Flat panel displays

Transcription

Flat panel displays

GLOBAL WATCH MISSION REPORT
Flat panel displays in
South Korea –
present and future
DECEMBER 2003
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Flat panel displays in
South Korea –
present and future
DECEMBER 2003
Bill Milne
Jeremy Burroughes
Terry Clapp
Richard Miller
Bill Taylor
Cambridge University Engineering Department
Cambridge Display Technology
Dow Corning
QinetiQ
Printable Field Emitters
1
FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS IN SOUTH KOREA – PRESENT AND FUTURE
CONTENTS
Executive summary
3
4
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
4
4
4
5
Introduction
Mission aims
Mission members
Organisations visited
2
Introduction to flat
panel displays (FPDs)
2.1 Markets and applications
2.2 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
2.3 Organic/polymer light-emitting
diode (OLED/PLED) displays
2.4 Field emission displays (FEDs)
2.4.1 Status of global FED
programmes
2.5 Plasma display panels (PDPs)
2.6 Three dimensional (3D) displays
2.6.1 Parallax barrier 3D displays
2.6.2 Lenticular array 3D displays
2.7 Electronic paper displays
14
16
16
17
18
3
19
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4
3.5
3.6
2
Display technologies in
South Korea
LCD overview and analysis
Competitive threat
Manufacturing perspectives
Flexible substrates
Backlights and
ancillary technology
OLEDs/PLEDs
FEDs
Backlights for large LCD TV
FEDs: summary
PDPs
3D displays
Electronic paper displays
32
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Overview and
recommendations
General impressions
Potential for collaboration
Research opportunities for UK
Recommendations
Suggestions for future missions
5
Conclusions
36
32
33
34
34
35
6
6
9
11
13
14
19
20
21
23
23
24
25
28
29
30
30
31
Appendices
A
Acknowledgments
B
Mission members
C
Embassy seminar
D
Meeting notes
E
Glossary
F
List of tables and figures
37
37
38
47
52
68
71
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Despite a huge downturn in the technology
market over the past few years, worldwide
sales of flat panel displays (FPDs) rose by
~60-70% last year, and sales of the traditional
cathode ray tube (CRT) dropped by ~5%. Due
to the arrival of South Korea and Taiwan in the
marketplace, the price of FPDs has
plummeted, and although still significantly
more expensive than CRTs, it is predicted
that within 5 years, liquid crystal displays
(LCDs) in particular will be cheaper than
CRTs, and the perceived wisdom is that by
2006, FPDs will capture the majority of the
display market. The market will continue to
increase year on year, with current forecasts
being that by 2007 the total display market
will be US$100 billion of which US$70-75
billion will be for flat panels.
Due to the continuing importance of this FPD
market, a DTI Global Watch Mission team
visited 10 companies/research organisations
within South Korea to explore and identify
potential opportunities for cooperation within
this area. Currently Korea is seen to be the
market leader in flat panel technologies.
The display technologies discussed were
LCDs, both active and passive, polymer and
small molecule light-emitting diode (LED)
based displays, plasma display panels
(PDPs), field emission displays (FEDs) and
three dimensional (3D) displays. Electronic
paper, new material systems including
various low temperature poly-silicon (LTPS)
processes, novel polymers and phosphors
were also discussed.
There is no doubt that Samsung and LG are
leading the way in flat panel technologies at
present and will continue to do so for the
next 5-10 years, when competition from
Taiwan will begin to challenge their position.
The Korean FPD manufacturing base is very
powerful: Samsung and LG each hold
approximately 20% of the global market for
FPDs. Their position is secured at this time by
the investment in manufacturing capacity.
With Generation 5 (Gen 5) plants already in
full production and Gen 6 and 7 plants soon
to be completed, LG and Samsung can each
take glass sizes up towards 2 m2 and expert
opinion concurs that the FPD television (TV)
market will fall to LCD at all sizes up to
42-inch diagonal.
However, this strength does not imply an
absence of competitive threat. The Koreans
evidently see the major challenge emerging
from Taiwan and China. As the total market
grows it seems certain that the Korean
market share will decline as these other
players grow, but both LG and Samsung
seem prepared to invest in China to maintain
a competitive position.
Outside of industry the Korean government is
very aware of the need to sustain a strong
trading position secured from its industrial
exports. In consequence it commits a
substantial portion of its R&D expenditure
into joint programmes with industry. Most
prominent amongst these is the 21st Century
Research Programme. This programme is
having a very powerful influence upon R&D
commitments within Korea and significant
strategic planning is being influenced.
3
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims
1.2 Mission members
The primary aims of the mission were as follows:
The members were chosen to represent UK
interests at the university and both the global
and small to medium enterprise (SME)
industrial level. The members’ expertise base
covered most of the current FPD
technologies including organic/polymer lightemitting diode (OLED/PLED) devices, novel
material systems, field emission displays
(FEDs), active matrix liquid crystal displays
(AMLCDs), three dimensional (3D) displays
and electronic paper.
1 To enable UK academics and
industrialists to meet those in Korea
engaged in formulating policy and R&D
goals in flat panel displays (FPDs) and to
determine what lessons can be learned in
helping to form future UK policy.
2 To evaluate scientific R&D in universities
and national research institutes.
3 To evaluate commercial product
innovations in corporate laboratories.
4 To evaluate commercial and
entrepreneurial spin-offs from laboratories.
5 To foster secondment of research staff
both to and from Korea.
6 To evaluate new and emerging FPD
technologies.
Brief details of the mission members and
their areas of expertise are as follows –
further details are provided in Appendix B.
Mission Members: left to
right, Richard Miller, Terry
Clapp, Bill Milne, Bill Taylor,
Jeremy Burroughes and
Hong Hai Seeto
4
Bill Milne
(Mission Team Leader)
Head of Electrical Engineering
Cambridge University
FEDs and AMLCDs
T 01223 332757
wim@eng.cam.ac.uk
Jeremy Burroughes
CTO
Cambridge Display Technologys (CDT)
Light-emitting polymers (LEPs) and
polymer, thin-film transistors (TFTs)
T 01223 723522
jburroughes@cdtltd.co.uk
Terry Clapp
Scientist
Dow Corning
Liquid crystals, OLEDs & PLEDs
T 01223 332644
Tvc22@eng.cam.ac.uk
terry.clapp@dowcorning.com
Richard Miller
Technical Leader
QinetiQ
3D displays, e-ink
T 01684 896099
richard.miller@qinetiq.com
Bill Taylor
Director
Printable Field Emitters Ltd (PFE)
FEDs
T 01235 445959
bill.taylor@pfe-ltd.com
Hong Hai Seeto
DTI International Technology Promoter (ITP)
for South Korea
Pera Innovation Ltd
hong.hai.seeto@pera.com
1.3 Organisations visited
Visits to the various companies and research
centres were arranged in discussion with the
British Embassy in Seoul. We visited/had
discussions with 10 companies/research
centres including universities, major
companies and the government funded
Electronics and Telecommunications
Research Institute (ETRI).
A seminar was also held at the British
Embassy in Seoul on 9 December and
involved presentations from each team
member and others from the major display
companies in Korea. There were over 120
attendees including representatives from over
70 Korean companies involved in FPD
activities. For a list of attendees and the
seminar programme, see Appendix C.
December 8
Embassy Briefing
21Century Frontier
Research Group (in Embassy)
LG-Philips
Seoul
Seoul
Anyang
December 9
Seminar at British Embassy
LG-Elite (in Embassy)
Seoul
Seoul
December 10
SAIT
Samsung SDI R&D
Samsung Electronics
Suwon
Suwon
Suwon
December 11
LG Chemical
ETRI
Daejon
Daejon
December 12
Iljin
ADRC in Kyung Hee University
Seoul
Seoul
5
2
INTRODUCTION TO
FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS (FPDs)
The flat panel display (FPD) industry, although
relatively young (really only starting in the
early 1970s), is evolving at such a rapid pace
that it is very difficult to predict with certainty
future directions. From the early watch and
calculator applications these have now spread
to personal computer (PC) notebooks, cell
phones, camcorders, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), automobiles and,
increasingly, consumer TV. The simple passive
addressed liquid crystal display (LCD) has
now also led to a plethora of different FPD
technologies. The aim of this chapter is to
provide an overview of the markets and
applications for FPDs and then a brief review
of current FPD technologies.
100
2.1 Markets and applications
The display market will continue to increase
in size until at least 2007, growing 19% by
revenue and 8% by volume, coupled with a
10% increase in the average selling price as
FPDs displace cathode ray tube (CRT)
applications. Current forecasts suggest that
by 2007 the total display market will be
US$100 billion of which US$70 billion will be
for flat panels. Figures 1 and 2 below show
predicted growth to 2007 for total display
and FPD revenues.
Growth is being driven by thin-film transistor
(TFT) LCD, plasma display panel (PDP) and
organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
technologies as replacements in the
computer monitor and television (TV) markets
whilst mobile telephone and public display
applications are both forecasted to enjoy
double digit growth.
16%
90
80
40%
70
35%
60
30%
50
25%
40
20%
30
15%
4%
20
10%
2%
10
5%
14%
12%
50
8%
40
6%
US$ billion
10%
60
Growth
US$ billion
70
30
20
10
0
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
58.1
66.2
73.0
83.7
91.6
94.6
FPDs
29.6
37.7
44.5
56.0
65.5
69.9
Growth
12%
14%
10%
15%
9%
3%
Growth
35%
27%
18%
26%
17%
7%
Figure 1 Total display module market
(Source: Display Search)
6
0%
Display modules
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Figure 2 FPD market
0%
Growth
80
Figure 3 FPD market by technology
Figure 4 FPD market by application
7
Figure 5 TV market by technology
(Source: Private Disclosure, Ross Young, President Display Search Dec ’03)
The market is dominated by amorphous
silicon (a-Si) TFT LCD which is forecast to
grow very significantly due to further
penetration into the desktop and TV markets.
A full analysis of the application markets for
FPDs is beyond the scope of this report but it
is perhaps worthwhile to look a little closer at
the forecast markets for flat screen TV. From
Figures 3 and 4 it can be seen that by 2007
TFT LCD will dominate the market for
consumer TV, and that TV will become the
second largest market for FPDs, just behind
that for desktop monitors.
In May 2003, at the Society for Information
Display (SID) annual meeting in Baltimore,
the talk of the show was the new large
screen LCD TV, with screen sizes of 40-inch
and greater being shown. As LCD
manufacturers move to next generation
fabs, they can manufacture up to eight 40inch panels per mother glass, so driving
down manufacturing cost and approaching
acceptable consumer price points.
8
Dr Kyuha Chung, VP of Samsung Electronics’
Flat Panel Display R&D Team, gave an
intriguing insight into the manufacturing and
cost dynamics responsible for these
remarkable predictions. In his presentation to
the mission he commented that their goal
for LCD TV was ‘low cost and higher quality
than CRT, with sizes larger than 40 inch, full
HDTV at wide UXGA (1,920 x 1,080),
response time <5 ms, brightness at 800
cd/m2 and with a contrast ratio of 1,000:1 –
this is our goal, but it is very challenging’.
Their Gen 7 line capable of manufacturing 8up 40-inch TV panels will be running by 2005
with a capacity of 60,000 units per annum.
He gave the mission the cost prediction
shown in Figure 6.
At these manufacturing levels, the cost to
manufacture 40-inch LCD TVs will fall below
that for PDPs in 2006.
Korean companies also dominate the LCD
markets, with Samsung Electronics and LGPhilips each holding around 1/3 of global
market share. They are also strong in PDP
manufacturing and have significant strengths
in R&D and pilot line infrastructure.
Figure 6 Samsung Electronics LCD TV manufacturing cost
(Source: Dr Chung, 10 December 2003)
The predictions suggest the manufacturing
cost for 40-inch LCD TV will fall to US$800 by
2007, 32-inch to US$500. Using Display
Search’s ratio of 1:2.5 to calculate high street
selling price from manufacturing cost, this
indicates high street selling prices of
US$2,000 for a 40-inch panel and $1,250 for a
32-inch model.
From the Display Search analysis in Table 1,
given during the FPD Taiwan meeting in August
2003, it can be seen that Korean companies
dominate the large LCD arena as well as having
the strongest commitment to LCD.
The core of the above section is based on a
presentation given by Ross Young, President of
Display Search, Austin (Texas), at the Display
Search Taiwan FPD International Conference in
August 2003. The authors acknowledge this
work and thank Display Search for the right to
reproduce the data and charts.
2.2 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Liquid crystals (LCs) are fluid materials in
which the constituent molecules tend to
align themselves relative to each other.
Some LC materials are optically active and
they align themselves with an applied field.
This principle is utilised in liquid crystal
displays (LCDs).
Leadership/capacity/technology
Japan
First mover to new substrate sizes
Creates standard panel sizes
Scale
Large-area capacity
Small/medium capacity
Total capacity
Company size
TFT LCD capital spending
Industry commitment
Bundling other components
Small/medium know-how
TV know-how
R&D lines
LTPS
AMOLEDs
2nd, 3rd, 3.5, 6th
#2
#3
#3
#1
#3
#1
#2
#3
Yes
#1
#1
Yes
#1
#1
Table 1 Leadership in LCD areas
Korea
Taiwan
4th, 5th, 7th
#1
#1
#1
#3
#1
#2
#3
#1
Yes
#3
#2
Yes
#3
#3
#3
#2
#2
#2
#2
#3
#1
#1
No
#2
#3
Some
#2
#2
9
In a twisted nematic (TN) type display, a thin
layer of LC material is sandwiched between
two glass plates. The glass plates are
‘rubbed’ at right angles to each other
(essentially microscratches are made to the
inside of each plate) and the LC molecules
align to the direction of the scratches. On
each side of the structure, polarisers are
postioned. When no voltage is applied, the
LC molecules twist to align the molecules to
the rubbing directions on the opposite sides
of the cell. When light passes through (from a
backlight unit, typically), the first polariser is
twisted, due to the twisted molecules,
through 90o, and it can then pass through the
second polariser on the opposite side. The
LCD is in the on-state. When a field (typically
a conducting electrode on the glass is
charged up to a few volts) is applied, the
molecules untwist and align with the applied
field, so the light is prevented from passing
through and the LCD is in the off-state. Pixels
are produced by patterning one of the
electrodes, and colour is generated by
registering colour filters with the pixels as
shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Cross section of AMLCD (From: Sang Soo
Kim, Information Display, August 2001 Vol. 17, No 8,
pp22-28)
10
The light transmission depends upon the rms
voltage applied to the cell, and grey scales
can be produced by applying intermediate
voltages between the fully on and fully offstate voltages. The simplest addressing
technique is to use row and column
electrodes on the top and bottom plates. This
addressing scheme is called passive matrix
addressing, and a pixel can be selected by
applying a voltage to the appropriate row and
column lines – see Figure 8(a).
Figure 8 (a) Passive
(b) Active
However, TN cells cannot be multiplexed, so
to make higher resolution displays an active
matrix addressing scheme – Figure 8(b) –
must be adopted. In this scheme, each
individual pixel has its own addressing switch,
which is typically a TFT, as shown in Figure 9.
The most commonly used TFT active channel
material is a-Si:H but for small high resolution
displays polysilicon is also used.
Both data lines are now on the bottom plate
and the top plate is typically grounded. The
row lines are connected to the gates of the
TFTs and the column or data lines address
the drain. The TFT is only turned on when gate
and drain volts are applied simultaneously.
When the scanning pulse is applied to a given
row all the transistors on that row can be
charged to the data voltage applied to the
respective column. All other rows are isolated
due to the high off-state resistance of the
TFTs – cross talk is thus eliminated.
t
V1+
V2-
V3+
Gate
Selection
Storage
Capacitor (Cs)
t
Pixel Electrode
(ITO)
Off
- 5v
Off
Gn- 1
V1+
20v
- 5v
Off
On
On
Off
Off
V2-
On
V3+
Gn
Off
Gn+ 1
Figure 9 Line by line addressing in AMLCDs
Problems at present being addressed are
contrast improvements, viewing angle
improvements and, for some applications,
speed of response.
2.3 Organic/polymer light-emitting diode
(OLED/PLED) displays
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) can
be divided into two classes of materials, the
small molecular and the polymer. Small
molecular materials (SMF) are deposited by
thermal evaporation whereas light-emitting
polymers (LEPs) are deposited from
solution. Within the LEP field, newer
solution processible materials known as
dendrimers are also becoming of interest,
but within this report they will not be
mentioned further.
Both technologies involve current driven
diodes, which only emit light when driven in
the forward direction. Figure 10 shows a
typical characteristic for an LEP device.
OLEDs have the following characteristics:
Figure 10 Current density and light emission behaviour
as a function of bias voltage for a LEP device
wide emission colour range, low voltage
operation (SMFs slightly higher than LEPs),
wide viewing angle (Figure 11), very fast
response time (<<1 ms), good efficiency
and increasingly long lifetime. SMFs have
been around for about 10 years longer than
LEPs and were first demonstrated in the
current form in the early 1980s by Kodak.
11
Figure 12 First active matrix OLED display,
manufactured by Sanyo/Kodak for a Kodak digital camera
Figure 11 Comparison of LCD and OLED viewing
angle (The OLED display was fabricated by
Sanyo/Kodak)
and allows displays to be produced on much
larger glass size (currently Gen 6 ink jet printers
are being developed).
SMF materials are of sufficiently low
molecular weight that they may be thermally
evaporated. This process does mean that
purification is relatively straightforward, and
therefore high purity films and hence devices
may be relatively easily fabricated.
OLED displays may use both passive and
active matrix driving as described above. For
passive matrix (PM) driving, the limitation on
display size is set by the maximum allowable
power consumption, and because of inductive
and capacitive losses, which dominate higher
scan line counts, this is considered to be
around 100 scan lines. Thus PM displays are
seen to have only limited market penetration.
Active matrix (AM) display circuits are
different from LCD circuits in that typically
more TFTs are required per pixel to allow
constant current drive and to compensate for
threshold variance in the TFTs.
Traditionally, patterning to produce colour
displays is done by shadow masking.
Although this is a simple process to
implement at the R&D level, high yields in
manufacturing have been difficult to achieve
even for relatively small production glass
sizes. Despite this, various companies are
now in production including Samsung SDI,
Kodak (Figure 12) and Pioneer.
LEPs can only be deposited from solution as
the molecular weight is too high to allow
thermal evaporation. This means that
considerable work has had to be done on
solution purification in order to achieve good
efficiencies and lifetimes. However, deposition
of the polymers may be done using
conventional printing techniques (Figure 13).
So far most of the developmental work has
been done using ink jet printing, and although
no colour LEP displays are currently in
production, Philips have announced that they
will start shipping ink jet printed LEP displays in
Q2 2004. Being able to print the materials
changes the whole cost structure of production
12
Of interest to the community is that it now
appears that the use of a-Si TFTs may be
possible after all. This means that the large
mother glass lines being built by Korean
companies could in principle be converted to
OLED lines at some stage at a relatively
small capital cost.
So why switch to OLED, when LCD is going
so well? Full colour LCDs require colour filters
and backlights which adds significant cost and
also increases the thickness of the display. As
OLEDs are self emitting, they need neither
component. So provided that a-Si TFT
technology can be used and that Gen 5 or
higher glass can be processed, most major
LCD players see an opportunity to reduce
production costs significantly. Most estimates
‘Holy Grail’ of the electron devices industry
since the turn of the previous century and
offered the possibility of a flat, thin TV.
Figure 13 17-diagonal full colour ink jet printer LEP AM
display (The resolution is w-XGA)
fall in the range of between 25% and 50%
cost reduction. Added to which the displays
will be even thinner, and for TV applications
especially, lower power consumption.
The practical realisation of such a device
became a reality following the invention by
Dr Charles (Cap) Spindt, also of SRI, of a
remarkably clever and elegant method of
manufacturing the micron-sized tips in a
suitable triode structure that would allow
modulation of the electrons using affordable
low voltage drivers.
As stated above, the FED operates on the
same principle as a CRT where electrons are
used to excite a phosphor screen to generate
light but instead of having one electron gun it
has an x by y array of individual electron
sources (see Figure 14).
2.4 Field emission displays (FEDs)
The field emission display (FED) has received
significant industrial, government and venture
capital attention throughout the 1990s and
into the current millennium. This is because
the FED is essentially a thin, flat cathode ray
tube (CRT) and so in principle offers the many
advantages of the CRT – lambertian viewing
characteristics, best colour gamut, high
brightness, acceptable contrast, no motion
artefacts on video and a potentially lower
manufacturing cost than LCD or PDP.
In this section we will seek to provide a
historical context for FED development, to
describe briefly the current global status of
FED technology and programmes, and then in
the next section we will describe the Korean
FED programmes in this context.
As early as the 1960s, Ken Shoulders at
Stanford Research Inc (SRI), the not-for-profit
research institute in Palo Alto, described the
possibility of using sharp metal tips,
operating in a high electric field, to generate
a source or sources of electrons using
Fowler-Nordheim quantum mechanical
tunnelling – a source of electrons from a cold
substrate. Such a cold cathode had been the
Figure 14 Field emission display (Wayne Cranton,
Nottingham Trent University, Displaymasters module
on emissive technology)
The CRT is bulky because depth is needed to
allow the single electron beam to raster across
the phosphor screen. The FED utilises an
array of individual electron emitters at each
pixel which can locally scan different areas of
the phosphor, so the depth is eliminated.
There is another major difference between
the CRT and FED in that the electron
emission process is different. In the CRT the
electrons are emitted thermionically from a
heated coil. In the FED we have field
assisted cold cathode emission. In order to
aid the emission efficiency, low work
function materials are utilised, and to further
13
aid the process they are usually in the form
of sharp tips that cause field enhancement.
Several different emitting materials have
been used, including Mo, W and Si .
More efficient, low voltage phosphors are still
needed, and uniformity and emitter lifetimes
are still seen as problems.
2.4.1 Status of global FED programmes
In parallel to the tip based community, it had
become clear to some that thin films of
diamond or diamond like carbon might be
used as flat or planar electron emitting films,
and significant resources were committed to
research in this area. In the mid 1990s, Canon
announced their planar surface conduction
emission technology, Hitachi were active with
MIM based structures, and PFE in the UK
described MIMIV composite materials for the
first time. Similarly it was believed that carbon
nanotubes (CNTs) could be screen printed or
deposited by chemical vapour deposition
(CVD) over large areas. See Figure 15.
Despite the commercial failure of most 1st
generation tip based programmes,
significant know-how was developed
regarding system design and performance
issues, including spacer design and
manufacture, and a cadre of FED engineers
was created. This has allowed 2nd
generation programmes to make relatively
rapid progress, and as well as the company
and national initiatives described in Tables 2a
and 2b, many universities and research
institutes maintain FED R&D programmes.
2.5 Plasma display panels (PDPs)
Figure 15 Broad area CNT emitters in triode structure
(Cambridge University)
All of these latter approaches use one type
of broad area emitter structure or another (or
as one of the report authors dubbed them,
‘2nd generation FEDs’) and they had mainly
changed market focus – increasingly looking
at large area TV. This change in focus arose
due to the realisation that large TV requires
relatively large pixels which can utilise screen
or ink jet printing, so promising low cost and
offering the motion quality needed for TV.
The FED is potentially an excellent display
with high brightness and a wide viewing
angle. However, its disadvantages still
mean that there are no FEDs in the
marketplace at present, although
Canon/Toshiba have announced that they
are currently building a production facility
which should be on line in 2005.
14
A plasma display panel (PDP) is essentially a
matrix of sub-millimetre fluorescent lamps
which are controlled in a complex way by
electronic drivers. The initial PDPs were
monochrome displays where Penning Ne-Ar
mixtures (typically 0.1% Ar in Ne) were used
and the light emitted by the discharges was
due to the characteristic red-orange emission
of neon. Research on colour PDPs started in
the mid-1970s, and the first commercially
available colour displays appeared in the late
1990s. In colour plasma displays, the gas
mixture (Xe-Ne or Xe-Ne-He) emits ultraviolet
(UV) photons which excite phosphors in the
three fundamental colours.
Each pixel is therefore associated with three
micro-discharge cells. The plasma in each cell
of an alternative current (AC) PDP is
generated by dielectric barrier discharges
(DBDs) operating in a glow regime in a rare
gas mixture (typically 500 torr, 100 µm gap).
The AC voltage is rectangular, with frequency
of the order of 100 kHz, and rise time of
about 200-300 ns. In the on-state, a current
pulse of less than 100 ns duration flows
through the cell at each half cycle.
Company
Technology
Status
Samsung (Korea)
CNT
38 inch HDTV CNT device completed
at SAIT and transferred to SDI for
production
Sony (Japan)
LG Electronics (Korea)
Mitsubishi (Japan)
20 inch tip line
20 inch tip device prototype line
CNT
CNT R&D under way
MIM
Programme running for 5 years – but
CNT
confidential and no devices shown
CNT
NEDO/METI funded collaborative R&D
programme – TV & stadium display
Hitachi (Japan)
ISE Noritake (Japan)
MIM
NEDO/METI funded collaborative
CNT
R&D programme
CNT
NEDO/METI funded collaborative R&D
programme – TV & stadium display
Teco (Taiwan)
CNT
Government part funded collaborative
CNT R&D programme with ERSO
cDream
CNT
Committed to CNT 5 inch mono CNT
device looks similar to PFE
supported by Sanyo and Kyung Hee –
ex LG & Candescent staff
PFE (UK)
MIMIV
5.7 inch mono device shown for TV
SI Diamond (Texas, USA)
CNT
20 inch CNT sealed panel video
shown at IDW 03 NASDAQ listing
Matsushita EW (Japan)
Ballistic Emission
BSD cathode – 2 inch colour devices
Display (BSD)
7 Inch planned
Table 2a Status of global FED programmes – industry
Government
Japan (NEDO/METI)
Activity
Comments
Funding CNT
Government department in charge of national
CNT programme disappointed with progress
Singapore (EDB)
Funding infrastructure /
OLED programme underway
pilot line capability
UK (DTI)
European Union
Taiwan
Smart & Link funding for
Supporting university and industrial collaborative
industry & academia
FED projects as part of nano initiatives
5th & 6th Framework
Takoff, Prindis & Canadis projects all recently
supporting all major display
completed. MIMIV, Spindt and CNT
technologies including FED
all supported
Funding FED pilot line at
Government department in charge of national
ERSO and CNT R&D into TV
CNT programme
displays and LCD backlights
South Korea
Funding CNT backlight project See discussion on 21st Century Lab
at Iljin. Rumoured to have
elsewhere in this report
provided $10 million funding
to SAIT for CNT FED R&D –
but not confirmed
Table 2b Status of global FED programmes – government
15
A simplified view of a plasma display is
shown in Figure 16. It consists of two glass
plates separated by a gas gap of about
100 µm filled with a rare gas mixture capable
of emitting UV photons. Arrays of electrodes
are deposited on each plate. The electrode
arrays are covered by a 20-40 µm thick
dielectric layer. The standard electrode
geometry in commercially available AC PDPs
is the coplanar (ACC) electrode geometry.
The ACC structure is by far the most
developed electrode structure nowadays. In
the ACC electrode configuration (see figures)
a discharge cell is defined by three
electrodes: two parallel electrodes on one
glass plate (front plate), and one electrode,
orthogonal to the two coplanar electrodes,
on the opposite glass plate.
2.6 Three dimensional (3D) displays
Ever since the renaissance, with the
discovery of perspective techniques in art,
our understanding of how we see the world
around us and how to represent its true 3D
nature has presented us with tremendous
challenges. With the advent of photography,
cinema and electronic displays, the trend
towards greater realism in images continued
unabated. Early forays into 3D technologies
started over a hundred years ago (1903) with
the invention of parallax barrier systems by
FE Ives. Some five years later the lenticular
array system was first developed and is
widely seen in children’s toys and cereal
packet free gifts. Both of these techniques
are referred to as autostereo systems since
left and right images are automatically
directed to left and right eyes.
2.6.1 Parallax barrier 3D displays
The parallax barrier technique is perhaps the
simplest autostereo 3D image system. In the
original technique an array of slits in an opaque
screen is arranged between a diffuse
illumination source and a photographic
transparency on which the left and right images
are recorded. The two images are spread
across the photograph in alternating slices with
a periodicity equal to the array of slits.
Figure 16 PDP structure and operation (J B Beouf,
J Phys D Appl Phys 36 (2003) R53)
PDPs have recently achieved good
performance and their image quality can now
compete with that of CRTs. PDPs of up to
76-inch diagonal have been demonstrated,
some with high resolution. According to
Stanford Resources more than 300,000 PDPs
were sold worldwide in 2001 and the market
should grow to 6 million units in 2007.
16
When a viewer observes the photograph
from the correct position, a line from the left
eye through a strip of the left image is in
line with a slit and the left image is
illuminated for the left eye. At the same
time, a line from the left eye through a slice
of the right image is in line with a section of
the opaque screen so the left eye, doesn’t
see the right image. The opposite happens
for the right eye, and over the whole screen
the correct eyes see the correct images.
However, an obvious drawback with this
technique is that the user’s head has to be in
the correct position for the 3D effect to work.
If the head is moved to one side then the left
and right images will invert and the user can
suffer disorientation.
Adapting this technique for use in LCDs,
where there are red, green and blue (RGB)
pixels adjacent to each other is relatively
simple, as can be seen in Figure 17. In this
case the right and left RGB pixels are
alternated to give the 3D image. This reduces
the resolution of the display.
The most notable advance in this area has
been the introduction by several companies,
including Sanyo and Sharp in Japan, of the
switchable parallax barrier allowing a display
to be switched between 2D and 3D modes.
This has proved to be amazingly popular with
consumers. It has been reported that the
launch of the NTT DoCoMo SH251iS cellular
telephone in Japan in 2002, incorporating the
switchable Sharp parallax barrier, led to the
sale of more 3D displays in the first week
than the estimated number of dedicated 3D
display systems previously ever sold. So the
Sharp display has truly become the first ever
mass market 3D display.
The real beauty of these systems is that the
user can switch off the parallax barrier and
use the device as a conventional 2D display
without loss of resolution. Also the extra
components required for these displays don’t
add significant cost. This trick is in essence
performed by adding an in-plane switching
nematic device providing a half wavelength
retardation. When striped regions of the cell
are turned on then they rotate the plane of
polarisation of the light and so the light is
blocked by the output polariser.
2.6.2 Lenticular array 3D displays
The lenticular array system is slightly
different from the parallax barrier system and
in general is more light efficient. This leads to
its most common application in reflective
picture configurations.
Figure 17 3D FPD based on the parallax barrier
technique of Ives
In this device an array of cylindrical lenses is
placed in front of a picture, roughly at a
distance of the focal length of the lens.
Behind each individual lens is placed a
number of strip sections of the different
views required. For example, if there are four
different views of the 3D scene required,
numbered 1 to 4 from left to right, then the
image of each view is split into vertical strips
and the leftmost strip in each image is placed
behind the leftmost lens in reverse order, 4 to
1, and so on for each set of strips and lenses.
Each lens in the array then projects the light
from each strip in the image in a specific
direction towards a distant focal point but
because of the arrangement of picture strips
these correspond to different directions and
in effect different eyes of a viewer.
In Figure 18 an example is shown where there
are only two views but these are subdivided
into RGB pixels, as in an LCD. The three RGB
pixels are merged together by the eye, due to
their small size and the eye’s limited resolution.
This type of 3D display design has also been
adapted to give a switchable 2D/3D display by
Ocuity Ltd in the UK. By index matching the
lenses to a liquid crystal they can be made to
act like a plane sheet of glass. Switching the
liquid crystal then changes the effective
17
refractive index and causes the lenses to
focus light, creating the 3D effect. This device
was launched in February 2003 at the 3GSM
Congress in Cannes.
In demanding applications such as computer
aided design, where high quality images are
required, simple systems such as the parallax
barrier and lenticular array do not provide
sufficient quality. Consequently, a number of
manufacturers produce dedicated
stereoscopic displays where the left and right
images are provided for the eyes by some
interaction between the eye and glasses
worn by the user. More recently, autostereo
systems, not requiring glasses, are becoming
available to address these high-end markets.
Figure 18 3D FPD based on the lenticular array
Unfortunately, many of these technologies
still force their users to suffer eyestrain or
disorientation. Also their cost makes it
unlikely that they will make the mass market
in the near future. The parallel barrier and
lenticular array techniques have their
drawbacks but have the benefit of low cost
and thin construction. The development of
switchable versions has not gone unnoticed
by South Korean manufacturers.
18
Electronic paper displays is a catch-all phrase
designed to capture a wide range of
technologies that some see as holding the
potential to satisfy a perceived requirement
for displays with better readability, very low
power and light weight. These displays can
be seen as attempts to bridge the gap
between modern FPDs and the printed page.
It is clear that the advent of computers on
every office desk has led to the generation of
more printed pages and the use of more paper
in offices than ever before. This phenomenon
has to be in part due to the small size, lack of
portability and low resolution of current
standard computer monitors.
In some cases these displays use flexible
substrates and in others they consist of
reusable sheets on which an image is
updated by a ‘printing’ machine. There has
been a lot of interest around the world in
these types of displays, exploiting
technologies from electrophoretics and
electrochromics to MEMS devices and
bistable nematics. Many of these devices
show lambertian scattering like paper,
improving the readability, and most show
some sort of image stability, giving low
power operation. Particularly high profile
examples include E-Ink and Gyrocon, both in
the US, while many of the Japanese
manufacturers have reported various
prototype devices.
3
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES IN
SOUTH KOREA
3.1 LCD overview and analysis
The Korean displays industry currently has a
significant presence in the LCD sector. Two
major players, LG Philips LCD and Samsung
Electronics, are representative of global
corporations with a huge investment and
consequent strength and depth in this
technology. From these two companies and
also the other research centres and university
interests we met, the mission gained an
excellent insight into this industry.
Amongst the consistent messages that were
presented to us was the evolution that is
occurring in the development of display
performance. This is resulting in some
fundamental changes at the technology level
that are detailed throughout this document. In
this section the focus is upon the LCD
market, with the technology presentation
restricted to common or consensus views
that we heard.
In terms of the basic liquid crystal (LC)
physics and chemistry, the most significant
challenge being faced is the evolution of
displays for improved colour fidelity and
resolution. In particular this seems to be
driving changes to explore new LCs and new
operational principles. For example, the ‘liquid
crystal operating mode’ current STN and
similar displays are being displaced by
vertically aligned nematic (VAN) and in-plane
switching (IPS). Major drivers for this change
are the achievable resolution, viewing angle
and speed.
When questioned regarding aspects of the
materials evolution there seemed to be two
messages. The current changes are
evolutionary (although profound) in that they
adhere to the use of nematic phases and
relatively simple changes instituted on existing
manufacturing platforms. However, the
consistent message that the evolution is
progressive and will exceed the performance
achievable from these systems leaves a clear
intent to migrate or switch to other LC modes.
Questioned about ferroelectric LC (FLC), the
answer was consistent that it would be
explored. It was also clear that the market driver
would need to be sufficient to warrant a new
manufacturing paradigm (and attendant capital
expenditure) or the development would need to
fit upon the existing lines with minimal changes.
(See also the brief mention of Iljin below.)
The industry clearly wishes to continuously
improve colour fidelity, and acknowledged the
need to get ever-higher bandwidth. LG-Philips, in
particular, are very aggressive in respect of their
copper bus technology for the backplanes. Both
Samsung and LG have major efforts in colour
filter and polariser films (large manufacturing
samples were shown to us at LG-Chemical).
Similarly we were informed that they were very
actively engaged in LC (and other displays
relevant) materials development. Once again
FLC seemed to be part of their agenda but the
focus was clearly upon near term requirements.
In common with developments of the
manufacturing platform, from Gen 5 onward, the
viscosity and filling issues have required
formulation expertise as well as new materials.
This combination of technical development and
base materials evolution is a very clear
indication of the presence of significant ‘tradesecret’ intellectual property (IP) that is not in the
public domain. In several of our visits it was
clear that whilst our hosts were very polite and
open in discussion, we were not being admitted
to areas where we could see production.
19
In terms of broader manufacturing technology,
the TFT issues are critical. They would really
like to have higher mobility in their TFT
semiconductors but see no prospect for
displacement of current practice unless
dramatic improvements are proven.
They are employing a variety of techniques to
re-crystallise the silicon to get high mobility
(>500 cm2/V s), with cw laser looking to
displace the current pulsed laser processes. A
process called SLS was cited several times.
Inter-digitated gate structures were illustrative
of research efforts to significantly improve
performance at a cost to mask and lithographic
complexity. At the research level, activity has
proven techniques based on inclusions of nickel
to catalyse re-crystallisation. This is derivative of
work done in Kyung Hee University (and in
Cambridge amongst others) on field enhanced
catalysed growth of domains (various
acronyms under the broad umbrella of metal
induced crystallisation, MIC). There was a
suggestion that the work in Korea may have
used nano-dispersions of metal, but this could
not be confirmed.
3.1.1 Competitive threat
We were given a clear vision of the FPD
business and intent in both Korean industry
and via government initiative but it was
apparent that they were not keen to discuss
the competitive threat their industry faces.
However, in several discussions the subject
was broached most often in reference to
developments elsewhere in Asia.
Japan’s FPD industry is clearly still very
powerful, and from several oblique
references to it we were given an insight that
this was seen as a ‘normal’ market
competitor to be respected but ‘beatable’.
20
However, in respect of China and Taiwan the
situation was very clearly seen as a twin
opportunity and threat. Several remarks
suggested that the growth of China’s high
technology sector was seen as capable of
disturbing Korea’s market position. At the
same time the Koreans are clearly investing
in manufacturing activities within China and
‘exploiting’ the opportunity.
Within the briefings from the embassy and
the seminar presentations we were given a
strong impression of the strategic
significance that the government places on
Korean industrial strength in this sector. The
Century 21 initiative and major investment by
the government are having a strong impact
upon the quality and competence of R&D in
the university and technology centres. With
5% of budget going into research spending
this is very clearly a declaration that Korea
PLC expects to maintain a strong industry
and know-how to achieve that goal. Already
successful, the UK must take note of the
extraordinary contrast this offers with the UK
position. Similarly, the commitment shown to
the vision is evident in the time frame over
which planning and funding is scheduled…
over 10 years and longer.
Representing the government coordinated
strategy in advancing the LCD sector, Dr Hee
Dong Park and associate (representatives of
Hanyang University Research Centre) met us
after the seminar at the embassy on
9 December. This was particularly helpful
because Hee Dong Park is Director of the
Century 21 Display programme, and
endorsed the vision that was delivered from
the UK presentations to the seminar. The
‘roadmap’ that he presented, from the
perspective of the Korean displays industry
and government initiatives, was very much a
rational medium term view, balanced with
respect to the polarised views we were to
hear from the principal industrial figures we
met throughout the mission.
Dr Hee Dong Park’s group have $185 million
under the Century21 initiative that derives
from government ($85 million) and industry
($100 million). ‘Aim: for Korea to lead in next
generation FPD’. His role appears to be to
collate input (hence the roadmap) and
coordinate research actions funded from
these funds. He is actively seeking
international collaboration. Effort will be
directed at emissive and non-emissive
displays. His world-view is clear… LCD will
dominate, with plasma a poor and declining
second, OLED and/or other technology will
come on stream but clearly it will be some
time before major sector development occurs.
Interestingly, the threat from projection
display systems was not mentioned by LG
Philips LCD nor by Samsung (possibly due to
the FPD focus) but it was brought up by LG
Elite and at Iljin. Dr Sung-Tae Kim of LG Elite
was very forthright, indicating that he
believed that liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS)
technology had a very large market future. In
other matters though, he concurred with all
the other messages we heard in respect of
the FPD market.
Gen 6 facility at Gumi expected to come onstream in Q4 2004. They are already planning
their Gen 7 facility and associated
manufacturing ‘park’. Since September 2003
they have manufactured 2 million panels per
month. The focus of development effort is to
take current twisted nematic displays and
displace with in-plane switching mode
displays. Using this they have realised 13 ms
with direct drive and can approach 8 ms with
overdrive circuits.
Other technology challenges included the
manufacturing of the backplanes, backlights,
polarisers, filters and sundries that constitute
the display panel.
We were given an overview of the LCD R&D
centre (where we were being hosted) as well
as a presentation of the business plans. In
essence, the immediate goal is to consolidate
growth of the current manufacturing plants
that encompass 3 x Gen 5 plants, a Gen 6
plant coming on stream (the 6th manufacturing
line), and plans that extend beyond this to
create a new manufacturing centre with plants
at Gen 7 and higher capability. They are bullish
that they can go to Gen 9.
3.1.2 Manufacturing perspectives
A huge, and ongoing, investment in
manufacturing has seen both LG and
Samsung building capacity with Gen 5 and 6
plants. Samsung have already committed into
Gen 7, and LG are similarly intent. Both
companies have LCD panels >50 inch, and all
observers agree that LCD will secure the
market at least up to 42 inch. We were given
a vision of roadmaps for the manufacturing
base that extended beyond Gen 8. It was a
repeated remark that they achieve 95% yield
on their display lines at Gen 5 and expect to
sustain this through subsequent lines.
A seminar presentation was given in the
British Embassy by Dr Sunghoe Yoon, senior
manager at LG Philips LCD. The business
focus is on large panel development, with the
They currently hold about 20-22% of the
world market for LCDs with about $5 billion
annual sales of TFT-LCDs.
Seminar attendance from Samsung was
quite good, and Dr Kyuha Chung (Vice
President of Samsung Electronics)
presented a challenging perspective on the
FPD global business. The market growth in
AMLCDs appears to be around 20% CAGR.
For the current market, TFT-LCDs based
upon the amorphous silicon manufacturing
process will continue to dominate.
He gave what he described as an overview of
the mega-trends in LCDs. His primary thread
was to drive cost down for TFT-LCDs to what
he described as ultra-low-cost. However, his
roadmap also illustrated flexible, OLED, FED
21
and a variety of mobile niches. He saw a
need today for LTPS for AMOLED
applications. His prognosis for LTPS in TFTLCD was that it would be linked to ambitions
to create ‘sheet computers’ (all on a display…
a sort of flexible tablet PC). The goal is for
flexible and rugged displays. For standard
AM-TFT-LCD he saw major drivers in
evolution of the driver circuits, advances in
LTPS and also in re-crystallisation technology,
and most compelling (as it was the target of
his roadmap for the industry) the advent of
soft lithographic patterning and printed
‘organic-TFT’.
Samsung Electronics gave us a clear view
that, as with LG, they expect to see LCD
dominate at every size of screen up to 60”
being achievable now. They will bring Gen 7
facilities on-stream in early 2005. It is
expected that the screens will be QXGA.
However, they also are very bullish about the
market for smaller displays, particularly in
mobile applications. They see a need for
displays with 200 dpi and 65% colour gamut
in this market. This seemed to be linked with
ambitions in flexible substrates and in new
manufacturing paradigms such as soft
lithography and polymer circuits.
They see plenty of room for price erosion in
the large FPD market and predict that
manufacturing cost for 40” screens will break
the $1,000 barrier in 2005.
Within the R&D facility of LG Philips LCD
they pursue research relevant to all aspects
of the LCD business, inclusive of amorphous
silicon, LTPS, LC materials, organic
electroluminescent materials etc. They have
made a 55” high definition LCD and shown
that yields at Gen 6 can still be maintained at
95%. Filling times have been overcome at
the current and next generation. They are
trying to evolve nematics and have achieved
~5 ms responses.
22
When asked, they responded that they have
no intention to introduce FLC at this time but
they do have some work in this area. This
was further questioned in respect of the
need to do higher colour fidelity and frame
sequential addressing schemes… they were
unwilling to be drawn but we sensed that
this might be where the work they were
doing on advanced nematics (and possibly
FLC) was targeted.
With LTPS they are utilising plasma enhanced
chemical vapour deposition (PECVD)
deposited materials but acknowledge a fierce
debate with respect to amorphous. It is
desirable to have a higher stability, higher
mobility and greater uniformity but at this
time amorphous is the choice for AMLCD for
manufacturability reasons. They were rather
reticent about flexible displays but it seemed
they were suggesting that they felt it would
not challenge their market for the current
LCD. They would not be drawn on weight or
robustness but responded that at present the
(up to nearly 2x2 m) glass seemed sufficient
for manufacturing yield. They do not seem to
feel e-book would be a sufficiently large
market to attract their attention.
They are very active in trying to develop
improved filters. They also referenced work
on light sources and reiterated a message,
from the seminar, that the backlight
requirements are becoming more demanding
in respect of performance. In particular, high
brightness, excellent uniformity and lower
power are demanded.
They were also very keen to observe that
systems issues are a large part of the
technology, and cited data processing as one
aspect where they are very active.
3.1.3 Flexible substrates
3.1.4 Backlights and ancillary technology
Flexible displays are seen by the Koreans as
an inevitable development but not necessarily
impacting the current TV marketplace. They
appear to regard the advent of flexible as a
necessary enabler for new market
opportunities where weight, robustness or
other beneficial attributes are key.
We felt it useful to bring this topic into
prominence; we were repeatedly exposed to a
vigorous debate that seems a major technology
challenge to this industry… how to get a
sufficiently bright, uniform and controllable
backlight for the large screens and low enough
power for mobile applications? A companion
debate appears to be whether LEDs can
provide a well polarised bright source. We were
repeatedly reminded that white LEDs are
becoming available. Suggestions that RGB may
not be sufficient were made and certainly at
least one reference to 5+ colour and better
‘daylight’ sources was also mentioned (see also
Section 3.3.1).
The mission members, who are each
competent in aspects of these issues,
discussed this and agreed that we had been
given several messages that suggested a
‘hidden’ motivation… we felt that it might be
the need for curved screens in home cinema
(home ‘IMAX’)! This has merit within a
context of home cinema and professional
envisaging systems as numerous humanfactors studies have shown how important it
is to have peripheral vision filled by an image
in order for a complete immersion and
suspension of ‘reality’.
None of the companies we spoke with
averred on the need for flexible and they
linked it to both LCD and OLED futures (see
elsewhere for OLED). We presented data on
both flexible substrates and barrier
technology and this was very well received
both at the seminar and with the companies
and academics face-to-face.
Questioned about flexible displays and soft
lithography, Dr Sunghoe Yoon (LG Philips LCD)
commented that they had a great interest in
the barrier technology. At the research centre,
however, we had been told that they did not
see flexible technology displacing the current
agenda in respect of glass substrates. In fact,
Budi Sastra (CTO of LG-Philips) was quite
emphatic that flexible substrates or new
manufacturing paradigms were not a target for
the large screen or Gen 7+ plants in planning
now. This internal contrast in LG, coupled with
the different messages we heard from LG and
Samsung, seemed to be indicative of both
debate and deliberate differentiation between
the two companies.
Several related topics were also alluded to or
revealed in passing. In particular, considerable
work is being essayed to improve reflective
foils for screens as well as polarisers and
colour filters. LG-Chemical were most bullish
in respect of the market need and prospects
for these and related products seen as
enabling of the technology. In many senses
we were given an unusual insight into what
may be one of the most lucrative
opportunities in this global market.
It is also definitely worth reiterating that
processing of the backplanes was seen as
evolutionary within the context of the
manufacturing track being pursued currently.
However, it was repeated frequently, very often
via prompting from Jeremy Burroughes, that
flexible, and/or low temperature, presumably
organic semiconductor-based, backplanes will
have to be developed to erode the cost base of
the technology and enable some of the market
segments as yet not developed.
Display developments are also forcing the pace
of design rule evolution, with lithography needs
demanding 0.4 µm in contrast to the current
4 µm! Similarly there is a strong push to put
operational ICs onto the glass (see comments
by Samsung above). Materials requirements are
significant here, as well as the platform needs.
23
3.2 OLEDs/PLEDs
All of the laboratories we visited indicated, at
the very least, interest in this technology.
Most of the work concentrated on the
development of small molecule based
displays but all the major players are keeping
a watching eye on PLED developments.
LG Electronics are working publicly on small
molecule OLED and are developing displays
using transparent cathode or even
transparent cathode and anode. They are now
concentrating on active matrix OLED
(AMOLED) development rather than passive
matrix. Because of this they see it is as
essential to use a top emitting structure as
this gives a higher fill factor thus improving
display lifetime and efficiency.
On the other hand, LG-Chemical have for
some time been working on small molecule
development and have probably been
supplying LG-Electronics with their materials.
They have recently started a light polymer
activity as well. Of more significance is that
they intend to move up the value chain and
produce displays. To companies like CDT in
the UK this is probably the most significant
piece of information we gained in this area as
they now become a potential licensee.
They have been growing their R&D capability
at an extraordinary rate and expect to
increase staff by 20% this year and next,
reducing to 10% growth in the following two
years. We were shown around their new
OLED device fabrication facility. It wasn’t
complete, but will make a very good research
and early development laboratory.
Quoted fluorescent material lifetimes:
Red @ 300 nit
Green @ 500 nit
Blue @ 200 nit
220 khr @ 5 cd/A
210 khr @ 14 cd/A
90 khr @ 5 cd/A
They have also tested red and green
phosphorescent (triplet emitter) materials, but
only get about 15 khr lifetime. In the main,
however, lifetimes are very impressive, and
they claim this is in part due to a process
change. They expect to complete
development of a full colour 1.x” AMOLED
display by Q2 2004.
There was not much discussion on OLED
activity at LG-Philips although they do have
one. They observed, however, that if a-Si TFTs
can be made to work with OLEDS, this
would have a big impact on the market
potential for TFT-OLEDs.
Essentially, LG-Philips is keeping a watching
brief on OLEDs, waiting for when they are
ready to meet their requirements.
24
Samsung SDI have been concentrating on
passive matrix small molecule OLEDs, and
these are already in production. They are now
moving into active matrix (using low
temperature poly-Si TFT) OLED displays and so
far are demonstrating good lifetime test data.
They have already developed a prototype
display that uses a transparent cathode rather
than transparent anode and claim to obtain a
small optical enhancement from the structure
as well as significant colour tuning. Thus the
emission characteristics of their blue is very
good (CIEy ~0.05-0.07). They also gave some
panel lifetime numbers for bottom and top
emission and, as expected, top results in
longer lifetime (Table 3). These data suggest
that the decay law for their materials follows a
power law with exponent around 1.35.
100 nit white
200 nit white
200 nit TV
Bottom emission
10,000 hr
4,000 hr
30,000 hr
Top emission
15,000 hr
6,000 hr
45,000 hr
Table 3 Panel lifetime for bottom and top emission of Samsung SDI’s AMOLED display
They have been working on polymer OLED
as well, but acknowledged a lack of progress
in the field. This work is being done in the
German research laboratory which is a bit
out on a limb. For encapsulation of the
transparent cathode they are using the
Futaba transparent getter.
Samsung Electronics, in direct contrast to
the work ongoing in LG, are developing
LTPS for OLED using technology
transferred from Columbia University
which, they say, results in more uniform
TFT characteristics. At the moment they
think that OLED displays are limited to
about XGA resolution and 10” size. This is
due to the shadow masking issues. Like
LG-Philips, their main display activity is LCD
with a big push for LCD-TV markets. They
did however appear to be less confident
than LG-Philips about whether the
response time could be reduced sufficiently
to make an AMLCD TV that looks like a
CRT. There is no doubt that whilst in-plane
switching can lead to response times of
just a few milliseconds they need to get to
microseconds before they can have a
performance similar to that of the CRT.
We had a relatively short visit to SAIT. What
we did learn was that not only do they have
an activity on developing polymer materials
but they are also developing an ink jet head
to be used in the OLED, LCD and FED
display industries.
In summary, most of the major display
companies in Korea have an OLED activity.
They all see small molecule as the way
forward in the short term but if polymer
lifetimes (especially the blue) and brightness
can be improved then the benefits gained
from the cheaper (ink jet) manufacturing
processes would make PLEDs an extremely
attractive proposition.
3.3 FEDs
Korean companies, institutes and universities
have had a long involvement with FED
technologies. Samsung’s SAIT, Orion Electric
(in collaboration with Ajou University) were
both regular presenters at both field emission
technology and display R&D conferences and
showed full colour 1st generation tip based
displays of 5 or 6-inch size. LG Electronics has
had a FED programme for some years based
at LG Elite where they initially looked at tip and
edge emitters and more recently MIM and
CNT based systems.
The mission found that currently there is a
polarised view on FEDs between Samsung’s
SAIT and SDI on the one hand – enthusiastic
supporters – and LG Electronics who take the
view that there is no place left for FED in the
displays market. This view can be understood
once one analyses the product and
technology portfolio for each company.
25
Samsung SDI has CRT and PDP
manufacturing but no in-house technology for
making FPDs at sizes smaller than 42 inch. As
reported elsewhere, their sister company
Samsung Electronics expects to have lower
manufacturing cost than PDP by 2006. SDI’s
CRT activity is already under pressure from
the new flat panel entrants and this pressure
will grow. As LCD costs are driven down, this
also offers medium term significant threats to
their PDP business.
Samsung SAIT replaced their tip programme
with a CNT approach, and at one point had 60
researchers at SAIT and 60 researchers at SDI
working on this programme. Displays of
increasing size and performance were
regularly shown in public until Summer 2002,
after which only video clips were shown. The
last publicly shown CNT FED was a 32-inch
full colour display shown at the International
Vacuum Microelectronics Conference (IVMC)
in France, Summer 2002 (Figure 19).
The SDI programme was described in some
detail by Dr C G Lee of Samsung SDI’s
Corporate R&D Centre, Giheung, during the
Display Workshop at the Embassy on Tuesday
9 December. Dr Lee described the history of
FED, microtips, CNT (Samsung, ISE, Sony
and Mitsubishi as major corporate players),
MIV (PFE), surface conduction emission (SCE
– Canon, Toshiba) and ballistic emission
display (BSD – Matsushita Electric Works).
Printed CNTs can be processed at 450oC and
have a size capability up to 70-inch, whereas
CVD deposited CNTs need process
temperatures of ~500oC and are limited in
size to 20 inch – why they are working with
printed CNTs. After ageing these materials in
a diode configuration they can obtain current
densities of 184 µA/cm2 with a 1/2,000 duty
cycle and at vacuum pressures of 5 x 10-6 torr
– giving good uniformity over a 7-inch
diagonal diode.
High purity CNTs can provide 656 µA/cm2 at
electric field strengths of 5 V/micron.
Figure 19 SAIT 32-inch CNT FED, IVMC 2002
The SAIT CNT technology programme was
transferred from SAIT to SDI in summer 2003
and SDI continue to develop a 38-inch full
colour CNT FED panel.
The visit to the SDI Central Research Lab was
very rushed and so it was not possible to gain
additional information regarding their
technology status and plans. However, they
did confirm the potential to scale FED up to
80-inch diagonal. Advantages over PDP include
a 30% lower manufacturing cost compared to
PDP as well as lower power consumption.
26
They have tried various triode
configurations for their devices – remote
metal mesh grid, standard and undergate
structures. Remote metal grids can extract
up to 1 mA/cm2 current densities at 65 V
on the grid and with a 35 V modulation
voltage. During the question and answer
session, Dr Lee confirmed such devices
had an efficiency <10%.
Standard gate structures have triode vias
10 micron in diameter with a 5 micron
diameter photo-patternable CNT layer at the
bottom of the via. In 2001 they were
achieving 240 cd/cm2 with an anode voltage
of 2 kV and a voltage swing of 70 V.
However, they prefer to use an undergate
structure as the 100-micron features are easy
to fabricate. Early 7-inch devices delivered
270 cd/cm2 with an anode voltage of 3 kV,
modulation voltage of 130 V and a duty cycle
of 1/500. By 2002 they had achieved a
Although the mission was met by a very high
level delegation at SAIT it was not possible to
determine the nature of the FED activities
remaining at SAIT following the transfer of
their CNT technology to SDI. Amongst the
SAIT delegation was Dr Jong Min Kim, for
many years almost synonymous with FEDs in
Korea. Whilst we did not discuss the FED
programme per se, we were subsequently
told by Kyuha Chung, VP of Samsung
Electronics, that SAIT are looking at CNT
backlights for LCDs. We were told that they
are also actively developing white LEDs for
LCD backlight and that they estimate that the
market in Samsung would be worth $3 billion
and in Korea some $6 billion to $7 billion.
Figure 20 PFE gate structure (top), Samsung
undergate structure (bottom)
uniformity of < +/- 15%. Their undergate
structure (Figure 20) now delivers 1 mA/cm2
with turn on at ~50 V and a modulation
voltage of 70 V. Anode voltage tests between
3 kV and 5 kV show the best brightness
results were obtained using a 600 angstrom
aluminised phosphor. 2003 devices are
38-inch diagonal 1,290 (RGB) x 768
undergated structures delivering 100 cd/cm2.
Video images of this device were shown.
On questioning, Dr Lee told the audience that
remaining issues were life, spacers and low
voltage driving. CNT prices are expected to
drop from the current $50/g to $2/g in 2007.
He would not be drawn on how many
grammes of material would be needed per
display. From Dr Lee’s presentation it can be
seen that the current densities they can
achieve in sealed devices are somewhat low
and it must be assumed that with a
brightness of only 100 cd/cm2 that they are
also limited in their ability to operate at high
anode voltage.
Within LG Electronics and LG-Philips LCD
they have both LCD TV and PDP TV flat panel
activities (as well as the CRT activity in LGPhilips Displays). Taking a group perspective it
is clear that LG feel that they have all of the
market bases covered by their existing
technology portfolio. LG-Elite is the Corporate
R&D Laboratory for the LG Group. Dr SungTae Kim, Director of the Devices & Materials
Lab in which their FED work is currently
undertaken, was very forthright in his views
on FEDs. In his opinion, as LCDs have got
bigger in size and better in performance, and
PDP quality is now acceptable for TV, he
believes that the window for FEDs has
closed. The LCD/PDP boundary will move up
in size to 45-inch and 50-inch.
They originally undertook research into tips
and edges, switched to MIM with Hitachi,
and then dropped this in favour of their
current CNT activity. Their current dilemma is
whether to kill the FED activity – which they
seem to keep going because of the ongoing
FED programmes at Samsung and Sony. He
claimed that Samsung had uniformity issues
associated with their CNT FED and that there
were some vacuum issues, but efficiency
was good.
27
A representative from Orion PDP attended
the display presentations at the embassy
and confirmed that neither Orion PDP nor
their former parent company has any FED
activity, the former Orion FED engineers
having been transferred to an OLED project
within Orion Electric.
The Electronics and Telecommunications
Research Institute (ETRI) have pioneered an
active matrix addressed FED using screen
printed CNTs as the electron sources. They
have reported a 3” diagonal display at SID in
2003 with 96 x 64 pixels with anode voltage
of 400-500 V and a spacer height of 300
microns. The switch is an a-Si:H TFT and the
tubes are single wall as the turn-on voltage is
lower. The a-Si:H drivers are produced at the
ADRC in Kyung Hee University (see later).
The logic for using active matrix driving is that
they do not need to make a triode structure
but can drive a diode using the active matrix
TFT to control the emission current. The
approach requires four mask steps.
Incorporating a ballast layer would need a
further three deposition layers. However, they
do suffer from instability and life problems,
and their FED project will close at the end of
2003. They do not see a large market
opportunity except for perhaps high
resolution high brightness applications in, for
example, medical markets.
They commented that Canon-Toshiba is
expected to manufacture 30,000 37-inch SCE
FEDs per month from the factory that has
recently been announced.
The Advanced Display Research Centre
(ADRC) at Kyung Hee University was
established to provide a support facility for
Korean and overseas industry – both large
companies and SMEs. The laboratory can
support materials, process and device
development across display technology
platforms – TFT LCD, AMOLED and FED with
a 6-inch substrate capability.
28
As mentioned above they have collaborated
with ETRI, having supplied the TFT for ETRI’s
active matrix FED. They have also had a
collaboration with California CNT FED start-up
cDream, resulting in a colour 5.4-inch CNT
sealed FED panel being demonstrated. This
case study illustrates the value of such an
infrastructure facility for the SME community.
By collaborating with the ADRC, cDream
were able to show such a device within a
two year period and with a reported total
investment of only US$3 million.
The publicly reported investment into UK
start-up Printable Field Emitters (PFE) was
significantly larger than that needed by
cDream, and it took PFE four years before
they were able to show video images in a
sealed panel. It is clear that the infrastructure
and know-how existing at ADRC allowed
cDream to develop quicker and with lower
private equity investment than PFE.
3.3.1 Backlights for large LCD TV
Somewhat to the surprise of the mission
delegates, we heard from ADRC, Samsung
Electronics and Iljin about the difficulty that
large area LCD TV faces regarding acceptable
backlight quality and that a FED backlight
might be the solution to this.
Current technology utilises cold cathode
fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) which incorporate
mercury (Hg), and so may be an
environmental issue for the future. However,
this is not the case today. Also, as LCD TV
goes to larger size, it becomes more difficult
to achieve the brightness and uniformity levels
that are needed. For large LCD TV, heating can
be a problem and affect the liquid crystal
performance. For mobile applications there
are concerns regarding power consumption.
Samsung Electronics told the mission that
they are looking at a white LED, waffle
structure mercury containing plasma (a bit
like a PDP lamp) and a FED backlight, this
latter work being done in conjunction with
Dr Jong Min Kim at SAIT.
Professor Jin Jang at ADRC told us that a
FED backlight for TV should have a brightness
of 10,000 cd/m2, but there may be some
phosphor life issues. In his view, LEDs are
only suitable for smaller portable LCD
applications.
Figure 21 shows a standard FED structure for
a TV application, but Iljin told us that they have
just begun work on a CNT FED backlight. They
were not prepared to discuss details of the
project. However, they did tell the mission that
they were prepared to look at other emitter
materials and third party collaborations.
Assuming that a FED LCD TV backlight
system could be designed with acceptable
performance (perhaps phosphor life rather
than emitter degradation could be the limiting
factor), we were told by Samsung Electronics
that they expect to purchase some $3 billion
of backlights per annum; LG-Philips LCD
would require a similar amount.
At present the price point for a 32-inch
LCD TV backlight module including CCFLs,
inverters and light guides is around US$300,
with the price expected to come down by at
least 50% over the next two to three years.
Competition is from improved CCFL systems
(contains Hg), white LEDs, inductively
coupled plasma (ICP – contains Hg), waffle
structure plasma (contains Hg).
It is too early to say whether FED lamps could
compete for the LCD TV backlight requirement
but it is clear that there is a market need for an
improved backlight technology, that the market
will become very large, and that some major
Korean companies believe that it is worthwhile
to undertake R&D in this area.
We recommend that UK companies and
institutions involved in electron emitter, cold
cathode and phosphor R&D should consider
this opportunity.
3.3.2 FEDs: summary
Figure 21 Iljin CNT triode structure
Typical life requirements for CCFL backlights
are 50,000 hours to half brightness, and
CCFLs operate at efficiencies of up to 50
lumens per watt. This compares with typical
cathodoluminescent phosphor efficiencies of
around 20 lumens per watt at the anode
operating voltages that might be needed (5
to 10 kV).
Samsung has one of the world’s largest FED
programmes for large area TV applications,
but further work is still needed and therefore
there are potential opportunities for
collaboration in all areas of FED technology.
SAIT continues FED R&D into backlights as
a minimum and is probably still undertaking
R&D into CNT FEDs for TV in support of
SDI’s programme.
29
The Advanced Display Research Centre (ADRC)
is open for collaboration with SMEs and could
also act as a location to demonstrate UK display
related academic research. Their 6-inch x 6-inch
size capability coupled with AMTFT LCD,
AMOLED and AMFED capability would allow
the demonstration of new display technologies
or materials at sizes that are large enough to
convince major manufacturers of their validity.
Backlights for large LCD TV might represent a
large, closer to market business opportunity
than large area FED TV.
3.4 PDPS
All the companies visited seem to think that
PDPs will meet the needs for TVs at sizes
greater than that currently achievable using
LCDs. Of course, as the LCDs get bigger
(currently approx 55” diagonal), then the
PDPs will lose the lower end of the market.
LG Elite have recently announced a 76”
diagonal full colour PDP with 800 cd/m2
brightness, a contrast of 1,500:1 and a depth
of 86 mm. They would not comment on
power consumption but did say that ‘burn in’
is still a problem, which makes PDPs much
more suitable for moving image applications.
They state that they feel that the boundary
for PDPs with respect to AMLCD TVs is at
present about 35-40” but this will move to
45-50” as time progresses and AMLCD TVs
get ever bigger. The crossover point will be
driven in the main by cost. LG in general
favour PDPs and AMLCDs for large area and
see no market for FEDs.
Samsung SDI on the other hand indicated
that FEDs are much more interesting for
large area TVs because of potential
manufacturing cost savings (60-70% of PDP
costs). The other major interest in PDPs was
in the pursuit of better phosphors with
reduced ‘burn in’.
30
LG Chemical have a major interest in this
aspect, and as part of the 21C Frontier
Display programme they are trying to
improve the MgO layer. They are trying to
enhance the luminescent properties under
vacuum ultrviolet (VUV) excitation and also to
improve each of the colours. Red suffers
from colour purity problems, green has poor
decay time and needs a high discharge
voltage, and blue suffers from thermal
degradation and colour shift. Power
consumption of course is also a worry, and
one of their main aims in this programme is
to reduce the current 500 W for a 55” screen
down to 300 W for a screen >80” by 2012.
3.5 3D displays
A number of Korean display manufacturers,
universities and research institutes have lowkey research efforts into 3D display
technologies. Particularly strong in publications
has been the Korea Institute of Science and
Technology (KIST), with interests in autostereo
rear projection systems, lenticular systems
and true holographic systems. Unfortunately
we did not get to talk to them.
The Electronics and Telecommunications
Research Institute (ETRI) were involved with
the broadcasting of 3D TV during the last
world cup and they demonstrated some of
the footage on our visit. This was displayed
on a traditional 3D projection system using
two polarised projectors and polarising
spectacles worn by the audience, such as
can be seen in 3D shows at IMAX cinemas.
This was found to be a very uncomfortable
experience by some due to one of the
projectors only working intermittently.
Outside of the government funded institutes
and universities it is only really the two big
display manufacturers, LG and Samsung,
who have any active programmes in 3D
displays. The first of these reported at LG
Elite that they had a small group working on
3D display technologies but unfortunately
they couldn’t give us any more information.
Another branch, LG Philips LCD, reported that
they were very interested in 3D but they
weren’t actively working in the area. They
noted that all the 3D displays they had seen
had failed on user comfort and that this plus
affordability had to be key drivers for the
adoption of 3D displays.
Samsung, on the other hand, were able to
provide a little more information on their
activities. Samsung Advanced Institute (SAIT)
of Technology has an interest in 3D
holographic displays but whether they have
an active programme in this area was not
clear. Samsung SDI had noted the popularity
of the autostereo phone displays in Japan and
they are developing their own equivalent
switchable 2D/3D display to address the new
market requirement. Samsung SDI is also
investigating rear projection autostereo and
have presented results from prototype
systems at the SID‘02 meeting in the USA.
Samsung Electronics appear to have no active
3D programme.
As can be seen, the Korean display industry
has some small-scale programmes in 3D
display technologies. However, it is clear that
their main interests lie in conventional 2D
display technologies. Also, they are willing to
respond when they see a market opportunity
open up.
are nice to read but the colour, quality and
versatility cannot really compete with TFT
LCD so they couldn’t see an obvious
customer need (LG Philips LCD).
LG Elite admitted to having spent a couple of
years looking at electrochromic devices but
decided they were not worth pursuing. They
had also looked at electrophoretic but this
can’t do video rate or colour. They said it was
an issue of knowing what the application is.
In their experience, consumers demand
colour and moving images, which the
electronic paper technologies can’t supply.
However, they also volunteered that there
may be niche markets.
Finally, ETRI suggested that the cost of many
of the electronic paper displays, like E-Ink,
would be too high because of the required
active matrix. ETRI set a target cost of about
1/10 of the current LCD cost. Ideally an A4
sheet of electronic paper would be rollable,
display 200 dpi and sell for about $10. Some
of the re-usable sheets onto which images
can be ‘printed’ by a machine may yet
achieve this target.
From Korea the only reports of electronic
paper devices presented at displays
conferences in recent years have been by
ETRI. During the mission we discussed
electronic paper technologies with the Korean
manufacturers and it seems that none of
them have active programmes in this area.
Some of the representatives we met said
that the low power aspects were good but
colour is a problem (21st Century Display
Research). Some said that displays like E-Ink
31
4
OVERVIEW AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 General impressions
An immediate impression from both the
embassy briefing and the seminar is that
South Korea has achieved a coherent vision
for development in the FPD sector. The
coordinated activities of both government
and industry sponsored research are
ensuring that Korea maintains a competitive
position with respect to this growth market.
This vision encompasses a projection of
current business, eg LCD TV, as well as other
sector interests, eg PDAs, with planning out
to 2012. They clearly are intending that their
FPD developments are directed across a
very diverse set of applications. The business
focus is leading with large market
opportunities. As an example, the FPD TV
market seems likely to exceed
US$100 billion in this time frame, and both
manufacturing investment and committed
government R&D funding is supporting the
development of the capability.
Over the past several years, South Korea has
taken over as the major manufacturer of
FPDs worldwide. Samsung have the largest
flat panel market share globally, and the LGPhilips 20.1 UXGA LCD with copper busbars
recently won the SID display of the year
award for 2003. Both LG and Samsung have
PDP capability in excess of 70” diagonal, and
both recently announced >50” diagonal
AMLCD TVs. They see the main competition
coming from Taiwan and, no doubt in the
near future, mainland China.
As stated above, the South Korean
government see FPDs as a major opportunity,
and as an indication of their commitment
have set up the 21C Frontier R&D
32
programme, a substantial part of which is
directed to FPD technologies. This is
coordinated from HanYang University and
involves 26 companies, 5 research institutes
and 10 universities. The project commenced
in 2002 and is to run for 10 years with a total
budget of US$185 million, of which
$85 million comes from the government and
the remainder from industry.
The Advanced Display Research Centre
(ADRC), set up in 2002 in Kyung Hee
University, is a superb example of the
commitment that government and industry
are showing towards the rapid translation of
novel concepts into prototypes. It also
provides a centre for the training and
development of skilled individuals. This
facility, as well as serving as a training
ground for future display professionals,
provides the ideal incubation facility for
several SMEs based on and around the
university campus. From personal
experience the mission leader can confirm
that this Centre has been developed from a
typical university research lab into an
outstanding facility over a period of less
than three years.
Samsung and LG dominate, with Samsung
especially impressive overall, but the LG
picture quality is outstanding and they view
themselves as the No 1 LCD manufacturer in
the world. AMLCD TVs consisted of about
2% of the total market in 2003. Estimates by
Samsung indicate that the 1.8 million AMLCD
TVs shipped in 2002 will grow to 12 million in
2005, 22 million in 2007 and 56 million in
2010. They see the future market in AMLCD
TVs in the 30” – 42” range.
The investment in AMLCD is huge, with
Samsung having a Gen 6 plant already on
line, with Gen 7 (plate size 2.2 m x 1.85 m)
planned for completion in 2004. LG have a
Gen 6 ready to go later this year. LG-Philips
quoted for all their LCD plant a yield >90%,
which is due to their production facilities
being housed in high quality class-100 clean
rooms. We were assured that planning was
being progressed to take LCD manufacture
beyond Gen 9. The overall feeling is that Gen
7 may be the limit to manufacturing
practicality but…
Where do PDPs fit in here? All the companies
visited seem to think that PDPs will meet the
needs at sizes greater than that currently
achievable using LCDs. Of course, as the
LCDs get bigger (currently approximately 55”
diagonal) then the PDPs lose the lower end
of the market.
Samsung and LG have totally divergent views
on FEDs. Samsung are very supportive – hope
to get their CNT based FEDs out into market
in 2005 where they see the 45-50” size to be
optimum. LG see no benefits unless the cost
goes down significantly, then the power
saving over the PDP and the cost saving over
the AMLCD may make it attractive.
There is a lot of interest in small molecule
and polymer OLEDs in Korea. Samsung SDI
are leading the way, as they are in production
with passive matrix small molecule OLED
displays and are demonstrating active matrix
top emitting displays. Both Samsung
Electronics and LG-Philips’ interest will be
increased further if the use of a-Si TFT drivers
is proved possible. Companies such as LG
Elite and LG Chemical are working on small
molecular OLEDs, with LG Elite reporting
very impressive results. LG Chemical are now
developing polymer OLED materials and also
expressing interest in moving up the value
chain and making simple displays.
The Koreans seem to be reticent to
acknowledge competitive threat from back
projection or other LCOS schemes. There
really did seem to be little observance of
possible ‘disruptive’ propositions. It seems
very improbable that such commercially
aggressive and successful companies do not
have a very good viewpoint upon the
competitive threats. We therefore conclude
that they were not prepared to discuss these
matters with the mission.
There is a general feeling of confusion in
Korea as to why the UK, given their record of
innovation in this area, has essentially zero
manufacturing capability. Most of the
companies visited, however, do have a very
good appreciation of the R&D work ongoing
in the UK, and many are interested in
collaboration – some topics are highlighted in
the next section.
4.2 Potential for collaboration
We had specific invitations from 21C
Frontier Display who have been directed to
begin interactions with overseas centres of
excellence. The implication was that the IP
ownership for such projects would reside in
Korea. ADRC also indicated that they would
be keen to interact with anyone who has an
original/novel idea that they would like to
test using their facilities. In this case it was
clear that they sought a more general set
of collaborations inclusive of semicommercial prototyping. ETRI were also
very keen to initiate overseas collaborative
projects and already have several such
interactions ongoing.
As a consequence of the mission, several
enquiries have already been received by the
mission members.
Indications of specific collaborative
opportunities are provided at the end of each
meeting note in Appendix D.
33
4.3 Research opportunities for UK
The mission team produced a series of
questions that were sent to each organisation
prior to our meetings. Based upon the
answers to these questions and on the
discussions we had during the meetings, the
following topics came up as being the most
important to concentrate upon over the next
few years:
1 Novel process technologies – ink jet of
special interest, large area – eg roll-to-roll
or novel substrates.
2 Flexible displays in general – new organic
materials needed, especially blue polymer,
organic TFT, work needed on barrier layers,
soft lithography, contact nanoprint etc.
3 Low temperature processing – alternative
low temperature processes for a-Si:H and
microcrystalline Si to improve stability, and
novel low temperature routes to poly Si for
large areas.
4 Large area glass.There must be a market
here for eg Pilkington as Samsung move
towards Gen 7 and LG to Gen 6.
5 Higher functionality on backplanes, die
attach, higher mobility circuitry…
6 Although, apart from the push from
Samsung, there seems to be little interest
in field emission (FE) displays, there is
undoubtedly a major interest in novel
backlight technologies. Several companies
are working on various alternatives,
including LEDs etc, but those based on FE
seem to be prime candidates, eg carbon
based technologies for emitters for FE
backlight units are being considered by
several of the companies and labs we
visited – Iljin are especially interested in
collaborating in this area.
34
7 There is still much work to be done on
optimisation of phosphors both for PDPs
and FEDs and also for use in backlights –
low voltage phosphors for FEDs of
special interest.
8 3D displays – work at SAIT clearly
indicated they were looking at data
management and paradigms for achieving
realistic 3D presentation.
4.4 Recommendations
1 A strong industry/academic partnership
scheme should be set in place in the UK
with a strategic goal of enabling
demonstration of key technologies for future
displays and manufacturing platforms.
The key recommendation therefore from
the mission is that a display prototyping
facility similar to the ADRC at Kyung Hee
University should be available in the UK. The
benefit to universities and SMEs in being
able to try out their ideas and to get very
quick turnaround on a manufactured device,
as opposed to having to build up their own
manufacturing base, is immeasurable.
2 The UK should concentrate their efforts on
flexible, robust, possibly organicsemiconductor based technology, and
similarly support some of the paradigm
challenging investigations, eg phase
imaging (as opposed to amplitude
imaging). Objective assessment of human
factors in immersive displays, and
engagement in the whole supply chain
from materials through to systems
engineering, should also be conducted.
3 We should encourage Korea (and indeed
Taiwan) to send similar missions to the UK
so we can sell our combined talents – UK
Inc should be advertised as a package.
4.5 Suggestions for future missions
1 The seminar gave us a unique opportunity
to present to companies we would not
normally target, because we are all
‘bandwidth’ limited. In this report, most of
these companies were not mentioned
because we only visited a few of the
major players during the rest of our visit.
It therefore now behoves us (or UK Inc?)
to follow through with these companies
to ascertain their level of interest.
3 We think there is an opportunity for
another mission in the very near term to
concentrate on projection displays, with
particular emphasis on LCOS. This
technology has recently received a huge
investment globally.
4 Given the pace of these evolving
technologies, another mission should
really be planned to occur at the end of
2004. Also, a mission to Taiwan, if
possible, would be helpful.
2 Recommendations for future mission
technology events:
(i)
We think the seminar day should finish
with a couple of hours set aside to
mingle and give the attendees the
chance to meet the visitors in a more
relaxed space and atmosphere.
(ii) We also think the embassy should ask
the attendees to complete a small
questionnaire on their interests in the
seminar, eg in our case FED, LCD
etc display technologies. This would
help with the follow up, as when there
are 70+ organisations represented,
only some can be followed up.
(iii) For the visits, we think the main
issue was time. It would be better to
visit fewer companies but have at
least three hours with each,
preferably four hours. By the time the
introductions and the presentations
had been completed, there was very
little time to ask questions.
35
5
CONCLUSIONS
This report has detailed the findings of a DTI
funded Global Watch Mission to South Korea
to study FPD technologies.
The investment, effort and ongoing
commitment to FPD technologies in South
Korea is huge.
The coordinated activities of both government
and industry sponsored research ensures that
Korea will maintain a competitive position for
the foreseeable future.
Opportunities for collaboration with Korean
companies and research centres exist in
several FPD areas.
There is a general feeling of confusion in
Korea as to why the UK, given their record of
innovation in this area, has essentially zero
FPD manufacturing capability.
FPD missions to Korea (and Taiwan) should
be held annually in order to build up closer
interactions.
36
Appendix A
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Farida Isroliwala for
the initial organisation within the DTI Global
Watch service here in the UK and of course
the DTI themselves for giving us all the
opportunity of visiting such a diverse range
of companies and research centres in
South Korea.
We are especially grateful to Mikyung Park,
Youngsun Soh and Jim Thomson of the British
Embassy in Seoul for all their help in Korea.
We would also like to thank Prof Jin Jang
of Kyung Hee University who helped in
the organisation, and acted as co-chair for
the seminar held on 9 December at the
British Embassy.
37
Appendix B
MISSION MEMBERS
Contact
William Ireland Milne
Position
Head of Electrical Engineering
Address
Trumpington Street
Cambridge
CB2 1PZ
UK
Tel
+44 (0) 1223 332757
Fax
+44 (0) 1223 766207
Email
wim@eng.cam.ac.uk
Website
www.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/div-b/index.html
Professional
qualifications
BSc Hons in Applied Physics, Univ of St Andrews; PhD and DIC in
Electrical Engineering from Imperial College, London
Platform technologies
Low temperature AMLCDs, FEDs
Company description
The Electrical Engineering Division of Cambridge University
Engineering Department has a wide interest in flat panel displays
including work on AMLCDs, 3D TV, field emission displays and
OLEDs. They have over 20 years experience in the design and
manufacture of a-Si:H TFTs and have worked on instability
mechanisms in such devices when used as the switching element
in AMLCDs. They also have ~25 years experience in the design,
test and simulation of polysilicon based TFTs initially for use in
AMLCDs and more recently for application as the drivers in OLED
displays in collaboration with the Cavendish Laboratory and Seiko
Epson. The Photonics group have >25 years experience in various
aspects of liquid crystal display technology and recent
appointments have meant that they now have a polymer/liquid
crystal materials expert also on board. Currently they are involved in
collaboration with Samsung on the application of carbon
nanotubes for a novel flat panel display based on field
emission. Cambridge Engineering Department is also the hub of
the COMIT Faraday partnership, 50% of which is dedicated to flat
panel display technology.
Areas for potential
collaboration
AMLCDs, FEDs
38
Printable Field Emitters Ltd (PFE)
Contact
William Taylor
Position
Director
Address
Printable Field Emitters Ltd
Atlas Centre
Chilton, Didcot
Oxfordshire
OX11 0QX
UK
Tel
+44 (0) 1235 445959
Fax
+44 (0) 1235 445960
Email
bill.taylor@pfe-ltd.com
Website
www.pfe-ltd.com
Professional
qualifications
BSc Physics, Manchester University; MBA, Durham University;
Diploma in Electronics & Electromagnetics, Open University;
Member of Chartered Institute of Marketing; Chartered Marketer
Field emission displays
Company description
PFE is a venture capital funded developer of next generation field
emission displays for large area consumer priced TV. The company
employs 25 scientists and engineers in private facilities at the
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory close to Oxford. The company’s
technology is based on a novel and strongly patented composite
material that emits electrons at low electric field strength. The
company has demonstrated video rate monochrome 5.7 inch
diagonal devices that operate at 2,000 Cd/m2. However, the
company’s target market is full colour HDTV at panel sizes greater
than 30 inch. The technology offers the prospect of CRT viewing
quality at selling prices equivalent to or lower than those for large
CRT TVs (< $1,400 for 42 inch HDTV). The technology is suitable
for manufacture on low capital cost plasma panel manufacturing
lines – PFE has a licensing business model and is actively seeking
development and manufacturing partners.
Areas for potential
collaboration
Field emission displays
39
Dow Corning
Contact
Dr Terry Victor Clapp
Position
Scientist
Address 1
Dow Corning
Cardiff Road
Barry
Vale of Glamorgan
CF63 2YL
UK
Address 2
Trumpington Street
Cambridge
CB2 1PZ
UK
Tel
+44 (0) 1223 332644
Email
Tvc22@eng.cam.ac.uk
Website
www.dowcorning.com
Professional
qualifications
PhD: Chemistry, University College Wales, Aberystwyth
Liquid crystals, OLEDs & PLEDs, polymers, silicon-to-silica via all
forms of silicon chemistry
Company description
Dow Corning Corporation is a multinational company developing,
manufacturing and marketing silicon-based products and services
for customers in virtually every industry, from electronics and
personal care to automotive and textiles. The company pioneered
the development of silicones – a diverse family of materials that
combine the temperature and chemical resistance of glass with
the versatility of plastics. Now entering its 60th year, it has
maintained its position as global leader through innovation and its
determination to help its customers succeed in their marketplace.
Today, it offers more than 7,000 product and service solutions
tailored to meet the exact requirements of its customers.
Customer application and research facilities in seven countries
help Dow Corning exploit the full potential of silicon atom
technology and push the boundaries further, to offer new choices
that are as dynamic as its customers’ needs.
Dow Corning was formed in 1943 as a joint venture between
Corning Glass Works (now Corning Incorporated) and Dow
Chemical Company, which continue to own equal shares today.
With more than 8,200 employees globally, it operates more
than 40 manufacturing and customer service locations worldwide.
Its headquarters are in Midland, Michigan, USA. 7,000 products
and services are offered to its 25,000 customers.
40
R&D investment in 2002 represented approximately 6% of sales,
exceeding the industry average. It holds approximately 1,600 active
patents in the US and about 4,200 worldwide.
Dow Corning’s sales for 2002 were $US2.61 billion with net
income of $141 million. About 62% of the company’s sales come
from outside the US.
Dow Corning continually strives to be one of the most respected
companies in the chemical industry for environmental, health, and
safety performance, using the international Responsible Care®
programme to guide its actions.
Areas for potential
collaboration
Advanced LC, novel polymers, gels and elastomers, nanotechnology and supra-molecular sciences
41
QinetiQ
Contact
Richard Jonathan Miller
Position
Technical Leader
Address
QinetiQ
Malvern Technology Centre
St Andrews Road
Malvern
Worcestershire
WR14 3PS
UK
Tel
+44 (0) 1684 896099/895097
Fax
+44 (0) 1684 896530
Email
Aastill@qinetiq.com or Richard.miller@qinetiq.com
Website
www.qinetiq.com
Professional
qualifications
PhD in Physics from Manchester University 1994, studying chrial
frustrated liquid crystal phases. A member of the Institute of
Physics, a Chartered Physicist, Committee for the British Liquid
Crystal Society
LCD physics: OLEDs, embossing, materials processing, LC surface
physics, organic electronics, spatial light modulators, photonic
materials and application technology, diffractive and adaptive optics
Company description
QinetiQ is Europe’s largest independent science and technology
business. Profitable, growing, high technology company with
approximately 8,500 staff. Turnover approximately £750 million
- 80% for Ministry of Defence
- Commercial work growing by 30+% per year
Areas for potential
collaboration
LCDs, OLEDs, electrophoretic displays, photonics, SLM applications
42
Cambridge Display Technology (CDT)
Contact
Dr Jeremy Burroughes
Position
Chief Technical Officer
Address
Cambridge Display Technology
Greenwich House
Madingley Rise
Madingley Road
Cambridge
CB3 0TX
UK
Tel
+44 (0) 1223 723522
Fax
+44 (0) 1223 723556
Email
jburroughes@cdtltd.co.uk
Website
www.cdtltd.co.uk
Professional
qualifications
PhD: Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge
Light emitting polymers, diode design, ink jet printing
Company description
Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) is a privately held company
leading the research, development and commercialisation of
polymer technology for flat panel displays, lighting and
photovoltaics. CDT’s light emitting polymer (LEP) and dendrimer
technologies are targeted for use in a wide range of electronic
display products used for information management,
communications and entertainment. Features include reduced
power consumption, size, thickness and weight, very wide
viewing angle, superior video imaging performance and the
potential to produce displays on plastic substrates. To date,
licences have been granted to Dai Nippon Printing, Delta
Optoelectronics, DuPont Displays, Eastgate Engineering,
MicroEmissive Displays, OSRAM, Philips, and Seiko-Epson.
Based in Cambridge, UK, CDT was founded by Cambridge
University and a seed venture capitalist in 1992 and has
subsequently been through a number of investment rounds. In
July 1999 the company moved premises in order to support a
rapidly growing number of staff and to provide new chemistry
facilities. At around the same time, a new investment round was
completed that changed the ownership of CDT to the USA. With
more than 120 employees globally, it has a head office in
Cambridge, UK, a Technology Development Centre in
Godmanchester, UK, and offices in both Japan and Taiwan.
43
CDT also has a joint venture with Ulvac, one of industry’s leading
manufacturing equipment companies called Litrex. Litrex has
developed ink jet printing tools using Spectra heads and
proprietary drive per nozzle (DPN) technology. DPN not only
allows droplet uniformity to be better than 2% (need better
than 3%), but also allows droplet uniformity to be maintained
as the head ages.
Areas for potential
collaboration
44
Ink jet printing, transparent cathodes, encapsulation, active matrix
displays (a-Si and LTPS), constant luminance circuits
Department of Trade & Industry
Contact
Hong-Hai Seeto
Position
International Technology Promoter – South Korea
Address
Pera Innovation Ltd
Pera Innovation Park
Melton Mowbray
Leicestershire
LE13 0PB
UK
Tel
+44 (0) 7071 200 180
Fax
+44 (0) 7050 685 361
Email
hong.hai.seeto@pera.com
Website
www.globalwatchonline.com/itp
Company description
DTI Global Watch Technology Partnering is designed to facilitate
international technology partnerships. The role of the International
Technology Promoters (ITPs) is to provide direct assistance to
UK companies in order to raise awareness of, and access to,
technology based opportunities with the world’s leading investors
in research and development.
The programme assists UK companies in sourcing and acquiring
overseas technologies or may involve the setting up of licensing
arrangements or assistance in the early stages of a product,
process or quality development programme. ITPs understand the
social and business cultures of their ‘target’ country and so can
help UK companies avoid many of the usual pitfalls and problems
associated with international business ventures.
There are currently a total of 16 ITPs focusing on various territories:
Japan, North America, Europe, South Korea, China, Russia, Taiwan
and Singapore. The ITPs are UK based but travel extensively and
have experience of working in their focus countries across a wide
range of industry sectors, along with the knowledge of the
language and business culture. The ITP scheme is funded by the
DTI and managed by Pera Innovation Ltd.
Hong-Hai Seeto is a manufacturing engineering specialist with 20
years of international experience in technology transfer and product
and process development with industry, particularly within small
and medium sized enterprises (SMEs).
45
With technical and research expertise in design, advanced
manufacturing systems and information technology, he is well
placed to focus on developments in these sectors in South Korea.
Together with the Science and Technology team in the British
Embassy in Seoul, he has developed comprehensive access points
to all of the leading R&D laboratories of the Korean global
corporations and government institutes, and the growing numbers
of dynamic high tech venture companies.
He also has professional interest in science and technology policy
development – especially in technology transfer and SME
innovation. His previous experience encompassed the
development of entrepreneurship, commercialisation of research,
university spin-offs and venture companies. These enabled him to
build an extensive network of industrial and academic contacts in
the high technology sectors in the UK.
Hong-Hai Seeto was educated in Singapore and the UK, gaining his
degree and postgraduate qualification in Edinburgh and London.
South Korea’s strength in manufacturing is built on innovation and
the ability to adapt new technologies to products and processes,
thereby gaining competitive advantage in the world market. As a
leading global player in a number of industrial sectors, South Korea
has much to offer UK companies in terms of advanced
technologies and best practice, much of which is often
complementary to developments in the UK.
46
Appendix C
EMBASSY SEMINAR
C.1 Flat panel displays seminar programme – Tuesday, 9 December 2003
UK Chair:
Korean Chair:
Professor Bill Milne, Cambridge University Engineering Department
Professor Jin Jang, Kyunghee University
Time
Event
09:15
Registration & Coffee
09:45
Welcome address: British Ambassador, Mr Warwick Morris
10:00
Presentation by Dr Terry Victor Clapp, Scientist of Dow Corning
Process Technologies and Advanced Liquid Crystalline Materials for the Next
Generation Display
10:30
Presentation by Dr Sunghoe Yoon, Senior Manager of LG Philips LCD
Technical Strategies for LCD TVs
11:00
Questions & Answers
11:15
Tea & Coffee
11:30
Presentation by Professor Bill Milne, Cambridge University
Engineering Department
Carbon Nanotubes for Field Emission Displays
12:00
Presentation by Dr Kyuha Chung, Vice President of Samsung Electronics
FPD Industry and its Technology Trend
12:30
Questions & Answers
12:45
Lunch
13:45
Presentation by Dr Richard Jonathan Miller, Technical Leader of QinetiQ
High Performance Display Development at QinetiQ
14:15
Presentation by Dr Jeremy Burroughes, Chief Technology Officer of
Cambridge Display Technologies
UK Organic Electronics and Opto-Electronics
15:00
Questions & Answers
15:15
Presentation by Dr Ho-Kyoon Chung, Senior Vice President of Samsung SDI
Recent Advances in AMOLED Technology
15:45
Presentation by Mr William Taylor, Director of Printable Field Emitters Ltd
Improved Printable Field Emitter Display with Hop-Plate for HDTV
16:15
Presentation by a representative of Samsung SDI on FED
16:45
Questions & Answers
17:00
Discussion
17:15
Chairmen’s Call to close the seminar
47
C.2 Seminar attendees
No Title
Name
Position
Company
Tel
1
Mr
Choi, Jun Young
Chief
ADP Engineering
031-737-9782
2
Mr
Bae, Kyung Bin
President
ANS
031-666-5530
3
Mr
Ban, Tae Gon
Assistant Manager
AVACO
053-583-8150
4
Mr
Lee, Gab Hee
President
Bando
031-431-5001
5
Mr
Park, Chang Jung
CEO
BNL-SOLUCOM
031-322-7788
6
Mr
Shin, Dong Heon
Assistant Manager
BNL-SOLUCOM
031-322-7788
7
Mr
Ha, Il-Doo
Assistant Manager
BOE HYDIS Technology
031-639-7308
8
Mr
Kim, Eok-Su
R&D Engineer
031-639-8479
9
Ms
Kim, Hyun Jin
Associate
031-639-6451
10
Mr
Kim, Kwang-Ok
Associate
031-639-8334
11
Mr
Lee, Jun-Ho
R&D Engineer
031-639-8479
12
Mr
Song, Young-Suk
R&D Engineer
031-639-6961
13
Mr
Kim, Chi-Young
Assistant Manager
031-639-8446
14
Mr
Cho, Guk Hyeong
General Manager
Charm Engineering
031-330-8505
15
Dr
Choi, Kyung Hee
Deputy General Manager
CLD
02-6090-2703
16
Mr
Jun, Jae Ho
Chief Research Engineer
Daewoo Electronics
02-3270-5912
17
Prof
Kim, Young Seop
Professor
Dankook University
041-550-3583
18
Prof
Lim, Heung Bin
Head of department
Dankook University
02-709-2829
19
Mr
Lee, Youn Geun
Engineer
Dongjin Semichem
031-350-5513
20
Dr
Lee, Jong-Woo
Researcher
DPI Solutions
042-865-6911
21
Mr
Koo, Ja Poong
President
EDIRAK
02-563-7963
22
Mr
Jung, Han
Chief Manager
ED-Tech
02-738-2391
23
Ms
Cho, Eun Soo
Assistant Manager
Eliatech
02-3019-8709
24
Mr
Park, Jae Hong
CEO
Epion Corporation
042-864-2471
25
Mr
Lim, Sung Kyoo
CEO
GLD
02-709-2979
26
Mr
Park, Jae Yeon
CEO
Hanback
042-863-5570
27
Mr
Hwang, Chanyun
Assistant Manager
Hankuk Electric Glass
054-468-1439
28
Dr
Yu, SeGi
Professor
Hankuk University
031-330-4938
29
Dr
Cho, Jae Eock
Principal Researcher
Hanwha Chemical
042-865-6698
30
Prof
Kim, Hyoung June
Professor
Hong-Ik University
02-320-1625
31
Prof
Kim, Young Kwan
Professor
Hong-Ik University
02-320-1646
32
Ms
Jeon, Ae Kyung
Engineer
Hyundai LCD
031-639-8323
33
Mr
Kim, Sun Woong
Associate Engineer
Hyundai LCD
031-639-8323
34
Dr
Roh, Byeong Gyu
Senior Engineer
Hyundai LCD
031-639-9323
35
Mr
Kim, Hyung Soo
CEO
IA Korea
02-578-3523
48
No Title
Name
Position
Company
Tel
36
Yeo, Jeong Beom
Director
ICD
031-217-7141
Mr
(Crispim)
37
Dr
Park, Hee-Dong
Director
IDRC
02-2299-1857
38
Mr
Han, Sang Woan
Managing Director
International Technology
02-461-2181
39
Mr
Seo, Jae-Hong
Manager
JSR Corp
2112-4565
40
Dr
Jeon, Duk Young
Professor
KAIST
017-267-9752
41
Mr
Ahn, Hee June
Graduate student
Keimyung University
053-580-5263
42
Prof
Ha, Ki Ryong
Professor
Keimyung University
053-580-5263
43
Mr
Jung, Keang Wook
Graduate student
Keimyung University
053-580-5263
44
Dr
Lee, Sang Yong
Executive Director
Kodenshi Korea
063-839-2102
45
Mr
Yoon, Kyoung Keun
Project Manager
Kolon Central Research Park
031-280-8586
46
Dr
Park, Sooyoul
Senior Researcher
Korea Research Institute of
042-860-7666
Chemical Technology
47
Prof
Jang, Jin
Professor
Kyunghee University
02-961-0270
48
Mr
Jung, Chan Ho
General Manager
LED EXPO
02-783-7979
49
Dr
Choi, Hyeon
Senior Scientist
LG Chem
042-866-2373
50
Dr
Kim, Joon Hyung
Senior Research Engineer LG Chem
042-866-2537
51
Dr
Son, Se Hwan
Programme Leader
LG Chem
042-866-2534
52
Dr
Son, Sehwan
Programme Leader
LG Chem
042-866-2534
53
Dr
Han, Sangcholl
Principal Research Engineer LG Chem
042-866-5916
54
Dr
Oh, Byungdu
Vice President
LG Chem Ltd/Research Park
042-866-5900
55
Dr
Lee, Young Chul
Project leader
LG Chemicals
042-866-5831,
56
Dr
Hwang, Yunil
General Manager
LG Chemicals
02-3773-7194
57
Mr
Suh, Myung Won
Deputy Manager
LG Chemicals
02-3773-3443
58
Dr
Kim, Kwang-Young
Group Leader
LG Electronics
02-526-4745
59
Dr
Kim, Sung Tae
Director
LG Elite
02-526-4857
60
Dr
Jeong, Hyo-Soo
Senior Research Engineer LG Philips
054-460-3326
61
Mr
Koh, Nam Je
Chief Senior
LG Philips
054-460-3545
LG Philips LCD
054-478-5855
Research Engineer
62
Dr
Yoon, Sunghoe
Senior Manager
63
Mr
Seo, Hyun Sik
Senior Research Engineer LG Philips LCD R&D Center
031-450-7433
64
Dr
Yoon, Chul Oh
President
MC Science
031-206-8645
65
Mr
Lee, Kwon
Assistant Manager
Microeye
031-240-0394
66
Mr
Moon, Hun Chan
CEO
Microeye
031-240-0393
67
Mr
Lee, Choong Hoon
CEO
Modistech
02-3295-1552
68
Mr
Lee, Byung Il
Senior Director
NEMO
043-279-6950
69
Mr
Lim, In Gon
CEO
NEMO
043-279-6901
70
Mr
Shin, Hyun Bae
Senior Manager
Next Instrument
031-379-7740
49
No Title
Name
Position
Company
Tel
71
Mr
Su, Jee Young
Director
Next Instrument
031-379-7620
72
Mr
Jun, Hyun
Branch Manager
Orbotech Pacific Korea
031-781-7123
73
Mr
Cho, Joong-Hyeob
Engineer
Orion PDP
02-6678-8532
74
Mr
Kim, In-Tae
Chief Research Engineer
Orion PDP
02-6678-8536
75
Mr
Oh, Seung-Sik
Engineer
Orion PDP
02-6678-8539
76
Mr
Kim, Jong Sam
Senior Researcher
PHICOM
02-3282-7082
77
Dr
Kim, Kyung Chae
Research Engineer
Phoenix PDE
054-467-6630
78
Dr
Kim, Kwan
CTO
Pixel Chips
02-552-9428
79
Mr
Um, Gang-Ho
Sales & Marketing
Pixel Chips
02-552-9428
80
Mr
Lee, Hon
President
PJ KODIVAC
02-3281-2451
81
Prof
Lee, Kun-Hong
Professor
Postech
054-279-2271
82
Mr
Choi, Jae Hyoung
Q-Land
83
Mr
Yu, Jin Seon
Managing Director
Rodel Korea
84
Mr
Kim, Kyu Sik
Research staff
SAIT
85
Dr
Park, Young Soo
Project Leader
SAIT
86
Mr
Song, In Sung
Research staff
SAIT
87
Dr
Kim, Joohan
Senior Engineer
Samsung
031-209-3633
88
Mr
Chang, Young Jin
Engineer
Samsung Electronics
02-961-0688
017-336-0791
02-598-4881
031-280-9344
031-209-4870
89
Dr
Chung, Kyuha
Vice President
Samsung Electronics
02-760-6015
90
Dr
Jung, Jae Hoon
Senior Engineer
Samsung Electronics
031-209-7802
91
Dr
Lee, Nam Seok
Senior Researcher
Samsung Electronics
031-209-3633
92
Mr
Pae, Han Su
Engineer
Samsung Electronics
031-209-6479
93
Dr
Park, Hae Il
Senior Engineer
Samsung Electronics
031-209-7887
94
Mr
Ryu, Min seong
Engineer
Samsung Electronics
031-209-3490
95
Mr
Shin, Keun Woong
Assistant Manager
Samsung Electronics
031-209-3040
96
Mr
Son, ILL Kon
Manager
Samsung Electronics
031-209-3150
97
Mr
Song, Jean Ho
Senior Engineer
Samsung Electronics
02-879-2284
98
Mr
Kim, Sang-Won
Senior Manager
Samsung Fine Chemicals
02-772-1831
99
Mr
Lee, In-Hee
Senior Manager
02-772-1830
100 Dr
Park, Hyun-Duk
Executive vice president
042-865-3720
101 Dr
Yoo, Jiuk
Team Leader
042-865-3840
102 Dr
Kwon, Jang Hyuk
Senior Researcher
Samsung SDI
031-288-4806
103 Dr
Oh, Yoon Sik
Senior Researcher
Samsung SDI
031-288-4405
104 Mr
Park, Tai Jun
Staff
Samsung SDI
031-288-4428
105 Mr
Seo, Dong-Kyun
Manager
Samsung SDI
031-288-4456
106 Ms
Yoon, Min Jae
Assistant Manager
Samsung SDI
031-28-4412
50
No Title
Name
Position
Company
Tel
107 Dr
Lee, Chun-Gyoo
Principal Researcher
Samsung SDI
031-288-4709
108 Mr
Jun, Hyung Jin
CEO
Semyung Ever Energy
02-443-6834~7
109 Mr
Roh, Dong-Ho
Director
Shinsung Eng
031-788-9362
110 Mr
Shin, Jung-Tae
Team Manager
Shinsung Eng
031-788-9362
111 Mr
Yi, Jong Hoon
CEO
Silicon Image Works
02-554-4453
112 Dr
Hwang, Yong Mo
CEO
SLD
02-2142-0405
113 Dr
Park, Heui Jae
CEO
SNU Precision
02-877-3636
114 Mr
Lee, Jae-Eun
Senior Manager
Sunic System
031-219-1105
115 Dr
Soh, Ju-Won
General Manager
Sunic System
031-219-1106
116 Mr
Kim, San
Principal Engineer
Tomato LSI
02-538-9171
117 Mr
Park, Hyung Rae
Principal Engineer
Tomato LSI
02-538-9171
118 Mr
Yu, Yeonyong
Deputy General Manager
Tomato LSI
02-538-9171.
119 Dr
Kim, Soon Sik
Managing director
Toray Saehan
02-3279-1012
120 Mr
Nam, Jung Hwan
Engineer
Viatron Technologies
02-2107-7025
121 Mr
Oh, Moon-Suk
Engineer
02-2107-7028
122 Mr
Park, Franklin
CSO
02-2107-7022
123 Mr
Park, Wang Jun
Engineer
02-2107-7023
124 Mr
Ryu, sung Ryong
Engineer
02-2107-7025
125 Dr
Shin, Dong Hoon
Senior Engineer
02-2107-7024
126 Prof
Choi, Yong Sung
Professor
Wonkwang Univ
063-850-6349
127 Ms
Khang, Hee-Jung
Researcher
Wooyoung
02-961-3552
128 Dr
Woo, Hyung Suk
Senior Manager Director
Wooyoung
02-961-3551
129 Prof
Sah, Jong-Youb
Professor
Yeungnam University
053-810-2574
130 Prof
Noh, Myung Keun
Research professor
Yonsei Center for
02-2123-3889
Nano Technology
131 Mr
Jeong, Dong Soo
Manager
Young Poong CMC
02-957-2488
132 Mr
Kang, Shin Gook
Dept Manager
ZEUS
02-577-3181
51
Appendix D
MEETING NOTES
21st Century Frontier Display Research Group
Place
British Embassy, Seoul
Date
8 December 2003
In attendance
Dr Hee-Dong Park, Director
Summary
Dr Park is Director of the Display Group of the Ministry of
Science and Technology sponsored 21C Frontier R&D
programme – a ten year programme which began in 2002 with a
total budget of US$185 million of which US$85 million is
provided by government and US$100 million by private
companies. There are 26 companies, 10 universities and 5
research institutes involved in the project. Their display effort is
concentrated on three major technologies:
TFT LCDs
AMOLEDs
PDPs
TFT LCDs
Reliability and colour filter technology is the main interest. Speed
of liquid x-tal material is of interest but they do no work on
backlight optimisation. Their roadmap for this technology aims
towards cost reduction from the current $25/inch to $10/inch by
2010. One of their main drivers is production of low T polysilicon to
enable system integration. Aiming for 300 dpi by 2010.
AMOLEDs
Material quality is still seen as being the main problem, and
because of the blue lifetime problems with polymers they are
concentrating mainly on small molecule material. A big effort is
ongoing on organic TFTs – one of their biggest research interests.
Currently their mobilities are lower than those obtainable using
pentacene and they associate this with the fact that they are still
in the development stage regarding material – they use their own
and do not buy in from elsewhere.
PDPs
Their main drive here is to improve the MgO layer. They are
aiming to upgrade the luminescent properties under VUV
excitation. They are also trying to improve each of the colours.
Red suffers from colour purity problems, green has poor decay
time and needs a high discharge voltage, and blue suffers from
thermal degradation and colour shift. Currently power
consumption is a major worry but they aim to improve from the
present 500 W for a 55” diagonal screen to 300 W for >80”
screen by 2012.
52
Although they have no major interest in FEDs they do have it on
their roadmap. They are also carrying out basic research on white
LEDs based upon InGaN and standard RGB phosphors or InGaN
and down conversion phosphors. They see a $100 billion world
market for flat panel displays by 2007.
Mobile displays
Notebook displays
Desktop monitors
TV displays
Summary
a-Si:H AMLCDs
poly Si AMLCDs
PDPs
FEDs
OLEDs
e-paper
Collaborations
mid term up to 2007, TFT LCDs including
LTPS based TFTs
Longer term >2007, OLEDS will take over
TFT LCDs
TFT LCDs
(with OLEDS taking over >2007 possibly)
>40” PDPs will lead until 2006
(then AMLCDS may take over)
30-40” AMLCDs
<30” is very much price dependent and
difficult to predict
strengths
challenges
good infrastructure
good for small size
displays
large size capability
movie capability
speed
power consumption
limited speed
large sizes/
uniformity
power/resolution
lifetime/uniformity
lifetime/uniformity
colour
Contact Dr Park to discuss. He seemed keen to initiate
collaborations with UK bodies
53
LG-Philips
Place
LG-Philips Research Centre
Date
8 December 2003
In attendance
Mr Budiman Sastra (CTO, Executive V-P)
Mr Ki-Yong Kim (1st Group, Senior Engineer)
Mr Chang-Dong Kim (2nd Group, Senior Engineer)
Mr Woo-Nam Jeong (3rd Group, Senior Engineer)
Mr Eui-Yeol Oh (4th Group, Senior Engineer)
Mr Sung-Han Park, Manager, R&D Planning and Admin
Summary
They view themselves as the world’s No 1 LCD company. They will
produce 10 million units this year which is equivalent to the output
of the whole of Taiwan.
They are currently producing in their Gen 5 facility with plate size
of 1,110 mm x 1,250 mm. Gen 6 line with 1,500x1,850 capability is
currently being built and will be on stream later this year. They see
no problems in extending to Gen 7 and even Gen 8. In their
research centre the pilot fab processes 300 x 350 plates with
typical display size of 15” being used. They have a yield of >90%.
Research effort is split into four groups:
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
TFT LCDs
a-Si:H, LTPS research
Cell/Optics, LC and LCD research
Display quality, mechanical design and
power management
At present they are not working on FLC material as current speeds of
~10 ms is sufficient for current and immediate future needs. They may
decide to investigate FLC in the future. They see no immediate or short
term market for plastic backplane displays and no real advantage in
flexible displays and have very little customer requirement.
Their interest in AMOLEDs is from the drive circuitry angle. They
still think that a-Si:H will win over poly silicon using compensating
circuits or maybe using microcrystalline Si. A change in the tool set
needed in order to utilise poly would not be acceptable to them as
it currently stands. They think that 3D is still everybody’s ultimate
dream but doubt whether there is (or will be near term) an
affordable technology and user comfortable display.
Collaborations
54
They currently interact with several universities, mostly in Korea,
Japan and in the USA but also with Oxford University. Why should
they interact with groups in the UK? What do we offer?
LG-Elite
Place
British Embassy Seoul
Date
9 December 2003
In attendance
Dr Sung Tae Kim, Director of Devices and Materials Lab
Mr Heung-Kyu Suh, Manager of R&D Planning Group
Summary
Seemed to be the LG division that had the broadest view of the
display market.
OLEDs
Main Interest is in OLEDs – both passive and active matrix
displays. In 1998 they were producing 3.8”diagonal QVGA passive
matrix. In 1999 they produced 8” VGA passive matrix and by 2002
they had progressed to 1.9” active matrix for cell phone applications.
In 2003 they were producing top emission AM 3.8” diagonal
displays for PDAs. All based upon small molecule materials.
Currently their R&D effort is on both the material and drive circuitry.
They are aiming to increase the efficiency of the emitter and
improve lifetime. For the drive circuitry their main aim is to reduce
power consumption. At present they are concentrating solely on
a-Si:H TFTs and therefore are limited to top emission type displays.
They are looking at both phosphorescent and fluorescent material
but as the fluorescent material has the highest lifetime this is the
one they are concentrating on for TV applications for which
they need good quality a-Si:H backplanes. They are happy with the
drive capability and only see instability as a problem. a-Si:H TFTs
with mobility of 0.7 – 1.0 cm2V-1s-1 are OK. Their aim is to have a
96 x 64 full colour PM and a full colour AM 96 x 96 display for
phone applications in Q1 2004.
PDPs
They have produced a 76” diagonal full colour display with 800 Cd/m2
brightness, a contrast of 1500:1 with a depth of 86 mm. In 2003 they
were also producing 42” VGA and XGA, 50” XGA and 60” XGA
displays. They did not respond to a query on power consumption for
the 76” diagonal display but pointed out that ‘burn in’ is still the
biggest problem with their PDPs which makes them much more
suitable for TV applications.They feel that the boundary for PDPs with
respect to AMLCDs for TV applications at present is 35- 40” and this
will move to 45-50” as time goes by. This will be driven by cost.
55
Others
They have worked on FE displays for several years going from
Spindt tip to MIM and most recently to CNTs as the electron
sources. However they see no manufacturing/cost benefits for
FEDs over either PDPs or AMLCDs for large area TVs. They did
point out (as has also been mentioned by several other companies
in this visit) that Toshiba/Canon will announce that they will
complete a FED fab sometime in 2005. They have effort also on
projection TVs using HTPS, DLP and LCOS. They are concentrating
their efforts on improving brightness and contrast.
They are clearly also working on systems and driver issues for all
their display technologies.
Collaborations
56
No indication of interest.
Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)
Place
Suwon
Date
10 December 2003
In attendance
Dr Jong-Min Kim, V-P and Samsung Fellow
Dr Key H Kim, Executive Vice President and CRO
Mr Park Yongo, Director
Dr Byung-Ki Kim, Technology Leader, Mats and Devices Lab
Mr Soyoun Park, Researcher, Global Collaboration Office
Summary
SAIT are a most impressive laboratory. They are the biggest private
research institute in Korea. There are 950 researchers (10% of
which are non-Korean – mostly Russian). Current annual budget is
US$212 million. Parent company Samsung have 175,000
employees worldwide and have a current value of US$116.8 billion
with net earnings last year of $8.9 billion. Samsung overall R&D
investment is US$2.9 billion with 20,400 research personnel. They
grew by 15% in 2003, and aim to repeat this in 2004.
Research areas covered included digital, opto, nano/MEMS,
energy and bio. We were given a briefing on all of these areas
which unfortunately left little time for discussion on the main
display areas which were of course our major interests.
Nonetheless we were given every courtesy and the tour of their
exhibition was most impressive although somewhat rushed.
A screen displayed a simulation of a ‘girl-band’ dancing and this was
a very impressive piece of pseudo-reality animation (rather after the
style we would acknowledge Pixar or one of the other studios master
of). This was interesting, but the real power was, that as a single user
of this system, changing one’s viewing perspective relative to the
screen, for example by crouching to look up, caused the image’s
perspective to alter appropriately. All of this was achieved in ‘realtime’ and with a very high level of graphical fidelity. The rendering of
the image, given its size and detail, must have been a phenomenal
piece of signal engineering. We would estimate that in excess of
10 GB/s of data would be required, quite apart from some very
elegant image processing to relate the viewer’s actions to an
appropriate response from the system. It is possible that the full dataset was being accessed from stored frames, since otherwise the
computational load would have been without reasonable platform
capacity, but it nevertheless was stunning. The demonstration
illustrated a converged computational and visual display system that
presented a graphically compelling vision of what such systems
are/will be capable of delivering. The discussions we held with a group
of key technical people were much more enlightening… engineers’
discussions, one-on-one and in debate.
57
The exhibition is designed to impress with the depth and
breadth of Samsung’s technology base and market penetration.
The holistic message is that this is a company that has embraced
the ‘Information Age’ and is driving to become a dominant force
in every aspect of the delivery of products to a converged
telecommunications and data communications marketplace.
Digital
In their multimedia lab they cover data compression and colour
image processing. Communications and networking are another
priority area, and user interface including both hearing and vision
are also key.
Opto/Photonics Lab
The main interest here is in laser diodes and LEDs. The laser diode
work is geared towards HD storage, displays and of course for
telecommunications. The LED research is aimed towards displays
and they have a special interest in backlighting for AMLCDs
produced using their LEDs. They expect there will be a US$3 billion
market in this area for Samsung alone and of order US$5-6 billion for
Korea. Room lighting, and dashboard and indoor lighting in
automobiles, are other application areas of interest for this technology.
MEMS/Nano Energy
Labs
They cover all aspects of MEMS/NEMS. Fluidics and optical
MEMS are a prime interest but inertial sensor work, RF MEMS
(wide band and high isolation RF) and health applications are also
high on their priority list. They also cover most aspects of materials
and device research as applied to displays etc. They have major
efforts in fuel cells, rechargeables, thin film packaging and
polymers and other semiconductor materials for their various
display applications. The core materials investigated are conjugated
polymers, CNTs and LCs and they are also investigating
nanodevices and novel patterning and processing techniques
including screen printing and ink-jet, nano electro-magnetics,
spintronics etc.
Bio
Work here is mainly on a combination of biochips, genomics and
bioinformatics.
Collaboration
SAIT already has collaborative projects in place with over 120
universities and research institutes worldwide. Their New
Innovation Team (NIT) was launched in 2002 to identify and fund
innovative ideas globally.
58
Samsung SDI
Place
Suwon
Date
10 December 2003
In attendance
Dr Ho Kyoon Chung, Senior V-P
Mr Deok-Hyeon Choe, Principal Researcher
Summary
This was a very short meeting as we were trying to squeeze three
meetings into one day.
FEDs/PDPs
They see definite markets for FEDs (in contrast to LG!) from
large to small displays. They, in collaboration with SAIT, have
produced a CNT based 38” FED and plan to scale up to ~80”
diagonal because of power consumption savings. Interest in FEDs
is because of potential cost saving (present estimate is FED will
be 60-70% of PDP cost). They were asked if they felt that PDPs
will survive against the growth of AMLCDs and they said that
cost will always mean that there will be a market. The main
benefit of FEDs versus the other two is that they will be the
cheapest and have the lowest power consumption.
AMLCDs
Presently operating at Gen 6 level, and see no problem in expanding
to Gen 7 with 2.2 x 1.85 m plate size. They feel that Gen 7 may be the
limit to processability. They are interested in flexible substrates but
need a better barrier layer and plastic substrate.
OLEDs
Concentrating on small molecules at this point but they are also
trying to develop their own polymer materials. For large area
applications they still see a-Si:H TFTs as the way forward but are
worried about low performance and hence are also looking
at LTPS alternatives. For their small displays they are using LTPS
and 375 mm x 400 mm plates. They think for larger areas poly
silicon uniformity is a technological problem and therefore there will
be a solution in the longer term.
3D TV
They have an interest in 3D and are focusing on mobile 3D
displays and hope to then extend to larger sizes. They are
convinced there is a future for 3D TV.
Collaboration
Specifically mentioned interest in novel barrier layers for
flexible substrates.
59
Samsung Electronics
Place
Suwon
Date
10 December 2003
In attendance
Dr Kyu-Ha Chung, Vice President
Dr MunPyo Hong, Principal Engineer, Group Leader
Mr Hyun Joi Kim
Mr Woojae Lee
Mr Ameen Safir
Mr Jianpu Wang
Mr J-H Choi
Mr B-S Kim
Summary
This is essentially Samsung’s R&D centre for AMLCDs.
AMLCDs
They are currently operating a Gen 6 line (1,100 x 1,300 mm plate
size) and ramping up a Gen 7 facility which will be ready in 2005
(this will be based on a new site to the north of Seoul close to the
South/North Korea border in Tang Jung). Gen 7 line will be 52%
larger than Gen 6 with plate size 1,870 x 2,200 mm. It will be
oriented towards TV production – 22”, 26”, 32”, 40” and 46”
diagonal TVs.
Their product line at present chronologically is:
Notebook
Monitors/TVs
1999
12.1”-13.3”-15.0”
14”-15”XGA
17” SXGA
2001
15” UXGA
14.1” SXGA
30” XGA
2003
17”
22”-46”
They see AMLCDs to be useful for all applications from 1” to 57”
diagonal screens. Flat monitors will replace CRTs. Large AMLCD
TVs will compete with PDPs at the 30”-50” size. In mobile
applications, AMLCDs will compete with OLEDs (under 10’ diagonal).
Technology trends
Notebook PCs
They are looking to produce displays with higher resolution, wider
viewing angle and larger size:
From 12 – 14.1” up to 15.4 – 17.1”
XGA-> SXGA-> UXGA
TN mode: PVA and IPS to improve viewing angle
Monitors
Aiming for >20” SXGA and UXGA and seeking higher
performance for multimedia applications. At present, LC speed of
order 16 ms with 72% colour gamut, and aiming for 7 ms with
80% gamut.
60
Televisions
Aiming for higher quality, lower cost (most important aspect
from consumer viewpoint!) and larger size (>40” diagonal with
higher resolution – full HDTV spec).
Mobile displays
Need higher resolution (200 dpi) and higher performance (65%
colour gamut and 16M colours).
Backlights
They see next generation backlights will be based upon PDP-like
lamps (Hg based?) If CNT FE based backlights can be made to work
uniformly then there is a significant power consumption advantage
Future displays
Gen 7 line to come onstream with the aim to break the US$1,000
barrier for a 40” AMLCD sometime in 2005. At present,
manufacture cost for a 40” TV is of order US$8,000. They estimate
cost to build in 2005 for 32” will be $500, for 37” $750-800 and
for the 40” $1,000. Presently such TVs sell at 5 x built cost. They
predict that when companies like Dell and Seagate get into the
market, the selling price will be 2.5 x manufacture cost. Presently a
42” AMLCD is approximately 1.9 times as expensive as a PDP to
manufacture. Their best forecast is that this differentiation will
continue to fall until in about 2006 they will be approximately
equally priced. After 2006, PDP cost will remain essentially the
same because of electronics cost but AMLCDs will continue to
reduce in price.
Collaboration
Best potential for collaboration is in 3D, flexible displays and
OLEDs. They have no interest in FE displays, seeing that as being
done by Samsung SDI and SAIT.
61
LG Chemical
Place
LG Chemical Research Park in Daejon
Date
11 December 2003
In attendance
Dr Jong-Ki Yeo, President
Dr Jin-Nyoung Yoo, Director, V-P Corporate R&D
Dr Jeong Su Yu, V-P Information and Electonic Materials
Dr Se Hwan Son, Pricipal Scientist, Organic Micro Prog
Mr Tae Hyun Kwon, Principal Researcher, Info and Electronics Mats
Summary
Started in 1947 and is one of the oldest companies in LG.They had
an annual budget of US$4.6 billion in 2002 with an estimated budget
of US$5.3 billion in 2003 and global workforce of order 10,000.
They focus on four major areas:
Industrial Materials
Performance Polymers
(polycarbonates etc)
Petrochemcials
New Materials for IT and Electronics
(since mid 1990s)
33%
27%
30%
10%
Strategic goals
They aim to increase the New Materials for IT and Electronics section
to 30% of total by 2008. By that time they estimate a total annual
revenue of $14 billion. R&D investment is currently running at 3% but
by 2010 the aim is to invest 7% of internal revenue on research.
Materials for IT and
electronics
Currently the focus is on low k dielectric materials for the
semiconductor industry. For displays the main interest is in
photosensitive material development, polariser optimisation,
optical films and phosphors.
For energy storage applications they are interested in Li-ion batteries,
Li-polymer batteries and fuel cells.They see their major expansion in
this area in organic TFTs and organic solar cells. Biocompatible
materials are also of interest. In order for such new business ventures
to succeed they need potential sales of >US$100 million within five
years with at least a 15% return on investment.
Other new areas they are beginning to pursue are new plastic
substrate materials, improved phosphors for PDPs (they are not
working on phosphors for FEDs), new small molecules and
polymers. They say the lifetime of their new polymers is especially
encouraging. They have also begun work on flat backlight lamps
using OLEDs, but power efficiency at present is too low. They find
also that shorts are still a major problem.
Collaboration
62
There were no indications that they were interested in collaborations.
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)
Place
Daejon
Date
11 December 2003
In attendance
Dr Bun Lee, Vice President
Dr Soon Ho Chang, Director
Dr Kyung Soo Suh, Team Leader (OTFT)
Dr Jin Ho Lee, Team Leader (LTPS)
Dr Yon Ho Song (Project Leader (OLED)
Ms Hye Yong Chu, Project leader (FED)
Summary
They have 1,976 staff members of which 30% are at the doctorate
level with a further 60% at Masters level. They cover a broad range
on interests including nano-integration, bio, wireless, optical
communications and IT components. The IT components work
includes interest in displays, batteries and storage. They are looking
at supercapacitor electrode technology, high ion conduction
polymers with an aim of achieving high performance rechargeable
batteries with 300 Wh/kg and 500 Wh/L by 2005 and 500 Wh/kg
and 800 Wh/L by 2010. Storage aims are to increase from the
present 100 Gbit/in2 nano-optical disc technology to Tb/in2 by 2010
using new technologies which are as yet undecided. Their main
interest in the display area is in flexible displays but they also have
a programme dedicated to FEDs.
Flexible displays
They have 40 research members including 20 PhDs working in this
area. Work is ongoing in OLEDs (white OLED and top emission),
electronic paper, organic TFTs, plastic back planes and LTPS (SLS)
processes for flexible display applications. Currently they can
produce 2” flexible passive matrix addressed PM OLEDs and white
OLEDs with an aim to producing 3” AM flexible displays by mid
2004 with a 5,000 h lifetime @ 100 cd/m2 going towards 10,000 h
@ 100 cd/m2 by 2008 for PDAs. Their core technology focuses on
substrates, large area and high definition and high efficiency and
long lifetime. As regards substrates they are looking at resins for
plastic films, gas barriers and trying to solve water and oxygen
permeability problems. Lithography trends are from the current
photolith through to screen printing and thence roll-to-roll. They are
also considering several OLED patterning techniques including
RGB/shadow mask, white OLED with colour filters and PLED using
ink jet. They cover most of the switching technologies, a-Si:H TFTs,
LTPS and OTFTs. To improve efficiency and lifetime they are
investigating novel materials, optimising interfaces and looking
specifically at top emission.
63
They feel in the longer term that the polymer materials are a better
bet and if the ‘blue’ continues to improve are convinced that
polymers will overtake small molecules.
FEDs
They have pioneered an active matrix addressed FED using carbon
nanotubes as the electron sources. They have reported a 3”
diagonal display at SID in 2003 with 96 x 64 pixels with anode
voltage of 400-500 V and a spacer height of 300 microns. The
switch is an a-Si:H TFT and the tubes are single wall as the turn-on
voltage is lower. However, they do suffer from instability problems.
Collaboration
They are very keen to initiate collaboration and already interact with
7 companies and 20 universities. Their current budget from
government is US$8 million per annum.
64
Iljin
Date
12 December 2003
Place
Seoul
In attendance
Dr TJ Shin, CTO of Iljin Diamond
Mr HH Hwang, General Manager Business Development
Mr YW Nah, FE and LC specialist
Mr HJ Chun, Carbon and Coating Engineer
Summary
Iljin consists of 10 companies with interests as diverse as
broadcasting, finance and investment, copper foil for PCBs and
also efforts in diamond and carbon nanotubes. The Display group
which employs 250 is part of Iljin Diamond which was founded in
December 2000. In displays their interests span the driving
circuitry, the optics, HTPS, LCOS, and CNTs. They concentrate on
HTPS as they cannot compete with Samsung and LG in the LTPS
market. Their other main interest lies in the use of carbon
nanotubes as the electron sources in FE based backlights.
HTPS/LCOS
They are using their HTPS process in the manufacture of 0.9” XGA
and 0.7” SVGA (their flagship products!) for projection displays
using a micro lens arraying technique. They also use LCOS based
devices in reflective mode. They use standard TN based LC material
as the speeds they can achieve with these (1 ms) is sufficient for
their requirements at present. They have also begun a joint venture
(with whom they did not say) using LCOS for HDTV – due to be
completed in 2005.
FE backlights
They also have a major effort in field emission but not for displays
per se – the interest is in producing a uniform backlight unit based
on CNTs (and other materials) as the electron emitter. They use
white phosphors which is similar to that used in displays but needs
a lower voltage and at present they buy them from Samsung and
LG. They are also considering the use of this technology for room
lighting but feel that there will have to be a significant increase in
lifetime and reduction in costs before this is feasible.
Collaboration
They are interested in alternative electron source materials for their
backlight and do currently fund several universities, most of which
are in Korea.
65
Advanced Display Research Centre (ADRC)
Place
Kyung Hee University in Seoul
Date
12 December 2003
In attendance
Prof Jin Jang, Director of ADRC
Summary
ADRC is a government funded research centre, which was opened
in June 2001 to provide a display manufacturing and process
service. Initial funding was for 5-6 years after which it has to be
self-financing. US$10 million was given to build up the equipment
base and US$1 million for the 300 m2 clean room. They have the
capability of processing 6 x 6 inch glass panels through from the
backplane depositions to the final display. Display systems
currently investigated are TFT-LCD, AMOLED, E-Ink and FEDs.
They offer a prototyping service for Korean SMEs and at present
six start-up companies are based alongside the centre and use the
centre’s facilities.
AMLCDs
As well as offering the standard a-Si:H TFT capability on glass they
also have a plastic compatible process which has a maximum
process temperature of 150 C. They have successfully produced a
2.26” diagonal flexible TFT-LCD using this process with resolution
of 93 dpi (128 x RGB x 160). The substrate used was PES with a
thickness of 0.2 mm. They are also currently working with a major
US company to investigate the use of low k dielectrics in large area
displays to enable high aperture ratio operation.
Their polysilicon TFT effort is biased toward alternative LTPS
processes. They were one of the first groups to investigate metal
induced crystallisation (MIC) and using this process they produced
polySi TFTs with field effect mobilities of 124 cm2V-1s-1, with a
maximum process temperature of 500 C. They have also
investigated sequential lateral crystallisation of a-Si:H using a
Nd:YVO4 laser and have recently successfully produced arrays of
poly Si TFTs on stainless steel backplates with mobilities of order
80 cm2V-1s-1.
Organic TFTs
66
Thus far they have concentrated their efforts on bottom gate
pentacene based TFTs. They get mobilities of order 0.4 cm2V-1s-1,
which given that they are using 5 micron gate lengths defined by
the source-drain contacts is quite impressive.
Other displays
They are working, in collaboration with Softpixel, on low T MIMLCDs, with a maximum process temperature of 120 C. Such a
MIM array has been utilised in a panel 71.52 mm x 53.64 mm with
a pixel number of 320 x (240 x RGB) using PES as the backplate
and pentacene as the emitter. They are the group who produced
the HT a-Si:H TFT array that ETRI use in their carbon nanotube
based AM FED. Finally they also work on the low T deposition of
CNTs (T <450 C) for CNT based FED panels in collaboration with a
small company in California (cDream).
Collaboration
Prof Jin Jang indicated that they would be keen to interact with
anyone who has an original/novel idea that they would like to test
using the facilities available in ADRC.
67
Appendix E
GLOSSARY
µA
µm
2D
3D
A
AC
ADRC
AM
AMLCD
AMOLED
Ar
a-Si
C
CAGR
CCFL
cd
CDT
CIE
cm
CNT
CRT
CVD
DBD
dpi
DTI
ETRI
FE
FED
FLC
FPD
g
Gen
HDTV
He
Hg
hr
Hz
IC
ICP
IP
IPS
ITP
68
microamp(ere)
micrometre (micron)
two dimensional
three dimensional
amp(ere)
alternating current
Advanced Display Research Centre (Kyung Hee University, Seoul)
active matrix
active matrix LCD
active matrix OLED
argon
amorphous silicon
Celsius
compound annual growth rate
cold cathode fluorescent lamp
candela
Cambridge Display Technology (UK)
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
centimetre
carbon nanotube
cathode ray tube
chemical vapour deposition
dielectric barrier discharge
dots per inch
Department of Trade and Industry (UK)
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (South Korea)
field emission
field emission display
ferroelectric liquid crystal
flat panel display
gramme
Generation
high definition TV
helium
mercury
hour
hertz
integrated circuit
inductively coupled plasma
intellectual property
in-plane switching
International Technology Promoter (DTI)
khr
kHz
KIST
kV
LC
LCD
LCOS
LED
LEP
LTPS
m
mA
MEMS
METI
MgO
MIC
MIM
mm
Mo
ms
Ne
NEDO
nit
ns
OLED
PC
PDP
PECVD
PFE
PLED
PM
PMLCD
PMOLED
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
QXGA
R&D
RGB
rms
s
SAIT
SCE
Si
SID
SLS
SME
kilohour
kilohertz
Korea Institute of Science and Technology
kilovolt
liquid crystal
liquid crystal display
liquid crystal on silicon
light-emitting diode
light-emitting polymer
low temperature poly-silicon
metre
milliamp(ere)
micro-electro-mechanical systems
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)
magnesium oxide
metal induced crystallisation
metal-insulator-metal
millimetre
molybdenum
millisecond
neon
New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (Japan)
= 1 cd/m2
nanosecond
organic light-emitting diode
personal computer
plasma display panel
plasma enhanced CVD
Printable Field Emitters Ltd (UK)
polymer light-emitting diode
passive matrix
passive matrix LCD
passive matrix OLED
first quarter
second quarter
third quarter
fourth quarter
quantum extended graphics array
research and development
red, green, blue
root mean square
second
Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
surface conduction emission
silicon
Society for Information Display
strained layer superlattice
small or medium enterprise
69
SMF
STN
TFT
TN
TV
UK
US(A)
UV
UXGA
V
VAN
VUV
W
Xe
XGA
70
small molecular materials
supertwist nematic
thin-film transistor
twisted nematic
television
United Kingdom
United States (of America)
ultraviolet
ultra extended graphics array
volt
vertically aligned nematic
vacuum ultraviolet
(1) watt; (2) tungsten
xenon
extended graphics array
Appendix F
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables
1
2a
2b
3
page 9
page 15
page 15
page 25
Leadership in LCD areas
Status of global FED programmes – industry
Status of global FED programmes – government
Panel lifetime for bottom and top emission of Samsung SDI’s
AMOLED display
Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8a
8b
9
10
page 6
page 6
page 7
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 10
page 10
page 11
page 11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
page 12
page 12
page 13
page 13
page 14
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 26
page 27
page 29
Total display module market
FPD market
FPD market by technology
FPD market by application
TV market by technology
Samsung Electronics LCD TV manufacturing cost
Cross section of AMLCD
Passive matrix LCD
Active matrix LCD
Line by line addressing in AMLCDs
Current density and light emission behaviour as a function of bias voltage
for a LEP device
Comparison of LCD and OLED viewing angle
First active matrix OLED display
17-diagonal full colour ink jet printer LEP AM display
Field emission display
Broad area CNT emitters in triode structure
PDP structure and operation
3D FPD based on the parallax barrier technique of Ives
3D FPD based on the lenticular array
SAIT 32-inch CNT FED
PFE gate structure (top), Samsung undergate structure (bottom)
Iljin CNT triode structure
71
72
The DTI’s Global Watch service provides a
suite of programmes dedicated to helping
British businesses improve their
competitiveness by identifying and accessing
innovative technologies and practices.
The suite includes:
www.globalwatchonline.com –
a revolutionary internet-enabled Global Watch
service delivering immediate and innovative
support to UK companies in the form of fastbreaking worldwide business and technology
information plus unique coverage of DTI,
European and international research and
business initiatives, collaborative programmes
and funding sources.
Global Watch – the website’s sister
publication, showcasing innovation in action.
Distributed free to 20,000 UK high-tech
organisations, the magazine features the
latest technology developments and practices
gleaned from Global Watch service activities
around the world and now being put into
practice for profit by British businesses.
Contact:
subscriptions@globalwatchonline.com
Global Watch Secondments – providing
financial and practical assistance to enable
some 60 individuals each year to spend from
three to 12 months with an overseas
organisation to transfer a technology, gain
new knowledge or bring best practices back
to Britain. This service is designed to fasttrack progress, improve performance or
secure competitive edge. There is also an
inward secondments programme.
Contact:
secondments@globalwatchonline.com
Global Watch Technology Partnering –
providing free, flexible and direct assistance
from commercially-aware technology
specialists to raise awareness of, and provide
access to, technology and collaborative
opportunities overseas. Delivered to UK
SMEs by a team of 16 International
Technology Promoters, with some 6,000
current contacts, the programme provides
support ranging from information and
referrals to more in-depth assistance with, for
example, licensing arrangements and
technology transfer.
Contact: itp@globalwatchonline.com
UK Watch – a quarterly magazine, published
jointly by science and technology groups of
the UK government. Showcasing British
innovation and promoting inward investment
opportunities into the UK, the publication is
available free of charge to UK and overseas
subscribers.
Contact:
subscriptions@ukwatchonline.com
Global Watch Missions – enabling teams of
UK experts to investigate innovation and its
implementation at first hand. The fact-finding
missions – about 30 each year – allow entire
UK sectors and individual organisations to
gain international insights to guide their own
strategies for success.
Contact: missions@globalwatchonline.com
Information exchange – the Global Watch
service promotes and encourages the
mutually beneficial exchange of information
and facilitates UK technology partnering
opportunities through the support of UK
bilateral international science and technology
activities, including high technology forums,
seminars and workshops. This includes
staging high-level technology events with
Russia, Japan, China and South Korea.
For further information on the
Global Watch service please visit
www.globalwatchonline.com
Printed in the UK on recycled paper with 75% de-inked post-consumer waste content
First published in March 2004 by Pera Innovation Limited on behalf of the
Department of Trade and Industry
© Crown copyright 2004
URN 04/689

Flat panel displays

Transcription

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