Supplementary Materials for

www.advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/5/e1400253/DC1
Supplementary Materials for
Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth
mass extinction
Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle,
Todd M. Palmer
Published 19 June 2015, Sci. Adv. 1, e1400253 (2015)
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400253
This PDF file includes:
Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction
rates.
Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
I. DATA ON CONTEMPORARY EXTINCTIONS (1500 TO PRESENT)
We obtained the list of vertebrates species considered Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), and Possibly
Extinct (PE, a subcategory of Critically Endangered, CR) since 1500 from the International Union of
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). We accessed the IUCN webpage (www.iucn.org; version 2014.3) on
December 1, 2014. A first list of “possible extinct” species was kindly provided to us by Dr. Bruce Young,
from Natureserve. We then were able to check the status of those species in the IUCN web page. The list of
all the species included grouped by the IUCN category is included below in sections IV and V.
II. BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATES
We used the recent mammal background extinction rate determined by Barnosky et al. (6). Most studies
evaluating extinction rates in vertebrates and plants have used background rates assumed to be between 0.1
and 1 species per million species-years (i.e., between 0.1 and 1 species per 100 years per 10,000 species).
Those rates were based on the state of knowledge available from the fossil record until the 1990s (9-13).
Clearly, the lower these estimates, the more dramatic current extinction rates will appear by comparison.
The new mammal background extinction rate was based on an analysis of massive databases of mammal
fossils, subfossils, and modern extinctions. The stratigraphic ranges of thousands of mammal species were
charted, and extinction rates were measured over intervals ranging from single years to millions of years,
and the mean extinction rate and variance was computed for each time interval. The estimates indicate that
the background extinction rate for mammals is closer to 2 extinctions per million species-years (2 E/MSY;
i.e., two extinctions per 100 years per 10,000 species), which doubles the highest previous estimates. See
Barnosky et al. (6) for details.
Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction rates.
III. COMPARING RECENT AND BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATES
We used two estimates of modern extinction rates; i.e. a very conservative rate (i.e. including only EX
species) and a conservative rate (i.e. including EX, plus EW and PE species), respectively. Both are defined
in the text of the paper. Table S2 summarizes the calculations to estimate the modern extinction rates.
Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900. Highly conservative modern
extinction rates were calculated using exclusively Extinct species as listed in the stringently evaluated IUCN
list. Conservative modern extinction rates were calculated using Extinct species plus Extinct in the wild
(EW) and Possibly extinct species as listed in the IUCN list (2014; see also methods). The 2 E/MY
background extinction rate is equivalent to 2 extinctions per 10000 species per 100 years.
1500 TO 2014
Highly conservative
Animal
Evaluate
d
A
Evaluate
d
Group
Species
Species
IUCN
Divided
by
10,000
B
Backgroun
d
Extinction
per
C
Centuries
Century
1500
Since
Expected
for 10,000
D
Backgroun
d
E
F
Extinctions
Expected
over
Expected
Extinction
s
Observed
Extinction
s
514 years
(Since
1500)
Since
Since
1500
1500
(B x C)
(A x D)
Elevation
Extiction
s
Rates
with
Respect
to
Expected
Species
(2 E/MSY)
(F / E)
Vertebrate
s
39223
3.9223
2
5.14
10.28
40.32
338
8
Mammals
5513
0.5513
2
5.14
10.28
5.67
77
14
Birds
10425
1.0425
2
5.14
10.28
10.72
140
13
Reptiles
Amphibian
s
4414
0.4414
2
5.14
10.28
4.54
21
5
6414
0.6414
2
5.14
10.28
6.59
34
5
Fishes
12457
1.2457
2
5.14
10.28
12.81
66
5
D
Backgroun
d
E
F
Extinctions
Expected
over
Expected
Extinction
s
Observed
Extinction
s
Elevation
Extiction
s
Rates
with
514 years
(Since
1500)
Since
Since
1500
1500
(B x C)
(A x D)
Conservative
Animal
Evaluate
d
A
Evaluate
d
Group
Species
Species
IUCN
Divided
by
10,000
B
Backgroun
d
Extinction
per
C
Centuries
Century
1500
Since
Expected
for 10,000
Respect
to
Expected
Species
(2 E/MSY)
(F / E)
Vertebrate
s
39223
3.9223
2
5.14
10.28
40.32
617
15
Mammals
5513
0.5513
2
5.14
10.28
5.67
111
20
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibian
s
Fishes
10425
1.0425
2
5.14
10.28
10.72
163
15
4414
0.4414
2
5.14
10.28
4.54
37
8
6414
0.6414
2
5.14
10.28
6.59
148
22
12457
1.2457
2
5.14
10.28
12.81
158
12
D
Backgroun
d
E
F
Extinctions
Expected
over
Expected
Extinction
s
Observed
Extinction
s
Elevation
Extiction
s
Rates
with
114 years
(Since
1900)
Since
Since
1900
1900
(B x C)
(A x D)
1900 TO 2014
Highly conservative
Animal
Evaluate
d
A
Evaluate
d
Group
Species
Species
IUCN
Divided
by
10,000
B
Backgroun
d
Extinction
per
C
Centuries
Century
1900
Since
Expected
for 10,000
Respect
to
Expected
Species
(2 E/MSY)
Vertebrate
s
(F / E)
39223
3.9223
2
1.14
2.28
8.94
198
22
Mammals
5513
0.5513
2
1.14
2.28
1.26
35
28
Birds
10425
1.0425
2
1.14
2.28
2.38
57
24
Reptiles
Amphibian
s
4414
0.4414
2
1.14
2.28
1.01
8
8
6414
0.6414
2
1.14
2.28
1.46
32
22
Fishes
12457
1.2457
2
1.14
2.28
2.84
66
23
D
Backgroun
d
E
F
Extinctions
Expected
over
Expected
Extinction
s
Observed
Extinction
s
Elevation
Extiction
s
Rates
with
114 years
(Since
1900)
Since
Since
1900
1900
(B x C)
(A x D)
Conservativ
e
Animal
Evaluate
d
A
Evaluate
d
Group
Species
Species
IUCN
Divided
by
10,000
B
Backgroun
d
Extinction
per
C
Centuries
Century
1900
Since
Expected
for 10,000
Respect
to
Expected
Species
(2 E/MSY)
Vertebrate
s
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibian
s
Fishes
(F / E)
39223
3.9223
2
1.14
2.28
8.94
477
53
5513
0.5513
2
1.14
2.28
1.26
69
55
10425
1.0425
2
1.14
2.28
2.38
80
34
4414
0.4414
2
1.14
2.28
1.01
24
24
6414
0.6414
2
1.14
2.28
1.46
146
100
12457
1.2457
2
1.14
2.28
2.84
158
56
IV. EXTINCT VERTEBRATES SINCE 1500 ACCORDING TO IUCN (2014) .
Group
Species
Common Name
Mammals
Bettongia pusilla
Nullarbor Dwarf Bettong
Mammals
Boromys offella
Oriente Cave Rat
Mammals
Boromys torrei
Torre’s Cave Rat
Mammals
Bos primigenius
Aurochs
Mammals
Brotomys voratus
Hispaniolan Edible Rat
Mammals
Caloprymnus campestris
Desert Rat Kangaroo
Mammals
Chaeropus ecaudatus
Pig-footed Bandicoot
Mammals
Conilurus albipes
White-footed Rabbit-rat
Mammals
Coryphomys buehleri
Buhler’s Coryphomys
Mammals
Cryptonanus ignitus
Red-bellied Gracile Mouse Opossum
Mammals
Cryptoprocta spelea
Giant Fossa
Mammals
Cuscomys oblativa
Mammals
Desmodus draculae
Giant Vampire Bat
Mammals
Dusicyon australis
Falkland Island Wolf
Mammals
Gazella bilkis
Queen Of Sheba's Gazelle
Mammals
Gazella saudiya
Saudi Gazelle
Mammals
Geocapromys columbianus
Cuban Coney
Mammals
Geocapromys thoracatus
Little Swan Island Hutia
Mammals
Heteropsomys insulans
Insular Cave Rat
Mammals
Hexolobodon phenax
Imposter Hutia
Mammals
Hippopotamus guldbergi
Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus
Mammals
Hippopotamus lemerlei
Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus
Mammals
Hippotragus leucophaeus
Bluebuck
Mammals
Hydrodamalis gigas
Steller's Sea Cow
Mammals
Isolobodon montanus
Montane Hutia
Mammals
Isolobodon portoricensis
Puerto Rican Hutia
Mammals
Juscelinomys candango
Candango Mouse
Mammals
Lagorchestes asomatus
Central Hare Wallaby
Mammals
Lagorchestes leporides
Eastern Hare Wallaby
Mammals
Lagostomus crassus
Mammals
Macropus greyi
Toolache Wallaby
Mammals
Macrotis leucura
Lesser Bilby
Mammals
Megalomys desmarestii
Desmarest’s Pilorie
Mammals
Megalomys luciae
Santa Lucian Pilorie
Mammals
Megaoryzomys curioi
Galapágos Giant Rat
Mammals
Neomonachus tropicalis
Caribbean Monk Seal
Mammals
Neotoma anthonyi
Anthony's Woodrat
Mammals
Neotoma bunkeri
Bunkers Woodrat
Mammals
Neotoma martinensis
San Martin Island Woodrat
Mammals
Neovison macrodon
Sea Mink
Mammals
Nesophontes edithae
Puerto Rican Nesophontes
Mammals
Nesophontes hypomicrus
Atalaye Nesophontes
Mammals
Nesophontes major
Mammals
Nesophontes micrus
Western Cuban Nesophontes
Mammals
Nesophontes paramicrus
St. Michel Nesophontes
Mammals
Nesophontes zamicrus
Haitian Nesophontes
Mammals
Nesoryzomys darwini
Darwin's Galapagos Mouse
Mammals
Nesoryzomys indefessus
Indefatigable Galapagos Mouse
Mammals
Noronhomys vespuccii
Mammals
Notomys amplus
Short-tailed Hopping Mouse
Mammals
Notomys longicaudatus
Long-tailed Hopping Mouse
Mammals
Notomys macrotis
Big-eared Hopping Mouse
Mammals
Notomys mordax
Darling Downs Hopping Mouse
Mammals
Oligoryzomys victus
St. Vincent Pygmy Rice Rat
Mammals
Onychogalea lunata
Crescent Nailtail Wallaby
Mammals
Oryzomys antillarum
Jamaican Rice Rat
Mammals
Oryzomys nelsoni
Tres Marias Island Rice Rat
Mammals
Palaeopropithecus ingens
Large Sloth Lemur
Mammals
Pennatomys nivalis
Nevis Rice Rat
Mammals
Perameles eremiana
Desert Bandicoot
Mammals
Peromyscus pembertoni
Pemberton's Deer Mouse
Mammals
Plagiodontia ipnaeum
Samana Hutia
Mammals
Potorous platyops
Broad-faced Potoroo
Mammals
Prolagus sardus
Sardinian Pika
Mammals
Pseudomys glaucus
Blue-grey Mouse
Mammals
Pseudomys gouldii
Gould's Mouse
Mammals
Pteropus brunneus
Percy Island Flying Fox
Mammals
Pteropus pilosus
Large Palau Flying Fox
Mammals
Pteropus subniger
Lesser Mascarene Flying-fox
Mammals
Pteropus tokudae
Guam Flying Fox
Mammals
Rattus macleari
Maclear's Rat
Mammals
Rattus nativitatis
Bulldog Rat
Mammals
Rucervus schomburgki
Schomburgk's Deer
Mammals
Solenodon marcanoi
Marcano's Solenodon
Mammals
Thylacinus cynocephalus
Thylacine
Mammals
Xenothrix mcgregori
Jamaican Monkey
Mammals
Zalophus japonicus
Japanese Sea Lion
Aves
Aegolius gradyi
Bermuda Saw-whet Owl
Aves
Alectroenas nitidissimus
Mauritius Blue-pigeon
Aves
Alectroenas payandeei
Rodrigues Blue-pigeon
Aves
Alopecoenas ferrugineus
Tanna Ground-dove
Aves
Alopecoenas salamonis
Thick-billed Ground-dove
Aves
Alopochen kervazoi
Reunion Shelduck
Aves
Alopochen mauritiana
Mauritius Shelduck
Aves
Amazona martinicana
Martinique Amazon
Aves
Amazona violacea
Guadeloupe Amazon
Aves
Anas marecula
Amsterdam Duck
Aves
Anas theodori
Mauritius Duck
Aves
Anthornis melanocephala
Chatham Bellbird
Aves
Aphanapteryx bonasia
Red Rail
Aves
Aplonis corvina
Kosrae Starling
Aves
Aplonis fusca
Norfolk Island Starling
Aves
Aplonis mavornata
Mysterious Starling
Aves
Ara tricolor
Cuban Macaw
Aves
Atlantisia podarces
St Helena Crake
Aves
Bermuteo avivorus
Bermuda Hawk
Aves
Bowdleria rufescens
Chatham Fernbird
Aves
Bulweria bifax
Small St Helena Petrel
Aves
Cabalus modestus
Chatham Rail
Aves
Caloenas maculata
Liverpool Pigeon
Aves
Camptorhynchus labradorius
Labrador Duck
Aves
Caracara lutosa
Guadalupe Caracara
Aves
Chaetoptila angustipluma
Kioea
Aves
Chaunoproctus ferreorostris
Bonin Grosbeak
Aves
Chenonetta finschi
Finsch's Duck
Aves
Chloridops kona
Kona Grosbeak
Aves
Chlorostilbon bracei
Brace's Emerald
Aves
Chlorostilbon elegans
Caribbean Emerald
Aves
Ciridops anna
Ula-ai-hawane
Aves
Coenocorypha barrierensis
North Island Snipe
Aves
Coenocorypha iredalei
South Island Snipe
Aves
Colaptes oceanicus
Bermuda Flicker
Aves
Columba jouyi
Ryukyu Woodpigeon
Aves
Columba thiriouxi
Mauritius Woodpigeon
Aves
Columba versicolor
Bonin Woodpigeon
Aves
Conuropsis carolinensis
Carolina Parakeet
Aves
Coturnix novaezelandiae
New Zealand Quail
Aves
Coua delalandei
Snail-eating Coua
Aves
Cyanoramphus ulietanus
Raiatea Parakeet
Aves
Cyanoramphus zealandicus
Black-fronted Parakeet
Aves
Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi
Hawkins's Rail
Aves
Drepanis funerea
Black Mamo
Aves
Drepanis pacifica
Hawaii Mamo
Aves
Dromaius baudinianus
Kangaroo Island Emu
Aves
Dromaius minor
King Island Emu
Aves
Dryolimnas augusti
Reunion Rail
Aves
Dysmorodrepanis munroi
Lanai Hookbill
Aves
Eclectus infectus
Oceanic Parrot
Aves
Ectopistes migratorius
Passenger Pigeon
Aves
Erythromachus leguati
Rodrigues Rail
Aves
Falco duboisi
Reunion Kestrel
Aves
Fregilupus varius
Reunion Starling
Aves
Fulica newtonii
Mascarene Coot
Aves
Gallinula nesiotis
Tristan Moorhen
Aves
Gerygone insularis
Lord Howe Gerygone
Aves
Haematopus meadewaldoi
Canarian Oystercatcher
Aves
Hemignathus ellisianus
Greater Akialoa
Aves
Hemignathus obscurus
Lesser Akialoa
Aves
Hemignathus sagittirostris
Greater Amakihi
Aves
Heteralocha acutirostris
Huia
Aves
Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii
Dieffenbach's Rail
Aves
Hypotaenidia pacifica
Tahiti Rail
Aves
Hypotaenidia poeciloptera
Bar-winged Rail
Aves
Hypotaenidia wakensis
Wake Rail
Aves
Ixobrychus novaezelandiae
New Zealand Little Bittern
Aves
Lophopsittacus bensoni
Mauritius Grey Parrot
Aves
Lophopsittacus mauritianus
Broad-billed Parrot
Aves
Mascarenotus grucheti
Reunion Owl
Aves
Mascarenotus murivorus
Rodrigues Owl
Aves
Mascarenotus sauzieri
Mauritius Owl
Aves
Mascarinus mascarin
Mascarene Parrot
Aves
Mergus australis
Auckland Merganser
Aves
Microgoura meeki
Choiseul Pigeon
Aves
Moho apicalis
Oahu Oo
Aves
Moho bishopi
Bishop's Oo
Aves
Moho braccatus
Kauai Oo
Aves
Moho nobilis
Hawaii Oo
Aves
Mundia elpenor
Ascension Crake
Aves
Myadestes myadestinus
Kamao
Aves
Myadestes woahensis
Amaui
Aves
Myiagra freycineti
Guam Flycatcher
Aves
Nannococcyx psix
St Helena Cuckoo
Aves
Necropsar rodericanus
Rodrigues Starling
Aves
Necropsittacus rodricanus
Rodrigues Parrot
Aves
Nesillas aldabrana
Aldabra Warbler
Aves
Nesoenas cicur
Mauritius Turtle-dove
Aves
Nesoenas duboisi
Reunion Pigeon
Aves
Nesoenas rodericanus
Rodrigues Turtle-dove
Aves
Nestor productus
Norfolk Kaka
Aves
Nyctanassa carcinocatactes
Bermuda Night-heron
Aves
Nycticorax duboisi
Reunion Night-heron
Aves
Nycticorax mauritianus
Mauritius Night-heron
Aves
Nycticorax megacephalus
Rodrigues Night-heron
Aves
Paroreomyza flammea
Kakawahie
Aves
Pezophaps solitaria
Rodrigues Solitaire
Aves
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus
Spectacled Cormorant
Aves
Pinguinus impennis
Great Auk
Aves
Podiceps andinus
Colombian Grebe
Aves
Podilymbus gigas
Atitlan Grebe
Aves
Pomarea fluxa
Eiao Monarch
Aves
Pomarea nukuhivae
Nuku Hiva Monarch
Aves
Pomarea pomarea
Maupiti Monarch
Aves
Porphyrio albus
White Swamphen
Aves
Porphyrio caerulescens
Reunion Gallinule
Aves
Porphyrio kukwiedei
New Caledonia Gallinule
Aves
Porphyrio mantelli
North Island Takahe
Aves
Porphyrio paepae
Marquesan Swamphen
Aves
Prosobonia cancellata
Christmas Sandpiper
Aves
Prosobonia ellisi
Moorea Sandpiper
Aves
Prosobonia leucoptera
Tahiti Sandpiper
Aves
Psephotellus pulcherrimus
Paradise Parrot
Aves
Psittacara labati
Guadeloupe Parakeet
Aves
Psittacula exsul
Rodrigues Parakeet
Aves
Psittacula wardi
Seychelles Parakeet
Aves
Pterodroma rupinarum
Large St Helena Petrel
Aves
Ptilinopus mercierii
Red-moustached Fruit-dove
Aves
Quiscalus palustris
Slender-billed Grackle
Aves
Raphus cucullatus
Dodo
Aves
Rhodacanthis flaviceps
Lesser Koa-finch
Aves
Rhodacanthis palmeri
Greater Koa-finch
Aves
Sceloglaux albifacies
Laughing Owl
Aves
Tachybaptus rufolavatus
Alaotra Grebe
Aves
Threskiornis solitarius
Reunion Ibis
Aves
Traversia lyalli
Stephens Island Wren
Aves
Tribonyx hodgenorum
Hodgen's Waterhen
Aves
Turdus ravidus
Grand Cayman Thrush
Aves
Turnagra capensis
South Island Piopio
Aves
Turnagra tanagra
North Island Piopio
Aves
Upupa antaios
St Helena Hoopoe
Aves
Xenicus longipes
Bush Wren
Aves
Zapornia astrictocarpus
St Helena Rail
Aves
Zapornia monasa
Kosrae Crake
Aves
Zapornia nigra
Miller's Rail
Aves
Zapornia palmeri
Laysan Rail
Aves
Zapornia sandwichensis
Hawaiian Rail
Aves
Zoothera terrestris
Bonin Thrush
Aves
Zosterops strenuus
Robust White-eye
Reptiles
Ameiva cineracea
Guadeloupe Ameiva
Reptiles
Ameiva major
Martinique Giant Ameiva
Reptiles
Bolyeria multocarinata
Round Island Burrowing Boa
Reptiles
Borikenophis sanctaecrucis
Saint Croix Racer
Reptiles
Celestus occiduus
Jamaica Giant Galliwasp
Reptiles
Chioninia coctei
Cape Verde Giant Skink
Reptiles
Cyclura onchiopsis
Navassa Rhinoceros Iguana
Reptiles
Cylindraspis indica
Reptiles
Cylindraspis inepta
Reptiles
Cylindraspis peltastes
Reptiles
Cylindraspis triserrata
Reptiles
Cylindraspis vosmaeri
Reptiles
Hoplodactylus delcourti
Reptiles
Leiocephalus eremitus
Reptiles
Leiocephalus herminieri
Reptiles
Leiolopisma mauritiana
Reptiles
Pelusios seychellensis
Seychelles Black Terrapin
Reptiles
Phelsuma gigas
Gecko Diurne Géant De Rodrigues
Reptiles
Tachygyia microlepis
Tonga Ground Skink
Reptiles
Tetradactylus eastwoodae
Eastwood's Longtailed Seps
Reptiles
Typhlops cariei
Amphibians
Atelopus ignescens
Quito Stubfoot Toad
Amphibians
Atelopus longirostris
Longnose Stubfoot Toad
Amphibians
Atelopus vogli
Amphibians
Craugastor chrysozetetes
McCranie's Robber Frog
Amphibians
Craugastor escoces
Heredia Robber Frog
Amphibians
Cynops wolterstorffi
Yunnan Lake Newt
Amphibians
Incilius periglenes
Golden Toad
Amphibians
Lithobates fisheri
Las Vegas Leopard Frog
Amphibians
Nannophrys guentheri
Amphibians
Phrynomedusa fimbriata
Amphibians
Plethodon ainsworthi
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus adspersus
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus dimbullae
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus eximius
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus extirpo
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus halyi
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus hypomelas
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus leucorhinus
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus maia
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus nanus
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus nasutus
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus pardus
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus rugatus
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus stellatus
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus temporalis
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus variabilis
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus zal
Amphibians
Pseudophilautus zimmeri
Amphibians
Raorchestes travancoricus
Amphibians
Rheobatrachus silus
Southern Gastric Brooding Frog
Amphibians
Rheobatrachus vitellinus
Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog
Amphibians
Taudactylus diurnus
Mount Glorious Torrent Frog
Fishes
Alburnus akili
Beyşehir Bleak
Fishes
Alburnus nicaeensis
Iznik Shemaya
Fishes
Anabarilius macrolepis
Fishes
Aphanius splendens
Fishes
Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha'
Fishes
Barbus microbarbis
Fishes
Characodon garmani
Parras Characodon
Fishes
Chasmistes muriei
Snake River Sucker
Fishes
Chondrostoma scodrense
Fishes
Coregonus alpenae
Fishes
Coregonus bezola
Fishes
Coregonus fera
Fishes
Coregonus gutturosus
Ainsworth's Salamander
Gölçük Toothcarp
Longjaw Cisco
Fishes
Coregonus hiemalis
Fishes
Coregonus johannae
Deepwater Cisco
Fishes
Coregonus nigripinnis
Blackfin Cisco
Fishes
Coregonus oxyrinchus
Houting
Fishes
Coregonus restrictus
Fishes
Cottus echinatus
Fishes
Ctenochromis pectoralis
Fishes
Cyprinodon arcuatus
Santa Cruz Pupfish
Fishes
Cyprinodon ceciliae
Villa Lopez Pupfish
Fishes
Cyprinodon inmemoriam
Charco Azul Pupfish
Fishes
Cyprinodon latifasciatus
Parras Pupfish
Fishes
Cyprinodon spp.
Perritos De Sandia
Fishes
Cyprinus yilongensis
Fishes
Empetrichthys merriami
Ash Meadows Poolfish
Fishes
Etheostoma sellare
Maryland Darter
Fishes
Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory'
Fishes
Evarra bustamantei
Mexican Dace
Fishes
Evarra eigenmanni
Mexican Dace
Fishes
Evarra tlahuacensis
Mexican Dace
Fishes
Fundulus albolineatus
Whiteline Topminnow
Fishes
Gambusia amistadensis
Amistad Gambusia
Fishes
Gambusia georgei
San Marcos Gambusia
Fishes
Gasterosteus crenobiontus
Fishes
Gila crassicauda
Thicktail Chub
Fishes
Lepidomeda altivelis
Pahranagat Spinedace
Fishes
Mirogrex hulensis
Hula Bream
Fishes
Moxostoma lacerum
Harelip Sucker
Fishes
Notropis amecae
Ameca Shiner
Fishes
Notropis aulidion
Durango Shiner
Fishes
Notropis orca
Phantom Shiner
Fishes
Notropis saladonis
Salado Shiner
Fishes
Noturus trautmani
Scioto Madtom
Fishes
Pantanodon madagascariensis
Fishes
Platytropius siamensis
Siamese flat-barbelled catfish
Fishes
Pogonichthys ciscoides
Clear Lake Splittail
Fishes
Priapella bonita
Graceful Priapella
Fishes
Prototroctes oxyrhynchus
New Zealand Grayling
Fishes
Pseudophoxinus handlirschi
Eğirdir Minnow
Fishes
Ptychochromis onilahy
Fishes
Ptychochromoides itasy
Fishes
Rhinichthys deaconi
Las Vegas Dace
Fishes
Rhizosomichthys totae
pez graso
Fishes
Romanogobio antipai
Fishes
Salmo pallaryi
Fishes
Salvelinus agassizii
Fishes
Salvelinus neocomensis
Fishes
Salvelinus profundus
Fishes
Stypodon signifer
Utah Lake Sculpin
Silver Trout
Stumptooth Minnow
Fishes
Telestes ukliva
Fishes
Tristramella intermedia
Fishes
Tristramella magdelainae
Fishes
Tristramella sacra
Fishes
Xystichromis bayoni
Long Jaw Tristramella
V. EXTINCT IN THE WILD AND POSSIBLY EXTINCT VERTEBRATES SINCE 1500
ACCORDING TO IUCN (2014).
Group
Species
Common name
Category
Mammals
Bos sauveli
Kouprey
CR(PE)
Mammals
Crateromys australis
Dinagat Crateromys
CR(PE)
Mammals
Crocidura trichura
Christmas Island Shrew
CR(PE)
Mammals
Crocidura wimmeri
Wimmer's Shrew
CR(PE)
Mammals
Cryptochloris wintoni
De Winton's Golden Mole
CR(PE)
Mammals
Dendrolagus mayri
Wondiwoi Tree-kangaroo
CR(PE)
Mammals
Dipodomys gravipes
San Quintin Kangaroo Rat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Leporillus apicalis
Lesser Stick-nest Rat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Lipotes vexillifer
Baiji
CR(PE)
Mammals
Melanomys zunigae
Zuniga's Dark Rice Rat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Mesocapromys nanus
Dwarf Hutia
CR(PE)
Mammals
Mesocapromys sanfelipensis
Little Earth Hutia
CR(PE)
Mammals
Monodelphis unistriatus
Single-striped Opossum
CR(PE)
Mammals
Murina tenebrosa
Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Mysateles garridoi
CR(PE)
Mammals
Mystacina robusta
Garrido's Hutia
New Zealand Greater Short-tailed
Bat
Mammals
Nilopegamys plumbeus
Ethiopian Amphibious Rat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Nyctophilus howensis
Lord Howe Long-eared Bat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Peromyscus guardia
Angel Island Mouse
CR(PE)
Mammals
Peromyscus mekisturus
Puebla Deer Mouse
CR(PE)
Mammals
Phalanger matanim
Telefomin Cuscus
CR(PE)
Mammals
Pharotis imogene
Thomas's Big-eared Bat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Pipistrellus murrayi
Christmas Island Pipistrelle
CR(PE)
Mammals
Pteralopex pulchra
Montane Monkey-faced Bat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Pteropus aruensis
Aru Flying Fox
CR(PE)
Mammals
Pteropus tuberculatus
Vanikoro Flying Fox
CR(PE)
Mammals
Uromys emmae
Emma's Giant Rat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Uromys imperator
Emperor Rat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Uromys porculus
Guadalcanal Rat
CR(PE)
Mammals
Zyzomys pedunculatus
Central Rock Rat
CR(PE)
Birds
Campephilus imperialis
Imperial Woodpecker
CR(PE)
Birds
Cyanopsitta spixii
Spix's Macaw
CR(PEW)
Birds
Eriocnemis godini
Turquoise-throated Puffleg
CR(PE)
Birds
Eurostopodus exul
New Caledonian Nightjar
CR(PE)
Birds
Hemignathus lucidus
Nukupuu
CR(PE)
Birds
Melamprosops phaeosoma
Poo-uli
CR(PE)
Birds
Myadestes lanaiensis
Olomao
CR(PE)
Birds
Numenius borealis
Eskimo Curlew
CR(PE)
Birds
Hydrobates macrodactylus
Guadalupe Storm-petrel
CR(PE)
Birds
Paroreomyza maculata
Oahu Alauahio
CR(PE)
Birds
Pomarea mira
Ua Pou Monarch
CR(PE)
Birds
Psittirostra psittacea
Ou
CR(PE)
Birds
Pterodroma caribbaea
Jamaica Petrel
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Birds
Pyrrhura subandina
Sinu Parakeet
CR(PE)
Birds
Siphonorhis americana
Jamaican Pauraque
CR(PE)
Birds
Sporophila melanops
Hooded Seedeater
CR(PE)
Birds
Turnix novaecaledoniae
New Caledonian Buttonquail
CR(PE)
Birds
Vermivora bachmanii
Bachman's Warbler
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Anolis roosevelti
Culebra Giant Anole
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Calamaria prakkei
Prakke's Reed Snake
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Capitellum parvicruzae
Lesser Saint Croix Skink
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Celestus anelpistus
Giant Hispaniolan Galliwasp
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Contomastix vittata
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Cynisca gansi
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Gallotia auaritae
Reptiles
Omoadiphas cannula
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Pseudoxyrhopus ankafinaensis
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Rhampholeon chapmanorum
Chapman's Pygmy Chameleon
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Spondylurus magnacruzae
Greater Saint Croix Skink
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Spondylurus monitae
Monito Skink
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Spondylurus spilonotus
Greater Virgin Islands Skink
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Stenocercus haenschi
Haensch's Whorltail Iguana
CR(PE)
Reptiles
Trimetopon viquezi
Viquez's Tropical Ground Snake
CR(PE)
Amphibians Altiphrynoides osgoodi
Osgood's Ethiopian Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Andinobates abditus
Collins' Poison Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Andinophryne colomai
Carchi Andes Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Aromobates nocturnus
Skunk Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Arthroleptides dutoiti
Du Toit's Torrent Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Arthroleptis kutogundua
Overlooked Squeaker Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Arthroleptis troglodytes
Cave Squeaker
CR(PE)
La Palma Giant Lizard
Amphibians Atelopus ardila
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus balios
Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus carbonerensis
La Carbonera Stubfoot Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus chiriquiensis
Lewis' Stubfoot Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus chirripoensis
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus chrysocorallus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus eusebiodiazi
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus famelicus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus guanujo
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus halihelos
Morona-Santiago Stubfoot Toad
Amphibians Atelopus lynchi
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus mindoensis
Mindo Stubfoot Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus muisca
La Arboleda Stubfoot Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus nanay
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus onorei
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus oxyrhynchus
Rednose Stubfoot Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus pachydermus
Schmidt's Stubfoot Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus pastuso
Amphibians Atelopus peruensis
CR(PE)
Peru Stubfoot Toad
Amphibians Atelopus petersi
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus pinangoi
Pinango Stubfoot Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus planispina
Flat-spined Atelopus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus podocarpus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Atelopus sernai
Amphibians Atelopus sorianoi
CR(PE)
Cloud Forest Stubfoot Toad
Amphibians Bokermannohyla izecksohni
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Amphibians Bradytriton silus
Finca Chiblac Salamander
CR(PE)
Amphibians Bromeliohyla dendroscarta
Greater Bromeliad Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Centrolene heloderma
Pichincha Giant Glass Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Charadrahyla altipotens
Yellow-bellied Voiceless Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Charadrahyla trux
Spine-fingered Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Chiropterotriton magnipes
Big-footed Salamander
CR(PE)
Amphibians Colostethus jacobuspetersi
CR(PE)
Amphibians Conraua derooi
Togo Slippery Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor anciano
Corquin Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor angelicus
Angel Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor coffeus
Amphibians Craugastor cruzi
CR(PE)
Cruz Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor emleni
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor fecundus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor gulosus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor obesus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor olanchano
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor omoaensis
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor polymniae
Sierra Juarez Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor stadelmani
CR(PE)
Amphibians Craugastor trachydermus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Cryptobatrachus nicefori
CR(PE)
Amphibians Ecnomiohyla echinata
Oaxacan Fringe-limbed Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus eneidae
Villalba Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus glanduliferoides
La Visite Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti
Karl's Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus orcutti
Arntully Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus schmidti
Schmidt's Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus
Foothill Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Gastrotheca lauzuricae
La Siberia Marsupial Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Holoaden bradei
Itatiaia Highland Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Hyla heinzsteinitzi
CR(PE)
Amphibians Hyloscirtus chlorosteus
Parjacti Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Hyloxalus edwardsi
Edwards' Rocket Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Hyloxalus ruizi
Ruiz's Rocket Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Hypsiboas cymbalum
CR(PE)
Amphibians Incilius fastidiosus
Pico Blanco Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Isthmohyla debilis
Isla Bonita Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Lithobates omiltemanus
Guerreran Leopard Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Lithobates pueblae
CR(PE)
Amphibians Lithobates tlaloci
Tlaloc's Leopard Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Litoria castanea
Yellow-spotted Tree Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Litoria piperata
Peppered Tree Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Mannophryne neblina
CR(PE)
Amphibians Melanophryniscus peritus
Amphibians Oedipina paucidentata
CR(PE)
El Empalme Worm Salamander
Amphibians Oreobates zongoensis
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Amphibians Parhoplophryne usambarica
Amani Forest Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Peltophryne fluviatica
Hispaniolan Crestless Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Philautus jacobsoni
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla calvicollina
Cerro Pelón Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla celata
Oaxaca Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla cembra
Amphibians Plectrohyla cyanomma
CR(PE)
Blue-eyed Aquatic Treefrog
Amphibians Plectrohyla ephemera
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla hazelae
Hazel's Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla siopela
Voiceless Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Plectrohyla thorectes
Adler's Mottled Treefrog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pristimantis bernali
Argelia Robber Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Proceratophrys moratoi
Botucatu Escuerzo
CR(PE)
Amphibians Prostherapis dunni
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea ahuitzotl
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea anitae
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea aquatica
Aquatic Salamander
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl
Cofre de Perote Salamander
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea praecellens
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea tlahcuiloh
CR(PE)
Amphibians Pseudoeurycea unguidentis
CR(PE)
Amphibians Rhinella rostrata
CR(PE)
Amphibians Rhinoderma rufum
CR(PE)
Amphibians Scutiger maculatus
Piebald Alpine Toad
CR(PE)
Amphibians Telmatobius cirrhacelis
Loja Water Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Telmatobius niger
Black Water Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Telmatobius vellardi
Vellard's Water Frog
CR(PE)
Amphibians Thorius infernalis
Atoyac Minute Salamander
CR(PE)
Amphibians Thorius minydemus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Thorius munificus
CR(PE)
Amphibians Thorius narismagnus
San Martin Pigmy Salamander
CR(PE)
Amphibians Vandijkophrynus amatolicus
Amatola Toad
CR(PE)
Fishes
Acanthobrama centisquama
Long-spine Bream
CR(PE)
Fishes
Acanthobrama tricolor
Damascus Bream
CR(PE)
Fishes
Acipenser dabryanus
Yangtze Sturgeon
CR(PE)
Fishes
Acipenser naccarii
Adriatic Sturgeon
CR(PE)
Fishes
Alosa vistonica
CR(PE)
Fishes
Anabarilius qiluensis
CR(PE)
Fishes
Anabarilius yangzonensis
CR(PE)
Fishes
Azurina eupalama
Galápagos Damsel
CR(PE)
Fishes
Balantiocheilos ambusticauda
Siamese Bala-shak
CR(PE)
Fishes
Barbodes bovanicus
Bovany Barb
CR(PE)
Fishes
Caecocypris basimi
Haditha Cavefish
CR(PE)
Fishes
Carcharhinus hemiodon
Pondicherry Shark
CR(PE)
Fishes
Cobitis kellei
Diyarbakir Spined Loach
CR(PE)
Fishes
Coregonus hoferi
CR(PE)
Fishes
Coregonus reighardi
Shortnose Cisco
Fishes
Cyprinus barbatus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Cyprinus ilishaestomus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Cyprinus micristius
Fishes
Cyprinus qionghaiensis
CR(PE)
Fishes
Cyprinus yunnanensis
CR(PE)
Fishes
Fundulopanchax powelli
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis aelocephalus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis antleter
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis apogonoides
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis argenteus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis barbarae
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis bareli
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis brownae
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis cassius
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis cinctus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis cnester
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis coprologus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis crassilabris
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis crocopeplus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis dentex
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis dichrourus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis flavipinnis
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis granti
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis guiarti
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis heusinkveldi
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis hiatus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis iris
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis ishmaeli
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis katunzii
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis longirostris
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis macrognathus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis martini
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis michaeli
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis microdon
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis mylergates
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis nanoserranus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis pancitrinus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis parvidens
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis percoides
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis perrieri
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis plutonius
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis ptistes
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis pyrrhopteryx
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis sp. nov. 'micro-obesus'
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis sphex
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis sulphureus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis teegelaari
CR(PE)
Dianchi Carp
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis theliodon
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis ushindi
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis victorianus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis vonlinnei
CR(PE)
Fishes
Haplochromis xenostoma
CR(PE)
Fishes
Hemibagrus punctatus
Fishes
Hypselobarbus pulchellus
Fishes
Knipowitschia cameliae
Fishes
Pantanodon sp. nov. 'Manombo'
Fishes
Paraschistura chrysicristinae
Diyarbakır Loach
CR(PE)
Fishes
Parapsilorhynchus prateri
Deolali Minnow
CR(PE)
Fishes
Poropuntius chonglingchungi
Fishes
Psephurus gladius
Chinese Paddlefish
CR(PE)
Fishes
Pseudophoxinus sojuchbulagi
Akstafa Spring Roach
CR(PE)
Fishes
Pseudophoxinus syriacus
Barada Spring Minnow
CR(PE)
Fishes
Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi
Syr-darya Shovelnose Sturgeon
CR(PE)
Fishes
Puntius compressiformis
Fishes
Puntius deccanensis
Fishes
Schistura nasifilis
CR(PE)
Fishes
Schistura tenura
CR(PE)
Fishes
Sciaena callaensis
CR(PE)
Fishes
Stiphodon discotorquatus
CR(PE)
Fishes
Urolophus javanicus
Java Stingaree
CR(PE)
Fishes
Xenoclarias eupogon
Lake Victoria Deepwater Catfish
CR(PE)
Nilgiri Mystus
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Danube Delta Dwarf Goby
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
CR(PE)
Deccan Barb
CR(PE)