What is my name? How to group living organism?? TAXONOMY

What is my name?
Why we need
to identify &
group
organism??
Dr. Lau Wei Hong
Department of Plant Protection
Faculty of Agriculture
UPM
Grouping allows us to make prediction.
How to group living organism??
• Not based only on ONE CHARACTER.
• Eg: animals can fly and cannot fly
•Looks different
•But distinguishing features group them together
•Mammals: give birth
TAXONOMY
• Greek: taxis - 'order' + nomos - 'law' or
'science'.
• the practice and science of classification.
• Classification: placing an object into sets
of categories based on properties/
characters of the object.
• Or TAXONOMY is the process of
identifying, grouping and naming living
organisms.
– Insects
– Birds
– Bats
-fish
-rodents
• So need to look the overall plan of the
organism.
SERIES OF SETS
• KINGDOM (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria,
Protoctista)
• PHYLUM (approx. 36 phyla)
• CLASS (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Insecta)
• ORDER
• FAMILY (in animals end with ‘-dae’)
• GENUS
• SPECIES
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Taxonomic hierarchy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
•The higher the category, the
more inclusive it is.
•Members of a kingdom share
general characters.
•Members of a species share
quite specific characters.
•Characters are any structural,
chromosomal, or molecular
feature that distinguishes
groups.
HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED??
(A) COMMON NAMES
•
Nyamuk tiruk, lalat buah (fruit fly, kumbang badak
(rhinocerus beetle), kersing/kepinding (true bugs),
sorok-sorok (mole cricket), kelip-kelip (firefly), riangriang (cicada), kutu beras (rice weevil)
•
Problem:
i) Not consistent
ii) Doesn’t portray the actual insects.
Taxonomy
• Species:
– Capable of interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring.
– Reproductively isolated from similar
organisms.
– Fundamentally of similar structure.
– DNA similarities.
NOMENCLATURE
(TATANAMA)
(B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES
• consistent around the world
• one species with single valid name
http://www.sterlingcreativeworks.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/BlueNameTag.jpg
Nomenclature (Tatanama)
• Common name
– Example: cockroaches
• Scientific name
– Binomial (2 words)
– A generic name (genus) and a specific name
(species). Written in italic.
• Goryphus jendul Azura
• Azura: the person who first described and
named the species for science
• Sometime outhor name in bracket
• The author got the genus wrong
– Genus name: start with capital letter.
– Species name: small letters.
– If hand written: underline both names.
– Example: Periplaneta americana
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Insects
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
– Segmented body with segments usually grouped into
2 or 3 major body divisions.
Classes of arthropods
• 13 classes
• Class Insecta:
– Body with 3 distinct segments (head, thorax and
abdomen)
– 1 pair of antennae
– 3 pair of legs
– 1 or 2 pair of wings, borne by the second and/or third of
the 3 thoracic segments
– Appendages of the head typically consisting of a pair of
mandibles, a pair of maxillae, a hypopharynx and a
labium.
– Paired, segmented appendages.
– Bilateral symmetry.
– An exoskeleton.
– Open circulatory system, with a dorsal aorta (heart).
– Paired, ventral nerve cord.
Orders of insects
• Approximately 31 orders.
• Characters based primarily on structure of wings & mouth parts.
• Apterygota orders:
– Wingless insects with no true metamorphosis at all.
• Exopterygota orders:
The Insect Orders
The Apterygota
 Protura
 Collembola
 Diplura
 Thysanura
 Microcoryphia
The Exopterygota





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– Hemimetabolous insects with incomplete metamorphosis.

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• Endopterygota orders:

– Holometabolous insects with complete metamorphosis.


Apterygota
– ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE
STAGE
– NO TRUE METAMORPHOSIS
– PRIMITIVE
– 5 ORDERS
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Orthoptera
Dermaptera
Isoptera
Embioptera
Plecoptera
Zoraptera
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Homoptera
The Endopterygota
Neuropter
Coleoptera
Strepsiptera
Mecoptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Diptera
Siphonaptera
Hymenoptera
1) PROTURA
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•
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Prot=First, Ura=Tail
Eyeless
No antennae
Styli on 1st-3rd abdominal segments
First pair of legs sensory
Decomposition: breakdown of the leaf litter
and recycling organic nutrients back into
the soil.
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3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL)
2) DIPLURA
•
•
•
Di=two; ura=tail
Refers to two cerci
Styli (short appendages) on abdominal
segments 1-7 or 2-7
• Eyeless
• Antennae present
• Feed on soil fungi,
Springtails, mites etc.
4) THYSANURA (silverfish)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7.
Two cerci and a median caudal filament.
Compound eyes small or absent.
flattened .
Antennae present.
old papers, high humid place.
• Furcula (4th abdominal segment ventrally) to be
used for jumping.
• Eyes small with no more than 8 facets.
(ommatidia) on each side of the head.
• Antennae present.
• Eat fungal hyphae and spores.
5) MICROCORYPHIA (BRISTLETAILS)
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•
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EXOPTERYGOTA
•
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•
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1) BLATTARIA
Body flattened and oval.
head concealed from above by pronotum.
Wings usually present .
Tarsi five-segmented.
Antennae long and
slender.
• Cockroaches
Micro= small; coryphia= head
Styli on abdominal segments 2-9.
Two cerci and a median caudal filament .
Antennae present .
by day hiding in rock crevices or under bark.
They feed on algae, lichens, mosses, decaying
organic materials at night.
2)ORTHOPTERA
•
•
•
•
Body usually linear in shape.
Antennae conspicuous.
Fore wing straight, narrow.
Hind wing broad, membranous
and fan-like.
• Hindlegs adapted for jumping.
• Grasshoppers & crickets.
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3)HEMIPTERA
• Subdivided into 2 suborder:
– A) heteroptera
– B) homoptera
3A)HETEROPTERA
• Mouthparts modified into beak.
• Forewing hemielitron.
• Wings, when at rest, held flat over
body and
overlap each other.
• Some wingless.
• Typically triangular scutellum
(feature shared with Coleoptera).
• Antennae consist of 4-5 segments.
• True bugs
• Crop pests and transmit plant and human diseases.
3B)HOMOPTERA
• Mouthparts modified into beak.
• Antennae short, bristle-like.
• Both pairs of wings of uniform texture and
held roof-like over body.
• Considerable variation in body form
(winged, wingless, degenerate legs).
• Aphids, scale insects, cicadas,
leafhoppers.
4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA
• Stick-like or leaf-like.
• Legs long and slender and not enlarged for
jumping, digging, or capturing prey.
• Abdomen long and slenderg
• Antennae with 8-80 segments.
• Stick insects, leaf insects.
5) MANTODEA
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•
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•
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Fore legs adapted for grasping prey.
Tarsi five-segmented.
Antennae short.
Praying mantis.
Female kills male after mating.
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6) ODONATA
• DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY
• Chewing mouthpart.
8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING)
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•
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•
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Front wings: short, similar to elytra in beetles
Hind wings: membranous
Mouthparts chewing
Prominate cerci
Nocturnal
Under bark, cracks
Scavengers - dead and
decaying plant material
10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA
• gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria, relating to
cockroaches
• Wingless, Compound eyes small or absent
• Body leathery
• Abdomen oval and cylindrical
• Antennae 23-40 segments
• Habitat: high altitude
• Food: debris of insects
that died
on snow.
fields at high
altitudes.
7) ISOPTERA
• Iso= equal; ptera= wings
• fore- and hindwings are nearly
identical in size and venation.
• Anai-anai, kelkatu
• Soft bodied
• No constriction of waist
• Chewing Mouthparts
• Monoliform or filiform antenna.
http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/isoptera/DSCF0040b.jpg
9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES)
• Adults – near aquatic habitat; don't fly that
much; hiding in vegetation, debris
• Adults feed soft vegetation such as
flowers, fruits, pollen, lichens, algae.
Nymphs feed on invertebrates.
11) EPHEMEROPTRA
• Two-pair of triangular, membranous
wings with many veins.
• Ten-segmented abdomen with two to
three caudal filaments (cerci).
• Fragile-looking
• Near water
• Adults don’t feed
• Immature: algae, plants
• bioindicator
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12) ZORAPTERA
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13) PSOCOPTERA
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•
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Winged, wingless (lack eyes)
2-Segmented tarsi
Chewing mouthparts
Cerci present.
Moniliform 9-segment antenna.
Feed on fungus and dead insects.
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•
•
•
14) THYSANOPTERA
• Very tiny, < 2mm
• Mouthpart: stylet
• Narrowed wings
fringes.
• Veins greatly
reduced/absent
• Flowers, under bark,
litter.
• Transmit disease in plant
• thrips
15) EMBIIDINA
with
leaf
16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU)
• Wingless, ectoparasite
• 1 Tarsi - modified for a claw
• Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice,
mandibles for chewing lice.
• Dorso - ventrally flattened
• Eggs glue to hair or feather
2- to 3-Segment tarsi
Roof-like wing position
No cerci
Overall appearance –
bulbous head,
long antennae
Chewing mouthparts
Damp areas
Feed ob old books, lichen, fungus on wood
Booklice, barklice.
•
•
•
•
run backward quickly when disturbed
No ocelli
Chewing mouthparts
Males- winged;
Females - not winged
• leaf litter, under stones, bark
• Food: dried plant material, dried grasses
• Host-specific
• Birds and mammals: chewing lice
(MALLOPHAGA)
• Mammals: sucking lice (ANOPLURA)
MALLOPHAGA
ANOPLURA
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ENDOPTERYGOTA
17) MANTOPHASMATODEA
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•
•
•
discovered 2002
South Africa
Carnivorous
Related to Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea
and Mantodea
• 1) COLEOPTERA
• The largest insect group
• Fore wings thickened (elytra)
• usually meeting in a straight
line down the middle of the
back and covering the hind
wings.
• Hind wings usually longer
than the elytra, folded up
under the elytra.
• Chewing type mouthparts.
2) DIPTERA (FLIES, MOSQUITOES)
• Fore wings membranous
• Hind wings reduced to small knoblike structures
called halteres.
• Antennae variable, often short and inconspicuous.
• Mouthparts sucking (sponging).
3) LEPIDOPTERA
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•
•
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Head - large compound eye
most with proboscis
Scaly wings
Butterfly vs moth
4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp. ants, bees)
• Hymeno= god of marriage; ptera= wings
• Four membranous wings, hind wings smaller.
• Primarily chewing type mouthparts except for the
bees where the labium and maxillae form a
tonguelike structure through which liquid food is
taken.
• Antennae with 10 or more segments.
• Petiole: 2nd abdominal segment is narrowed.
• Ovipositor well developed
• sometimes modified into a sting
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5) STREPSIPTERA
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Meat_eater_ant_feeding_on_honey02.jpg
http://ecohoneybees.com/wp-content/uploads/honey-bee.jpg
6) NEUROPTERA (LACEWING)
• Wings membranous
• Fore and hind wings similar in shape and
veination. Held rooflike over the
body at rest.
• Soft-bodied
• Mouthparts mandibulate
• Antennae long
• Predator (mostly)
8) SIPHONAPTERA (PINJAL/FLEAS)
• Latin – siphon= pipe; aptera= wingless
• Small, wingless, < 5mm
• Body laterally flattened, bristly, heavily
sclerotized
• Sucking type mouthparts
• Legs relatively long with large coxae.
• Usually jumping insects.
• Parasite of cats, dogs, rodents
• Strepsi= twisted; ptera= wings
• Relates to the form of the hind
wings; membranous and
appearing twisted and wrinkled.
• Males - forewings reduced to
clublike structures
• Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike.
• Mouthparts vestigial (non-functional)
• Small insects 0.5-4 mm.
• Females are generally saclike without
appendages or bedbuglike.
7) MECOPTERA (scorpionflies)
• Slender body, head prolonged into a beak or
rostrum
• most have four long narrow membranous wings
which are similar in size and venation.
• Some species are wingless (e.g., Boreidae)
• Chewing type mouthparts.
• Antennae threadlike about
one-half the length of
the
body.
9)TRICHOPTERA (caddisflies)
• both wings membranous, covered with
short hairs
• wings fold flat but held rooflike
• tarsi 4 or 5 segmented
• mandibles greatly reduced
• long, many segmented antennae
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http://www.dinkuminteractive.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/End.jpg
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