casos pràctics del català i de l`anglès

Curs ICE-CLT: Recursos i estratègies per al tractament de la gramàtica
a l’aula de Secundària, Barcelona
27 juny 2016
Explotant l'L1 per aprendre una L2:
casos pràctics del català i de l’anglès
Susanna Padrosa Trias
spadrosa@xtec.cat
EOI de Banyoles
1. Català i anglès: orígens
2. Fonètica i fonologia
1.
2.
3.
4.
Consonants i vocals
Estructura sil·làbica
Relació entre grafia i pronunciació
Trets suprasegmentals
1. Accent
2. Ritme
1. Català i anglès: orígens
L’anglès: una llengua exòtica?
English is an incredible language. It’s flexible and receptive.
English is, in effect, a collection of other languages. About 60%
of its vocabulary is Latin-based!
English is an incredible language. I adore it! There’s a perfect
word or expression for anything a person can imagine. For
example, ‘adore’... It’s a splendid word” It transcends ‘love’. It
contains respect, devotion, and a sense of eternity. Wow!
Seligson et al (2015: unitat 1)
Ho entenc bastant.
paraules cognades / prefixos / sufixos
•
•
•
•
→
llatí
Same script: ‘easy’ to read & write
58% of English is Latin-based
About1/3 of 3000 most common words cognates
Fewer than 10% of all cognates are ‘false’
Seligson (2016)
DIFERÈNCIES
Català: llengua romànica
Anglès: llengua germànica
Processos de formació de paraules: PREFIXACIÓ
ANGLÈS
CATALÀ
extraterrestrial, extraordinary
incomplete
illegal
impossible
irregular
international,
interdepartmental,
intercontinental
misspell, mishear,
misbehave, misunderstand
extraterrestre,
extraordinari
incomplet
il·legal
impossible
irregular
internacional,
interdepartamental,
intercontinental
{escriure / sentir / comportar-se /
entendre} malament
OVER- ‘too much’
overcharge, overrate
overcook, overreact
sobrevalorar, sobreestimar;
{cuinar, reaccionar} excessivament
RE- ‘again’
reconsider, redo, reread,
rewrite
unfair, unhappy, unreal,
unpack, unscrew
outdo, outperform,
outnumber, outsell
reconsiderar, refer, rellegir,
reescriure
injust, infeliç, irreal
desempaquetar, descargolar
sobrepassar, ser més; excedir en
nombre, vendre més que
PREFIX
EXTRA- ‘beyond’
IN- ‘not’
INTER- ‘between’
MIS- ‘wrongly’
UN- ‘not, reverse’
OUT- ‘go beyond, be
larger than’
Processos de formació de paraules: COMPOSICIÓ
COMPOSTOS
[NN]N
[VN]N
[NV]V
ANGLÈS
table leg
clog dance
book seller
(productius)
scarecrow
pickpocket
heal-all
killjoy
(no productius)
colour-code
computer-generate
steam-clean
(productius)
CATALÀ
cotxe escombra
verd oliva
tren hotel
(productius)
espantaocells
cobrellit
guarda-roba
rentaplats
(productius)
camatrencar
capgirar
corsecar-se
alatrencar
(no productius)
2. Fonètica i fonologia
1. Consonants i vocals
(Kelly 2004: 7)
(IEC 1999)
PODEM ANTICIPAR ERRORS?
[t, d]
Català: dental
Anglès: alveolar
[h]
Català: fricatiu, glotal (ha, ha / ehem)
Anglès: fricatiu, glotal
[v]
Català (no tots els dialectes)
Anglès (bet/vet, bowels/vowels, bow/vow)
[]
Català ? // Espanyol (zapato)
Anglès (think, bath)
(day, dome)
Català
(a) cava
(b) cada
(c) lliga
Anglès
(a) about, obey, Bob is
(b) today, body, I do, Ted is
(c) ago
/b, d, g/ → [b, d, g] / V_V
(oclusives)
Parells mínims:
[]
those they
[d]
doze day
/b, d, g/ → [, , ] / V_V
(aproximants)
other lather
udder ladder
Català
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
adob
verd
càstig
pes
boig
/b, d, g, z, / → [p, t, k, s, t] / _ #
(ensordiment)
Anglès
(a) job
(b) bad (bat)
(c) bag (back)
(d) bathe
(e) save (safe)
(f) peas (peace)
(g) judge
/b, d, g, , v, z, d ... / → [b, d, g, , v, z, d...] / _ #
feet-feed, heard-hurt, peas-piece, heart-hard, loose-lose
Català
(a) pinta
(b) tassa
(c) coca
Anglès
(a) pen
(b) time
(c) cat
(≠ spend)
(≠ stake)
(≠ skate)
/p, t, k/ → [ph, t h, k h] / $ _ V
(aspiració)
(Kelly 2004: 5)
(IEC 1999)
Diferències
→ llargada de les vocals en
anglès
/i:/ - //
peel - pill
feel - fill
leek - lick
deep - dip
scene, seen - sin
/u:/ - //
fool
pool
Luke
shoed
- full
- pull
- look
- should
→
//
//
/:/
vocals no presents en català
hand, ham, bad, mad, match, stamp
jump, run, duck, blood, flood
first, third, skirt, learn, word, world
//- // - /:/
tan – ton – turn
bad - bud - bird
// - /:/ - //
luck – lark - lock
duck – dark - dock
bucks – barks – box
//- //
bat – but
pan – pun
dad - dud
lack – luck
hat - hut
/:/ - /:/
purse – pass
heard – hard
firm – farm
burn – barn
Firework by Katy Perry
There are 4 misspelt words. Can you correct them?
Do you ever fill already varied dip?
Six fit under screams, but no one seems to hear a thing
Do you know that there's still a chance for you
'Cause there's a spark in you?
Do you ever FEEL already BURIED DEEP?
Six FEET under screams, but no one seems to hear a thing
Do you know that there's still a chance for you
'Cause there's a spark in you?
2. Fonètica i fonologia
2. Estructura sil·làbica
Japonès
CV
Espanyol
C2-0 V C1-0 prado / pardo
Català
C2-0 V C3-0
V
ona, únic, teatre
CV tema, pena, recta
CCV tro, prat, precs, tracte
VC
VCC
VCCC
acte, premsa
parc, arc, èxtasi
marcs, discs, bruscs
// camps p → 
Anglès
C3-0 V C4-0
V
CV
CCV
CCCV
/aɪ/ eye
/peɪ/ pay
/preɪ/ pray
/spreɪ/ spray
VC
VCC
VCCC
VCCCC
/eɪm/ aim, /waɪd/ wide
/eɪmz/ aims, /wɪtθ/ width, /eɪmd/aimed
/ækts/ acts, /wɪtθs/widths
/teksts/ texts, /twelfθs/ twelfths
Català
// + sp-, st-, sk-, spr-, scr-...
(sport, study, skate, smile, ...)
Reducció de grups consonàntics
CATALÀ
<-mp/b>
ANGLÈS
camp – camperol
tomb – tombar, tombarella
/m/
comb
/m/
combing
/mb/
combination
plumb
climb
plumbing
climbing,
climber
ambition
ambiguity
CATALÀ
<-nc/g>
ANGLÈS
banc – banquet, bancal
sang - sanguini
fang – fangós, enfangat
//
sing
bang
long
enough
ring us
//
singer
banger
longing
/g/
finger
anger
hungry
stinging
nettle
anguish
!!!!! long, strong young [] → younger []
2. Fonètica i fonologia
3. Relació entre grafia i pronunciació
Com es pronuncia <ea>?
team, guinea, leather, Sean, vengeance, great, idea, wearing
team
guinea
leather
Sean
vengeance
great
idea
wearing
/i:/
/i/
/e/
/:/
//
//
//
//
Com pronuncieu la vocal de … ?
truth
boot
blue
soup
flew
juice
sleuth
shoe
tomb
/u:/
PHONETICS POEM
I take it you already know
Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Others may stumble but not you
On hiccough, thorough, slough and through.
Well done! And now you wish perhaps,
To learn of less familiar traps?
Beware of heard, a dreadful word
That looks like beard and sounds like bird.
And dead, it's said like bed, not beadfor goodness' sake don't call it 'deed'!
Watch out for meat and great and threat
(they rhyme with suite and straight and debt).
...
{a/ough}
Com pronuncieu bring, catch i think en passat?
/brɔːt/ - /kɔːt/ - /θɔːt/
1._________ /lɑːf/ verb to smile while making sounds with your
voice that show you think sth is funny or you are happy.
2.___________ /ɪˈnʌf/ adj. sufficient
3. _________ /drɑːft/ noun a flow of cool air in a room
4. _________ /draʊt/ noun a long period of time where there is
little or no rain
5. _________ /θruː/ prep. from one end or side of sth to the other
6. _________ /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ conj. despite the fact that
7. _________ /rʌf/ adj. 1 not smooth, 2 not exact, 3 violent
8. _________ /tʌf/ adj. 1 difficult, 2 strict / firm 3 strong
9. _________ /ˈdəʊ.nʌt/ noun a small cake made of fried dough,
usually in the shape of a ring, and filled with jam.
10. _________ /kɒf/ noun, verb to force out air suddenly and
noisily through your throat, for example when you have a cold
11. _________ /plaʊ/ noun, verb a piece of farming equipment
pulled by a tractor used for digging and turning over soil.
12. _________ /ˈθʌr.ə/ adj. with great attention to detail.
AJUDA:
enough, tough. thorough, laugh, draught, cough, drought,
plough, through, doughnut, rough, although
1. /lɑːf/
2. /ɪˈnʌf/
3. /drɑːft/
4. /draʊt/
5. /θruː/
6. /ɔːlˈðəʊ/
7. /rʌf/
8. /tʌf/
9. /ˈdəʊ.nʌt/
10. /kɒf/
11. /plaʊ/
12. /ˈθʌr.ə/
laugh
enough
draught
drought
through
although
rough
tough
doughnut
cough
plough
thorough
Patrons grafia- pronunciació?
Com es pronuncia la <th>?
those, ruthless, brother, theology, thyme
[], [], [t]
[]
the, that, them, those, these
[]
[]
bath, both, think, threat, healthy, ruthless
bother, brother, wither; bathe, loathe, wreathe
[]
[t]
theorem, theology, monolith, sympathy
Anthony, Thames, Thailand, Thomas, thyme
<ch>
[], [t], [k], [d]
[t]
chain, chew, witch
achieve, touch, rich, chair
[]
champagne, brochure, machine
[k]
technique, Christmas, choir, chaos, hierarchy
[d]
spinach, sandwich, Norwich, Greenwich
Com es pronuncien aquests mots?
biter - bitter
holy – holly
bony – bonny
coma – comma
title – tittle
later – latter
diner – dinner
navy – navvy
cuter- cutter
Consonant doble → vocal curta
2. Fonètica i fonologia
4. Trets suprasegmentals
1. Accent
1) Síl·labes inaccentuades
-Reducció vocàlica //, // , //
CATALÀ: mestre, històric, educar
ANGLÈS: teacher, historic, educate
-Desaparició vocàlica
CATALÀ: berenar, caramel, veritat, taronja
ANGLÈS: interesting /ˈɪn.trəs.tɪŋ/, chocolate
/ˈtʃɒk.lət/
-Consonant sil·làbica
CATALÀ: dialectal (mallorquí, menorquí)
ANGLÈS: mountain /ˈmaʊn.tn/, bottle /ˈbɒt.əl/
2) Accent en paraules simples
ANGLÈS
A group of students who frequented the Wayside
Café, met there to stage a protest meeting. Police
suspected some of the young rebels who
frequently went there to protest about the subject
of grants. A recent increase had been rejected,
and so far little progress has been made. When
the police raided the café, the meeting was being
conducted in perfect order, but soon insults were
heard and some arrests were made. The young
suspects were escorted to the police station and
subjected to questioning. The subject of
increasing the grants had to be put off.
(Finch & Ortiz 1982: 173)
Parelles de noms i verbs
Sense canvi d’accent
experiment
/ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/N/V
complement
/ˈkɒm.plɪ.ment/N/V
contact
/ˈkɒn.tækt/N/V
Canvi d’accent
increase /ˈɪn.kriːs/N
insult
/ˈɪn.sʌlt/N
import
/ˈɪm.pɔːt/N
/ɪnˈkriːs/V
/ɪnˈsʌlt/V
/ɪmˈpɔːt/V
Canvi d’accent + qualitat de la vocal
protest
/ˈprəʊ.test/N
/prəˈtest/V
suspect
/ˈsʌs.pekt/N
/səˈspekt/V
rebel
/ˈreb.əl/N
/rɪˈbel/V
subject
/ˈsʌb.dʒekt/N
/səbˈdʒekt/V
conduct
/ˈkɒn.dʌkt/N
/kənˈdʌkt/V
progress
/ˈprəʊ.ɡres/ N
/prəˈɡres/V
conflict
/ˈkɒn.flɪkt/N
/kənˈflɪkt/V
record
/ˈrek.ɔːd/N
/rɪˈkɔːd/V
object
/ˈɒb.dʒɪkt/N
/əbˈdʒekt/V
accent
/ˈæk.sənt/N
/əkˈsent/V
CATALÀ
pèl-pel, Marià-Maria, déu-deu, té-te, nét-net
ESPANYOL
callé-calle, inglés-ingles, sábana-sabana
3) Accent en paraules complexes
CATALÀ
Regla de desaccentuació de domini de mot
A) bo - bonet (-et)
sufixos que atrauen l’accent
B) calor - calòric (-ic)
sufix àton que provoca procés de reaccentuació
C) ràpid – ràpidament
sufix neutre
ANGLÈS
A) Sufixos accentuats
-eer: mountaineer, engineer, profiteer
-esque: picturesque, Romanesque
-ette: cigarette, usherette, statuette
-ese: Chinese, Sudanese, Portuguese
-ee: employee, refugee, absentee
-aire: millionaire, affair, questionnaire
B) Sufixos que afecten l’accent de la paraula
-ion: observation, variation, combination, derivation,
inhibition, prohibition
-ic: atomic, scenic, economic, climatic
-ity: variety, nationality, reality, majority
-gy: biology, technology
-(i)al: biological, technological, referential, essential
sufixos → alternances vocàliques i consonàntiques
 / 
extreme – extremity
serene – serenity
concede – concession
procede – procession
C) Sufixos neutres
-able: questionable, reasonable, comfortable
-er: painter, farmer, driver
-dom: kingdom, freedom
-hood: childhood, motherhood, priesthood
-ful: careful, wonderful, colourful, helpful
-less: childless, colourless, tasteless
-ness: selfishness, whiteness, happiness
-en: widen, blacken, whiten shorten, loosen
2. Fonètica i fonologia
4. Trets suprasegmentals
2. Ritme
CATALÀ: llengua de compàs sil·làbic (syllabletimed language)
‘En ‘Pe’re ‘ba’lla. (5 síl·labes)
‘En ‘Pe’re ‘vol ‘ba’llar ‘sem’pre. (8 síl·labes)
ANGLÈS: llengua de compàs accentual (stresstimed language)
‘Peter
‘Peter
‘Peter
‘Peter
‘Peter
‘smokes
will
‘smoke
would have
‘smoked
would like to
‘smoke
would have liked to ‘smoke
Conseqüències:
• Estructura síl·làbica més o menys complexa
(anglès / català)
Com a conseqüència de perdre les vocals, hi ha
més grups consonàntics: clapped, robbed,
chocolate …
•Més o menys reducció (vocals àtones) de les
síl·labes inaccentuades (anglès / català)
o Formes fortes i formes febles de les
categories funcionals
(1)a. I can do it /kən/
b. I can’t do it /kæn/
(2) a. 522 /tu:/
b. five to two /tə/
Strong form Weak form
am
/æm/
/əm/
and
/ænd/
/ənd/ /ən/
at
/æt/
/ət/
can
/kæn/
/kən/
for
/fɔːr/
/fər/
from
/frɒm/
/frəm/
have
/hæv/
/həv/ /əv/
of
/ɒv/
/əv/
to
/tuː/
/tʊ/ /tə/
was
/wɒz/
/wəz/
were
/wɜːr/
/wər/
CONTEXTOS – formes fortes
•Funció contrastiva
It’s not to Bill, it’s from Bill.
(He wants to visit Canada. He’s from Italy.)
•Posició final sintàctica
What are you looking at? (Shall we meet at three?)
He’s taller than I am. (I’m your neighbour)
_______________ love by Roxette
It _______________ love but it's over now.
It _______________ good but I lost it somehow.
It _______________ love but it's over now.
From the moment we touched, 'til the time had run out.
It must have been love by Roxette
It MUST HAVE BEEN love but it's over now.
It MUST HAVE BEEN good but I lost it somehow.
It MUST HAVE BEEN love but it's over now.
From the moment we touched, 'til the time had run out.
oEscurçament de vocals quan hi ha
síl·labes inaccentuades que segueixen
sheep – shepard
break – breakfast
game – gamble
know – knowledge
holy – holiday
five – fifty, fifteen
wise – wisdom
wild - wilderness
Bibliografia orientativa
• Finch, D. F. & Ortiz Lira, H. 1982. A Course in English Phonetics for
Spanish Speakers. London: Heinemann.
• Gràcia, Ll., Cabré, M. T., Varela, S. & Azkarate, M. 2000. Configuración
morfológica y estructura argumental: léxico y diccionario. Zarautz
(Guipúzcoa): Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko Argitalpen Zerbitzua.
• Institut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC). 1999. Aplicació al català dels
principis de transcripció de l’associació fonètica internacional.
Barcelona: IEC, Secció Filològica.
• Kelly, G. 2004. How to Teach Pronunciation. UK: Pearson.
• O’Connor, J.D. 1980. Better English Pronunciation. Cambridge: CUP.
• Padrosa Trias, S. 2010. Complex Word-Formation and the MorphologySyntax Interface, PhD dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
• Seligson, P 2016. “Advantaging Spanish-speaking learners”.
Conferència a la EOI de Girona, Girona.
Moltes gràcies!