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attachment_id=1932

In the name of God
Anatomy:
Endocrine System
Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
drmoradian@sums.ac.ir
2013
http://www.
emc.marico
pa.edu/fac
ulty/farabe
e/biobk/bio
bookendocr
.html
Endocrine system
Controls many body
functions
exerts control by
releasing special
chemical substances into
the blood called
hormones
Hormones affect other
endocrine glands or body
systems
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij
Exocrine:
glands
transport
their
hormones to target
tissues via ducts.
Endocrine
:glands
release
hormones
directly
into
the
blood, which in turn
transports
the
hormones to target
Endocrine System
A. Exocrine gland
Ducts
Lumen and
surfaces
B. Endocrine gland
Chemical
messengers
Blood stream
Hormone + target =
change in cell
function
Hormone + Receptor
Hormones
Chemical
messenger
Secreted by
endocrine gland
Specific to target
Activate cellular
change
Of 4 different
chemical types
Endocrine System and
Homeostasis
Control of Endocrine Function
A. Positive
B. or Negative
Feedback
mechanisms
Self-regulating
system
A. Positive Feedback
Not common
Classic example:
Action of
OXYTOCIN on
uterine muscle
during birth.
B. Negative Feedback
Most common
control mechanism
Level of hormone in
blood or body’s
return to
homeostasis shuts
off loop at
hypothalamus and
pituitary
Endocrine Glands
Hypophys Gland
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
HORMONE
TARGET
FUNCTION
Thyroid (TSH)
Stimulating
Thyroid gland
TH synthesis &
release
Growth (GH)
Many tissues
growth
AdrenocorticoTropin (ACTH)
Adrenal cortex
Cortisol release
(androgens)
Prolactin (Prl)
Breast
Milk production
Follicle (FSH)
Gonads
Egg/sperm prod.
Luteinizing (LH) Gonads
Sex hormones
Neurosecretory Cells
Specialized neurons
Synthesize and
secrete hormones
Extend from
HYPOTHALAMUS
to POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Manufactured in Hypothalamus, released
from Post. Pit.
Oxytocin
Target = smooth ms. Uterus and Breast
Function = labor and delivery, milk
ejection,(pair bonding)
ADH (Vasopressin AVP)
Target = kidneys
Function = water Reabsorption
What happens with excess GH?
GH as Juvenile
GH as an Adult
Hypersecretion of GH
GH = pituitary dwarfism
Thyroid Gland
‫لوب راست و چپ و بخش میانی‬
‫تیروکسین‪ :‬رشد‪ ،‬فعالیت فیزیکی‪ ،‬حاالت روحی و تغییرات‬
‫جنسی‪ ،‬درجه حرارت‬
‫‪http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij‬‬
Parathyroid Glands
Secretes parathyroid hormone
regulates plasma calcium (osteoclast activity)
regulates phosphate levels
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal gland located atop kidney
Outer part = cortex
Secretes Cortisol (stress), Androgens,
Aldosterone (electrolytes)
Inner part = medulla
Secretes EPI & NEPI
(fight or flight)
SNS control
Hypersecretion of Adrenal Cortex
Cushing’s Syndrome?
‫‪Pineal gland‬‬
‫مغز میانی‪ :‬ارتباط با مسیر بینایی‬
‫پوست‬
‫رنگ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫مالتونین‬
‫غدد‪،‬‬
‫سایر‬
‫بر‬
‫اثر‬
Pancreas
Located slightly behind the stomach
Insulin: reduces blood glucose
Facilitates glucose transport into the
cells
Promotes glycogenesis
Inhibits gluconeogensis
Glucagon: increases blood glucose
Gonads
testes (testosterone) = sex
characteristics
muscle development and
maturity
ovaries (estrogen) = sex
characteristics
maturity and coordination
‫‪Breasts‬‬
‫غدد عرق تغییر شکل یافته‬
‫نیپل‪ ،‬هاله‪ ،‬مجاری شیری‬
Breasts
Other Secretions
Other Secretions

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