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Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George Gibbs;
Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856
Extracted on Dec-10-2015 01:50:44
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[[start page]]
[[There is a sticker at the top of the page that is white with red border,
saying in pencil, "No. 1043". Below in pen is written, "(part)"]]
[[There is a stamp in blue ink over part of the text towards the top left of
the page, saying, "BUREAU OF AMERICAN MANUSCRIPT VAULT
APR 1926 ETHNOLOGY"]]
Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California,
by George Gibbs.
Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes.
The following paper has been prepared chiefly from the notes of Dr John
J. Milhau, Asst Surgeon U.S. Army, who was for some time stationed at
Fort Yuma, and who collected the vocabulary of the Yuma or Cuchans
language. With these I have incorporated others furnished by Lieut
Sylvester Mowry, 3rd Artillery. Lieut Mowry's remarks more especially
concern the Mohave or Mammuckhave and other tribes living above the
Yuma, of whom heretofore little or nothing has been known. His
information was chiefly derived from Miss Olive Oatman, a young
American girl who was taken prisoner by the Apaches in 1851, and
whose release during the last year (1855) excited so much interest. The
vocabulary of the Maummuckhave was obtained by Lieut. M. from her,
and may be relied on as correct. I have subjoined an account of the
captivity of Miss Oatman taken from the San Francisco Herald, as
embodying other matter of interest. The massacre of part of this family
and the reported captivity of others is mentioned in Rev. J.R. Bartlett's
personal narrative of the Mexican boundary commission, by whom also
[[end page]]
Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California, by George
Gibbs; Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes 1856
Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers
Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:50:44
steps were taken to bring about the release of the latter.
The Indian tribes occupying the lower part of the Great Basin of the
Colorado, including a part of the Gila, and extending to the Coast at San
Diego apparently belong to a single family of which the Cuchavos or
Suveas may be taken as the type. The limits of this connection are as
yet unknown but it will very probably be found to extend north eastward
up the Colorado, to the Great Cañon of that river, and it will hereafter be
a subject of interesting enquiry to trace the line of migration by which
they have wedged themselves into their present position, and to identify
their more remote connections. As yet, neither the geographical nor the
ethnological materials collected justify the attempt. Col Fremont in his
general "Map of Oregon & Upper California" published by order of the
Senate in 1848, gives, as I suppose from old Spanish authorities, the
names Geuigueih, Chemeguabas, Iumbiu-crariri and Timbabachi as
those of tribes occupying the right or west bank of the Colorado above
the Gila, and the Yumas, Tejuas, Cosuinas and Moquis on the left bank.
A few of these only are now recognizable. Not only the mode of
pronouncing and spelling adopted by different persons and nations
varies greatly, but speaking of themselves, these Indians usually adopt
the name of the locality inhabited by their particular band and not a
common tribal designation, and in speaking of others, apply their own
peculiar appellations.
[[end page]]
Thus it is with difficulty, particularly after a considerable lapse of time,
that their nomenclature can be identified. It is probable that the above all
refer to existing tribes, though they may not be always correctly placed.
The Chemequabas are undoubtedly the Chimenchuras, the Yumas are
well known, and also the Neoquis, who, however , do not live on the
Colorado, but more Easterly. Other names are mentioned by Mr. Bartlett
on the authority of Father Kino in 1700. As the Quiguimas, Coaupas,
Bajiopas and Cutganes. Of these the Qui-quimas, I presume to be
Comoyei or Queumeya, and the Bajiopas, the Sabopai of Humboldt or
Yapapai. Dr. Wilhau thus enumerates the tribes which came under his
observation. First the Cocopas, whom he distinguished from the
Maricopas of the Gila, and who possess the country at the mouth of the
Colorado. Next the Yumas or Cuchanos, whose territory commences
about one hundred miles up the river by its course or perhaps sixty in a
straight line, and includes the bottom lands for a distance of one
hundred and sixty miles in its windings. North of them, and on the west
side of the river, are the Mohaves, called by the Yumas Amohah: North
West, in the mountains at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and behind the
last, the Chime-weh-was, and on the [[strikethrough]] North
[[/strikethrough]] east, ^ [[bank opposite the Mohaves]] the Yapapai or
Apache Toubos, who also inhabit a mountainous and unexplored region.
Lt. Whipple, in a contribution to this work (Schoolcraft's large work, vol II,
page 115) comprises, under the general name of Yuma, several tribes
as the Cuchaus, Mah-ha-os (Mohaves) occupying the right bank of the
river, seven days journey from the junction of the Gila, the Hah-watcoes, on the left bank. Eight [[end page]]
days above the same point, and the Yampais (Yapaipa) also on the left
bank, six days above it. He also mentions two other tribes, living in the
desert west of the Colorado, the Cah-wee-os, and Co-mo-yah, Co-moyei, or Quemeya, the former on Red River near the Salt Lake the latter
farther north on the head waters of the same stream.
Mr Bartlett supposes the Casuinas of the Spaniards to be the Cochnich-nos, a tribe met with by Mr. Lerouif, one of his party, but whose
locality is not specified, and he identifies the Diegenos or Indians of San
Diego, with the Comeya or Comoyei. The remnant of a tribe called
Cawinas, which he met with among the Pimos and Maricopas and who
had been driven eastward by the Yumas, I presume to be a fragment of
Lieut Whipple's Cah-wee-os, very probably separated from the rest, at
the time of the general disruption of the Colorado tribes.
Lieut Mowry, on the authority of Miss Oatman, gives some further
particulars of the upper Colorado tribes. According to her account, the
true name of the Mohaves, or that which they apply to themselves is
Naw-mukhave. Besides these and the Chime-weh-was, she mentions
two, living on the opposite bank to the former, the Wyl-o-py-yah and
Yeo-oh-py-ah, who speak a dialect of the Yuma. These are probably
branches of the same tribe, and included in the Spanish modification of
Yampi, or Yampaio, and in the Yapapai of Dr Milham. Above the
Mohave on the Colorado is another tribe, which she knew only through
their report, the Coh-whyl-chah, which I presume to be
those called by Lieut Whipple, Cah-wal-coes, and still beyond these are
the great Ute or Utah nation. The Cah-wee-os, of Lt Whipple are termed
Co-hu-il-las, by Lieut Mowry, according to whom they extend to the San
Bernardino mountains.
Jedediah S. Smith, the fur trader, who visited this country in 1824, calls
the Mohaves by the Spanish appellation of Amuchabas. Ten men of his
party were killed by that tribe, while crossing the Colorado below the
mouth of the Virgin, or, as he calls it, "Adams," river.
The account given by the Yumas [[strikethrough]] themselves
[[/strikethrough]] of their tribal relations is that the Maricopas, Cocopas,
and themselves were originally one people; that they quarreled, and the
Maricopas were driven over to the Gila, where they now live with the
Pimos, while the Cocopas took the lower valley of the Colorado and the
Cuchauos that part above them. Col Emory states that Mr Carson, in
1825, met the Coco "Maricopas" at the mouth of the Gila, and that
subsequently they were found by Dr. Anderson about half way between
that place the their present village, and Mr Bartlett puts the emigration
about thirty years previous to his visit in 1852. But according to Father
Sedelmayer (cited by Mr. Gallatin in the article above quoted) the Pimos
and Coco Maricopas were living together in 1744, '45. While the
Yumas, occupying their present country, were even then at war with
them. The discrepancy between the two accounts undoubtedly arose
from confounding the Maricopas people and Cocopas, Lieut Mowry
mentions
in his letter that the quarrel arose about a chief and the disposal of the
dead. The union of a tribe with one of an entirely different language
upon the footing of the Maricopas with the Pimos, though an unusual, is
not a singular case. The Cayuse of Oregon have actually abandoned
their own tongue for that of their neighbors the Nez Percés, with
[[strikethrough]]out[[/strikethrough]] whom they live in friendship, without
actually fusing into one people.
Of these tribes, the Maricopas, Cocopas, Cuchanos, Kammukhaves,
Comoyas, Cohuillas, and Yapaipai may therefore be assumed as
speaking dialects, more or less remote; of a common tongue, and it is
probable that others may hereafter be added to the number. The
Chimewehwas, according to Miss Oatman, speak an entirely different
language from the Mohahoes and other adjacent tribes, but Indian
report, in this particular is not to be relied on where the affinity is only
distant. Mr Gallatin (Trans. Am. Eth. Soc. Vol 11 [[blank space left as if
for a page number]]) notices the difference of the Maricopa vocabulary
furnished him by Major Emery, from any other known to him, but
remarks on the fact that the word Apache is given for
[[underline]]man[[/underline]], and from this surmises that the two may
have had a common origin. I have no means of pursuing the inquiry, but
it is to be noticed that in the short vocabulary given by him of the
Diegano, [[underline]]Epatch[[/underline]] is the word for man, Lt.
Whipple makes it [[underline]]Hy-Cootche[[/underline]] in that language
and [[underline]]Epatch[[/underline]] or [[underline]]Epah[[/underline]] in
the Yuma, Zee-pah
in the Mohave is its equivalent. Dr. Neilhau gives [[underlined]]Yakpai[[/underlined]], a word having apparently the same root, as the work
for Indians, people, among the Yumas & ^ [[derives the]] name of the
Apache Toutos or Fool Apaches. Yap-a-pai, [[strikethrough]]as
signifying men[[/strikethrough]] ^[[from their word]]. I have seen no
vocabulary of this, or of the Apache people. It may be that this name of
Apache is not their own designation, but one conferred on them by
others, as is not unfrequently the case.
But little is known of most of these tribes. The Chimewehwas have been
stated to be a low and miserable race, living like the Snake "Diggers"
chiefly on reptiles, but Miss Oatman speaks of them as hunters. She
gives their own enumeration as 1100 souls.
The Apache Toutos, "Fool Apaches ^[[(Yapapai).]], are said to derive
their name from having once started on a foraging expedition to Sonora,
and failing to find water in the desert, returning empty handed. Dr.
Neilhau believes them to form a connecting link between the Colorado
Indians and the Apache, and Miss Oatman states that they speak a
dialect kindred with the Mohave. They are said to be shorter and stouter
built than the Yumas, to live by hunting and dress in skins. The two
bands mentioned by Miss Oatman, and who collectively as I suppose
constitute this tribe, are said by her to amount each to 1000 souls.
Observations on the Indians of the Colorado River, California
by George Gibbs.
[[strikethrough]]Principally with Vocabularies of[[/strikethrough]]
Accompanying vocabularies of the Yuma and Mohave tribes by Dr Milh.
The following paper [[strikethrough]]is[[/strikethrough]] has been
prepared chiefly from the notes of Dr. John J. Milham, Asst Surgeon,
U.S. Army who was for some time stationed at Fort Yuma and who
collected the [[strikethrough]]accompanying[[/strikethrough]] vocabulary
of the Yuma or Cuchano language. With these I have incorporated
others furnished [[strikethrough]]me[[/strikethrough]] by Lieut Sylvester
Mowry, 3d artillery. Lieut Mowry's remarks more especially concern the
Mohave or Hammukhave and other tribes living above the Yumas, of
whom heretofore little or nothing has been known. His information was
chiefly derived from Miss Olive Oatman, a young American girl
[[strikethrough]]whose family had[[/strikethrough]] who
[[strikethrough]]had been taken[[/strikethrough]] was taken prisoner
[[strikethrough]]& her family destroyed[[/strikethrough]] by the Apaches
in 1851, & whose release during the last year (1855) excited
[[strikethrough]]the interest of the[[/strikethrough]] so much interest.
[[strikethrough]]It[[/strikethrough]] The vocabulary of the Hammukhave
was obtained by Lieut M. from her, & may be relied on as correct.
[[strikethrough]]It is I believe the first[[/strikethrough]] I have subjoined an
account of the captivity [[strikethrough]]& release of this young girl
taken[[/strikethrough]] of Miss Oatman taken from the
[[strikethrough]]San Francisco Herald[[/strikethrough]]Los Angeles Star
as embodying [[strikethrough]][[further information??]][[/strikethrough]]
other matter of interest.
memories of part of this family and the reported capitivity of sisters is
mentioned in Mr. E J. R. Bartlett's personal narration of the Mexican
boundary commission, [[strikethrough]]as also the[[/strikethrough]] by
whom also steps were taken [[strikethrough]]by him[[/strikethrough]] to
bring about the release of the latter.
[[page ends]]
The Indian tribes occupying the lower part of the Great Basin of the
Colorado, including a part of the Gila, and extending to the coast at San
Diego ^[[apparently]] belong to a single family of which the Cuchanos or
Yumas [[strikethrough]]Indians[[/strikethrough]] may be taken as the
type. The limits of this connection are as yet unknown,
[[strikethrough]]owing[[/strikethrough]] but it will very probably be found
to [[strikethrough]]?[[/strikethrough]]extend north eastward up the
Colorado, to the Great Cañon of that river, and it will therefore be a
subject of interesting enquiry to trace the line of migration by which they
have wedged themselves into their present
[[strikethrough]]?[[/strikethrough]] position [[strikethrough]]. Too little is
as yet known[[/strikethrough]] and to identify their more remote
connections. As yet, [[strikethrough]]the materials collected,
either[[/strikethrough]] neither the geographical nor the ethnological
materials collected justify [[strikethrough]]the attempt[[/strikethrough]] the
attempt. Col. Fremont in [[strikethrough]]the map accompanying the
journal in his[[/strikethrough]] his journal “Map of Oregon & Upper
California” [[?]] [[published by order of the Senate]] in 1848, gives,
[[strikethrough]]as I suppose[[/strikethrough]] from old Spanish
authorities, the names Genigueih
[[interlineated]]Dieginos[[/interlineated]], Chenieguabas,
[[interlineated]]Echi-mo-way,[[/interlineated]] Iumbui
[[interlineated]]Yumas,[[/interlineated]] crariri and Timbabachi
[[interlineated]]Yumpa-apach[[/interlineated]] as those of tribes
occupying the right or west bank of the Colorado above the Gila, and the
Yumas, Tejuas, Cossuinas and Moquis
[[strikethrough]]as[[/strikethrough]] on the left bank.
[[strikethrough]]But[[/strikethrough]] A few of these only are now
recognizable [[strikethrough]]It is however to be
understood[[/strikethrough]] not only the mode of [[strikethrough]]spelling
&[[/strikethrough]] pronouncing and spelling adopted by different
persons & natives varies
[[strikethrough]]They were probably applicable. It is however to
be[[/strikethrough]]
greatly. But speaking of themselves these Indians usually adopt the
name of the locality inhabited by their particular band and not a common
tribal designation and in speaking of others, apply their own peculiar
appelations.
[[??]] this is with difficulty, particularly after a considerable lapse of time
[[unreadable writing in left margins]]
Archives of the Office of Anthropology
Smithsonian Institute
No 1043 (pt.)
Notes on the Indians of the Colorado
pg. 1
Lieut. S Mowry
The tribe of Ham-muk-hab-ue Indians live on the right bank of the
Colorado River (descending) about ten days journey Indian Travel above the junction of the Gila. Their habits of life are in all respects
similar to those of the Yumas (Cuchans).
Their country is sandy with little vegetation save mesquite, and willow in
the river bottom. The only wood is the cotton wood. The climate is hot
eight months in the year and only moderately cold in winter. But little
rain falls. The principal support of these Indians is derived from planting
when a freshet occurs in the Colorado. Upon the subsidence of the
River the cultivate 'pumpkins' a little wheat and corn and melons, both
water- and musk-melons. Besides these mesquite beans some few
succulent roots, and fish from ponds
[[strikethrough]]afford[[/strikethrough]] comprise their food. When the
River does not rise, much suffering from starvation occurs. Miss Olive
Oatman from whom I have gathered these facts, nearly starved to death
one summer, becoming so weak as to be unable to walk. The tribe
numbers
2/
according to their own computation about two thousand souls. They live
in holes dug in the ground, covered with brush and dirt, or in the open
air. Sleeping always in the sand. Their dress is exceedingly simple, for
the man, a narrow band of bark or [[underline]] manta [[/underline]] to
cover the privates, for the women, two aprons of bark. One in front call
al-tah-dick, falling nearly to the knees. One in rear called ab-bah-haik
falling to the hollows behind the knee. These aprons meet at the hips,
and are held up by a band fastened tightly round the waist.
Beads are their great circulating medium which they obtain from tribes
near civilization.
They have no canoes, but men women and children swim like South
Sea Islanders - playing in the water for hours. Their only means of
water transportation is a simple raft made of flags, (tules) or a Cotton
wood log.
They have no computation of time by weeks or months or years. They
worship no God, and fear [[no??]] good or evil spirit. They have no
worship. The only ideas of the dead, consist in the belief that the spirits
of the departed hover four days around the ancient dwelling performing
3/
invisibly the avocations of life - building houses, planting, gathering, and
sleeping. They believe this actually happens, but becomes invisible on
the approach of any living being. After the four days have expired the
spirits all depart to a large mountain near the River, where they remain
forever enjoying pumpkins of enormous size ([[underlined]]some
pumpkins[[/underlined]] ?) and are perpetually happy.
There is no marriage ceremony in the Tribe. A man and woman
agreeing between themselves, live together as man and wife.
Constancy is not the rule, but men and women often indulge in "pro-miscu-ous con-cu-bi-nage". This is considered rather reprehensible in the
tribe and a good citizen holds fast to his wife or wives, a plurality being
allowed. With regard to religion or religious worship, I have made strict
inquiry and the answer is that they laugh at all ideas of God or devil.
Apparently having no conception of such existences. Miss Oatman says
she often spoke to them of the belief of the whites, but could never
discover any analogous belief in this tribe. If this is correct, it presents
an almost isolated instance; nearly every people
yet discovered under the sun having some religious system, however
depraved and incomprehensible.
In the mountains behind the [[Hum-muk-hah-ve]] live the [[Chim-ah-wahwas]]. Their language is different entirely. Miss Oatman says they
dress in skins, live upon game, and are "mighty hunters before the
Lord". They number by their own computation eleven hundred souls.
On the left bank of the Colorado (descending), opposite the [[Hum-mukhah-ve]] two tribes occupy adjoining country. They are called by Miss
Oatman [[Yeo-ah-pay-ah]] and [[Wil-law-py-oh]]. Their habits of life are
the same as those of the [[Hum-muk-hah-ve]]. They speak a language
resembling in many words and sounds the Yuma. They number each
by their own computation one thousand souls.
From all the information I can gather I believe the Yumas, Cocopas,
Maricopas
5
and Hum-muk-hah-ve nations on the Colorado River, or near it, speak a
dialect of the same original language, and that the Yuma (or [[Coo-chanoh]]) is probably the root.
That the Co-hu-il-las living on or near the Colorado, and in the San
Bernadino [[strikethrough]]Indians[[/strikethrough]] Mountains, the
origins and mountain Indians bordering the desert also derive their
language from the Yuma but it has become more corrupted - and is
spoken with a [[underline]]splutter[[/underline]], unknown to the softer
and distinct tones of the River Indians.
The Wyl-au-py-yah and Yev-ah-py-ah according to Miss Oatman speak
a dialect also of the Yuma. I am at a loss to distinguish what she calls
the Yev-ah-py-ah from what we have known heretofore as the Yam-pi,
but presume they are different tribes. The Yam-pi and Chim-oh-way-vas
speak an entirely different language according to all our authorities. I
have no means of obtaining their vocabularies. Miss Oatman speaks of
a tribe often heard of and spoken among the Hum-muk-hah-ve living far
above there
on the Colorado, called Coh-whyl-chah. She knew nothing of them
beyond the fact of their existence. Are not these the Co-hu-il-las!
Above all these and extending back easterly, come the great Ute nation.
The upper Colorado Indians have among the Ute Indians and among
[[underline]]Mountain men[[/underline]], the reputation of being fierce
warriors. The whole race of Colorado Indians are perfect in form and
generally of good features. I have never seen men or women of such
beautifully formed bodies. Elsewhere there is little or no deformity
except a hip disease probably syphilitis occasionally occurs. Limbs
generally well rounded and tapering, small and exquisitely formed hands
and feet, and busts on the young women and girls to warm an anchorite.
There is no virtue among the women. They are prostitutes from their
youth up, but they have not the vices of stealing, or whiskey drinking so
common among other tribes. Venereal disease, probably introduced
long ago from Mexico is common, but its form is comparatively mild
though accompanied in almost every case by first and secondary
symptoms. It has not anything like the fatal effects of the same disease
in Oregon or among the Islands of the Pacific.
The Cocopas, and Yumas are not hunters.
7
Their diet is almost purely vegetable. Their only
[[underline]]flesh[[/underline]] is [[underline]]fish[[/underline]] caught in
lagoons near the mouth of the Colorado. They are principally
dependent on the annual freshet for the over flow of their gardens, in
which the cultivate - pumpkins - melons - a little wheat and corn. Their
only war weapon is a short club. Bows and arrows are used a little but
the arrows are seldom pointed, and do little execution. As ever the
Yumas are child-like, exceedingly playful, and singularly generous to
each other. The Colorado like the Nile to the Egyptians is their common
Father and they share equally his gifts. The women are treated with
more consideration than among the Pacific Indians, and men and
women play together in the sun, from morning 'til night.
They have a [[underline]]flute[[/underline]] made of reeds, which is of
great service in love making. A young buck will play all day long to his
sweet-heart, no words passing, save those conveyed by his flute.
During the greater part of the year, the heat being intense, they sleep
during the day, and sing and dance nearly all night. They are a large
race, many of the men standing "six feet and inches". Women
proportionately large, owing to their vegetable diet they
are generally healthy, have beautiful white teeth, remarkably regular and
well formed. They use no medicines, I believe, the only remedy for
disease being "kneading' the body or part affected. I have often seen
them 'punching' and men troding on the stomach and breast to expel
pain.
My Dear Sikles [[??]]
The above has been hastily thrown together, more in the form of notes
to be reduced to something like a memoir, by [[??__]] than as a
connected narrative. If it is of any service, use it, as you see fit.
G.M.
(Lieut. Sylvester Mowry, Third Artillery)
Fort Yuma Cal.
March 23rd, 1856(?)
P.S. Wirth tells me the [[Whip??]] disease is quite common and
scrofulous, not syphilitic, and that pneumonia is common in the winter
owing to the great change from extreme heat to sometime freezing cold.
9
The Yumas believe in a Good and Bad Spirit. The Good Spirit is always
going about doing good. The Bad Spirit is asleep in a mountain far up
the Colorado called Av-vee-co may.
When he is troubled in his sleep and moves slightly there is a little
earthquake. When he turns over, there is 'hell to play' and every thing
rocks. They believe the Good Spirits of the dead live in the River bottom
near their old haunts, perpetually happy, living on the largest kind of
pumpkin of perennial and spontaneous growth. The Bad Spirits of the
dead are driven out into the desert and labour eternally. Anything
belonging to the dead is esteemed bad, and burned. A lodge in which a
person dies is deserted, or burned. A murderer washes out his sin, by
repeated ablutions, and abstaining from meat and salt for one moon. A
woman after child birth abstains in the like manner. To some extent
they deify their dead chief, one especially who died long ago is spoken
of as being of great powers. Nothing could resist him, singularly enough
they describe his dress as exactly that of the Aztecs. He occupies a
mountain up the River. They believe in the Evil Eye. Last year
a boy, who had predicted the death of a chief, his prediction coming
true, was killed to save the life of a young girl whose death he had also
predicted. In the kneading process - I have spoken of above - to expel
pain, they also blow away - the Evil Spirit as it comes out.
They are extremely lascivious in conversation, thought, and action. A
crowd of girls from the age of four or five upwards are always talks of
"in-gen", i.e., (carnal intercourse). This is no exaggeration. On first
seeing the piston rod of the Steamboat here, they said it was 'in-gen-ing"
- vulgate ("frigging").
The men have names accordingly, one is called Lob-Cock, another BigCock. Another 'Cock with a blue head, another "Ah-hote-ah-in-gen", i.e.,
"Good F--k-r".
This is literally true, Sr., don't hold "your committee" responsible for the
"smut".
The Yumas are light coloured, some of them a bright olive with [[hard]]
of blue eyes.
The Yumas use red and black paint. The Squaws also use blue to paint
the eyelids. They mix the red paint with spittle. The paints are of high
value among the Indians. I have seen once or twice I think
[[underline]]plumbago[[/underline]] on the face, making it shine like a
kettle newly polished.
The Maricopas separated from the Yumas a long time since after a
quarrel about a Chief and the burial of the dead. They live on the Gila
River below the Pimos. Their first settlements are about 100 miles from
the mouth.
Fish
no 1. jchj-mo-we
No.1
Chimiguagua p.
Havasok Blue
Havds ok poi[??]
blue p[[??]]
Bear people
Yam-pa-pai
Yampai
[[MAP]]
[Writing on the side of the map] Apach-a-[[hot]] good people Yuman
name for the Pimas
Yuma from huma smoke, from them carrying fire brands in winter to
keep them warm
Rough Scale - 175 miles to the inch.
Map of the Indian Tribes in the neighborhood of Fort Yuma Cal.
Note the spelling is Spanish, as [[Hual]]. [[end page]]
Map of Colorado River
282 [[written and circled in red]]
[[back of map from previous page is visible]]
Archives of the Office of Anthropology
No. 1043 (pt.)
National Anthropological Archives
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