metabolism in photosynthetic organisms

Diversity and unifying concepts of
metal(loid) metabolism in
photosynthetic organisms
(X) Unpublished
confidential details removed from this website version of the talk (X)
modified from:
Hendrik Küpper, visit to Třeboň and České Budějovice in April 2013
Variability of metal contents from deficiency to toxicity (I):
A decisive factor for biodiversity
Plant communities in low metal habitats
Mount hood (Oregon, USA), From: commons.wikimedia.org
↑ Non-metalliferous alpine meadow
Alentejo, Portugal, From: commons.wikimedia.org
↑ Non-polluted site in the same region
Plant communities in high metal habitats
Slate Mountain serpentine barren (North Carolina
Carolina, USA)
USA),
From: US forest service
↑ Natural serpentine barren
Sao Domingos mine (Alentejo, Portugal),
From: commons.wikimedia.org
↑ Antropogenic (mining) polluted site
Variability of Metal contents from deficiency to toxicity – a
global problem for agriculture and human health
Cd pollution in Europe
Cd release by Europe into
the Northeast Atlantic incl.
North Sea
Global Zn deficiency
Cd map and trend from http://www.eea.europa.eu
(European Environment Agency)
Zn map From: Alloway BJ. 2001. Zinc the vital
micronutrient for healthy, high-value crops.
Brussels, Belgium: International Zinc Association.
green = moderate zinc deficiency; red = severe zinc deficiency
The basis of the relation between metal metabolism and
biodiversity: 1) variations of the dose-response principle
(X)
Cu
X
As
Examples (colour maps) show the growth response of Ceratophyllum demersum
Review (scheme): Küpper H, Kroneck PMH (2005) Metal ions Life Sci 2, 31-62 (modified)
As: Mishra S, Stärk H-J, Küpper H (2013) Submitted to Environmental Science & Technology;
(X): Küpper H, Stärk H-J, Mattusch J (2013) unpublished;
Cu: Thomas G, Stärk H-J, Wellenreuther G, Dickinson BC (2013) Submitted to Journal of Experimental Botany
Dose-Response for (XXX) in
Ceratophyllum demersum
(X)
 the growth data strongly suggest that in contrast to general
plants
belief ((x)) has an essential role as an ultra-micronutrient in p
(X)
(X)
(X)
Küpper H, Stärk H-J, Mattusch J (2013, unpublished data)
Effect of (x) deficiency on Ceratophyllum demersum
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
 (X) deficiency inhibits respiration,
respiration photosynthetic oxygen release and the regulation of nonnon
photochemical dissipation of absorbed light energy (NPQ)
Küpper H, Stärk H-J, Mattusch J (2013) unpublished data
Cr binding to proteins
 At deficient (x)
concentrations, (x) is found in
at least 2 soluble proteins and
1 membrane protein
 The function of these
proteins and their change
under (x) deficiency is a
subject of our current research
(X)
(X)
(X)
Küpper H, Stärk H-J, Mattusch J (2013)
unpublished
(X)
Iron – diversity of concentrations in the oceans
IIron concentrations
t ti
att the
th
surface (top picture) and in
1000m depth (bottom picture)
Source: www-paoc.mit.edu
Iron limitation in the
marine diazotrophic
cyanobacterium
Trichodesmium:
photosynthetic
components
remain active...
Küpper H, Šetlík I, Seibert S, Prášil O, Šetlikova E, Strittmatter M, Levitan O, Lohscheider J, Adamska I, Berman-Frank I (2008)
New Phytologist 179, 784-798
Iron limitation: rescue of photosynthetic components...
...by sacrificing nitrogenase
PsaC
new PE isoform
Küpper H, Šetlík I, Seibert S, Prášil O, Šetlikova E, Strittmatter M, Levitan O, Lohscheider J, Adamska I, Berman-Frank I (2008)
New Phytologist 179, 784-798
The basis of the relation
between metal metabolism and
biodiversity: (2) Trace metal
uptake characteristics of plants
14
Shoot dry w
weight (g)
12
 Hyperaccumulators actively enrich metals in
shoots and have an elevated requirement
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1000
2000
3000
Ni added to the substrate (mg kg-1)
Thlaspi goesingense
--1
Ni concen
ntration (µg g )
30000
4000
A. lesbiacum
Alyssum bertolonii
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Review: Küpper H, Kroneck PMH, 2005, Metal ions Life Sci 2, 31-62
0
1000
2000
3000
Ni added to the substrate (mg kg-1)
Ni data: Küpper H, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, Wieshammer G, McGrath SP (2001) J Exp Bot 52 (365), 2291-2300
4000
Heavy metal toxicity induced inhibition of photosynthesis
at nanomolar concentrations
-Ceratophyllum demersum plants treated
with natural or simulated lake water
containing only 3 nM Cd2+ and 300 nM Ni2+
already show inhibition
- inhibition by Ni+Cd combination treatment
much stronger than by the single metals 
synergistic
i ti effect!
ff t!
Starch accumulation
Photosystem 2 activity
Andresen E, Opitz J, Thomas G, Stärk H-J, Dienemann H, Jenemann K, Chang C, Küpper H (2013) submitted to New Phytologist
Metal deficiency & toxicity-induced damage
--> Uptake not sufficiently possible
--> Interference with nutrient uptake:
competitive or inhibitory
--> Malfunction of gene regulation
( e.g. Zn-fingers)
--> Genotoxicity
--> Lack of active centres leads to
direct inhibition of photosynthesis
--> Replacement of active centres
especially in photosynthesis
--> Oxidative stress as a result of a
malfunction of photosynthesis and
missing active centres in detoxifying
enzymes
--> Oxidative stress: direct and as a result of a
malfunction of photosynthesis
--> Inhibition of respiration and other relatively
insensitive processes e.g. by binding to
thi l groups off enzymes
thiol
Reviews: Küpper H,
H Kroneck PMH (2005) Metal Ions Biol Syst 44
44, ch5
ch5, 97
97-142
142
Küpper H, Kroneck PMH (2007) Metal Ions Life Sci 2, 31-62
Küpper H, Leitenmaier B (2013) Metal Ions Life Sci 11, ch12, 373-394
Andresen E, Küpper H (2013) Metal Ions Life Sci 11, ch13, 395-414
Metal(loid)-dependent differences in sequences of events
Copper
pp toxicity
y
at high irradiance
>10nM Cu: Damage to the
PSII reaction centre
 decreased photochemical
quantum yield (Fv/Fm)
• Up-regulation of the
dissipation
p
of excitons as
heat (NPQ)
• Electron transport (ΦPSII)
inhibited in addition to
PSIIRC d
damage
Decrease of Chl during death
of cells
Arsenic toxicityy
>0.5µM As: decrease in
photosynthetic pigments
 decreased light
harvesting
> 1µM As: decreased
exciton transfer from the
antenna to the RC
 up-regulation of thermal
exciton
it dissipation
di i ti (NPQ)
>2µM As: Electron
transport (ΦPSII) inhibited
>5µM As: NPQ inhibition
Malfunctioning of
photosynthesis leads to
generation of ROS in
addition to increased
inhibitions
As: Mishra S, Stärk H-J, Küpper H (2013) Submitted to Environmental Science & Technology
Cu: Thomas G, Stärk H-J, Wellenreuther G, Dickinson BC (2013) Submitted to Journal of Experimental Botany
Cd-stress in the Zn-/Cd-hyperaccumulator T. caerulescens:
Spectral changes of PSII activity parameters
Küpper H, Aravind P, Leitenmaier B, Trtilek M, Šetlík I (2007) New Phytol175, 655-74
Why are heavy metal chlorophylls unsuitable for
photosynthesis?
• shift
hift off absorbance/fluorescence
b b
/fl
bands
b d -->
> lless energy ttransfer
f
• unstable singlet excited state --> “black holes“ for excitons
proteins denature
• different structure --> p
• do not readily perform charge separation when in reaction centre.
lifetim
me of singlet o
oxygen
/ % of Mg-Chl a
effficiency of sin
nglet oxygen production
/ % of Mg-Chl a
lifetime of Ch
hl triplet excitted state
/ % of Mg-Chl a
Different central ions cause differences in excitation energy
transfer between chlorophyll
p y derivatives and singlet
g oxygen
yg
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
140
120
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Chl a derivatives
2+
Mg
100
80
60
40
20
0
Chl a derivatives
2+
Mg
+
H (=pheophytin)
Chl b derivatives
2+
Cu
2+
Zn
+
H (=pheophytin)
Chl b derivatives
2+
Cu
2+
Zn
--> Hms-Chls
H
Chl h
have llower or equall
quantum yields of singlet oxygen (1O2)
production, but always lower yields of 1O2
quenching compared to Mg
Mg-Chl.
Chl Phe has
the most efficient 1O2 production and least
efficient quenching.
-->
> Hms-Chl
Hms Chl formation may indirectly
lead to oxidative stress.
Küpper H, Dedic R, Svoboda A, Hála J, Kroneck PMH (2002) Biochim Biophys Act 1572, 107-113
Irradiance-dependant physiological diversity:
differences in the mechanism of heavy metal toxicity
Shade Reaction
Formation of metallochlorophylls
(i.e.
(i e with centre other than Mg2+) in
antenna (LHC II)
Metallochlorophylls are
unsuitable for photosynthesis!
Sun reaction
Direct damage to the PS II core
Küpper H, Küpper F, Spiller M (1998) Photosynthesis Research 58, 125-33
Characteristics of Sun- vs. Shade-reaction
100
shade reaction
sun reaction
80
60
40
20
0
Fm :
Fv / Fm :
% off control
t l
% off control
t l
GPOR:
% of control
Mg-subst.:
% of control
x10
Küpper H, Šetlík I, Spiller M, Küpper FC, Prášil O (2002) Journal of Phycology 38(3), 429-441
Heavy-metal induced damage:
physiological diversity between phyla of algae
Brown alga
Ectocarpus siliculosus:
Chl a/c-LHC always accessible to
Mg-substitution
--> always shade reaction
Red alga
Antithamnion plumula:
p
LHCII analogs do not exist,
Phycobilisomes contain no Chl
--> always sun reaction
Küpper H, Šetlík I, Spiller M, Küpper FC, Prášil O (2002) Journal of Phycology 38(3), 429-441
Induced physiological diversity as a tool –
Comparison of superoxide production during
Cr- and Cu-stress in white and green cells of Euglena gracilis
 Photosynthesis is
much more sensitive,
respiration changes
later as a secondary
effect
ff t
 Increase in superoxide production under heavy metal stress is mainly
caused by malfunctioning photosynthesis!
Rocchetta I, Küpper H (2009) New Phytologist 182, 405-420
Physiological diversity on the tissue level:
General pattern of heavy metal detoxification by
compartmentation as observed in most hyperaccumulators
epidermis
Generally:
• Sequestration in least sensitive
tissues, e.g. the epidermis instead
of the photosynthetically active
mesophyll, serves as defence
vacuole
mesophyll
upper
lower
• Sequestration in the vacuole:
plant-specific mechanism
(animals+bacteria usually don‘t
have such storage vacuoles...)
• Active transport processes against
the concentration gradient
 transport proteins involved.
10µM Cd
Cd healthy
no Cd
Cd insect attack
EDX: Zn K α line scan and dot
map off a T.
T caerulescens
l
l f
leaf
EDX: Ni K α line scan and dot
map off a A.
A bertolonii
b t l ii leaf
l f
Zn: Küpper H, Zhao F, McGrath SP (1999) Plant Physiol 119, 305-11, Ni: Küpper H, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, Wieshammer G, McGrath SP
(2001) J Exp Bot 52 (365), 2291-2300; defence: Küpper H, Kroneck PMH (2005) MIBS 44 (Sigel et al., eds), chapter 5
Heavy metal detoxification by compartmentation:
variations of the pattern as revealed by EDX
species-specific in Arabidopsis halleri
trichome
leaf crossection
zinc distribution: 2D map (left), line scan (right)
Accumulation
A
l i off Z
Zn
mainly in the mesophyll
instead of the
epidermis,
but highest
concentrations (up to
1M) in epidermal
ti h
trichomes
( defence)
d f
)
Küpper H, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, McGrath SP (2000) Planta 212, 75-84
metal-specific for Al in Camellia sinensis (tea)
Accumulation of Al in
the cell walls instead
of the vacuoles, but
again in the epidermis
( defence?)
epidermis of leaf crossection: electronoptic image (left), Al distribution (right)
Carr HP, Lombi E, Küpper H, McGrath SP, Wong MH (2003) Agronomie 23, 705-10
Speciation of hyperaccumulated metals revealed by EXAFS:
Cd in the Cd/Zn-hyperaccumulator T. caerulescens
and
d Cu
C in
i the
h Cu-hyperaccumulator
C h
l
C h
C.
helmsii
l ii
Invasive species in Europe
(neophyte from Australia)!
Hyperaccumulated metals are stored in weakly bound form
form, ii.e.
e ideal for defence
Cd: Küpper H, Mijovilovich A, Meyer-Klaucke W, Kroneck PMH (2004) Plant Physiology 134 (2), 748-757
Cu: Küpper H, Mijovilovich A, Götz B, Küpper FC, Wolfram Meyer-Klaucke W (2009) Plant Physiol. 151, 702-14
Differences in ligands between hyperaccumulated and nonaccumulated metals: zinc, cadmium and copper
i the
in
h Cu-sensitive
C
i i Cd/Zn-hyperaccumulator
Cd/Z h
l
T caerulescens
T.
l
zinc
cadmium
sensitive
resistant
mature leaves
Non-hyperaccumulated metals in hyperaccumulator plants are stored in strongly bound form
Cd: Küpper H, Mijovilovich A, Meyer-Klaucke W, Kroneck PMH (2004) Plant Physiology 134 (2), 748-757
Cu: Mijovilovich A, Leitenmaier B, Meyer-Klaucke W, Kroneck PMH, Götz B, Küpper H (2009) Plant Physiology 151, 715-731
Cu toxicity - physiological
diversity of stress and
detoxification in one
population
 Copper resistant individuals among the
otherwise Cu-sensitive Cd/Zn
hyperaccumulator T. caerulescens have
different Cu-response
p
of p
photosynthesis
y
Mijovilovich A, Leitenmaier B, Meyer-Klaucke W, Kroneck
PMH, Götz B, Küpper H (2009) Plant Physiol 151, 715-731
Fe(III)-Nicotianamine, structure from
vonWiren et al. (1999) PlantPhysiol 119
Speciation of copper
Cu(II)-oxalate structure from Michalowicz et al. (1979) Inorg Chem 18, 3004-310
in the Cu-sensitive CdZn-hyperaccumulator
yp
T. caerulescens
Analysed by XAS of frozen-hydrated tissues
Cu-oxalate (moolooite)
Cu(I)-metallothioneins & phytochelatins
O
S
Cu
+
C
Cu
O
Cu(II)-Nicotianamine
Cu(I)-MT EXAFS from
Sayers
et
al. (1993) Eur J Biochem 212,
Cu(II)-aquo and Cu(II)-malate
521-528
Cd: Küpper H, Mijovilovich A, Meyer-Klaucke W, Kroneck PMH (2003) Plant Physiology 134 (2), 748-757
Cu: Mijovilovich A, Leitenmaier B, Meyer-Klaucke W, Kroneck PMH, Götz B, Küpper H (2009) Plant Physiology 151, 715-731
Differences between species and on a cellular level:
distribution of photosystem II activity parameters during
Cd toxicity in the Zn/Cd-hyperaccumulator T. caerulescens
Thlaspi
caerulescens
T. caerulescens
Stre
essed
Acclimatting
Acclimated
Distribution of Fv/Fm in a plant
stressed with Cd2+
Control
20
10
0
20
Cellular Fv/Fm distribution in a
control plant
20
C
10
0
20
10
0
20
D
A
B
Stre
essed
Control
30
T. fendleri: Cd-sensitive
T. fendlerinon-accumulator
10
0
E
10
0
20
Stress was applied as 10µM
Cd2+ in the nutrient solution
that was continuously
exchanged for 6 months
F
10
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Fv / Fm
0.8
1.0
Küpper H, Aravind P, Leitenmaier B, Trtilek M, Šetlík I (2007) New Phytologist 175, 655-674
Proposed mechanism of emergency defence
against heavy metal stress
Normal:
Sequestration in epidermal
storage cells
Stressed:
additional sequestration in
selected mesophyll cells
Acclimated:
Enhanced sequestration in
epidermal storage cells
Küpper H, Aravind P, Leitenmaier B, Trtilek M, Šetlík I (2007) New Phytologist 175, 655-674
Physiological diversity on the cellular and subcellular level
Cd-transport into protoplasts isolated from the
h
hyperaccumulator
l
plant
l
Thl
Thlaspi
i caerulescens
l
In almost all measured cells, a bright
cytoplasmatic
l
i ring
i appeared
d fifirst after
f
adding Cd to the medium.
A cell that was incubated with Cd over
i ht is
i completely
l t l fill
filled
d with
ith Cd
Cd, which
hi h
night
means that the transport into the
vacuole took place
The transport into the vacuole is the time-limiting step in metal uptake!
Leitenmaier B, Küpper H (2011) Plant Cell & Environment 34, 208-219
Cd-transport into protoplasts isolated from the
hyperaccumulator plant Thlaspi caerulescens...(II)
higher uptake rates in large metal
storage cells compared to other cells are
caused by higher transporter expression,
NOT by differences in cell walls or
transpiration stream
Leitenmaier B, Küpper H (2011) Plant Cell & Environment 34, 208-219
Mechanisms of Metal transport proteins
∆G= nIonen * R * T * ln (cinside / coutside) + 3F (φoutside-φinside)
(R = gas constant, T = temperature, F = Faraday constant, φ = electrochemical potential)
Mechanisms of metal uptake in plants:
Root uptake and intracellular distribution in plants
example:
l iron
i
and
d zinc
i transport
t
t in
i Brassicaceae
B
i
root uptake
intracellular
distribution
From: Colangelo EP,
EP Guerinot ML
ML, 2006,
2006 CurrOpinPlantBiol9:322
CurrOpinPlantBiol9:322-330
330
Different transport steps require different transports
 Root import
 Root-to-shoot
Root to shoot translocation: Xylem
Xylem, shoot
shoot-to-root
to root translocation: phloem
 Vein unloading
 Intracellular distribution into and out of target organelles
Regulation of ZNT1 transcription analysed by quantitative
mRNA in situ hybridisation (QISH)
in a non-hyperaccumulating and a hyperaccumulating Thlaspi species
2+
10 µM Zn Thlaspi caerulescens
2+
10 µM Zn Thlaspi arvense
2+
1 µM Zn Thlaspi arvense
c(Z
ZNT1 mRNA) / c(18s rRNA
A)
0.5
04
0.4
0.3
0.2
QISH
0.1
Expression
E
i off ZNT1
in non-accumulator
less than in
hyperaccumulator
hyperaccumulator,
and mostly in
response to Zndeficiency
spo
ngy
me
sop
hyl
l
phl
oem
bun
dle
pal
she
epi
isa
ath
der
d
em
ma
eso
lm
eta
ph
epi
yll
l st
der
ora
ma
ge
l su
cel
ls
bsi
dia
epi
ry
der
cel
ma
ls
l gu
ard
cel
ls
0.0
Küpper H, Seib LO, Sivaguru M, Hoekenga OA, Kochian LV (2007)
The Plant Journal 50(1), 159-187
Different expression patterns of closely related Zn-specific
ZIP transporters as revealed by Quantitative mRNA In Situ Hybridisation
Expression of ZNT1 mainly in metabolically
active cells, not metal storage cells
10 µM Zn2+
5000 µM Zn2+
Küpper H, Seib LO, Sivaguru M, Hoekenga OA, Kochian LV,
2007 The Plant Journal 50(1), 159-187
Expression of ZNT5 mainly in metal
storage cells
 judged by its expression pattern in
th epidermis
the
id
i th
thatt matches
t h kknown
accumulation patterns for Zn and Ni,
ZNT5 may be a key player in
hyperaccumulation of Zn
Küpper H, Kochian LV (2010) New Phytologist
185, 114-129
Regulation of ZNT5 transcription in young vs. mature leaves
of Thlaspi carulescens (Ganges ecotype) analysed by QISH
 ZNT5 seems to be involved both in unloading Zn from the veins and in
sequestering
i iit iinto epidermal
id
l storage cells,
ll mostly
l iin young lleaves
Küpper H, Kochian LV (2010) New Phytologist 185, 114-29
Purification and characterisation of the Zn/Cd
transporting P1B type ATPase from the Zn/Cd
hyperaccumulator T. caerulescens
Scheme from: Solioz M, Vulpe C 1996)
TIBS21_237-41
 TcHMA4 protein is smaller
than predicted by cDNA  posttranslational processing
 Maximal pumping activity of
TcHMA4 at similar
concentrations as e
e.g.
g ATP7b
from humans
 At higher, but still
physiological concentrations:
inactivation and/or change of
pumping
p
p g direction
Leitenmaier B, Witt A, Witzke A, Stemke A, Meyer-Klaucke W, Kroneck PMH, Küpper H (2011) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
(Biomembranes) 1808, 2591-2599
Metal-dependent
differences in energetics
of TcHMA4
Activation energy
gy changes
g with the
concentration and type of the metal to be
pumped.
 Activation energies for TcHMA4
(CPx = P1B ATPase) are similar to other
metal ATPases.
Leitenmaier B, Witt A, Witzke A, Stemke A, MeyerKlaucke W, Kroneck PMH, Küpper H (2011)
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (Biomembranes) 1808,
2591-2599
EXAFS-analysis
of TcHMA4
 at low Cd
concentrations, the first
ligand shell in this
ATPase consists mainly
of S ((thiol g
groups
p from
some of the 58
cysteines in the
sequence)
Barbara Leitenmaier, Annelie Witt,
Annabell Witzke, Anastasia Stemke,
Wolfram Meyer-Klaucke ,
Peter M.H. Kroneck, Hendrik Küpper
(2011) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
(Biomembranes) – 1808, 2591-2599
 First ligand shell mainly sulfur
Summary
Low trace metal content in soil
uptake
High trace metal content in soil
excluder
indicator
hyperacc.
excluder
indicator
hyperacc.
low
medium
medium-high
medium
high
medium
high
very high
requirement
medium
high
effect
deficiency
no stress
costs
high
gro th
growth
lo
low
medium
no stress
low
deficiency &
pathogen
attack
high
very
er high
very
er low
lo
medi m
medium
Non-metalliferous alpine meadow
Mount hood (Oregon, USA), From:
commons.wikimedia.org
high
toxicity
no stress
high
very
er low
lo
medi m
medium
Natural serpentine barren
Slate Mountain serpentine barren (North Carolina, USA),
From: US
S forest
f
service
Reviews:
Küpper H, Kroneck PMH (2005) Metal Ions Biol Syst 44, ch5, 97-142; Küpper H, Kroneck PMH (2007) Metal Ions Life Sci 2, 31-62;
Küpper H, Leitenmaier B (2013) Metal Ions Life Sci 11, ch12, 373-394; Andresen E, Küpper H (2013) Metal Ions Life Sci 11, ch13, 395-414
Use of Hyperaccumulators for cleaning up soils:
Phytoremediation
Due to the high bioaccumulation
coefficient of hyperaccumulators in
contrast to non-hyperaccumulator highbiomass plants, metals are
concentrated in a small amount of
biomass. Therefore, after burning of the
plant the waste consumes far less
space than before, or the metal can
even be recycled.
Plant species
Arabidopsis halleri
Thlaspi caerulescens (Prayon)
Thlaspi caerulescens (S. France)
Dichapetalum gelonoides
Athyrium yokosense
Arenaria patula
Sedum alfredii
Willow or poplar
Upland Rice
Max
Max. Cd
mg/kg DW
100
250
2500
2.1
165
238
180
2.5
40.
Biomass
t DW/ha
2
5
5
5
2
2
5
20
10
Cd
Cd-removal
removal
g/(ha*year)
200
1250
12500
10
330
476
900
50
400
Data from field experiments of Rufus Chaney (USA), presented on a conference in Hangzhou 2005
Cd and Zn Phytoremediation with Thlaspi caerulescens (Ganges)
Robinson BH_et al et
Brooks RR (1998) Plant &
Soil 203, 47-56
Zhao FJ, Lombi E,
McGrath SP(2003)
Plant&Soil 249: 37-43
 While Cd phytoremediation is efficient with Thlaspi caerulescens, Zn
phytoremediation is inefficient due to lower bioaccumulation coefficient and high soil Zn
Application of hyperaccumulators for phytomining
Vegetation on naturally nickel-rich soil
(Serpentine). Such soil is neither
usable for agriculture (Ni-concentration
far too high)
g ) nor for conventional ore
mining (Ni-concentration too low).
Nickel-hyperaccumulators on such
soils enrich the Ni to several percent
p
of their shoot dry mass. After burning
them, the ash contains 10 to 50% Ni,
so that it can be used as a „bio-ore“.
Phytomining pictures from R. Chaney
Such a plant mine can, according to field
studies under commercial conditions,
yield around 170 kg Ni per hectare and
year. At the current (average Jan-July
2012) Ni price off around 1
14 € per kg raw
nickel these are about 2400 € per
hectare and year.
One mining company currently employing phytomining
http://nickel.vale.com/development/reports/ehs/2002/performance
p
p
p
p
_p
profiles/phytomining/Default.asp
p y
g
p
 Use of Alyssum species for phytomining soils in Indonesia
...And another one that tested phytomining, but did a bad job
 Hyperaccumulators as invasive species!
http://www.co.josephine.or.us/Files/AlyssumStory.pdf
•In the late 1990’s Alyssum was introduced to the Illinois Valley at an experimental site
by USDA, OSU and Viridian LLC
•2002 Viridian Resources LLC planted 9 sites near O’Brien, OR
•2005 Alyssum found growing wild and far from planted sites
•2009 Alyssum
y
murale and A. corsicum petitioned
p
for listing,
g, then listed,, as a noxious
weed in OR
•2009 -2010 Large scale control efforts begin, including planted sites abandoned by
Viridian Resources
red: planted sites
(2002)
yellow: escaped
sites (2010)
Current and former lab members & Collaborators
who contribute(d) to our work on metal metabolism
Work on heavy metal induced stress
Barbara Leitenmaier, Seema Mishra, Elisa Andresen, George Thomas, Iara Rocchetta,
Judith Opitz, Birgit Götz, Julie Zedler, Sophie Kroenlein
Ivan Šetlík,
Š
Frithjof Küpper, Martin Spiller, Ondrej Prašil, Eva Šetliková,
Š
Naila Ferimazova,
Roman Dědic, Antonín Svoboda, Jan Hála, Holger Dienemann, Chris Chang
Work on metal(loid) uptake and compartmentation
Barbara Leitenmaier, Hongyun Peng, Qiyan Wang-Müller, Seema Mishra,
Enzo Lombi, Fang-Jie Zhao, Steve P. McGrath, Hans-Joachim Stärk, Jürgen Mattusch,
Gerd Wellenreuther, François Malaisse
Work on biochemistry and biophysics of metal transport and storage proteins
Barbara Leitenmaier, Aravind Parameswaran, Annelie Witt, Seema Mishra, Annabel Witzke,
Anastasia Stemke, Mingjie
gj Yangg
Peter Kroneck, Eva Freisinger, Wolfram Meyer-Klaucke, Wolfram Welte
Work on metal(loid) ligands
Barbara Leitenmaier, Seema Mishra, Elisa Andresen, George Thomas, Birgit Götz
Ana Mijovilovich, Wolfram Meyer-Klaucke, Peter Kroneck, Jürgen Mattusch, Gerd Wellenreuther,
Stephan Clemens
Work on QISH and metal transporter gene regulation
Seema Mishra, Leon V. Kochian, Laura Seib, Mayandi Sivaguru
Grant and fellowship agencies
who contributed money
y to this research
All slides of my lectures can be downloaded
from my workgroup homepage
www.uni-konstanz.de  Department of Biology  Workgroups  Küpper lab,
or directly
y
http://www.uni-konstanz.de/FuF/Bio/kuepper/Homepage/AG_Kuepper_Homepage.html