a t i s t i q u e e t de l 6 n i s l a t i o n comnar6e.
Index: 1-!40,
1877-1Z196; 41-60,
1-64, 1877-1940.
18517-1906 ; a f - t e s 1940 continuer! a s " B u l l e t i n
I n 1855 t h e ' C o n s e i l S i 1 ~ 6 r i e u rde S t a t i s t i q u e ' vras c r e a t e d t o c o u n t e r a c t
s t h e o r g a n i z a k i o n a l d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n ; h u t i t had p u r e l y
t h e d i s a d ~ ~ a n t a g eof
a d v i s o r y f u n c t i o n s and 110 e x e c u t i v e powers. IfJ was n o t b e i o r e 1310 T~:hen
t h e ' D i r e c t i o n de l a S t a t i s t i q u e G6nEralet bccarne an autonomous o r z a ~ i z a t i o n
t h a t t h e p r o c e s s of c l e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n was sloired ?olm. I n lqll i t s t o r t c ? n ne7:
j o u r n a l d e a l i n g wit1-i t h e t o t a l of Frencli o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s and c o n t a i n i n z
riot o n l y f i p r e s b u t a l s o s t a t i s t i c a l mono:<rcy>hs ancl s t a t i s t i c a l l y r e l e x - ~ n t
laws and o r d e r s :
89 B u l l e t i n de l a s t a t i s t i q u e gEn6raie de l a Prance. 1-, 1911-; s i n c e 1950 cont i n u e d as " l b l l e t i n mensuel de s t a t i s t i q u e " t o iil-rich n q u a r t c r l y su??le~z?e;it
llStudes s t a t i s t i q u e " i s adclecl c o n t a i n i n s d ~ t az s rrcll 2"s a n a l y s e s .
A f t e r t h e First Iforld ? l a r t h e 'f;tatistic!uc G6;16ralc' triec! t o u t t n i n t k e !:osit i o n of a c e n t r a l o f f i c c , it .;iic?s n o t b e f o r c t1l.e Cjcconr?,:iorlrl :;c?r, I~or;.ever,
t h a t Frencl-i o f f i c i n l s t u t i s t i c s :,rere raclicall;; rcorpri_izecl. I n 19-1 a
' S e r v i c e N a t i o n a l d e s S t a t i s t i c p c s l was c r e a i e d 11y i r n i f y i n ~tlle ' I J i r e c t i o n
de l a S t a t i s t i q u e Ghnerale de l a F r n n c e ' , t h z ' Z i r e c t i o n dc I n D6mokyra?hie'
and t h e ' I n s t i t u t de Conjoncture'. I n 13h6 a g a i n it was reor.@nized an2
e n l a r g e d when tlie ' I n s t i t u t National. de l a S t a t i s t i ~ ee t des '?tudes
Zconomiques (DTS'~:?~)
~irasc s t a b l i s l ~ e d .
'
~ h o n gt h e s e v e r a l p r i v a t e s t a t i s t i c a l s o c i e t i e s foundeil i n i-raricct s i c c e
1800 t h e 'Soci6tE de S t a t i s t i q u e de P a r i s 1 i s uncloubtedly t?le n o s t in7ort a n t one. Created i n 1 ~ 6 0it h a s ~ ~ u h l i s l i c tsli n c c tlicn oiie 01 tlie T-lost f n mous s t a t i s t i c a l j o u r n a l s i n ' G 4 * c s t e ':uroi>c~:
rn
90 J o u r n a l de l a SocifitE de Sto.tisticlue de I'nris.
1!)10; 52-76, 1!)11-1935; 77L101, 19)6-1950.
1-, l::GC-;
Iridci::
1-51,
1i60-
It i s a u s e f u l s o u r c e c o n t a i n i n g s t a t i s t i c i l l niono?;rophs on a v a r i c t y of t o ? i c s
f o r v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s as w e l l as s h o r t n m e r i c a l i m f o n e t i o n ancl l o n g c r
methodological d i s c u s s i o n s .
F i n a l l y , a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t p r i v a t e j o u r n a l s!ioula be nentioned ~ ~ I i i c ht :, i o u ~ h
c o n c e n t r a t e d on s t c t i s t i c s r e l a t i n l ; t o econoiiy ancl y u b l i c f i n a n c c of most
Z'uropean and o t l i e r c o u n t r i c s , llns a l s o a more ~ q e n c r n lc l i a r a c t e r :
9 1 Annuaire de lt6conomie n o l i t i q u e e t dc l a c t a t i s t i c p c . 1-56, 1811-4-1839.
P a r i s , Guillaumin.
Tliis j o u r n a l was Iouncled by PI. G u i l l a ~ m i nancl 1.I.J. Garnier and l a t e r eclited
by PI
Block. The f i r s t t h r e e volumes a ~ p e a i e r luilder t h e t i t l e ".'innunire 2e
116conomie p o l i t i q u e " , b u t s i n c e t h e f o u r t h volune t h e j o u r n a l assrmc?~t h e
c h a r a c t e r of a s t a t i s t i c a l manual combiniiig numericnl. i n f o m a t i o n and v e r h a l
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . S i n c e 1843 each voluue had f o u r s e c t i o n s r e f e r r i n n , t o f i a n c e ,
t h e c i t y 09 F a r i s , f o r e i p c o u n t r i e s , and a mixed s e c t i o n ; i n 1855 a f i f t h
s e c t i o n r e l a t i n l i ; t o A l g e r i a ancl t h e c o l o n i e s rms ailcleci. Come - a r t s liiere
p u b l i s h e d r e , ~ l a n y ,e s g e c i a l l y t h e annual r e v i c v s of ecoriomic e v e n t s i n
d i f f e r e n t copuitries, of p u b l i c f i n a n c e , ari:l of tfie novenlent of y o ~ u l a t i o n .
.
The variety of greater and smaller states in the old German realm as vell as
the strony; federative clzaracter of the German %?ire m d c e it difficult t o
draw a clear picture of the development of official statistics. Since an
inclusive bibliography or history are missin,?, several puhlications should
be consulted:
92 Günther, A. "Geschicl~teder deutschen Statistik" (~istoryof German statistics), pp. 1-65 in: Zalm, F., ed.. Die Statistik in Deutschland nach ihrem
heutigen Stande. IIGnchen and Berlin, J. Schwitzer, 1911; 2 vols.-
77 Reuschling, X. Bibliographie historique de la statistique en Allema=e,
avec wie introduction g&n&rale. Bnussels, Librairie Polytechnique dtllug.
Decq., 1845. 105 P.
The first article gives a general but not very detailed history of statistics in Germany since the middle ages. It should be used in comection with
the early, extensively annotated bibliography of IIeuschling dating until
the 18hO's. The follo~hngfour publications deal vrith more specific periods
and are restricted to official statistics:
94 Fallati, J. "Stand der administrativen Statistik in Deutschland im Jahre
1848-49" ( ~ h estate of administrative statistics in Germany in 1848-49).
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft 6, 1849;725-795.
95 Becker, I[. "Die Organisation der deutschen Reichsstatistik" ( ~ h eorganization of German imperial statistics), pn. 271-307 in: Soci6te de Statistique
de Paris, ed. Le 25e anniversaire de la Societe de Statistique de Paris,
1860-1885. Paris and Nancy, Berger-Levrault, 1885.
96 Yürzburger, E. "The histo-y and develoyment of official statistics in the
German 6nPirew, pp. 337-362
New York, Macmillan, 1918.
in: 1~oren; J., ed.
nistory of statistics.
97 Reichhardt, W. "Der statistische Dienst in Deutschlandtv( ~ h estatistical
service in s er man^), pp. 153-192 in: Institut International des Sciences
Administrative, ed. Mono~raphiessur l'orrranisation dc la statistique
administrative dans les differents pays. Paris, 1338; vol. 2.
Article (94) is very useful, because it is the only overall account of official
statistics in Germany at the middle of the 19th century ~ h e nstatistical
investigations uere exclusively in hands of the Single states vrith the exception of the limited activities of the Tariff Uilion.The articles 95-97
chronologically describe the development of statistics in the German Empire
between 1871 and the 1930's. They all are mainly concerned with the centralized
part of German official statistics, giving an account of the history, Organization, activities and publications of the 'Statistical Office of the German
Empire'.
bibliography of all publications of the 'Statistical Office of the German
Zapire' between 1872 and 1942 can be founcl in:
98 Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich (~tatisticalyearbook for
the German Jhpire) 59,1941/42. pp. 19-50.
-
.
In 1911 two volunies were published in honor of the great statistician Georg
von Mayr containing 52 articles by leading experts and referring to all different branches of statistics, official as weil as ~rivate.They may conveniently
be used as starting points for any detailed investigations. In 1940 t~rosucceeding volmes vere published under the s m e title, similary structured
but nols containing 155 articles ~rhichdcscribe the development in the various
Iields since the First Florid War:
93 Salm, F., ef!.
X e S t a t i s t i l : iil T)eutsciilanc?,.nach i h r e n heuti::eii Stande
( ~ l i e~ r e s c n ts t a t e of s k u t i s t i c s i n Gemlany). :iiincllen and C e r l i n ,
J. S c I n ~ c i t z e r , 1911, 2 vols., :LZ.Tl -t 33- T., 1:
1091
+
1C0 E u r ~ d ö r l e r , F., ed. Die S t a t i s t i ! ~i n I!eutsc:ilar,rl nach il1ren I-lcutiye:.~
Stcuide ( ~ h e- r e s e n t s t a t e of c t z t i s t i c s i;i G ~ I Y - : ~ , : : ~ ) . Z e r l i n , I'. S c b ~ i d . t ,
1940. 2 v o l s . , -?T;'mII-1- 679 ;).,
-:- 568
Concer~iingtiic s i n ~ r l cGeiman s t a t e s , t h e Ccveloyment ol" o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s
lias been clocmented v e q r e x t e l l s i ~ e l yf o r P m s s i c , E m a r i a m(! Saxony, much
hess, I-io~~rever,
o r even n o t a t n l l l o r t h c o t h c r s t a t e s . Tor t!io T i r s t t l i r c e
s t a t e s only r\, selectecl l i s t of ~ u 1 ; l i c a t i o n s i s ;.\rcseritec'L here.
I'russia: wheress tlre hook by Eehre Gescribes tIie :!cselo?~iient of F r u s s i a n
s t a t i s t i c s uitil t h e beginning of t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y , iriclurliny I-arious
r e s u l t s of o l d c r s t a t i s t i c a l investi,nc?tiorzs, t?le 7!ooh by nle~ic:,; s w m a r i z e s
t h c ~.roi-!rof tlie s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e ilurilil;. tlze !*til century r e ? c . r r i n ~t o 211
d i i f ereu-t brnn.clies of s t a t i s t i c s and inc1udin:y n corqylete Iiibliograi11?
~ m t i l1905.
101 Gehre, 0. Geschichte d e r S t a t i c t i l i i n ~ ~ r a n d e n 7 ~ u r , ~ - L r e ~bi isss ez~uzr
Griinclm,s d e s IC5nir;;lichen Statis%iicc'i*en3ureszu1; ($:istoioii of s t a t i s t i c s inCranClenbur;?-Treussen u z t i l t h e f o x ~ ~ " ~ i l a tof
i o ntl1.e TLoyal 5 t i - t i s t i c 21 2 ~ r au
e )
'T.
.
l G c > Bhenc!;, 3. !!as I<iinifr,liclleS t a t i s t i s c l i e rfure2.u i n e r s t e n Jallrl-~.mdert
seine.; Gcstehens 1XN5 b i s 1c20Ci
- - ( I h e "oval ~3taii:;%ics.lEurcau i n t h e
f i x t c e n t u r y of i t s e::istcncc i805
i905). E
, Vcrlnv <!es 1 1 ~ 1 .
S t a t i s t i s c l r e n Zkxreauc, 1905. XI1 + 271 -i.
-
PJavaria: t h e f i r s t of tl-ie follo1irin.5 t h r e c ~ u l ~ l i c a t i o nrefcl-s
s
t o t:le o l i l r r
Bavarian s t a t i s t i c s , t h e o t h e r t v o clescrihc tlie ci.evc7,o:)ncnt o:C a f f i c i z l
s t a t i s t i c s i n tlie 1 9 t h ccntury. :'"%cress t 3 2 l a t t e r o i t l ~ et x o .sives
zuck
n o r e d e t a i l c d h i s t o i y and has a l s o a s t 2 t i s t i c z l -:nrt, t h e f o m e r hns tiic
aclvantage of includiil,y a s y s t c m a t i c ~ z i ~ ccoin;.tlete
l
hiT;lioyrii?li:~ u n t i 1 lS3'5.
103 Ilg1. S t a t i s t i s c h e s Lantlcsc?mt, ctl. Gcsci~iclitcd e r i i l t c r c ~l~arcrisc!ie!:
L ; t a t i s t i ? i( ~ ~ i s t o rofv tlic oltlcr ::m¿rria:r s i s t i s t i c s ) . 1lcitri:o.c zur
:;-bntisti!; des 1Cönip;reiclees P,ayc?rn, No. 77. J!~iic!i, Lindaucr, 1 / 1 0 .
\
,
10.5 II.21. S t a t i s t i s c ! l e s Bureau, ecl. Gcschiciite :-uIc??Tli:lricl.itimn:
.
(!er amt1ic:lcn
S t a t i s t i l ; i n I<ünir~reich
Bayern (7Tistox-v ar,d e s t a b l i s : ~ n e n t of tl3e off i c i n l
s t a t i s t i c s i n t h e I(ingc10in of & ~ v n s i a ) . !kmic:„ G, ?rznz, 1895. --I-2 3 3 1,.
105 Kg1. S t a t i s t i s c h e s Lancicsanrit, ed. Gescliiclite d e r iaeueren baverischen
S t a t i s t i l i (11istory of tlze n e w r 3 a v a r i m s t a t i s t i c s ) . 3 e i t r S z e zur
S t a t i s t i k des Irönigreiches Bayern, iTo. 36. I.iunic!i, Licdauer, lc/l'i. VIII
+ !?Y7 :I.
Saxon-y: t!lz f i r s t p u b l i c a t i o n g i v c s a Iaistory oC o f l i c i c l s t a t i s t i c s bcta~!ccn
1 S j 1 =d 1831 a s w c l l as some o I t h e riain r e s u l t r ; of Snaoniari s t a t i s t i c s i i l
t h i s i e r i o d ; t h e second c o n t i n u e s t h e l i i s t o r y anri inchiides a m c h morc
extended s t a t i s t i c a l p a r t .
106 D i r e c t i o n d e s 2 ; t a t i s t i c c h e n Bureaus, ed, D2s ; t n t i s t i s c h e rhircau f 3 r (las
.Lonin;reicl~
Sachsen i n den e r s t e n f i b ~zfi r ; Ja<iren s c i n c s 13cstelzcns ( Thr
S t a t i s t i c a l Bureau of t h e liingc!om of Sasony i n tIlc i i r s t f i f t y v e a r s of i t s
e s i s t e n c e ) . Leipzin;, Dunclrer 8 Kwnl~lot, 1381. 96 7.
TT"
107 i'Tlas I l ö n i ~ l . Sächs. S t z t i s t i s c l i e Gilreau von 1875-1890" ('lllci Yoyal Snxonian
C t a t i s t i c n l Bureau f rom 1875-1390).
schen S t a t i s t i s c h e n Ihircaus, 36, 1390:
-
Z e i t s c l i r i f t r!es
I-iW.
I;.
.;;lchsi-
l i i e r e a r e o n l g a f earr u s e f u l ~qror!ts concerzinp, t h e clevelonnent o f s t a t i s t i c s
i n t h e s m a l l e r G e m a n s t a t e s ; mnonz t h c f o l l o ~ n i r i ~
.ju7.1lications
;
t l ~ eFo. 102.
and 1 1 2 c o n t a i n h i h l i o q - a p h i e s of o f f i c i a l s t o t i c t i c a l ~ u b l i c a t i o n sf o r
Bruiuisc21~reig (185k-1304) 2nd f o r CambWg (1865-1966)
mi
.
108 Zimmernarm, ^.!J.It.
"Die e r s t e n f i k f z i ~J a h r e d e s S t a t i s t i s c h e n k r e a u s
d e s IIerzoz1. 13raunschv~.-Eüneb. S t a a - t s n i a i s t e r i i x ~ s 1Z5'i b i s 1901iii ( ~ l l ef i r s t
f i f t y y e r r r s of t h e S t a t i s t i c a l Piurecu OS t i i e Dtl-cal S t a t e I l i n i s t r y of Drxuns c h ~ v e i , - ; - l ~ ~ ~ e b u r ,Yy?.) , 1-51 i n : R e i t r s n e z u r S t a t i s t i k d e s f'erzo,ytuns X r w n schvrein;, TTo. 1s. B r a u n s c h v ~ e i g , 1/(3!:.
109 Zur
(On
eil.
its
Gescliiclite clcr i l e s s i s c l i e n St a t i s t i l r 1mc1 i h r e r a m t l i c h e n O r g a n i s a t i o n
t h e h i s t o r y of X e s s i a n s t a t i s - i i c s an<: i t s 2 t I r . ~ i r i i s t r a t i v eo r p n i z a t i o n ) ,
11y t 5 e GroGherzogl. I i e s s i s c h e Z e n t r a l s t e l l e I i i r d i e L a n d e s s t n t i s t i l ~czt
5 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y . D a r n s t a d t , Croflherzop;l. S t a a t s v e r l a n , 1911. 69 ?.
110 I;ollnann, P. IiDas s t a t i s t i s c h e
f;ir d a s Groosh~.crzoy;tumO l d e n b u r g i n d e n
e r s t e 2 f i i i f z i g J a h r e n s e i n e s Bestelie:isl' ( Z r e s t a t i s t i c a l b u r e a u of t!le
Gr~nd-'3ucl-i-y of O l d e n b u r s i n t h e Lirst f i f t : , ~y e a r s o l i t s existente).
Ja2irSiici1er für PJ~tionalö!ronomie und S t a t i s t i l c , c . ?,7,7-9l.S';, 1525: 777-757.
-&
~
~~
i l a s e a t i c C i t y of 1 1 m b u r ~ ) . r?,n~??leiiicr,t
t o kl:e !!ece~152~-i?ix~ber1 / 6 6 o f tlie
s e r i e s " I h l b ~ r : : i n Zahlen". 2 1 2 .
I n t h e o l d Germn,n rerzlrx c3.issolT~cclii3-i 1806 onl2.r t!le f r c e i - e r i a l
c i t i e s uni:
s o o e o f t'ile s t a t c s kqe:s s t a . t i s t i c r ? l i n v e s t i z e t i o n s ~ r l l o s er e s i i l t s , !;or,:e~-er,
v e r e u s u a l l y ! _ ; e ~ -st c c r e t . U n t i l t h e c r e a t i o n 04 t'iie tier;ia:l k ? i r e t!:2 d e ~ - e l o p e n t of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s r e r i a i n e d i n liands oP t i l e s i n g l e s t a t c s 2r:?
c v e n a f t e r 1571 t h e i a ; > o r t a n c c o f ' C e n t 1 * ~ ~s1t z t i s t i c s ' i;rc:.r 0i11y s l o ~ , ~ I:?
l~.
t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f Germany t b e p r o y r c s s o l o f Z i c i n 1 s t a t i c t i c s Iias h c c n
u x e q u a l as iac'Licntcr1 h y tlic ycns ol' : f o ~ i i ; a , t i o lo-I'
~ n nt,::tisticnl. o f ? i c c :
I n i s s i a (lXr>) 3 a v a r i n ( ISOC,) :iiirt,i;c?-i1:,~1.1;(131?!)), :!an:~n;rci. (1~43) . ;;i::n:i>( 1 9 5 1 ) , F3ccltlcnl~urg-Scln~rc!rin(13'71), Eacleli (I?(T,T-'),
!'zaunsclti:ci"
(t:7),
O l d e n b u r g ( 1 s c j 5 ) ~:itx:e-Cohurg-l;ot!.~a ( 1 ~ . 5 3 ) ,:'essnii ( I S ~ I ) , T1i;i:-ingic~:i
S t a t e s ( 1 ~ 6 4 ) ,Ilamburr~ ( I E ~ G ) , ~'~n!:clt (1,357) ilrei:zen (1257), I.i;bec!r (1::71),
A l s a c e - L o r r c i n e (18721, Saxe-lc!cininnen ( 1 3 ~ j i .Ti:e 10110-:iar ?~i>lioy-a:?::ic
c l e s c r i - t i o n i s i l e c e s s a r i l v l i n i t e d t o 31ic n o r e i n - ; ; o r t n n t s t a t e s i;Z;icli 1 1 ~ 2 ~ ~
a l o n g e r m d r i c h e r t r a r l i t i o n of o : C f i c i n l s - t a t i s - b i c s .
,
,
,
,
P r ~s si a :
T o r a lony: t i m e follo:liir~r; t h e esta?~lis!.!nictiit o i a s t ü t i s t i c a l o f f i c e i n 1X!?
t 3 e e:rtent oi" :Prusuiczn s t a t i c t i c s rer.iaii-;.cd v e q - l i m i t e t l ( e s s c n t i c ? l l T r t o
u i r e c t c n m l c r a t i o n s ) and t h e r c n u l t s rirere :rot ;iu?.:lishc6 rclyilarl:,.;
t h e in;lix
7 u b l i c a t i o n s v e r e c d i t e t l p r i v a t c l y 7 3 7 ilo:Pz'~~clr~.
2;22 l a t e r : l i c t e r i c i , r l i r c c t o l r of -1;l-i~ o f f i c e ( s e e Ilo. 1C2, ;2j:5. I?Z/Y !lor L?. 5il:liy::r~7rn:ly o f t 7 l e i r ~::or!;s).
2 e : p l a r n u b l i c a t i o l ~ ss t ~ ~ r t e cn L
i t z r tl3e r c v o l u k i o n o:C 1?,53. I l i c t e r i c i
be,zi;an t o q i i b l i s h a s t c i t i s t i c a l j o u r r ~ s l i n 18kZ ~ ~ I c L ~ (er-ic'
$ . Ti 2 s c r i c s 02
~ t a t i s t i c ~s ol u r c e s i n IVjl:
117 1 l i t t e i l u n o ; e n d c s S t a t i s t i s c h e n 3 u r n m s
t i c a l Uffice i n 3erlj.n).
1-12,
i:-i T e r l i n
( ~ o m m u n i c a t i o n so f t k c ' : t i ? t i c -
IUP.-.I" -:s5,,/6~.
n
?I4 T a k e l l c n tmd m t l i c l - i e 2TrzchricIiten -ü:,cr i1.c= p r c i a c s i s c : ~ e r i .:t 2 2 t I"Yr (1-s J;.?:;.
. . . ( T a b l e s ancl o f f i c i a l ncrrs a b o u t t3.2 I k u c s i a n c t a t e i o r t l l e v e ~ r . . ).
I h e teri v o l ~ x ~ ecliff
s e r somewha,t i n c o n t e n t ; tnken t o ~ c t l i ct!-ley
~
contaiii
s t a t i s t i c s r e f e r r i n g t o tlze s t i w c t u r c aoltZ moverncri's. of ~ ! o a u l a t i o n , lifo-stoclr,
ediication, c l ~ u r c h e s , h c a l t h , ac7,rninistratioii an!? - f ~ z c t o r i c s .
A f t e r 1860 r-rtien Z n p l b e c m e d i r e c t o r of tlie s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c ' c , tlie s y s t e n
of p z l ~ l i c a t i o n swas c o n ~ ? l e t e l y reorgclnizec!. 13 1251 ;? ECT'I s t e t i s t i c a l journ a l ancl c neyr s e r i e n of s t a t i s t i c a l sourccc :,Jas a t . z r t e d . , i12 1867 2 s t a t i s tical ll~earbo~~~ll.
115 Z3reussischc S t n t i s t i l r ( o . r ~ t l i c > e s' > u e l l e x ~ r e a( ~ r u s s i a ns t a t i s t i c s .- o f f i c i a l
s o u r c e s ) . 1-305,
1561-1934.
116 Z e i t s c h r i f t des Tiüni,gliclz-Preussischen ' : t a t i s t i s c h e n k r e a u s (Jourrial of tlle
Eoyal I'russian B t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c c ) . 1-71, 1351-1953. Inde:;: 1-52, 1851-I?:?.
117 Jahrbuch f i i r d i e a m t l i c h e S t a t i s t i ! ~des p r e u c s i s c ! ~ e n S t a a t e s ( ~ e a r b o o ! : f o r
f
v o l . ~ ) , 1 ~ 6 7 ;3,
1869; 4 ( 2
VOLS),
2 (contin-106,;i(contlnüin2
1C75; 5, 1C83.
The P r u s s i a n s t a t i s t i c s a r e t h c main s e r i e s c o n t a i n i n g t h e n o r e c:<tcnsi~-c
:;rorlrs of t h c s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e whicll r e f e r übove a l l t o tlic r c s u l t s of t h e
v a r i o u s censuses, t l ~ emovements of p o p l a t i o n , h e z l t h , a g r i c u l t u r e arrr? l i f e s t o c k , i n d u s t r y , t r a d e and t r a n s p o r t , primary cci.ncction an6 u n i \ - e r r i t i e s .
Covering a l l f i e l d s of o f f i c i a l s + n t i s t i c s , t1.e s t n t i s t i c a l j o i i r m l !.iclon:ec:
t o t h e most i m ~ o r t ~ m
ones
t
w i t h mi i n t e r n a t i o n a l 3 e r s ~ e c t i v eh e f o r e E1.e f i r s t
Yorld Yar. Thcrc havc bcen s e v c r a l suy-lenents t o t h e .journal ( ~ ; r , ~ t l n z ~ r r s I i e f t e mir Z e i t s c h r i f t d e s I C o n i ~ ~ l i cP?reussisc?~eri
h
S t a t i s t i s c h e n k r e s u s ) cont a i n i n g s t a t i s t i c s of p u b l i c f i n a n c e , t h e aniTr antl p r i n a r y schools. T1-e t h i r d
k i n d of y u b l i c a t i o n was n o t a llyearFoolcn i;i n c t r i c t e r s e n s e , s i n c e it vas
jublishec? irrcgu1ax-y; t b e c o n t e n t s v e r c s o ~ i e v h a tstandarclized, tlie rios t estens i v e volwries embracing t h r e e p a r t s on j o p u l a t i o n , economy, and s t a t e . :Lfter
1883 t h e ltYearbooksll Tiere followcd l-iy v e r y voluninous " : ; t a t i s t i c a l ITandbool;s"
p i v i n g a broad q u a n t i t a t i v e p i c t u r e o I t h e I r u s s i a n s t a t e nnd i i i c l u d i n q a f e ~
time-seri e s ; only f our volumes of t h i s lic?ndbooli wcre ?i~blishecl, 5o~~:cvt
s, and
i n 1Q07 a s t a t i s t i c a l ycarboolr 11as startec?.
113 S t a t i s t i s c h e s TTanrlbuch fiir den rn-eussischen f i t a n t ( ~ t a t i s t i c a llianfibool: f o r
t h e P u s s i a n s t a t e ) . Vol. 1, 1888; 2 , 1897; 7, 1335; !&, 1?07.
113 : s t a t i s t i s c h e s Jalirbuc:~ f i i r den p r c u s s i s c h e n S t a a t ( ~ t a t i s t i c n lyearl7oolc f o r
the Prussian s t a t e )
.
T i t l e v a r i e s sli;;litl;,r.
1-70,
l(lC>-I?~ri.
Bavaria :
O f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s llave s lontr and r i c l i t r u d i t i o n i n Eavaria. Tbc;: f l o u r i s 5 e d
above a l l unrlcr t h e m i n i s t r y of l l o n t y e l a s (1799-1217) w!io establislierl a s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e i n 1801 and agczin i n 1308 whicl-t siiccecc!ecl i n 130?/10 f o r t h e
f i r s t time i n producing an e m b r a c i n . ~s t n t i s t i c a l r c p o r t c o v e r i n ~tlie 1v11ole
lringdom
A f t e r t h e d i s m i s s a l oi' Plontgelas tl-ie dcvclopment of s t a t i s t i c s
s t a s a t e d u n t i l tlie 13T01s when a v a r i e t y of i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were s t a r t e d .
Ilowever, it was t h e r e v o l u t i o n of 1848 a p i n v h i c h brought t h e d e c i s i r e
t u r n i n g p o i n t . I n 1850 t h e s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e h e c ~ m ca 3 indeyendcnt 2.cenc-y
and began a s e r i e s , s t i l l publis!ied tor12';, c o ~ t n i n i n gtlie n a j o r s t a t i s t i c a l
source s:
.
120 Deitrs;„..:ez u r S t a t i s t i k d e s 1~iixzi)reiclzcs 3ayern; l a t c r : L7,eitrSge ziir ,St 2 t i s t i l ;
Bayerns ( C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o s t a t i s t i c s of tlle Fin,n;i.ori o f ~ n \ * a r i a ) .1-, 1S?0-.
This s e r i e s of ~rhicki139 volun~eshavc hcen ?u$lisl:cc! uxtil tlle secorc! . - o l - l ? .
',.',arc o n t a i n s above 211 tl?e s t a t i s t i c s r e f e r r i n ~t o t b e a t r u c t u r e end EOT-ement of y o n u l a t i o n , a g r i c u l t u r e anc? life-ctocl:,
c r i n i ~ n l i - t y , ~ o l i c eezr!
~ r i s o n s ,l-iealth and s u i c i ( I e s , e d u c n t i s n and puI>lic f inarice.
I n 1869 v:I~en a t C e n t r a l S t a t i s t i c a l . Conmission' was c r e a t e ? , tllc P;:;
cirector
of t h e o f f l c e , G e o r ~.~03 Tlayr, otcnrted n jour~a:
s t a t i s t i c s of 3 a v c r i n :
. .
r ; i x . Tt~
! :-c- vcariorls
.~
12? S t a t i s t i s c l i e r 2~11ril: Siir cl;..s I i ; i a i ~ i * r e i c3? ~2 7 s ( : ; t n t i s t i c o l a!!strect
ILingdon of 3av5---7,
1376-75.
curreilt
Tor tlic
127 S t a t i s t i s c h e s Jc?hrFuc!i ( s - t a t i s t i c e l gear?mol;). 1-, 1$.5!~-.
Sa::on~r :
Y
I n 1831 a q r i v a t e , 5ut o f f i c i c ? l l - y su??orte:? s t 3 , - t i s t i . c n l socic-t-!T .;ras foui:c:ric!
~ r h i c h11ccame c;llr,age< i n a brond s-cctm
o-;" s t r ' t i s t i c c i l in-i.cs.tigctions ( 2 mong o t h e r s : 7 o p u l a t i o r - , erlucation, n r i s o n s , m o r t z l i t y , lieczlth, .::elfore,
- r i c e s e t c . ) an& srhicll :?ublis'iicd. t l ~ ef i r s k Crcr~?.~.:?
s t ? , t i s t i c , z l jourri~,,l:
-
121:. ? . ! i t t h e i l u n z e n d e s . S t a t i s t i s c h e > V e r e i n s fiir C?.;:.
1::::nir:rcicl-i 5:chsr-n
(horx~~r~ic c t i o n s of t;:~S t s t i s t i c a l *;oci?-@, 2or t ? l e IT.i:>,-::'-on o z j~:;oq,7). 1-1:; 9 ?$>Z-Tg;
.
P
.
tis t h e a c t i v i - t i e s of t h i s s o c i c t y c1iniuis!icC: i n t l r e I%';O1 u , r:? o f f i c i z l strit i s t i c 8 , l o f f i c e was estinblishecl i n 1850, 'Inqcl l?ecominp i t s d i r c c t o i . . Iri 13.51
he s t a r t e 2 a s e r i e s o f " S t a t i s t i c a l C o ~ ~ . ~ i m i c ~ ,( tci oo ~~ ~s t~a~t n iabov?
n~
ell
t k e c e z s u s r e s u l t s ) ::hicl~ was i"o?loi~c<! i;i I?,??
,gninec? h i , @ r e p u t at i'o n :
a s t n - t i s t i c a l j o u r c ~ l:.:!liciI:
125 S t a t i s t i s c l - e 1.li-b-theilin-er: a.us>cr~ 7 ' 2 ~ n i ~ p ' e e (i3 t~a t&
i s t~i c ~g ! ~
. conmiic a t i o n s of tllc 1:in~dorn of 1?a:;o2~7. I-i, ? Z ~ I - ~ ~ ~ ; . .
126 Z e i t s c l i r i f t ilec :;äc!~sischcn Sta,tic:tisc?i.eri CU.I-C?,IIS ( c ~ ~ ~ i r : 0:;
l n lt l i c i;cr;oii .:inn1 t i s t i c c t l ~ f i i r c m ) . - i t l e v a r i c s slli:l-:t4.y. 2-17, ~.i;"j:'-lr)r:l//!~!?.
.
,
.,
,'lngel a l s o t r i c c i t o .?ii!~lisfiG yenrl:oo!i, 71ut sc;ncccc~l.~c?.
o n l ; ~t o -:roduc? on?
v o l m e . Tlle r e f ; u l a r ~ u f ? l i c a t i o r oT
i 2:; c?nim21 IlnJ to : m i t izi~til1771:
,...
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127 Ilalencler w1c1 s t a t i s t i s c i ~ c sJ d l--r-.-~b u c l i -L.iir ."<---.s,I.:
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$ Z ~ I - ~ ? G [ Ll. i t l c v a r i e s . li373-Z?C.I.c ior,.ci:::i 1s 4;::o ;.z.rts 7::iSIl sc:,zra¿z t i t l e 7 a . y ~ ::;nlen&,
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o r l l i ~ ~ t n t i c t i c n!?ormil
n i c a t i o n s " v e r e 7 ~ u b l i s h c t li n b e a r ) : TTamover ( 1 C 3 G ; ner(-:e(l. i n t o I'riissin
f3 I C ~ G ) , Olden5urg (1857)~ Bo.C!.cn ( 1 ~ 5 8 ) , Fraid.ilirrt-on-tlie-:~laln (1056; n c r z c d
i n t o P n i s s i a i n 1266) :ilecililcnbi~rc-Scl.cfcrili (2.2,8), Zrcnicn ( 1 ~ ; > 2 ) TTCS
,
SC
( I ) , rarnbur,z (18-s7j, Xremen ( I ) , 3 r L ~ n s i i i c i(i 1 ) .Y n o r c o r l e s s r c q l a r statis-Lied yearboolc Lias beeil -u3lisheC i n (yexk Li'bccl; (l~.!,!:),
nrc~!n~-.
867 3ac;en ( li368), F!ecl:lenhurp;-Sc?3~ieri!z. (1?.72), 1:nnBi~m~(1271) Yesse
[:so,].
,
,
P r i o r t o t h e a ~ i f i c a t i o nof Gernany common s t a t i s t i c s of t h e Gernan s t a t e s
e x i s t e d only t o a l i m i t e d e x t e n t f o r t h e p r y o s e s of t1-ie1!T8riff Uriion' :dlich
::ras e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1833. It made u n i f o m enumerations of p o p u l a i i o n n e c e s s a r y
n s t h e income from t h e t a r i f f s and t h e coimon im2osts ras t o be d i s t r i b u t e d
mong t h e s e - a r a t e s t a t e s a c c o r d i n z t o t h e s i z e of t h e i r ?o-ulation. Slieref o r e , f r o n 1834 t o 1367 t r i e m i a l enumerations of -nonulation were nade. Tlie
T n r i f f Union even toolr t h e i n i t i a t i v e f o r t!ie f i r s t o v e r - a l l e n u n e r c t i o n s of
t h e working p o p u l a t i o n and inclustry, i n 181.5 2nd 1861.
Besides t h e T a r i f f Union only y r i v a t e i r i i t i a t i v c s !~avc had some i o ~ o r t a n c c ,
above a l l t h e 'Verein fiir deutsclic S t a t i s t i l r l , lounded i n 1846 132- V. 7eden
~ r h oa l s o p u b l i s h e d i t s i n ~ r e s s i v es t a t i s t i c a l j o u r n a l ; a l t h o u z h tr:.o 1-olzines
have only appeared, t h e y give a r a t h e r com>3rehensive p i c t u r e of Gemaq- a t
t h a t time, c o q r i s i n g n o r t h a n 1000 -ages:
129 Z e i t s c h r i f t d e s Vereins f ü r deutsche S ta t i s t i l r (Jouriial o i t2ie S o c i e t y f o r
German s t a t i s t i c s ) 1-2, 1847-43.
.
The r e v o l u t i o n of 1848 f u r t h e r s t i m u l a t e d t h e a l r e a d y e x i s t i n z e f f o r t s t o
e s t a b l i s h r e g u l a r s h t i s t i c s f o r t h e whole German realmg tlicse e f f o r t s , 1101jre v e r , had t h e Same f a t c a s t h e r e v o l u t i o n . L a t e r a t t e m y t s , a t tlie I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a t i s t i c a l Congresscs i n 1857 and 1G63, t o agree on comon ~ r i n c i n l e s
a l s o were n o t v e r y s u c c e s s f u l .
The t u r n i n , ? y o i n t came w i t h t h e foundation of t h e Gernan I - q i r e . Iri 1872
t h e ' I m p e r i a l S t a t i s t i c a l Off i c c was c r e a t e d . Fron t h i s t i r i e oni.:ards t h e vorlr
of t h e s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e s h a s been divicled i n t o t h r e e p a r t s :
- 7
( a ) C e n t r a l s t a t i s t i c s = s t a t i s t i c s c o l l e c t e d solel.; and d i r e c t l y by t h e off i c i a l s of t h e Empire (above u11: f o r e i p c o m e r c e , t n r i f f s , i n d i r e c t t a x e s ,
e l e c t i o n t o t h e Zeichstag, criminal s t a t i s t i c s , h e a l t b insurance);
(13)
F e d e r a l s t a t i s t i c s = s t a t i s t i c s c o l l e c t e d hy t h e s e y a r a t e s t a t c s , b u t
a c c o r d i n z t o uniform p r i n c i p l e s and comyiled by t h e i m p e r i a l o f f i c e f o r t h e
whole Rnpire (above a l l : s t a t i s t i c s of ; ~ o . ~ u l a t i oii:ll tlie -.,:idest seise, censuse s of occu;~ati.oili n 1382, 1895 and 19C7, ini?iistr,r r"LiG~ " ic~u rl til i r e ) ;
( C ) Special s t a t i s t i c s = c t a t i s t i c s collcctctl T
:! t?ic iiiclivid~izl s t n t c s o n
t l i e i r oaiin i n i t i a t i v e an(? ~afitlioutr c f crcnce t o tlic 'Im;'irc (ribovc n l l : 1,oor
r e l i e f , medicul s e r v i c e , ediication, ~ r i s o n s , y ' i , l i c i'innrices)
.
S h o r t l y a f t e r i t s f oimclation t h e 'Iniyerial S t ~ ~ t i s t i c n
Ofl i i c e
l i s h i t s main s e r i e s :
bc5an t o :mb-
130 S t a t i s t i k des Deutschen Reiches ( f , t a % i s t i c a o f t l ? z Gernan ?;i.i?irc).
1873-1882; ns. 1-53&, 1884-13h1.
147,
Zach number of t h i s s e r i e s i c d e d i c a t e d t o a s y c c i a l t q i c . T!e:
n o s t in!?ort a t t o p i c s covered amiually a r e : movements of ~-jo:;ulc:tion, t a n a t i o n , c r i r i n a l i t y , h e a l t l i and i i e a l t h insurance, and f o r e i p t r a d e . Tlie n o s t i m ~ o r t a n t
t o l i c s covered y e r i o d i c a l l y a r e : censuses of nopulatio:~, o c c n p t i o n , an<
i n d u s t r y , and t h e e l e c t i o n s t o t h e Zeichsta.2.
T l ~ ep l ~ l i c a t i o i iof a s k a t i s t i c a l yearboo1.r llrc?,t o w a i t u n t i l 1300, b u t i-t
soon bec'me t5.e nrk.r:?-pal g e n e r a l source of C+cman s t ~ ~ t i o t i c sc ,o n t a i n i n i ~
t h e most i m ~ o r t a n tf i p ~ l i r e ci n a l l branches of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s :
151 S t a t i s t i s c h e s Jahrbuch f ü r das 3 e u t s c h e % i c h ( ~ t r " ~ t i s t i c yenrboo!;
u1
i o r tiic
German 114,ire).
1-59,
1280-1942.
I
Por s p e c i f i c p b l i c a t i o n s of a l a r g e r s i z e t % e r e i s a s ~ e c i a ls c r i e s cocceived t o su;splenent t h e " S t a t i s t i l r des Dcutsci~cn2eic!iesn :
132 E i n z e l s c h r i f t e n z u r S t a t i s t i l i des Ileutsclieil :Eeicl?es ( ~ ~ e c i p~i!>licatioils
nl
on s t e t i s t i c s of t l ~ eGerman X m ~ i r e ) . 1-47, 1(75?7-l?!rto.
The p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h i s s e r i e s focus ori !>ublic a d m i r , i s t r a t i o a an(! n u b l i c
f i n a n c e , u s u z l l y includin.2 c o n i ~ ~ a r a t i vset a t i s t i c s of tl:c ma j o r .;o;.rers.
!
T,e;,mlarb com->ilerIi , t a t i s - b i c s n o t i-?cia::c? 21: on3
u s u a l l y ~u'.~'Lic'le(!i n :
0;
t'ic riajor s c r i c s
133 Vierte1ja';ircsl-icftc:
zur I f t a t i s t i l i dcn T!eutscI:c:; T,cic5es ( > i c r t c r l ) - m , l i c a t i o n s
.---.--..-.-,--
. 1-5 s , l:>3L-li\!:?.
-,-.
P
on s t r t i s t i c s of t l ~ cftcrman
---.--.,--
Currcnt Gcta, b u t d s o s?ecic!. nnzl:,-oes 0.1 a :iidLe T T C . ~ ~ C $ - ef SI:?:~CC¿S2s v e l l
a s m e t l i o $ o l o ~ i c z l z o t c s ; s':;onc'.c4nheila:rez1" ( s t ~ ~ ~ ~ l \ ? n e n t sfft:oriderhef
)
Leu
( s p e c i a l e d i t i o n s ) w i t h lon,ger 2 . c c 3 m . t ~02 s ? ~ ) c i ? i ci,c;::ues acilr, f r m t i n c
t o time.
. I l t h o u ~ ; htl-ze fe:l.eral s t , c . V i s t i c s c o n s t i - h t a l t l x r1.r.j17r?r:rt oll t!:c vorlr o f
t 5 e 1 I x j ? e r i a l :::terkistical C:i'ficel, t h c i:.cortc.ncc o < t i : ~
centr.21 u t n t i s t i c s
r-rew,
es-ecially
as
r
e
s
u
l
i
o
f
t;lc
wocial
l
c
.
~
i
s
l
n
t
i
o
:
~
ii;
;
1?0'? 3 s q c c i a l ( T i ::>
v i s i o n Tor l a h o u r s i a t i s t i c s :ras cresker?. Tl;c f i r s t :orlci ',-ny diii 1:ot ess i n t i a l l y change tlie ar,g-anizztion 3 ~ ~i adl c t i o n of iTlc c 2 c t r a l o f f i c e 2nd i t s
d i f f e r e i z t ~ u b l i c c ? t i o n . ;T.:ere co:itizuecl. It ::ras l r f t t o ti.c i:;'.~is t o C C : ~ ~ I - R ~ i z e s t a t i s t i c s furtliek- 127 n e r y i n g t h e c c i ~ t r a loi"fice ~.it!: t h e s t z t i s t i c a l off i c i o l Pn1s:;ia i n 1334; s t a t i s t i c a l ~1or1:s of a z : o l i t i c a l n a t x r e , ho~;ever,
were mostly r c s c r v e d t o a g e n c i e s of t h e ;Tetionc?l l j o c i a l i s t P a r t y .
ConcerEiri,-; p r i v a t e a c t i v i t i e s , t h e ~ a t s t n n t ' ~ i i i , sr :o e i e t y t o be nentioned i s t h e
'I)eutsc!le S t a t i s t i s c ' i i e G e s e l l s c h r ; f t 1 f o m d e d i;i 1i:jlI. Tts o f f i c i a l or,32n bec m e a j o u r n a l whicli !~aii a l r e c d y been . ~ u % l i s h e cr-iilcc
l
lFm9Cby G. von hlayr:
15-5 Allgemeines S t a t i s t i s c ? i e o :lrc!liv ( ~ e n e r a ls t a t ; i s t i c c ? l a r e h i v e )
.
1-, 1890-.
I t beloogs t o t h e few s t a t i s t i c a l j o u m a l s T,:?I~c?Ia r e s t i l l i:.lainly conccri~cd
w i t h o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s . More d e t a i l e d ~ ~ via rdi e d i n f o m a t i o n n q be found
i n a n o t h e r j o u r n a l e d i t e d by 3, : $ u r z b u r , ~ e r :
176 3eutsclies 5 t a t i s t i s c h e s Z e n t r a l B l a t t ( ~ e n t r n ljoiirninl of Gemian s t a t i s t i c s ) .
1-7 1, 1909- 1939
0
A f t e r t h e Second ?,/orlcl :!ar t h e a i l n i n i s t r a t i o n of t l ~ crhnerican occu1iation zonc
n u b l i s h e d a handbook w i t h s t a t i s t i c a l t i m - s e r i e s f o r a s h o r t e r 1)eriod:
177 : 3 t a t i s t i s c h e s Ilandbuch von Deutsc!lland 192G-1944
- ( : ? t a t i s t i c a l handboo!r of
Gemany 1325-1'44),
ed. by t h e LBnderrat des ~ m ~ e r i k a n i s c h el3esatzungs;en
b i e t s . Ilikchen, ' h r e n ~ ~ i r t h , 1949.
h e r 200 t a b l e s g i v e e x t e n s i v e i n f o r n a t i o n r e f e r r i n , ? t o a l l f i e l d s of o f f i c i n l
s t a t i s t i c s , l e a v i n g only t h e f i e l d of laboiir s t a t i s t i c s s o m c ~ ~ h antc g l e c t e d .
Most of tlie t a b l e s r e f e r t o t h e above time-~,eriocl Buk some r e s c h f u r t h e r
back, a f e ~ reven t o t h e l a s t century.
,The t l i r e e IJestern o c c u p a t i o n zones soon e s t a b l i s h e d a comnon s t a t i s t i c a l off i c e which iii 1350 becan~et h e ' S t a t i s t i s c h e s Rmdescmrk1 ( ~ e d e r a ?S t a t i s t i c a l
~ f f i c e ) . T h i s o i f i c e i n 1952 s t a r t e 5 a s t a t i s t i c a l yearbook sunmarizing a l l
f i e l c l s of of f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s i n t h e Gernan Pc?icrnl !'epublic:
178 S t a t i s t i s c i z e s Jahrbuch für d i e Tmc!esrepuf~lik 3eul;schlnnd
(~tatisticay
l earP
-.
book f o r t h e German F e d e r a l E e y u b l i c ) . 1-, l?:j!?-.
3 r e n e a r l i e r , t ~ r ogeneral s e r i e s iiz tlie trciclition of tlle ' S t a t i s t i k 3es
g e u t s c h e n Zeiclies ' bc ?an t o appear :
.
133 S t a t i s t i s c h e E e r i c h t e ( C ; - t a t i s t i c a l r e p o r t s ) , i ? r b e i t ~ l ~ w ~ l . ~I-VIII.
crri
io-~-i';\G~.
--
140 Y t a t i s t i l r d e r j3undesrepublilr D e u t s c l ~ l a n d( 3 t a t i s t i c s of t h e P e d e r a l 3 e ~ u b l i c
of erm man^). 1-266, 1950-1361.
The Iirst s e r i e s c o n s i s t s of eiglit s y c c i n l s u b c e r i c s , cac!i siibdivided agnin
uccording t o more s p e c i f i c t o p i c s 11liic5
:,eri36ic~,11;. covcrie6. The second s e r i e s c o n t a i n s s t z i t i s t i c s on a g r e a t v a ~ i e t yof s u b j e c t s ; m o n g t h e most
i n p o r t a n t p e r i o d i c a l l y covered fie1d.s a r e p o j u l a t i o n rnovenents, m i , ~ r a t i o n s ,
g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n s , p u h l i c f innncc, c r i r n i n a l i t i y s ~ l?.ealtl.r
i ~
servicec.
I n 1362 bot11 s e s i e s were supercccled. 1-iy:
I!~IFacliserie A-TI ( ~ ~ e c i saclr i e s ) . 19%.
The l e t t e r s d e s i g n a t c t h e 13 priilci:>al a ~ i b s e r i e i ; , eec!? siib(lividc<l s ~ z i t i n
so-called lTteihenll which r e p r e s e n t C i f f e r e n l t o - i c s and a r e n e r i o f i i c e l k.- cove r e d i n an nulill~er of t'IIeftell.
F i n a l l y , t h e o l d l1'?1irtschaft und S t a t i s t i l r " h a s b e c x p i l ~ l , i s h e i laüex:
142 l i i r t s c h a f t und S t a t i s t i l i : ( ~ c o n o
and
~ ~s t a t i s t i c s ) . ns. 1-, 1$!1?-.
Like i t s p r e d e c e s s o r it c o n t a i n s s p e c i a l s t u d i e s on a v a r i e t y of s u l ~ j e c t s ,
inclucling a n a l y s e s of r e c e n t census r e s u l t s . Currcnt s e r i e s oP v i t z - l , soc i a l nnd economic s t a t i s t i c s .
T ~ ~ EpSu h l i s h e d by t h c I S t a t i s t i s c l i e s
descmt' i n 1972, c o m e n o r a t i n g t h e c c n t e n a q of t h e c e n t r a l s t z i i s t i c a l office:
-1 c o l l e c t i o n of l o n g e r t i m e - s e r i e s
147 Bevö lkerunr: und I f i r t s c h a f t 1872-1972 ( ~ o q u l a t i o i lan6 e c o n o q 1372-1?;2)
S t u t t e a r t und PIaina, K o h l h m e r , I$%-.
275 1,.
.
Besides a s h o r t account of t b e devclo?neiit of tlic v a r i o u s b r a c h e s of u f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s it g i v e s some 150 t a b l c s covcring t h e e n t i r e f i e l d o i
o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s . Rot a l l of t h e t a b l c s r e f e r t o t h c hole t i n e - ~ e r i o c ,
however
2.7 I r e l a n d ( ~ e - u b l i c )
Por t h e h i s t o r y of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s i n I r c l a n t l u n t i l tlie T i r s t ';orli- n r
c f . t h e United Kin~dom. 11 descri1,tion of l n t c r dcvelo?rnients r n c hc founf'. ir?:
lrn4 Lyon, S. " S t a t i s t i c s i n tlie I r i s l i LFree :;tatell,
TI?.
U77-?5?in:
Institut
P r i o r t o t h e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y s t a t i s t i c s r c l a t i n g t o 1relan.d m r e r a t h e r
ilispersed anit r c s t r i c t e d , w i t h t h e n o t a h l e exce>tiori of p o ? u l a t i o n an:', a , ~ r i c u l t u r a l s t a t i s t i c s . The f i r s t s p e c i a l s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e s have been c r e a t e d
i n 1?00 i n t h e new Uepartment of i l g r i c u l t u r e m d Tec:illical Zducation, and i n
1319 i n t h e I r i s h Department O B t h e i 4 i n i c t ~ yo f Lnboiir i n London. ii3en t!le
I r i s h F r e e S k a t e was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1922 tliese two o f f i c e s T J ~ - em z r ~ e d2nd
i n 1326 becacie t h e ' s t a t i s t i c s ? ~ r n n c hof tlie Departrnent of I ~ i d u s t y2nd COP
merce, ~ r a c t i c a l l yf u l f i l l i n g a l l t h e e s s e n t i a l f u n c t i o n s of a C e n t r a i
Eureau of S t a t i s t i c s . Since Lhis time o f f i c i n l s t c ? , t i s t i c s a r e alrliost CCEp l e t e l y c e n t r a l i z e d i n I r e l a n d . The Dennrtment of I n d u s t r y and Comercc i s
a l s o r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o u b l i c a t i o n of a s t r ? t i s t i c c l yearbook:
145 $ ! u a l a b s t r a c t of t h e I r i s h Frce S t a t e . 1-, i971-.
I n a d d i t i o n t h i s d e p a r t n e n t e d i t s n journal c o n t a i n i n ~u consiCercble
anount oP v a s i o u s a t a t i s t i c a l infolmation.:
I r i s h t r c d e joxarnal 2nd s t a t i s t i c a l b u l l c t i n ( ~ a t e r :I r i s k s t c t i s t i c a l
b u l l e t i n ) . 10, 1926-.
1':- G i n i , C , !'Or:!in.irin;ento centrczlc tjei s r ; r ~ , - i z i :1214a s V z 7 ; i s t i c a i n I t a l i z f t
( f h e e e n t r a l orcler of c t z t i s t i c u l sci-i,~ices i::;.~ t > $ r ) , ?-. 53-25 in:
I n s t i t u t I n t c s n s t f o i ~ a l<!es S c i c n c e s "tU~iinis-Li-?.ti~~r~s,
C<..
i.io:-!oirn?ihics s x r
1 o r ! y a n i s a t i o n tte 1a s t n t i s t i yP-.-.,.~ i eczG3i.n.i~-trati-,-2:lcris l c s - , n i s d i f f 6rc.11
t.5.
P a r i s , 19-3; v o l . 1.
3'
3 e s i C e s a s h o r t I-i.istsr-j-, t h e f i r c t : r t i c l o t l e s c i i 3 e s tl!e o r ; : ~ ~ ~ i i z n t i oai-ii!
ii
s t a t i s t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s at tlfiat ti!-.~,
i n c lucllinn r, !:i:!lio?rc?liii;v o i t!ic\ ?:inin off i c i a l ~ : u $ l i c a t i o i n c . Thic seconi.i:, a r t i c l e r e - k ~ ü r-tl?o
. ~ evolutior: s i ~ i c c??,'I 2;:C
c;ives a c l e s c r i n t i o n o i tEie o r ~ , z + n i z e t i o nailri a c t i - \ : i t i e s i n ti;e I?'?;:!
%. Tlie
f i r s t 1,iblio.p-aphy of I t a l i a n s t a t i s t i c s , i n c l u d ~ i r i c-::i~?;licc?tions s i i ~ c et l z e
1UT0 s, ?las l~ectii:
150 Clui clocur~e^,tis t a t i s t i c i d e s Z e n s i ; . ' l t u l i a . C r s t ~ i1:i'r;lio.r:rnfici ; ; r e s e n t n t i
a l V1 Con,gresso Tritemctzionale d i : I t a t i s t i c r i d.2. 3,xiizi 30r:io
tlrr statist i c a l d o c m ~ c n t so f t h e I.<in,qdorn of I t ? P y . '>,ibli~.;r?~?liicii!. r ? ~ u i o t r i t i n n s~ r e s e ~ i t e d t o t h e 6 t h I n t e r i i a t i o n a l S t s t i s t i c z l !:o~i~::rccs1;:- I . i ~ i r ; i~ o d i o ) . 1310re:ice9
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i n tiic uarioiis l ~ r z ~ i c l ~ e s ,
L a t e r 1 1 i b l i o ~ r q : i i e s lravc a l l ?,cen ::ublisllctl i i t~ l : ~
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151 S a g h i o d i b i b l i o g r a f i a s t a t i s t i c a I - t a l i a n a ( ~ i r o l i r i i i : _ l n rly. ) i l ~ l i o ~ ~ r n :of~ l ; y
l t a l i a n s t a t i s t i c s ) . i \ n n a l i d i s t a t i s t i c n , s. I:, v o l . I t , 1EiF'>'7, XI11 .t 11~313.;
2nd e n l a r g e d ed.,
1285; 3 r d enlcirged eri.,
i.SS? alzi! 1:7(3C„
1 5 2 3 l e n c o b e l l e g u b l i c a z i o n i f a t t e d z l 1351 al 1394 . ( ¿ i s t o f y u l ? l i c a t i o n s bctween
186i Gd I
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798 2.
B e s i d e s v a r i o u s inr!exes of tlie h n a l i d i s t a t i s t i c a , t k e l a s t t v o v o l m e s
a l s o c o n t a i r r a b i h l i o z r q h y o£ r z l l ~ L ~ b l i c a t i o o: f~ st h e c e n t r a l s t a t i s t i c a l
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Most u s e f u l , f i n a l l y , i s a n e w r volume rrhieh :;ives a del;zileri a c c o u n t o f t h e
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i'i:-!ayt f r o a a s h o r t l i v e c l s t a t i s t i c ; i l o f f i c e i:l t I i ~t i n ~of tlie I t c l i a i ;'Lc;>iihl i c , t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l i r i a t i o n oP u t n t i s t i c s Gid n o t stilrt ?;efon.e t h e '183S1s
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155 I n f o m a z i o n i s t a t i s t i c h e r a c c o l t e rlctlla Corrlissioac .x.r.eriore
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Comics i o n f o r t h e S a r d i n i a n Strztes on ti=e ~ l a i n l a n < l ) .1 4 , lZ'5j-lS53.
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v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s 11et1-rcen IYl3 szad 13'5.3.
I n Tuscany v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s llave hcen -u'~lislic~.ls i n c r P313 hy 2 s - j e c i a l o f f i c c 9
and i n I 8 4 9 a s t a t i s t i c a l burezia TICS c r e a t e d :iliic? e+.ite< t!ie:
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156 Pticherche s t a t i s t i c l z e s u l G r a n d d u c ~ t od i Tosct.nn ( ' ; t st i s t i c n l i:lr-es-cl-atior:s
a b o u t t h e Grandduchy of Tuscariy). 1-5, 184,%125 5.
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v i s o n s and t h e amy.
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f o r S i c i l y i n 1GS2 and tlze seconit i n N a 9 l . e ~i n 1V7!1-. Tlle ciain ?uhlicc?.tiori o I
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157 G i o r n a l e d i s t a t i s t i c a ( ~ o u r n a lof s t a t i s t i c s ) . 1-21, 1856-1251.
158 2 m i a l i c i v i l i d e l R e , v o d e l l e 3ue S i c i l i c ? ( ~ i v i illmaLs
l
of t 5 e Iliiiy20r of
!bo S i c i l i e s ) . 1836-1851.
F o r Pamia, l4odena 2nd t h e P q a l S t a t e s s t a t i s . t i c s havr. 1)ee:i ;-iiiblis!?,ctl b:.
p r i v a t e p e r s o n s mainly. S t a t i s t i c a l i n f o n i a t i o n c o n c e r i i i n ~Lo::ibarcl;; i , r i o r t o
1859 and V e n e t i a p r i o r t o 1865 i s u s i r a l l y z i r e i i i n t h e res-ectix-e ;'Alzstriari
s o u r c e s . Tor Lonbarcly t h r e c volumes of a s t a t i s t i c n : ! . ;.renrbool; haeVe becn editec'
betaieen 1859 and. 1861.
i? c o m ~ i l a t i o ~of
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159 Censimcnto declli nntickii S t a t i Snrtii
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s.4, v o l . 1-48, 1868-1871 ( t i t l c
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and com.iunicatio-i, comlerce, p r i c c s , l a b o u r f o r c e , s t r i ! ~ e s , c o r ? s i ~ ~ i ; ? t i o9n u, b l i c a h l i n i s t r a t i o n anci n a t i o n a l a c c o u n t s ) It h2c so?i.ic C~isaclva~itc"l;:es,ho~:rcvcr, s i n c e
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.
164 I l l s t i t u t o C e n t r a l e d i S t a t i s t i c e , eC.
d e l l l I t a l i a 1861-1965 ('~mmlaryOE
Xome, 1903. L23 + 147 ?.
lr?l
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r e c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n y t h e f o l l o r r i n - t 3 r e e soilrccs:
155 Beau j 011,
19-.
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~ ) a r i S ,etl. Le i?5e a n i ~ i v e r s a i r vd e l ü J o c i ' c t 5 c7e ; - X a t i s k i a u e de Tlzris, 1360-ISS,
P ~ rs i and Icancy, Rerger-Levraul-t , 1 3 Z .
156 Y e r r i j n :3tuart, C .L. "She l ~ i s t o r yznc? G e v e l o ~ i ~ e noti s t a t i s t i c s
1dniisfr, PP. 439-44h
I~Iacmi1l a n , 191s.
i n : Koren, J., ccl.
i r i tlle I:ct!ierIlie 1;istox-y o:B s t n t i s t i c s . YcT;. Yorl;,
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t l ~ el a s t t:io a r t i c l e s , t b e thirc!. oilc a l s o :;irin:; i ~ ~ f o r i x a t i oon
n the ststistics
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ns t h e b a s i s 2 o r cletemini:lg t?x c o m ~ ~ o s i t i oof~ ia z c n e r l pol?ular renresc:ltat i o n i n t h e 3atavian n e p u b l i c . 111 13E15.a s t e t i s t i c ü l h r e a u :ras e s t a U l i s h c d
rdiich ?ras i n ,,char,ye of tIic i2irs-k r z ; ~ l a ; - c e n s u s o T 1809 anc! y u b l i s b e d a t h r e e iColcl c o l l e c t i o n oP t a h l e s , : s s n icsiil-L o f 9 - t ~Lc?,Fc:ii'. -'ift,er t!ie Iiel\l;ian r c v o l u t i o n of 1330 t h i s b u r e a u c e a s e d t o e::ist arid ~ ~ tf842
i l tlie I:'ctlierlailds dicl
n o t ~ ; o s s e s sany s t a t i s t i c a l scrvicri. Xhis :jcriod :ras some~rI.iatbriZgei! by t!ie
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from 1871 t o lj3j;9 11g t!le s - t a t i s J ü i c i a z Lgb~?~t'¿o:,
'7
168 J a a r b o e k , j e o v e r
... u i t m r ; e v e n
e d i t e d by o r d e r o f 11.11.
o? l a s t v a n Z .)I. Ccri Koniil;
t h e E n g ) . 1-27, l%-jj.-!LQ.
(ie-nrbooli f o r
...
Y i t h t h e e s t n b l i s h m e n t of a nepr s t a t i s t i c a l b u r e z u i n 18k8 it vas t r a n s f o r m c d
i n t o a s t a t i s t i c a l am-ual c o n t a i n i n g morc~.j~d.ua!iles t z i t i s t i c s t h 2 3 i t s yrcdecessor:
169 S t c z t i s t i s c h J a a r h o e l r v o o r l~e'; I:onin,yri;jli d e r TTederlsc3,en ( ~ e a r ? ~ o o !f-o r
I':ingdom o f tfie ~ e t h e r 1 a n d . s ) . 1-15, 1051-63.
C>,
Lc.
. \ l t h o u g h t b e s t a t i s t i c a l 3 u r e a u i n t h e m i n i s t r y o f t h e i n t e r i o r hed n o ;encys.2
c o q ~ e t e n c e , it ~rorlcedas a k i n d o i c e : ~ - t r a lb u r e ~ uof s t z t i s t i c u , s i n c r it erlii t e d tlie s t a t i s t i c a l yearbook c o n t a i n i u g e s s e n t i a l l y a l l o l f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s .
'i.2lcn t h e yearboola was d i s c o n t i n u e c i , I?o:rever, t i , e 4 u r c a u r;as r c s t r n i n e d t o t l i e
? u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e p o r u l a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s snd t l i e s t n t i s t i c s o f t h e n i r ; i s t q T of
t h e i n t e r i o r undcr tlie g e n c r a l t i t l e :
170 S t a t i s t i s c h e E e s c h e i i i e n vm lzet i < o n i n z r i , j l r & e r ITecIerlanden ( ~ t a t i s t i c a ldociin e n t s o f t h e Icingdom o f t h e ~ ~ e t h e r l a z d s )1-10, 18.55-74
.
.
T h e s e voluriies contcain s t a t i c t i c n r e l a t i n g t o t l i e ; _ ? o ~ u l i. o~ nt t novenients, t h c r e c m i t m e n t oP t h e m i l i t i a , m o r t a l i t y m d , t h e f i n n n c c s o f t h c ~ r o v i z c e snn< con-es.
L a t e r t h e t i t l e :Jas chanpc!. i n t o :
171 T3i;jdragen t o t d e a l ~ e m e e n es t a t i s t i e ! ; v a n ITcclerinnd ( 7 o c i ~ 1 c n t sof r p e z ? r u l
t i s t i c s i n t l ~ eliTetlier1anc.i~). P-:j,
1V16-78.
,
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I n c o r r e s p o n d c n c c v r i t h tlze dccrcasin,: i~l-,cortaniceo f t?.e s t a t i s t i c a l bureau a
p r i v a t e s t a t i s t i c a l s o c i c t y was ; ; o i n i n ~ i n l l u e n c c i n ' o f f i c i a l ' s t a t i s t i c s .
;'Llreacly i n 18b9 ~41eliI ! o b a t t o l s year3ool.c c c c s e d t o aT;pear, a sn2ll c i r c l e o f
s t a t i s t i c i n n s was f o u n d e d , f o r m a l l y o r y a n i z e i ! i n 1355 as t V e r c 2 ~ l i i i r ? _ :vocJr S t n t i s t i e k i n I?ederl¿uiclt ( ~ n i o n f o rS t a t i s t i c s i n tlie ~ ~ c i l , . e r l n n d s )l. i ~ eI:aion f i r s t
i s s u e d an amual b o o l i l e t y u r p o r t i n i ; t o b c 2 :,rriocy.icrrl c o l l c c t i o n oC s t u t i s t i c ~ . l
treatiaes:
172 S t a a t l r u n d i q eea staats!:uishoudIruri-diz
J ~ c ? a r > o c ? c u, ji~t " y e v c n
c100r C!( 'v'ereeni.;in<:
v o o r d e S t a t i s t i e l : i n i l c d e r l a n r l ( l > o l i t i c a l 2nd c c o ~ o n i cy e n r l ~ o o l iedit,e:! 3y t h e
Union f o r S t a t i s t i c s i n ttae ~ c t h e r l a n r : ~ ) .1-'56, 184?-fi!i; Intlcx: 1343-C':.
I
Tlle boolclet c o v c r s , niorc o r l c s s r c ~ ~ i l . a r ' l jqr:~cticc211y
~,
all. f i c l ( l s of s - t n t i s t i c ~ ;
a n d somctimes a l s o c o n t a i n s t i m e - s c r i c s .
L a t e r t h e Union ~ i n d e r t o o l ;t l l e p i i ? ~ l i c a - t i o no f b r o a d l y tlevisetl ;cncr,?l s t a t i s t i c c
:
o I t h e I?et:cierlands. n.10 volumes v e r z -ul~lis'Lieci i l e a l i n g w i t l i t l i e ~ o l i t i c a lcllara c t e r o f t l l c c o w ~ t r y , t h e ; ? o p u l ~ t i c i i , toie i n t e l l e c t u c l and r e l i y i o c s l i f c , cw.C
1
crininality:
i
177 lZl.jemeene s t a t i s t i e k v m 1:ederlancl ( ~ c n e r n ls t c t i s t i c s o f t l l e ~ : e t h e r l a r = d r ) .
L e i d e n , S i jtEiof f , 1870-1875.
f2 v o l s .
T h e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s sornev~hak brid-ged t!ic J T C ~ SIrom 1867 t o ISS2 y.::iic?n rio ;:c:~crai
s t a t i s t i c s i n f o r m of a s t a t i s t i c c l yearbool; T.:cre c t l i t c t l .
A f t e r t l l e s t a t i s t i c a l b u r e a u i n t11.e n i x i s t r J r o f t1.10 i z i t n i o r , rihic!i a l r e e d y hn::
l o s t m o s t o f i t s i n p o r t a n c e , was su~?prcssec! ir: 1878, a su2sitl; rras a;:>rorccl_ t o
1879. :?treagtlicnec!, 1~yt l l c s e m e m s , t l l e L ~ i o n Wt l i e Union b y tlre p a r l i m e n t i i ~
d e r t o o k t h e e i l i t i o n of a n e v s t a t i s t i c a l year3001i ir, t h e s-irit o f t h e ' S t a t i s t i c a l Abstract t :
175 J a a r c i j f e r s ("iearly f i - g l r e s ) . 1-, 1881-.
:Citli t h e a s s i s t a n c e of t h e iininici;,nlity o f i ' a s t e r t l m , t l i e Union f o r S t a t i s t i c s
e s t a b l i s l i e d i n 1884 i t s 0r.m S ~ t 2 t i s t i c a lI c s t i t u t c ~ r l i i c hbecane r e s ? o n s i 5 l e f o r
t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t l i e s t c t t i s t i c c l l ycerboo!:.
Tlie i n s t i t u t e T ~ dSi s s o l l - e ? a g a i n
i n 1292 vhen a C e n t r a l Comlission f o r S t a t i s t i c s ;ILS c r c a t e d :;liich t001i over
11hich soon bclj;an a l s o t o en1arn;e tlie
t h e c o m n i l a t i o n o l t h e " J a a r c i ji'ersl' ~?z(!r
scone oi" s t a t i s t i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n , e s ? e c i a l l v i n s o c i a l ~ n a t t e r s . Tlie c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of s t a t i s t i c a l uildertalcing v a s g r e a - l ; ? ~nronoted by t h e estciblislment of
a C e n t r a l Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s i n 1299, t h e C e n t r a l Commission beconing exclus i v e l y an a d v i s o r y board. .iiith f e ~ re x c e y t i o n s ( e , P-.
a g r i c u l t u r e , c o m e r c e , and
s h i F P i n g ) t h e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n was com~letecli n 1505. She d i f f e r e n t s t a t i s t i c s
c o l l e c t e d by tliie k r e a u were ~ u l ~ l i s l - i e icnl one common s e r i e s made U!> o i a nunb e r of a m a l yiablications:
175 B i j c l r a ~ e nt o t de s t a t i s t i e l c vzn l\Terl-erland( ~ o n t r i l 3 i i t i o n st o t!le s t a t i s t i c s of
t h e PLetherlands). 1-, 1900-,
(since l j ? O :
van ~ e c ? e r l a n d ) .
';tatistie!:
Tile reneatecl i n t e r r u p t i o n of t h e p u 3 l i c a t i o n of a s t a t i s t i c a l yearhooli was sonchow c o q e n s a t e c l by t h e e a r l y p u b l i c a t i o n of a com>re5ensive h i s t o r i c a l hanfihooli
wr!er t h e a u s n i c e s of t h e y i v a t e s - l ; a t i s t i c a l s o c i e t y iiiei~tioned~ ~ l ~ O~le
o ~ ~
y eea r.
a f t e r tlie f i r s t e d i t i o n i n h t c h a FrcncIl v e r s i o n follov~e(71:
2 2 ?6s-m6 s t a t i s t i c p e nour l e ?,oyc?me dcs h y s - R a s lf?~7Q-IS31. I ' u b l i c a i i o n
~ o c i E t 6Ce C t a t i s t i q u e d e s Pays-3as.
,-,
le
1883.
::;'Csra-~ed;n:e,
It c o n t a i n s a l a r , z e number of tirne-series givinr5 v e q - deteilec! i n f o n ~ c t i o i lon
v a r i o u s t o 2 i c s (esjeciallg,r p o p u l a t i o n , y>uI)Pic f i a a n c e , arifi education) comcnbs t e d upon i n a f i f t y pages i n t r o d u c t i o u .
I n 1960 tlle C e n t r n l S t a t i s t i c a l 31reau ;sublishec7;. ü nc;: I l i s t o r i c a l Iiendbool;, t e r ,
y c a r s l a t e r followed by an e x t e ~ d e declition:
177 Zcventig j a r e n s t a t i s t i e k i n ti.jdrccl:sen,
series)
( ~ c v e n yt e~a r s
. S'Gravenl~age, C e n t r a a l 3ureau voor1Gc)3-2/6?
cle s t a t i s t i c l ; , 1970.
iii t i n c -
i:iiblishecl a s a c o q ~ u t e rp r i n t it Covers
t o - i c s , b u t g i v e s only xreqr f e i l cozn e n t s . The most im-ortant tctbles re:fer t o -1opz1ation novernen.ts, t h e ilevclo?nent
of t h e l a b o u r f o r c e , educetion., economic s t a t i s t i c s , ~ x b l i cf i n a x c e , forci.?
trc?.de, c s i m i n a l s t a t i s t i c s , s o c i a l a.?: lat?oiir s t z t i s t i c s . ':lector&l s t c r i i s t i c s
n r e a l s o includerl, but o a l y t o a l i n i t e c ? e x t e n t . T??e time-2criocl usual1:- core r e d i s 190Ci t o 3.969.
.
J., er'.
T11e : x i s t o i O ? s t ~ . - k i s t i c s .I:e::
.
.Tori,:, ~ . k c ~ : i i l l , ~ ~ ~ . ,
The f i r s t s r t i c l e c o n t a i n s a histor;.r of tlie or;;nnizntiori, t h e r:orlis arid rmb. l i c n t i o n s of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s ~ = t i l .t!;e X r s - t orlr! .;c?.r,bilt hns ilo b i l ~ l i ozra$~y.
.'.
-i c o n ~ l e t el i s t of a l l o _ f f i c i a l ' i u l ~ l i ~ a - t i Lct:::?e11
oi~~
_*
r
:i?l-!n ai.4
1933 can be
icimrl i n :
12L F o r t e ? p e l s e ovcr JTor,yes ( I f f i s i e l l e i.ltatisti!;l,; 2.c'?i:-l.:)iC
( ~ a t a l o ~
oTe i;l:c
o f f i c i a l n t a t i s k i c s of Ror;ra-y lE22-1Tj(;), r:or,ycs
.
(:!ffisiplle jtatistild;.
I n 1953 and 1 9 J 3 t b e C e r i t r ~ lR ~ r e a uo f 3 - t a t i s t i c s ~ i h l i s i i e ( 12 ,ruir-e t o :<on,icg i a n o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s , s y s t e m a t i c a l l y arran::ecl !3y s u ' b j e c t an6 nccoi;~)ariied
37 i l i f o m a t i o ~ lon tlle r e s p o n s i b l c agency, t 3 e s c o ? ~a:li! freciuency of stcztist i c s , and t h e p r i n c i n a l y i h l i c a t i o n s :
.
T
T
101 V e i v i s e r i Piorsl; S t a t i s t i 1 ; k ( ~ ~ l t io ~L,o~~ccy;ia:~L
e
s t a t i s t i c s ) . Oslo -?Gr:
61
„
T
-I
I('6o.
Or;?;mizeci. o f f i c i a l . s t u t i s t i c s s t m t iii ?Ton?.~ay7 ; i t l ~ t!.:.c c r i c t i o r r of t h e 'I)ansl:norslre T ~ b e l I ~ o n t o r(~lnnisi:i-~Ton~e::ian
'
Ta7~ulntin;; 60iiticr) i a 1737 i n Co:>e;i~r.~en.
Tl
;.~ep,ul,zro f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c a l staitenen-ts, Iiovevnr, d a t e l;aclr mcl: f u r t h e r : T - i t c i
s t a t i s t i c s were h e L v i n 1735, tlze l i r s t censils o f ~ o ~ . : u l s t i o~n 2 csz r r i ? d . o u t
i n 1769
t ~ ? b u l z r e p o r b on i n n o r t s and c::?orts .r;.ere a l s o -2re?a~eCi n t!?c
9 8 t h c e n t u r y a l r e a d y . A f t e r t h e ser?aratio;z Tram ^;ierx>.ar!r i n 181!i :IO se-1ar.3te
s t a t i s t i c a l of f i c e e x i s t e d until 1877 1~11en c t c z ' i u l a t i n . , ~of fi c e r:as ori:nnize?
i n t h e departmcnt of f i a a n c e ,
i n 1 ~ 4 5beioz,? trnrrsferefi t o t h e ci,e~ar¿;?ezt.of
t h e i n t e r i o r . Y i t h tlic y e a r 133C
t h e recyiar ;;i:blicetioz 01 o r x i c i a l s t z t i s t i c s begnm w d e r t h r t i t l e :
3,
- 7 . .
--.
1% S t a t i s t i s l r e t c b c l l e r Eor K o q e r i n : e t iT0r.c
cion of ~ ' J o n t a y ) . 18SC-1350.
( ~ t n ~ j i . c , t i c t~x!li~ l c sf o r i l ~ ci ~ l ~ l F -
I n a l l , twenty d i f f e r e n t c o l l e c + , i o n s o f t u b l c a ?:.rre prr'.)ncrl c.~ir! -iu?;li ul_eri !;r
t h e s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c c c o ~ e r i n ~t y
h c r c s u l t s o f t h - e ccncuscs of ? o - ; u l z t i o ~ ~an?
,
s t a t i s t i c s of t 5 e movemcizt oP ? ~ o ~ . ) u l a L i onzrici-i.lture,
n,
live-s%oc!:, corr2ir.r:,2 2::'
chipping
7
7
.
i r e c e d i n g tlie o r : ~ a r , i z r z t i o nof t h e bixrzau, ttie ~ o s r e r n o r sof t!ie 3rovi:cec
!:c&
beezi ob1ii;ed i n 1825 t o send r e y o r t s o n 'c5e ccorzor?.ic coix7itio::s of t!ieir C i s t r i c t s . Begiix~i:i(r; ~ii-t,'. 1228 t b e c c rcl:ortc v e r c ,u;?lialierL e v e q ? Pi\-? y e m s ix-itil
1653:
CI
I3 1861 t h e form of ; ~ u b l i c a t i o nof o f - i i c i a l . s t ~ ? t i s t i c 1
c.72s reor:c?:iizctl
;~nc: tlie
s t n t i s t i c a l r e ~ i o r t s~ r c 9 a r e : lby tlic t!if f c r c n t c!cp,~.rtrscn-t;sof ::ovcmzc:?t
v e r c hericefortli p u b l i s h c d i r i a conmi~on arid ml.iforni c o l l . e c t i o n c i ~ t i t l e c ! :
.
; >,:,' ) 1-2
~S!Lh'orp:cs o f f i s i c l l c s t a t i s t i : & (cffi c i a l s t z t i s + , i c s of ~ ~ ~ ~ ;; , sr 1,
~ j 1~
-J
Ln s , 1887-8h; s. 3 ~ i o . l - _ : + ~ 1885-I?C@; s. n o . l-ly?, 1!!~1-190,5 ;
no. ?.-?"':,
-.
.S 20. :-?(:C
9
1906-1915; s.6 no. 1-19'4, 1/14-1320; s.7 no. l-?C(3,
i9?(:-1??.6;
1926-1935; 57.9 no. 1-2130, 1(373-lc)!r-0; s.lG no. l-(?:;C,
1 ~ ! ~ 1 - 1 9 & gc;. 1 1 zo.l-:'::;,
1949-1959; s. 1 2 no. 1-, 1960-.
,
,~,
The f i r s t two s c r i e s a r e subdiviclcii by l c t t c r s aixi niunhcrs indicc?tiriy t.!;e
e d i t i n g d e p a r t m e ~ i t sand t!ie sub j c c t s d e a l t ~:ritl:; tlic follo:iin,rr s c r i ~ sa r e
nunbered c o n s e c u t i v e l y .
3s t h e coiltinuous g r o ~ d hof m a t e r i a l n e c e s s i t a t ~ dn r e o r y a n i z a t i o n of u f l i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s , t h e e x i s t i n e o f f i c c i n t l ~ e(!e.;nrtmer,t of tlze i n t e r i o r :;c.s
t r a n s f ornied i n t o a n incle3endent i r i . s t i t u t i o n cczllc(l ' S t a t i s t i s!i S e n t r a l h i ~ 'a
( ~ e n t r a lb u r c a u of s t a t i s t i c s ) . It v a s from tNe o u t s e t r c s p o n s i b l z f o r a cons i d e r a b l e pro1:ortion of t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s , c?,,'li?ovea l l f o r t h e ~ ~ o ~ : u l c z t i o i ~
and economic s t a t i s t i c s . 111t h e f o l l o ~ r i n gYlierc war, 2. steatly :.rocess of cerit r a l i z a t i o n i n t e r r u p t e d oidy 7 ~ LLy jicl+o:l hetrieen t h e t u r n of tlie c e n t u q - n;ld
t h e F i r s t ':lorlcl !,;rar.
I n 1379 t h e ' C e n t r a l Bureau of ;3 t a t i s t i c s hcgan t o ~ ~ u b l i s Ui l :,7earhoo!;. I t c
f i r s t volume appeared i n Frencll; i n tfie fo1lo::iilg foixr y e a r s t?,,ro s e ~ i a r a t ee:!it i o n s vrere p r e p a r e d i n Freiich 2nd ITomc3iari; s i n c c l G R 5 tlic y c a r b o o ! ~i s e d i .t e d as bilin,fjual voluine i r i i.;on.rezian anc!. Prericii, czrid. si!zce t!ic Seco~ii?;, o r l c
. .
:;;ar i n N o m e g i a n and Z n g l i s h :
'
T h i s yearhooli l ~ a dt r i 0 s i n g l e p r e d e c e o s o r s , tlie i i r c t b e i i l g nub1ii;lied by t h e
c l i r e c t o r of t h e s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c c i n 1871, and t4ie secoiitl by t l i e o f f i c e i t s e l i
i n 1875:
I<><
ov i ~ i a e r ,i1.K.
S t a t i s t i s k haildbog Tor l o n i ; e r i t Norze ( ~ t a t i s t i c a lilan(l,t7ooli f o r
T:-.
t h e Icingdom of E o n i a y )
. CI:ristiania,
I l a l l i n y s P o r l a g s h o q h a n t l e l , 1071. 76 P.
i n ? 116sum6 clcs rclisci,ynomcnt:; s t a t i : i t i c j u c ~ s sur. l a !.orz6,:c:,
I h r e a u o f t,!ac H i n i s t r y ol J n t e r i o r . C l l r i s k i a n i n ,
~:r3.
hy t!ic S t a t i s t i c a l
187'7.
T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l h i s t o r i c a l s t a t i s t i c a l !innc!boolrs.
She f i r s t :,las e d i t e r ? by
t l i e c e n t r a l b u r e a u of s t a t i s t i c s iii Ic/lIc, t h e second i n l 9 % , tile t h i r d ir,
1748, w i t h a s u p p l e m e n t a r y e d i t i o n i n 1958. The l a s t of t h e s e handbooks i s :
-
188 I i i s t o r i s l r s t a t i s t i k k 1968
B i s t o r i c a l s t a t i s t i c s 1968. i:orgcs
s t a t i s t i l d s ; s.12 no.245; I X I + 632 p. O s 1 0 1969.
offisielle
The s t a t i s t i c a l s e r i e s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e l-iandboo!: d a t e as f a r bacl; a s a v a i l a b l e
f i g u r e s e x i s t and g e n e r a l l y U? t o and i n c l u d i n c 1966.
D e s c r i p t i o n s of t l i e h i s t o r y of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s i n 3:1ecler? :liay be fox-i¿ i n :
lS9 S i d e n b l a d h , .(I
"Su8del1, yp. 241-250, c h a p t e r i n : S o c i E t 6 de S t a t i s t i l u e Ge
P a r i s , cd. Le 25" a n n i v e r s a i r c d e l a S oc i F t e dc S t a t i s t i q u e de Z a r i s . P a r i s
arid Naacy, D e r g e r - L e v r a u l t , 1885.
190 . i r o s e n i u s , Y . slThe h i s t o r j anil o r : ; a n i z a t i o n of S::ec?isll o f f i c i a l s t c t i c t i c s " ,
pn. 537-569, i n : Izoren, J., ed. Tlie ! ~ i s t o r y o f . ; t z t i s t i c s . Ire?: -.'orli,
I I a c m i l l a n , 1918.
The f i r s t a r t i c l e c o n t a i n s a s h o r t h i s t o q 2nd. a n o r e e x t e n s i v e t r e a t r i e z ~ tof
t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n and t h e ~ ~ o s ol Q
r o f f i c i a . 1 s t a , t i s t i c s n c c o r c ~ i n gt o t h e subr'.is-is i o n s o f t h e main s e r i e s " C o n t r i h u t i o n s t o t h c o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s o f S ~ ~ c c l c ~ " ;
it g i v e s a l i s t of a l l p u h l i c a t i o n s in.cluc1cc-! i l ? tliis s e r i e s u n t i l 1035, b u t a l s o names p e r i o d i c a l n u p l i c a t i o n s n o t incluc?.cti. Thc seconci a r t i c l c g i v c s a v e r y
c ' i e t a i l e d h i s t o r y i n c l u d i i i g a n a c c o u n t of t l ~ co l d c r deri,oyrn??liic s t a t i s t i c s a a l
of t h e c o n t e n t s of t h e main s e r i e s of o f f i c i n l ::rsctiis!i s t n . t , i s t i c s ; ilo bi!ilio:yraphy
.
191 C t a t i s t i s l r a c e n t r a U 3 y r s n 100 2r ( 1C0 jre3rs c c e t r ; i l h-iirccu o f s t a t i s t i c s ) .
Stoc~kholm, S t a t i a t i k a Ce-;trnlb;~rnxi, ?.:?59,
_in ':n,ylish sIx4mar-y o i t!lis L,r~eGisli%ool;, issuc:l t o c c l ~ ? ) r c , t et l l e c c ~ t e n n - 7 o f
t h e e s t a b l i s ! n n e n t o i t!;? c e n t r a l burn2xi of z t ~ ~ " ¿ i s t i c , ca::
s
')r foi~312 i n :
i n : C e n t r a l Tklrcali oT S t a t i s t i c o ,
J u l y 1579.
eil.
S t z t i s t i c ? - f . Rex-icT:; ;IS. 701. 3 ,
110. ,
Tlie l ~ i r t f z r ~ ,of
? ; . o r g a n i z c d o f f i c i ; : l s t 2 t i s d i c s :!;~-i;e.% ? C ? t o 17':? ?,:!ien i o r tlie
fi r s t t i m e th2;)ular r e c o r i ! ~: . ; c ~ c : ~ r e ~ : . ~ . 7r e0 dr t 5 e :.yT:ol:; c o ~ ~y
~ ?cto n c e i n i n i : t'ie
s t r u c t u r c ancl novemcnt o f populatioiri. I2 2756 -¿?ir coir-::i-itce i n c l - i a,r- ~ eof tl-?is
xor!c W ~ Srnaile a ;;er;iiu:~e;l.t co!xnlission, i n :lzc-t tlie I ' i r u t i : i s t i t u t i o i : cf t!:is
:;iid i n I:iiroi;e,
A f t e r a / i e r i o d o:b c c i n t r a l i z n t i o ~ ?G.soII-;.;! I?(?(;,-:o:-.~ljation ~ t a t i c t i c s ~ r r i c t i c a l l yremni~?.c,?i
clllc!~~~iycc".
T o r I x l n r: CO--'-,,.IIT;.-. .'ilt!loi~~:l~
l-.eT,,: ' ) r a ~ - c h e s mainliy co-rcerncc! r:it!;
cconoi?ic 3 - L n t i s t i c : ; i7:1-c-'y
XI-::, S:.!cc:riri,
i?. n i o n e c r i i ti'ie
,..:
1 8 t h ceritury, was coiliparativeiy behind tlie tiines n t t!ic niideLle o i tlle 1 3 t h cent u r y . I n 1858, t h e r e f o r e , a S t a t i s t i s l r a Tabc?ll!romissio~~en'( S t a t i s t i c a l Tabu l a t i n g C o m i s s i o n ) was f ounded, cosrsistin;7 oT a ' S t a t i s t i s l ; a l3erzilniri~en'
( ~ t a t i s t i c a l~ o w - i c i l )a s an achrising ancl. cooriiinating ageccy an< a ' S t a t i s t i slia C e n t r a l b y r a n ' ( ~ e n t r a lThreau of ~ t a t i s t i c s )a s e a e c u t i v e azency. The Organi z a t i o n of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s rcmairied d e c c i l t r c l i z c d , I i o ~ ~ e v e rs,i g c e a nm11cr
O E o t h e r depc..rtrnents continned t o eciit s t a t i s t i c a l rc:3orts. Since 13-78theue
r c p o r t s Tiere publishcd u 1 i l o n ; ~ l - jiirmcler
~
t?le comiion t i t l e :
i
193 Biclrari; till S v e r i g e s of f i c i e l l a st a t i s t i l r ( ~ o n t r i h u t i a n st o t l ~ eo I f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s of Srfcden). IU'j8-1910.
A t t h e end of t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u q t h i s s c r i e s hacl grovn f r o n 7 t o 25 s u b s e r i e s
concerniag among o t h e r s : y o p u l a t i o n and v i t a l s t a t i s t i c c ( b e g i m i n g ~ rtii
i 1~511,
j u d i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s (1857) manufnctures an2 t r a d e (1153), conriercr nx! shi.y i n g (1858), ~ r i s o n s(1658!, t h e c:il:iiinquerciial r e ? o r t e of t!ie goreriioia ich
had been s t a r t e d s h o r t l y a f t e r 1800 and whic!li ~ , ~ v i s- w
e m a r i z e d 113- t l ~ ebureau
s i n c e 1860), t e l e g r a p h y (1561), I ~ y g i e n e2nd I-ios:?itals (l%i),
state railxays
(1862), p o s t a l s e r v i c e (1864), all;riculture ancl live-stoc!:
(1365), - u b l i c e h c a t i o n (1868), e l e c t i o n s (1871), p u l ~ l i cwor:.cs ( l 8 7 3 ) , l o c a l :yoverment, poor
r e l i e f nnd f i n a n c e (1874), s a l a r i e s and : ~ c n s i o n s (1581). T h e r ~r,:as, ho~irever,
a n i n c r e a s i n g number of p e r i o d i c a l s t a t i k t i c a l r e ~ o r t cn o t i n c o q o r a t e i ? i n t h c
s e r i e s , e.g. r e p o r t s on t a x a t i o n and p u b l i c finance. Besides, t h e C e n t r a l
Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s p u l ~ l i s h e d3. s t a t i s t i c a l j o u r n a l c o i l t a i ~ i i ~,gerieral
g
s:mn a r i e s of t h e l a r g e o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c a l i n v e c t i g a t i o n s , s t a t i s t i c a l noncgraphs on s l ~ e c i a ls u b j e c t s m d s h o r t e r s t n t i s t i c a l comnwiications:
ic)!;
S t a t i s t i s l : t i d s i r r i f t ( ~ t a t i s t i c a l;journal). 1-15?,
1860-1319;
~
1
i
~
I
;
I
Index: iC76U-i?17.
Born 1871 t o 1917 tkie f i r s t numlaer of each v o l m e , u s u a l l y c o n t a i n i n g t h r c e
n m b e r s , was devoted t o a Summary or" a l l t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s corres-ondi n g t o t h e s t a t i s t i c a l yearboolrs of o t h e r couiltries:
195 S v e r i g e s of f i c i e l l a s t a t i s t i l r i sarma1:draq
tistics).
1-44,
(~ummaryof S~;erlish o f f i c i a l s t a 1870-1417 ( f i r s t v o l w e ~ u b l i s l l c c ?se?aratcly-) .
The C e n t r a l Bureau of S t n t i s t i c s rras i n ciiargc of any s t n t i s t i c s r i o t clcnlt,
w i t h by any o t h e r r;overnmcntal an;cncy antl it slo~irlycoiiltl t n l x ovcr SO~.;C n f
t h e new s t a t i s t i c s ( e O g . s t a t i s t i c s of e l e c t i o n s , p u b l i c a s s i s t ~ n c e ,xnulicjc a l f i n a n c e ) , b u t t h e b a s i c d c c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of o f f i c i a l s t n t i s t i c s rcneincd
..
unchmged, even i n tl-ie y e a r s immediately preceiliiic t h e Y i r s t :!orltl .,t--r~i::eii
t h e whole system of p u b l i c a t i o n s 1!i3.s modified. I n 1911 tl;e o l d e r "Contrilsiitions
t o t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s of S~:lcdeil~~
were continued a s :
lr>6 S v e r i g e s o f f i c i e l l a s t a t i s t i k ( ~ f f i c i a ls t a t i s t i c s of ~jveden). 1911-,
( c o n s i s t s of s u b s e r i e s ) .
T11e summaries of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s rniblished i n tlle s t n t i s t i c a l j o i l n a l
s i n c e 1871 were d i s c o n t i n u e d i n I9iT-j ancl a. se1)arate ;r.carboolc TVCS startcc!:
137 S t a t i z t i s l r arsbolr für S v e r i g e
- Inniiaire
s t a t i s t i q o e !.kl a Sueclc. 1-, Ill!:-.
-It t h e s m e time a new s e r i e s was s t a r t e i ! c o n t n i n i : ~n~o s t of tlie s 7 e c i a l surv e y s ~ u l di n g e n e r a l s h o r t e r and more j r o f e s s i o n a l re7)orts:
198 S t a t i s t i s k a kfrddelanclen ( ~ t a t i s t i c a l~ o i ~ i c a t i o n s )s.; ?; 1-6,
l315-19T.
; i i t h tl-ie p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s s e r i e s and t h e yearboolr t h c ' S t a t i s t i c a 1 1:ournal1
l o s t most of i t s importance and iias d i s c o n t i n ~ ~ e ci ln 191:. -Zfter tliese changes,
t h e y e a r s up t o 1345 saw an expension of tlie C e n t r a l Thxreau of S t a t i s t i c s .
Z s i s t i n g s t a t i s t i c s v e r e imnrovetl ancl ncrtr onec s c t iq3, above a l l s t n t i s t c s of
I
1
T h e s e haricLl3coks g i v c an e n b r a c i ~ i ;? i c t u r c o l t::.!i::rc('.i
.? s:i ctc?.te, cco:lo;?:-, s o ..
c i e t y , anrl c i i l t u r e , n a i n l y i n v e r b c l f o m . ?>U-1; sl:;:-;lcr:rn.bec'
7;y s t n v x s t i c z l
t i r ~ e - s e r i e s rei'crri;?,.; t o the stn~c.t:l.rc!s!lcl. riovi-r:c;r-k 0: - - : o r u l a t i o n , c r i i i i n a l i t y
.
mtl ~ r i s o ~ . cs l, e c t i o i ~ sC L L : ~ : ) u b l i ~ :;i?.;.:l~~, -:-k?:lir: :issis-bz:icc eil(! l ~ c s - - ~ lc t9 , i ~
ed:Cication 2nd. c o r . x n m i c ~ t i o s , cco:~oc?ic-r«c?l:ckion nrlil c 9 n s u q t i o 1 1 , t r z c ? . ~C:-cirs
and c o m - e r c e , nslcl f i n c z l l y , l a b o u r zi_d s o z i a l s . t a - t i : ; t i c s .
I n 1955 t l ~ ec e n t r a l s t n t i s t i c a l o f f i c e be;;:rrt t o ~ > u F J l i s hc. s e r i e s o I t h r e e bistorical statistical ~~aildi~ooe
? u; ~c h, o z e o f t 1 1 . e ~;)e1;:;
cos:lincd t o s e 1 . eteG
~
to-:ics:
<,
.
7
T
.
202 I'istoris!;
s t a t i s t i ! r f ijr S v e r i f l c . I!el- 1. 3 c i o l l a i 1 1 ~ ; ( - ~ i s t o r i c a ls t a t i c t i c s o f
%„den. P a r t 1. I ) o - o ) u l a t i o n ) . Stocl;'lo?i-I, ? t a t i s - k i s i i c ' C c n t r a l b y r a n , 1/53.
2nd r e v . nnd c x t e n d e d c d i t i o n . $1~4F.
B e s i d e s a b r i e f k i i s t o r i c a l s u r v e y of t h e o r ~ a n i z a t i o nof CTfedish ?oyiulatio!i
s t a t i s t i c s 2nd a n a i m o t a t e d s o u r c e b i b l i o g r a ~ h yt h i s v o l ~ i ecoritcriris t i m e - s e r i e s
o n t l i e s i z c and g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n of t l i e p o 7 u l a t , i o n , o n age, s c s a ~ i d
marital status, o n i n a r r i a g e , f e r t i l i - k y and n i o r t n l i t y , 01.1 tlie e c o n o n i c n l 1 ~ -act i v e ~ o p u l a t i o na n d o n e m i g r a t i o i l ~ " n t lim:~in;rai;iori. I'iiiilc a g c n c r n l t a b l c ori
p o p u l a t i o n and v i t a l s t n t i s t i c s r c n c l i c s hncl: -i;o l71'!0 nosi. o f ttlc t n l i l c s c o v c r
t h e t i m e - y e r i o d 1750 t o 1367.
Tl-ie s c c o n d hmclhoolr i s r!edicntec?c t o c 1 i m a . t ~nnc! a y r i c u l tiiral s t a t i s t i c s ; oilly
t h e few t a b l e s on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of lanc? (holr!i:in;s by s i z e , l e a s e d f a n i i s )
c o v e r i n g t h e t i m e - ~ e r i o d from 1c35 t o l ? ? O a r c of fiiajor i n t e r c s t t o t h e s o c i a l
scientist:
2i)Y I I i s t o r i s l c s t a t i s t i l c f t i r S v e r i g e , 11: Viiderlelr, l a n t m i l t e r i , ,jorc!briiItr9 s l i o . ~ s b r u l ~ ,
f i s k e ( R i s t o r i e a l s t a t i s t i c s o f Swer!,en,II: C l i m a t e , l a n d s u r v e y i i l g , a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , f i s h e r i e s ) Stoc!;holm, S t a t i s t i s L n C c ~ i t r n l U y r a n , 1?5'). ?T, T.
.
The t h i r d volume o f t h e s e r i e s i s tl-ie m o ' s t c o m p r e l ~ c n s i v cone:
204 I I i s t o r i s k s t a t i s t i k f i i r S v e r i g e . S t a t i s t i s l r e i i v e r s i l : t s t a l ~ e l l e r ( T I i s t o r i c e l
s t a t i s t i c s o f Sweden. S t a t i s t i c a l survey). 9tocl-Aolm, S t a t i s t i s k a C e n t r a l b y r a n , 1360. 280 ?.
T h i s volume z i v e s a t o t a l o f 280 t a b l c s on 19 t o ? i c s , i n c l u d i n g p u b l i c f i n a n c e ,
e l e c t i o n s , e d u c a t i o n , p e r s o n a l and n a t i o n a l income, f o r e i p t r a d e , s o c i a l welf a r e , l a b o u r s t a t i s t i c s and c r i m i n a l s t a t i s t i c s . !lost o f t h e t a b l e s a r e conf i n e d t o t h e p e r i o d 1Y00 t o 1950. I n c o n t r a s t t o t l i e f i r s t ~ T I Ovolumes ~.i?.linot a t i o n s rire v e r y s c a n t arid s e r i o u s l y m i s s i n g .
There a r e two g e n e r a l h i s t o r i e s of t h e developn~entof s t a t i s t c s i n S~qritzerlad:
-
205 Kmmei-, J.J. "Suisse
h i s t o i r e de l a s t a t i s t i q u e dc l a SuisseI1, yp, 761-598,
i n : S o c i e t 6 de S t a t i s t i q u e de L a r i s , ed. Le 15" a n n i v e r s a i r e cle l a S o c i e t e
de S t a t i s t i q u e de P a r i 3 I ~ Y O-. - ~ E U ~P.a r i s and l:;cncy, ;erCser-Levrault, 1835.
~.
und Orga206 Scichesber,y 11. 'Iie amtlicl>c S t a t i s t i ! : i n ( > e r S c i l ~ ~ c ! iGeschic!ite
n i s a t i o n . (hf f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s i n Switzerlcnd. ' T i s t o r y and or::anizntion)
Bern, S c h e i t l i n , S p r i n g O Cie, l9iO. L8 p.
I
,
The E i r s t a r t i c l e ~ i v e sa v e r y c k t a i l e d h i s t o r j of t ! o~r g a n i z a t i o n
t h e ~ior!.:
m d t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c c and of t h e most imyortent contrib u t i o n s of p r i v a t e s t a t i s t i c i a n s uztil 1835. The sccond a r t i c l e
alt>ou$ l e s s
d e t a i l e d , c o n t i m e s t h e h i s t o r y mtil 1,310 anrl incluc!es some i n f o r n a t , i o n O E
o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s n o t c o l l e c t e ( 1 by t h r s t a t i s t i c a l 5 u r e a u a s r,?ell a s 011 t h e
s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e s of v n r i o u s cantons.
i n f o r n a t i o n oo t k e h i s t o r i c a l developneut may be found i n :
,
107 Baechtold, H.Ir3ie S c h ~ ~ e i z e r i s c hset a t i s t i s c h e Cesellsc!lrft
( ~ h eS ~ i n s ss t a t i s t i c a l s o c i e t y 1864-1314).
Cchweizeriscl~eS t a t i s t i l r 50, 1314:
q!c7-2S0.
,-
I
1
I
I
186!t-1314",
Zeitschrift f - ? ~
The p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e f e d e r a l s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e a r e conveniently coil;?ilcci i z :
208 E i d g e n ö s s i s c h e s S t a t i s t i s c h e s :'mt. I h r e a u ~ 6 ~ 6 r a cle
l e Statistique:
Veröf f entlicl1ungen. f i b l i c a t i o r s , 1868-1950. Derne, 1950. 16 n.
?09 Veröf f e n t l i ~ h ~ y e n2 9
. iblications,
1880-1964.
-
g e r n e , 175h.
I n c o q a r i s o n t o o t h e r Western Tluropan c o u n t r i e s o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s i n
S w i t z e r l ~ u l dlagged f a r b e l ~ i n daad developed o n l y s l o ~ , ~ l yi n, correspoixlence
w i t h t h e slow l r o c e s s of p o l i t i c a l ceutrcn,lization. U i - t i l 1048, when t h e f i d e r a t i o n of s t a t e s w a s transformed i n t o a f e d e r a l s t a t e , o f f i c i a l s t a t i c t i c s wcre
almost n o n - e x i s t e n t , t h c msin werk b e i n g done bg j r i v c t e persons. I2 18!:? t l i c
de-partment of t h e i n t e r i o r became r e s p o i l s i b l e f o r of P i c i a l s t a . t i s t i c s ~ ~ i t tlle
l i
main o b j e c t i v e t o c a r r y o u t t h e po]>ulation census 01 1250 a s a b a s i s f o r t!ie
a p n o r t i o m e n t of r e p r c s e n t a t i v e s , ta::es 2nd r e c r u i t s anioilc.; t h e cantons Stnt i s t i c s c o l l e c t e d i n t h e f o l l o ~ l r i n gy e a r s v e r e /ublishecl i n t h e s e r i e s :
.
,
I
I
210 Reitr%,?;ez u r S t a t i s t i l r d e r sch..ncizerischen " i c l ~ e ~ ~ o s s e n s c ! : a f( t~ o n t r i b u t i o r _ s
t o t h e s t a t i s t i c s of t h c B~irissCoil-federation). 1-5, 1651-1858.
The f i v e volumes i n c l u d e t h e r e s u l t s of t h e censns an(] give s t a t i s t i c s of :;oyu l a t i o n movements a g r i c u l t u r e an?- C olnrerc e
Ic 1860 a f c d e r a l s t z t i s t i c a l o f f i c e :.ras created.. The c!evr?lo~me~to f of f i c i n l
s t a t i s t i c s ras, howcver, s t i l l im~?ecleclby tlie n e c e s s i t y t o coo?erc?te ~iit,!it h e
c a ~ t o n swhicli were n o t o b l i g e d t o c o l l e c t c c r t a i n s t a t i s t i c s u n t i l 1-870. 2-1though t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of 1874 , g r e a t l y extcndet: t 5 e f u i l c t i o n s of t h e f e n e r a l
~ o v e r ~ e n t h, e f c d e r a l s t a t i s t i c a l o i f i c e 1ias r e o r g a n i z e d n o t h e f o r e 13R3 arid
.. i t s a c t i v i t i e s r e n u i n e d c o n y a r a t i v c l y r e s t r i c t e c ! w-kil t h e T i r s t ',:orlG :,Zr.
I t s ~irorlisiserc publislied i n t h e s c r i e s :
,
.
More t h a n n i u e t y p e r c e n t of t h i s s e r i e s a r e r e s t r i c t e c ' : t o t k e census r e s u l t s ,
y cormercial s t a t i c t i c s ; only a
t h e movement of p o p u l a t i o n , t h e r e ~ r u i t i n ~arid
Iew p a r t s d e a l w i t h s t a t i s t i c s of a g r i c u l t u r e , ;;overty, p r i s o n s , r a i l ~ i a y s ,
f a c t o r i e s , and i n s u r a n c e . I n 1919 t h c Swiss s t a t i s t i c s were d i s c o n t i ~ u e c ?c?nd
followed by a u o t h e r s e r i e s :
"'i
Rei+,r:i.;e z u r s c l ~ r i e i z c ~ i c c i i cSnt a t i-~ t i ! ; ( ~ ~ ~ t ~ i : i ut o
~ i$:$:iss
~ ? l s t;-tistics).
J-, 1gy3-.
. .
Tlle i i r s t s e r i e s i s tl:c inairn st.3.-tiv-iicnl. sonrce coi_!jlrisi:ir. noye t : l m !:-!?C v o l m:ies w ~ t i now
l
r,~?lichrnaialy r c f c r t n t k c ceri.ius;.c, o f no-,.:ulztion,
.
..
r\.-:riculturc,
i : ~ d . i n s t r y and comierce, tlie moveixents o f .::o::iilatlon,
r ' e d e r ~ n lsu?jsi~-!i.n
c , taxcs
2nd i n s u r a n c e a alid n fe:q o t h e ~t ~ : ~ i c s T!lc
.
seconR s e r i c t s coi:i:iri~es 0x1'- coi:ic
c?ozer,s of volliwee eontc?i:~i::-~:s t a t i s t i c s o l clcc-Lions, 7::il:lic fin?,!~cc, :i:.tional
income, h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n ancl some life-ti:::~.cz?.,
7,
S h o r t l y a f t e r khe f e d e r a l burenu of s t c t i s t i c s 1:s:: bee:i c r c z t c d , a yrix-.?tc
s t a t i s t i c a l s o c i e t y (:.<c:x7eizeriac11c (:-esellsc't:.?~ltGiir ~ ~ ~ t n t i i i t i ! :I, n t e r :
für S t a t i c t i ] ~~~~~!
~ O 1 ] ; S x ; ' i ~ + s c l ~ a yf tz)s _fo:?:?:;]?d ir, :t>hJ: y;itii -t:le o l , j c c - t i y e
t o in?rove 23~1s--leric~;t
o f f i c i z l s+,c?tii;tics. It i~~~.:rier!i.atcly
l ~ c y r i ni o 7:ullislt
a j o u r n a l ~ d i i c hi s olle o f t h e riiajor soui-ccs coveriri:; ? r a c t i c i ? l l y a l l f i e l d s o f
s t a t i s t i c s ai?d ( L e n l i i ~ g~ ~ i trnetlioc7olo!;ical
l?
a3 ~ r e l la s x a t e r i a l nrolilems:
...
-15 Z e i t s c h r i f t fii.r Sc!-iv~eizrrise!~c ! 3 - t n t i s t i l ; (jonrn?.1
o i 37;;-
s t z L t i s t i cs )
I-, 1EjGJ+,
.
Siilce 1977 t 1 1 ~j o u r n a l i n c l u d e s a !;i?;lio~;-,--ct::llicr.l :,nrt e i i t i t l e d : 5cl..::cizer i s c i i e Biblio,~rs?!:ic fiir S t a t i s t i i :
~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ : : : j . ~ ~ ~ ~h i~b ~
l i u- s. r?a l., fh y
~
of s t a t i s t i c s and economics).
, X
Tl:erc a r c
~ T I O :;crlerril
! - i i s t o r i c s of o f f i c i n l str?i;i::.tic:: T r i -tiic\ TJ!ii.tc:c! ILin~tlni.1:
15 3,'? i n e s , 11. "T!ic !!ictory
.-
I r e l a n d l ' , P?. 335-'::Se)
t Iacmillcn, 1$132.
( : ? i : f s ~
rlcvelormci~t o < str>:tir,t,ics i n Grcnt . .i r i t n i i ? iiilc!
- or!.;,
i n : I < o r c ~ i ,J . , C(?. I h c I:i;+;u;;~
o il s t n t i s t i c s . :.P-: ,
527.('~
7
P.--
V
Clarl:, C. "Tlre ory;a,nizntiorz 0:: r , t n t i c t i c : ; i;>T:;.?: lni,i.?.", ->r?. I:!-.-?!.'
i:~.:
I n s t i t u t Iiitexzatio-naP
: ; c ~ c ; ~ . c.Idnir;isLr~:ti~;r:s.
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sizr
l ' o r , g e i ~ i s a t i o ide
~ la s t h t i s t i q-u e i~c.~r;inst::~Ssi'i~e
~,'.-.I:s
I r s ,.-c'.iTffircrits v2vr.
P a r i s , 1978; v o l . 2 ,
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i i l c fi r s t a r t i c l c coz?l;aint: Si1 e::ter-.sim 11.i:;t
o r y O Y -'¿!..C os;.;zliizatiori of
o f f i c i a P s t r z t i s t i c s ~ i ~ r li.n d i c a t e s t h e de:.artr:irn-t,s ir, i,C!icI~ eacli riain l?ra.r:c?i
o f s t a t i s t i c s may he %sur?,C-. T l ~ esei:ofid a r t i c l e ;:irr:-.c; ol!l-j: -,r ss!!ort : i i s t o ~ , -I;lit
u n o r e detrriled. a c c o u n t of tlie v r z r i o i , ~ s t r S i s - ' ¿ i c c l i r o r l ; ~ of tlii: d i f f e r c n t
.. c l e ~ a r t n c n t sb e t ~ ~ c e lt zh e t ~ s o.i?or?.+. -/srs. I : c i t l : c r oi:c Iins
bil~lio-rn!?l:y.
A g e n e r a l bib1io:;raphy of tlic o i f i c i n l s . t a t i s t i c a ' i p b l i c a t i o ~ si n t!?c! 1:'t:i
C e n t i i r y i s m i sr;iizg, 3 n t il-i 1939 CS l T : - e ~ ~ a : ~
Consulta-t
~llt
i v e C o ~ m i t t e eon
G f f i c i a i S - t a t i s t i c s ' was c r c a t e d xdiich alzniia1l;r pul~lislicc! a :
A
7
218 Guide t o c u r r c c t o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s of tiie U n i t ? ? I,i;i::doni.
T
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I n t h e s e z p i c ? e s t h e ~ : u l ~ l i c a t i o rof
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arid o f i i c e s
;ghich i s s u e d s t a t i s t i c s t r c r e incl.cr:cG. Ynhe seconcl x ~ o l u ~ : !(19?5) c o i l t a i n c an
",ln?endi:r r c l n bin? t o s e l e c t c t l s t a t i s t i c i i l l\ut)li c n t i o r r s -11-ioi. t o l ( l l ) r j f i .
b r i e f b u t u s c f u i iiccomt t o tlie inorc ii;i.:ortr*irt ii t<i
ti:;t,iclil . ~ i i I ! l i c r \ t i o i i s
i n t h e i ? 2 O ' s i s z i v c n ?,Y:
L'.
219 Sor~legr, 2i.L.
..
O f f i c i r i , l s t s t i s t i c c : '.:j-ra-Lt1ile.r
T,ondon, I l m q h r e y H i l f o r t i , 1928. 7 2 ?.
c o i i t a i ~?:nl.
$ 0 1 ~t~o
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-
tisc theci.
A f t e r t h e ScconC iJorlcC !er tkie -Fu_n_c-i;io~-i
of t b c o l r l e r "Guicies" b a s : ? a r i i a l ? y
h e e n f ' u l f i l l e t ? by tri10 rlew s e r i c s ; .th? f i r s t i s :
-
220 S t u G i e s i n s f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s . 1-, 1949-.
A l i s t o f t h e volrmes ~ b l i s h e cu11ti.1
~
1 9 7 2 ~ 2 1 1!:e fouriti. -ii: (??T;).
Tke s t u d i e s
m a i n l y d e a l w i t h prohlerns o f ecocornic ~ t ~ t i s t i ac bs t e r , ; o r l d \!ar 11. I n
c o n t r a s t , t h e second. s e r i e s h a s a ~r.~cl;b r o a t l e ~ran.;e, eo.ch ~rolume inclu(!i n g an h i s t o r i c a l sujvey:
2 2 1 G u i d e s t o o f f i c i a l s o u r c c c , ed. by -the I r t c r t : e * a r t n e n t a l
S o c i a l and Cconomic X e s r a r c h . 1-6, 1 ~ 5 0 - 1 $ $ 1 .
Corriittee
CI:
The v o l m e s d e s 1 ~ i i t h"iJahour s t a - l ; i s t i c s 7 ' (1950), s ' C e n s i ~ sr e y o r t s o f !?rc-at
1 3 r i t a i n 1801-1931" (1951), llLocal ,l;overment s t a t i s t i c c s ' (1?55), : ' - ~ g r i c n l t u r a l arid f o o d s t a t i s t i c c " (19~13), i'ri:ocial s e c r a r i t y c t z t i s t i c s " ( 1 - G I ) ,
"Census o f y r o d u c t i o n r e p o r t s l ' (1961).
h e m b r a c i n ~7 r i v a t e sun-vey of s t a t i s t i c a l s o u r c c s aild of t > c rrntl!oc?.o10;i c a l problemc o f s t a t i s t i c s , h i c t o r i c a l as v e l l a s c u r r e n t , i c ~ i v e ui n :
Pot) The s o u r c e s nncl n a t u r e o f t h e s t a t i s t i c s of t h c TJni.tecl I l i n g d o ~ ~ ie?.
,
for
t h e Couilcil of t b e 2 . 0 y a l 3 t a t i s t i c a l S o c i e t y by ![.G. I:ei-irlall. L o ~ d o i i , Cli~ie:.
a n d Boyd; v o l . 1, 135!2, V-A'iU -; v o l . 9 , 1/57, V 4-
,;.
T\
The two v o l m ~ e s c o n t a i n 33 a r t i c l e s ~ r r i t t e nb; leacl.inz e x ~ ~ e r ct os 2 c e r ; x i n ~
d i f f e r e n t b r n c c h e s oP s t n t i s t i c s . Alt'ilou.rh i l e a v i l y c o r i c e n t r a t r a on e c o n o n i c
s t a t i s t i c s , t h e more g e n e r a l n r - t i c l e s ~ ~ o i n c t i c a l Cover
l ~ . ~ t h e i ~ i i o l pf i e 12 of
o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s . Tach a r t i c l e s u m e y c n l l t h e : ; t a t i s t i c a l i n f o n l a t i o r i
i n t h e s p e c i a l f i e l r l , i n c l u d i n g s h o r t remarks on t h e l l i s t o r i c a l c!evelo-ment. k r t h e r m o r e t h e y c n l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e ~ i t f a l l sof i n t e r p r c t a t i o n
a n d g i v e acltXitional r e f e r e n c e s . F i n a l l y , a ; y c n e s a l bil)lio::rap!iy of I i r i t i sl:
o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s s h o u l d bc: mentioned r'rhic!i c o n t a i r l s a s h o r t b u t u s e f u l
chapter on s t a t i s t i c a l publicakions:
$.,
227 Pemherton, J.Z.
Pergamon P r e s s ,
B r i t i s h o f f i c i a l v u b l i c a t i o n s . 21x1. r e v . ed. Osford e t c . :
1973. I:< -F 704 p.
P r i o r t o t h e Seconci 'iiorPd Yar d u r i n g arhicl-i a c r t n t r a l s t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e was
c r e a t c d , B r i t i s ! ~ s t a t i s t i c s .wem c h a r a c t e r i z e d h y a ' d e a a r t r n e n t a l i s n ' , i . e .
b y a c o m p l c t e l a c k o f c e n t r a l i z a t i o n o f an7 Isin2. S i n c e e a c h governixent
d e p a r t m e n t was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a d m i n i s t e r i n . ; and. p u b l i s l i i n g i t s o;,ni s t a t i s t i c s , t h e h i s t o r y of B r i t i s l l o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s n a t u r a l l y i s i n t r i c e t e .
E n t i P t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t l l e 1 3 t h c e n t u r y t h e on1.y s t a t i s t i c s rerru1aI-y c o n - i l e d
w e r e tl-iose r e l a t i n g t o p u D 1 . i ~f i n a n c e ( c o n ~ ~ i l ehdy tlle t r e a s u * )
and t o
i q o r t s and e s y o r t s ( c o m p i l e d lai/ t h e boarc'~ of t r a d c ) . I n 1 8 0 1 t l i e f i r s t
d e c e m i a l c e n s u s o f p o p u l a t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t an.d i n 1837 a u r r i f o r n s y s t e n
o f c i v i l r e l ~ i s t r a t i o nwas e s t a b l i s h e d i n 'England and Valeu, e u t e n 6 e d t o
S c o t l a n d . i n 1873 a n d t o I r e l a n c l i n 1867. Corres:,onc!.ingly, i n a l l t h r c e
lringdons R e . c i s t r a r G e n e r a l ' s ( 1 e ~ ; a r t i n e n t sv e r e cl-eated f o r t h e a h i n i s t e r i n g
o f t h e c e n s u s and t k e r e p ; i s t r a t i o n . The f i r s t s p e c i a l s t a t i c t i c a l o f f i c e ,
however, was e s t a b l i s h e d as a b r a n c h o f ti-ie 13aa.rcl o f ' 1 ~ n d ei n 1852. F r o n
i t s o r i g i n a l f u n c t i o n s i n c o n n e c t i o n v i t h t h e c o l l e c t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n
a b o u t t r a d e arad commerce, t h e b o a r d o f t r a d e advanced i n t l l e Course of tlie
1 9 t h c e n t u r y t o a h i g h l y i m ~ o r t a n tp o s i t i o n i n r e g a r d t o t r a n s p o r t , l n h o u r ,
a n d t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f a c o n s i d c r a b l f ? a1un11,er of s t a t u t e s . A f t e r t h e ? i r s t
WoTld War it l o s t n u c h of i t s o r i g i n a l yoxtlers. Tlle c e n t r a l y o s i t i o n of
t h e Zoard o f Traele :das d e r i v e d above a l l from t l i e y u b l i c a t i o n of e s t a t i s t i c a l yearboolr c o n t a i n i n g t h e morc irfi>ortaiit s t a t i s t i c s of a l l g o ~ - e n r . e z t
departments:
-1-2::,
224 S t a t i s t i c a P a b s t r a c t f o r t h e lhi.tcc7 !Cinrf:c!om.
18~~0/1~~7~-l~l-!t/1~~8.
E a c h volume c o n t a i n s t h e s t a t i s t i c s -Tor nrapros. t j i c i i i f t c c n orecediny; :,-eczrs.
Tlie 2nd voltunc (1846-1854) was r z ~ ) r i r i t r dL n i G T ( i , :,;itl! cd.tlitioils t o correcpond v i t l a t h e i n f o r n a t i o n containecl i n t h e 17.th volimc (1855-:!~>G(>) :5ii~ce
13!;6 t b i s c o ~ i i l a t i o ni s proc111cec' b:i -tl!e Vcn.trr.1 ' I i n t i s t i c t ? . l !'I"Picc cliitiei
the t i t l e :
.
225 i ; ~ - u a l a b s t r a c t r ~ f s t a t i s k i c s . 37-, I'jkG-.
Prececiiiig t l i e y i i l , l . i c n t i o n o f t l i c " 8 t n t i s t i c a l i ? ? ) c t r a c t t ' t l ~ eIBül-;!. o f Y-~de
!lad e d i t e d a, m o r e l i m i t e r ? s c r i e s :
arid l a t e r q r i n by t h c
" .1 3 s~i d c s t h u ''c;:;i s - t r n r I:ie:icral ' ,s tl~:->13.;-tiii2:-~t,s
;!T:< tl:? _ J ~ ~ y0 1i l :.r;ii:.e,
jcl:e EQs t
i n ~ o r t a n tdennrtnleoits c o n c e r n i i i g sk:.r?-tia t i c =, liave 3ee2: tl-:e TTonc? Cff i c o 9
e s t a b l i s h c d i n 1731) ( criixixlal axd c i - ~ ~ ijl?.- ~ G . i c i c ls . t n ' ; i s t i c s r,i;:ce 115':) ; t h e
Inlancl Reveiluc i.>c:ac?rtmeilit, csta?,:lisl~cc!i n l;?~~?
( s--u:iaq- oi ii;c orii! t n : ; s i n c e
."
1557); t h e L o c a l Sov6inrncait I ~ C J L L Y ~cc&ahlir;:!eC
,
i;:
;L t o coil¿i:iüc
t'ic
~ ~ o r oP
l ; the o l d F o o r 1,211 3 o a r l . of I$?-, a:-i~! i-e~.!j.:i.cc:!
t l i ~ i,:lj.;i~,t.~,- G$
I i e a l t l i in 1!)19 ( s t ~ t i s t i c son ~j:-erisiii
~ i : ~ cTC!;?;
c
o c l;ci? t . ~ . : ; z i i a ~ , "
j m b l i c h c a l t l i ac:? hciusin: s i n c e .187l.)5 t17u I ? o ~ ? r <9 2 _ i f : r i ~ : 1 : 1 k ~ r(I??$\,
c
a:ld thc. t h r e e Eoarcls o f ~ ~ i c l ~ c a (1~911).
tio~
L
C,,-.
.j
7
229 J o n r n a l o i t h o S t a t i s t i c a l S o c i r t y ( ~ o a ~ ; ; ; i ol'L!.c
l
J-,
133&.*
lllcjc>:ey-~~~-$~~;-?~
4-,
~
-,--
51-71 (1,383-17[)9), 72-87 (~907-?!:),
S i s t o q r oP the S t a t i s t i c - l S o c i c t y of
a c t i v i t i e c i s ~ i v e nhy
L'-
:i~:71';o;!.
,
7 .
3 u y n l S¿o,+is:ical
jocirt:.-).
~
~
~
!
-j()-5()
~
~
~ F L - ~ ~
( ~< .) ~ ( ? ~ - j.27-117
~ j ~ ) ,
; L L ? ~ ! ;:
: ' ( > . ~ : c ~ - i ; > t0:'i o i its
l
271 _ L ~ a l of
s t!:~R o y a l S t a k - j . n t i c c % lSocicU:r Il:'?i_~-i?:?.:.
. .
I.orri[orr,, Sl:c 3 0 . - ~ ?5:'::tcitist i c n l S o c i e t y , 1934,
i..A,.---riiilr.---.-
T h e r e i s 2 uscful I l i s t o r i c a f !iar,r;liooli r~rlricll i s ~ e o i ; ~ i c % c !iol:cvci,
?,
t o econonic s t 2 t i c t i c s :
i-iainly-
~
>
-
0,>,,_,J
1Ios-L of thri -kinv-scrici, iilcluc'.ct:. covcr t::e ; i l i o ' _ ~ o f .tliz iiriitci' 'I;ir?;;.';o!li nrii!
starr i n tlle 15.th centnry; ceveral :;o b c x l r c7rez-i k o ';::E
i3t:i ceilttiry. l i ' i t ! ~
t h c r e s u l t s 02 t!ic ccnsus of p , ; u l a t i o n rezchii-;r t o 1941, tlie s e r i c s sto:)
i n 1939 o r evcn c n r l i e r . I n co:nnection ~%ii-t!lt l , e s e c o ~ ~cdi i i t i o n i n 1971,
liowever, a se1)arc?te vo;lme lzas heen :~ublisSecli comitirxiny; most s e r i e s t o
1955 and incliir!ing new s e r i e s ~ c f e r r i n gt o c r i r ~ c , e l e c t i o n s , a ~ c lerlucatio~l:
Second a b s t r a c t of B r i t i s h h i s - t o r i c a l s t a t i c t i c s , c c l . 73jr B.?. f i i t c l l e l l ar2
X.G. Jones. Cambridli;e, C C m b r i r i ~U
e n i v e r s i t y P r c s s , 1371. 1;: + 227 ??.
These two p r i v a t e c d i t i o n s should l)e used t o g e t h c r i.iith nn o f f i c i a l l g - ;a>?is!~cici I
i
and niore s - e c i a l i z e d h i s t o r i c a l hand'nooli ol" I n F o i ~ rctritis';ics ~i~l.iich
co:lt~?ins
more than 200 time-series conccrnin@ ~n1onf;o t h e r s t h e c7;evelomj~entof riaFes,
~ r i c se sind lzours of wor!r, em?loyriient alid ~ ~ i e q ? l o y ~ ~ier indtu, s t r i a l tlis?ute s
2nd membersl~i- i n t r a d e unions:
~
1
i
-
2?4 B r i t i s h labour s t a t i s t i c.s . l J i s t o r i c a 1 a b s t r s c t - 1885-?.95~,
- .
ed. 5y t h e 3 c l s r t meizt of 7hyloynei1t and. l'roducti-~itj..London, iZez Xi-jesty ' s S t a t i o n e r y C!f f'ice,
1971. J175 7 .
I
3.1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l C t a t i s t i c n l Conp;resses
For h i s t o r i c a l information on t l ~ ei n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c a l C O ~ T ~
z ~ a r t1.1 of t h e ?ddi~~;r,z-~k~(es~~..lest~r~ar~r<~,
clla?. 1;:) arid (~76)
A g e n e r a l summary of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Con~;ressi s ,n;i.iren hy
.
275 Weumalin-Spallart, .<:.?I
P S c
Gf.
von. 11!tFsuin6 of t h c r c s u i t s o f t i i c interr?.2tional stn11
t i s t i c a l congrcsses
?T. 1?81t-'iOG ixi: <Tiil)i1s c voliimch n f tltc : t . n t i s l i c a 1
S o c i e t y , Lonilon, Stanforil, 1885.
... ,
-1 l i s t of v a r i o u s g u b l i c a t i o n s r e f e r r i n g t o s p e c i f i c s e s s i o n s of tlle Corll~ress
cari be found on (11).
A t a l a t e r s e s s i o n t h e C o n ~ r e s si n a ~ ~ g p r a t ead s e r i e s of works rt%ich v e r e
thought t o f o r m a coinplete c o l l c c t i o n of i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s . Only a
f e ~ ;of them, ho~iever, have been f inished. Alb i b l i o g r a ? l y i s given on
F?. 270-271 i n (12).
3.2 I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e of S t a t i s t i c s
1
I
There a r e two h i s t o r i e s of tl-ie i n s t i t u t e , t h e f i r s t givinf; a v e r y d e t a i l c d
account of t h e work and t h e p u h l i c a t i o n s of t h e i n s t i t u t e u n t i l t h e 13701s,
t h e second contailaing a more genercal l ~ i s t o r yirrcludiilz l a t e r developnents:
2% Zahn, F. 50 aim6es de 1'123stitu-t I ~ ~ t e r n a t i o n ad el S t a t i s t i q u e . The Ila,gue,
I n s t i t u t I n t e r n a t i o n a l de S t a t i s t i q u e , 1354, IqI + 181 p.
237 7?:ixon, J.!:'.
h i s t o r y of t h e 1 . n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a t i s t i c a l I n s t i t u t e 1885-1360.
The H a p e , I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t a t i s t i c a l I n s t i t u t e , 1960. 1711 + 188 T>.
J?,
Betveen 1885 sdlen t h e i n s t i t u t e ~ i a sfouncled ancl t h e F i r s t Vorld I:ar i t s only
p u b l i c a t i o n Iias been a journal r~!iicli soon bc-cme, ho~vcver, t h e most im.~ortant
one f o r t h e development of i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s :
~
,I
278 C u l l e t i n de l ' h c t i t u t I n t e r n a t i o n a l ~ l eS t n t i s t i q t i e . 1-, 1855-.
Index: 1-70, 1386-1933.
3 e s i d e s t h e r e ~ ~ o r on
t s t!le s e s s i o n s o l t'ic Z-istitute. ( 2 . bet~.ieen1887 an(!
1938) it l r i m a r i l y c o n t a i n s m a t e r i a l s t a t i s t i c a l nnalys e s , one f o u r t h dedic a t e d t o p o p u l a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s , anotllcr f o u r t h t o ecsnomic s t a t i s t i c s , and
a s socia1.-2nd labour s t a t i s t i c s , c r i r n i n a l i t y ,
the r c s t t o varisus tonics
~ u b l i cf i n a n c e , e d u c a t i s n and t h c o r g a n i z a t i o n of s t a t i s t i c s ; it was n o t bef o r e tkie 1370's t h a t s t a t i s t i c s l rnethodolo7y ~ r a i n e dclore i m ~ o r t a n c e .
I n 1913 t h e I n s t i t u t e c r e a t e d a I'emanent O f f i c e tlie n a i n tasl: of vhich has
been t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of a n i n t e r n n t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c a l ycarbook:
239 Annuaire i n t e r n a t i o n a l de s t a t i s t i q u e . 1-8, Tliel I I a p e , 1916-1921.
It i s n o t a yearbooli: i n a s t r i c t e r sense, s i n c e eaclra volume i s r e l r i t e d t o
a S p e c i a l t o p i c . The f i r s t f i v e v o l w e s c o n t a l r . a t a t i s t i c s on t b c s t r u c t u r e
and movements of p o y u l a t i o n i n T:uroje ( v o l . 1, 1915 an6 v o l . 2,1917), t h e
h e r i c a s ( v o l . 3, 1919 and v o l . 11, 1920), A f r i c s , l i s i a an2 Oceania ( v o l . 5,
1321) ; v o l . 6 (1920) g i v e s i n t e r n a t i o n a l labour s t a t i s t i c s i n c luding mong
o t h e r s wages and hours of ~rorlr, unem~loyment, trac?e unions and s t r i k e s ; vol.':
(1920) i s v e r y inhomogencous c o n t a i n i n g s t a t i c t i c s on prirnaiy education,
coamunication, housing, a g r i c u l t u r e and p r i c e i n d i c e s ; v o l . 8 , f i n a l l y , i s
cledicated t o s t a t i s t i c s on p u b l i c f i n a n c e , n r o d u c t i o n and r a t e s of exchange.
Since t h e Leagueof ISations and t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Laboiir Organization had
assumed s t a t i s t i c a l taslrs i n t h e mcari~rhilc, t 5 i s p u S l i c a t i o n of g e n e r a l
s t a t i s t i c s was discontinuecl and t h e Perman~ritOffice 02 t h e I n s t i t u t e s t a r t ed a new and more S p e c i a l s e r i e s on p o y u l a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s :
240 Aperqu de l a dkmof;rapSie des d i v e r s ~ a y sdu monc?e.
4, 1329; 5, 1952; 5, 1379.
1, 1923; 2, 1925;
5, 1927;
Zach voluue has t v o p r t s ; t h e f i r s t c o n t a i n s h i s t o r i c a l time s e r i e s of tlie
t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o y u l a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o Ses, age, c i v i l
s t a t u s , l i t c r a c y , r e l i g i o n , n a t i o n a l i t y anti. 1an.i;ua:gc a s i:rell a s tlie r e . ~ i o n a l
d i s t r i b u t i o n ancl tlie urban p o p u l a t i o n f o r tllc l a - t e s t census; t h c seconc! r i v e s
s t a t i s t i c s of m a r r i a g e s , d i v o r c c s , f e r t i l i t y m d m o r t n l i t y i n c l u d i n g i n f n n t
m o r t a l i t y , causec of d e a t h and l i f e c:;pectancy.
I n tl-ie 1930's t h e Permaner.it Office a l s o ecliteci trio ina;jor c o l l c c t . i o ~ i sof
economic s t a t i s t i c s :
21~1n e c u e i l i n t e r n a t i o n a l de s t a t i s t i q u e s economiques. 1, 1919-1970 ( 13T L ) ,
VII + 216 p; 2, 1371-1376 (1978) VII + 253 p. The J I a s e . T!nglish eclition
undcr t h e t i t l c " I n t e r n a t i o n a l a b s t r n c t of economic s t a t i s t i c s " ?re-ared by
t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference of ::conomic S c r v i c e f o r v o l . 1 and by t h e
Permanent O f f i c e f o r v o l . 2.
These a r e com-ilations of c l a s s i f i e d i n d i c e s o i economic a c t i v i t y i n fon2 o i
a monthly r e c o r d 2nd r e f e r r i n g t o Linance, p r i c c s ailcl ?r.a,o;es, tracle 2nd oiit;?xt,
t r m s p o r t , em~>loymentf o r 15 ( v o l . 1) a;li: 152 ( ~ 0 1 . 2 ) n a i i i l y lhropcan countries.
I n a d d i t i o n tlie l i e m a ~ c n tO f f i c e q u h l i s h c d tiro 1ror2 s ; ~ c c i i l lb111; u s e f u l 7:001;s,
one about t h e or:;aniz,ation of v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s , t l t c ot;icr a:,out s t a t i s t i c a l
institutioiis :
242 I:cnsei,peaent s u r 1' o r , q a c i s a t i o n ac-biaellc c'ics s t n t i s t i r . i l c dc 1 ; t a t c i v i 1
dans d i v e r s pay-s. She Ilague, 1:lR'j.
-
243 R k p e r t o i r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l des i n a t i : k u t i o n s s t a t i s t i o u e s . The TTag~c, I??!.;,
T ~ T I-iI 145 n.
m
ihe
f i r s t sho;a:,
7ilia.t c l i n r n c t e r i s t i c s ol" c i v i l s t c t u s
, n i n r r i a ~ c s , clivorccs ,
b i r t h s and d.eatlis a r e recordetl f o r a b o u t 50 c o w i t r i e i ; . I h c seco~icii.c i v e s t h e
n m e s and p e r i o d i c s l p u l ~ l i e a t i o n sof i n t c r n a t i o l r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , n a t i o n a l
s t a t i s t i c a l b u r e z u s , ~ r o v i n c i a lant! m m i c i i ; i a l 1;urecz~s an!; r e s e a r c l i i n s t i t u t e s .
-4lthoug!i t l ~ eI n s t i t u t e l o s t more anr3 ciore o f i t s f u n c t i o n ac c o l l e c t o r of i x t e r n a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s , it p r e s e n - e d . one r e a l s y c c i a l i t y : t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
s t a t i s t i c s of l a r p c i t i e s . The f i r s t v o l m e :,ras :.:u;:licl-ici. mcler t!le t i t l e :
2!,1:
_'innuaire s t a t i : ; t i q ~ i e d e s ::rnndcs
v i l l e s . Shc T T a p e , 1 9 T e
Thc second volumc hnd s d i f f e r e n t t i t l c :
S t a t i s t i q u e i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d s ~ r a n d e sv i l l e s .
The t h i r d e d i t i o n a p l e a r e d under t h e Same t i k l e b u t ~ m b r a c c df o u r T,rolurnzs
d e d i c a t e c l t o s p c c i a l t o - p i c s : Toiarismc! 1929-197;: (133ii), E l n c t r i c i t 6 , (-27. e t
e a u 1974 (lq-':),
T e r r i t o i r e e t jiopul e t i o n 19:?.8-l";l;
(I?':':', r.,orci:icllt
I??:;1934 ( 1 9 4 0 ) . -''Liter t l i ~Second '.iorl<l d a r 2 ncs.: s c r i c ? s r:n.a l , c . r , ~ii::ilpy
~~
i!!c. ~-2:le
t i t l e , dividcd i n t o sevesal suhcerics:
i
246 S t a t i s t i q u ~i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d e s g r a n d c s v i l l e s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s oL
larpe to~ms,
ser.
Y t a t i s t i c ~ u e sd & m o z r a p l i i p e c f i e s )rranrles v i l l e i , ; v o l . L , l "-? ' ~,: 7.-01. ?
1/57.
s c r . B: S t a t i s t i q u e s du 1oy;enent e t P.e l a c o n s t r ~ c t i o n ;v o l . 1, 1955; ~ o l .!?,1-50.
s c r . C : ~ o , m & e sEcononi-es
d e s g r a n 6 . e ~v i l l e s ; r w l . 1, 1:53.
s e r . D: S e r v i c e s i > u h l i c s e t t r a n s ~ o r i sd a n s l e s ~ r a n d e sv i l l c s ; 7.-31. 1, ic)j?.
s e r . 6: S t a t i s t i q u e c u l t u r e l l e c t d e s s p o r t s ; v o l . 1, 1961.
I n 1961 a l l s u b s e r i e s were u n i t e d unG.er t h c saxe t i t l e i n a b i e n i i i a l y ~ b l i cation.
The f o l l o ~ i i n gtwo boolcs g i v e a v e q r cl-etaileil and coinnreherisive accolxrrt of
t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s and ; ? u b l i c a t i o n s o i t h e Leapic of ? - a t i o n s :
247 A u f r i c h t , fi. Guide t o tlie I J r a m c of PLrltioris ~ w hilc n t i o r l s . J? b i l i l i o ( : s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i i c r i l
s u r v c y of t l l e worlc of tlie JJea,r!e, 10?O-lc!117. ;,cw 'iois1i, i:ol~iill)inl T r i i i c r s i t ? P r e s s , 1951. JIIX -k 682 p.
?!&3 Catalo,rl;ue d e s p u b l i c a t i o n s 6 d i t f . e ~de
Geneva, 1335. 276 P.
L
19'33
L?,
?/*!~,cti. hy tl1e Lea:pe o i I:ctions.
S t a t i s t i c s havc maiizly beeil compilcd and puhlishe:! by Sone of t h e s c c t i o n s of
t!le G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r i a t of t l i e IleaLgue of X a t i o c s a s w e l l 2s. by sonc of t h c
(;ommittees o f t h e Lea<;ue o f klatioiis. She most i m v o r t a n t anong tlle 17 s e c t i o n s
h a s b e e n t h e Economic snc! l?inancc S e c t i o n ( i n 1/71 s - l i t i n t o t~:o p r t s ) i n c l u d i n g t h e Economic Intelligente S e r v i c e wliic!.; c d . i t c d t h e mair, s t c ? t i s t i c a l
y e a r h o o k and s e v e r a l s e r i e s of economic s t a t i ~ t i c c :
249 > ~ m m a i r es t a t i s t i q ~ a ei n t c r i l a t i o n a l . I n t e r n n t i o n n l E j t ~ t i ~ tyear7i:oo!:.
i~~l
1-4, 1926 (1.927)
1923 ( 1 3 ~ ~ ) .
-
I t u c u a l l y has Tour main p r t s r e f e r r i n g t o :
( G , ) t c r r i t o y 2nd c
. o .n u l a t i o n ,
( h ) ~ r o a u c t i o n , c o n s u ~ i i ~ ~ t iancl
o n l i f e - s t o c l r , ( C ) c o m c r c e and t r a n s - o r t , (C!)
!?ublic f i n a n c c , c u r r e n c y a n d p r i c e s . I t h n s been nttem7ited t o Cover ss n a y c o u n t r i e s as p o s s i b l e and t o r e n d e r t h e s t a t i s t i c a l s e r i e s CO-arable. The
c o n t e n t e s s e n t i a l l y rernainecl t h e same, trbcn t h c t i t l e :ras clian.zec! i n 1950;
o n l y sonie l a b o u r s t a t i s t i c s w e r e added:
2-50 i l n n u a i r c s t a t i s t i q u c ! de l a S o c i e - t 6 d e s Ila-tions. S t a t i s t i c a l yearbook of t!:e
Leap,xe of N a t i o n s . 1-13, 1 ? ~ 0 / ~(1931)
1
- lc/:.!12/!& (IS)!~?).
1
i
Tlie o t h e r more s p e c i a l s t a t i s t i c a l s e r i e s e d i t e t i 1~yt!ic Economic L n t e l l i g c n c e
S e r v i c e r e f e r t o : (1) p r o d u c t i o n and p r i c e s , ( 2 ) noney nnd banliing, (5) i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e s t a t i s t i c s , ( 4 ) b a l a n c c s of yapzcntsg nioct i m n o r t a n t , f i n a l l y ,
h a s been (5) tl-ieliiTorld economic s u r v c y r l , g i v i n g s t ü t i s t i c s on a c t u a l t r e n d s of
economic developmeat. I n e x c c u t i o n o i t h c 13!?S11nternatioaal c o ~ l v e n t i o nr e l a t i n g t o economic s t a t i s t i c s l ' t l l e Economic an2 ?i:-izncc S e c t i o n s e t U;, c? Comnittee
of S t a t i s t i c a l Experts i n 1930 1d1ic1-i ?ublisl.icC- i t s stnteriients anil r e c o m c n d a t i o n s
uiiiler t h e t i t l e :
251 S t u d i e s and r e p o r t s on s t a t i s t i c a l methods. 1-3,
1358-1?!47.
Among t h e o t h e r s e c t i o n s of t h e General S e c r e t a r i a t only t h e I-lealth Organiz a t i o i l and tl-ie Disarmament S e c t i o n have some i m o r t a n c e i n t h i s conte::t. Bes i d e s a b u l l e t i n and a year'book r e l a t i n g t o t4:e Orrrenization ailc?- f?cvelo?rnent
o f F'ublic Hygiene, t h e R e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n eilitec'i n v e r y u s e f u l s c ~ i c sof 1 4
s t a t i s t i c a l n a n u a l s r e p o r t i n g on t h e v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s i n a l l ' : e s t e n l S;uropeafi
c o u n t r i e s witll t h e e v c e p t i o n of I t a l y an6 iilc l u d i n g Canada, Czecho s l o v a k i a
and Eiungary :
152 S t a t i s t i q u e s demographiques o f f i c i e l l e s de
...
1-14,
1324-1930.
A s a p i o n e e r e f f o r t , f i n a l l y , t h e d i s a m a m e n t s e c t i o n p u b l i s h e d a yeurbook
w i t h s t a t i s t i c s on amaments, i n c l u i l i n , ~ni l i t a r j expenilituree.
257 b u a i r e m i l i t a i r e . Disarmament yearbook.
1-15, 1924-1973/~0.
3.4 United Nations.
For a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o U n i t e d Nations documents See:
254 Brimmer, B.
e t a l . A guide t o t h e u s e of United ?!ations documents. I n c l u d i n g
r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s p e c i a l i z e d a g e n c i e s and s p e c i ü l U.?:.
l ~ o d i e s . Dobbs F e r r ,
N.Y.,
Oceana B u b l i c a t i o n a , 1962. XV + 272 p.
255 Yinton, R.N.11.
P u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e United Nations s y a t e n : 11r e f e r e n c e q i d c .
Nerv Yorlr aild London, Bowlcer, 1972. XI + 202 P.
IJhereas t31e f i r s t g i v e s a more e x t e n s i v e dcscri!)tiori of tlic tlocunieritatiori
systern, t h e u s e of t h e second i s more convenient. n e s i < l c s a b r i c f ovcrvic~;.
of t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e United Nations and t h e i r p u b l i c a t i o n s , it g i w s
a number of v a l u a b l e r e f e r e n c e ~ ~ o r l r sa , c o m ~ r e h e n s i v el i s t of t l i e i r periodi c a l s and s e l e c t e d o t h e r r e c u r r e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s ,
I d i t h i n t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s p r i m a r i l y t h e S t a t i s t i c a l Commission and t h e S t a t i s t i c a l
O f f i c e ( ~ e ~ a r t r n e noft Economic and S o c i a l ~ f f a i r s ) t h e f o u r r e g i o n a l economic
commissions and t b e twelve s p e c i a l i z e d intergovernrnental a g e n c i e s cleal w i t h
s t a t i s t i c s . IIere, o n l y some of t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e S t a t i s t i c a l o f f i c e
a r e mentioned, Ffost i m p o r t a n t a r e t h e follovring f o u r yearhooks:
,
256 S t a t i s t i c a l yearbook.
1-, 1948-.
It summarizes s t a t i s t i c s from t h e more s p e c i a l i z e d yearbooks r e f e r r i n g t o
p o p u l a t i o n , employment and unemployment, i n c l u s t r i a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l o u t p u t ,
e d u c a t i o n , comrmuiications, and s o c i a l s e r v i c e s . I t a l s o i n c l u d e s time-series.
257 Demographic yearbook. 1-, 19118-.
Each volume c o n t a i n s t i m e - s e r i e s of b a s i c demographic d a t a a s w e l l a s s t a t i s t i c s on s p e c i a l t o p i c s (e,g-. f e r t i l i t y , m o r a l i t y , p o ~ > u l a t i o nc e n s u s e s ) ~ i h i c h
a r e repeated a l l f i v e years.
258 Yearbook of i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e s t a t i s t i c s , 1-, 1950-.
volume C;~T.;GS s t ~ ? t i s t i c sOE e ~ ' ; p o r t sanrl i m n o r t c ?,Y couritry of o r i ~ i nanc?
d e s t i n a t i o n , an;i i n d i c e s of t e r m s of tracle.
7
-AC!:
259 Yearhooli o f n a t i o n a l accoiants s t n t i s t i c s . 1-, 1?57-.
Each volume among o t h e r s i n c l u d e s s t a t i s t i c s 02 32, g o ~ ~ e r n m c n t ahlu 6 g e t s , e:t e r n a l t r a n s a c t i o n s . T!ie y c a r b o o l ~Eias beeil ?rececl cd hy:
'260 S t n t i s t i c s O E ria-tional income anct cspenehiturc. S t a t i s t i c a l P a p e r s , s e r i e s ,!I
no. 1-10, 1952-56.
iknong t h e more o r l e s s p e r i o d i c z l p u b l i c a t i o n s one i s outstandin!;:
2Gf Uaiitecl 3 l a t i o n s e C e p o r t on t h e w o r l d s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n . 1, 1952; 2, 1957;
3, 1961; 4 , 1967; 5 9 1-967; G , 1967; 7, 1971.
I n t h e f i r s t p a r t of e a c h volume tlne s o c i a l dcvelopment i s a n a l y n e d by r e g i o n s ,
i n t h e second t h e f o l l o ~ s r i n gs u b j e c t s a r e t r e a t e e l : vrorld - o p n l a t i o n s i t u a t i o n ,
f z!m.ily p l n m i r z ~ , Ziealth, f ood anci n u t r i t i o n , h o u s i n g , e d u c a t i o n , e p l o p e n t ,
p r i c e s arid ~ ~ a z e s o
, c i a l s e c u r i t y , a o c i a l w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s . i'Ls a n a t t e n ? t t o
s y s t e n a t i z e t h e asseilibling of b a s i c s t a t i s t i c s f o r tlle r e p o r t 02 t h e ~ ~ o r l c l
s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n , a connendiun h2s b e c n i s s u e d a s a j o i n t uridertal<iiig of t:ie
IR:, t 5 e ILC, t l i e Fi1.0, t h e U N ~ S C Oacd t l ~ e:Zr@:
IG2 U x ~ i t e dTzations. Comyendiuni of s o c i a l s t a t i s t i c s . 1, 1967; 2, 1967.
The I n t e r n a t i o n a l LaIz'b,our O r g ~ n i z e t i o i( ~
L .L. G. ) $las 5ecn establishc:'. i n 19 l 9
as rn i n t e r , ~ o v e m ; ~ e n t a;Tcrzcy
al
:..-i-tl: t h e r?c.i:i o?:j c c t t o i r ~ 7 r o v e , c o l l e c t anC
p u b l i s ! ~ com-.?rrative i n f o i n o t i o r i r c l z - t i n . s t o ls?l;oi~r ?ro?.lcns. Tke I.L.C.
comists
of t l i e I n t e r r i a t i o n a l Labour Confereucc, ai?- nsscmkl-. 7:hicI; : ~ S S C S t:?e b ~ ~ s i c
rccomea~c!ations antl. conwentions, t h e Governiinc 3oc!y, ancl, f i n a l t , . , t h e Ir-terl=c?.t i o n a l Labour O f f i c c ?:?l-i_icIlf u n c t i o n s a s tlle s c c r e t a r i a t of t h e or7;anizatioll.
The vrorl; of t h i s o f f i c e h a s h e e n su?porte:! r::orc o r l c s s r c c u l a r l > -$7 t h e
' I i l t e r n a t i o i i a l ConTcreizcc of Lahour S t c ? , t i s t i c i a s s' (10 bckirecn 1327
1951).
r~~ li i eo r ~ ; n n i z a t i o nan(; i t s n c k i v i - L i e s cIurii12
t;!e p C i ~ - g t t ~ r :l , r ~ ; a~r e~ ~ex',c?i!six-cl;.d . c s c r i b e d i n t l i c coni,:relicnsive surarey:
?G7 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour O f f i c e , ed. The i'irst d e c a d e , London, 19-1.
.I more ern11rr:cing accouirt of t h c H.Zl.O's
c o ~ , t r i J ) u t i o tno t h c devclo-i:l.cr_t 01
lal-sour s t n t i s t i c s i s ~ i v c :i n
~ t::c s-ynontic n r t i c l e :
25.5 The r e s e a r c h worl; of t h e I.L.O.
122-1r~7.
1nterna:tionnl
Lahour Xeview 71, 195'5:
P o r a more e:;tcni;ive clocumcntation of tlie e f f o r t s a t f n t z r n a t i o n o l stanclardi z a t i o n and in-;rovement of lrzbour s t s t i s t i c s c i , :
165 Thc i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t n n d a r d i z a t i o n
.
-.
s e r . I.
oP 1-abour P.-s,.- t a t i s t i c s .
~ q v j : y ~GIICI
) no. 25 (19:~-
3 0 ~
SC.,
110.
S t u d i e s an6 r e y o r t s .
57 (I???).
T k i s s e r i e s of a r t i c l e s z i v e s aii overvie7.r of E i e fi;enc?nl d e v e l o ~ i c r i iof
l a b o u r s t a t 8 i s . t i c s as r w l l n s detnilec;. d i s c u s s i o y s of tl?.e e ~ ~ o l u t i oi n
c tl~e
f ollowin2; 'tirmches of lit!>our s t u t i s t i c ~ : c l a s o i f iccztion of i n d u s t r i e s a:i?.
occ-aticrls,
eri.7loyrneen-b and unem?loglrizcnt r . r q e s aacl Izoui-s of ~vorlr, c o s t o P
l i v i i i ~ ,inc!17liui¿risl a c c i d c r , t s , hotrses, c o l P e c t i v e ciy:re eilent s , i ~ ~ c l u s t r i ad li s nutet, emiyra-bio2 a ~ l di m n i , g r a t i o n . F o r S i h l i o s r z - h i c y q : o s e s -i;he 0ffir-c
-u'blisl:es n s p e c i a l s e s i e s :
167 Si*;ject ,.;uiCe to publications
Geneva, 1967. V + 478 D.
o ä t h e Ii~ter::ntioilnl
Lc?boiir Off icc, 1.$i?-1964.
The oldest seriodical publication of statistics o l t!le Intcrnatior,al L&our
Gffice is its
Zesides a Sib1ioy;raphical part -the journal us-~izll-ycontains articles on a
sreat variety of tol->icsincluding m o n g others analyscs of labour statistics,
diccussions of their methodological jrobleins ancl re~ortscn 1;loliticalan6
administrative measures concerning ecoilociic 2nd social questions. T r a n 1'3-L
to 1951 the journal also contai~iecl,a s-ecinl yart devoted to st~tisticsoii
em?loynelit and unem~loyment,hours of vror!.:, rIa,ges an:! cost oP liuizc; f r o r i
1352 to 1964 these statisticc a.»?earcc! in 'lSur.nlemcnt
.,...
to thc Interrlntional
Labour Xevieir" ~r11icl-i
since 1365 forns the
269 Bulletin of labour statistics. 1-, 1955-.
In addition to tlie 'International Labour Revie~r'~iitkiits hroad r z c y of sc3jects, the office siace 1320 piihlis?~c<l
a series deaicatcd to nore syecial
problems. Until the Yorld Iiar I1 it tias been Civi(:ed into 16 subseries of
~hic1-ionly one is of interest here:
270 Studies and reports. Series X, Stutistics, 1-25. 1*23-194>.
Thcse volumes deal ~vithproblems and methods oi com?ilation in t'ne various
branches of Labour statistics, the ~~or!: of the 'Tntenlntional Conference of
Labour Statisticians', and general reports orr the statiatical i.~or?:of the
I.L.O.
After !forld War I1 the 16 subseries werc uniiiec" in 2 new and conmon series:
271 Studies and reqorts. New series. 1-, L9&6-.
In 1970 the International Labour Office startecl a yearbook ~rhiclinainly
gave qualitative information but also contained a few tables referring to
unemployment, vages and cost of livinz:
272 I.L.O.
yearbook. 1-10, 1930-1940.
The scole of the tables increased in tl-ie next eclitions, anci tlie edit,io~ifor
1934-35 appeared in two volumes, one dedicated to statistics oilly. Since
1936 the statistical pnrt has been -ublishccl seprately under tlie title:
275 Yearbook of labour statistics. 1-, 1936-.
The fields covcred by the yearbook are: eqloyment and unemployment, hours
of worlc, Trages, prices, fmily livins studies, migration and industrial relations; between 1946 and 1961 a part on social security was also included.
Each section Starts with a discussion of the scope of the data, tlie method
of their compilation and the degree of conyarability.
3.6 United Nations Educational, Scientific md Cultural Organization
The UNESCO was founded in 1945. 73~0institutions, lio~irever,nay be regarded
as its predecessors. One is the 'Institut International de ~oo~6ration
Intellectuelle' in Paris ~ v h i c h - ~ founded
ws
in 1925 by the bench goverment
and worked as an agency of the 'Comission de Cooperation Intellectuelle'of
the League of Nations. A comprehensive survey of its vork, including a bibliography of its publications, is given in:
274 L'bstitut Intern~tionalde Cooperation InteS_lectuelle 1925-1946.
Paris, 1946.
-
Tkhe ot!ner i n c t i % u t i o n i s t h e ' h r e a u 1 n t e r n a . t i o n a l dcz l ' ~ c l u c i ? t i o n l~ A i c h:ras
y r i v a t e l y Hounded i n 1925 i n Gcnevn. I n 19139 it rras trsnsformed i n t o an inter-f;overmei:tal or,lraniaation an6 coon he::m t o piiblisI1 c? ;;ec?rbool::
275 _;nnuaire i n t e r n a t i o n a l de P ' e d u c a t i o n e t ce! l ' c.n,sei:i~eme,at. 1-, l$57-.
S i n c e 1743 t h i s year'l~ool; i o pu1~lishec"Lin: coo-r>erL;tio-?~ r i t 3 iX 7 S C C an2 a?-
I
y e a r s i n 7ay;lio-i. I n 1959 t h c 'Errenu In'ierna.tioi_al Le 1'-:dricztioiil ?ras incorporatecl i n t o UiTIT-:;;CO.
The U I T 3 C O com?iPes anrl ~ u b L i s l i c ss t a t i s t i c s on ec:ucation, s c i e n c e anc?
c u l t a r e . T?le most i q o r t a n t p u 7 ~ l i c a t i o nrelatii?-2; ko eciucation c o n s i s t s of
a s c r i e s of f i v c rolrim-cs, t h e I"i-lst o i ~:liicli i c r-:li,el:
I
276 Zandbook o I e d u c a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n and s t a t i s t i c s . P a r i s , 1951.
TEe l"ollorrrinr< Tour aypenred und e r trie ~ e : ? e r n lt i t l c :
277 ;;orlci survcy 01 crlucation. Vol.
beconclarq e~7ucatioi1, 1351; v o l .
-olicy,
-,.-.
a i n a 1 . r eC?ucntica, ? a r i s 1355; T-c1.
- !L:
I T i ~ l i e rc ~ 7 u c e t i o : ~I?¿',
,
9 v o l . 3 : -ill~ca-ci3zal
l e g i s l a t i o n and a d m i n i c t r a t i o n , 1971.
!?:
I
,
The t h r e e n i d d l e v o l m e s r e n o r t s t a t i s t i c s on school e n r o l n e n t i n c r u c t i c a l l y a l l c o ~ i n i t ~ i eof
c t h e r;rorlc!, narzy r e a c h i s ~ ~Naclr
:
t o abon-t 1950.
Since 1967 t h e Tiii$C.SCO i s s n e s a ?;elieral yearboolc :.:::ich
irzcliides s t a t i s t i c s on
eclucation, s c i e n c c and t e c l u i o l o , ~ , l i b r a r i e s rad- nmseum, boolr ~!roc!uction,
n e s s p a y e r s 2nd o t l i e r p e r i o d i c a l s , pa-er c o n s r ~ ~ p t i o nf ,i l n l arid c i n e n a , rrclio
broadcastin.3 m d t e l e v i s i o n :
27C UIESCO s t a t i s t i c z l gcarboo!r.
%63-.
?L-,
PIore d c t a i l e d s t a t i s t i c s 011 communication, icc!uc!i;:g
nic~lii,crsof r a d i ~?.r,C
TV s e t s , netv :;ilns ~ r o d i i c e d , and net$rsI:ay:erc yut11is:;cc: CI:.:? c i - i c u l a t e c ~z r o
giveil i n CF iialiaal ~ Z l i c his publichccl irre;;iilarly s i n c e 1/30:
279 Iforld cor.m-ccaications: P r e s s , r a d i o , t c l e v i s i o : ~ , f i l m . 1-, 1.950-.
P
F i n a l l y , more s p e c i a l a n n l y s e s oii a v a r i e t j j o f s i ~ - h j c c t svhiclz s o n e t i o e s i::c l u d e t i c l e - s e r i e s a r e given i n tlie s e r i e s :
I
I
230 B t n t i s t i c u l r e n o r t s and s t u d i e u . 1-,
4-1 Z a r l v n a t i o n a l c o l l e c t i o n s
The v a l u e o l t11e f o l l o ? r i n z c o l l e c t i o n c l i e s above a ? l ir, nssemh1i:l~ tiis-iersed s t a t i s t i c s from a v n r i e t y 06 o I f i c i n l a:xl sorictir-ies 2 l s o n r i v n t e
s o u r c e s a t an e a r l y sta;e i n t h e devc1oi;nent of o P f i c i n l s t u t i s t i c s :
2 8 i D i e t e ~ i c i ,C.Fe:i.
~Tanc?7J~cli
tler >tatis-ti!: clcs -)rciiFiisc3er--Striates ( , j t a t i s t i c a l
c a n u a l of t l i e P m s s i a n s t < t m k i i n , I.JiL,l,ler, 1~:51. 71-5 1.;
282 F o r s e l l , C. a f . G t a t i s t i ' , ; iil Scl-rcc?c,a. Wzc:i d e r zrreiten u.1~1~rer'l)~rsserte:;
F-ufl a z e ; ? ~ c r n c . t z tvon +;.GmF. F - r c c s e T t a t i s t i c s o f Swcden. I r m s l ~ t c , l;J-" --?C.?.
.
?reesr, ' : ~ i n ~t h e sccond 23~1. ir!r?rovetl. c t l i t i o n ) LiiUec!;, ; : o ~ ; ~ ~ ~; :; ~L ~, . ~ .
'i,TlI + 565 1,.
.
283 f i a n c i s c i z i , U . ?reue StatisJci!: d e r S c l x q e i ~fracli d e r z-.-.:ei-Ccnmi6 ~ ~ z l i irlcl~
-.e.:.rljeitet-en -'ii:sza?~c 2.u~ Gcj-1 I t a l i c n i s c l i e i l i h c r s e t u t (~~ei:. s t n i i i t i c s oP
S ? : i t ~ r r l , - , ~ t SY;.-~S~C?OCCI
:.
IIS~E;; t;!e SCCOZI!
t_::L C O E I ; ? ~ C $rpl-iseii
C~~
Ii?li2_1
~ ~ i t i c i l Tkr::,
).
Z a l l c ? ; vo?. -I1, L(Y;,_,,
?; v o l . . ?, -$':P
.-,
"'", ...c!clltr~;
( s u 3 - l c ~ ~ e n t ) 12,51,
,
379 p.
t .>
4
0
!
0
'
,
I
I
2311 Zorn, J.E. S t a t i s t i s c h e s GernEldc d c s PGinizreic'is 73cl::icn ( ~ t a t i s t i c a l
y i c t u r e of t h e Kingdom of "uelgium). ?essc?u, Jlatz, 1857. S?dI + 228 L.
To~o,n:raphisJr-stati s t i sl: b e s l r r i v e l s e over JCon,oerip:et ::orye
035 Irraf t, J.E.
(. ~ o ~ o ~ r a s~t aht i sct i c a l d e s c r i p t i o l l o f tlie Xinqciom of Nomay) ; Chris t i a n i a
Grondahl, 18"-1835.
6 vols + tables.
-~
-
287 Sch~rreigaard, A.lf.
PTor,?;es s t a t i s t i k . (i.!or..rei:ia.?? s t a t i s t i c s . ) C h r i s t i a n i a , 1840.
288 Viebahn, G. von. S t a t i s t i k des z o l l v e r e i n t e n und nördliclien Deutcchlan?.~
( ~ t a t i s t i c sof t h e German T a r i f f Union and of n o r t h e r n ~ e r m a n y ) . E e r l i n ,
Reimer; v o l . 1, 1858; v o l . 2, 1562. 1050 p.
289 ;;irth, Fl. Allgemeine Beschreibung und S t a t i s t i l i d e r Scllrseiz ( ~ e n e r a ld e s c r i y t i o n
and s t a t i s t i c s of Switzerland). Zürich, l % s s l i ; v o l . 1, 1871; ~ r o l . 2, iG77;
v o l . 3, 1875. VII + 782 P.
230 Z u c c a p i - O r l a n d i n i , A. Corografia i i s i c a , s t o r i a e s t a t i s t i c a d c l l 1 I t a l i a
e d e l l e sue i s o l e
? , ~ c o ~ r a ~I ihi s~t o, r y , aild s t a t i s t i c s of I t a l y an(! i t s
i s l a n d s ) . Florence, 1875-1845; 12 v o l s .
...
4.3 Older comparative c o l l e c t i o n s
291 I.dappiius, J.Z.,
ed. ITandbuch d e r G e o , ~ r a n h i euild S t a t i s t i l r f ü r d i e :;ehilrleten
Stände. L e i p z i g , K n r i c h s , 1857-1371.
Vol. 1, pt.1: IIandbucb d e r allgemeinen Geographie u n d S t a t i s t i k , 1855; v o l . 1,
pt.2: N o r d m e r i k a , 12355; v o l . 2, i,t.i: i l f r i l i a , 1857; v o l . 2, y t . 1 t- 2: -J~fri!ra,
i l u s t r a l i e n , 1356 (second cnlarged ed.); v o l . 2, $.J: Asien, 1864; v o l . 2 ,
pt.1: Ost- und PTordeuropa; vol. 5, 2t.2: 'Iest- uqd ,?il!Ieirro.->a, 1862-18;11; r o l . 4,
yt.1: Ö s t e r r e i c h , Deutscher Bund i n allgemeinen, 1?v'51-1S67; v o l . !i, yt.2:
Das Königreich Preul;en uncl d i e deutschen 1 , i i t t e l - uni! I i l e i n s t a a t c n , 1354.
On t h e vliole, t h e volumcs e n h r a c i i ~ r ;s e v e r a l tliouszncis of T a p s Cover ;)ratt i c a l l y a l l c o u n t r i e s of tlie world a t t l l a t time. Tksitles a I j i h l i o ~ r a j > I y2nd
a v e r y c l e t a i l e d topogra!)liicnl d c c c r i n t i o n inclutling q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o m a t i o n
on c i t i e s and o t h e r comniunities, f o r eacli c o u n t r j tlie fo1lo:ring sub.jects a r e
f r e q u e n t l y t r e a t e d by ' c o u n t r y s 7 e c i a l i s t s 7 : l ~ o l i t i c a lc o n s t i t u t i o n x ~ c ladm i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o i l of t h e country, n i i l i t a n j , s t m c t u r e , d i s t r i b u t i o i i and
movements of p o p u l a t i o n , a g r i c u l t u r e 2nd incluustry, c o m e r c e , t r a n s p o r t and
communication, eclucation and r e l i c i o n , v r e l i ~ r ean(? c r i m i n a l i t y . The extensive s t a t i s t i c a l tables usually are scattercd i n the text.
292 iiolb, G.P.
IJandbuch d e r ver<?leichenden Sta-bis-tilc d e r Völlrerzustands- u ~ c !
Staatenilninde. Leipzig, F e l i s , 7 t h cd., 1875; ;Z;IV + 886.
Mainly on Zuroye, b u t a l s o incliiding some o t h c r c o w ~ t r i e s ,above a l l tlie
L h e r i c a s . The c o u n t r y c h a p t e r s a r e u s u a l l y cliviclccl i n t o f o n r n a r t s r e l a t i n y
t o country arid po?ulation, p u b l i c f inance, m i l i t a q r , azc'
ociales ' vhic!~
i n c l u d e s s t a t i s t i c s oil churches, eclucation, c r i m i i ~ a l i t y , a g r i c u l t u r e
i n d u o t r y , r a i l r o a d s , p o s t and t e l c p n p h s .
093 Flulhall, h.1.G.
853 P.
D i c t i o n a r y of s t a t i s t i c s . London, Xoutledge, 4 t h ed.,
1899.
T h i s voluminous nanual c o n t a i n s q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t z only. l l t h o u g l i concent r a t e d on econonic and deanograpliic s t a t i s t i c s , o t h e r f i e l d s a r e a l s o covered,
imong o t h e r s , education, e l e c t i o n s , p u b l i c f i n a i ~ c cancl communication. Des i d e s d e t a i l e d c u r r e n t fiagures f o r S i n g l e c o u n t r i e s , c o m ~ a r a t i v et a b l e s and
t i m e - s e r i e s a r e ~ r e s e n t e d . It i s t h e major s i n g l e source of t h a t time, b u t
h a s t h e g r e a t disadvantaze t h a t no a u t k o r i t i e s a r c yiven and only few ann o t a t i o n s a r e nade.
i
29- Zehb, A.3. Tlie new c l i c t i o n n r y of s t u t i s t i c s . i': COE--)l.emenl
t o tlio fourt!~
e c l i t i o n of h ~ u l h a l l l s ' D i c t i o n a r y of s t a t i s t i c s s Loni'on, ?oritledye, 1911.
;CI 4 682 2.
.
Sr~??lenient f o r 1893-1309 t o 1Irilhall 7:ut s i i n e r i o r , s i z c e a u t ! i o r i t i e s nre
z i v e n l o r a l l s t a t i s t i c s g ixicludec aii er;tca:si~.re l i s t of p u 2 l i c a t i o n s .
295 Smdb5r2, G. ilperpus s t n t i s t i r l u e s iizternationaw:.
Stoclcholm, Im!.rrimerie
n o y a l c , 1903. X q ~ r i n t e da s v o l u - 1 ~4 i n tl:e s e r i c s 'Demo~raphicmono:n;ra?hy1,
~ C I by
. M. I'erlman. PJc7.r -lorl;, GorGon and P r e ~ c l i . :XI 1 1'3b ?I.
,-
The major p a r t c o n s i s t s of c o m n a r a t i ~ r es t a t i s t i c a l t i n e - s e r i e s r e l a t i n r t o
t h e s t r u c t u r c 2nd movement of p o ? u l a t i o n (inclucJ-in2 s ? e c i a ? demosraphic
i n d i c a t o r s ) t h e s : p r i c i i l t u r a l and i i i c ~ u s t r i a l~ , r o d u cito n , comfierc e antl
comnrnication. The more ' r c c e n t ' s t a t i s t i c c r e r e r t o e d u c a t i o n , e l e c t i o n s ,
j u b l i c i n c o n e s and e q e n d i t u r e s , m i l i t a r y f o r c e s , t r a d e u n i o n s anc! s t r i l z e s .
T n i s volune h a s a h i g h r e p u t a t i o n , a l t h o u c h n r a c t i c a l l y no s o u r c e s acd
o n l y fevr a n n o t a t i o i l s a r e given.
,
J.S. Die 'kielt i n Zahlen. R e r l i n , I\losse, 1/25-1928. 7 v o l s .
Vol. 1: Die :;rile, d i e E c ~ ~ i j l l r e n i n gd, e r Vollrsreichtum, 1925, XL?V t 256 3. ;
v o l . 2: Die :'irl>eit,lc)l6, IOII + 775 7.; v o l . 3: Die ~ a n ( l ~ : r i r t s c h a f 1926,
t,
;Ci11 -I-320 p. 4 v o l . Jk: Das Gewerbe, 1326, IGiI + 775 P. ; v o l . 5 : IIandel und
Verkehr, 1917, :.SEC1 -I-376 13.; v o l . 6: Die ö f f e n t l i c h e n Finanzen, 1337r
;;III -t 2813 n. ; v o l . 7: S t a a t l i c h e s wil l r u l t u r e l l e s Leben, 1923, T 3 1 + 535 73.
296 :ioytinsQ,
Lilre t h e olcler German c o l l e c t i o n s , t l i e s e e x t r e m e l y u s e f u l v o l u n e s combioe
e x t e n s i v e ~ u a l i t a t i v ei n f o r m a t i o n w i t h tlie n r e s e n t a t i o n of nunerous s t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s ; ririth tlie e x c e p t i o n of a v e q r few c o m r ~ t r i e s , t h e y a r e res t r a i n e d t o !Turoje. The main c o n t e n t s of t h e various v o l u n e s nre: v o l . 1:
s t m c t u r e und movencnt of p o p u l a t i o n , n i z r ~ t i o n , c i t i e s , n a t i o n a l iocome,
income d i s t r i b u t i o n ; v o l . 2: rirorking c l a s s e s , xsomen and chilcl l a b o u r , laboizr
u n i o n s , c o l l e c t i v e agreements, Trages, h o u r s of r ~ o r k , s t r i k e s , unemq l o j n e n t ,
s o c i a l s e c u r i t y , i n s u r a n c e s ; v o l . 3: d i s t r i b u t i o n of l a n d , l a n d o ~ ~ n e r s h i p ,
a ~ r i c u l t u r a lp r o d u c t s ; v o l . 4: i n d u s t r i a l b r a n c h e s and c n t e r ~ r i s e s , i n d u s t r i a l
p r o d u c t s ; v o l . 5: t r a n s p o r t , c o m i c a t i o n , conunerce, bcadrin;, y r i c e s , economic
c o n j u n c t u r e s ; v o l . 6: incomes and e:ipenditures, d e b t s , c o m ~ n a lf i n a n c e s ;
v o l . 7: e l e c t i o n s and p a r l i a m e n t s , m i l i t n r y f o r c e s , liousing, h e a l t h s e r v i c e ,
education, judiciary.
237 ',?oytinslcy, ;f.S.;
iblioytinslry, 2.S. ' i o r l d p o v u l a t i o n ancl y r o d u c t i o n . i'rew l o r l i ,
Tlie T w e n t i e t h Century l"unc1, 1953. LI:': + 1255 F.
.
295 Woytinslq, :T. 5 . ; Voyt ins@, E. S. 1,Jorld commerce arid ,co-c.ernments i<ew yorl;,
The 5 h ~ e n t i e t i iCcntury fimcl, 195%. L I 1 a 907 1?.
I n comparison i r i t h t h e e a r l i e r c o l l e c t i o n t h e s e two volumes
Cover t h e tiliole ~ l r o r l d2nd t h e y a r e more concerilec! w i t h economic
s t a t i s t i c s , b u t l c s s u s e f u l vith r c s p e c t t o o t h e r t o p i c s . I h e f i r s t 7-olune
c o n t a i n s deno,~rrapliicand economic s t a t i s t i c s , tlle second p e s e n t s s t a t i s t i c s
on t r a d e and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and p o l i t i c a l s t a t i s t i c s r e f e r r i n z t o e l e c t i o n s
and p a r l i a m e n t s , g o v e r m e n t revenucs and e:menilitures,
4.7 Never c r o s s - n a t i o n a l c o l l e c t i o n s
293 Rc?.clrs, LI;
.:
T;
e.
s t o r , E.B.
1I.I.T.
P r e s s , 1967.
700 Ginsburg,
::.
il
c r o s s - r , o l i t y survey. CLmbridge, >lass., TIle
- ' L t l a s of economic r?evelot?nent. C!~icay;o, T j u i v e r s i t y of Cliiczqo
P r e s s , 1961. T J I I + 127 T.
302 Taylor, C.L.; Eudson, 1I.C. :Jorld hanclboo!: o l n o l i t i c a . 1 and s o c i a l i n d i c a t o r s .
Ne~rriaven and London, Yale b n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 2nd e d i t i o n , 1972. XiV + 443 F.
4.4 Newer h i s t o r i c a l c o l l e c t i o n s
The C o r r e l a t e s
0%
War P r o j e c t :
703 S i n g e r , J.D. ; Siuall, PI. TDie .rm,ges of war 1816-1965. Ker.r Yor!~, Yiley, 1972.
XI1 -+ 419 p.
The QUM3-Project:
304 Zapf, V. Materialien zur Theorie cles s o z i a l e n :iandels. !;onstc?nzer Yabilit a t i o n s s c h r i f t . U n i v e r s i t y of Moiistanz, 1967.
705 Zapf, V.; F l o r a , P. Some problems of t i m e - s e r i e s a n a l y s i s i n r e s e a r c h on
modernization. S o c i a l s c i e n c e i n f o m a t i o n 10 (Y), 1971; 53-102.
306 F l o r a , P. lloclernisierun5r;sforschunl;: Zur e o i r i s c 5 e n .'inalyse der g e s e l l s c h a f t l i c h e n Znt~v-icklung. Düsseldorf, Vestdeutscher Verlag, 1374. ?C!? p.
507 F l o r a , P. I n d i k a t o r e n d e r M o d e r n i s i e m q : Z i n h i s t o r i s c h e s Tlatenhandbuch.
Diisseldorf, 3lestileutscher Verlag, 1975. 197 7 .
The Elinnesota P o l i t i c a l n a t a ilrchive, Universit-y of Plinnesota, l l i n n e a ~ o l i s ,
Plim. 55455: 1 1 g r e a t e r p a r t of tlie d a t a lias been analyzed i n tiiro a r t i c l e s by
308 Flanigan, I;.; Pogelman, 7. I1Patterns of p o l i t i c a l develonment and denoc r a t i z a t i o n : R q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s " , and " P a t t e r n s of democratic develoyment: An h i s t o r i c a l comparative a n a l y s i s " i n : G i l l e s p i e , J.V.; ?:esvold,
B.A.,
ed. ldacro-quantitative a n a l y s i s . Bevcrl>r R i l l s , Sage, lQ7l.
The SUNTY-Dinzhamptoi;. Cross-Nation?,l Time4;ericts Data Archive, Center f o r
Comparative P o l i t i c a l Research, Sta-te U n i v e r s i t y of i:e:r Yorlc, 3 i n g h m j t o n ,
I\Teiv York 13901:
509 Banks, A.S. C r o s s - ~ o l i t y t i m e - s c r i e s datu. Cnn~brid,;~,EuIass., Tlic 1iI.I.T.
P r e s s , 1971. 25;III + 700
-.
I n 1972 t ~ i o 'Technical r e p o r t s ' have l ~ c e nnro(!nccd, t l i n I i r s t c o r i t n i l i i n ~ci
g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e arcliive tlie variables 2nd t!ic s e r i c s covcraC:c,
t h c scconcl z i v i n z coding c r i t e r i a arid sourccs.
,
The Nort'lic C o m t r i e s P r o j e c t : The c o n t e n t 01tlic arcliive i s c!escril;ec!
in:
510 ICuhnle, S. I n d i c a t o r s of n a t i o n a l dcvelo-pr.ient: TIic ?'orc!ic Countrics. C~?~cbool;
f o r t h e National-f i l e Per Marc!i Ist I1)7LmListoricr?l-ecolo z i c a l c!ata-arc!ii~-es :
2 e p o r t li'o. 5. U n i ~ ~ e r s i tofy 13er:ien. I ~ s t i t u t c ?of S o c i o l o ~ .
The d a t a have becn analyued i n :
311 I h h n l e , S. P a t t e r n s of s o c i a l antl q o l i t i c a l no7:ilisc?tion. I h i s t o r i c a l
c n a l y s i s of tl-ie PTordic Counitries. Loniion, jage, I??+.
Data a r c h i v e c
A g e n e r a l survey of t h e develoynent o f d a t a arc!livns i n tlie s o c i a l s c i e n c e s
i s given i n :
312 IloUim, S.,
ec!.
Data arcl-iives f o r tlie s o c i a l sciences. P a r i s , l.lounton, 1956.?,15 p.
S e v e r a l h i s t o r i c a l d a t a c o l l e c t i o m n r e deposited ~ r i t l it h e I n t e r - U n i v e r s i t y
Consortium f o r P o l i t i c a l Zcsearch, lium Arbor, EIichienn. Cf.:
713 I n t e r - U n i v e r s i t y Consortiiun f o r P o l i t i c c z l ?escnrcli. 21 ,guide t o r e s o u r c c s
and s e r v i c e s 1373-1374. i?im Arbor,. 19714. I V s 1252 9.
~'a
e s t r e ~ e l yu s e f u l soiirce of information on v n r i o u s d a t a c o l l e c t i n g , e f f o r t s ,
f i n a l l y , i s tlie
714 Zuropean p o l i t i c a l d a t a , n e ~ r s l e t t e r , eil. by tlic 3 a t a Informatioü Service o i
tlle '2uroyean Consortium f o r P o l i t i c a l Ilesearcll i n Eergeo. 1-, 1971-.
5. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND MALYSES
In general this part of the bibliography includes only comparative or single
studies of long-term national developments. A much broader survey of quantitative work in history for various parts in the world can be found in:
315 Lorwin, V.R.; Price, J.M., eds. The dimensions of the past. Materials, problems, and opportunities for quantitative work in history. New Baven and
This unparalleled collection was produced under the auspices of the Committee
on the Quantitative Data of History of the American Bistorical Association,
set up in 1963. With reference to hrope, it contains excellent and extensive
accounts of quantitative work in history of France, Germany, Spain, and the
Scandinavian countries, a chapter on the quantitative sources of Western
European economic history in the late 17th and the 18th centuries, and a more
special chapter on a data archive for modern British political history. Unfortunately, it does not give any information on the other European countries.
5.1 Population growth and demographic transition
General history of world population:
316 Carr-Saunders, A.M. World population. Past growth and present trends.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1936. XV + 336 P.
Old but still useful survey of world population history during the modern
era with emphasis on Europe and 'hrope overseas'; little information on single
countries.
317 Köllmam, W. Bevölkerung und Raum in Neuerer und Neuester Zeit (~o~ulation
and space in modern and most recent times). l?ürzburg, Ploetz, 1965. XI1 + 332~.
Subdivided into three time periods (1750-1860, 1860-1914, 1914ff.), tabular
information and short interpretations are given on the population and territorial development of most countries of the world.
318 Reinhard, M.R.; Armengaud, A.; Dupaquier, J. Bistoire generale de la population mondiale. Paris, Montchrestien, 1968. IX + 708 p.
Standard work; fewer data than (317) but more extensive interpretations.
A comprehensive and still useful survey of research results has been prepared
by the Secretariat of the UN Population Division;
319 United Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Population Division. The determinants and consequences of population trends. A Summary of the findings
changes
and economic and
of studies on the relationships between population
social conditions. XI1 + 404 p.
I
The demographic evolution of Europe between Jiorld War I and World War I1
with its population shifts and transfers is analyzed. in the two follo~iingb001is:
320 Kirk, D. Europetspopulation in the inteniar years. Geneva, League of
Nations, 1946. XI1 + 307 p.
721 Iiulischer, E.>!. Ehrope on the move. War and population changes, 1917-1947.
New York, Columbia University Press, 1948. XI11 + 377 p.
Vital developments:
323 IZuczynski, R.R. The balance of births and deaths. Vol.1: hrestern and Sorthern hrope. New Yorlr, Placmillari, 1928. XI + 140 D. Vo1.Y: rastern arid
~outhern-~uro-pe.
Iiashington, D.c.,
Rroolcings ~nst~it~uti
on, 1931. X + 17qp.
Analysis of the trends in fertility and reproduction in the Eluropean countries. Each volume contains statistical appendices ~ivingtime-serics begirming
with the earliest available olhicial data.
I
I
The fertility trends from the 193o's, when crude birth rates in most western
and northern countries of *%rope reached their lowest points, to the mid1960's have been analyzed by:
323 Glass, D.V. '9?ertility trends in kro?e since the Second !iorld War". Population studies 12 (I), 1968: 103-I)&
In addition:
324 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social ilffairs. Recent trends in
fertility in industrialized countries. New York, 1958. XI1 + 449 p.
Analysis of data for 20 countries; attempt to explain the postvar rise of
the birth rate experienced in some industrialized countries; appendix with
basic statistical tables and bibliography.
Life expectancy:
325 Stolnitz, G.J. "A century of international mortality trends". Part I. Population studies 9 , 1955: 24-55; part 11. Population studies 10, 1956: 17-42.
First synoptic and systematic study of over 250 life tables, including
nearly all of the materials ever published for national populations.
Infant mortality:
326 Prinzing, F. "Die Entwicklung der Kindersterblichkeit in den europäischen
Staaten ( ~ h edcvelopment of infant mortality in the European states)".
Jahrbücher für N~tionalölronomieund Statisti-Ir72, 1899: 577-535.
The major study of the evolution of infaat mortality during the 19th century
in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Frame, Gcrmany,.Italg, Nctherlands,
S~iedenand Switzerland; extelisive bihliography.
327 United Nations, Departmeni; of Social Affairs, Po~iilatioilDivision. 9-Fetal
infant anrl early chi1d"iiood mortalit-y. 3, vols. Eew Yorlr, I351i. Vol. I: Tlie
statistics. VI + 137 p . Vol. 2: I3iolo,yical, social andL econonic factors.
The first volume contains an apprnisal of availablc data and statistical
tables for 61 countries and territories ~rl.rliichgive time-series dating from
1915 whenever possible, on life births, stillbirths, infant deaths and
deaths at 1-4. List of statistical sources and selected biblio~raphy.
The most recent compilation of vital data is the voluminous vork of
728 Keyfitz, N.; Flieger, I:'. liorld population.
An ana.lysis of vital data.
Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press, 1968. XI + 672 p.
A compilation of some 300.000 figures, it may also he described as a vork
of denographic analysis, since it contains a variety of rather comnlex
demographic mcasures ~ihichare calculated by uae of rclatively precise
official figu~esbased on registration of births and deaths. T3e data
usually refer to khe 1950's and 1960's; however, f o most
~
European countries a longer period is cove~ed,for a fe~rriatiil,~even fron the 19th centu-.
Coumitry studies:
Various ctudies onsingle countries are collected in:
729 Glass, b.V.;
Evcrsley, D.U.C., eds. Population in histoqr. Essays in historical
demography. London, Edwarrl Arnold, 1'36'~.I;< + 692 p.
.Ilthough the emphasis lies on clernograpliic devclopments in tlie 18th C ciitury,
the voliune also contains analyses of later developnients in Gseai; Britain,
Ireland, France and Italy.
330 Rauchberg, H. Die Bevölkerung Öisterreichs auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31, Dezember 1890 ( ~ h epopulation of ilustria according to the
census results from Decenber 31, 1890). Wien, Bölder, 1895. X + 525 p.
Thorough analysis of the census results, considering all aspects of population; usnally for the period 1869-1890, but inc luding an historical part.
331 Helczmanovszki, H. "Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung Österreichs in den
letzten hundert Jahren nach den wichtigsten demographischen Komponenten
( ~ h edevelopment of the population of Austria during the last hundred years
according to the most important demographic components)", pp. 113-165 in:
Helczmanovszki, B., ed, Beiträge zur Bevölkerungs-und Sozialgeschichte
Österreichs (~ontributionsto the demographic and social history of ~ustria).
Munich, Oldenbourg, 1973.
Reconstmction of the population development in the territory of the
Austrian Republic for the period from 1,969 to 1970.
Denmark:
332 Matthiessen, P.C. Some aspects of the demographic transition in Denmark.
Copenhagen, Icobenhavns Universitets Fond, 1970, 2" P.
A generation study which aims to give a quantitative description and analysis
of the demographic transition, using the Danish censuses since 1840, vital
statistics from 1860 to 1964, and published life tables covering the period
from 1835 to 1964; bibliography and statistical appendix.
England and Wales:
No single standard work is available, but a number of important articles:
333 Krause, J.T.IIChanges in English fertility and mortality, 1781-1850".
Economic historv review, 2nd ser. 11, 1958: 52-70.
334 Longan, W.P.D.
"Mortality in England and Wales from 1848 to 194711.
Population studies 4 (2), September 1950: 172-178.
335 Wrigley, E.A.,
ed. An introduction to English historical demographyfrom the
sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Loridon, Weideilfeld tL Nicholson. X 1 1 + 287 p.
France:
336 Toutain, J.C. La population de la France de 1700 d 1959. Cahiers de llInstitut
de Science Economiques Appliqu6e, IIistoire Quantitative de llEconomieFranqaise (3). Suppl. 133, ser, AF, January 1963. X + 247 p.
Not a strictly demographic analysis, since population is mainly studied as an
essential factor of economic development; analysis of population growth, vital
processes and urbanization; the major part deals with the transformation of
the working force.
337 Bourgeois-Pichat, M. "Evolution de la population franqaise depuis le SiIIe
si8cle1'. Po~ulation6, 1951: 635-62; 7, 1952: 319-29.
I
I
I
The major stiidy on the demographic transition in Prance sincearound 1770.
For a more detailed analysis of the developments in the first half of the
19th century See:
338 Pouthos, C.-H. La population franqaise pendant la premiere moiti6 du SISe
sidcle. Paris, PIE', 1956.
224 p.
Still usefnl:
339 Lerasseur, E. La population franqaise. 3 vols, Paris, l~ousseau,1859-1892.
4 2 1 P., 5-'i2 P., 564 P.
I
Germany:
340 Keyser, E. Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands (~o~ulation
history of
3rd rev. ed. Leipzig, Sirzel, 1943, XI1
+
erm man^).
591 p.
Major population history, but only a small part deals with developments in
the 19th and 20th centuries; usuful, despite Nazi texminology.
Shorter but more up-to-date analyses are given in:
341 Köllmann, W. I1Grundzügeder Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und
20. Jahrhundert ( ~ a i nfeatures of the population history of Germany in the
19th and 20th centuries)". Studium Generale 12, 1959: 381-793.
342 Köllmann, W. "Die Bevölkerung Deutschlands im Zeitalter der Industrialisierung ( ~ h epopulation of Germany in the era of industrialization)". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Bevölkerungswiss. 27 (3), 196-69.
Ireland:
343 Connell, K.H. The population of Ireland, 1750-1845. Oxford, Clarendon
Press, 1950. 293 P.
Study of pre-census and census data; attempt to estimate and explain the
marked acceleration in population growth before the great potato famine.
Italy:
344 Cipolla, C.M.
"Four centuries of Italian demographic development". pp.
O.V. ; Eversley, D.E.C.,
eds. ~ o ~ u l a t i oin
n history.
London, Edward Arnold, 1965.
570-587-in: Glass,
Estimates of total population since 1500; c m d e birth and death rates for
selected Italian regions partially dating from the last third of the 18th
century; trends in life expectancy since 1882; short but usefnl bibliography
concerning the demography of the Italian states before the unification.
Netherlands:
345 Faber, J.A.;
Roessingh, H.K.; Slicher van Bath, B.H.; Woude, A.M. van der;
Xanten, H.J. van."Population changes and economic developments in the
Netherlands: A historical snrveyl'. Afdeling Agrarische Geschiedenis Bijdragen
12, 1965: 47-113.
Studies on five regions covering the period from the 16th to the early 19th
century, relating demographic, economic and social developments.
Norway :
346 Drake, M. Population and society in Norway 1735-1865. Cambridge, University
Press, 1969. XX
+
256 p.
Study of the interplay of marriage, economic circumstances, social custom
and fertility in the century before Norwayts industrial revolution; statistical appendix with methodological discussion.
Sweden:
347 Thomas, D.S. Social and economic aspects of Suedish population movements
1750-1933. New York, Macmillan, 1941. =I11
+ 487 p.
I
Analysis of the Swedish population development in relation to social and
economic changes, utilizing the long series of demographic and economic data
available for the country as a whole as well as for single comrmines.
Switzerland:
j
348 Bickel, W. Bevölkerungsgeschichte und Bevölkerungspolitik der Schweiz seit
dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (Population history and population policy of
Switzerland since the end of the middle ages). Zurich, Gutenberg, 1947. 333 p.
1
Comprehensive but mainly dcscriptive study, divided into three parts (middle
ages to 18th century, 19th century, 20th century), each including chapters
on the growth and composition of population, the movements of population,
the urban-rural structure, and the migrations; extensive bibliography.
349 Mayer, K.B. The population of Switzerland. New York, Columbia University
Press, 1952.
XIV
+ 336 p.
Analysis of population trends in their historical and social contexts:
part 1: political history and population growth from early times; part 2:
trends in mortality, fertility and migration; part 3: population structure
and composition, working force; part 4: international migration and urbanization.
Scotland:
350 MacDonald, D.F. Scotland's shifting population 1770-1850. Glasgow,
Jackson, 1937. V11 + 172 p.
5.2 International migration and urbanization
351 Willcox, W.F., ed. International migrations. 2 vols. New York, Xational Bureau
of Economic Research, 1929 and 1931. Vol. 1: Statistics, with introduction and
notes by I. Ferenczi, 1112 p.; vol. 2: Interpretations, 715 p. Reprinted as
vol. 7 and 8 of Demographic monographs: A series of demographic reprints. Xew
York, Gordon & Breach, 1969,
The first volume is a compilation of national statistics of immigration and
emigration dating from the beginning of the record in each country through 1924.
In the introduction the tables are explained and the trends of international
migration characterized. The second volume contains a series of interpretative
studies by country experts.
For later developments See:
752 Bonscaren, A.T.
International migration since 1947. New York, 196>.
Since long-term national analyses of urbanization are not available for most
countries, only three comparative studies are mentioned here:
353 Weber, A.F. The growth of cities in the nineteenth century: A study in statistics.
New York, Macmillan, 1899. XXVI + 495 p. Current ed.: Ithaca, New York, Cornell
University press, 1965.
Still the most important comparative analysis of urbanization processes in the
19th century; it contains the statistics of all Lhropean and a few non-hropean
countries as well as extensive studies on the causes and effects of the population concentration, the internal migration, and the structure, movements and
health of the urban population,
354 Haufe, B. Die Bevölkerung Enropas: Stadt und Land im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
( ~ h epopulation of Euroge: City and country in the 19th and 20th centuries).
Berlin, Junker & Dünnhaupt, 1936. 244 p.
For earlier developments of the European cities See:
355 Mols, R. Introduction 3 la dkmographie historique des villes d'Europe du
XIVe au XVIIIe siecle. Louvain, Gembloux, 1956. 7 vols.
I
I
5.3 fiolution of the working population
The major collection of statistics on the working population is:
356 Bairoch, P.; Deldycke, T.; Gelders, H.; Limbor, J.41. La population active et
sa structure. The working population and its structure. International historical statistics, vol. I. Brussels, Editions de 1' Institut de Sociologie
de 1 'Universj.t&Libre de Bruxelles, 1968. VIII + 236 p.
The first Part contains two tables which give statistics on the working population by Sex arid on the distribution of the working population according to
nine economic branches, for practically all countries of the world and almost
all censuses since the 19th century. The second part is devoted to a more detailed statistical analysis of the econornically active population of eight
countries (Germany 1882-1961, Belgium 1846-1961, USA 1870-1960, Great Britain
1841-1961, France 1856-1962, India 1901-1961, Japan 1872-1960, USSR 1926-1959)~
Very few annotations, but extensive bibliography.
Comparative studies:
357 Fourastib, J. (under the direction of). Migrations professionelles. Donnees
stotistiques sur leur evolution en divers pays de 1900 3 1355. Institut National d1Etudes Demographiques. Travaux et documents, cahier no. 31. Paris,
m, 1957. 340 P.
The first and still unique major comparative study on the structural change
of the working population in various countries since 1900, including a discussion of the Problems of international comparability. In the first part the
statistics on the total economically active population and on the structure
of the active population by nine branches and by the three main sectors are
given for 31 countries, including all Western European countries, and the
maxiruum period 1900-1951i.. The second part contains detailed studies on 15
countries, mong others Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands,
and the Scandinavian countries, which analyze the structural change of the
working population by age, sex, socio-economic category and economic sector.
758 Leridon, F. tt&olution de la .populationactive en divers pays industriels".
Population 14 (3), ~ul~/~cptember
1359: 455484.
Analysis of the development of the working population in a greater number
of economic branches, including the professions and the public Services,
in Belgium 1890-1947, France 1856-1954, Germany 1911-1950, Great Britain
1881-1951, Netherlands 1899-1950, Norway 1900-1950, Sweden 1910-1950, Switzerland 1880-1950.
359 Legoyt, A. "Les Professions en Europe". Journal de la Sociktb de Statistique
de Paris 3, 1861: 60-103.
The earliest comparative study, including Austria, Bavaria, Belgium, Denmark
hgland, France, Netherlands, Norway, Oldenbourg, Prussia, Saxony, and Sweden.
Country studies :
360 Booth, C. "Occupations of the people of the United Icingdom, 1801-1881".
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 49, 1886: 314-435.
Still the best study on the 19th century; it contains three-dimensional
tables (50 economic branches X 5 age categories x Sex) giving statistics on
the development of the working population in England and 'dales Scotland,
and Ireland, 1841-1881.
761 Bain, G.S, ; Bacon, R, ; Pimlott, J. "The labour forcel', pp. 97-128 in: Halsey,
x.H., ed. Trends in sritish society since 1900: A pide to the changing social
stl-acture of Britain. London, Macmillan,
Covering a variety of other topics, it also is a study on the development of
the working population by sex and major occupational groups.
362 ~elperee,A.; Nols, J. l'L16volution de la population active en Belgique".
Revue du Travail 59 (9), September 1958: 995-1014.
It Covers the period 1910-1956 and analyzes the development of the working
population by age, Sex, socio-economic status, and economic sectors.
363 l~Evolutionde la population active en France depuis cent ans d'aprds les d6nombrements quinquennaw" Etudes et conjonctures 3, ~ a ~ / J u n1953:
e
230-288.
.
Using the results of 18 censuses since 1851, it studies the evolution of
the total working population by age, Sex and civil status of women, socioeconomic status, economic branches, and unemployment. Extensive methodological
discussion.
364 Humbourg, E. von. "Die berufliche und soziale Gliederung der Bevölkerung".
( ~ h eoccupational and social structure of the
Statistische Monatsschrift 40, 1914: 333-407.
Analysis of the Austrian working population 1890-1910, using cross-tables
(economic branches X socio-economic status) for the whole country and the
provinces, and studying single groups in great detail.
365 Köllmann, W. "Bevölkerung und Arbeitskräftepotential in Deutschland 1815-1865".
(~o~nlation
and labour force potential in Germany 1815-1865), pp. 209-254 in:
Ministerpräsident des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Landesamt für Forschung,ed.
Jahrbuch 1968.
Study of the occupational structure in selected German areas, containing
detailed tables for 1849 and 1864.
366 "La dinamica della popolazione attiva in Italia". guaderni di studi e notizie
( ~ h edynamics of the economically active population in Italy). 324, October
1960: 685-694.
Covering the period 1901-1951, it gives a short analysis of the development
of the working population by age and Sex and by economic branches and Sex.
5.4 Economic growth
The most important contributions to the quantitative and comparative study of
economic growth come from Simon Kuznets; only some of his publications are
mentioned here; the first is a series of ten articles, not all of which, however, contain historical studies:
367 Kuznets,
S. "Quantitative aspects of the economic growth of nations. Economic
development and cultural change. (1) Levels and variability of rates of grovth.
5 (I), October 1956: 94 p. (2) Industrial distribution of national product and
~
labor force. 5 (4), July 1957: 111 P. (3) industrial distribution of income
and labor force by states, United States 1919-1921 to 1955. 6 (4), July 1958:
8'1 P* 4 Distribution of national income by factor analysis. 7 ( 3 ) , April 1959:
100 p. 5 Capital formation proportions: international comparisons for recent
years. 8 4 , July 1960: 96 p. (6) Long-term trends in capital formation proportions. 9 4 , July 1961: 124 p. (7) The share and structure of consiimption 10
1
( 2 ) , January 1962: 92 P. (8) Distribution of income by size. 11 ( 2 ) , Jannarg
1967: 80 p. (9) Level and stmcture of foreign trade: comparisons for recent
,
~
years. 15 (I), October 1964: 106 p. (10) Level and structure of foreign trade:
long-term trends. 15 (2), January 1967: 14op.
The major part of the analyses and the statistical evidence is summarized in:
I
I
I1
I
I
368 Kuznets, S. Modern economic growth: Rate, structurc, and spread. New Iiaoen and
London, Yale University Press, 1966. XVII + 529 p.
I
I
The findings of the first three articles have later been thoroughly revised
by Kuznets and published in one volume:
369 Kuznets, S. Economic growth of nations: Total output and production stmcture.
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1971. XI1 + 363 P.
Austria:
770 Gross, N . Industrialization in Austria in the nineteenth century. Berkeley,
University of California, unpublished clissertation, 1966.
Comments on some estimates of national product for single years.
371 Kausel, A.; Nemeth, N.; Seidel, H. Österreichs Volkseinkommen 1913 bis 1963
(~ustriannational income from 1913 to 1963). Monatsberichte des 'O'sterreichischen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung, Sonderheft 14. Vienna, Selbst1965. 44 p.
verlag des ÖIW,
Net national product at factor cost and current prices; gross national product
at market prices and at current as well as constant prices; annnal figures for
1913, 1924-1937, and 1948-1967.
Belgium:
372 Carbonelle, C. "Recherches sur 116volutionde la production en Belgique de
1900 4 1957". Cahiers 6conomiques de Bruxelles 1 (I), April 1959: 353-374.
Gross domestic product at market prices, excluding the public sector; annual
figures at constant prices , excluding the World Wars (1913-1920, 1938-1948).
Denmark:
373 Bjerke, K.; Ussing, N. Stndier over Danmarks Nationalprodukt, 1870-1950 tudi
on Denmark's national product, 1870-1950). Copenhagen, Gads, 1958. 175 P.
dies
Gross and net domestic product at factor cost and market prices; a ~ u a lfigures
at constant and current prices; GDP and NDP by category of expenditure; GDP by
three main sectors; Danish with short English Summary.
Finland:
374 Lama, K. The money supply, money flows and domestic production in Finland,
1910-1956. Helsinki, dissertation, 1959. 227 P.
1910-1925: econornetric estimnte of marketed NDP at current prices, using the
information about money flows; 1926-1956: NDP and GDP at market prices and
factor cost, at current prices; GDP by industry of origin; bibliography.
375 Hoffmann, V.G. Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19.
Jahrhunderts ( ~ h egrowth of the German economy since the middle of the 19th
centnry). Berlin, Heidelberg and New York, Springer, 1965. 842 p.
Net domestic product and net national product, both at market prices and factor
cost; NDP by industry of origin at constant prices; NNP by type of income at
current
; NNP by type of expenditure at current and constant prices (very
detailed~~iceS
usually annual figures.
376 Hoffmann, W .G. Untersuchungen zum Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft
on the growth of the German economy). Tübingen, Siebeck tq Mohr, 1971.
tud dies
303 P.
Various deepening studies on the stmcture of consumption, gross capital
formation a n d other aspects of economic growth in Germany.
Great Britain:
377 Feinstein, C.B. National income, expenditures and output of the United Kingdom,
1855-1965. Cambridge, University Press, 1972. 244 P.
-
The most sophisticated study on a European country; it contains mainly tables,
including practically all important series in relation to net output, incomedistribution and expenditure methods; various measures of national product at
market prices and factor cost, at current and/or constant prices; no analyses,
but extensive information about methods of collection and calculation and discussion of earlier estimates.
378 Deane, P.; Cole, W.A. British economic growth, 1688-1959. Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1962. 2nd rev. ed., 1969. 350 P.
Methodologically less advanced and detailed than Feinstein, it still is the
major analysis of British economic growth.
Italy:
379 Fua, G. Notes on Italian economic growth, 1861-1964. Milan, 1965. 91 p.
Gross domestic product at market prices and net national income at factor cost;
annual figures at constant prices; GDP at factor cost by industry of origin at
constant prices (private and public sector); Special estimates for the Service
sector.
No rwayr
380 Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway. Nasjonalregnskap 1865-1960. National
accounts 1865-1960. Oslo, 1965.
372 p.
Totals and main components for 1865-1960, very detailed series on the structure
of production, distribution and consumption for 1930-1960; tables with Non~egian
and English headings; no analyses, but extensive discussion of methods in Korwegian and a short Summary in English.
Sweden:
381 Johansson, Ö. The gross domestic product of Sweden and its composition 18611955. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wicksel, 1967. 190 P.
Gross domestic product at market prices; GDP by industry of origin at current
and constant prices, by type of expenditure at current prices; no analyses, but
detailed information about methods.
-
5.5 Literacy and primary education
382 Abel, J.F.; Bond, N.J. Illiteracy in the several countries of the world.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Bulletin no. 4, 1929.
Washington, Government Printing Office, 1929. V1 + 69 p.
Covers around 60 countries or areas, including eleven Western European states;
data nsnally refer to the period from the turn of the century to the 1920's;
introduction discussing the reliability and comparability of the statistics.
I
383 UNESCO. Progress of literacy in various countries: A preliminary statistical
study of available census data since 1900. Paris, UNESCO, 1953. 253 P.
Covers 26 countries and the period from 1900 to World War 11; in Western Europe:
Belgium, Finland, France, Italy.
384 Cipolla, C.M. Literacy and development in the West. London, Penguin Books,
1969. 144 P.
Informative study on the development of literacy from classical times,
includin a statistical appendix which gives estimates and official data on
the (il-$ literacy of the adult population, among army recniits, and among brides
and bridegrooms for various European countries.
The longest time-series on the development of literacy have been reconstructed
for England and France, using parish reoisters:
I
I
1
1
385 Fleurg, M. ; Valmary, P. "Les progras de 'llinstructionelkmentaire de Louis XIV
~apoleon111". Population 12, 1957: 71-92.
386 Sargant, W.L. "On the Progress of elementary education". Journal of the Statistical Society of London 30, 1867: 80-137.
387 Stone, L. "Literacy and education in England 1640-1900". Past and present
42, 1969: 69-139.
The major and still unsurpassed study on the development of primary education
in the 19th century is:
388 Levasseur, E. Ltenseignementprimaire dans les pays civilisbs. Paris and
Nancy, Berger-Levrault, 1897. IX + 628 p.
The first and major part consists of chapters on all European states, 'Europe
overseas
and some African and Asian countries. Each chapter contains (a) an
acconnt of the history, organization and institutionalization of national primary
education, (b) the main statistics, usnally in form of time-series, including
a discussion of the official methods of data-collecting and of the official
publications. In the second and smaller part the national Systems are compared
with respect to administration, schools, teachers, pupils, and finances.
,
The quantitative history of education is fairly underdeveloped and almost no
long-term national study is available. An outstanding exception, however, is:
389 Akenson, D.H. The Irish education experiment: The national system of education
in the nineteenth century. London, Routledge & Kegan, 1970.
X + 430 P.
5.6 Enfranchisement and elections
There are three recent collections which contain practically all important data
on the evolution of the franchise and the main election results. They may well
be used as complements, since they do not cover the Same periods and aspects.
390 Rokkan, S m ;Meyriat, J. International pide to electoral statistics. Vol. 1:
National elections in Western krope. The Fiague, Elouton, 1.969, V11 + 352 p.
Relatively standardized chapters on 14 Western hropean countries, containing
(a) tabular surveys snmmarizing the information on the period, frequency and
number of elections, and the respective suffrage requirements and voting procedures, (b) a most detailed and commented bibliography of sources and analyses,
(C) tables with the main results of the elections, usually for the period after
World War I, with the exception of Finland (1907), Germany (1871), Norway (1882),
Sweden (1872), Switzerland (1881) and the United Kingdom (1900).
391 Sternberger, D.; Vogel, B., eds. Die Wahl der Parlaments und anderer Staatsorgane ( ~ h eelection of parliaments and other constitutional organs). Vol. 1:
Europa, 2 parts. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1969. XL, XVI + 1489 p.
It is the most voluminous of the three collections, covering the longest time
period and giving the most detailed information, but it is also the least standardized one. The chapters cover all European countries and have three parts:
(a) an historical part describing the general political and constitutional development, the evolution of the franchise and the electoral behavions, (b) a
systematic part on the electoral system and rules, including a bibliography,
(C) an historical-statistical part on the electorate and electoral participation, the distribution of votes and seats, and usually also more specific
aspects; the data on the electorate and electoral participation start very early:
Belgium (1831), Denmark (1895), France (1815), Great Britain (1831), Italy
(1861), Netherlands (1853), Nomay (1829), Prussia (1849); the statistics on
the distribution of votes and ~aatsusually begin later.
392 Mackie, T.T.; Rose, R. The international almanac of electoral history. London,
Macmillan, 1974. XI11 + 434 p.
The most standardized of all three volumes, consisting almost exclusively of
tables; for each country the following information is given: (a) the name of
the political parties, the first election and the number of elections contested
by the respective party, (b) the dates of the elections, (C) the numbers and
percentages of the electorate, the valid and invalid votes and the party votes,
(d) the number and percentages of the seats won by party, (e) the number and
percentages of the candidates by party and the number of seats contested by
party; besides seven non-European countries, all Western European democracies
are included, for different periods ( first year) : Austria (lglg), Belgium
1847 , Denmark (1884), Finland (1907), France (1902), Germany (1871), Ireland
1918 , Italy (1895), Netherlands (1888), Norway (1882), Sweden (1887), Switzerland (1896), and the United Kingdom (1885).
t 1
Since all three volumes, and above all the first one, contain very useful and
embracing bibliographies, national election studi'esare not mentioned here.
5.7 Govement intervention and public finance
Early comparative studies:
393 Zahn, F. Die Finanzen der Großmächte: Eine internationale finanzstatistische
Untersuchung (The public finance of the great powers: An international study
of statistics on public finance). Berlin, Carl Heymanns, 1908. X + 98 + 47 p.
,
The first part consists of a methodological discussion of the problems of international comparability, and an analytical discussion of the main components
of public revenues and expenditures. The second, statistical part contains data
on the volume and structure of public revenues, on the volume and structure of
public expenditures, and on public debts from 1893 to 1906 for the German Fmpire,
Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, Russia, Great Britain, the U.S.A. and Japan.
394 Statistisches Reichsamt. Die Staatsausgaben von Großbritannien, Frankreich,
Belgien und Italien in der Vor- und Nachkriegszeit (The public expenditures
of Great Britain, France, Belgium and Italy before and after the war). Einzelschriften zur Statistik des Deutschen eich es, no 2. Berlin, Hobbing, 1927. 538 P.
Besides a methodological discussion and a description of the general development
of public finance in the four countries, the major part is devoted to a very
detailed analysis of the structure of public expenditures for the period 19131925. Appendix with data on the communal finances of the four countries and
with a short survey of the volume and structure of public expenditures for a
greater number of countries for 1913 and 1927.
I
Germany:
395 Andic, S b ; Ververka, J. "The growth of government expenditure in Germany since
the nnification". Finanzarchiv, new ser. 23, 1963/64: 169-278.
Analysis of the secular growth and the changes in the structure of gorernment
expenditure for the period 1872-1958; statistical appendix with tables on the
development of total overnment expenditure: (a) totals at current and constant
prices, 1881-1958, (b as percentage of GNP and per head of popnlation, (C) by
levels of government, 1872-1958, (d) by economic categories, 1881-1958, and
(e) by function, 1913-1958.
f
396 Weitze 1, 0. Die Entwicklunv der Staatsausgaben in Deutschland ( ~ h edevelopment
of public expenditures in ~ermany). University of Erlangen-Kürnberg, unpublished
dissertation, 1968.
1
It essentially Covers the Same items as ~ndic/~erverka,
but gives in addition
the statistics on the functional distribution of expenditures for the period
1871-1962; slight differences in concepts and data used; detailed statistical
appendix.
Ireland:
397 Tait, A.; O'Donoghue, M. "Public expenditure in Ireland", pp. 267-301 in:
Bristol, J.; Tait, A., eds. ~conomi; policy in Ireland. Dublin, Institute of
F'ublic Administration, 1968.
Short analysis; appendix with time-series for the period 1926-1964 on public
expenditures: (a) totals at current and constant prices, (b) as percentage of
W and per head of population, (C) by levels of govement, (d) by economic
categories, (e) by functional categories X levels of government; structure of
public revenues.
Italy :
398 Repaci, F. A. La finanza publica italiana del sec010 1861-1960. ( ~ h epublic
finance of Italy for the century 1861-1960). Bologna, Zanichelli, 1962.
Sweden:
399 Höök, E. Den offentliga sektorns expansion. En studie av de offentliga civila utgifternas utveckling &ren 1913-58 (The expansion of the public sector. A stndy
of the public civilian expenditures in Sweden during the years 1913-58). 572 P.
Quantitative description and analysis of the development of public expenditures,
including governmental as well as cormminal expenditures; analysis of the changing structure of expenditures by eleven different functional groups and by economic categories; voluminous statistical appendix.
United Kingdom:
400 Peacock, A.T.; Wiseman, J. The growth of public expenditures in the United
Kingdom. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1961. XXXI + 213 P.
The most famous stndy on a single country, suggesting a so-called 'displecement
effect' in the level of public expenditures caused by major crises such as the
two World Wars; analysis of the growth of govement expenditures for the period
1890-1955: (a) totals at current and constant prices, per head of population
and as percentage of GNP, (b) expenditures by economic and functional categories
and by levels of government; Special chapters on war-related and defense expenditures and on the national industries; detailed statistical appendix.
5.8 Social conflicts and collective violence
The quantitative historical analysis of conflicts and collective violence is a
relatively young research field in which studies on single or a few incidents
predominate, focussed mainly on France and Great Britain. Major examples of such
studies which use quantitative data for illustrative purposes only are:
401 Rud'e, G. The crowd in history, 1730-1848. New York, John Viley,
402 Hobsbawm, E.J. Primitive rebels: Studies of archaic social movements in the 19th
and 20th centuries. New York, Norton, 1965.
reat English
403 Hobsbawm, E.J.; Rudk, G. Captain Swing: A social history of
agricultural uprising of 1830. New York, Pantheon Books, 19
404 Stevenson, J.; Quinault, R., eds. Popular protest and public order: Six studies
in British history, 1790-1920. London, Allen Sr Unwin, 1974. 242 P.
1
A much more systematic use of quantitative data and methods has been introduced
by Charles Tilly in his numerous studies on popular protest and collective
violence in France. Major publications are:
405 Tilly, C. The Vendge. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964. XIX
+
1
I
\
I
373p.,
1
406 Tilly, C. "The modernization of political protest in France", pp. 50-95 in:
Harvey, E.B., ed. Perspectives on modernization: Essays in memory of Ian Weinberg.
Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1972.
I
407 Tilly, C. "How protest modernized in France, 1845-1855", pp. 192-255 in:
Aydelotte, W.O.; Bogue, A.G.; Fogel, R.W., eds. The dimensions of quantitative
research in historv. Princeton. Princeton Universitv Press. 1972.
The first is an analysis of the famous counterrevolution of 1793 in the Vendke;
the second studies the main lines of political conflicts and disturbances in
France between 1830 and 1960; the third analyzes more thoroughly the decisive
period in the modernization of protest in France.
In an ongoing research project, directed by Charles Tilly, Louise Tilly and
Richard Tilly, the relationships between modernization and collective violence
is stndied comparatively for France, Italy and Germany, 1870-1930. First results
concerning the popular disorders in Germany, 1816-1875, are given in:
408 Tilly, R. "Popular disorders in nineteenth century Germany".
history 4 (I), Fall 1970: 1-40.
The available historical evidence on collective violence and
Western Europe has been analyzed in:
409 Tilly, C. nCollective violence in European perspective", pp.
H.D.; Gurr, T.R., eds. Violence in America. New York, Bantam
Journal of social
its main trends in
4-45 in: Graham,
Books, 1969.
In the advanced industrial societies strikes are the main form of direct-action
protest. Although the literature on strikes is abundant, there are only few
quantitative comparative studies and only one major long-term national study.
Comparative historical statistics can be found in the following series of
articles in the International Labour Review:
I
I
I
I
410 Woodbury, R.M. "The incidence of industrial disputes: Rates of time-loss, 19271947". International labour review 60, 1949: 451-66.
i
I
411 International Labour Office. "Industrial disputes, 1937-1954". International
labour review 72, 1955: 78-91.
I
412 International Labour Office. "The incidence of industrial disputes by industrptl.
International labour review 74, 1956: 290-302.
413 International Labour Office. "The incidence and duration of industrial disputes".
International labour review 77, 1956: 455-68.
i
i
A major comparative study:
414 Ross, A.M.; Hartrnann, P. Changing patterns of industrial conflict. Kew York,
~ o h nWiley, 1960. X + 211 p.
Analysis of national trends and international differences in strike actirity in
nine European (~enmark,Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Xon+-ay,
Sweden, United ~ i n ~ d o mand
) six non-Ehropean countries since the turn of the
century. Statistical appendix including tables which give the number of industrial,
disputes, of workers involves in industrial disputes, of working days lost and
of union membership for all fifteen countries and the period 1900-1956.
3
The major national study:
42
2
Tilly, C. Strikes in France 1870-1968. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1974. XXIII + 428 p.
425 Shorter, W.;
The first detailed, long-tem and systematic attempt for any country to study
the relationships between modernization and industrial dispute. -4 breakthrough
in every respect.
O.01:Geschätzte Gesamtbevölkerung,
P.01: Alphabetisierungsrate der Bevölkerung, Rekruten und Brautleute in
P.02: Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung in Preußen/Deutsches Reich,
in Frankreich, England + Wales, und in Rußland (1800-1914).
Tabelle O.01: Geschätzte Gesamtbevölkerung der Länder (1815-1965)
Vereinigte Staaten
Quellen:
Historical Statistics of the United States - Colonial Times to 1957. Washington, D.C.,
1961. United Nations: Demographic Yearbook. New York 1948ff.
Rußland
Quellen:
1820, 1830, 1835, 1840, 1870, 1918: Eason, W.W., 1959: Soviet Manpower: The
Population and Labor Force of the USSR. Columbia University: unveröff. Dissertation.
1815, 1825: Lorimer, F., 1946: The Population of the Soviet Union. Genf.
Preußen:
Quellen:
Werte aus linearer Interpolation für die Jahre: 1817,1818, 1820, 1821, 1823, 1824, 1826,
1827, 1829, 1830, 1832, 1833, 1835, 1836, 1838, 1839, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1845, 1847,
1848, 1850, 1851, 1853, 1854, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860, 1862, 1863, 1865, 1866,1868,
1869, 1870.
Werte aus dem Statistischen Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. 2. Berlin (1893) für
die Jahre:1816, 1867.
Deutsches Reich:
Quellen:
1871, 1915: Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. Berlin 1880-1942.
BRD:
Quellen:
1946: Statistisches Jahrbuch der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Stuttgart 1952ff.
DDR:
Quellen:
Frankreich:
Quellen:
1815, 1865, 1920: Annuaire Statistique de la France 1966, Résumé Rétrospectif. Paris
1966.
England und Wales:
Quellen:
Cambridge.
Schottland:
Quellen:
Cambridge.
Irland / Nordirland:
Quellen:
Cambridge.
Tabelle P.01: Alphabetisierungsrate der Bevölkerung, Rekruten und Brautleute in
Tabelle P.02: Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung in Preußen/Deutsches Reich,
1 Carlo M. Cipolla, Literacy and development in the West, London 1969.
2 Peter Flora, Historische Prozesse sozialer Mobilisierung, in: Zeitschrift für
Soziologie 1 (1972), S. 85-117.
3 H. F. Brachelli, Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik des Königreichs
Preußen und der deutschen Mittel- und Kleinstaaten, Leipzig 1864-1868.
4 Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, Berlin 1880 ff.
5 M. G. Mulhall, The dictionary of statistics, London 1899.
6 UNESCO, Progress of literacy in various countries, Paris 1953.
7 E. Levasseur, L'enseignement primaire dans les pays civilises, Paris 1897.
8 Annuaire Statistique de la France, résumé retrospectif, Paris 1966.
9 M. Fleury und P. Valmary, Les progrès de l'instruction élémentaire de Louis XIV à
Napoleon III, in: Population 12 (1957), S. 71-92.
10 W. L. Sargant, On the progress of elementary education, in: Journal of the Statistical
Society of London 30 (1867), S. 80-137.
11 UNESCO, World illiteracy at mid-century, Paris 1957.
12 A. G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego Klassa Rossii, Moskau 1958.
13 N. DeWitt, Education and professional employment in the USSR, Washington 1961.
14 Statistisches Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. II, Berlin 1893.
15 Statistisches Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. I, Berlin 1888.
16 Statistisches Handbuch für den preußischen Staat, Bd. III, Berlin 1898.
17 W. Lexis (Hrsg.), Das Unterrichtswesen im Deutschen Reich, Bd. III, Das
Volksschulwesen und Lehrerbildungswesen im Deutschen Reich, Berlin 1904.
18 M. Willkomm u. a., Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik von West- und
Südeuropa, Leipzig 1862-1871.
19 B. R. Mitchell, Abstracts of British Historical Statistics, Cambridge 1962,
20 H. Mann, The resources of popular education in England and Wales: present and
future, in: Journal of the Statistical Society of London 25 (1862), S. 50-71.
21 W. W. Eason, Soviet manpower: the population and labor force of the USSR,
unveröffentlichte Dissertation, Columbia University 1959.
22 N. Hans, History of Russian educational policy, 1701-1917, New York 1964.
23 L. A. Wiese, Das Höhere Schulwesen in Preußen, Historisch-statistische
Darstellung, 3 Bde., Berlin 1864, 1869 und 1874.
24 Zeitschrift des Königlich preußischen statistischen Bureaus, Berlin 1860-1895.
25 W. Lexis (Hrsg.), Das Unterrichtswesen im Deutschen Reich, Bd. II, Die
höheren Lehranstalten und das Mädchenschulwesen im Deutschen Reich, Berlin
1904.
26 The Statesman's Yearbook, London 1863 ff.
27 W. Lexis (Hrsg.), Das Unterrichtswesen im Deutschen Reich, Bd. I, Die
Universitäten im Deutschen Reich, Berlin 1904.
28 Preußische Statistik: Statistik der preußischen Landesuniversitäten, Bd. 167, Berlin
1901.
29 G. S. Osborne, Scottish and English schools, University of Pittsburgh Press 1966.
O.01:Geschätzte Gesamtbevölkerung,
P.01: Alphabetisierungsrate der Bevölkerung, Rekruten und Brautleute in
P.02: Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung in Preußen/Deutsches Reich,
in Frankreich, England + Wales, und in Rußland (1800-1914).
Tabelle O.01: Geschätzte Gesamtbevölkerung der Länder (1815-1965)
Rußland
Anmerkung:
Keine Angaben für die Jahre: 1816-1819, 1821-1824, 1826-1829, 1831-1834, 1836-1839,
1841-1849, 1851-1859, 1861-1869, 1871-1879, 1881-1889, 1891-1896, 1898, 1899, 19011909, 1911, 1912, 1915-1917, 1941-1944, 1946-1949.
Eine genaue Definition der Gesamtbevölkerung fehlt größtenteils; da jedoch vereinzelt auch
Zahlen über die russische Bevölkerung, aufgeschlüsselt nach ihrer ethnischen Herkunft,
vorliegen (vgl. Lorimer, F. 1946: The Population of the Soviet Union. Genf.), scheint es
sicher, dass die Bevölkerungszahlen zumindest alle größeren Nationalitäten und ethnischen
Minoritäten enthalten. Die Zahlen für das zaristische Russland und für die UdSSR nach 1945
beziehen sich auf das jeweilige Staatsgebiet, die Zahlen von 1918 bis 1940 auf das Gebiet zur
Zeit des Zensus von 1939. Die Bevölkerungszahlen für 1897, 1926, 1939 und 1959 sind
Volkszählungsergebnisse; alle anderen - ausgenommen die interpolierten Werte - stellen
Schätzungen dar.
Informationen über das Wachstum und die Verteilung der Bevölkerung in Russland sind vor
der ersten Volkszählung von 1897 spärlich und unzuverlässig. Sie beziehen sich größtenteils
auf Zählungen der steuerpflichtigen Männer, ‚Revisionen’ genannt, deren erste 1824 stattfand.
Da sie sich immer über mehrere Jahre hinzogen, ist die Angabe eines genauen Datums nur
von beschränktem Wert. Die beiden wichtigsten Orientierungspunkte nach 1897 sind die
Volkszählungen von 1926 und 1959, während die Resultate des Zensus von 1939 vielfach
angezweifelt wurden (vgl. Eason, W.W. (1959): The Soviet Population today. Foreign Affairs
37,4, 598-606.; und Roof, M.K. (1960): The Russian population enigma reconsidered.
Population Studies 14,1, 3-16.). Um einen Vergleich der zaristischen und der sowjetischen
Bevölkerung zu ermöglichen, hat W.W. Eason (1959, Soviet Manpower: The Population and
Labor Force of the USSR. Columbia University: unveröff. Dissertation.) für die Zeit von 1850
bis 1914 die Gesamtbevölkerung bezogen auf das Gebiet der UdSSR von 1939 berechnet:
Jahr
Gesamtbevölkerung (in Tsd) im
jeweiligen Staatsgebiet
des zaristischen Reiches
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1897
1900
1910
1913
1914
68513
74120
84521
97705
117788
125640
131710
153768
161723
165138
Staatsgebiet der
UdSSR von 1939
57076
61720
65208
78592
92822
103933
109593
130354
137403
139913
Für die Jahre 1926 bis 1945 stellte Eason (1960) einen Vergleich verschiedener russischer
Schätzungen mit eigenen an (s. Tabelle 2). Für die Tabelle mit den geschätzten
Bevölkerungszahlen wur4den für die Jahre 1926 bis 1939 die berichtigten Schätzungen
Easons und für 1940 und 1945 die sowjetischen Schätzungen nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg
herangezogen.
Soweit Bevölkerungszahlen für Altersgruppen vorliegen, stimmen diese nicht mit der Gruppe
von 5-24 Jahre überein. In denn Volkszählungen von 1897 und 1926 wurden die
Alterskategorien 0-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-39 usw. verwendet, in der Volkszählung von 1959 die
Kategorien 0-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, usw. Es wurde allgemein angenommen, dass die
Altersgruppe 5-9 Jahre 45% der Gruppe 0-9 beträgt und die Altersgruppe 20-24 Jahre 90%
der Gruppe 15-19. Die Fehlerspanne dürfte maximal ± 1 Prozentpunkt betragen. In Quelle 12
(Eason, W.W. (1959): Soviet Manpower: The Population and Labor Force of the USSR.
Columbia University: unveröff. Dissertation.) hat Eason aufgrund von Geburtenziffern,
Angaben über Kindersterblichkeit und Primärschülerzahlen Schätzungen für andere Jahre
gegeben: 1931: 41,8%, 1939: 40,8%, 1940: 40,0%, 1945: 43,6%, 1950: 44,1%, 1955: 40,3%.
Jahr
Zensusdaten und sowjetische
Schätzungen
Quellen
vor dem Krieg
nach dem Krieg
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1945
147028
147128
150450
154288
157700
160600
163692
165748
168000
196000
157467
193000
-
147028
155000
160700
164000
166100
169100
170557
190700
171700
Schätzungen Easons
nach berichteten
nach berichtigten
Statistiken der Bevölkerungsbewegungen
147028
147100
150500
154100
157200
160100
163200
165300
159300
161300
163500
166900
170557
196300
198700
171000
147028
147100
149900
153100
155600
158100
160700
(160600)
(160600)
160500
162200
164100
167300
170557
Tabelle P.01: Alphabetisierungsrate der Bevölkerung, Rekruten und Brautleute in
ausgewählten Ländern (Preussen+Dt. Reich, Frankreich, England+Wales, Russland) (16901914)
Die Vergleichbarkeit der Alphabetismusraten ist von drei Faktoren abhängig:
1) der Definition des ‚Alphabetismus’,
2) der Erhebungstechnik,
3) der Bezugsgruppe.
Während die Erhebungstechnik weitgehend unbekannt ist, liegen über die Definitionen und
die Bezugsgruppen einzelne Informationen vor.
Bezugsgruppe:
Bei den Rekruten und Brautleuten entstehen nur geringere Probleme durch unterschiedliche
Rekrutierungs- bzw. Zulassungsregeln; bei der Alphabetismusrate der Bevölkerung sind
dagegen größere Differenzen aufgrund unterschiedlicher Abgrenzungen der Altersgruppe
möglich:
- Preußen: 1850: ‚Erwachsene’, 1870: 10 Jahre und älter;
- Deutsches Reich: 10 Jahre und älter;
- Frankreich: 1850: ‚Erwachsene’, 1870: 6 Jahre und älter, 1890-1910: 10 Jahre und älter;
- England: ‚Erwachsene’;
- Russland: 1850: ‚Erwachsene’, 1890-1910: 9 Jahre und älter.
Definitionen:
Brautleute: Fähigkeit, die Heiratsakte zu signieren;
Rekruten: Preußen/Deutscher Reich: lesen und schreiben; Frankreich: lesen; England:
schreiben; Russland: wahrscheinlich nur lesen.
Bevölkerung: Preußen/Deutsches Reich: lesen und schreiben; Frankreich: lesen und
schreiben; England: wahrscheinlich lesen und schreiben; Russland 1850: lesen, 1890-1910:
lesen und schreiben.
P.02. Entwicklung der Bildungsbeteiligung in Preußen/Deutsches Reich, in Frankreich,
England + Wales, und in Rußland (1800-1914)
Entwicklung der Hochschulbildung in den Ländern insgesamt:
Der Vergleich der Schüler- und Studentenzahlen wird erschwert durch:
1) die kaum erfassbaren Bildungsvorgänge außerhalb der formellen Bildungssysteme,
2) die unterschiedlichen Strukturen der Bildungssysteme, die eine genaue korrespondierende
Klassifizierung der Schultypen unmöglich machen,
3) die Unvollständigkeit der vorliegenden Daten,
4) die unterschiedlichen Erfassungsmethoden der Schüler anhand der Schulregistrierung oder
des tatsächlichen Schulbesuchs,
5) die Unterschiede im Altersaufbau der Bevölkerungen.
Diese Probleme sind nicht befriedigend zu lösen. Um die Daten wenigstens annähernd
vergleichbar zu machen, werden
1) die Absolutzahlen auf die verschiedenen Schultypen bezogen, wird
2) angegeben, ob die Zahl der eingeschriebenen Schüler oder der Schulbesuch zugrunde
gelegt wurde, und wird
3) unter Bevölkerung der prozentuale Anteil der Altersgruppe von 5 bis 24 Jahre an der
Gesamtbevölkerung angegeben.
Preußen und Deutsches Reich:
Primär-Schüler:
Preußen: Schüler in den öffentlichen Volks- und Mittelschulen ohne die elementaren
Vorschulen der höheren Lehranstalten; Deutsches Reich: Volksschüler und 7/10 der
Mittelschüler, da die Mittelschulen sich nur in den oberen Klassen von den Volksschulen
unterschieden; nur öffentliche Schulen.
Sekundär-Schüler:
Preußen: Schüler in den höheren Lehranstalten (Gymnasien, Progymnasien, Realschulen
erster und zweiter Ordnung, höhere Bürgerschulen) ohne Vorschulen und ohne die Höheren
Lehranstalten für Mädchen; Deutsches Reich: Schüler in den öffentlichen und privaten
höheren Schulen, Schülerinnen in den öffentlichen und privaten Höheren Lehranstalten,
3/10 der Schüler in den öffentlichen Mittelschulen. In Preußen und im Deutschen Reich ist
der Unterschied zwischen der Zahl der eingeschriebenen Schüler und dem Schulbesuch zu
vernachlässigen.
Hochschüler:
Preußen: Universitäten ohne technische und andere Fachhochschulen; Deutsches Reich:
Universitäten und Hochschulen.
Frankreich:
Primär-Schüler:
Öffentliche und private elementare und höhere Primärschulen ohne die entsprechenden
Klassen der allgemeinbildenden Sekundärschulen; alle Zahlen beziehen sich auf die
eingeschriebenen Schüler und nicht den tatsächlichen Schulbesuch.
Sekundär-Schüler:
1815-1914: öffentliche Sekundärschulen (lycées und collèges) für Knaben; 1881-1914:
öffentliche Sekundärschulen (lycées und collèges) für Mädchen; beides einschließlich der
Schüler in den Primärklassen dieser Schulen. Die Zahlen beziehen sich auf die
eingeschriebenen Schüler(innen).
Hochschüler:
1855: Hörer an allen fünf Fakultäten; 1890-1898: französische und ausländische Studenten;
1899 ff.: französische Studenten.
England und Wales:
Primär-Schüler:
Da das englische Bildungssystem im 19. Jh. im wesentlichen auf privater bzw. kirchlicher
Grundlage ruhte, ist es bisher kaum möglich die englische Bildungsentwicklung quantitativ
zu rekonstruieren. Eine genauere Verfolgung der Entwicklung ist nur für den staatlich
subventionierten Teil der einzelnen Bildungszweige möglich. Die Zahlen beziehen sich
wahrscheinlich auf den Schulbesuch.
Sekundär-Schüler:
Im Jahr 1897 wurde in England erstmals eine umfassende Untersuchung aller
Sekundärschulen durchgeführt. Vor diesem Zeitpunkt ist eine quantitative Rekonstruktion
der Entwicklung der Sekundärschulen ohne umfassende historische Forschungen nicht
möglich.
Hochschüler:
1830: Oxford und Cambridge; 1891-1910: Universitäten und Colleges, London School of
Economics, ohne medizinische Schulen und technische Colleges.
Russland:
Primär-Schüler:
In der Quelle: ‘N. Hans: ‚History of Russian educational policy, 1701-1917. New York
1964.‘ sind die Gesamtschülerzahlen und die prozentualen Anteile im Primär-, Sekundärund Hochschulbereich gegeben. Die Absolutzahlen für Russland in den Tabellen 2 bis 4
stellen daher Berechnungen dar. Diese Daten lassen sich nur unvollständig aus den Zahlen
für die einzelnen Bildungszweige und Schultypen rekonstruieren.

Peter Flora

Transcription

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