gurukul shodh srijan - Gurukul Mahila Mahavidyalaya

Transcription

ISSN-2349-9702
GURUKUL SHODH SRIJAN
A Yearly Multidisciplinary Research Journal
G
S
S
Research
Journal
VOLUME 03 | ISSUE 03 | YEAR 2016
Published by Gurukul Mahila Mahavidhyalaya
1
Gurukul Shodh Srijan
(lSSN-2349-9702)
(GSS)
ISSN – 2349-9702
VOLUME 03, ISSUE 03, YEAR 2016
ADMINISTRATIVE, EDITORIAL ADVERTISING AND SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE
Gurukul Mahila Mahavidhyalaya
Kalibadi Road, Raipur (C.G.)
Ph. No. 0771- 4053443,
E-mail: gurukulshodhsrijan@gmail.com
1
(lSSN-2349-9702)
The members of editorial Board
Mrs. Sandhya Gupta
Parton
Principal, Gurukul Mahila
Mahavidhyalaya, Raipur
Rajesh Agrawal
Editor - in - chief
Head of Commerce
Dept., Gurukul Mahila
Mahavidhyalaya, Raipur
Mrs. Kavita Sharma
Editor
Govt Arts & Commerce
Girls College Raipur
Associated Editor's
Miss. Megha Agrawal
Dept. of Science
Mrs. Jyotsana Agrawal
Head of Dept. Dept. of History
Govt. Himidiy arts & Commerce
College Bhopal
Miss Raziya Sultana
Dept. of Science
Mrs. Madhu Kamra Dept. of English
Durga Mahavidhyalaya Raipur (C.G.)
Mr. Sanjay Sao
Dept. of Physics
Mrs. Sandhya Verma Principal Devendra
Nagar Girl's College Raipur
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ISSN – 2349-9702
VOLUME 03, ISSUE 03, YEAR 2016
Index
CORRESPONDING
AUTHOR
PARTICULAR
PAGE
1.
A Brief Study on Family Budget Preparation
Habit
1-3
2.
Traces of Feminish in Vedic Age
4-6
3.
"A Switch Over Mobile Banking From Online Banking": 7-12
A Paradigm on Change Management Leading
Towards Value Creation in the Current Scenario
4.
Eternal Ganesha: Gita Mehta's Focus on the
Versatility of Multifaceted Indian Culture and
Religion
13-17
5.
Antifungal activity of Plant extract of Neem
Against Biodeterioration Causing
18-19
6.
Java File Security System Using Rijndael
Algorithm
20-25
7.
Nutritional Aspects of Medicinally Important
Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.)
Seeds.
26-30
8.
- Shailja Sachan 31-39
Investment Preferences & Risk Bearing
Capacity of Salaried Persons
Jagannath Saha
Shruti Jha
Garima Saha
Smriti Agrawal
Motilal Sahu
Ambarish Kumar Patel
Sweta Gaikwad
Sadhna Bagchi
9. Role of Judiciary; Concern with Article 370.
40-42
Bhoopendra Karwande
10. Out Door Study of Fungal Diversity at
Ratanpur Fort.
Kiran Pandey
43-44
Ashok Kumar Jha
11. A Study on Customer Awareness Towards
Pradhan Mantri Jandhan Yojna ITH Special
Reference to Raipur City
45-49
12. The Quest for Identity in Arthur Miller's
"The Crucible"
50-58
13.
lQsn iks'k vijk/k ,oa ubZ pqukSfr;ka
59-63
14.
tyok;q ifjorZu dkj.k ,oa çHkko
64-67
15.
egkdfo Hkkl ds ukVdksa esa jlkfHkO;fDr vkSj Hkko
O;´~tuk
68-70
16.
NÙkhlx<+ okD; & lajpukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k
71-75
17.
NÙkhlx<+ esa lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh dk
fØ;kUo;u
76-78
18.
Hkkjr esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k & ,d v/;;u
79-81
19.
orZeku f'k{kk ç.kkyh ,d ifjçs{;
82-84
20.
vkfFkZd lesdu o dkS'ky fodkl
85-88
21.
lkekftd vuqla/kku esa lwpuk ds lzksr
89-90
22.
lekIr gks vk;dj
91-93
S.K. Kahar
e;wj f'k[kk vxzoky
e;wj f'k[kk vxzoky
dknEcjh 'kekZ
fxjtk 'kadj xkSre
Jherh lquhrk nqcs
e/kq vxzoky
okWbZ-ds- flag
Ogh-ds-oklfud
eukst dqekj 'kekZ
fot; dkS'ky
(lSSN-2349-9702)
A BRIEF STUDY ON FAMILY
BUDGET PREPARATION HABIT
Jagannath Saha,
Assistant Professor
Vivekanand Mahavidyalaya
K.K. Road Moudhapara, Raipur (C.G.)
ISSN-2349-9702
A Yearly Multidisciplinary
Research Journal
Original Article
gurukulshodhsrijan@gmail.com
Corresponding Author:
Jagannath Saha
Assistant Professor
K.K. Road Moudhapara, Raipur
(C.G.) India
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
27.05.2016
05.06.2016
10.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
The term Budget has originated from the French word
„budget‟ which means a „leather bag‟ or „simply bag.‟ In 1733
the British Finance minister Sir Robert Walpol was mocked of
when the took out his budget related papers from a „leather bag‟
in parliament. Few days later, a book called the „The Budget
Open‟ was published which again mocked at the finance minister
Robert Walpol. From that time onwards the term „Budget‟
become popular and was used for all estimated income –
expenditure details of the Government. Gradually the term
spread all over the common wealth nations.
INTRODUCTION:
Government of India, (Finance Ministry) annually estimates
its income and expenditure to run the country. Budget of
Government gives an estimate of income of the government from
different sources and the expected expenditure on different areas.
State and local governments also prepare budget for the
estimation of income and distribution of expenditure.
Family budget is prepared by the head or deputy head of the
family keeping in view their income and expenditure. The
economic condition is more balanced of those families who
prepares budget and controls their expenditure.
Objectives of the study1. To know family budget preparation habit of different income
groups of family.
2. To know the number of families properly control their
expenses according to their budget.
3. To know some beneficial methods to control family expenses
by preparing budgetResearch Methodology40 families of Raipur were selected randomly for the of
present study. These 40 families comprise 10-10 families each
from high income class, high middle income class, lower middle
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income class and low income class.
Percentage and graphs have been use for
analysis.
To collect the data for this study
interviews of the head or the subhead of the
families were taken directly or through cell
phone. Since the sample size is limited and
data had to be secret, these tools were used.
Analysis
For the study, data were collected from
the family heads or subheads of the 40
families. After analysis of their answers, of
interviews following facts were found.
1. It is found that 9 out of 10 families of high
income group donot prepare family budget
regularly. The low income group donot
prepare family budget whereas, in high
middle income group and lower middle
income group, 40% and 50% of families
respectively prepare their budget regularly.
2. When the families those who do not
prepare budget were asked about not trying
to make budget, 40% of these families
prepared budget for few months but were
unable to continue this practice whereas
60% of the families didn‟t make budget but
in specified conditions they prepared oral
budget or prepared list of the lump sum
expenses.
3. It is found by the analyzing the answers of
the interviewers that among the budget
preparing group, 70% of families donot
prepare it regularly or properly. These
families just keep an account of their daily
expenses. Budget is not just accounting the
expenses of the house. By the family
budget it is estimated that how much will
be the earning in a specific period? (if
income is not fixed) and what will be the
expenses in different heads? How much
has to be kept as contingency fund? How
much money from the income whould be
saved? etc. After interval of days it should
be reviewed that the expenses are
according to the budget or not. If actual
expenses is near about the estimated
expenses then there is no needs of detail
analysis. If the deviation is significant then
detail analysis is needed and has to be
followed from time to time. It requires to
be analyzed whether the actual expenses
tally
with
the
estimated
budget
continuously / regularly.
4. According to interview it was revealed that
60% of the families who make budgets
donot properly follow it. But some families
not only prepare budget but also follow it
properly i.e. do the budget controlling
properly. Some of the methods are as
follows by them:Budget Control by Monthly Income
High income family class deposits a fixed
amount in post office or other monthly
income plan for different head of expenses.
The interest obtained from these deposit is
spent on allotted heads of expenses. If the
interest amount is not sufficient for any
specific head of expenses then for the related
expenses extra amount is deposited post
office on other monthly income plan. In this
way the accounting of larger expenses takes
place automatically. The other expenses are
paid from the regular income. This method is
possible only it sufficient certain amount is
available for investment.
Budget Control by Modern Banking
Facility
This method is adopted by a high
income class families where, banking
facility is available near their residence
and mobile banking is also availed. They
have a separate account for the payment
of their expenses in which time to time a
major part of their income is deposited.
Most of the payment is made by cheque,
due to which the accounting of the lump
sum expenses takes place automatically
and at the end of every month by taking
out the bank statement the review is made
and budget for the next month is
prepared. By this method the cash
balance can also be known by internet
and mobile Banking facility. This method
is appropriate for those families which
have mobile & internet banking facility
or a bank nearby their residence.
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future income, the forthcoming amount of
budget of various heads of expenses are
increased or decreased. By this method there
is regular control over everyday expenses by
analysis of
ConclusionFrom the above facts and analysis of data
following conclusion are drawn1. Most of upper and low income families
group don‟t prepare budget. The family
budget preparation habit is almost nil.
2. Those families who donot prepare budget
agree with the fact that by the preparation
of formal budget they can get control over
their expenditure to the some extent.
3. Most of the families do not prepare budget
and apply it but they just maintain the
account of their expenditure only. They do
not review over their actual expenditure.
4. Few families have a controlled system over
them budget which have been mentioned
on this research paper. This can be applied
by other families as per their convenience
5. Family budget preparation habit is mainly
found in low middle income group.
6. Various budget control methods of family
budget are observed like monthly. Income
Deposits method, Availing modern
Banking Facilities method, Democratic
method, preparing different envelopes
method, Daily Allowance method etc.
Reference:
Budget Control by Democratic method
The interviewer found that this method is
adopted by the low- meddle income class
families. In this method all the family
members are participated for payment of any
expense and budget. In this method the major
family members know the detail sources of
income and heads of expenses. The
responsibilities of collection of income and
payment of different expenses are given to
different members of the family. By this the
member renders better services at low cost. In
abnormal conditions all the major family
members discuss the situation and the take
decision. In this way democratic method is
used for budget application.
Budget Control by envelope method
This method is adopted by the low middle
income class families. In this method family
makes budget and for different heads of
expenses the allotted amount is kept in
different envelopes. The details of allotted
amount and the payment amount are written
on the envelope. If the allotted amount is less
for any special item then the money of
contingency fund is used. If less money is
used on any head of expense from the
allotted amount then excess amt is kept
in contingency fund envelope and a brief
information is mentioned on both the
envelopes and this is used for preparing
fort coming budget. In this method the
accounting is more therefore requires time
and labour both.
Budget Control by Daily Allowance
In the interview a simpler method has
been observed in which after deciding the
major expenditure (which are of permanent
nature) for everyday expenses, an amount is
allotted for expenses and expenses are tried to
be paid by it. If the allotted amount is found
to be excess or less then according to their
1. A.B.C. of budget, Dainik Bhaskar, Raipur,
February 25, 2015 Page 16.
2. Gripth Anuj- Kendriya budget, Shandmukham
se Chidambaram Katak Navbharat Raipur,
February 2009, Page 25
3. Agrawal A.N.A. (2006) Swatantra Bharat ke
Vit Mantri va unke dwara pesh budget ki
mukhya baatein.
4. Aap dekho, kaise ghar chalana hai? Navbharat,
Raipur November 3, 2011
5. Business Bhaskar October 19 and 20, 2011.
***
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TRACES OF FEMINISH IN VEDIC AGE
Shruti Jha
Principal
Pragati College, Choubey Colony
Raipur (Chhattisgarh)
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
ABSTRACT:
Feminish is not a western word this word show that men
and women should have equal rights and oppertunities in past
age. We have somany examples like Jhasiki Rani Durgawati the
name is legend of the day. We know so many stories of them in
vedic puran and shastra. We read about many powerful godess
like Durga, Kali they are symbol of power and invention. So
many stories we learn by the puran like savitri who fight with
yamaraja and take away her husband and love togather for life
time, that is why we have to realized our power and focus (light
up) our life.
INTRODUCTION:
Feminism is not only a Western World Experience, but it
was prevalent in India from the time existence came into being.
It is mentioned in the Vedic Literature:
Shruti Jha
Principal
Pragati College,
Choubey Colony
Raipur (Chhattisgarh) India
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
28.05.2016
05.06.2016
10.06.2016
Shakti is Mahadevi
Mahadeva is holding Shakti
Their union has resulted in
The manifestation of the animate
And the inanimate world.
Shiva and Devi are identical
And as inseparable as moonlight
Is from moon.
(Katakwar 5).
Man and Women have been created together, they form the
basis of human existence. An analysis of the woman‟s status
during the Vedic period reveals that they enjoyed a position of
equality with man in all spheres. They were given equal
opportunities for education. The goddess of learning is
Saraswati. Women were eligible for Upanayana, a ritual after
which boys are considered eligible for getting married, and
Brahmacharya means to remain unmarried forever. According
to Sarvanaukramanika there were more than twenty women
seers or Brahamvatinis who composed the hymns of Rig Veda.
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not eligible to participate in Vedic sacrifices.
Remarriage of widows was allowed and there
also prevailed the custom of „Nityoga‟
according to which a wife could seek extra
marital sex for conceiving a child, in case the
husband was incapable of giving her one or
had died without giving her one (the
conceptions of Dhristrashtra and Pandu, as
described in the Mahabhararata). Women
were free to choose their husband and
„Gandharva Vivaah‟ a custom in which
marriage could take place in front of God,
without the intervention of others, only with
the consent of both the partners, was
common. The freedom of women in the Vedic
Age is evident from the account of the
popular festival called „Samanas‟ where men
and women met and mixed freely. The Vedas
think of the wife not only as a joint ruler but
also as a queen exercising her sovereignty
overall the members of the household,
including her husband‟s parents. “The wife,
verily is the home” says the Veda (Majumdar
52). Her intellectual personality is recognized
and she is invited soon after her marriage to
“Address the Vidatha, the Religious Assembly”
(Chakravarti 71). The Mahanirvana Tantra
says‟ “A girl should be brought up and
educated with great effort and care” (French
26). This shows that even a long after the
Vedic Age, the society in India insisted for
the freedom of the women. The Vedic Age
however remains an exception in giving
equality to women.
In an article published at Manushi, „Lady
sing the Blues where Women Retell the
Ramayan‟ Nabneeta Dev Sen has depicted the
story of Sita from Women‟s point of view.
After reading the text of Chadrabati in 1989,
she discovered that a woman‟s Ramayana
tells a different story. Chadrabati and Molla
are the very first recognized women to retell
the Ramayana n their regional language.
There are always alternative ways of using a
myth. If patriarchy has used the Sita myth to
silence women, the village women have
Some historians believe that some of the
hymns of Atharva Veda were also composed
by women seers Gargi, Ghosha, Godha,
Vishnavara, Apala, Maitreyi, Arundhati and
Lilavati were illustrious Vedic Women:
The Kaushaitaki Brahamana mentions a
learned lady Pathyaswasti, who travelled all
the way to the North of India to study and
obtain the title of Vac or the goddess of
learning for her scholarship. (Majumdar 52).
Man and Women have been created
together, they form the basis of human
existence. An analysis of the woman‟s
status during the Vedic period reveals that
they enjoyed a position of equality with man
in all spheres. They were given equal
opportunities for education. The goddess of
learning is Saraswati. Women were eligible
for Upanayana, a ritual after which boys are
considered eligible for getting married, and
Brahmacharya means to remain unmarried
forever. According to Sarvanaukramanika
there were more than twenty women seers or
Brahamvatinis who composed the hymns
of Rig Veda. Some historians believe that
some of the hymns of Atharva Veda were
also composed by women seers Gargi,
Ghosha, Godha, Vishnavara, Apala, Maitreyi,
Arundhati and Lilavati were illustrious
Vedic Women:
The Kaushaitaki Brahamana mentions a
learned lady Pathyaswasti, who travelled all
the way to the North of India to study and
obtain the title of Vac or the goddess of
learning for her scholarship. (Majumdar 52)
There is an interesting passage in the
Satashati where Durga, who is virgin, tells the
„Asuaras‟ who aspired to marry her:
“He who conquers me in battle, he who
humbles my pride, he who is my equal in this
world, he shall be my husband.” (Chakravarti
70) Though in patriarchy it is interpreted that
Godess Durga wanted to be in a humble
position to man.
Marriage was not compulsory for girls in
the Vedic age but an unmarried person was
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picked up the Sita myth to give themselves a
voice. They have found a suitable mask in the
myth of Sita, a persona through which they
can express themselves, speak of their day-today problems and critique particularly in their
own fashion.
Feminism has been the subject of writers
since antiquity. Toru Dutt is one of the
distinguished authors in Indian English
Literature. Her Ancient Ballads and Legends
of Hinduism (1882) attracted the attention of
Hinduism. The first poem „Savitri‟ of the
Ancient Ballads has feministic appeal. It
narrates the fortune of the princess Savitri and
her courageous encounter with the God of
Death. Then followed the philosophical
conversation between Savitri and Death,
Savitri started speaking in terms of Vedantic
Philosophy. Yama was greatly pleased with
Savitri and desired her to ask for a boon but
the life of Satyavan. One after the other he
gave three boons to Savitri but at the last
boon he laid down no condition. Savitri
immediately caught the due and demanded:
Let my Satyavan live again
And children unto us be born
Wise, Brave and Valiant (Dwivedi 73)
In scriptures and myths women is depicted
as a Goddess, she has been described as an
object of reverence or worship. Apart from
scriptures historical and political events also
depict that women enjoyed a position of
equality with men in all spheres.
Works Cited
Katakwar Surekha. “A Critical Evaluation
of the Themes and Techniques in the Works
of Shashi Deshpande” Dics. Pt. Ravi Shankar
Shukla University, Raipur, 1997
Sen Nabneeta. “Lady Felt Sing the Blues
where Women Retell the Ramayana”, http://
freespeech.org/manushi/108/nabneeta.html
Chakravarti Uma. “Samya Shakti: A
Journal of Women‟s Studies”, July, 1983:70
Dwivedi A.N. ed., “Ancient Ballads and
Legends of Hidustan”, Bareilly: Prakash
Book Depot, 1976
***
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“A SWITCH OVER MOBILE BANKING
FROM ONLINE BANKING”: A PARADIGM
ON CHANGE MANAGEMENT
LEADING TOWARDS VALUE
CREATION IN THE CURRENT
SCENARIO
Mrs. Garima Saha
Kruti School of Business Management
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Mrs. Garima Saha
Kruti School of Business
Management
(Chhattisgarh) India
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
28.05.2016
06.06.2016
11.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
In Today‟s business world, which is heading towards the
21st century, most of the organizations are facing a dynamic
and changing environment. They are indeed facing a fast
changing world where the big will not beat small anymore but
it will be the fast beating the slow. Change is pervasive in our
society and a fact of life in organizations. i.e. if customers
change and the organisations don‟t, they‟ll loose them.
The present paper tries to focus on the fact that only by
applying effective change management, an organisation will
be able to deliver results on multiple changes to achieve their
strategic vision and thrive in today‟s changing landscape. For
which, every organization, requires to plan the process and
needs one or more change agents. And through him the
effective application of the change, results in value creation
for the society.
This paper tries to explain the utility of change
management through the changes brought in by the banking
sector in accomplishing the banking activities i.e. switching
over from online banking to mobile banking.
Keywords: Dynamic Environment, Pervasive, Strategic
Vision, Change Agents, Value Creation.
INTRODUCTION:
The business landscape of the 21st century is characterized
by rapid change brought about due to technological,
economic, social and political changes. The pace of change is
so rapid and the degree of obsolescence if organizations resist
change is so brutal, that, the only way out for many firms is to,
either change or perishes. Thus, it becomes critical that
organizations develop the capabilities to adapt and steer
change in their advantage.
It goes without saying that “To fear change is to fear being
challenged. To fear being challenged is to fear growth and
new responsibilities” (by Ty Howard). With this axiom in
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mind it is critical to understand that unless
change is actively embraced, organizations in
the current scenario risk obsolescence.
Organizations are facing complex, more
interdependent and more cross-functional
change than ever before. Applying change
management enables organizations to deliver
results on each change more effectively and
build
competencies
that
grow
the
organization‟s capacity to tackle more
changes at one time. The end result of which
is a significant increase in the success rate of
the efforts.
OBJECTIVES:
This paper seeks to highlight the inevitable
role of change management in today‟s world.
Its major objectives are:
a) To study the forces or factors responsible
for bringing changes in an organization.
b) To study the “Top 10” list of guiding
principles/tools for change management.
c) To study the three different aspects of
change: planning to adapt the change,
controlling it and effecting change.
d) To apply the theory to the practical
scenario with the aim of creating value for
the organization, customers & the society
as a whole.
FORCES AFFECTING CHANGES IN AN
ORGANIZATION:
Regardless of the market an enterprise is
operating in, or how successful it has been in
the past, change is an inevitable factor in the
life-cycle of any enterprise.
 Change is driven by factors within the
enterprise itself, such as the Nature of the
work force, Change in managerial
personnel, Deficiencies in Existing
Management
Structure,
To
avoid
Developing Inertia etc
 Change is driven by factors external to the
company, such as market rivalry,
disruptive technologies, demographic
changes and new government regulations.
Internal Forces –
 Nature of workforce
The new generation is better qualified,
they place greater emphasis on human
values and question authority of
managers. The work force is changing
with a rapid increase in the percentage
of women employees forcing the
organizations to modify transfer and
promotion policies in order to respond to
the needs of dual career couples.
 Change in Managerial Personnel
Old managers are repaced by nee
managers and each one brings its own
ideas and way of working in an
organization. Sometimes, even though
there is no change in personnel but their
attitudes change. As a result, the
organization has to change accordingly.
 To avoid developing inertia
Organizations should be dynamic because
any single method is not the best tool of
management every time. Thus, changes
are incorporated just to avoid developing
inertia and inflexibility towards them.
External Forces –
 Market Rivalry
Today the concept of consumerism has
gained considerable importance and thus,
the consumers are treated as the Kings.
Markets are going international. The
global economy will make sure that
competitors are likely to come across the
ocean as well as from across the town.
Therefore Organizations which are not
ready will perish.
 Disruptive Technologies
This era confronts technological changes
every moment. One has to be on his toe to
adapt to these changes & upgrade oneself.
If not, one will be replaced by workers
who can perform multiple activities and
take part in decision making.
 New Government Regulations
Government interference in business has
increased tremendously in most of the
countries. The corporate sector is
regulated by a lot of laws and regulations
on which the organization has no control
and hence is left with no ioption other
than adapting to such laws.
These internal and external drivers force
enterprises to implement frequent and
widespread changes to their business models,
their organizations and the technology
supporting their business. Depending on how
companies understand the key internal and
external change catalyst is critical to successful
change management for organizational leaders
or they may tear them apart.
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In the past, changes were often subtle and
slow, but these days, changes are coming at
us like a roaring freight train. Significant
changes require a formal strategy. The three
different aspects of change management to be
taken care of are: Planning to adapt the
change, Controlling Change & Effecting
Change. These include the following steps –
 Develop new goals and objectives
 Select an Agent of change
 Diagnose the problem
 Select Methodology
 Develop a plan
 Strategy for implementation of the plan
 Assessing change forces
 Implement change
APPLICATION OF THE THEORY TO
THE PRACTICAL SCENARIO
Online Banking Vs Mobile Banking
Online banking, also known as Internet
banking or Web banking, is an electronic
payment system that enables customers of a
financial institution to conduct financial
transactions on a website operated by the
institution, such as a retail bank, virtual bank,
credit union or building society. A system
allowing individuals to perform banking
activities at home, via the internet
To access a financial institution's online
banking facility, a customer with internet
access would need to register with the
institution‟s secure website for the service,
and set up a password and other credentials
for customer verification. Online banking
services usually include viewing and
downloading balances and statements, and
may include the ability to initiate payments,
transfers and other transactions, as well as
interacting with the bank in other ways.
Online banking allows customers to
monitor accounts, download transactions,
transfer funds between accounts, including
checking, saving, and money market/CD
accounts, management investments, and
handle loan activity, including applications
and repayments etc.
Banks have also set up security systems to
ensure that transactions conducted online are
protected from internet security threats. Most
banks use an industry-standard Secure
Transaction software and protocol to manage
the security on their systems.
THE TOP 10 LIST OF GUIDING PRINCIPLES
FOR CHANGE MANAGEMENT:
Market transparency, labor mobility,
global capital flows, and instantaneous
communications have blown that comfortable
scenario to smithereens. In most industries,
and in almost all companies heightened global
competition has concentrated management‟s
collective mind on something that, in the past,
it happily avoided: CHANGE. Successful
companies, (as Harvard Business School
professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter told s+b in
1999,) develop “a culture that just keeps
moving all the time.”
No single methodology fits every
company, but there is a set of practices, tools,
and techniques that can be adapted to a
variety of situations. These are 10 such tools
or
guidelines
for
effective
change
management:
 Address the “human side”
systematically
 Start at the top
 Involve every layer
 Make the formal case
 Create ownership
 Communicate the message
 Assess the cultural landscape
 Address culture explicitly
 Prepare for the unexpected
 Speak to the individual
In the above context a few things to be
kept in mind are:
 Systematically address the human side of
change. People resist change because they
feel
anxious
about
keeping
up
productivity and losing grasp of their job.
Assure them they will receive complete
training and support.
 Keep your company culture in mindremember tohandle internal and external
employees differently, if necessary.
 Engage people of all levels in the
organization to successfully navigate the
change. This aligns your upper-level staff
and then cascades down to all levels,
helping to mitigate resistance.
 Communicate to individuals
 Know when to start a change
THE THREE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF
CHANGE MANAGEMENT:
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it‟s just a hand away with your smartphone
services.
"You don't
have
Internet
connections everywhere you go. But you do
have a mobile connection." "The biggest
benefit is that you have more control of your
money," says James Van Dyke, president of
Javelin Strategy & Research in Pleasanton,
Calif
Mobile Banking makes easier to check
your account balance in seconds. Knowing
your balance and frequently checking your
account is good for you for two reasons: 1)
you‟ll know the state of your finances and
manage your money better, 20 you‟ll catch
errors or frauds quicker.
The amount of banking you are able to do
on your cell phone varies depending on the
banking institution you use. Some banks offer
only the option of text alerts, which are
messages sent to your cell phone that alert
you to activity on your account such as
deposits, withdrawals, and ATM or credit
card use. This is the most basic type of mobile
banking.
A more involved type of mobile banking
allows the user to log into his or her account
from a cell phone, and then use the phone to
make payments, check balances, transfer
money between accounts, notify the bank of a
lost or stolen credit card, stop payment on a
check, receive a new PIN, or view a monthly
statement, among other transactions. This
type of banking is meant to be more
convenient for the consumer than having to
physically go into a bank, log on from their
home computer, or make a phone call. While
all of this is true, some are concerned about
the security of mobile banking.
Most experts advise against performing
any large transactions over mobile banking,
which is good advice. However, it is equally
important to use an alphanumeric password
and to keep your PIN safe. Change your
password often, and do not use your pets'
names, your child's name, or any birthdays.
This advice applies to all passwords, not just
those used for mobile banking. Though you
are logging on to a secure server at the bank
through your cell phone, you need to do your
part to protect your information. For this
reason, many banks are now sending one-time
use passwords for an extra step in security.
Emergence of Mobile Banking
The creation of online banking was truly
amazing. It freed us all from the confines of
banker‟s hours and took away our excuses of
not being able to access our balance or
manage
transactions.
But,
mobile
banking…takes banking on your own time to
a whole new place; you carry it with you
everywhere. It‟s in your pocket!
With the globalization trends worldwide,
it is difficult for a nation, whether big or
small, developed or developing, to remain
isolated from what is happening around.
Information technology has shrunken the
world, as a result of which, time and distance
have become non entities. It has enveloped
every aspect of life. Today, most of the
people adopt new generation technologies.
In this changing scenario, the banking
sector is not an exception. Recent innovations
in telecommunications have enabled the
launch of new access methods for banking
services through various e channels like ,
ATMs, credit/debit cards, internet banking,
mobile banking, tele banking, EFT etc. One of
these is mobile banking; whereby a customer
interacts with a bank via mobile phone
Mobile banking is the act of doing
financial transactions on a mobile device (cell
phone, tablet, etc.). It is very convenient in
today‟s digital age with many banks offering
impressive apps. The ability to deposit a
check, to pay for merchandise, to transfer
money to a friend or to find an ATM instantly
are reasons why people choose to use mobile
banking. It is a quite popular method of
banking that fits in well with a busy,
technologically oriented lifestyle. It might
also be referred to as M-banking or SMS
banking.
A survey conducted by Fiserv showed
that: Online banking has reached a saturation
point whereas Mobile banking is expanding.
In addition to all the advantages of online
banking two very big advantages of mobile
banking are - it saves time and helps access
bank accounts without a computer or
visiting the bank.
There can really be times when you are
headed to the mountains and you forget to
transfer money in your checking account or
you are in some other kind of emergency. But
10
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
A one-time use password might be sent to
a cell phone or other device when you wish to
log into your account. You will then usually
need to enter both the password you have
already set, along with the one-time use
password, within a certain period of time. The
one-time use password expires, naturally,
after it is used once or after a time limit has
passed. Using two passwords increases the
security of the account, an important concern
with mobile banking.
However,
establishing
a
secure
connection before logging into a mobile
banking app is important or else a client
might risk his personal information being
compromised.
Mobile Banking can be made Happy by No matter what kind of mobile banking
method you use, reduce fraud and protect
your money by following a few commonsense precautions:
 Set the phone to require a password to
power on the device or unlock it.
 Whether you're using the mobile Web or a
mobile app, don't let it automatically log
you in to your bank account. Otherwise, if
your phone is lost or stolen, someone will
have free access to your money.
 Avoid sharing your password, account
number, PIN, answers to secret questions
or other such information. Don't save this
information anywhere on your handset.
 Immediately tell your bank or mobile
operator if you lose your phone.
Value Creation through change in the
banking access method i.e. Mobile Banking:
As discussed earlier, Time Saving has
emerged as one of the major reasons of Mobile
Banking becoming more and more popular than
online banking. People in the 21st century are
running a race against time. With the
uncertainties of life and death & the fast moving
world, full of competition and fight for the
survival of fittest, everyone wants to perform the
best. They seek for maximum output in
minimum time as - Time is Money!
This makes them opt for mobile banking.
Mobile Banking creates value for the society
in the following aspects:
For the organizations –
 Opportunities for Operational efficiencies
 Opportunities for revenue growth
Better opportunities for survival in the
competitive world
For the customers –
 More ways to access accounts
 Ease in accessing accounts
 No fees
 More security
 Saves Time
 Saves Energy which can be utilized in
some other activity
 Makes money management easy
 It not only makes banking a fun but also
online shopping
 Available round the clock 24/7/365
For the society
 Cashless society
 Economic Growth
 Reduces Accident cases
 Saves natural resources like time, energy,
fuel, paper, human labour etc
 Considered as the closest store
CONCLUSION:
Cellular mobile services are leading the
telecom revolution in India and the other
services are following. The service sector has
emerged as a prime contributor toward the
economy‟s progress. One of the important
aspects of the country‟s service sector enabling
sustainable growth is the banking system...
Banking system plays a very significant
role in the economy of a country. It is central
to a nation‟s economy as it caters to the needs
of credit for all the sections of the society.
Money-lending in one form or the other has
evolved along with the history of mankind.
Mobile banking makes it possible anytime
anywhere.
By managing your mobile tactfully you
can very well adapt to this change offered by
the technological advancement in the banking
sector.
Mobile banking is the future because of
its cost effectiveness and ability to reach out
to customers in remote areas. It will take 5-6
years for the model to mature.
Thus, changes must be properly planned
and members should be prepared to accept
these changes enthusiastically, because the
real
world
is
turbulent,
requiring
organizations and their members to undergo
dynamic change if they are to perform at
competitive levels and survive in this world.
11
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2. M. Radovi} -Markovi} / SJM 3 (1) (2008)
119 – 125
3. www.hsbc.com
4. www.businessweek.com
5. strategy+business, a quarterly journal,
sponsored by Booz Allen
6. Davis, Keith, (1975), “Human Behaviour at
work”, of New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Co.
7. Drucker, Peter F. (1980), “Managing in
Turbulent Times”, New York: Harper & Row
8. Gupta, Shashi K. & Joshi Rosy,
“Organisational Behaviour”
Change management is the application of a
structured process and tools to enable
individuals or groups to transition from a
current state to a future state in order to
achieve a desired outcome. When change
management is carried out well, people feel
engaged in the change process and work
collectively towards a common objective. The
outcomes are change projects that realize
benefits and deliver results.
References:
1. Kotter, J.P., Leading Change, Harvard Business
School Publishing, Boston, MA, 1996
***
12
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ETERNAL GANESHA: GITA MEHTA'S
FOCUS ON THE VERSATILITY OF
MULTIFACETED INDIAN
CULTURE AND RELIGION
Smriti Agrawal
Daga Girls College, Raipur (C.G.)
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Smriti Agrawal
Daga Girls College, Raipur
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
28.05.2016
07.06.2016
11.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
Indian culture is a blend of varied strains of religions,
customs, traditions and diverse ways of life. This aspect of
Indian culture has always been a centre of curiosity for the
Westerners. The most important feature of Indian religion is
Hinduism and its many Gods. It has been found that the
Hindus are meditating upon 330 million different forms of
Gods. Among the brilliant writers who probe into the world of
Indian religion and spiritual beliefs stands gita Mehta with her
work Eternal Ganesha: from Birth to Rebirth. In Eternal
Ganesha the author has discussed Hinduism and its associated
philosophies in relevance of Lord Ganesha. Among millions
of Hindu deities Lord Ganesha stands in the forefront and
presides every event and religious ritual. Gita Mehta has
picked Eternal Ganesha, as a medium of expression to mirror
the people's imagination. The author has presented almost all
the associated myths which establish Lord Ganesha as The
Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Prosperity, Lord of Farming,
Lord of Water, Lord of Learning, Lord of Story – tellers, Lord
of Categories and the famous myth which accounts how Lord
Shiva blessed him as the Lord of Beginnings after restoring
his life and accepting him as his son. Gita Mehta has also
produced facts from the points of view of historians,
anthropologists and naturalists to cater western masses. The
fascinating figure of Ganesha also invokes deep philosophical
thoughts and presents image propagating the supreme goal of
Hindu Metaphysics "The Unity in Diversity". The valuable
text imparts various musical chantings of Ganesha,
Shankaracharya's hymns, Sanskrit invocations and hymns
from Ganesha Upanishad along with creation of Hindu epic
the Mahabharat and the teachings of Bhagvad Gita.
INTRODUCTION:
Proud Indian culture is the oldest living civilization of
earth. It is an amalgamation of diverse perspectives of
religions, beliefs, customs, traditions, languages, arts and the
ways of life in India. These diversities have been a source of
inspiration to many writers of India and abroad. In present age
the complexity of Indian culture is seen as a blend of
historical traditions and influences of modern western culture
ranging from colonial period. This aspect of Indian culture has
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temples. Every time when the image of god is
placed, it professes different faiths according
to variance in habitation and beliefs. These
variations have generated various myths
which Gita Mehta has picked as a medium of
expression in Eternal Ganesha, to mirror the
people's imagination.
It is well known that Lord Ganapati or
Vinayaka has always been acknowledged as
the Lord of Beginnings. The author has
presented its associated myth. She accounts
that Lord Shiva blessed him as the Lord of
Beginnings after restoring his life and
accepting him as his son. It is believed that
Ganesha was beheaded by Shiva and later on
revived by placing an elephant's head. To
amend the mistake made by Lord Shiva
Goddess Parvati demanded him to grant a
boon. She demanded that the boy Ganesha
should be worshipped first, before the
worship of any other gods and should be
known as The Remover of Obstacles.
According to a myth, the elephants were the
first who cleared the jungle of wild animals
and trees for agriculture, helping mankind to
establish their faith in Ganapati the original
Remover of Obstacles.
The families of the Indus Valley Civilization
started offering grains of rice to Lord Ganesha
worshipping him as the Pitcher of Prosperity.
The farmers' community worships him as Lord
of Farming symbolizing his trunk as a plough
and belly as a bursting granary. In anticipation
of plentiful harvest farmers also adore him as
Lord of Water. The devotees of business
community praise him as Lord of Prosperity to
ensure success. The Lord is emblemed on the
first page of account book to deviate all his
sympathetic intercessions towards them.
Students worship him as Lord of Learning to
acquire judgment and discrimination like his
wisdom. They pray by saying, "Great Lord, I
stand before you not knowing which way to
turn. / I lay my confusions at your feet. / Fill
me with judgment and discrimination" (EG 15).
Ganesha's delightful appearance contributes a
always been a center of curiosity for the
Westerners. In order to explore the real image
of the country and bridge the cultural gap
between India and the West many writers
have penned their perceptions. In this process
the writers who were not born or raised in
India have failed to produce the desired
impact by missing important and crucial
characteristics of Indian way of life while the
heterogeneity of culture has brilliantly been
delineated by the authors of Indian origin.
Indian religion and spirituality has a
profound impact across the world. The most
important feature of Indian religion is
Hinduism and its many Gods. It has been
found that the Hindus are meditating upon
330 million different forms of God providing
Indian writers an obsession for their literary
creation. Among the brilliant writers who
probe into the world of Indian religion and
spiritual beliefs stands gita Mehta with her
work Eternal Ganesha: from Birth to Rebirth.
In Eternal Ganesha the author has
discussed Hinduism and its associated
philosophies in relevance of Lord Ganesha.
She says that the word Hinduism came into
description in the nineteenth century and
became distinguished from others only after
being Republic while the word Hindu is quite
old in origin and came from ancient Persia, to
describe the people living by the Indus
Valley. Irfan habib, an Indian historian quotes
the definition of Hindu as per an ancient
Persian definition, "...those who have been
debating with each other within a common
framework for centuries. If they recognize
another as somebody whom they can either
support or oppose intelligibly, then both are
Hindus..." (EG 66).
Among millions of Hindu deities Lord
Ganesha stands in the forefront and presides
every event and religious ritual. The image of
pot-bellied Hindu god with an elephant's head
can be seen on rickshaws, cyber cafes, village
walls, entrance of homes, offices, vehicles,
invitations and many other places including
14
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lot to make him very popular among children.
He is often adorned as Lord of Story-tellers. He
is also identified as the Lord of Categories.
After explaining Indian god Ganesha from
Eastern view point Gita Mehta has also
produced facts from the points of view of
historians, anthropologists and naturalists to
cater western masses. Historians suggest
beheading of Ganesha is a mythical version of
Aryan conquest of tribal inhabitants and the
elephant god has been accepted as the son of
Aryan deity. A Roman anthropologist General
Pompey Cicero has written about elephants,
"...a kind of feeling that the huge beast has a
fellowship with a human race" (EG 46). This
suggests acceptance of form familiar with
human race. Charles Darwin the famous
biologist and naturalist concluded after
experimenting on various animals that the
Indian elephants exhibit emotion similar to
men when distressed by the removal of young
ones. In Natural History Pliny writes, “Of all
animals the elephant in intelligence
approaches the nearest to man... and to a
degree that is rare among men even, possesses
notions of honesty, prudence and equity. It
has religious respect also for the stars,
and veneration for the sun and the moon”
(EG 51).
The image of Lord Ganesha exhibits a
pleasantly unified physique of different
animals. Images show that he has single
tusked elephant head, big human belly
entwined with a serpent, multiple arms and
rides on a mouse. Ganesha's head symbolizes
supreme reality of existence while body
symbolizes illusion of existence or Maya.
Curling of trunk in form of OM symbolizes
origin of cosmos. The protruding fat belly
indicates that physical appearance is an
illusion which must be overcome by truth. A
serpent entwined around his belly symbolizes
divinity to hold all contradictions and entire
Universe. Like Ganesha's body, his mouse, on
which Ganesha rides represents the lowest
form of consciousness; the ego.
This fascinating figure perpetuates deep
philosophical thoughts and religious values to
Hindu pantheon. The contradictory creatures
elephant and mouse; serpent and man are
contained within a single image propagating
the supreme goal of Hindu Metaphysics "The
Unity in Diversity". It also promotes the
moral imperative to live peacefully in coexistence. A human body encircled by snake
connects the elephant to a mouse illustrating
the union of the microcosm with the
macrocosm. Some philosophers believe that it
represents a thief who roams in the darkness
of the subconscious desires and Ganesha's
supremacy symbolizes the conquest of selfannihilating power of desire.
Lord Ganesha's worshippers believe him to
be a complete form to meditate upon. They
believe that resounding of OM created the
Cosmos and through vibrations of OM Lord
Ganesha summoned the Hindu Trinity:
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva and provided them
with the task of Creation, Preservation and
Destruction of the Universe. The Lord is
acknowledged differently by different
intellectuals. Grammarians acknowledge him
as the power of language as he is the first
word. Mathematicians acknowledge him as
the power of numbers and Philosophers
acknowledge him as the power of thought for
being "the consciousness" the first principle
of philosophy. He is the only god who
provides us with the tools of recognition vizspeech, consciousness, perception or anything
else without which nothing can exist. The
figure of Ganesha has always multiple arms,
sometimes four and sometimes six. The
scholars who mediate upon six armed
Ganesha treat his arms as a symbol of six
schools of Indian philosophy while the
mediators of four armed Ganesha depict arms
as the four categories of life forms; land life,
aquatic life, amphibian life, and avian life.
Some also believe these four arms as the
stages of language learning. All these hands
can be viewed holding different things which
15
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provide scope for philosophical pondering. In
one hand he holds a nooze; symbolizing the
bondage of desire but in another an axe; to
break the ties of desire which bind men to
materialism. The sweets held in the third hand
indicate the pleasures of knowledge and
spiritual wisdom while the fourth hand
symbolizes enlightenment which comes
through liberation from all desires.
In yoga text, the human body is identified
with seven chakras. The energy centers at
the base of spine, the Muladhar chakra and
moves upward to the skull while performing
yoga. Yogis sit cross-legged on the ground
as in this position the spine is closest to the
earth. They believe that the energy of
Muladhar chakra is controlled by Lord
Ganesha and cannot be uncoiled without the
power of his blessings.
Kundalini yoga mediators worship Lord
Ganesha's serpent as a symbol of Kundalini
Shakti which remains coiled at the base of the
spine. Coiled serpent of Ganesha represents
vast field of energy of an individual that seeks
union with undifferentiated universal energy.
The Kundalini yoga mediators practice the
awakening of the serpent power. In an ancient
text, Kundalini Upanishad it is written:
The divine power,
Resting half asleep
Like a snake coiled upon herself
At the base of the body. (EG 85)
On Kundalini Shakti, Carl Jung has
observed, "In India the serpent is at the basis of
a whole philosophical system... the kundalini
serpent... known only to a few specialists"
(EG 85). After the awakening of kundalini
energy it rotates upwards through spine
activating each energy centre until it explodes
into the core of pineal gland which Tantric
mystics call "The Third Eye." This third eye
releases energy from the crown of the skull
with an experience of self-dissolution into
thousand petalled lotus of light and mingling
of individual consciousness with universal
consciousness.
Eternal Ganesha imparts value readings to
the text through various musical chantings of
Ganesha, Shankaracharya's hymns, Sanskrit
invocations and hymns from Ganesha
Upanishad. The author has also presented
various myths associated with his creation,
nomenclature and contribution to the mankind.
Lord Ganesha is the son of Shiva
originated as a result of his fierce rage and
later on blessed to be eternal, thus Gita
Mehta's Eternal Ganesha can be estimated as
the mythical outcome of Shiva. The book
deals with the origin of Ganesha; as fruit of
Shiva's penance. As Rama Nair quotes:
Siva is a deity with a complex and
polarized personality. An outsider to society
by nature, he unites ascetics and erotic,
creative and destructive, male and female
aspects of existence, into a divine character....
In Siva, the denial or death of one virtue
permits the generation of another. All
opposites are really complements, each
requiring the other's sacrifice for its own
existence and growth. In death lies new life,
and in denial, renewal. (150)
Indian myth related to Ganesha's origin
states that the child Ganesha, while
performing his duty to guard the chamber of
Parvati, fought bravely and even sacrificed
his life. To recognize child's valour, Shiva
named him Gan-esha, Gan-pati and Chief of
Ganas. Where Gana means category and
Esha means Lord. He also accepted Ganesha
as his son and blessed him to be
acknowledged as the Lord of Beginnings.
From that day Ganapati is worshipped first
with recitation of "Om Ganapati namaya, /
Om, I bow to Ganesha" (EG 36).
One of the myths suggests that Lord
Ganesha sacrified one of his tusks and used it
as a pen for the sake of civilization. Sage
Vyasa agreed to dictate Lord Ganesha the
story of great India only if he could write
without halting. Accepting the condition he
started taking dictation weeks after weeks and
when all his pens were exhausted, he broke
16
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one of his tusks and used it as a pen. In this
way the great Hindu epic the Mahabharat and the
teachings of Bhagvad Gita came into existence
and god is presented with a broken tusk.
Gita Mehta has mentioned various myths
about Lord Ganesha's ride the little mouse.
According to one myth it is believed that
Agni once disguised himself as a mouse to
evolve the consciousness from the lowest
point to the highest. In another myth, mouse
has been considered as the restless intellect
within human beings to explore the dark
mysteries of things. This ancient belief has
brilliantly been described by Gita Mehta in
the modern context. Here the author has
mentioned computer; an electronic machine
which can be accessed to explore knowledge
by simple clicking of mouse.
Hindus believe that in the present age of
Evil, Kalyug, the world has reached the nadir
of wickedness and it's the time for Ganesha to
reappear. Gita Mehta believes that Ganesha
incarnated among us on 21st September 1995
to cleanse the world. It was the day when
idols of Ganesha started drinking milk since
dawn. It was noticed first in a temple of Delhi
and then experienced in many countries of the
world. On this incidence The Manchester
Guardian reported:
The media coverage was extensive, and
although scientists and 'experts' created
theories of 'capillary absorption' and 'mass
hysteria', the overwhelming evidence and
conclusion was that an unexplainable miracle
had occurred... while the media and scientists
still struggle to find an explanation for these
events, many Hindus believe they are a sign
that a great teacher has been born. (EG 102)
With the subtitle of the book "From Birth
to Rebirth" Gita Mehta suggests that
celebration of Lord Ganesha's birthday enacts
the cycle of death and re-birth. In India
Ganesha Chaturthi is celebrated as a festival
every year which starts with bringing idol to
homes and temples and culminates with the
immersion of idol. This represents the cycle
of death and rebirth. For this special
celebration the idols of Lord Ganesha are
modeled in different forms. Ganesha's various
models have been presented in the Eternal
Ganesha in form of 150 coloured illustrations
which can be used as a catalogue to furnish
Indian imagination. In the book Gita Mehta
has also written about environment pollution
by suggesting her readers to be eco friendly.
She has urged everyone to use humble mud
and vegetable colour in place of harmful
materials and colourants to avoid problems
for aquatic life.
Through Eternal Ganesha the author has
eternalized Lord Ganesha as a sole image to
mediate upon. Gita Mehta's offerings to Lord
Ganesha in the form of Eternal Ganesha:
From Birth to Rebirth is not only a book of
prayer and her obeisance to Lord Ganesha but
also her sincere effort to make the West
understand about Hindu pantheon in an
authentic way.
Reference :1. Mehta, Gita. Eternal Ganesha: From Birth
to Rebirth. London: Thames & Hudson,
2006. Print.
2. Nair, Rama. "The Myth of Redemption in
Gita Mehta's A River Sutra." Indian Women
Novelists. Ed. R.K. Dhawan. Set III: Vol. 4.
New Delhi: Prestige, 1995. 149-158. Print.
3. Abbreviation Used
4. Eternal Ganesha EG
***
17
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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF
PLANT EXTRACT OF NEEM
AGAINST BIODETERIORATION
CAUSING
*Motilal Sahu **Kavita Sharma ***Tinky Kannoje
*Research Scholar MATS University Raipur
**Govt Arts and commerce Girls College, Raipur
***Research Scholar Pt RS University Raipur
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Motilal Sahu
Research Scholar MATS
University Raipur,
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
29.05.2016
07.06.2016
12.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
There are numerous monuments in Chhattisgarh state. So
Many chemicals have been developed and used as biocides for
the conservation and preservation of cultural heritage. But due
to the hazardous chemicals, more and more emphasis is being
given to the use of bio-control agents. In the present study 40
fungal species (435 fungal colonies) belonging to 29 fungal
genera were isolated from deteriorated monument situated in
south Chhattisgarh. The extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica)
leaf on dominant fungal species Aspergillus niger,
Curvularialunata and Cladosporiumcladosporioides was
studied on the culture medium. For the experiment 1, 3, 5 and
7 ml of different concentrated plant extract standardized for
study of antifungal activities of plant extract. The growth of
the fungal species was inhibited significantly. It was observed
that the percentage of inhibition increased with the
concentration of plant extract. Leaf extracts of Neem are
cheap and environmentally safe for protecting cultural
property against the fungal deterioration of monuments.
Key-word: Antifungi, Curvularialunata, Monuments, Neem.
INTRODUCTION:
There are numerous monuments in Chhattisgarh state.
Biodeterioration of stone monuments and buildings is a wellrecognized problem in Chhattisgarh. So Many chemicals have
been developed and used as biocides for the conservation and
preservation of cultural heritage. But due to the hazardous
chemicals, more and more emphasis is being given to the use
of bio-control agents. In the present study 40 fungal species
(435 fungal colonies) belonging to 29 fungal genera were
isolated from deteriorated monument situated in south
Chhattisgarh.
METHODOLOGY
Samples were extracted in a Soxhlet extraction system
(Fig 1). The crude extract solutions obtained were then
concentrated using a water bath at a temperature of 60°C or
lower to remove the solvent and completely dried in an
atmospheric oven. (Bishuet al., 2009).
18
(lSSN-2349-9702)
can be used as natural fungi toxicant to
control the growth of pathogenic fungi and
thus reduce the dependence on the synthetic
fungicides. Leaf extracts of Neem are cheap
and environmentally safe for protecting
cultural property against the fungal
deterioration of monuments.
Fig. 1: Showing plant extracts preparation
of medicinal plant
RESULT & DISCUSSION
The extract of Neem (AzadirachtaIndica)
leaf on dominant fungal species Aspergillus
niger, Curvularialunata and Cladosporiumcladosporioides was studied on the culture
medium. For the experiment 1, 3, 5 and 7 ml
of different concentrated plant extract
standardized for study of antifungal activities
of plant extract. The growth of the fungal
species was inhibited significantly. It was
observed that the percentage of inhibition
increased with the concentration of plant
extract. 33 % and its 3 ml leaf aqueous extract
found effective for Cladosporiumcladosporioides and its percentage of inhibition for
fungal growth are 71.3 %. Whereas 41 % and
its 5 ml leaf aqueous extract effective for
Curvularialunata and its percentage of
inhibition for fungal growth are 71.9
%.Eugenol in clove and cimnamelaldehyde in
cinnamon is reported as the main active
compound, which might be responsible for
their antifungal potential against A. niger in
present study (Bullarmann, et. al., 1977). This
is also in agreement with the reports of
Qasem and Abu-Blan (1996) and Amadioha
(2000).
CONCLUSION
Though, many studies have been
conducted on biodeterioration and its impact
on monuments, no specific research has been
done in connection with the conservation of
monuments of the Chhattisgarh state. It will
develop a new method, new technique and an
alternative anti-fungal agent for application
on the monuments, which will be more
effective, economical and eco-friendly.
Synthetic
chemicals
like
sodium
pentachlorophenate is generally used in the
traditional methods for conservation of
monuments, but there are numbers of side
effects and hazards for the applicants as well
as monuments. In conclusion, the findings of
this experiment confirmed that plant extracts
Reference :1. Amadioha, A.C. (2000). Fungitoxic effect
of
some
leaf
extracts
against
Rhizopusoryzae causing tuber rot of potato.
Arch Phytopathol.Pflan, 1-9.
2. Bishu J, Sunil LL, Anuja S. (2009)
Antibacterial
property
of
different
medicinal
plants.Occimum
sanctum,
Cinnamomumzeylanicum, Xanthoxylumarmatum and Origanummajorana. Kathmandu
University J. Science, Engineering and
Technol; 5: 143-150.
3. Bullerman, L.B., Lieu, F.Y. and Seier, S.A.
(1977). Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin
production by cinnamon and clove oils:
cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol. Journal of
Food Sciences, 42(4): 1107-1109.
4. Qasem, J.R., Abu-Blan, H.A. (1996).
Fungicidal activity of some common weed
extracts against different plant pathogenic
fungi. Journal of Phytopathology, 44:
157-61.
***
19
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JAVA FILE SECURITY SYSTEM
USING RIJNDAEL ALGORITHM
Kruit School of Business Management Raipur (C.G.)
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Kruit School of Business
Management Raipur,
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
30.05.2016
09.06.2016
12.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
In the recent electronic world, we are facing various types
of dangers to the confidentiality of information. The
information is saved on the secondary storage devices e. g.
hard disks, compact disks, flash drives, floppy drives, etc.
Some dangers are accidental, such as human error, while
others are intended. Intended dangers are done by the persons
for many reasons like causing harm, disturbance and other
frauds. Among these frauds the common one is loss or theft of
the storage devices. So, the majority of critical topics of
computer world are security of information.
To protect and secure the data is very much vital than
forever. The existing protected file systems are not well used
by us. Cryptographic is the technique which is used to secure
the computer systems.
The encryption is the technique of the cryptography which
is used and can gratify the necessary security needs of the
users for computing machines, internet, and the data beside
varied dangers set. There are three main security assumptions.
These are integrity, availability and the confidentiality.
INTRODUCTION:
When information is not protected appropriate, it may be
impaired and is this as an information or security breach well
known. The penalties of an information break are heavy. For
commercialization, a breach requires usually gigantic
financial punishments, luxurious law processes, loss of the
call and business.
For the personal point, a break to individuality stealing and
harm can lead at financial story or credit worthiness. It takes
so many years to recover from these breaks and is the gigantic
costs.
1.1 Cryptography:
It is the learning of numerical practice narrated to facets of
information protection for example authentication of entity
and data source, confidentialism as well as integration of data.
It does not merely provide the information protection, but it is
also a set of mathematical techniques.
20
(lSSN-2349-9702)
It is the exercise and revision of covering
securely to the information. Recent
cryptography interconnects the subjects
of
mathematical
studies,
computing
technology, and electrical technology. The
cryptographical uses comprise Automatic
Telling Machine cards, passwords, and ecommerce. At the very early stage it was
simply the cipher text that was the nonsense
data that is not read by the intruders.
It was only the simple conversion of the
data to secure it. As for example it was like,
the original word “happy”, but after the
treatment it was “ibqqz”. Now a reasoning
person can easily understand the data that it is
the single character forward in the English
alphabet. But some of the year passes it was
much complex that it is not possible for the
reasoning person to understand the
information. But the computer age grows
more the processors with very high speeds.
They can easily find the converted data to
the original one. It becomes the challenge for
the cryptologists to think about much more
accurate and high attach bearers algorithms
must be developed by the mathematicians that
the computers cannot resolve them easily.
There was the use of encryption keys of small
size but they are also sorted out easily by the
intruders with the help of computers.
Now there are so many algorithms which
require the big size keys. At present there are
the encryption keys of size 128 bytes, 152
bytes, and 256 bytes.
1.2 Steganography:
Steganogrphy is another way to protect
the data from the intruders. The information is
hided into the other images. It covers the vital
information very efficiently that the intruders
cannot easily recognize the available
information. The terminology is taken from
the Greek language. It is the art for
communicating in which the availability of
the communication is completely hidden. As
we compare it with the cryptography where the
intruders are permitted to see or intercept or
detect or modify the communicating data. In the
case of this technique “Steganography”, the
intruders have no knowledge about the presence
of the information.
Cryptographic goals. These are the basic
aims for the security providers that are as
follows. These are privacy of data (data
confidentiality), integrity of data, user
authenticity, and non-repudiation. The first
three are also very well discussed in the first
chapter which is named as “Introduction”.
The confidentiality is also called as the
privacy of the data. The applications which
provide the confidentiality mean they are
keeping the data or information in the reach
of their permitted users. And keep away the
unauthorized users. It has another name that is
the secrecy of data or information. It is
provided through the use of various
methodologies.
In it the physical security as well as the
algorithmic conversions takes place. 2.
Integrity of data tackles the problems of data
alterations or data modifications. For ensuring
the integrity of the data, we must spot the
manipulations of data done by the intruders.
Any type of data modification can take place
like insertion of new data in between, or
deletion of the exact data, or substitution of
the communicated data.
1.3 Electronic Codebook (ECB):
In this mode of operation, each block is
encrypted in the same way. This is the
simplest mode of operation to implement, and
is easy to do in parallel because there are no
inter-block dependencies. The encryption
simply runs the cipher block algorithm on
each block in the data; see Figure 3.4 for the
encrypting procedure, and the decrypting
procedure.
This means that two identical plain texts
will be encrypted to identical cipher texts. As
mentioned it has a severe problem with
security. We see in Figure 3.4 that it is
possible to distinguish the original picture,
and this shows that the encryption with ECB
in some cases is not sufficient. One should
however, note that even though ECB looks
random, it is not a guarantee that the
encryption is secure.
FILE SYSTEM:
It is the way to store and access the stored
data in the form of files that may be
information or executatble programs. This
chapter covers the high-level details of file
systems and the concerned matters like the
caches of the storage devices, the interfaces of
the file systems, and the user-oriented
21
(lSSN-2349-9702)
Application Programming Interfaces which
utilizes the file systems characteristics. This
chapter will highlight the working of the file
systems.
It is the main part of the OS. It is used to
create, manipulate, store, and retrieve data. At
the highest level, a file system is a way to
manage information on a secondary storage
medium. There are so many layers under and
above the file system.
All the layers are to be fully described
here. This paper will give the explanatory
knowledge of the file system designers and
the researchers in the area. Any file system is
an important component of the operating
systems. It is utilized to handle the storage
devices.
The electronic media is controlled for the
file to be stored on it in an efficient way. The
media may be of any type like floppy disk,
compact disk, hard disk, flash drives, etc. It
has a very clear working at the very first look.
But it not only stores the data, it also protects
them from any type of hazards. There are so
many file systems which are one the
multiuser operating systems like UNIX
operating system.
In such type of configurations the task
becomes more typical to handle all the files of
many users on a single storage space. For a
perfect file system it is mandatory to cover
the following tasks Totally control the
electronic media which is very novel and it
has not been maintained previously, The
storage is utilized by the many processes
which are the simultaneous one, Intrinsic
synchronization is needed for all the
processes on the system, The security and the
protection are enforced that permits the
comfortable data accessing, Management of
the independent files by many process
simultaneously, Differentiating of the
problems within the physical media or rude
use of the accessing ways by the operating
system. It controls the data that has been lost
because of hardware problems, An ordinary
collection of the interface functioning must be
given to the layers which are above of the file
system in the operating system.
There may be many types of categories of
the hard disk drives. These may be arbitrary
accessing, digital nature, magnetic nature, and
the non-volatile. In nineteen hundred and fifty
six, the International Business Machine
launched the hard disks. There are numerous
names for the hard disk drives like hard drive,
hard disk, disk drive etc. This device is
utilized to store and access the digital data or
information. It is a permanent storage media.
It has one or more numbers of the discs which
are also known as the platters. These platters
are furred using the magnetic material.
These have some of the well arranged
magnetic heads which are used for storing
and accessing the data on the hard disk drives.
Every platter has one or two surfaces for
storage of the data. of the basic terminology
is described here in this section which is used
for the harddisks. In the Fig. 4.2, the basic
components of the hard drive are displayed.
There is more than one platter in the hard
drive. One or both of the surfaces are furred
with the magnetic material. This magnetic
material is used for the data storage. Every
surface of the platters has on read and write
head hovering on it. It is utilized for
examining or recording of the data. A
common axis is used for rotating all the
platters. Usually the rotation speed is in
between fifty four hundreds or seventy two
hundreds numbers of rotations per minute.
There are also the higher performance
hard disks in the market and their costs also
increases with better speeds. The older
versions of the hard disks have the less
revolution speeds. The movements of the
head are done along the radius of the platters.
It is the combination of the movements done
by the rotation head and the rotations of the
platters.
There is a communication between the
processor and the hard disk with the help of
the disk controller that has been discussed
previously. This hides the working of the
drive from the rest of the applications. While
the disk controllers for diverse kind of disk
drives are prepared for the use of the similar
interface. The controller is also utilized to
work for other kind of jobs.
These are like the caching or removing of
the bad sectors. From the above readings we
can easily know the hardware workings.
There are more concepts like the motor that is
used to rotate the platters and the movements
22
(lSSN-2349-9702)
of the heads backward or forward. The
electronics is used to maintain all the
operations of the mechanical components. But
there is no need to know such workings for us
of the hard drive. DiskController:
A storage device is the fundamental part
of any computer system. Usually every
computer system has the following storage
media Floppy disk drive,Hard disk drive,CDROM disk drive,DVD disk drive USB flash
drive All the devices are interconnected with
the computer with the help of the IDE
(Integrated Drive Electronics) interface. .
Basically it is the normal path for the storage
media to interconnect with the computer
system. This is not the actual interface name
as the IDE. The unique name for the same
interface is the Advanced Technology
Attachment (ATA).
It was developed for the IBM AT
machine. Basically the disk controller is a
circuitry that is enabled with the processor for
communicating with the all types of disks
(hard, floppy, DVD, CD, etc.). There are so
many types of disk controllers available in the
market. Some of these are like Intelligent
Drive Electronics (IDE) as well as Small
computer system interconnects (SCSI). The
IDE controllers are utilized in the desktop
computers or personal computers or the
standalone computers. Whereas the SCSI is
utilized in soaring end personal computers,
workstations for professionals and network
file servers. All the disk controllers have their
own individual processors with independent
Random Access Memory buffers. There is
also the availability of the Programmable
Read Only Memory.
USER PROCESS FILE SYSTEM:
The idea of developing a file system as a
user process is appealing for a variety of
reasons not least of which being that it is
simpler than other techniques. By developing
the file system as a user level process, the
complexity of kernel level programming can
be avoided. This simplifies the development
process enormously, as developing in the
kernel is more restrictive than user level
development.
The standard development, debugging
tools and programming libraries can be used.
This helps to reduce the time required to
implement the file system. One of the most
advantages of developing a file system as a
user level process is that the file system can
be installed by a user without the assistance of
a system administrator. This provides the user
with greater flexibility in how they use files.
Figure 4.4 illustrates how a file system
developed to run in user space interacts with
the local and remote operating systems. A
user process requests access to a file from a
user-space file system. The request is routed
through the kernel.
STORAGE ENCRYPTION AND JAVA
FILE SECURITY SYSTEM:
Nowadays, the attacks are going to
increase at the storage data systems. So the
security systems are going to turn into a
compulsory attribute of any storage data
system. For the security purpose we are
always dependent on the cryptography
techniques. These techniques take the
performance costs for the complete system.
So we have proposed the Java File Security
System(JFSS). It is based on the on-demand
computing system concept, because of the
performance issues. It is a greate comback for
the system performance.
The concept is used because, we are not
always in need the secure the files, but the
selected one only. The concerned chapter
shows the design of the Java File Security
System on WindowsXP.
When we use the operating system, we
have to secure some important data. The date
is always stored in the files, so we secure the
important files well. To check the proposed
functionality, we experiment the above said
system on the Windows operating system.
With these experiments, we have found that
the proposed system is working properly,
according to the needs of the users.
The access control is one of the
fundamental security services in the computer
system. It is a mechanism for constraining the
interaction between users and protected
resources. File is one of the important
resources of the computer system. That must
be protected from the unauthorized access
that it can‟t be tempered or stolen by
intruders. The file security can enforced using
cryptographic techniques. With the help of
these techniques the important files are
23
(lSSN-2349-9702)
enciphered as well as authorization of
consumers are provided suitable encryption
keys.
The cryptographic techniques can be
applied at any level of the storage systems
because they use the layered architecture. The
level may be the block or virtual one in the
operating system. Basically, file management
is an important task of the computer system.
The suggested file security system storing
encrypted files using Rijndael Algorithm
(AES), so an unauthorized user can‟t access
the important data.
The encryption takes place for the
selected files (important ones which requires
the security) only. We are using the concept
of on-demand computing which results in the
high performance of the computer system.
The proposed system is working properly for
all types of the files.
TOWARDS THE FILE SYSTEMS
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
FRAMEWORKS:
This is the era of High Performance
Computing (HPC). There is a great demand of
the best performance evaluation techniques
for the file systems. The task of evaluation is
both necessary and hard. It gives in depth
analysis of the target system and that becomes
the decision points for the users. That is also
helpful for the inventors or developers to find
out the bottleneck in their systems. In this
chapter many performance evaluation
techniques are described for file and storage
system evaluation and the main stress is given
on the important one that is replay traces.
A survey has been done for the
performance evaluation techniques used by
the researchers and on the replay traces. And
the taxonomy of the replay traces is
described. The some of the popular replay
traces are just like, Tracefs, //Trace, Replayfs
and VFS Interceptor. At last we have
concluded all the features that must be
considered when we are going to develop the
new tool for the replay traces.
The complete work of this chapter shows
that the storage system developers must care
about all the techniques which are utilized for
the evaluations of the file storage systems. So
they can develop highly efficient future file
systems. File and storage system designs are
being proposed in a little span of time because
there is no robust file system is available
which can perform all the functionalities
according to the always changing user needs.
Every user has their specific needs or
demands which are not common at all. One
user may ask for the secure file system
because he/she has important information that
must be protected from the others which are
not authorized. Some are demanding for
highly portable file systems. Considering all
these a novel Java File Security System
(JFSS) has been developed. One user
demands for the energy efficient file systems
because he/she is using portable devices.
Because of such diverse requirements by
the users it isvery typical to develop a robust
file storage system. Consequently a lot of
diverse kinds of file storage systems are
available. The user has to choose one of them
which are suitable for them. Here the question
is which one is better for the selection? To
make this judgment we require theevaluation
tools. These tools are to be applied by the
researchers on the file systems under study
for the performance evaluation..
Conclusion:
Java File Security System (JFSS) offers
an answer to the file storage system‟s main
problems like the difficulty in the portability.
This file storage security system is designed
for single operating system as well as grouped
in the previously loaded Virtual Machine. The
users can execute the JFSS on any operating
system. It can be utilized as a file storage
system. We have presented a JFSS design
with minimal performance overheads because
of ondemand computing and noticeable
semantic alterations for users.
File storage system semantics are
preserved exclusive of file system alterations,
therefore supports the existing file storage
systems performances. We have contributed
in designing and enlargement of a user space
cryptographic file storage system. We have
balanced the design goals like security,
performance, convenient and independability
of the system. We have achieved the high
security by including the support of the
Rijndeal Algorithm (AES) and we have saved
the keys on the portable smart cards for the
documents which are important.
24
(lSSN-2349-9702)
The performance is achieved with the help
of on-demand computing concept which is
that we are not going to encrypt all the files
on the computer system, but we are going to
encrypt only the important documents only. It
saves the performance overhead of the
system. The system is very convenient to the
users. And the independability is attained by
the novel Java technology which is highly
portable. So the complete system is a highly
independent of the configuration. At the end
of thesis, I would like to conclude that my
design goals in the research have been
achieved well.
The proposed system has better system
performance as well as expands it for the
existing file system. It is an independent File
System (it does not require the modifications
in the other file systems or user applications).
It offers strong storage protection alongside of
the very unimportant and reasonable attacks.
It is compatible with the future technology for
separate key management just like smart
cards for storing the encryption keys which
are directly in the possession of authorized
users.
It is compatible with the existing file
system services as the encrypted files should
behave normally as of the other files within
the system. This has been developed in a
customer level space FS for convenience of
users. All the design goals for the research
study have been achieved.
Reference :1. A. Aranya, C. P. Wright, E. Zadok (2004),
“Tracefs: A File System to Trace Them
All”, In Proc. of the 3rd USENIX Conf. on
File and Storage Technologies, pp. 129-145.
2. A. Brown (1997), “Operating System
Benchmarking in the Wake of Lmbench: A
Case Study of the Performance of NetBSD
on the Intel x86 Architecture”, in the Proc.
of
Sigmetrics
‟97,
Seattle,
WA,
pp. 214 – 224.
3. A. D. McDonald, and M. G. Kuhn (1999),
“StegFS: A Steganographic File System for
Linux”, Information Hiding, LNCS 1768,
Springer-Verlag, pp. 462- 477.
4. A. Grunbacher (2003), “POSIX Access
Control Lists on Linux”, in Proc. of the
USENIX
Annual
Technical
Conf.
(FREENIX Track), San Antonio, Texas,
pp. 259–272.
5. A. E. Papathanasiou, and M. L. Scott
(2002), “Increasing Disk Burstiness for
Energy Efficiency”, Technical Report 792,
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY,
pp. 1-31.
***
25
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NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF MEDICINALLY
IMPORTANT FENUGREEK
(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) SEEDS.
*Sweta Gaikwad **Kavita Sharma
*Indira Gandhi Govt. P.G. College of Arts,
Science & Commerce, Vaishali Nagar, Bhilai.
**H.O.D. Botany, Devendra Nagar Girls‟
P.G. College of Arts & Commerce, Raipur (C.G.)
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Sweta Gaikwad
Indira Gandhi Govt. P.G.
College of Arts, Science &
Commerce, Vaishali Nagar,
Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) India
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
07.06.2016
12.06.2016
14.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
Thus seeds can be considered as the most important part of
a seeded plant and its life cycle.Seed germination leads to
extensive breakdown of stored carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins in the storage organs of seeds to provide energy and
other nutritional requirements of the growing embryo.Food
material in leguminous seeds is entirely stored in cotyledons
as endosperm is absent.So the level of nutrition in the intact
seed cotyledons greatly varies throughout the process of
germination. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds exhibited
typical epigeal germination and the seeds required 144hrs.
(6 days) for the completion of all the phases of germination
taken under consideration.Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) exhibited rich nutritional qualities and the
cotyledons after 24hrs. of imbibitions contained a very high
amount of protein which contributed 26% of total
cotyledonary weight.Imbibed seeds of fenugreek can
definitely be considered as a great source of edible protein in
human diet.
Key-word: Germination, Leguminous seeds, Trigonellafoenum graecum.
INTRODUCTION:
Plants are the greatest and the most precious gift of nature.
More interestingly the origin of most of the plants lies within
theirseeds. Thus seeds can be considered as the most
important part of a seededplant and its life cycle. Similarly
seed germination is an important event in the life cycle of
plants which isinitiated when the apparent metabolic
dormancy of desiccated seeds isdisrupted by imbibition
(Agboola, 2003; Ajiboye, 2010). It leads to extensive
breakdown of stored carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the
storage organs ofseeds to provide energy and other nutritional
requirements of the growingembryo (Botcha et al., 2011). The
seed germination involving the emergence of cotyledons
above the soil is called epigeal germination and
26
(lSSN-2349-9702)
in case of epigealgermination, the cotyledons
are brought above the ground due to the
elongationof the hypocotyl. Soon after
coming out of the soil the seedling turns
green. In most of the plants showing epigeal
germination, the cotyledons themselves
function as the first leaves of the seedlings.
Such type of germination is seen in cotton,
papaya, onion, castor, includig fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum-graecum), etc. where flat
green leaf like cotyledons can be seen in the
young seedlings. While in others, the first
leaves are produced by the plumule. With the
appearance of the green leaves, seedling
becomes nutritionally independent.
In leguminous seeds, food is stored
mainly in the cotyledons andthere is no
endosperm. In such type of seeds, endosperm
has been completelyutilized by the growing or
developing embryo. Thus these are called
non-endospermicor exalbuminous seeds.
Food material in leguminous seeds is entirely
stored in cotyledons asendosperm is absent
(Gorecki et al., 2000). The type of food stored
basicallyincludes carbohydrates, protein and
fats. Seeds also possess some simple
polysaccharides
for
functioning
as
intermediate respiratory substrate and for wall
synthesis during early germination (Hellmann
et al., 2008). But legumes possess a greater
amountof protein in their seeds. Thus most of
them are nutritionally very rich (El-Adawy et
al., 2004).
During the process of imbibitions and
germination, due to the activity of some of the
major and vital hydrolases these reserve
nutrients are broken down to their simpler and
soluble form which can be directly utilized by
the developing embryo and growing seedling.
So the level of nutrition in the intact seed
cotyledons greatly varies throughout the
process of germination. The pattern of
variation will lead to explore some of the very
interesting and useful outcomes.
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY:
The plant material taken for present study
was Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum
L.) Verna.- Methi. It is a small shrub type
plant. It is cultivated throughout India as well
as abroad. The whole plant is consumed as
vegetables widely. It has also a great
medicinal value and the seeds are widelyused
for different purposes.It provides natural food
fiber and other nutrients required in human
body Thomas et al., (2011)Methodology
followed included determination of nutritional
value of imbibed seeds (at “I”- Phase
ofimbibition) which was done by the
following steps:
1. Collection of seeds: Healthy, good quality
and high yielding variety of fenugreek seeds
werepurchased from the local market of
Bhilai, Chhattishgarh, India.
2. Process of germination: The selected seeds
of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) were
taken for the germination wherehealthyseeds
of uniform size and vigor were taken and
sterilized
in
1%
sodiumhypochlorite
disinfectant. The seeds were then placed in
normal tap water forfull imbibition. After
24hrs. of imbibition, the seeds were
germinated on 2:1mixture of soil and sand in
about 7 to 8 c.m. deep metal trays at
roomtemperature and direct sunlight was
allowed to the germinating seeds at leastfor 8
to 10hrs every day (Misra and Kar, 2002).
3. Determination of nutritional value of
seeds after imbibition (“I”-phase).
4 Sets of 10 seeds each of Trigonella foenumgraecum L. were taken inpetriplates
separately at phase “I” (Phase of imbibition)
i.e. after 24hrs. of imbibition. Their seed coats
were removed to get 10 pairs of cotyledons.
Theweight of each seed was measured and
found to be 16mg. Now the seeds were
analyzed for total carbohydrate (sugar and
starch), total proteinand total lipid content in
order to find out their nutritionalvalue.
All the biochemical estimations were
done in four replicates and the average value
was calculatedin the total weight of per pair
of cotyledons in Trigonella foenum-graecum
L.seeds.
I. Estimation of Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrate was estimated as total starch
and sugar content in per pairof cotyledons as
these twocategories of carbohydrates were
found rich in the leguminous seeds and
aconsiderable amount were present as reserve
nutrient inside the fleshycotyledons.
(i) Estimation of sugar:
Sugar was estimated by Anthrone reagent
method
following
Plummer
(2011)
asfollowed by Updegroff (1969).
27
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by using Folin-Lowry method following
Plummer (2011) as Lowry et al. (1951),
Wilson and Walker (2000).
Estimation of protein from the cotyledons
of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds:
A stock solution was prepared by
dissolving 500μg/ml of BSA (Bovine Serum
Albumin) in distilled water. A blank was set
of the unknown protein sample from the seed
extract. The final volume in all test tubes was
made up to 1ml by adding distilled water.
Then 5.5ml of alkaline solution was added
and incubated for 10min at room temperature
and then 0.5ml of 1:1 diluted Folin reagent
was added. After 30min of incubation in dark,
the intensity of the color was measured as
optical density at 660nm. Four readings were
taken for each and average value was used for
the calculation total protein content in
mg./pair of cotyledons by using the standard
curve.
III. Estimation of Lipid:
Lipid content of the seeds was evaluated
by using Becker‟s method (Becker et al.,
1978, Botcha et al., 2011) as suggested by
Plummer (2011).
Estimation of lipid from the cotyledons of
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.seeds:
One gram germinated seeds of Trigonella
foenum-graecum L. weretaken and seed coats
were removed. Only the cotyledons of seeds
were takenand grinded in mortar and pestle
with chloroform-methanol mixture (2:1
v/v).For extraction the flask was kept at room
temperature in dark. Then chloroformand
water (1:1 v/v) was added. The solution was
subjected to centrifugation.Three layers were
obtained, the methanol layer was discarded
and lowerorganic layer was collected and
evaporated in water bath at 600C. The
weightof the lipid was determined and in
terms of weight in mg of total lipids/gm of
fresh tissue which was further expressed in
mg./pair of cotyledons. The above method
was repeated four times for each
determination. An average value was taken
and further calculations were done to get
standard deviation and standard error. The
percentage of amount of sugar in the total
weight of a pair of cotyledons was also
calculated and tabulated for a comparative
study.
Estimation of sugar from the cotyledons of
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.seeds:
10 number of Trigonella foenum-graecum
L. imbibed seeds of equalsize were taken and
seed coat of every seed was carefully
removed with the help of a forceps. Weight of
apair of cotyledons was determined.
Thecotyledons were grinded and then the
grinded samples were placed in a
15mlcentrifuge tube with 10ml of 80%
ethanol and allowed in a water bath at 80
to850C for 30min. Later it was decanted into a
50ml beaker. The process wasrepeated for
three times.The alcohol extract was
evaporated on a water bath at 80 to 850C,
untilmost of the alcohol was removed and the
volume becomes 3ml. The sample extract was
diluted and the volume was made up to 10ml.
This extract was usedand the sugar content
was estimated by taking O.D. at 620nm as per
Anthrone reagent method. The values were
plotted on the standard curve and sugar
content wasfurther calculated in mg./pair of
cotyledons.
(ii) Estimation of starch.
Starch was also estimated by using
Anthrone reagent method by following
Plummer (2011) similar to Thayumanvan &
Sadasivam (1984) and Misra et al. (1992).
Estimation of starch from the
cotyledons of Trigonella foenum-graecum
L.seeds:
Ten imbibed seeds were taken in 1ml of
80% alcohol and were grinded.2ml of alcohol
was added and centrifuged for 10min and
supernatant wasremoved. This process was
repeated for 3 times. The residue left was
dried inan oven at 800C for starch extraction.
2ml of distilled water was added to
thecentrifuge tube containing the dried
residue then placed in water bath for 15min.
Suspension was made up to 10ml and
centrifugedcombined thesupernetants and
made the volume 20ml. Starch was estimated
by using Anthrone reagent method and O.D.
was determined at 630nm Then the starch
content in mg./pair of cotyledons of
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds was
estimated by using the standard curve.
II. Estimation of Protein:
Protein content of imbibed seeds of
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. was estimated
28
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Graph –1: Nutritional value of Trigonella
foenum-graecum L. seeds inmg./pair of
cotyledons at “I” phase of germination.
RESULTS:
(a) Nutritional value of Trigonella foenumgraecum L. seeds after imbibition.
Nutritional value of T. foenum-graecum
L. seeds was determined byestimating total
sugar, starch, protein and lipid content in
mg./pair of cotyledons. These estimations
were done in the cotyledons of 24hrs. imbibed
seeds in water. It was found that weight of
each pair of Trigonella cotyledonswas 16mg.
contained 0.17mg. of sugar/pair of cotyledons.
Similarly the amount oftotal starch/pair of
cotyledons was estimated to be 0.91mg.,
while the total proteincontent of a pair of
imbibed cotyledons of T. foenum-graecum L.
was found to be 4.16mg./pair of cotyledons.
The total lipid in mg./pair of cotyledons was
1.13mg. The nutritional value of the seeds in
respect of total weight of a pair of cotyledons
of T. foenum-graecum L. at phase “I” (Phase
of imbibition) was also determined (Table-1,
Graph-1). The % of sugar present in a pair of
cotyledons of fenugreek was 1.1% after
24hrs. of germination at phase “I” (Phase of
imbibition). Starch content was estimated to
be 5.7% of the total cotyledonary weight,
while the amount of protein was found to be
26.0% of the total cotyledonary weight. The
total lipid present in each pair of Trigonella
foenum-graecum L. cotyledons was found to
be 7.06% of the total weight of a pair of
cotyledons.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
Nutritional value of any seed is determined
by analyzing and estimating all the vital
nutrients including total carbohydrates, proteins,
fats or lipids, dietary fibers whereas, vitamins
and minerals are also taken into consideration
by Finney (1982) in determination of the
nutritional value of different seeds. The
nutritional value of imbibed Trigonella foenumgraecum L. cotyledons indicated maximum
protein quantity 4.16mg./pair of cotyledonsthat
was 26% of total cotyledonary weight. This
concluded that Trigonella seeds are very
proteinaceous and can be used as a goodsource
of edible protein in daily diet. The total lipid
content of the cotyledons was the second
highest % of total cotyledonarycontent. It was
estimated 1.13mg./pair of cotyledons which
constituted 7.06% of the total cotyledonary
weight. The total lipid content could be
designated asthe total fats present, as it was the
most abundant form of simple lipids presentas
reserve food in the cotyledons of leguminous
seeds. The starch and sugarlevel remained as it
was after imbibition of the seeds. The quantity
of sugar inthe cotyledons at phase “I” (24hrs.
ofimbibition) was estimated 0.17mg./pair of
cotyledons. It constituted 1.1% of the total
cotyledonary weight. Similarly the total
starchpresent in cotyledons of Trigonella seeds
at this phase was 0.91mg./pair of cotyledons
which was only 5.7% of total cotyledonary
weight.Similar estimation of total protein was
made by Meghwal and Goswamy (2012), in
Trigonella
foenum-graecum
L.
Total
carbohydrate content of the seeds was estimated
to be 42.3gm/100gm wassimilar to the results
Table–1: Nutritional value of Trigonella foenumgraecum L. seeds inmg./pair of cotyledons at “I”
phase of germination.
Amount of
Number
Mean(mg./p
Nutritional
nutrients in
of
air of
Contents
mg./pair of
replicates
cotyledons)
cotyledons
1
0.17
2
0.18
SUGAR
0.17
3
0.16
4
0.18
1
0.89
2
0.93
STARCH
0.91
3
0.88
4
0.94
1
4.17
2
4.9
PROTEIN
4.16
3
4.26
4
4.12
1
1.00
2
1.15
LIPID
1.13
3
1.12
4
1.25
29
(lSSN-2349-9702)
enz.activity during germination. Plant
Physiology, 62:542-549.
5. Botcha, S., Prattipati, S. and Atluru, A.
2011Biochemical changes during seed
germination of Sterculia urens Roxb. Not. Sci.
Biol., 3(3):105-108.
6. Wilson,K. and Walker,J. 2000Practical
Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques,
Cambridge University Press.
7. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L.
and Randall, R.J.1951 Total protein
estimation by Lowry method. Journal of Biol.
Chem., 193-265.
8. Misra, N.M., Kar, R.K. and kabi, K. 1992 Starch
degradation in cotyledons of germinating cowpea.
Journal of Plant science Research, 14:4-8.
9. Thayumanavan, B. and Sadasivam, S. 1984
Estimation of total carbohydrates from
germinating seeds. Journal of Qual. Plant
Foods Human Nutrition, 34:253-257.
10. Hodge, J.E. and Hofreiter, B.T. 1962
Determination of total carbohydrate by
Antrone reagent method, Academic Press,
New York, Number 17.
11. Updegroff, D.M. 1969 Estimation of Cellulose
by Anthrone reagent. Anal. Chem., 32:420-423.
12. Thomas, J.E., Banclara, M., Lee, E.L.,
Driedger, D. and Acharya, S. 2011
Biochemically monitoring fenugreek to
develop functional food and medicinal plant
variants. N. Biotechnol., 28:110-117.
13. Agboola, D.A. 2003 Germination of seeds of
four tropical weed species in response to
treatment with some herbicides and gibberellic
acid. Nigerian Journal of Botany, 16:56-63.
14. Ajiboye, A.A. 2010 Dormancy and seed
germination in Tamarindus indica L. The pacific
Journal of Science and Technology, 11(2):463-470.
15. Gorecki, R.J., Fordonski, G., Halmajan, H.,
Horbowicz, M., Jones, R.G. and Lahuta, L.B.
2000 Carbohydrates in grain legume seeds,
seed Physiology and Biochemistry. CAB
International, Oxon: 138-143.
16. Hellmann, Mello, Barbedo and FigueiredoRibeiro.2008 Changes in the storage
carbohydrates of Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil
wood) seeds stored under different temperatures.
Journal of Hoehnea, 35(2): 255-264.
17. El-Adawy, T.A., Rahma, E.H., El-Bedawey,
A.A., and El-Beltagy, A.E. 2004 Nutritional
potential and functional properties of
germinated mung bean, pea and lentil seeds.
Plant Foods For Human Nutrition, 58(3):1-13.
obtained in present investigation. The results
obtained forprotein content of imbibed seeds
showed an interesting fact that was
somehowdifferent from the results obtained for
total
protein
content
of
germinated
andungerminated seeds of Trigonella as
conducted byShakuntala et al. (2011), which
were39.28%
and
48.2%
respectively.
Whereas,the respective result of present study
was 26%. It was because of the fact
thatimbibition and then the physiological or
biochemicalchanges related togermination
decreases the level of protein inside the
cotyledons due to theirmobilization and
successive utilization during the process.
Present study and its analysis led the
following conclusions that Trigonella foenumgraecumL. seedsexhibited typical epigeal
germination and the seeds required 144hrs. (6
days) for the completion of all the phases of
germination taken under consideration for
present study. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) exhibited rich nutritional qualities
and the cotyledons after 24hrs. of imbibitions
contained a very high amount of protein which
contributed 26% of total cotyledonary weight
more than the percentage of sugar, starch as
well as total lipid content. So due to their rich
amount of protein Trigonella foenum-graecum
L. seeds can also be considered as a great
source of edible protein in human diet besides
their widely known medicinal properties.
Reference :1. Shakuntala,S., Puranaik, J., Jeyrani,T, Naidu,
M.M. and Srinivas,P. 2011. Characterization
of germinating fenugreek (Trigonella foenum
-graecum L.) seed fractions. International
Journal of Food Science and Technology,
46:2337-2343.
2. Meghwal, M. and Goswamy, T.K. 2012. A
review on the functional properties, nutritional
contents, medicinal utilization and potential
application of fenugreek. Journal of Food
Processing and Technology, 3(9):181-190.
3. Plummer, D.T. 2011 An Introduction to
Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw Hill
Edition, New Delhi. pp. 001-318.
4. Becker,W.M., Leaver, C.J., Weir, E.M. and
Riezman, H.1978Regulation of glyoxysomes
enzyme during germination of cucumber.
Dev. changes in coty. prot., RNA and
***
30
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INVESTMENT PREFERENCES &
RISK BEARING CAPACITY OF
SALARIED PERSONS
*Sadhna Bagchi **Dewashish Mukherjee
*Research Scholar
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
**Mahant Laxminarayan Das College, Raipur Chhattisgarh
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Sadhna Bagchi
Research Scholar
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla
University, Raipur,
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
03.06.2016
10.06.2016
17.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
“Investment is an important as well as useful in the context
of present days. Investment is the allocation of monetary
resources to assets that are expected to yield some gain or
positive return over a given period”. It is always an important
decision for a person that, when, where, how and how much to
invest his/her hard earned money. This invested money will be
used to meet his/her future expenses in the form of interest,
dividend, and pension benefit or in the appreciation of the
value of principle capital. Salaried persons are those investors
who have lack of awareness about investment options
available in the financial market, and also less interested in
current investment market trends, while some of them keep
themselves away from share market due to past major scams
like Harshad Mehta scam, Satyam Computers scam etc. They
think share market is not a reliable option for investment. This
study is mainly focused on various direct and indirect
investment options available in the market, which might
enhance the earnings of salaried persons if they could properly
diversify their fund in right amount, into right security option
and by taking genuine chance arm. This study is an effort
towards bringing awareness among salaried persons for
various secure and high return options for investment and
what precautions should be taken before making any
investment. The person called venturer who chance arm; only
enjoys gain and profit, whereas rest satisfy them selves by
saying golden rule of investment i.e. „No pain no gain‟.
Key Words: Investment preference, Portfolio, Venturer,
Chance arm
INTRODUCTION:
Investment is important as well as useful in present day
context. Investment is the sacrifice of certain of present value
for the uncertain future reward. Investment is the allocation of
monetary resource to assets that are expected to yield some
gain or positive return over a given period. “An investment in
knowledge pays the best interest”. From the investor point of
view, the investment is a commitment of a person‟s funds to
desire future income in the form of interest, dividend, rent and
pension benefits or appreciation in the value of capital
principle.
31
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1 Equities- Equities are a type of security that
represents the ownership in a company.
Equities are traded (bought and sold) in stock
markets. Alternatively, they can be purchased
via the Initial Public Offering (IPO) route, i.e.
directly from the company. Investing in
equities is a good long-term investment
option as the returns on equities over a long
time horizon are generally higher than most
other investment avenues. However, alwaysgreater return comes with greater risk.
2 Mutual funds-A mutual fund allows a
group of people to pool their money together
and have it professionally managed, in
keeping with a predetermined investment
objective. This investment avenue is popular
because of its cost-efficiency, riskdiversification, professional management and
sound regulation.
3 Bonds- Bonds are fixed income
instruments, which are issued for the purpose
of raising capital. Both private entities, such
as companies, financial institutions, and the
central or state government and other
government institutions use this instrument as
a means of garnering funds. Bonds issued by
the Government carry the lowest level of risk
but could deliver fair returns.
4 Deposits -Investing in bank or post-office
deposits is a very common way of securing
surplus funds. These instruments are at the
low end of the risk-return spectrum.
5 Cash equivalents -These are relatively safe
and liquid investment options. Treasury bills
and money market instruments are cash
equivalents.
Non-financial Instruments
A Non-financial instrument is a real
document representing a legal agreement
involving of monetary value. Non-Financial
Instruments can be as easily traceable
package of capital but not easily tradable,
each having their own unique characteristics
of capital and structure.
6 Real Estate-With the ever-increasing cost
of land, real estate has come up as a profitable
An economy cannot achieve higher level
of growth and development with lower rate of
saving and investment.
Does saving and investment have same
meaning? No, saving means keeping aside a
part of income to meet uncertain short-term
needs and it does not generate any return
whereas investment instruments can help to
beat inflation.
In India, there is a gap between saving and
investment; it may be negative or positive.
Positive gap means economy not able to
convert the accumulated saving entirely into
investment and negative gap leads to domestic
saving lack to cope with domestic investment.
Our economy witnessed both type of gap and
currently facing positive gap.
Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana is a
National mission for financial inclusion to
ensure access to financial services, namely
banking remittance, credit, insurance in an
affordable manner. PMJDY is an effort to
bring all small saving in to circulation, it
might be able to decrease the gap between
saving and Investment.
Investment is putting money into asset
with the expectation of capital appreciation,
dividend or interest earning. All form of
investment options involves some amount of
risk and equivalent return. Risk and Return
are directly proportional to each other. Risky
investment options may generate high amount
of return for example; Equities, derivatives,
Mutual Fund, Forex market instruments etc.
FINANCIAL AND NON-FINANCIAL
INSTRUMENTS
Investment has been classified as Financial
Instrument and Non-financial instruments:
Financial Instruments
A financial instrument is a real and
virtual document representing a legal
agreement involving some sort of monetary
value. Financial Instruments can be as easily
traceable and tradable package of capital,
each having their own unique characteristics
of capital and structure.
32
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investment
proposition.
Property
or
commercial building comes under it.
7 Gold- The 'yellow metal' is a preferred
investment option, particularly when markets
are volatile. Today, beyond physical gold, a
number of products, which derive their value
from the price of gold, are available for
investment. These include gold futures and
gold exchange traded funds.
8 Alternative Investment Instruments
Alternative investments are sometimes used
as a tool to reduce overall investment risk
through diversification e.g. Forex traded
instruments, Derivatives, Antique, ancient
coins etc.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF SAVING OF
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR IN ECONOMY
An economy cannot achieve higher level
of growth and development with lower rate of
saving and investment. Size and component
of saving in India (GDS) consists of:
House hold saving
Corporate saving
Public sector saving
This study is related to the saving of
salaried persons and they are one of the
components of household sector.
Trend in Household saving
India has the biggest saving in the
Household sector followed by Private and
Public sector. Household saving is the largest
component of the total saving (GDS) in the
country. Household saving, as a percentage of
GDS, has the tendency to rise over time from
5.1% during 1951-52 to 23.2% in 2011-12.
During the 11th Five years plan period (20072012) share of household saving in the GDS
was 24.1%, which was 23.1% average during
10th Five years plan period (2002-2007).
The projections of household savings for
the three scenarios of real GDP growth and
inflation (and the implied growth rate of GDP
at current market prices) turn out to be near
identical and thus the common set of
projections is set out is 25.2 percent in 201617, giving an average of 24.4 percent during
the Twelfth Plan. This shows that rate of
saving of household sector has substantially
rise over the years. Some of the insisting
factors contributing to rise in domestic saving
in India are; voluntary deposit schemes,
increase in household assets, development of
banking and financial institutions and
increase in real rate of interest.
Gross domestic saving has been the
principal source of financing gross domestic
capital formation in country. Contribution of
GDS in GDP in past three years is 29% in
2011-12, 31.3% in 2012-13 and 30.1% during
2013-14. One major observation has
witnessed Indian economy during past 15
years from 2000-2014 that is, switch in the
composition of household saving from
financial assets to physical assets such as real
assets and gold.
PORTFOLIO
AND
PORTFOLIO
DIVERSIFICATION
Portfolio- A portfolio is the combination of
different investment types mixed and matched
according to the risk and return of venture.
Portfolio principle says „not to put all your
eggs in to one basket‟ means, a venturer can
minimize his risk by investing into
combination of securities which together will
give beneficial results, provided they are
grouped in a manner to secure higher return
after taking the risk element into
consideration.
In risk management, the act or strategy of
adding more investment to one‟s portfolio to
hedge against the investment already in it, in
ideal condition, this may lead to possibility of
making profit by reducing risk factors.
There are following two types of
diversification: 1. Horizontal diversification: Horizontal diversification implies adding
more of like kind to one‟s portfolio to hedge
against the instruments already in it. Investing
into similar type of investments such as
investment in several companies of similar
sector like steel making companies e.g. Tata
steel, SAIL, Jindal steel or investing in
different types of bonds.
33
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2 Vertical Diversification: Vertical diversification implies adding
very different securities to one‟s portfolio to
hedge against the investment already in it.
This involves investing into different
securities i.e. securities traded in different
countries or trades on different currency
market or investing in companies of different
sectors.
Both may be broad and narrow as the
investor chancing arm, broader the
diversification lesser the risk and lesser the
return.
The purpose of portfolio diversification is
risk management and optimization. MutualFund- Companies have their own Portfolio
Manager or fund manager, they work on
optimization of fund by minimizing risk and
seeking for high return. Financial companies
work for lowering the volatility of portfolio
by holding variety of non-co-related assets to
eliminate unsystematic risks.
Diversification of non-co-related assets
can reduce loss in Bear Market and prevent
capital for Bull Markets. Portfolio
optimization is achieved through proper
diversification and investment in aggressive
assets without increasing the risk of the
overall portfolio.
Some factors that need to be considered
while constructing your investment portfolio
are:
3. Age and Time horizon factor – If
investors start investing in early age he can
adopt aggressive investment strategy, since
their risk taking ability is high during that
age, gradually they can shift to safer options
as they get older. If age of the investor is near
retirement, his portfolio should consists of
mainly fixed income products.
4. Objectives- what is your prime objective
for investing, it should be clear in your mind
first. Because risk-taking capacity depends
upon your investment objectives. If investors
are determined for high return in short time,
they should adopt aggressive strategy and
vice versa,
5. Tax Implications- If tax saving is your
priority; your portfolio should consists of
more tax saving products. You should also
hold assets to long period to become eligible
for long-term tax exemption.
6. Balancing risk reward- Investors should
take moderate risk and do not flinch on
volatile situation of market. Keep himself
calm and wait until situation comes under
control. His portfolio must balance between
the high- return high -risk and low- return
low-risk investment options.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Joesh Ashly lynn, Dr. Prakash M. (2014)
“A study on preferred investment avenue
among the people and factors considered for
investment” This study gives insight view
about the preferred investment options
adopted by the small investors, it also
provides knowledge about the behavioral
aspect of investors as human nature.
Biswas Saumtri (2012) “Investment
Decision and Portfolio Management by Retail
investor: An Analytical study at SBI CAPS”
This micro-level study will not only help the
sample retail investors to redesign their
portfolio but also it will provide SBI Capital
securities a guideline to counsel prospective
investors to choose appropriate investment
portfolio and thereby maximize their return
on investment.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To study the investment patterns of
salaried persons.
 To study the factors involved in
investment decision making.
 To study the influencing factors in
investment decision making.
 To study the risk preference and return
criteria of salaried persons
NEED OF STUDY
This analytical study is on behavioral
study of salaried person on financial matters.
It is an attempt to know risk-bearing capacity
and pre-conception about shares and
derivatives market on investor‟s mind. A right
investment decision will pay back in form of
34
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SECTION – I
General Information about the salaried
person as retail investors
TABLE-1.1
No. of respondents based on age groups
No. of
Age group
respondent In percentage
20-30
28
29%
30-40
22
23%
40-50
34
35%
50-60
12
12%
Total
98
100%
The data presented in table 1.1 reveals
that 29% of the respondents belong to the age
group of 20-30 years, 23% from 30-40 years,
largest 35% of respondents from age group of
40-50 years and least 12% of respondents
from age group of 50-60 years.
return but wrong decision could not be
changed in any ways.
It is today‟s requirement that an Investor
should know all investment options without
hidden facts and also what are the steps
should be taken to verify the authenticity of
investment proposal. This study is tries to
reveal the recent trend of investment patterns
and effect of demographic factors like age,
sex, pay scale, education level on risk bearing
capacity and tolerance level of the investors.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This study is limited to Korba district (C.G).
All samples are taken from salaried persons of
different companies in Korba District.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Source of
Data
Research
Approach
Research
Instrument
Sample Size
Contact
Method
Analytical
Tools
Sampling
Technique
Primary data in form of survey and
secondary data collected from the
articles published in Journals,
books and internet websites.
Survey conducted in Korba district.
TABLE-1.2
% of saving with no of respondents
No of
% of saving
% of total
respondent
0-20
46
47%
20-40
40
41%
40-60
12
12%
total
98
100%
Structured questionnaire consisting
closed ended dichotomous and
multiple-choice questions.
100
A perusal of the data presented in Table
1.2 reveals that 47% respondents save 0 to 20
percent of their income, 41% respondents
save 20 to 40 percent of their earning as
investments and only 12% respondents save
in higher side i.e. 40 and above percent of
income as investment.
Direct Personal.
Chart and graph.
Simple random sampling.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The result & discussion of the study is
presented in four different sections. The first
section explains about the general behavior
and attitude towards investment of selected
retail investors. The second section explains
about the fundamentals of investment &
investment patterns being followed by theses
salaried persons. The third section explains
about various available alternatives. The
fourth section explains about appropriate
strategies for better and effective management
of investment portfolio vis-à-vis redesigning
of the portfolios of retail investors in order to
maximize their return with minimum risk.
Table- 1.3
Investment Range by Age Group
Percentage
Age of respondents
No of
of Income
respondents
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
as saving
0-20
18
9
13
6
46
20-40
8
10
18
4
40
40-60
2
3
3
4
12
Total
28
22
34
14
98
The above table reveals that in the age
group of 20 to 30, majority of the sample
investors (65%) are having their investment 0
to 20 percentage of income whereas only 7%
of the sample investors were found to be
invested 40-60 percentage. With the increases
35
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in age investment percentage also increases,
from the above figure it is observed that with
the increase in age the investors are also
willing to invest more. However, after a
certain age it is showing a reverse trend.
SECTION – II
Investment Pattern being followed by
Salaried Persons as Investor
Among the respondents the reasons for
making investment (as shown in Table 2.3) is
basically to earn return 32%, followed by
property and tax saving 28%. Many of them
invest for children education 20%, followed
by Retirement security 18%. Salaried person
don‟t worry much for retirement security
because a part of their income is deducted
from source in the form of EPF and equal
contribution it made by employer which gives
them retirement security. Gratuity and leave
encashment are other options of retirement
benefit for them. Hence Retirement security
and tax saving is the least preferred purpose
of investment.
Table-2.5
Risk Bearing capacity
Risk bearing Capacity
Percentage
High risk high return
21
Medium Risk Moderate return
31
Low risk low return
46
Total
100
TABLE-2.1
Preferred period of investment
Term of investment
No of respondent
Short term
28
medium term
46
long term
24
Total
98
Table 2.2
Preferred period and Age group
Age of respondent
Preferred Period
20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
of Investment
Short period
10
8
6
1
Medium Period
4
8
22
10
Long Period
4
8
6
2
Analysis of data with respect to age
groups (refer Table 2.4) reveals that with
increase in the age, the earning capability of
an individual increases, but it is up to a
certain limit. When income increases the
individual plan for income tax exemption. So
up to the age of 50 the requirement of tax
benefit increases. And then after due to VRS
or retirement, the earning capability of an
individual decreases and as a result of which
the requirement for income tax benefits also
decreases.
As the analysis of data presented in Table
2.1 & 2.2 reveals that medium term of
investment is most preferred term of
investment for any age group. Up to the age
of 30 years short terms investment mostly
preferred and age above 40 years medium and
long term of investment mostly preferred.
Table 2.3
Purpose of Investment
No. of respondent
Return and growth
32
Retirement security
18
Property
28
Children's Education
20
Tax Saving
28
Table 2.6
Risk bearing Capacity and Age Group
Risk bearing
Age of respondent
Capacity
20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
High risk high
6
8
6
0
return
Medium Risk
10
6
12
4
Moderate return
Low risk low
12
8
16
8
return
28
22
34
12
Total
Table 2.4
Purpose of Investment and Age Group
Goal of Investment
Age of respondent
20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Return and growth
retirement security
Property
Children's Education
Tax Saving
12
4
8
4
6
6
8
8
2
0
12
4
12
6
16
2
4
6
2
6
36
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An analysis of data presented in Table 2.6
reveals that with the increase in the age after
40, there has been a decline in the risk
appetite and sample investors prefer to invest
more in low risk and low return funds. On the
contrary, in middle age group, there has been
an increase in investment by retail investors
in high risk and high return funds as investors
in this age group have high-risk appetite. Out
of total samples, slightly more than 45% of
the sample investors fall in the low risk and
low return options.
From the above Table it is observed that
primarily with the increase in age, the
investors are willing to take more risk up to
the age of 40 and afterwards their risk
appetite declines because within this agegroup the investors are less responsible and
have limited family obligations. But after age
of 40 when the investors become more
responsible towards their family, the risk
bearing capacity declines. It is also observed
that investors in the age bracket of 50 and
above prefer to invest in less risky assets such
as FDs, LIC, Bonds, Gold, etc.
investment options are; are Life Insurance,
systematic investment plan (SIP), Fixed
Deposit, Gold, Mutual Fund, FD, Shares, etc.
These investment schemes are having
investment facility varying from daily basis to
monthly, quarterly, half-yearly and annually.
But, some of the investment options have
one-time payment, like unit-linked insurance
policy, F.D., and GIS. Salaried persons is the
group of investors who prefer low risk and
low return option therefore they mostly prefer
fixed deposit and property as investment.
Table 3.2
Preferred option with Age Group
Preferred
option of
Investment
GOLD BOND
FIXED
DEPOSIT
EQUITY
MUTUAL
FUND
PROPERTY &
REAL STATES
INSURANCE
GOLD
SIP
Age of respondent
20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
0
2
6
4
16
2
16
2
14
2
6
0
2
0
10
2
6
4
10
2
2
4
6
2
2
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
Following Table 3.3 illustrate preferred
investment patterns by salaried persons.
Salaried are those having almost fixed regular
earning throughout the year hence monthly
investment pattern is most preferred thereafter
annual investment option is preferred.
SECTION – III
Alternatives of Investment Options
available with the Sample Retail Investors:
To study the various alternatives of
investment available and preferred options by
salaried persons, the following tables have
been compiled and analysed.
Table 3.1
Preferred options for
No. of respondent
Investment
Gold bond
16
Fixed deposit
50
Securities
8
Mutual fund
14
Property & Real states
20
Insurance
14
Gold
18
SIP
0
Table 3.3
Preferred Investment Patterns
Investment Pattern No. of respondent
Monthly
70
Quarterly
10
Half Yearly
4
Annually
14
Total
98
Table-3.4, reveals that 44% of retail investors
preferred to discuss with friends and relatives
before making investment. Broker‟s advice is
the least preferred by retail investors. It is pre-
Following Table 3.1& 3.2 explains about
preferred investment options by the salaried
person based on their age groups. These
37
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conception in investor‟s mind that broker will
never be faithful to them and some facts
remains hidden not disclosed.
Table-3.6
Awareness of Investment option
PPF
NSC
Bank FD
Company's FD
Mutual Fund
Life Insurance
Unit Linked plan
Gold Bond
Forex Traded Securities
Bonds
Real States
Equity/ Preference Share
Debenture
Derivatives
Table-3.4
Center of Advise for Investment
Investment Advisor
Percentage
Broker
10
Friends & Relatives
44
Financial Consultants
24
TV/ Internet
20
Total
98
Following Table 3.5 illustrates investment
ranks. It reveals that rate of return is the rank
1 for the reason of investment, maintaining
standard of living after retirement and life
insurance is ranked 2 and 3 combined, safety
of fund ranked 4, tax saving ranked 5, safety
of fund ranked 6 and stability of return ranked
last. It shows that people mostly preferred rate
of return but terrify to take risk, reason might
be lack of awareness, lack of good financial
advisor and feasibly to share market.
SECTION - IV
Investment guidelines and Investment Advises
This is a profile prepared by financial
expert and is considered as a standard for
investment for investors of different age
groups. According to this guideline, the
investment should be in this pattern.
Table-4.1
Investment Guideline
Table 3.5
Reason for investment and Ranking
Reasons for Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank
Investment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cost of
inflation
Standard of
living after
retirement
Tax Saving
Life
Insurance
Rate of
Return
Safety of
fund
Stability of
return
1
9
2
9
10
8
8
6
10
10
4
6
5
3
13
7
7
6
7
4
3
9
10
11
5
5
1
3
14
4
5
7
8
7
1
3
6
6
10
4
16
2
1
0
3
5
3
10
25
Out of 98
Samples
80
86
84
26
42
48
24
30
22
42
44
70
26
26
Variables Profile 1 Profile 2
Age
20-30
30-40
Married
Marital
with one
Unmarried
Status
or two
children
Risk
very High High
Appetite
Profile 3 Profile 4
40-50
50-60
Children Establisin Higher hed
education children
Average
Low
Mutual Fund Investment is a Safe Option
They can prove to be very fruitful if the
investor makes limited investments &
generate a diverse portfolio, which can give
high returns. It is an ideal way of investment
if the investor wants to diversify their risks &
get good returns. A diverse portfolio reduces
the risk factors & prevents the investor from
complete loss of his investment.
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
The research article entitled “Investment
Preferences and Risk bearing capacity of
salaried persons” will definitely provide an
Following Table 3.6 illustrates awareness
about various investments options among
peoples. It reveal that most of the investors
are aware about PPF, NSC, Bank‟s FD and
company‟s shares, Average no. of investors
have knowledge about Mutual fund,
commercial real states, unit linked plan and
SIP and least no. of investors have some
knowledge of derivatives market, Forex
market, company‟s FD and Gold bond
38
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insight about the investment opportunities in
financial sector for the salaried persons and
ways to optimize return on investment
opportunities from the following conclusions
and recommendations.
In this study, 100 questionnaires are
distributed out of which 98 persons gave their
response. All respondents are aware about
meaning of investment but only 15% know
about meaning of portfolio.
47% of
respondents save about 20%, 41% save 2040% and rest 12% of respondents save 4060% of their income in any form of
investment options. Only 21% respondent
prefer high risk and high return whereas 47%
prefer low risk with low return option which
show that, Salaried persons are not willing to
invest their money into high risk options like
securities, mutual fund etc., instead they
mostly prefer to invest in low risk options like
bank fixed deposit, Life Insurance and post
office recurring deposits.
Only 26% have knowledge about Forex
market, Derivatives market and hedging
techniques for offset probability of losses.
Reason may vary from person to person
according to the risk bearing capacity and
their satisfaction level. One more reason for
their less interest in share market is they
usually choose tax saving options over other
high-risk high return options.
Out of the total no. of investors, 52% of
investors are in the age group of 20-30 &
30-40 years, 35% of investors are in the age
group of 40-50 years, and rest 13% are in age
group of 50 years & above.
1. Around 23% of the total investors prefer to
invest in market related securities, which
includes ULIP, MF, SIP, Equity share,
preference share.
2. Most of the investors prefer to invest in the
field of fixed return instruments like gold,
property, FD, govt. bond etc. & which are
84 % out of total investors.
3. It is observed that sample investors in the
age group of 20-30 years, 30-40 years, 4050 years & 50 above, are investing on
average, 19%, 25%, 38% & 32%
respectively out of their total income.
4. It is also found that 70% of salaried
investors preferred to invest on monthly
basis, 14% preferred annually, 10%
preferred quarterly and rest preferred semiannually.
5. It is found that 23% of total respondents
are ready to take risk, because they prefer
high risk and high return options.
IMPLICATIONS
Salaried are those having almost fixed
regular earning throughout the year and if they
invest in proper way they can earn better rate
of return on their funds. Household sector
contributes almost 22 percentage of GDS
whereas GDS contributes about 30 percentage
of total GDP. This statistics reveals the
importance of savings for household sector.
A systematic awareness programme can be
launched with the collaboration of employer‟s
company and Government organization to
enhance this contribution; it will directly help
to the growth of economy.
In this awareness programme, a systematic
approach can be applied to educate the
investors and they can initiate it by opening
D-Mat accounts. Systematically they can learn
practical approach towards stock market and
get the benefit of other high return options.
Reference :1. Bhalla V.K.(1982) “Security analysis and
Portfolio Management” S.Chanad & Company
Ltd. 16th Edition.
2. Chandra, P (1995) “The Investment Game: How
to Win?” Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi
3. Chandra Parasana (2007) “Corporate Financial
Management” Tata McGraw Publishing House.
4. Joesh Ashly lynn, Dr. Prakash M. (2014) “A
study on preferred investment avenue among the
people and factors considered for investment”
International Journal of Management and commerce
Innovation, Vol 2 Issue 1; PP: (120-129).
5. Biswas Saumtri (2012) “Investment Decision and
Portfolio Management by Retail investor: An
Analytical study at SBI CAPS, Journal of Business
Management commerce & Research Vol-1 No-3.
6. Economic Survey 2008-15.
7. http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AnnualPublications.
aspx?head=Handbook%20of%20Statistics%20on
%20Indian%20Economy
8. http://myinvestmentideas.com/
9. http://www.smarterwithmoney.in/Basics/Basicof
Finance/Articles
***
39
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ROLE OF JUDICIARY; CONCERN
WITH ARTICLE 370.
Bhoopendra Karwande
Asst.Prof.LAW
Govt.J.Y.Chhattisgarh College, Raipur
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Bhoopendra Karwande
Asst. Prof. LAW
Govt. J.Y. Chhattisgarh College,
Raipur, (Chhattisgarh) India
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
03.06.2016
12.06.2016
17.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
Article 370was placed in the Constitution of India in Part
XXI called "Temporary and Transitional Provisions". The
headnote to article 370 is titled as "Temporary Provision with
respect to the State of Jammu & Kashmir". By the constitution
(13th Amendment) Act, 1962 the title of part XXI of
Constitution was changed to "Temporary, Transitional and
Special Provisions". The word 'special' being important
addition to the title of this part and it gets further strengthened
by the headnotes appended to articles 371, 371A, 371B, 371C,
371D, 371F, 371G and 371-I which open with the words
"Special provision with respect to(the named State of States)".
These articles deals with the states of Maharashtra and
Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh Sikkim,
Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa, respectively. Article
378A deals with the special provisions as to the duration of
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. However, article 370
continues with the headnote "Temporary Provision with
respect to the State of Jammu & Kashmir". From this
headnote and content analysis, one can only draw an inference
that this Article was meant for a limited period of time it was
to be replaced or replaced by an arrangement which would
rather have been permanent in nature and character.
INTRODUCTION:
Puranlal Lakhanpal v. President of India
The underlying object of article 370 is to recognise the
special status of the State of Jammu &Kashmir in the Indian
Union. In order to safeguard and protect the special position, it
confers powers on the President to apply the provision of
Constitution of the India to the State subject to the stipulation
that he can do so with reference to the matters in the
Instrument of Accession in consultation with and with
reference to other matters with the concurrence of the State
Government. The President has the power to apply the
provisions with such exceptions and modifications as he may
by order specify.
Sampat Prakash v. State of Jammu & Kashmir
It was contended by the petitioner that since article 370
was intended to be effective until the constitution of the state
was framed and the will of the people of Jammu and Kashmir
had been expressed and thereafter, this Article must be held to
40
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have become ineffective, so provision
subsequent to the enforcement of the
Constitution of the state would be without
any authority of law.
Mohd. Maqbool Damnoo v. State of
Jammu & Kashmir
It seems to us that the essential feature of
sub-clauses (1)(b) and (d) of article 370 is the
necessity of the Concurrence of the state
Government or the consultation of the State
Government. What the state Government is at
particular time to be determined in the
context of the Constitution of Jammu &
Kashmir. The Explanation did no more than
recognise the Constitutional position as it
existed on that date and the Explanation to
clause (1) as substituted from November 17,
1952, also did no more than recognise the
constitutional position in the State. We have,
therefore, no doubt that article 370(1)(b) and
370(1)(d) place no limitation on the farming
of or amendment of the Constitution Jammu
& Kashmir. If there is a limitation, it must be
found in the Constitution of State.
Puranlal Lakhanpal v. President of India
The petitioner had challenged of para 5(c)
of the Constitution (Application to Jammu &
Kashmir) Order, 1954 which modified article
81(1) in its application to the state Jammu &
Kashmir. The petitioner contended that the
President had exceeded his powers when he
made modification for the thereby substituted
direct election to the House of the People by
nomination which he could not do. This, it is
said, was a radical alteration in article 81 as
applied to the State of Jammu & Kashmir and
was not justified as a modification under
article 370(1). The petitioner prayed that the
modification made may be declared
unconstitutional and the writ of quo-warranto
be issued against the persons nominated to
the House of the People on the
recommendation of the Legislature of the
State of Jammu & Kashmir prohibiting them
from acting as the members of Parliament.
Rejecting the contention of the petitioner the
Court held that the modification envisaged in
article 370(1) means the amendment of the
Constitution for the purpose of application to
that State and would certainly include such
amendment as would make a radical alteration
in the provisions of the Constitution.
Mohd. Subhan v. State
Article 370, clause (1) empowers the
President to apply the various constitutional
provisions to the State of Jammu and
Kashmir with such exceptions and
modifications as he may, by order, specify.
The power to 'modify' includes the power to
enlarge or add to an existing provision, or to
abrogate it, if necessary. It is co-extensive
with the power to amend and is not confined
to minor alterations only. The words
'exceptions ' and 'modifications' cannot be
interpreted by reference to the meaning
ascribed to them in the context of their use in
the other provisions of the Constitution
because article 370 is a self-contained Code
and has been enacted to serve a specific
purpose of its own. There is no limitation on
the exercise of power by the president in
relation of further provisions of the
constitution. The extension of further
provisions of the Constitution to the States
will continue to be governed by procedure
prescribed in article 370.
Prem Nath Kaul v. State of Jammu &
Kashmir
The Supreme Court five-judge bench
without referring to pronounced a strange
decision in Sampat Prakash v. State of J&K
ruled that (i)the wording of Article 370
makes no mention of the completion of work
of the Constituent Assembly or its dissolution
and (ii) the Constituent Assembly
recommended that Article 370 should
continue with one modification. The
modification that the Court alluded to was the
„Explanation‟ of 15th November 1952.The
apex court‟s verdict implied that just because
the J&K Constituent Assembly had so
recommended, way back in November 1952,
Article 370 should continue. Perpetuating the
wish of a political authority long after it was
dissolved and leaving no other system for
change is an impossible scheme to accept for
any Constitution in any democracy.
Conclusion:A close scrutiny of the provisions of
article 370 read with clauses 4 & 7 of the
Instrument of Accession leads to the
conclusion that the constitutional provisions
and the laws extended to the state with the
concurrence of or in consultation with the
41
(lSSN-2349-9702)
said on the RajyaSabha on 24th Feburary,
1964. He observed:
"The Prime Minister (Jawaharlal Nehru)
the other day spoke of the general erosion of
article 370. I only hope the erosion is
accelerated and I also hope that very soon the
article will disappear from the constitution of
India. After all, it is transitional and
temporary. I think that the transitional period
has been long enough."
Reference :1 Sharma S.K.: The Constitution of Jammu &
Kashmir; Universal Law Publishing 2011.
2 Anand A.S.: The Constitution of Jammu &
Kashmir; Universal Law Publishing 1998.
Articles: The Hindu 31 May 2014.
Websites:www.legalserviceindia.com/…le/l2
48Article-370.html
http://www.mightylaws.in/464/article-370story-controversy
State government have become part and
parcel of the Instrument of Accession. As the
accession of the State to the Indian Union is
complete, final and irrevocable so the
applicability valid. Article 370 was placed in
the Indian Constitution as the enabling
provision providing full scope for the
application and extension of Central laws to
the state. It empowers the President to adopt
the Constitutional provisions applied or to be
applied to the State of Jammu & Kashmir in
the light of the exigencies of the situation
existing in the state from time to time. this
being a flexible arrangement under which the
constitutional position of the state can be
defined from time to time. The true object
being steady, but complete erosion of article
370 witch grants special to the State. it would
be appropriate to mention what late Mr. M.C.
Chagla, the then Union Education Minister
***
42
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OUT DOOR STUDY OF FUNGAL
DIVERSITY AT RATANPUR FORT.
*Kiran Pandey **Beena Sharma ***Kavita Sharma
*Daga Girls College Raipur (C.G.)
**Scientific officer CGCOST Raipur (C.G.)
***Govt Arts & Commerce Girls College Raipur (C.G.)
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Kiran Pandey
Daga Girls College
Raipur, (Chhattisgarh) India
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
03.06.2016
14.06.2016
17.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
Biodeterioration is considered to be a degradation process
following the initial deteriorating effects of inorganic agents.
Chhattisgarh state having culture diversity considered as a
land of ancient architectural importance particularly in the
field of historical monuments, because the state having lot of
ancient monuments, temples and fort. Under this study fungal
involvement in bioterioration of Ratanpur Fort (Bilaspur,
Chhattisgarh) was studied. During this study, total 64 fungal
species (410 fungal colonies) belonging to 27 fungal genera
were isolated. Seasonal variation was observed throughout the
year. Highest number of fungal species were isolated in the
month of January a total of 48 fungal species (48 fungal
colonies) belonging to 16 fungal genera.
Key-words: Biodeterioration, Chhattisgarh, Fungi, Ratanpur.
INTRODUCTION:
Biological agents that produce deterioration are referred to
as biodeteriogens. These range from microorganisms like
fungi to higher plants and to animals such as insects and
rodents. Fungi were always and still are frightening ancient
and contemporary material of objects of art in libraries and in
museums. Some fungal species (Penicillium and Cephalosporium) have a greater biochemical decay potential than
lichens. The aim of this work was to study the microfungi
community on Ratanpur fort (Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh) in order
to evaluate the potential damage caused by fungal species.
METHOD
Isolation of fungi in PDA plates for the survey of
aeromycoflora of Ratanpur fort was done during the
investigation period. Pure culture of isolated fungal species
was made. Identification of isolated fungal species was done
with the help of available literature (Sharma 2010).
RESULT
Seasonal variations are observed in the study period. In
winter season percentage contribution of fungi is highest
41.95% followed by rainy season 36.82% and lowest in
summer season i.e. 21.21% was observed (Fig 1). During this
43
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study, total 64 fungal species belonging to 27
fungal genera were isolated. Choanephora
sp., Chaetomium sp., Aspergillus sp.,
Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Monilia
sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp.,
Mycelia sterilia and other genera were
isolated. In rainy season, 58 fungal species
belonging to 28 fungal genera were isolated.
In winter season, 59 fungal species belonging
to 28 fungal genera were isolated. Nuhogl et
al (2006) identified fungal species as
Cladosporium
orchidis,
Penicillium
frequentans, Embellicia hyacinthi and
Alternaria alternata, and the group of
actinomycetes from the stone surfaces of the
monuments which is similar to this result.
Gupta & Sharma (2011) found Aspergillus
was also the most frequent genus (100% of
exposures) which is similar to this result.
Simonoviaova et al (2004) stated that
Aspergillus species were among dominant
micro fungi on the mineral substrate.
Fig1: Seasonal percentage contribution
Reference :1. Gupta Sanjay and Sharma Kavita 2011:
Biological Deterioration and their
Chemical Conservation with Reference to
Chandraditya Temple, Barsoor Journal of
Ecobiotechnology, 3(5): 12-15
2. Nuhoglu Y, Oguz E, Uslu H, Ozbek A,
Ipekoglu B, Ocak I, Hasenekoglu I. 2006:
The accelerating effects of the
microorganisms on biodeterioration of
stone monuments under air pollution and
continental cold climatic conditions in
Erzurum, Turkey. Science of the Total
Environment. 364: 272–283.
3. Sharma K., 2010: Fungi and Biodeterioration
of Ancient Monuments of Chhatishgarh,
KOSALA-3, p.295-297.
4. Simonoviaova, A., Godyova., M., Sevc, J.
2004 : Airborne and soil microfungi as
contaminants of stone in a hypogean
cemetery, Int Biodeterioration Biodegradation
v. 54p. 7-11
***
44
(lSSN-2349-9702)
A STUDY ON CUSTOMER AWARENESS
TOWARDS PRADHAN MANTRI
JANDHAN YOJNA ITH SPECIAL
REFERENC TO RAIPUR CITY
*Ashok Kumar Jha **Madhu Agrawal
*HEAD & Asst. prof.(Management)
**Assistant Professor (Commerce)
Durga Mahavidyalaya, Raipur
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Ashok Kumar Jha
HEAD & Asst. Prof.
(Management)
Vivekanand Mahavidyalaya,
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
03.06.2016
15.06.2016
17.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
This paper analyses the awareness level of customers
towards PRADHANMANTRI JAN-DHAN SCHEME in
RAIPUR chhattisgarh. The first phase of this scheme starts
from August 15, 2014 to August 14, 2015 which focuses on
the followings We conduct this analysis in relation to the
CUSTOMERS AND BANKS initiated by the government of
INDIA.in this research we tried to analyse the awareness for
pradhan mantra jan dhan yojna in Raipur city.
INTRODUCTION:
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is a social
upliftment scheme which aims to bring the millions of
excluded Indian people in the main financial stream through
financial inclusion, a subject of national priority for the
present NDA Government. Even after 68 years of
Independence and 45 years of nationalization of banks, It‟s
hard fact to deny that In India, one segment of the population
has access to assortment of almost all banking services
starting with a saving bank account to net banking, thus
enjoying all banking facilities 24*7 whereas another larger
population segment of underprivileged and lower income
group is totally deprived of even basic financial services. The
implementation strategy of the plan is to utilize the existing
banking infrastructure as well as expand the same to cover all
households.
Hon‟ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi announced a
new scheme Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) on
August 15, 2014 and launched it as a national mission for
financial inclusion on August 28, 2014 as a land mark
initiatives to ensure financial inclusion for weaker section of
the society for providing banking, insurance and pension to
mitigate the ill effects of earlier schemes, thus giving them
dignity, financial freedom and financial stability.
Six Pillars of Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna
The programme for financial inclusion under the PMJDY
is based on six pillars:
45
(lSSN-2349-9702)
1.Universal Access to Banking Facilities
2.Basic Banking Accounts
3.Financial Literacy
4.Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF)
5.Micro Insurance
6.Pension Scheme
Keeping the stiff targets in mind, in the
first phase, the plan would focus on first
three pillars in the first year starting from
th15 August, 2014. In order to achieve this
plan, phase wise and state wise targets for
Banks have been set up for Banks for the
period the th15 August, 2014 to 14 August,
2015.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In order to clearly understand the gravity
of the topic of these research paper an
extensive review of various reports, white
papers, dissertations and academic journals
were reviewed
Kunthia R (2014) - The author in this
research paper has attempted to study the
recent developments on Financial Inclusion
in India with special reference to the recently
launched “Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojna
(PMJDY)”
Patnaik BCM, Satpathy I & Supkar A
(2014) - This study is an attempt to
understand the hopes and expectation of the
customers of the Odisha Gramin Bank
(OGB). The authors have taken note of the
reforms initiated by the Government of India
but to what extent the aspirations of the
customers are being taken care is the present
issue discussed in this paper. In this study the
authors have tried to include the views 281
respondents and have considered 12
hypotheses.
Sumanthy M (2013) - By ignoring the
underprivileged and the disadvantaged is
never going to develop India as a nation in a
remarkable way. The banks have shown a
growth in both volume and complexity as
well as improvements in financial viability,
competitiveness and profitability, but still
they have not been able to bring a vast
segment of the population, particularly the
underprivileged sections into the bracket of
basic banking services. An all-out and
serious effort is required to be made to
eradicate financial exclusion as it can lift the
standard of living and provide opportunities
to the poor and disadvantaged.
Bhuvaneshwari P & Pushpalatha P (2013)
- The authors say that even after attainment
of independence India is yet to provide
independence to its poor from debt and
cunning money lenders. The authors are of
the view that the Indian banking system has
to increase its focus on the problems faced
by rural India. The authors advocate the
concept of social banking which primarily
constitutes financial services that result in
human development; it is a system in which
the rich subsidises the provision of the
financial services to the poor.
Sinha A (2013)- The author has
commented on the occasion of the launch of
the financial inclusion programme of
Cosmos bank that without overall financial
inclusion , both financial stability and
inclusive growth cannot be reached Banks
need to look at financial inclusion as a
business model that can generate profits and
not as an obligation which they need to
fulfill.
Objective of the study:To study the awareness of people about the
PMJDY .
To know the customer preference about
PMJDY.
To analyse the social changes through this
scheme
Research methodology
Research Design- Exploratory Research
design
Data collection – This research is based on
secondary data Data‟s were collected
through secondary sources.ie various
research articles, magazines papers and
websites etc.
Methods- Survey method
Technique- Percentage and Factor analysis
technique
Data Analysis and interpretation- Data
analysis and interpretation means to analyze
the collected data and interpreting its results.
In this chapter the data collected by way of
the questionnaire has been analyzed by
percentage method and factor analysis and
the results obtained have presented with the
help of tables and diagrams.
46
(lSSN-2349-9702)
Age wise distribution of respondents
No of
% of
Age
Respondents Respondents
Upto 20
8
8%
21-40
73
73%
41-60
13
13%
More than 60
6
6%
Total
100
100%
Family Annual Income wise distribution of
respondents
Family annual
No of
% of
income (Rs.) Respondents Respondents
Upto 1 lakh
37
37%
1 lakh - 3 lakh
49
49%
3 lakh - 5 lakh
7
7%
More than 5 lakh
7
7%
Total
100
100%
As it is evident from the table 10,that most
of the respondents are from the age group of
21-40(73%) followed by the age group of 4160(13%) and the age group of upto 20(8%) of
respondents and least no. of respondents are
from age group of more than 60(6%).
Occupation wise distribution of
respondents
No of
% of
Occupation
Respondents Respondents
Agriculture
16
16%
Business
10
10%
Services
9
9%
Self employed
22
22%
Processional
2
2%
Student
30
30%
Unemployed
11
11%
Total
100
100%
Table 14 shows that, the most of the
respondents fall in the income group of 1 lakh
to 3 lakh (49%) followed by the income group
upto 1 lakh (37%)of respondents, Income
group 3 lakh – 5Lakh (7%) and more than 5
lakh (7%) have same number of respondents
Source of Information about PMJDY
No of
% of
respondents respondents
Friends and
33
33%
relatives
Media
advertisement
Bank/Financial
Institute
Any other
52
52%
15
15%
0
0%
Total
100
100%
It shows that, out of 39 who have opened
an account under this scheme, 26(67%) of
respondents agreed that the benefits are
timely and adequately provided ,with13(33%)
of the respondents recording a contrary
opinion.
The table 13 reveals that, 30% of the
respondents are students, 22% are self
employes, 16% are in agriculture, 11% are
unemployed, 10% are in business, 9% are in
service and 2% of the respondents are
professionals.
47
(lSSN-2349-9702)
followed by State bank of India and Axis
Bank.
 66.67% people who have opened account
under this scheme expressed that benefits
of this scheme are timely and adequately
provided.
 Majority of the people 49% find saving
facility as a greatest utility of opening
account under this scheme.
 Factor analysis was used to check
perception of people towards PMJDY .It
was found that „wholesomeness‟ of the
scheme is the most attractive factor with
26.086% of total variances explained. The
variables were in one factor with the
highest number of loading on each factor.
Education:
More involvement of banks:Banking staff training
Conclusion- Indian government is taking
many initiates to increase the financial
inclusion in India and PMJDY is such a
initiative which will link the poor or weaker
section of society of the banks or formal
source of finance and will uplift the poor
people will come up from the mare of money
lenders and on the whole,it will give the
favorable push to the growth of Indian
Economy.
Reference :1. Bagli, S., & Dutta. P. (2012). A study of
Financial Inclusion in India. Radix
International Journal of Economics &
Business Management, 1(8).
2. Barhate G.H & Gagtap V.R (2014).
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana:
National Mission of Financial Inclusion.
Indian Journal of Applied Research,
4(12).
3. Corr Caroline (2006). Financial Inclusion
in Ireland: An exploratory study and
policy review. Coombatpoverty agency,
Island Bridge, Dublin.
4. Gandhi, M.M. (2013). Financial Inclusion
in India. International Multidisciplinary
Journal of Applied Research,1(3), 12-28.
5. Jagannathan, R.(2014). Jan Dhan Yojana:
Simply a Loan Fair or Something Else.
Weekly Economic Review, p.13.
6. Jubair, T. (2014). Financial Kiosks & Self
Service Banking Machines in India: A
Critical Evaluation of the Present
Bank account holder under PMJDY
No of
% of
Response
respondents respondents
Yes
39
39%
No
61
61%
Total
100
100%
It shows that, out of 100 respondents 39%
have opened bank account under this scheme
and 61% have not opened bank account under
this scheme
Timely and adequately benefits provided to
the people
Benefits
No of
% of
provided respondents respondents
Yes
26
55.67%
No
13
33.33%
Total
39
100%
FINDING AND RECOMMENDATION
 Majority of respondents 52% have heard
about PMJDY through Media Advertisements.
 It has been observed that 61% people
have not opened the bank account under
this scheme .
 They either have already a bank account
or not interested in opening a bank
account.
 It has been observed that the maximum
number of account holders under PMJDY
opened account in Punjab National Bank,
48
(lSSN-2349-9702)
Scenario. Sai Om Journal of Commerce &
Management:
A
Peer
Reviewed
International Journal, 1(7), 1-7.
7. Katia Vikas (2013). Financial Inclusion
for Direct Benefit Transfer Growth and
Hurdles.
International
Journal
of
Economic Commerce and Research, 3(5),
13-20.
8. Keshavamurty (2014). Inclusion, Growth
and Governance Issues and Way Forward.
RBI monthly bulletin.
9. Khuntia, R. (2014). Pradhan Mantri Jan
Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): A new drive
towards financial inclusion in India.
ZENITH International Journal of Business
Economics & Management Research,
4(11), 10-20.
10. Kumar, M.D., & Venkatesha, H.R. (2014).
Financial Inclusion Using Pradhan Mantri
Jan-Dhan Yojana-A Conceptual Study.
Asia Pacific Journal of Research, 1(20).
11. Kumar Vinit and Singh Dolly (2015).
PMJDY: A Conceptual Analysis and
Inclusive Financing. International Journal
of Innovative Social Science &Humanities
Research, 1(2).
12. Kumari Jyoti (2014). Pradhan Mantri Jan
Dhan Yojana: An Economic Boost.
OJAS, 3(1).
***
49
(lSSN-2349-9702)
THE QUEST FOR IDENTITY IN
ARTHUR MILLER’S “THE
CRUCIBLE"
Santosh Kumar Kahar
Assit.Prof.-English
Shri Agrasen Girls College,
Korba-Chhattisgarh, India.
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Santosh Kumar Kahar
Assit.Prof.-English
Shri Agrasen Girls College,
Korba, (Chhattisgarh) India
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
04.06.2016
15.06.2016
17.06.2016
ABSTRACT:
The purpose of the present analysis of “The Crucible” is to
study the action of the play in terms of the implication of
quest for identity of the characters involved by scrutinizing
the various dilemmas into which the characters find
themselves. The self of an individual becomes for grounded in
the moment of crisis, which involves emotional, moral and
social predicaments. Such situations lead the individual to
enter into a process of covert introspection, which leads to
certain decisions resulting in an overt action. Thus, the study
of the actions of characters in a play can effectively lead to an
understanding of the nature of their „self‟. By studying the
play from the perspective mentioned earlier, the researcher
hopes to uncover a hidden search for identity in the play.
Key words: Crucible, self, identity, quest, self-understanding
INTRODUCTION:
The study begins with a brief introduction of the play and
gradually displays the problems of identity. Arthur Miller‟s
“The Crucible” was first presented in Broadway on January
22, 1953. The play, set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, is
based on a reconstruction of history, and dramatizes the
famous or rather infamous witch-hunt that was carried out in a
New England village. What makes the opening of the play
highly dramatic is the fact that, it coincided with the
tremendous hue and cry created by the accusations of Senator
Joe McCarthy. When in 1950 McCarthy addressed the Ohio
Candy Women‟ Republican Club in Wheeling, West Virginia;
in his speech, he claimed to have a list of two hundred and
five known communists in the State Department. McCarthy‟s
disclosure created a great furor and sent waves of panic
among Americans. The threat of communism from within had
serious implications for the national politics of America. This
threat also became a common concern of conservatives
throughout the country and united them against the perceived
danger from communism. The event led to a nation-wide
investigation of people holding public offices. By 1953, the
entire social climate had been loaded with the pressure of
public opinion and a sense of insecurity characterized people in
public positions, who felt pressurized about their public image.
50
(lSSN-2349-9702)
The appearance of Miller‟s play “The
Crucible” could not have found a more
relevant context than this scandal. It found a
contemporary parallel to the history it
dramatized. It linked the social hysteria of the
late seventeenth century to the present
scenario of politicization of social life. In the
Introduction to his Collected Plays, Miller
(1957: 39) writes: “It was not only the rise of
McCarthyism that moved me, but something
which seemed much weirder and mysterious
… it was as though the whole country had
been born anew… that the terror in these
people was being knowingly planned and
consciously engineered… That so interior and
subjective an emotion could have been so
manifestly created from without was a marvel
to me”. In the introduction to his Collected
Plays, Miller (1976: 29) referred to the
circumstances in which he wrote "The
Crucible": In “The Crucible”, however, there
was an attempt to move beyond the discovery
and unveiling of the hero‟s guilt, a guilt that
kills the personality. I had grown increasingly
conscious of this theme in my past work, and
aware too that it was no longer enough for me
to build a play, as it were, upon the revelation
of guilt, and to rely solely upon a fate which
exacts payment from the culpable man. Now
guilt appeared to me, no longer the bedrock
beneath which the probe would not penetrate.
I saw it now as a betrayer, as possible by the
most real of our illusions, but nevertheless a
quality of mind capable of being overthrown.
Miller‟s reflection on McCarthyism led him
to write ―The Crucible, through which he
wanted to expose the inhuman conduct of the
committee, which was to investigate the
charges of communism against eminent and
responsible persons. In order to deal with the
horror of the events that followed McCarthy‟s
announcement, Miller was in search of an
allegory, which could dramatize this public
menace. The Salem witchcraft trials provided
him with the raw material for his aesthetic
and dramatic reaction to the modern terror let
loose in the American society. Miller created
the characters in “The Crucible” on the basis
of the historical records related to the
witchcraft trials. After reading about the
behavior of certain people living at that time,
Miller was able to create characters that could
at once capture the mass hysteria of Salem in
1692 and the contemporary American
scenario. Thus, “The Crucible” was born out
of a blending of history, aesthetics and
politics. The play re-enacts the witchcraft
trials of 1692, which were the result of a
mischief played by some young and sexually
repressed girls, who accused most of the
respectable members of society of witchcraft.
The action of the play reaches its climax
when the protagonist, John Proctor, is caught
in a complex dilemma. He has to confess his
adultery and denounce his mistress in order to
save his wife, who has been accused of
witchcraft by her lover. Proctor‟s crisis of
conscience emerges out of the difficult choice
he has been offered, either he has to die or
denounce his friends as witches. Proctor
chooses to die rather than destroy the
reputation of people who were innocent.
Miller drew his characters from the
seventeenth century, who presented a contrast
to the living people in terms of their morality.
Miller‟s contemporary society was highly
pragmatic, suppressing an open debate on
moral principles, whereas the seventeenth
century Salem society was, in Miller‟s words
in Bigsby (1984: 200): Morally vocal people
then avowed principles, sought to live by
them and die by them. Issues of faith,
conduct, society, pervaded their private lives
in a conscious way. They needed but to
disapprove to act. I was drawn to this subject
because the historical moment seemed to give
me the poetic right to create people of higher
self-awareness than the contemporary scene
affords. Miller treats the historical account of
witchcraft in a manner which depicts “the
Quest for Identity” of the characters in the
play who are involved in difficult moral
choices. Man is conditioned by the prevalent
circumstances, and above all, he is leashed by
the different context-based psychological,
cultural, moral, religious and socio-political
values, that are what push man into a world of
alienation and make him grope for his real
identity. Ganguly (2001:145) rightly remarks:
“In a world in which horizons of value are as
dispersed as geographical or historical ones,
alienation itself takes on new meaning and
makes it all the more difficult to distinguish
economic from cultural estrangement,
51
(lSSN-2349-9702)
contaminated as the categories are of culture
and Hooti 69 economy”. The protagonist,
John Proctor's wife, Elizabeth, is accused of
witchcraft by his lover. In order to save his
wife, John Proctor is asked to confess his
adultery publicly and denounce his mistress.
The girls who were instrumental in initiating
the witch-hunt trials, denounce their victims
in the horrifying court scene. Proctor makes a
futile attempt of breaking the hold of the girls
over the court. He is offered the option of
obtaining his freedom by denouncing his
friends as witches. However, Proctor chooses
to die rather than destroy the honor of
guiltless people. The play leads to a gradual
heightening of the crisis across the four acts.
Act I seeks to locate blame for both private
and public problems. Act II dramatizes the
gradual invasion of Proctor‟s home by the
court. In Act III, the dominant action consists
of establishing the reliability of the accuser
and the accused. Act IV affirms the virtue of
the protagonist when he chooses to go to God
through death. The impact of an individual‟s
choice on himself is most vividly and
unequivocally dramatized in the character of
Proctor. The crisis for Proctor manifests itself
in shifting the mode of his existence from
private to public. In the beginning of the play,
Proctor had an attitude of detachment from
the Salem trials as well as from some of the
prominent persons like Reverend Parris and
Thomas Putnam. Proctor‟s effort is to
maintain his privacy and not getting entangled
in affairs that do not concern him. He says, “I
have a crop to sow and lumber to drag home”
(Miller, 1967:360-henceforth Miller), while
walking away from the gathering thunderheads. Proctor has been presented as
entrapped in a complex situation involving a
serious predicament for him. On the one
hand, he considers his world and his
responsibility to it as ending at the boundary
line, on the other hand, he finds himself
involved in a world beyond his conscious
intention to do so, thereby violating his selfcreated boundary line. Proctor‟s tragic end is
the result of his being placed between two
opposite alternatives, out of which he must
choose one. Proctor‟s heroic destiny seems to
be thrust upon him, which leads him to a
dangerous situation involving two contradic-
tory choices out of which he must follow one.
It could be argued that Proctor‟s tragedy
comes into being due to his very first choice
of adultery with Abigail. All subsequent
events in Proctor‟s life can be traced back to
this original choice, which gradually leads
him to his tragic fate. It is also to be noted
that in “The Crucible”, Miller has tried to
balance the personal and the social. Proctor
commits a sin, the sin of adultery, for which
he must be punished; however, the
punishment of one‟s sins is not the only
concern of Miller in the play. He has provided
a different emphasis on the situation. One of
the aims of the playwright is to present
Proctor as a victim of public authority, which
has invaded into the private lives of
individuals. Proctor‟s sin of adultery was a
personal error, which was dragged into a
public domain. Miller‟s aim is not so much
religious, as it is to show the impact of 70 Int.
J. English Lit the Salem trials on the self
awareness of individuals. Proctor‟s journey
into the deep recesses of himself is
necessitated by a public hysteria that followed
the Salem trials. Miller is preoccupied with
carving his way to the vortex of violence and
injustice pervading contemporary society.
Miller vivisects the figures of his characters,
and sees through the pseudo-serious mask
with which he hoodwinks the members of his
society. There is an innate urge to violate the
principles of social justice in all the characters
of the play.
ARGUMENT:
The loss of identity and the quest for it has
been the pervasive theme in contemporary
American literature. Though, the problem of
the quest for identity was very much there
even in the 19th century, or even much
before, the contemporary writers seem to
work out new equations. Bigsby believes
(2005: 158): „„The Crucible is both an intense
psychological drama and a play of epic
proportions‟‟. The philosophers, like Kierkegaard and Gabriel Marcel, tried to resolve the
dichotomy between the polarities such as
intellect and intuition, reason and emotion
and as a corollary, art and life. They too could
not arrive at a concrete statement. The
Freudian school of thought believes that
„personality‟ comprises of a series of tentative
52
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psychological states. Thus, it is a very
complicated phenomenon. From anthropological and sociological points of view, identity
is co-related with status, sex, age, family,
profession, nationality and so on. The European phenomenologist like Heidegger and
Gabriel Marcel maintain that, the problem of
identity is to define one‟s connection between
one‟s inward experience and the strange
compulsive meaningless duty, merely to
maintain existence in the community of
material needs. In other words, man must
define himself in terms of a community of
selves. At the level of individual within a
social context, ethnic identity may contribute
to both in-group bonds and hostility toward
other groups (Jones, 1997). Tajfel (1981)
believes that, at the level of groups within a
society, social identity theory and selfcategorization theory emphasize the potential
for group-based identities to foster support for
the status quo among higher power and status
groups, and to foster intergroup competition
and movements for political change among
lower power and status groups. Individual and
society have always been in conflict over
imposing their own identity upon each other.
As Crawford and Rossiter (2006: 8)
pertinently comment, “young people‟s
interest in identity is usually personal and
psychological”. On the other hand, the focus
of community interest in identity is often
sociological: the concern is to hand on the
distinguishing
characteristics
of
the
community, ethnic and religious identities in
particular. In “The Crucible”, Miller has
placed
individual
vis-à-vis
social,
psychological and moral predicaments.
Proctor‟s search for identity is characterized
by two phases related to the witch-hunt trials.
At first, he gets involved in the whole sociojudicial process of the trials quite unexpectedly and voluntarily. Before even he could
realize, he found himself amidst a very
serious con-troversy, in which he was obliged
to make a conscious choice. Thus, the second
phase of his involvement in the public
controversy was what activated and necessitated his quest for identity. When in the
beginning, Proctor learns from Mary Warren
about the „mischief‟, he does not imagine the
tragic dimension the event will acquire. After
that the events move very fast. He tells his
wife that he has a mind to go to Salem and
voice his objections against the proceedings.
However, to his horror, he discovers that he is
personally involved in the wholecontroversy,
because many of the accused are his closest
friends. This is the first self-realization for
Proctor, after the outbreak of social hysteria.
The second shocking news is that Elizabeth,
his wife has been arrested. These two
happenings compel Proctor to abandon his
stance of keeping an objective distance from
the tragic trials. He is forced to redefine his
„self‟ in the context of changed
circumstances, which necessitate his personal
involvement in the trials. When Proctor
finally takes the decision to go to Salem, it
was already too late for him and he was left
with very little choice. Proctor‟s journey to
Salem is integrally related to the abstract
journey into his own „self‟. In the beginning,
Proctor is on the periphery of the Salem trials.
However, from the periphery he moves to the
centre of the controversy. This is the phase of
acute crisis for him. Proctor‟s going to the
centre of controversy parallels his reaching a
state of intensified self-awareness. In his
attempt to rescue his wife and argue her case
before the Deputy Governor Dan forth and
other judges, there are two important attempts
made by Proctor. First, he exploits reason and
his legal knowledge, which reflects his ‘self‟.
Second, he tries to make a futile attempt to
remain neutral in the proceedings. These two
opposite actions of Proctor reveal the
contradictions or split of his ‘self‟. Proctor‟s
attempts to rescue his wife lead to a drastic
correction in his views on reason and the
objectivity of the legal process. Dan forth‟s
explanation shatters Proctor‟s hopes of being
able to save his wife and friends, which
makes him feel incapacitated. This acute
feeling of helplessness is the most crucial
element in Proctor‟s self-understanding.
There are two important aspects in Proctor‟s
„quest for identity‟. The most important
process in Proctor‟s search for identity is his
coming to terms with the inevitability of his
transformation from a “private” to a “public”
man. The second and accompanying search
for identity dawned on Proctor is the
necessity he feels for moving from guilt to
53
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deliberately plotting his wife‟s murder and
while doing so, as a necessity Proctor has to
expose his private life and the sense of guilt
he harbors to the inquisition. However, here
too Proctor feels deceived, since the clever
girl exploits the atmosphere of public hysteria
to trap him. This situation brings the private
life of Proctor in a public domain. In a sense,
Proctor suffers from a double guilt. At first,
he feels guilty for his adultery. Hooti 71
Second, he experiences guilt for remaining
detached, which has led him to the situation
of the present impasse. The awareness of
guilt, thus, is one of the vital stages in
Proctor‟s search for identity. This is
unequivocally reflected when he cries out to
Danforth: “A fire, a fire is burning! I hear the
boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is
my face, and yours Danforth! For them that
quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have
quailed, and as you quail now when you
know in all your black hearts that this be
fraud – God damns our kind especially, and
we will burn, we will burn together! (Miller:
393)” “The Crucible” successfully dramatizes
Proctor‟s quest for identity. Like Newman
and Keller, Proctor is seen in the end
committed to his social responsibility, though
ironically he is more isolated than he was
before. The action of the play clearly
indicates that Proctor has not lost his
conscience and thus, he is not a betrayer. His
final choice to die should not be seen as the
inevitable remedy for the atonement of his
guilt. He dies not so much out of guilt, as out
of his public responsibility. The transformation of a private guilt into a social responsibility is the characteristic feature of Proctor‟s
search for identity. Proctor‟s sense of
responsibility is revealed in the following
words: “I have three children - How may I
teach them to walk like men in the world, and
I sold my friends? Beguile me not! I blacken
all of them when this is nailed to the church
the very day they hang for silence (Miller:
401).” Thus, Proctor‟s death is not heroic; it is
emblematic of his public „self‟ and his strong
sense of social responsibility. The play shows
the subtle influence of social and
psychological factors on the „self‟ of an
individual and how amidst a situation of
social crisis, an individual is able to attain
responsibility, as the underlying motive for
his confessions. In spite of realizing the in
viability of transforming into a “public” man,
Proctor makes the last attempt to retain a
small part of his private „self‟,symbolized by
his name. This is reflected in Miller‟s
interview in 1953, shortly before the opening
of “The Crucible”: “Nobody wants to be a
hero. You go through life giving up parts of
yourself – a hope, a dream, an ambition, a
belief, a liking, a piece of self-respect. But in
every man there is something he cannot give
up and still remain himself – a core, an
identity, a thing that is summed up for him by
the sound of his own name on his own ears. If
he gives that up, he becomes a different man,
not himself (Nelson, 1970: 169)”. Thus, the
play dramatizes how a social event can bring
about significant changes in the selfperception of an individual. Proctor has been
happy to maintain a secluded way of living.
Before the outburst of the mass hysteria, his
self- imposed isolation is reflected in his own
words: “I have trouble enough without I come
five miles to hear him preach only hellfire and
bloody damnation. Take it to heart, Mr.
Parris. There are many others who stay away
from church these days because you hardly
ever mention God any more. (Miller: 359)”.
Proctor‟s loosening faith in religion as a way
of discovering God is clearly reflected in the
extract. Danforth‟s statements stir this
„secluded and private man‟ from the slumber
of his ignorance. Cusatis believes that:
Consider the role of religion in the play.
Miller reverses what might be regarded as the
normal moral situation: traditionally, societies
have turned to religious authorities for
guidance about moral questions; but in “The
Crucible” the religious authorities are
villainous, seeking to force people to act
against their consciences to save themselves to sacrifice their souls to save their bodies in
the name of fighting the devil” (Cusatis,
2010: 155) It is also interesting to observe
that what initiates Proctor‟s search for identity
is not an act of self-discovery per se, but the
absurdity of the legal process, which forces
him to realize that he can no longer remain a
detached observer of the witch hunt trials. If
he has to save his wife, the only alternative
left before him is to accuse Abigail of
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self-awareness. John proctor is a self aware
character who struggles to assert his identity
and worth as an individual in the content of
public terror and finds himself unexpectedly
undergoing a hard reassessment of „self‟.
Though clearly a respected man in the
community, proctor‟s moral code derives
from his own conscience, not from the
Reverend Mr. Parrri‟s fire- and brimstone
sermons. Elizabeth is the image of a “cold
wife”, who is responsible for provoking her
husband Proctor to indulge in adultery, which
eventually takes him to the gallows.
Elizabeth‟s self-awareness consists in her
complete reversal of her attitude to her
husband, which is accompanied by her guilt
for being unemotional in marriage. In a sense,
Elizabeth‟s character is parallel to the
character of Danforth. As Danforth is
detached to the issue of witches and the
community, so is Elizabeth in relation to John
and Abigail. Elizabeth is unable to judge 72
Int. J. English her husband adequately,
because like the judiciary, she too much relies
on “evidence”. It can also be argued here that,
the character of Elizabeth intensifies the
pervasive effect of the irrationality of the
judiciary, as Elizabeth sits in judgment over
her husband‟s guilt, which is reflected in the
following conversation: PROCTOR: I cannot
speak but I am doubted, every moment judged
for lies, as though I come into a court when I
come into this house. ELIZABETH: John,
you are not open with me. You saw her with a
crowd, you said, (Miller, 1957: 369). Like
Proctor, Elizabeth too undergoes a selfrealization of guilt: “I have read my own heart
this three months, John. I have sins of my
own to count. It needs a cold wife to prompt
lechery ……you take my sins upon your,
John….. John, I counted myself so plain, so
poorly made, no honest love could come to
me! Suspicion kissed you when I did; I never
knew how I should say my love. It was a cold
house I kept! (399).” Elizabeth not only
recognizes her guilt as a wife, but also her
responsibility in leading Proctor to seek
fulfillment of love through adultery. On
realizing her responsibility in Proctor‟s
tragedy, Elizabeth‟s search for self traces a
trajectory similar to that followed by John
Proctor, in simultaneously becoming aware of
his own guilt and public responsibility. The
self-awareness of Elizabeth is significant not
only for herself, but also for Proctor, because
Elizabeth‟s final speech, in which she
proclaims Proctor‟s goodness, becomes a
triumphant note on his tragic death. Although
the law does not recognize his goodness, his
wife does, which certainly makes Proctor‟s
death a triumph over the absurdity of the
judicial process. There is a crisis of ‘self‟ in
Danforth‟s personality, which arises out of his
firm conviction in the righteousness of the
cause he stands for and his honesty in
carrying out his mission. Danforth‟s vision of
the world is a closed vision, as has been said
by Miller in Nelson (1970: 163): In Salem,
these people regarded themselves as holders
of a light. If this light were extinguished, they
believed, the world would end. When you
have ideology, which feels itself so pure, it
implies an extreme view of the world.
Because they are white, opposition is
completely black. Danforth‟s character, thus,
can be better understood in terms of the selfother paradigm. His ‘self’ represents the
negation of the „other,‟ not out of hatred, but
due to his extreme confidence in the
infallibility of his self and the rawness,
irrationality and profanity of the „other‟.
Danforth‟s self-image suffers from the flaw of
lopsidedness and a rigid mindset. This
obviously is the impact of his profession,
which does not allow for any human and
intuitive considerations. Truth, for Danforth,
is not to be sought for itself, but as a byproduct of the legal procedure. Danforth
becomes very vulnerable, quite paradoxical to
criticism, because his „self‟ is deeply rooted
in the legal machinery. His appearance clearly
reflects his „official self‟. The following
interrogation of Giles Corey reveals
Danforth‟s self-conscious character. DANFORTH: Who is this man? GILES: My name is
Corey, and Giles Corey. I have six hundred
acres and timber in addition. It is my wife you
be condemning now. DANFORTH: And how
do you imagine helping her cause with such
contemptuous riot? Now be gone. Your old
age alone keeps you out of jail for this.
GILES: They are telling‟ lies about my wife,
Sir, I DANFORTH: Do you take it upon
yourself to determine what this court shall
55
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individu-ation. According to Jung‟s theory in
The Archetypes and the Collective
Unconscious, each individual possesses
certain archetypes, images of the repressed
aspects of one‟s personality. During the
process of individua-tion, an individual
moves from the superficial level of the
persona, which is the mask shown no society,
to the deepest, most inner archetype. In order
to individuate successfu-lly, a person must
confront and accept these archetypal images.
Fordham (1987) pointed out that the
unconscious contains innumerable archetypes,
but we can become somewhat familiar only
with those which seem to have the greatest
significance and most powerful influence on
us). While the contents of the unconscious are
infinite, the most powerful archetypes
confronted during individuation are the
shadow, the anima/animus, the wise old
man/earth mother, and the self. The first of
these four powerful archetypes, the shadow,
represents the animal urges, civilized desires,
uncontrolled emotions, and other feelings that
we repress because society does not accept
them. The second archetype, the anima/
animus portrays elements of the masculine
personality. Third, the wise old man/earth
mother figure represents wisdom from within.
After confronting and accepting these three
images, the archetypal self unifies these
dissimilar elements of the personality (49-62).
Having accepted these repressed personality
traits, the individualized person can act not
simply as à surface persona, but as a
complete individual reconciled to all aspects
of life. John Proctor individuates from the
persona he shows to his society, through the
archetypes represented by other characters in
the play, and finally to the self, a point
reached when he decides to die an honorable
death. Fordham (1987) explains the persona
as „„the mask worn by an individual to signify
the role being played in society. The persona
displays those traits expected of a person in a
certain position‟‟ (48). Proctor, a farmer and a
land-owner, displays a strong, respectable
persona. Miller describes him as having a
„„steady manner,‟‟ a „„quite confidence,‟‟ and
an unexpressed, hidden force‟‟ (18). While
the people of Salem look at Proctor as a
strong, hard-working, no-nonsense man,
believe and what it shall set aside? GILES:
Your Excellency, we mean no disrespect forDANFORTH: Disrespect indeed! This is
disruption Mister. This is the highest court of
the Supreme Government of this province, do
you know it? (Miller: 381). It is clear from the
interrogation of Giles that Danforth resists
any critique of law and court, because his
„self‟ is located in the impersonal law and the
court, which executes the law. Any covert or
overt criticism of the legal process is seen by
him as an attack on his „self‟. The problem of
self dramatization in the character of Danforth
is the frigidity of one‟s thought process.
Danforth is reluctant to acknowledge the
presence of any new knowledge other than
the one he possesses. He does not recognize
the role of intuition in understanding the
phenomena around one. In this sense, he
presents a contrast to both Proctor and
Elizabeth, who are able to think differently, in
tune with the changed or changing circumstances. Danforth reflects the case of fusion of
the self with his mission. Although Hale, who
also was committed to the trials, rejects the
trials, Danforth does not. This is because
Danforth associates the authenticity of the
trials to the legitimacy of his „self‟, therefore,
giving up the trials tantamount to the negation
of his „self‟. For Proctor and Elizabeth the
trials lead to successive self realizations,
which bring about a change in their perception of the world and also in their relationship
with each other. Different critics have given
different views on Proctor‟s character. Walker
(qtd.in Bloom, 1999: 114) believed that
“Proctor‟s character is like a classic tragic
hero whose tragic flaw is his illicit
relationship with Abigail”. Porter (qtd.in
Bloom, 1999: 114) saw him “as an agrarian
hero whose work ethic and ties to the land
elicit the sympathy of the audience”. Meserve
(qtd.in Bloom, 1999: 114)) viewed Proctor
“as a character who is adamantly in conflict
with the social system”. O‟ Neal added that
Proctor‟s forced involvement in events that he
tries to remain aloof from leads to the
personal crucible ― in which he discovers his
essential „goodness‟‟ (qtd. in Bloom, 1999:
114). Thus, Proctor‟s development in the play
takes the form of a journey to self-discovery,
classically illustrating Carl Jung‟s process of
56
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Proctor himself knows that he is an adulterer,
a lecher with a crisis; however, will he leave
the persona behind and begin the process of
individuation. To put it differently, John
Proctor has the essential characteristics of a
literary mind. He is capable of imagination
and playfulness, and as such people are
always dangerous and disruptive. Plato would
banish the poet from his public because of his
imaginative power to arouse our passions.
The church forced Galileo to retract his
revolutionary theory of the revolution of the
heavens by merely exploiting his own
imagination, as Bronowski (1967: 214-216)
pointed out, „He was to be shown the
instruments of torture as if they were to be
used‟. “With Galileo‟s medical background,
his imagination could do the rest. That was
the object of the trial, to show men of
imagination that they were not immune from
the process Hooti 73of primitive, animal fear
that was irreversible‟‟. Finally, Proctor is
confronted with the „self‟, that archetype that
unifies all the others, which „„unites all the
opposing elements in man and woman,
consciousness and unconsciousness, good and
bad, male and female‟‟ (Fordham, 1987: 62).
For Proctor, the „self‟ is represented by the
name, not just for himself, but also for others.
O‟ Neal (qtd.in Bloom, 1999: 114) has
explained name magic‟‟ as the name‟s being
more than a mere symbol of a person, actually
the person. As Huftel (1965: 131) has
asserted, „„a man‟s name is his conscience,
his immortal soul, and without it there is no
person left‟‟. Miller uses the character of Hale
to blend the personal and the social concerns
in the play. At a personal level, Hale exhibits
the missionary zeal, at the social level, he is
able to view the whole tragedy emanating
from the Salem hysteria from the point of
view of the general public and more notably,
from the point of view of the accused. Thus,
Hale is both an insider and an outsider. His
particular position in the play invites an
investigation in terms of his search for
identity. On a larger scale, Miller brings
together the forces of personal and social
malfunction through the arrival of the
Reverend John Hale, who appears,
appropriately, in the midst of a bitter quarrel
among Proctor, Parris, and Thomas Putnam
over deeds and land boundaries. In terms of
search for identity, Hale represents a balance
between Danforth and Proctor. While
Danforth is too adamant to change his
position on the issue, Hale is quick to
dissociate himself from the inhuman legal
process. He says, “I denounce these proceedings. I quit the court!” (Miller: 393). His
openly denouncing the court is the most
visible indicator of his achieving selfrealization, though it was too late. In spite of
his dissociation from the trials, Hale cannot
be equated with Proctor, as has been
expressed by Nelson (1970: 171):“Hale lives
in the comprehension of his unworthiness;
Proctor dies in the awareness of his value.”
Hale tries to retrieve his lost self by earnestly
imploring Elizabeth to convince Proctor to
choose life, saying, “Quail not before God‟s
judgment in this, for it may well be God
damns a liar less than he that throws his life
away for pride” (398). This clearly reflects a
profound change in Hale‟s „self‟. However,
his search for self does not lead either to his
rising above the guilt of siding with the wrong
nor is he able to stand by a cause. Thompson
(1976) pointed out that, Miller‟s protagonists
struggle within themselves to find out the
reason of not gaining a "rightful place". They
are faced up with the questions of blame, of
moral certitude as they painfully search their
inner selves and outside forces for the
answers to what "hedges" and "lowers" them,
denying them "self-realization."
CONCLUSION
The study reveals the differential effects on
English Lit. The characters involved in the
historical moment of a social crisis. It also
displays a complex interface of personal,
social, psychological, moral and political
factors in the search for identity. The choice
of a historical moment facilitates the
exposition of Miller‟s hypothesis about self,
because the Salem history simultaneously
creates a distance and proximity of the
audience to the subject matter of the play. The
emphasis in „The Crucible‟ is on the external
aspect of human behavior, on an individual‟s
actions; though it is true that ultimately these
actions can be traced to be originating from a
particular inner being. The study displays
Miller‟s basic attempt who wants to show
57
(lSSN-2349-9702)
5. Bronowski J (1967). The Common Sense of
Science. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press, pp. 214-216.
6. Crawford M, Rossiter G (2006). Reasons
for Living: Education and Young People„s
Search for Meaning, Identity and Spirituality. A handbook. Victoria: Acer Press, p. 8.
7. Cusatis J (2010). Research Guide to
American Literature, 1945-1970. New
York: Infobase Publishing, p. 155.
8. Fordham F (1987). An Introduction to
Jung„s
Psychology.
Harmondsworth:
Penguin Books, pp. 48-62.
9. Ganguly K (2001). States of Exception:
Everyday Life and Postcolonial Identity.
London: University of Minnesota Press, p.
145.
10. Hogan R (1964). Arthur Miller. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press, p. 9.
11. Huftel S (1965). Arthur Miller: The Burning
Glass. New York: Citadel Press. Martine,
James J., Ed. Critical Essays on Arthur
Miller. Boston, p. 131.
12. Jones J (1997). Prejudice and Racism
(second edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
13. Miller A (1957). Arthur Miller‟s Collected
Plays with an Introduction. New York: The
Viking Press, pp. 39-369.
14. Miller A (1967).Arthur Miller„s Collected
Plays with an Introduction.New York:The
Viking Press, pp. 18-401.
15. Miller A (1976). Arthur Miller‟s Collected
Plays With an Introduction. New York: The
Viking Press, p. 29.
16. Nelson B (1970). Arthur Miller: Portrait of a
Playwright. London: Peter Owen, pp. 153-39
17. Tajfel H (1981). Social identity and
intergroup relations. London: Cambridge
University Press.
18. Thompson JJ (1976). "Self-Realization
in the Major Plays of Arthur Miller."
Ph. D. Dissertation. University of NeberskaLincoln.
man struggling against the society of which
he himself is a part. This is the most valid and
fertile soul-soil of his dramaturgy. At one
point Hogan (1964: 9) remarked, “The one
thing a man fears most next to death is the
loss of his good name. Man is evil in his own
eyes, my friends, worthless and the only way
he finds respect for himself is by getting other
people to say he is a nice fellow”. Finally, the
study has tried to show the inevitability of
public intrusion into private „self‟, and has
attempted to highlight the quest for selfunderstanding in the play, which revolves
round the protagonist‟s efforts and his
subsequent failure in maintaining a boundary
between his private „self‟ and his public role.
However, the life has to flow ahead with all
its ups and downs, as Goethe says, „„the
whole art of life consists in giving up our
existence in order to exist‟‟ (Bishop, 2009:
171). The study reaches its conclusion by
showing that, an individual under different
unsatisfactory circumstances starts having
conflicts with his existing „self‟‟ and tries to
search for a new identity.
Reference :1. Bigsby CWE (1984). A Critical Introduction to Twentieth Century American Drama
2: Tennessee Williams, Arthur Miller,
Edward Albee. Cambridge. Cambridge
University Press, p. 200.
2. Bigsby CWE (2005). Arthur Miller. A
Critical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, p. 158.
3. Bishop P (2009). Analytical Psychology
and German Classical Aesthetics: Goethe,
Schiller, and Jung Volume 2. The Constellation of the Self. London: Routlege, p. 171.
4. Bloom H (1999). History, Myth, and Name
Magic in Arthur Miller„s The Crucible.
Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers,
p. 144.
***
58
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ISSN-2349-9702
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orZeku ifjis{; esa Li/kkZRed vFkZO;oLFkk esa
O;fDr dh lQyrk rFkk ;'k mlds }kjk mi;ksx
esa ykbZ tkus okyh HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ij fuHkZj djrh
gSA vr% viuh cqf) dk iz;ksx dj vkxs fudyus
esa lQsn iks'k vijk/k dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA
lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh rFkk dEI;wVj foKku ds {ks=
esa gqbZ vk/kqfud izxfr ds dkj.k lQsn iks'k
vijkf/kdrk esa vusd vk;keksa dk izknqHkkZo gqvk
gSA tks ubZ pqukSfr;ksa ds :i eas gSA
dEI;wVj ls lacaf/kr vijk/kkaas dks lkbcj
vijk/k dh laKk nh xbZ gSA
lkbcj vijk/kh vklkuh ls blfy;s idM++ esa ugha
vkrs D;ksafd os ?kVuk LFky ls nwj cSBdj vijk/k
?kfVr djrs gSaA lkbcj vijk/kksa dk izo'sk eq[;r%
cSafdax lsokvksa] foRrh; laLFkkuksa] nwj lapkj lsok,s]a
ifjogu lsok,sa] vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bku esa gqvk gSA
vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bku djks dh pksjh dk
egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k Mkyfe;k tSls lewg dEifu;ksa
ds m|ksxifr gSa ftudk [kqyklk fofiu cksl tkWp
vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ }kjk gqvkA U;k;ewfrZ ,e-lhNkxyk fjiksZV esa m|ksxifr eawnM+k ds 'osr iks'k
vijk/k dk [kqyklk gqvkA
2&th LisDVªe ?kksVyk] O;kolkf;d ijh{kk
e.My ?kksVkyk] 1993 esa g"kZn esgrk }kjk fd;k
x;k izfrHwkfr ?kksVkyk] 1996 esa dsUnzh; tkWp C;wjksa
}kjk gokyk dk.M dh tkap esa jktuhfrd nyksa
ds usrkvksa] eaf=;ksa] cM+s vQljksa ds fo:)
Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa fj'or[kksjh ds xaHkhj vkjksi FksA
feykoV laca/kh 'osr iks'k vijk/k dh jksdFkke
gsrq miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986] Lokid
vkS"kf/k ,oa lkbdksVªkfs id inkFkZ vf/kfu;e 1985
ikfjr fd;s x,A
feykoV laca/kh vijk/k lh/ks ekuo LokLF; dks
{kfr igqpkrs gSaA vr% Hkkjr fof/k vk;ksx dh 47oha
fjiksVZ esa dM+h ltk dh flQkfj'k dh xbZA
buesa ijh{k.k grq Hksts x, uewuksa ds ijh{k.k esa
foyEc fo'ys"kdksa dh =qfV iw.kZ fjiksVZ rFkk fof/k
fo'ks"kKksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k vf/kdka'kr% izdj.kkas
esa vijk/k fl) ugh gks ikrk gSA
dj dh pksjh& O;kikfj;ks]a m|fe;ka]sa MkWDVjks]a
bathfu;jksa] vf/koDrkvks]a Bsdsnkjks]a fQYe txr ds
dykdkjksa ds }kjk fd;s tkus ds ekeys vkerkSj
ij gksrs gSaA izR;{k dj cksMZ }kjk laizsf"kr o"kZ
2007&08 ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj dj vioapu ds
izdj.kksa esa Nkuchu ryk'kh rFkk cjkenxh esa dqy
411-45 djksM+ :i;s dh vfLr;ka tIr dh xbZA
fpfdRlk {ks= esa lQsn iks'k vijk/k dk u;k
vk;ke vk;k gS] izlo iwoZ fyax ijh{k.k djokdj
ckfydk f'k'kq Hkzw.k dk xHkZikr djokus dk dk;Z
,d csVs dh pkgr esa vusd ifjokj djokrs gS
blds cnys os fpfdRld dks c<+h jde nsrs gSaA
ljdkj }kjk izlo iwoZ fyax ijh{k.k izfr"ks/k
vf/kfu;e] 1994 ikfjr dj bl dk;Z dks vijk/k
?kksf"kr fd;k gS] ijarq pksjh fNis bu dk;ksZa dks
vatke fn;k tkrk gSA
fpfdRlk ds >wBs fcy izek.k i=] nokbZ;ka ds
>wBs foKkiu }kjk xzkgdksa dks izyksHku vkfn vU;
izdkj gSaA
bathfu;fjax O;olk; ,oa 'osriks'k vijk/k &
vf/kdkfj;kas dks fj'or nsdj ?kfV;k DokfyVh
dk eky iz;ksx dj fuekZ.k dk;Z] ftuesa gq,
gknls tu gkfu ds dkj.k Hkh curs gSaA lekpkj
i= eas ,slh ?kVuk,sa izdkf'kr gksrh jgrh gSaA
fof/k O;olk; o 'osriks'k vijk/k %& viuk
ekeyk thrus ds fy, >wBh lk{; x<+uk]
O;olkf;d lkf{k;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk] ;s
'osriks'k vijk/k ds mnkgj.k gSaA vf/koDrk
vf/kfu;e ds varxZr ;s xfrfof/k;k O;olkf;d
dnkpj.k es vkrh gSa ijUrq bUgsa fl) djuk
eqf'dy gksus ls pyrh jgrh gSA
60
(lSSN-2349-9702)
'kS{kf.kd {ks= eas lQsn iks'k vijk/k %
dqN izkbosV f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa }kjk vius ckjs
eas >wBs C;kSjs fn[kkuk ,slk ljdkj ls vf/kd
vuqnku jkf'k izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
deZpkfj;ka] f'k{kdksa dks de osru nsdj vf/kd ij
gLrk{kj ysukA dsihVs'ku Qhl ds :i esa Nk=ksa ls
c<+h jkf'k olwyukA
'kkldh; f'k{kdksa }kjk futh V;w'ku ;k dksfpax
laLFkku ij izfrca/k gksus ds ckotwn V~;w'ku djuk]
dEI;wVj izf'k{k.k lsUVj Nk=ksa ls eksVh jde ysdj
v;ksX; f'k{kd miyC/k djokrs gSaA
1& dEI;wVj tufr lQsn iks'k vijk/k %
fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa bysDVªkfud ehfM;k ,oa
lwpuk izk|ksfxdh dh izxfr us fo'o dks ,d lw=
esa cka/kus dk iz'kaluh; dk;Z fd;k ijUrq
blds lkFk gh lkbcj vijk/k ds :i easa u,
lQsniks'k vijk/k rsth ls c<+A ;g leL;k Hkh
fo'o O;kih gSA
1. nwj lapkj lsokvksa dh pksjh
2. vkS|ksfxd tklwlh
3. cSafdax lsok dk nq:i;ksx
4. v'yhy ySafxd lkexzh dk izlkj.k vkSj
Cysdesy
5. baVjusV ij /kujkf'k dh /kks[kk/kM+h
6. bUVjusV csolkbV ¼websites½ dks {kfr
igqapkus okys dEI;wVj okbjl 5000 ls vf/kd
vfLrRo esa gsAa
7. MkVk fMMfyax & MkVk dks feVkuk ;k lw{e
:i esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k tkrk gS rkfd mls
iqu% okil u yk;k tk lds ;k mldh
ifj'kq)rk u"V gks tk,A ,slk nwljs izfrLi/khZ
dks {kfr igqapkus dh ea'kk ls fd;k tkrk gSA
8. gSfdax ¼Hacking½ nwljs ds izksxzke flLVe dk
voS/k :i ls 'kks"k.k djds]a iwjs izksxzke dks
rgl&ugl dj nsrs gSaA dkih jkbV
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk&66 ds varxZr blds fy,
nks o"kZ rd ds dkjkokl ;k ,d yk[k :"i;s
ds vFkZn.M dh ltk gSA
9. fQdfjax& VsyhQksu fcyksa esa dEI;wVj ls
gsjkQsjh djds fcuk ewY; pqdk, dgh Hkh Qksu
dky djds voS/k ykHk mBk;k tkrk gSA
10. euh ykamfMaªx& vU; dh eqnzk tks ikjxeu
esa gS] Lo;a ds fy;s dEi;wVj }kjk MkmuyksM
dj ysuk& foRrh; ?kksVkyksa] voS/k eknd
inkFkksZ ;k gfFk;kj ds foØ;] vkradoknh
xfrfof/k;ksa ls izkIr voS/k /ku dks euh
ykmfMªx
a }kjk oS|:i esa ifjofrZr fd;s tkus
dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS rkfd okLrfod
L=ksr dk irk u yx ldsA dkuwu dh idM+
ls cp ldsaA
varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij euh ykafMªx ij fu;a=.k gsrq
iz;kl&
euh ykafMªx dh leL;k fo'oO;kih gS] vr%
blds lek/kku gsrq varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij le>ksrs
fd;s gSaA
fo;uk le>kSRk 1988] dkmafly vkWQ
;wjksfi;u dUos'ku vkWu euh ykmafMaªx 1990]
;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u euh ykmafMªx 1996 vkfnA
bu le>kSrksa }kjk lnL; ns'kkas ls vuqjks/k fd;k
x;k gS fd os lansgkLin foRrh; varj.kksa ds ckjs
esa ,d nwljs dks ;Fkk le; lwpuk nsrs jgs rkfd
blesa jksd izHkkoh <ax ls yxkbZ tk ldsA
¼IOSCO½ bUVjus'kuy vkxsZukbts'ku Qkj
flD;ksfjVht deh'ku lu~ 1992 esa mYys[kuh;
dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg FATF foRrh; ,D'ku VkLd QkslZ
dk xBu th&7 ns'kkas us 24 ns'kksa dh lgefr ls
fd;kA blds izeq[k dk;Z gSa &
¼1½ euh ykmafMªax ¼eqnzk dh /kks[kk/kM+h ;k vQjk
rQjh½ ds fo:) fuokjd mik; djuk rFkk
bl ij fuxjkuh j[kukA
¼2½ lkbcj vijkf/k;ka }kjk viuk, tk jgs euh
ykmfMaªx ds fofHkUu rjhdksa dk fo'ys"k.k
djds mUgas jksdus ds fy, dkjxj fof/kd
mik; lq>kukA
¼3½ xSj lnL; ns'kksa dks euh ykmfMaªx ds [krjksa
esa voxr djkrs gq, mUgsa laxBu esa 'kkfey
gksus ds fy, izsfjr djukA
Hkkjrh; fo/kk;u
Hkkjr esa euh ykmfMaªx fo/ks;d vf/kfu;e
2002 ds :i esa ykxw gSA blds varxZr lwpuk
izkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e] 2000] ckSf)d lEink dkuwu
o Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk bl vijk/k ds fuokj.k
dh fn'kk eas dk;Z dj jgs gSaA
ckSf)d lEink fof/k ds varxZr dkih jkbV
vf/kfu;e 1957 esa la'kks/ku dj ifjHkk"kk esa
lkkfgfR;d d`fr ds lkFk dEI;wVj MkVk csl rFkk
dEI;wVj izksxzke dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA
61
(lSSN-2349-9702)
/kkjk 14 esa dkih jkbV dks iqu% ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gSA
/kkjk 51 ihfM+r ds mipkjksa dk izko/kku djrh gSA
/kkjk 63 n.M dk ,oa dEI;wVj lk¶Vos;j dh
izfrfyfi cukdj mldk nq:i;ksx djuk ,d
Lora= vijk/k gS blds fy;s /kkjk 63&[k n.M
dk izko/kku djrh gSA
Hkkjr fo'o eas lkbcj ykW cukus okyk 12oka
ns'k gSA fo[;kr vf/koDrk ukjheu ds funsZ'ku esa
xfBr lfefr le; le; ij lkbcj vijk/kksa ds
lEcU/k esa ljdkj dks lq>ko nsrh gSA muds }kjk
gh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh] nwjlapkj ,oa dsoy usVodZ
dks tksM+dj dEI;wfuds'ku dUtosZUl dkuwu dk
lq>ko fn;k x;kA
Økbe bu bafM;k 2007 dh fjiksVZ vuqlkj
izorZu funs'kky; }kjk 2006 esa euh ykmfMaªx
ds Nkiksa dh la[;k 51 Fkh tks 2007 esa 108 gks xbZA
buesa yxHkx 111-8 izfr'kr dh o`f) ntZ dh xbZA
lQsn iks'k vijk/kksa ls gkfu;k¡ &
1- bu vijk/kksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i gksus okyh
foRrh; gkfu :f<+xr vijk/kkas dh rqyuk esa
dbZ xquk vf/kd gksrh gSA
tulsoh laLFkkvkas] foRrh; U;klksa rFkk fuxeksa
esa gksus okys lQsn iks'k vijk/kksa ds dkj.k
ns'k dks izfro"kZ djksM+ksa :i;ksa dk uqdlku
mBkuk iM+rk gSA
2- bu laLFkkuksa ds izfr yksxksa dk fo'okl mB
tkrk gSA
3- bu vijk/kksa esa dsoy ,d ;k dqN O;fDr gh
izHkkfor ugha gksrs oju~ lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dh
vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ij bldk nq"izHkko iM+rk gSA
eqnzk dh tkylkth] rLdjh] foRrh; ?kksVkys]a
vkfFkZd /kks[kk/kM+h] jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj
lqj{kk ds fy, ?kkrd gSA
'osriks'k vijk/k ls fuiVus eas dfBukbZ;k¡ %&
1- fofHkUu ns'kksa esa lkbcj dkuwuksa eas fHkUurkA
2- WIPO World Intellectual Property Organiation laxBu dh laf/k;ksa esa iqu% izLrqfrdj.k
ds vf/kdkj dh vuns[kh
3- bUVjusV lsok mRikndksa ¼ISP½ ds nkf;Ro ds
ckjs esa dksbZ O;oLFkk ughaA ;g jk"Vªkas ds foosd
ij NksM+ fn;k x;k eqík FkkA
lQsn iks'k vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke gsrq mik;
¼Remedies½
Hkkjr tSls fo'kky ns'k esa tgka vf/kdka'k yksx
vf'kf{kr vkSj xjhch ls ihfM+r gSa] vijk/kksa dk
ckgqY; gksuk LokHkkfod gh gSA vr% vkiojfk/kd
U;k;&iz'kkldksa ds fy, vijk/k fuokj.k] fo'ks"kr%
lQsniks'k vijk/kksa dk fuokj.k] ,d fodV
leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA rFkkfi lQsniks'k vijk/kksa dh
jksdFkke ds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; izHkkoh gks
ldrs gSa&
¼1½ izpkj&izlkj ds ek/;eksa }kjk turk esa bu
vijk/kksa ds izfr yksd&psruk tkx`r djuk
vko';d gSA dk;Z fof/kd lk{krk vfHk;ku
}kjk vf/kd vPNh rjg lEiUu gks ldrk gSA
blds fy, nwjn'kZu] jsfM;ks] fQYe] jaxeap
vkfn JO;&n`'; ¼Audio-visual½ ek/;eksa dk
iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA buds }kjk
yksxksa dks lQsn iks'k vijk/kksa ds xEHkhj
ifj.kkeksa ls voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd
o buls nwj jgsa vkSj bUgsa djus okyksa ij dM+h
dk;Zokgh djsAa
¼2½ lQsniks'k vijk/kksa dh lquokbZ vkSj fopkj.k
ds fy, fo'ks"k vf/kdj.k ¼Special Tribunals½
xfBr fd;s tk,a ftUgsa ikWp o"kZ rd dh ltk
nsus dh vf/kdkfjrk gksA
¼3½ bu vijk/kksa ds fuokj.k gsrq dBksj dkuwuh
izko/kku j[k tkus pkfg, rFkk dBksj n.M dh
O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, rkfd yksx bu vijk/kksa
dks djus ls Mjsa vkSj buls ijko`Ùk jgsAa bu
vijk/kksa ds fy, ,sls fo/kk;u Hkh mfpr ,oa
oS/k ekus tk,a tks Hkwry{kh ¼retrospective
operation½ izHkko j[krs gksaA
¼4½ dqN fof/kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd lQsniks'k
vijkf/k;ksa dks dkjokl dk n.M nsus dh
ctk; dBksjre vFkZn.M nsuk mfpr gksxk tks
okLrfod gkfu ls dbZ xquk vf/kd gksA
¼5½ Hkkjrh; n.M fof/k esa ßlQsniks'k vijk/kÞ
uked 'kh"kZd dk ,d u;k v/;k; tksM+k
pkfg, rkfd bu vijk/kksa eas fyIr vijk/kh
lkekU; vijk/kh dh Hkkafr nf.Mr fd;s tk
ldsaA blds fy, orZeku n.M fof/k esa
la'kks/ku djuk vko';d gksxkA blds iwoZ
ßlQsniks'k vijk/kÞ dh fuf'pr fof/kd
ifjHkk"kk r; djuk furkUr vko';d gSA
¼6½ Hkkjr esa fujUrj c<+rh gqbZ vkijkf/kdrk dks
/;ku esa j[krs gq, ,d jk"Vªh; vijk/k fuokj.k
62
(lSSN-2349-9702)
vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k tkuk vko';d izrhr
gksrk gS tks vijk/k vkSj vijkf/k;ksa ls lacfa /kr
fofHkUu igyqvksa dk losZ{k.k djrk jgs vkSj
bu ij fu;a=.k ds izHkkoh mipkjkRed mik;
lq>krk jgsA
¼7½ lQsniks'k vijk/k fojks/kh vfHk;ku esa turk
dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh lcls vf/kd izHkkodkjh
fl) gksxhA tc rd turk bu vijk/kksa ds
izfr jks"k vkSj frjLdkj ugha n'kkZrh] rc rd
lQsniks'k vijk/ksa dk fuokj.k dfBu gSA ;g
dk;Z 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa }kjk uSfrd vkpj.k
rFkk pfj=&fuek.k ij cy nsdj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA bZekunkjh] fu"Bk] jk"Vªh; Hkkouk
ls] ;s lc pfj= fuekZ.k ls gh lEHko gSa ftUgsa
cPpksa ls gh izkjaHk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr%
bl dk;Z esa 'kkyk,¡ lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrh gSA vkt dk ckyd dy dk ltx
ukxfjd gksxk] vr% ;fn cpiu ls gh mfpr
f'k{kk }kjk ckyd&ckfydkvksa esa vPNs
ukxfjd ds xqa.k fodflr fd;s tk;s rks
fu%lUnsg gh vkxs pydj ;s cPps vkn'kZ
ukxfjd cusx
a s vkSj vkus okyh ih<+h esa
vkijkf/kdrk dh izo`fRr Lo;eso de gksrh
tk,xhA
gSfdax ls cpus gsrq dqN vko';d mik; &
dksbZ Hkh csolkbV ;k ,i lkS izfr'kr lqjf{kr
ugha gS &
1. ikloMZl eas uEclZ] ySVlZ vkSj lkbu
dkEchus'ku j[ksaA
2. izkboslh lsfVaXl dks viMsV djrs jgsA
3. lsl
a sfVo buQkesZ'ku lks'ky usVofdZax ij
'ks;j u djsAa
4. viuk ikloMZ cnyrs jgsaA
5. Qkby MkmuyksM djus ds ckn mls Ldsu dj ysAa
6. vukf/kd`r csolkbV ls dqN Hkh MkmuyksM u djsaA
7. vtuch esy dks vksiu u djsaA
lQsniks'k vijkf/krk ds izfr mnklhurk
cjrus ds ctk; turk ds lfØ; lg;ksx ,oa
Hkkxhnkjh ls budk fuokj.k fd;k tkuk gh
,dek= izHkkoh mik; gS ftleas dkuwu lgk;d
Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA
lanHkZ xaFk %&
1- Økbe bu bf.M;k fjiksVZ] 2007
2- fo;uk le>kSrk 1988
3- dkihjkbV vf/kfu;e] 1957
4- csolkbV & www.wikipedia.in
***
63
(lSSN-2349-9702)
tyok;q ifjorZu dkj.k ,oa çHkko
e;wj f'k[kk vxzoky
izk/;kid fof/k
'kkl-jkT; Lrjh; fof/k LukrdksRrj] egkfo|ky; Hkksiky e-izMhu ykW QsdYVh] cjrdrmYyk fo-fo- Hkksiky
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
e;wj f'k[kk vxzoky
izk/;kid fof/k
egkfo|ky; Hkksiky e-izMhu ykW QsdYVh]
cjrdrmYyk fo-fo- Hkksiky
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
07.06.2016
16.06.2016
18.06.2016
'kks/k la{ksi %
ftl tyok;q dks fLFkj jguk pkfg, og vc dqN izkd`frd ,oa
dqN ekuo tfur dk;ksZa ls fLFkj ugha jg ik jgh gSA ifj.kke
Lo:i vusd leL;k,sa lkeus vkbZ gSaA izkd`frd dkj.kksa ls dgha
T;knk tyok;q ifjorZu dk dkj.k ekuo tfur gSA vkSj dgha&dgha
ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa izkd`frd dkj.kksa dh dkj.k Hkh gSa] QyLo:i
vfro`f"V] ck<+] vk¡/kh] rwQku] d`f"k ,oa taxyksa ij izfrdwy izHkko]
vkstksu ijr {kj.k] chekfj;ksa dk QSyko] [kk|kUu ladV tSlh
foHkhf"kdk,sa mRiUu gks jgh gSaA
buls fuiVus gsrq cuh jk"Vªh; dk;Z ;kstuk,sa rHkh lQy gksaxh
tc gj O;fDr bldh xaHkhjrk dks tkusxk ,oa le>sxk rFkk viuh
thoup;kZ dks bdksÝ.s Myh cuk;sxk lkFk gh izd`fr ls izse dh
izkphu ijEijk esa okil ykSVsxkA
çLrkouk %
fdlh Hkh LFkku dk nh?kZdkyhu ekSle tyok;q dgykrk gSA
LFkku dks ok;qe.My dk nckc] rkieku] vknzZrk ykok dh xfrfof/k
dk v/;;u dj tyok;q ds ckjs esa fuf'pr /kkj.k fodflr dh
tkrh gSA
ekSle vkSj tyok;q esa varj gSA ekSle jkst cnyrk gS fofHkUu
_rqvksa esa vyx&vyx gskrk gS tcfd tyok;q fLFkj jgrh gSA
tyok;q ifjorZu %
ftl tyok;q dks fLFkj jguk pkfg, og vc dqN izkd`frd ,oa
dqN ekuo tfur dkj.kksa ls fLFkj ugha jg ik jgh gSaA
ifj.kkeLo:i tyok;q ifjorZu dh leL;k lkeus vkbZ gSA ;g
ifjorZu gksus esa n'kd ;k yk[kksa o"kksZ dk le; yxrk gSa
tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k %
orZeku le; esa tyok;q ifjorZu dh leL;k ds dkj.k vusd
gS ij izeq[k :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS %&
¼1½ izkd`frd dkj.k
¼2½ ekuo tfur dkj.k
¼I½ çkd`frd dkj.k % izkd`frd dkj.kksa esa eq[; :i ls Tokykeq[kh]
egkf}ih; i`FkDdj.k rFkk egklkxjh; /kkjk, vkfn tyok;q
ifjorZu ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSaA
Tokykeq[kh (Volcano) : izkd`frd dkj.kksa esa eq[; :i ls
Tokykeq[kh] egkf}ih; i`FkDdj.k rFkk egklkxjh; /kkjk,a vkfn
tyok;q ifjorZu ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA ;s xSls] /kwy d.k rFkk
jk[k vkfn ok;qe.My esa QSykdj tyok;q dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
64
(lSSN-2349-9702)
Tokykeq[kh dqN le; esa 'kkar gks tkrk gS fQj Hkh
;s xSl lfØ; jgdj tyok;q dks izHkkfor djrh
gSaA mnkgj.k Lo:i vBkjgoh lnh esa tkiku vkSj
vkblyS.M esa QwVs Tokykeqf[k;ksa dh /kwy iwjs
lalkj esa QSy xbZ Fkh ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i ml
o"kZ vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi esa izp.M B.M iM+h FkhA
lqukeh ygj % leqnz ds uhps Tokykeq[kh QwVus ls
;g ygj mRiUu gksrh gSA budk dgj ge Hkkjr
esa dqN o"kksZ iwoZ ns[k pqds gSaA
egk}hih; i`FkDdj.k % ;g izfØ;k yk[kksa o"kZ iwoZ
ls ysdj vc rd Hkh /khjs&/khjs tkjh gSA /kjrh ds
cM+s fgLls i`Fkd gksdj egk}hi dks tc fuekZ.k
djrs gSa rc egklkxjh; /kkjk, cnyrh gSa ,oa
iou dk izokg Hkh cnyrk gSA
egklkxjh; /kkjk,a % i`Foh dh lrg ij 70
izfr'kr ls Hkh dqN vf/kd fgLlk tykPNkfnr gS
tks lkxj o egklkxj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS]
tyok;q ds fu/kkZj.k esa budk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
gksrk gSA tyok"i xzhu gkml xSl ds izHkko dks
c<+krk gSA
izkd`frd dkj.kksa ls dgha T;knk tyok;q ifjorZu
dk dkj.k ekuo tfur gS vkSj dgha&dgha ekuoh;
xfrfof/k;ka izkd`frd dkj.kksa dh dkj.k Hkh gSA
II. ekuo tfur dkj.k
¼1½ xzhu gkml izHkko ¼2½ d`f"k
¼3½ thok'e bZ/ku
¼4½ 'kgjh vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k
xzhu gkml izHkko % ok;q e.My esa fLFkr dkcZu
Mkb vkWDlkbM dh vf/kd ek=k ,d ,sls dop dk
fuekZ.k djrh gS ftlds }kjk lw;Z dk rki vkrk gS
ij okil ugha tk ikrkA ifj.kke Lo:i i`Foh og
rkieku c<+dj tyok;q dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
dkcZu Mk; vkWDlkbM dh ek=k ds c<+us ds izeq[k
dkj.kksa esa gS & vkS|ksxhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k ouksa dh
va/kk/kqqa/k dVkbZaA ,d vksj dy&dkj[kkus] okgu
dkcZu Mk; vkWDlkbM dk mRlZtu dj jgs gSa rks
nwljh vksj o`{kksa dh dVkbZ ds dkj.k ean gks xbZ
gSA ,;j daMh'ku dk iz;ksx Dyksjks&¶yksjks dkcZu
mRltZu dk eq[; L=ksr gSA ogha ehFksu o ukbVªl
vkWDlkbzM xSls Hkh ok;q e.My esa QSy jgh gSaA
d`f"k % jlk;fud moZjdksa dk vR;kf/kd mi;ksx
d`f"k dk;Z esa fd;k tk jgk gSA ftlds QyLo:i
tyeXu pkoy dh tqrkbZ ls ehFksu dk mRltZu gksrk
gS] ,f'k;k;h ns'kksa esa /kku ds [ksrksa ls lokZf/kd ehFksu
xSl dk mRltZu gksrk gSA ;g xSl nh"kZ vkosf'kr
fodj.kksa dks dkcZu Mk;vkDlkbM ls T;knk vo'kksf"kr
djrh gSA xzhu gkml izHkko blls c<+rk gSA
thok'e bZ/ku % dks;ys ngu ls dkcZu
MkbvkWDlkbM dk lcls T;kn mRltZu gksrk gS]
ry ds ngu ls ok;q esa 30 izfr'kr rd dkcZu
MkbvkWDlkbM dk mRltZu gksrk gSA bl rjg
thok'e vk/kkfjr bZ/ku ds ngu ls xzhu gkml
xSlksa dk lap;u cM+k gS
'kgjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k % txy dkVdj
d`f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe esa edkuksa ,oa m|ksxksa dk fuekZ.k]
vkfFkZd yksyqirk ,oa 'kgjhdj.k ekuo thou 'kSyh
dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
ekuo lekt vkt fodkl ds uke ij fouk'k
dh vksj vkxs c<+ jgs gSaA vius ikEifjd thou
'kSyh tks ßbdks&Ýs.MyhÞ n'kZu dks ysdj pyrh
Fkh & mls ihNs NksM+ fn;k gSA fodflr ns'k blesa
lokZf/kd vxz.kh gS T;knk vkxs gSaA ifj.kke Lo:i
1906 ls 2005 ds e/; vkSlr oSf'od rkieku esa
tgka 0-74 lsUVhxzsM rd dh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA
oSf'od leqnz Lrj 1961 ls 2003 ds e/; 1-8
fe-eh- izfro"kZ dh vkSlr nj ls c<+k gSA
tyok;q ifjorZu ds nq"ifj.kke %
¼1½ vfro`f"V] ck<+] vka/kh ] rwQku & c<+rh xehZ
ds dkj.k ufn;ksa] rkykcks]a >hyksa rFkk egklkxjksa
vkfn dk ikuh rsth ls Hkki cudj mM+ jgk gSA
ftlls vfro`f"V vkSj ck<+ vkfn dh leL;k c<+
jgh gSA c<+rh xjeh ds dkj.k dqN txgksa ij ok;q
e.My nckc vpkud de gks tkrk gS] ftlls
vkaa/kh&rwQku dk izdksi c<++ tkrk gSA mijksä
fLFkfr ls tu thou foijhr rjhds ls izHkkfor
gksrk gSA
¼2½ d`f"k ij izfrdwy izHkko % O;fDr fdruk Hkh
/ku vtZu dj ys] mUgs thou ds fy, Hkkstu d`f"k
ls gh mRiUu çkIr gksxkA
tyok;q ifjorZu Lo:i rkieku esa o`f) ds
dkj.k ikS/kksa esa ueh dk vkHkko gks tkrk gS] Qlyksa
dh o`f) ds fy, ,d fuf'pr rkieku dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] rkieku esa o`f) ds dkj.k os
u"V gksus yxrh gSaA
feêh esa ikuh dh ek=k de gks tkus ls mlesa
ekStnw dkcZfud inkFkksZa dk fo?kVu ,oa iquZpØ.k
Bhd ls ugha gks ikrk] vr,o lkekU; iSnkokj ds
fy, Hkh vf/kd [kkn dk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gS]
tks Lo;a gh nq"ifj.kke nsrh gSA
65
(lSSN-2349-9702)
lhek ls vf/kd rkieku gksus ij u;s izdkj ds
dhM+&
s edksM+s mRiUu gksus yxrs gSa vkSj mu ij
lkekU; dhVuk'kdksa dk de izHkko iM+rk gS
ifj.kke Lo:i Qly dh mRikndrk ,oa xq.koRrk
izHkkfor gksrh gSA
¼3½ taxyksa ij izHkko tyok;q ifjorZu ls taxy
Hkh O;kid iSekus ij nq"izHkkfor gksrs gS rFkk
rkieku esa o`f) ds dkj.k ikS/ks u"V gksus yxrs gSaA
gfjr tSo ekl ;kuh gfj;kyh esa deh vkus
yxrh gSA taxy esa vkx dh ?kVuk,aa c<+us yxrh
gSa ftlls ifjfLFkfrdh larqyu izHkkfor gksrk gSA
¼4½ vkstksu ijr {kj.k % lw;Z dh ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa
dks vo'kksf"kr djus okyh ok;qe.My dh vkstku
ijr xzhu gkml izHkko ls {kj.k dh vksj c<+ jgh
gSA vaVkdfVdk {ks= esa vkStksu fNnz dh mifLFkfr
bl ckr dk izR;{k izek.k gS fd gkfudkjd xSl
fdruk uqdlku igqapk jgh ijkcSxuh fdj.ksa vxj
euq"; ds 'kjhj rd igqap xbZ rks dSUlj tSlh
vusd [krjukd chekfj;ksa dk tUe gksxkA
¼5½ cQZ dk fi?kyuk ,oa leqnz ry dk Åij
mBuk % rkieku ds dkj.k /kqzoksa ij teh oQZ ds
fi?kyus ls i;kZoj.k o tSo fofo/krk ij izfrdwy
izHkko gksrk gSA fo'o ds dbZ {ks=ksa esa Xysf'k;jksa ds
fi?kykus dh izfØ;k 'kq: gks pqdh gS] fgeky; Hkh
blls vNwrk ugha jgk gSA /kqqo ds fi?kyus ls igys
ck<+ vkrh gS] ckn esa lw[ks dh fLFkfr fufeZr
gksra h gSA
leqnz ry ds Lrj c<+us yxrs gSa] iwoZ dh
rqyuk esa vHkh leqnz ry ds Lrj dk c<+us dk
izeq[k dkj.k ;gh gSA o"kZ 1993 ls 2003 rd
leqnz ry esa 3 fe-eh- dh xfr ls mBko ntZ
fd;k x;k gSA ;g cQZ dk fi?kyko ,sls gh tkjh
jgk rks o"kZ 2100 rd leqnz ry 28 ls 43
lsVa hehVj rd Åij mB ldrk gSA ;g ty
izy; dh fLFkfr gksxhA
chekfj;ksa dk QSyko % ekSle dk mrkj&p<+ko
dk thok.kqvksa o ok;jlksa dks tUe nsrs gSa tks
laØked chekfj;ka QSykrs gSa] ekSle esa tyok;q
ifjorZu ds dkj.k gksus okys mrkj p<+ko ls eq[;
:i ls Msaxw] eysfj;k] Iysx o ihfy;k tSlh
chekfj;ksa dk izdksi c<+rk gSA peZjksxksa esa Hkh
c<+ksRrjh gksrh gS] 'olu laca/kh chekfj;ka mRiUu
gksrh gSaA
[kk|kUu ladV %& Hkkjrh; d`f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn
}kjk yxHkx 15 vuqla/kku ,oa fo'ys"k.k laLFkkuksa
ds lg;ksx ls fjiksVZ rS;kj dh xbZ ftlds vuqlkj
& ,d fMxzh lsUVhxzM
as rkieku c<+us ij ns'k esa
xsagw mRiknu esa 60 ls 75 yk[k dh deh vk
ldrh gSA vU; [kk|ku dk mRiknu izfrdwy :i
ls izHkkfor gks ldrk gSA /kku ds mRiknu esa
2020 rd 6-7 izfr'kr rFkk 2050 rd 15-1
izfr'kr rd dh deh vk ldrh gSA vkyw] VekVj]
vke vkfn dh iSnkokj ij vf/kd volj dh
laHkkouk gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k ns'k esa
nqX/k mRiknu yxHkx 18 yk[k Vu ?kV x;k gSA
tyok;q ifjorZu ds Hkkjr esa izHkko dk jk"Vªh;
dk;Z ;kstuk ds vuqeku %
1- bl 'krkCnh ds var rd rkieku esa 3&4
fMxzh lsfYl;l dh o`f) gks ldrh gSA
2- rkieku esa izR;sd fMxzh dh o`f) ls xsagw ds
mRiknu essa 4&5 fefy;u Vu dh fxjkoV
vk;sxhA
3- ekulwu o ekSleh o"kkZ esa vf/kd ifjorZu gksus
ls d`f"k mRiknu esa 10 ls 14 izfr'kr deh
vk,xhA
4- rkieku c<+us ls fgeky; Xysf'k;j rsth ls
fiNysxk] QyLo:i fgeky; ufn;ksa rFkk fla/kq
xaxk] czãiq= vkfn esa ck<+ vk;sxhA
5- Xysf'k;j 2050 rd lekIr gks tk;saxs ftlls
ty ladV mRiUu gksxkA
mijksDr vuqekuksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj jk"Vªh;
dk;Z;kstuk dks vk- fe'ku ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k
x;k gS %&
¼1½ jk"Vªh; lkSj fe'ku
¼2½ jk"Vªh; oftZr ÅtkZ fe'ku
¼3½ jk"Vªh; oguh; i;kZokl fe'ku
¼4½ jk"Vªh; ty fe'ku
¼5½ jk"Vªh; tyok;q ifjorZu lac/a kh dk;Z uhfr
¼6½ jk"Vªh; xzhu bafM;k fe'ku
¼7½ jk"Vªh; fgeky;h ikfjfLFkfrdh; lao)Zu fe'ku
¼8½ jk"Vªh; lrr~ d`f"k fodkl fe'ku
mijksDr fo'ys"k.k ls ;g fu"d"kZ Li"V gS fd
tyok;q ifjorZu vkt oSf'od Lrj ij fpark dk
fo"k; cu pqdk gS vkSj ;fn tyok;q ifjorZu ls
mRiUu pqukSfr;ksa dks /;klu esa j[kdj dksbZ
nh/kZdkfyd j.kuhfr ugha cukbZ xbZ vkSj cuk, x,
fe'ku dks mfpr rjhds ls vey esa ugha yk;k
x;k rks fodkl vo:) gksus ds lkFk&lkFk yksxksa
dh vkthfodk vkSj thou ij Hkh fu;fer izHkko
iM+sxkA
tyok;q ifjorZu ds fy, mRrjnk;h dkjdksa ij
Hkh fu;a=.k j[kus gsrq dne mBkus dh vko';drk gS
vFkok i`Foh ds vfLrRo dks gh ladV iSnk gks
tk,xkA
66
(lSSN-2349-9702)
'kklu ds lkFk gj O;fDr dh ftEesnkjh gS fd og
viuh thou ppkZ dks bdksÝasMyh cuk, rc gh
og vius vfLrRo dh j{kk dj ldrk gSA
Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks vius vFkZoosn esa dgha ;s ifDr;ka
iqu% nksgjkuk gksxk &
vj.;a rs i`Foh Liksu eLrq
ekrje vkS"k/khuke~
ekrs eeZ foHk`Xofj ek rs ân; efikZ;e~
vFkkZr~ gs Hkwfe rsjs ou gekjs fy, lq[knk;h gks]
Hkwfe rsjs o`{kksa dk eSa bl rjg dkVw fd os 'kh?kz
iqu% vadqfjr gks tk,] mUgsa laiw.kZ :i ls dkVdj
eSa rsjs eeZLFky ij izgkj u d:aA Hkwfe dks
vkS"kf/k;ksa dh ekrk ekuk x;k gSA
lanHkZ xazFk %&
1234-
***
67
vFkZoosn
,u-,-ih-lh- fjiksVZ
esVdkWe fjiksVZ
vk/kqfud i;kZoj.k fof/k MkW- vkj-,y- jkBh
(lSSN-2349-9702)
egkdfo Hkkl ds ukVdksa esa jlkfHkO;fDr
vkSj Hkko O;¥~tuk
dknEcjh 'kekZ
lgk- çk/;kid&laLd`r
'kkldh; laLd`r egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
'kks/k la{ksi %
vk; Hkklh; ukVdksa dh 'kSyh viuh fof'k"V egRrk j[krh gSA
budh 'kSyh esa O;¥~tdrk rFkk izHkkoksRikndrk dk ef.k&dk¥~pu
la;ksx gSA y?kq OkkD;ksa esa xaHkhj rFkk jlis'ky Hkkoksa dh O;atuk viuk
fo'ks"k egRo j[krh gSA nq:g rFkk nh?kZfoLrkjh leLr inksa dh
la?kVuk Hkys gh dkO; ds fy;s dksbZ mi;ksxh crkos] ij ukVd esa
y?kqfoLrkjh ,oa ljy okD;ksa dh egRrk v{kq..k gSA bl n`f"V ls
Hkkl lQyrk ds f'k[kj ij fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSA budh Hkk"kk ,oa 'kSyh
ls Li"V yf{kr gksrk gS fd laLd`r yksdO;ogkj dh Hkk"kk jgh gksxhA
NksVs&NksVs okD;ksa dks yksdksfDr;ksa rFkk lwfDr;ksa ls vyad`r djuk
Hkkl dh 'kSyh dk xq.k gSA
Original Article
dknEcjh 'kekZ
lgk;d izk/;kid ¼laLd`r½
'kkldh; laLd`r egkfo|ky;]
jk;iqj] ¼N-x-½
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
03.07.2016
05.07.2016
05.07.2016
çLrkouk%
vyadkjfoghu ljy Hkk"kk ;fn HkkoO;atuk esa lQy jgsa rks ;g
dfo dh egrh fo'ks"krk gksxhA Hkkl ds ukVdksa esa gesa ;gh fo'ks"krk
yf{kr gksrh gSA izHkkoe;h ljy Hkk"kk Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa bruh
leFkZ gS fd n'kZd ds g`n; dks gBkr~ vkd`"V dj ysrh gSA Hkkl dh
'kSyh dh fof'k"Vrk muds dFkuksidFku esa ns[kh tkrh gSA
dFkuksidFku esa buds ik= furkUr fonX/k gSA mfDr&izR;qfDr dh
fonX/krk ds fy;s izfrKk&;kSxU/kjk;.k mRrj nsrk gSA
mfDr&izR;qfDr;ksa ds chp dgha&dgha ,slks vizR;kf'kr ?kVuk¡, Vid
iM+rh gSa tks ukVdh; jlpoZ.kk esa vrho feBkl yk nsrh gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy;s izfrKk ukVd esa tc egklsu viuh L=h ls
oklonRrk ds oj ds fo"k; esa foe'kZ dj jgk gS] mlh le;
d¥~pd
q h lglk izo's k dj mn;u dk uke ysrk gSaA ;g mfDr
ikBdksa vkSj n'kZdksa ds g`n; dks lglk >d>ksj nsrh gSA ,slh
vkdfLed mfDr;k¡ Hkkl dh viuh fo'ks"krkvksa ds :i esa gSa vkSj
mU; ukVdksa esa Hkh budh lE;d~ miyfC/k gksrh gSA
Hkkl vius o.;Z&fo"k;ksa dks cM+h lw{erk ds lkFk is'k djrs gSaA
fo"k; ;k n`'; dk o.kZu djrs le; mlds lw{ekfrlw{e va'k dks Hkh
os miLFkkfir dj nsrs gSA nfjnz&pk:nRr ukVd esa nfjnzrk dk
o.kZu ftruk LokHkkfod gS mruk gh ckjhd HkhA lq[k dks nq%[k ds
ckn izkIr gksuk pkfg;s] ;g Hkkl dks vPNh rjg fofnr FkkA lq[k
dks nq%[k ds ckn izkIr gksuk pkfg;s] ;g Hkkl dks vPNh rjg fofnr
FkkA lq[kklLFkk ds ckn nq%[k vkuk ej.k&rqY; gh gSA bl o.kZu dks
ns[kdj ikBd Hkkl dh 'kSyh dh iz'kalk fd;s fcuk ugha jg ldrkA
68
(lSSN-2349-9702)
;fn fdlh n`'; dk os o.kZu djus yxrs gSa rks
bruh Li"Vrk ds lkFk mls mifLFkr djrs gS fd
ikBd dks iw.kZ fcEcxzg.k gks tkrk gSA ;g dfo
ok ukVddkj dh pjeflfn~/k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
la/;k dk o.kZu yhft;s%&
iwokZ rq dk"Bk frfejkuqfyIrk
lU/;k:.kk Hkkfr p if'pek'kkA
f}/kk foHkDrkUrjeUrfj{ka
;kR;FkZukjh'oj:i'kksHkke~AA
&vfo- 2 A12A
vkSj&
[kxk oklksisrk lfyyeoxk<+ks eqfutu%
iznhIrks·fXuHkkZfr izfopjfr /kweks eqfuoue~A
ifjHkz"Vks nwjknzfojfi p laf{kIrfdj.kks
jFka O;koR;kZlkS izfolfr 'kuSjLrf'k[kje~AA
&LoIu- 9A
blh izdkj d`".k&jkf= dk o.kZu Hkh g`n;gkjh gS&
fyEirho reks·M~xkfu o"kZrhok¥~tua uHk%A
vlRiq:"klsoos n`f"VfuZ"Qyrka xrkAA
&pk:nRr 9A16
vfoekjd esa e/;jkf= dk o.kZu nsf[k;s&
frfejfeo ogfUr ekxZU|%
iqfyufuHkk% izfrHkkfUr gE;Zekyk%A
refl n'kfn'kks fueXu:ik%
Iyorj.kh; bok;eU/kdkj%AA
&vfoekjd 3A4
blh izdkj ouo.kZu] e/;kàuo.kZu] rk:.;o.kZu
bR;kfn esa Hkkl dh lQyrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
Hkkl ljy in~/kfr ds tud gSA 'kkL=h; n`f"V
ls budh Hkk"kk izlknxq.k ls la;qDr gS jlis'kyrk]
Hkkoksa dh lE;d~ vfHkO;fDr] euksj¥~tdrk]
xEHkhjrk] vkSnkR; rFkk ek/kq;Z&budh 'kSyh ds xq.k
gSA voLFkk rFkk ik= ds vqulkj mxzrk ,oa l;e
dk iz;ksx buds ukVdksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA gkL; dh
lE;d~ la;kstuk Hkh budh 'kSyh dks lQyrk dk
,d dkj.k gSA LoIuoklon~Rrk dk fonw"kd ;fn
;g ugha tkurk fd jktk dk uke czEgknRr gS ;k
ux- dk] rks pk:nRr dk izfruk;d 'kdkj mlls
Hkh ?kksj ew[kZ fudyrk gSA budh mfDr;ka
jlflfn~/k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
okD;la?kVuk dh fo'k"krk Hkh Hkkl dh fujkyh
gh gSA bldh eguh; iz'kalk egkegksik/;k;
x.kifr 'kkL=h us dh FkhA muds vuqlkj Hkkl dh
'kSyh dh rqyuk vU; fdlh dfo ls ugha dh tk
ldrhA pfj=&fp=.kksa esa Hkkl us bruh lQyrk
izkIr dh gS fd ik=ksa esa dkYifudrk dk Hkku rd
ugha gksrkA budh Hkk"kk 'kSyh&fu>fj.kh dh Hkk¡fr
fcuk fdlh rM+d&HkM+d ds LokHkkfod xfr ls
izokfgr gksrh gSA Hkkl Hkkjrh;o`fRr ds eguh;
vkpk;Z gSA 'kCnkFkZ&;kstuk esa vfHkO;¥~~tuk dk izJ;
vkd"kZd yxrk gSA Hkko] jl] ns'kdky ,oa ik=ksa ds
vuqlkj Hkk"kk esa ifjorZu fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA
Hkkl dh 'kSyh esa d`f=erk ugha] LokHkkfodrk
gSA blesa Ågk dh vis{kk ughaA ikBdksa dks
lkekU; cqfn~/k ds izJ; ls gh pje vkuUn dh
vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA vkst rFkk izlknxq.kHkwf;"Bk
budh Hkk"kk ek/kq;Z ls vksr&izkrs gSA yksx vkst
rFkk leklckgqY; dks xn~; dk thou crkrs jgs
ij] Hkkl ds fy;s lekl&foghu Hkk"kk Hkh xn~;
dh mPp d{kk esa fojkteku gks ldrh gSA buds
xfr'khy izokg esa dgha Hkh xfrjks/k ugha vkSj u
rks rksM+&QksM+ gh gSA ljy] LoPNUn xfr gsA
budh 'kSyh dh vkyM~dkfjdrk esa vkLFkk ugha gS
vfirq] jlkfHkO;fDr vkSj HkkoO;¥~tuk dks ;g
iz/kku ekudj pyusokyh gSA Hkkl dh ljy 'kSyh
dks dqN yksxksa us jkek;.kh; izHkko ekuk gSA
Hkkl dh 'kSyh dh iz'kalk egkegksik/;k;
x.kifr 'kkL=h us cM+s gh iz'kLr 'kCnksa esa dh gSA
muds vuqlkj bu ukVdksa dh 'kSyh vf}rh; gSA
Hkkl dh ljy 'kSyh dk dkj.k ml ij dkO;ksa dh
'kSyh dk izHkko gSA 'kSyh izog.k&'khy rFkk izHkkoqd
gSA mn~nke Hkkoukvksa dk cM+k gh l'kDr o.kZu fd;k
x;k gS foifRr;ksa ds fp=.k esa Hkkl fl)gLr gSaA
ukVdksa dh vfHkUks;rk ij Hkkl dh n`f"V Fkh
blhfy;s d`f=erk rFkk vkyM~dkfjrk dk vHkko
fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA vyadj.k ;|fi dkO; ds fy;s
vko';d gksrk gS ij] ukVd esa ;g mldh
vfHkus;rk dk fo/kk;d gksrk gSA blh dkj.k Hkkl
ds ukVdksa esa vyM~dkj.k dk izkpq;Z ugha gSA
Hkkl dh 'kSyh ds rhu xq.k gSa& izlkn] vkst
vkSj ek/kq;ZA ;s rhuksa xq.k muds ukVdksa esa loZ=
n`f"Vxr gks ldrs gSA voLFkk rFkk lkE; ds
vuqlkj mldh 'kSyh esa lglk eksM+ vkrk gS
ftlls izHkkof'kyrk ,oa O;¥~tdrk esa Hkkl brus
69
(lSSN-2349-9702)
fln~/k gSa fd dgha Hkh foof{kr Hkko nc ugha
ldrkA lhfer 'kCnksa ,oa ljy Hkk"kk ds n~okjk
foof{kr vFkZ dk mn~cks/k] ;g Hkkl dh egrh
fo'ks"krk gSA
Hkkl dh 'kSyh dk xq.k ekSu Hkk"k.k Hkh gSA vYi
'kCnksa ds n~okjk vf/kdkf/kd Hkkoksa dh O;¥~uk ds
vfrfjDr ekSu ls Hkh vFkZcks/k djk;k x;k gSA ;s
rhu 'kCnksa ls dgha vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gq;s gSa ,oa
jl rFkk Hkkoksa dh izrhfr esa lgk;d gq;s gSA blh
dkj.k leh{kdksa us mUgsa ekSu ds vkpk;Z] fo'ks"k.k
ls foHkwf"kr fd;k gSA
Hkkl dh 'kSyh ds vius fo'k"k xq.k gSA ijorhZ
dfo;ksa vkSj ukVddkjksa ij bldk izHkko iM+k gS]
fQj Hkh og viuk ikFkZD; fLFkj j[ks vkSj viuh
egRrk dks latks;s gSaA
lanHkZ xzaFk %&
1- HkklukVdpdze ¼O;k[;k Hkkx] izFke Hkkx½
& MkW- lq/kkdj ekyoh;
2- laLd`r lkfgR; dk bfrgkl & ,-ch- dhFk
3- Hkkl&cky pfjre~ & lhrkjke lgxy
4- egkdfo Hkkl & MkW- usfepan 'kkL=h
***
70
(lSSN-2349-9702)
NÙkhlx<+h okD;&lajpukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k
*fxjtk 'kadj xkSre **Jherh 'kSy 'kekZ
lkfgR; ,oa Hkk"kk v/;;u 'kkyk]
ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
fxjtk 'kadj xkSre
lkfgR; ,oa Hkk"kk v/;;u 'kkyk]
ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;]
jk;iqj ¼N-x-½
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
07.06.2016
17.06.2016
17.06.2016
'kks/k la{ksi %
'kCnksa dk ,slk rkjrE; ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ fudyrk gks]
okD; dgrs gSaA okD; lkFkZd 'kCnksa dk O;ofLFkr :i gSaA ;fn 'kCn
Hkk"kk dh çkjafHkd voLFkk gS] rks okD; mldh vafre bdkbZ gSA
okD; og lkFkZd lajpuk gS] ftlds ek/;e ls ys[kd fy[kdj rFkk
oDrk cksydj vius Hkko ;k fopkj ikBd ;k Jksrk ij çdV djrk
gSA okD; dh mi;ksfxrk O;kdj.k esa rks gS gh] loZlk/kkj.k ds
nSfud thou esa Hkh de ugah gSA ekuo ek= dh Hkkoukvksa]
vkdka{kkvksa vkSj fopkj/kkjkvksa dk çrhd okD; gh gSA vkpk;Z
fo'oukFk us blhfy, ;'k dh o`f) djus okys dkO; dh vfuok;Z
'krZ jlkRed okD; dks ekuk gSA
ôkD;a jlkReda dkO;e~*
çLrkouk %
;fn oDrk ;k ys[kd viu ckr Jksrk ;k ikBd ds g`n; rd
igq¡pkuk pkgrk gS] rks ;g furkar vko';d gS fd okD; tgk¡
vFkZiw.kZ gks] ogk¡ Hkkoiw.kZ Hkh gksA fcuk vFkZ ds okD; dks dksbZ Hkh
O;fDr le>us esa vleFkZ gksxk blh çdkj ;fn dksbZ okD; Hkko'kwU;
gksxk] rks mldk çHkko Hkh Jksrk rFkk ikBd ij u iM+ ldsxkA vFkZ
dh lgk;rk ls gh O;fDr Hkkoksa dh xgjkbZ rd igq¡pus dk ç;kl
dj ldrk gSA
in lewgkS okD;keFkZ ifjlekIrkS
inksa dk lewg okD; gksrk gS] ftlesa vFkZ vPNh çdkj lekIr
gksA Hkk"kkfoKku ds varxZr okD; esa ç;qDr fofHkUu inksa ds ijLij
laca/k dkfopkj fd;k tkrk gS vr% okD; dk Lo:i] okD; dh
jpuk] okD; ds vko';d rRo okD; dk foHkktu] okD; ds
fudVLFk vo;o] okD; esa ifjorZu] ifjorZu ds dkj.k vkSj fn'kkvks
vkfn laca/k esa foLrkj ls v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
infoKku vkSj okD;foKku esa vraj ;g gS fd in foKku esa inksa
dh jpuk dk foospu gksrk gSA vr% mlesa in foHkktu ¼laKk] fØ;k]
fo'ks"k.k vkfn½] dkjd] foHkfDr] opu] fyax] dky] iq:"k vkfn ds
cks/kd 'kCn fdl çdkj curs gSa] bl ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS] okD;
foKku mlls vxyh dksfV gSA blesa iwoksDr fof/k ls cus gq, cnksa dk
dgk¡] fdl çdkj ç;ksx gksrk gS] inksa dks fdl çdkj j[kuk ;k jtkuk
pkfg,] mudks fofHkUu çdkj ls vFkZ esa fdl çdkj vFkZ esa ifjorZu
gksrk gS] vkfn fo"k;ks dk foospu gSA /ofu fuekZid rRo gSaA tSls&
bZV] oL= vkfn] okD; og :i gS] tks okLrfod :i esa ç;ksx gksrk gS]
tSls & edku] flys oL= vkfn in bZaV gS rks okD; edku ;k HkouA
71
(lSSN-2349-9702)
okD; dks ysdj laLd`r O;kdj.kkpk;ksZ us o`gn
v/;;u fd;k gSA rkfRod n`f"V ls /ofu] in okD;
esa ekSfyd varj gSA /ofu ewyr% mPpkj.k ls lEc)
gSA ;g 'kkjhfjd O;kikj ls mRiUu gksrh gS] vr%
/ofu esa eq[;r;% 'kkjhfjd O;kikj ç/kku gSA in esa
/ofu ,oa lkFkZdrk nksuksa dk leUo; gSA /ofu
'kkjhfjd i{k gS vkSj lkFkZdrk ekufld i{k gSA
in esa 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld nksuksa rRoks ds
leUo; ls og okD; esa ç;ksx ds ;ksX; cu tkrk
gSA lkFkZdrk dk lEcU/k fopkj ls gSA fopkj eu
dk dk;Z gS] vr% in esa ekufld O;kikj Hkh gSA
okD; esa fopkj] fopkjksa dkleUo;] lkFkZd ,oa
lefUor :i esa vfHkO;fDr] ;s lHkh dk;Z fopkj
fpar ls laca) gSa] vr% ekufld dk;Z gSaA okD; esa
ekufld vFkok euksoSKkfud i{k eq[; gksrk gSA
fopkjksa dhiw.kZ vfHkO;fDr okD; ls gksrh gS] vr%
okD; gh Hkk"kk dk lw{ere lkFkZd bdkbZ ekuk
tkrk gSA
MkW- dfiynso f}osnh ds vuqlkj& okD; gh
lkFkZdrk ds dkj.k jl:i ;k vkuan:i gksrk gSA
HkkokuqHkwfr] jlkuqHkwfr] ;k vkuankuqHkwfr dk lk/ku
okD; gh gSA okD;kr] fpRr] vkuan dk lefUor
:i gS] vr% nk'kZfud O;k[;k esa bls lfPpnkuan
dg ldrs gSaA
îns u o.kkZ fon~;Urs o.ksZ"oo;ok u pA
okD;kr~ inkukeR;Ura çfoosdks u d'pu~AA
¼inksa esa o.kksZa dhLora= lRrk ugha gS vkSj u
o.kksZa esa vo;oksa dhA okD; ds vfrfjDr inksa dh
dksbZ Lora= lRrk ugha gS½
okD; ls vo;o& fdlh Hkh okD; esa nks vo;oksa ;k
rROksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA dksbZ Hkh okD; rHkh
iw.kZ okD; dgk tk;sxk tc mlesa nksuksa rRo
fon~;eku gksxaAs
1- mn~ns';
2- fo/ks;
mn~ns'; & okD; esa ge fdlh ds laca/k esa dqN
dgrs gSa vkSj ftlds laca/k esa dqN dgk tkrk gS
og Kkr gksrk gSA tks Kkr gksrk gS mls gh okD;
esa mn~ns'; dgk tkrk gSA
;Fkk & vkRek vej gSA
?kksM+k nkSM+ jgk gSA
jke us jko.k dk ekjkA
bu okD;ksa esa vkRek] ?kksM+k] jke mn~ns'; gSa]
D;ksafd buds fo"k; esa dqN dgk x;k gSA
1- fo/ks; & Kkr ds laca/k esa tks dqN dgk tkrk
gS] og vKkr jgrk gS vkSj vKkr dk gh fo/kku
fd;k tkrk gSA vr% Kkr ds laca/k esa ftl vKkr
dk fo/kku fd;k tkrk gS mls fo/ks; dgrs gSaA
;Fkk & vkRek vej gSA
?kksM+k nkSM+ jgk gSA
jke us jko.k dks ekjk
bu okD;ksa esa vkRek] ?kksM+k] jke us ¼mn~ns';½ ds
fo"k; esa Øe'k% vej gS] nkSM+ jgk gS] jko.k dks
ekjk] ;s fo/kku fd, x, gSa] blfy, bUgsa fo/ks;
dgrs gSaA
okD; ds vfuok;Z rRo & okD; esa in dks egRo
çnku djus okys vkpk;Z dqekfjy HkV~V us okD; esa
rhu rROksa dks vfuok;Z crk;k gS ;s gSa & vkdka{kk]
;ksX;rk] vklfRr ¼lafuf/k½
okD;a L;kn~;ksx;rkdka{kklfRr;qDr% inksPP;%
vk/kqfud Hkk"kk'kkL= esa lqfo/kk dh n`f"V ls
fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa esa j[k ldrs gSa & lkFkZdrk]
Øe] ;ksX;rk] vkdka{kk] vklfRr vfUofrA buesa ls
;ksX;rk vkSj vfUofr ;ksX;rk esa lekfgr gks tkrs
gSaA
okD;ksa esa lkFkZd 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gksuk pkfg,A
;fn ge dgs jke vkM+h MqM+rk gSA rks ;g Hkk"kk
lEer okD; ugha gSA jke xkM+h pykrk gS] lkFkZd
okD; gSA
2- Øe & okD; esa lkFkZd 'kCnksa dks Hkk"kk ds
fu;ekuqdwy Øe esa j[kuk pkfg,A tSls &
îkuh esa rkykc gSA* rkykc esa ikuh gSA
3- ;ksx;rk & okD; esa lkFkZd 'kCn gks] Øe Hkh
;FkkLFkku gks ij ;fn 'kCnksa esa çlax ds vuqdwy
Hkkocks/k dh;ksX;rk u gks rks okD; dk Hkko Li"V
u gksxkA
'Sentence is a significant unit'
mi;qZDr dFku esa vkpk;Z Hkr`Zgfj us blh ckr
dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
okD; foU;kl & /ofu;ksa ds feyus ls 'kCn rFkk
inksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS inksa ds feyus ls okD;
curk gSA okD; dh jpuk lkFkZd 'kCn lewg ds
}kjk gksrh gSA okD;&foU;kl okLrfod fuos'k
(Input) ls jfgr ,d O;oLFkk gS] fdUrq og
vlhfer la[;k esa lajpukvksa dks lwfpr djrk gS]
vU; nks ?kVd fuos'k&fuxZe fof/k;k¡ gS] os okD;
foKku }kjk fo'ks"kh d`r lajpukvksa ij lafØ] rFkk
mUgsa iqu% lajpuk,¡ çnku djrs gSaA okD; foU;klh
?kVd vewrZ :ih; inkFkksZa ds ,d vuar leqPp;
dks fofufnZ"V djrk gS] ftldk çR;sd inkFkZ
fof'k"V okD; ds ,dy fuoZpu ls lEc) lHkh
lpuk,¡ lekfo"V djrk gSA
72
(lSSN-2349-9702)
^dqRrk mM+rk gSA* & dqRrk nkSM+rkA pyrk gSA
4- vkdka{kk & vkdka{kk dks bPNk Hkh dg ldrs
gSaA okD; dks Hkko dh n`f"V ls bruk iw.kZ gksuk
pkfg, fd Hkko dks le>us ds fy, vkSj dqN
tkuus ;k le>us dh vko';drk u gksA
tSls & dksbZ O;fDr gekjs lkeus vk;s vkSj
dsoy ;g dgs fd Hkkstu rks gesa nwlj in dks
lquus dh bPNk gksus yxrh gSA
^Hkkstu*A ^Hkkstu cuk gSA*
5- vklfRr & bldk vFkZ gS ^lehirk*A mi;qZDr
lHkh n`f"V;ksa ls okD; Bhd gks ij mldk ,d 'kCn
vkt] nwljk 'kCn dy rFkk rhljk ijlksa rks og
okD; ugha dgk tk;sxkA vr% iwjs okD; dk lkFk
dg tkuk ;k lHkh 'kCnksa dk lehi gksuk Hkh
vko';d gSA
;Fkk & o"kkZ gks jgh gSA
6- vUo; & O;kdjf.kd ,d:irk çR;sd Hkk"kk esa
vyx&vyx vfUofr djrh gSA ;fn 'kCnksa esa
vUo; u gks rks vFkZ rks le> esa vk tk;sxk]ij
okD; O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls Bhd u gksxkA
;Fkk & ^ckyd pyrh gSA* ^ckyd pyrk gSA*
'kSyh ds vk/kkj ij okD; rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSa
f'kfFky] lehd`r rFkk vkorZdA
tc dksbZ oDrk ;k ys[kd ,d ds ckn ,d
fooj.k mUeqDr Hkko ls çLrqr djrk gS]og fdlh
dyk ;k vyadkj dk lgkjk ugha ysrk rc okD;
f'kfFky gksrs gSaA oDrk vius <ax ls ckr djrk gS
& tSls & ,d Fkh jkuh dqarh] mlds ik¡p iq= FksA
,d dk uke ;qf/kf"Bj nwljs dk Hkhe FkkA rhljs dks
vtqZu dgrs FksA ,d dk uke dqN vkSj ,d dk
uke ;kn ughaA
lehd`r okD;'kSyh esa laxfr rFkk larqyu dk
/;ku j[kk tkrk gSA ekuoh; ftKklk dh iwfrZ
djus okys okD; lehd`r okD; dgykrs gSa& tSlh
djuh] oSlh HkjuhA ,sls okD;ksa dh jpuk&i)fr
eu esa vkuan vkSj foLe; mRiUu djrh gSA
vkoFkZd okD;ksa esa ukVdh;rk gksrh gSA
jgL;ksn~?kkVu var esa fd;k tkrk gSA Jksrk dh
ftKklk vafre okD; lquus ij gh iw.kZ gksrh gSA
;Fkk &
og vk;s rc 'kknh gks;A rqe fcu nwtk vkSj u
gks;A
okD; esa yksi & ckrphr djrs le;] ç'uksRrj
'kSyh esa lanHkZ ds vk/kkj ij yksi gks tkrk gSA
;Fkk & ç'u & vki d;k dj jgs gSa\
mÙkj & ;ksxA ¼eSa ;ksx dj jgk gw¡½
¼mn~ns'; esa eSa rFkk fo/ks; dj jgk gw¡ dk yksi gSA½
NRrhlx<+h ds ewy okD; çdkj lk¡ps
ewyokD;& ewyokD; ,sls okD; gksrs gSa tks ljy gSa]
vFkkZr~ ftues dsoy,d laKk inca/k vkSj ,d gh
fØ;k inca/k gksrs gSa ftuds çtuu esa jpukarj.k
midj.k dk U;wure ç;ksx gqvk gks] vkSj ewyokD;
inca/k lajpuk lw=ksa ls çtfur vafre Jà[kyk,¡ gSaA
bl çdkj LokHkkfod Hkk"kk esa ewy okD;ksa dh
fof'k"V lajpuk fufgr gksrh gSA
ewy okD; drZòkP; okys dFkkukRed]
fo/kkukRed rFkk ljy okD; gksrs gSa] tks jpukraj.k
}kjk dedZ okP; okys] okP; okys] deZ drZòkP;
okys] fu"ks/kkRed] ç'ukRed] foLe;kfnlwpd]
la;qDr okD;] feJokD;] vkfn vusd vU; okD;
:iksa ds çtuu dk vk/kkj curs gSaA
fQyeksj us ewyokD; ds laca/k esa pkWELdh ds
fopkj dks vkSj vf/kd Li"V djrs gq, fy[kk fd
ewy lajpuk esa ,d fØ;k vkSj ,d ;k vf/kd
laKk&inca/k gksrs gSa] fuesa ls çR;sd laKkinca/k
,d fuf'pr dkjd lac/a k }kjk fØ;k ls tqM+k gksrk
gSA blds lkFk gh mUgksaus ;g Hkh Li"V dj fn;k
gS fd ,d ljy okD; esa çR;sd dkjd laca/k
dsoy ,d ckj ?kfVr gksrk gSA
NÙkhlx<+h ds ewy okD;ksa dh lajpuk
lalkj dh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dh O;ofLFkr okD;kRed
lajpuk,¡ gksrh gSa bu lajpukvksa ds v/;;u ls
pkWELdh us fl) dj fn;k fd çk;% lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa
ik¡p lkr ls vf/kd ewy okD; ugha gksrsA
rnuqlkj lajpuk dh n`f"V ls NRrhlx<+h ewy
okD;ksa dks fuEukuqlkj fn;k tk ldrk gS &
1- rsa glA
2- rSa vkA
3- rsga [kk;A
4- rksyk gsA
5- rksj gko;
1- çFke ewy okD;&laf/k dk foLrkj & NRrhlx<+h
esa bldk ç;ksx çk;% vfLrRocks/k fooj.k] dFku]
lwpuk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
1- rsa glA ¼rw gS½
2- rsa cus glA ¼rw vPNk gS½
3- rsa ?kj e gA ¼rw ?kj esa gSA½
4- rs cus ybdk glA ¼rq vPNk yM+dk gSA½
5- Vwjk lq??kj gsA ¼yM+dk lqanj gSA½
NRrhlx<+h ds ewy okD; jpuk esa iw.kZokD; ds
fy, fuEu vo;oksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA
okD;
 la- i] $ fØ i la i]1 $ fØ i rsa $ gl
73
(lSSN-2349-9702)
okD; & la- i- $ fØ- ila- i- $ ¼la- i-2 $ fØ- i-½
la- i-1 & la- $ us
la- ia-2& $ ijlxZ A dks
fØ- i-& eq[; fØ;k Hkwr i{k esa $ çR;; $
vfLrokpd fØ;k r`rh; okD; lajpuk vkjs[k
la i-1 $  ijlxZ $ la i-2 $ fØ irs $  $ cus $  $ gl
la i-1 $ la i-2 $ la i-3 $ fØ- irs $  cus $  $ ybdk $ gl
2- f}rh; ewy okD; lkaps dk foLrkj &
NRrhlx<+h esa bl ewy okD; jpuk dk ç;ksx
ç;% vkKk nsus rFkk ladsr ds fy, ç;qDr gksrk gSA
1- rsa vkA ¼rq vkA½
2- rsa ?kj vkA ¼rq vkA½
3- rsa >Vdqu ?kj vkA ¼rq tYnh ?kj vkA½
4- jke >Vdqu ?kj vkA ¼jke tYnh ?kj vkA½
5- rsa g lka> du vkcs ¼rqe 'kke dks vkukA½
6- Vwjk g jkst fØdsV [ksyFksA ¼yM+dk jkst
fØdsV [ksyrk gS½
4- prqFkZ okD; lajpuk foLrkj & NRrhlx<+h dh
;g okD; jpuk çk;% n'kk] vko';drk] laHkkouk
vkfn ds fy, ç;qDr gksrh gS &
1- rksyk tk; cj gsA ¼rqEgs tkuk gS½
2- xksjlh gj [kfV;k rjh gsA ¼vfXuik= [kkV ds
uhps gSa½
3- jke y [kkuk jkr du pkghA ¼jke dks [kkuk
jkr dks pkfg,½
4- vkt rsa eksx
a jk lsrh dek; cj py nscsA ¼vkt
rqe eksx
a jk ds cnys dekus ds fy, py nsuk½
5- ;s g jke ds fdrkc ;sA ¼;g jke dh iqLrd gS½
3- r`rh; ewy okD; lk¡ps dk foLrkj & NRrhlx<+h
esa ;g lajpuk çk;% fdlh dk;Z ds Hkwr i{k dks
lwfpr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls & rsa gj [kk;A ¼rwus [kk;kA½
rsa gj [kkuk [kk;A ¼rwus [kkuk [k;kA½
?kj dksrh jke xs gsA ¼?kj dh vksj jke x;k gSA½
jke gj lsj y ns[ks gsA ¼jke us 'ksj dks ns[kk gSA½
r`rh; ewy okD; jpuk ds lajpd ?kVd
fuEukuqlkj gSa &
5- iape ewy okD; lk¡ps dk foLrkj & NRrhlx<+h
dk ;g okD; jpuk fØ;k ds gksus dh laHkkouk
O;Dr djrh gSA ;Fkk &
1- rksj gkso;A ¼rsjs gks½
2- rksj bydk gkso;A ¼rsjs cPps gksa½
3- rksj nw ybdk jfgu go;A ¼rsjs nks cPps jgs gksaxs½
74
(lSSN-2349-9702)
okD; okd~ ls O;wRiUu gSA okd~ dk vFkZ cksyuk
gSA bl çdkj bu pkjksa dk vFkZ cksyuk gqvkA
blh dkj.k Hkk"kk dh ewy çd`fr mPpkj.k lzkr
s
gSA Hkk"kk rFkk okD; okfpd ijaijk esa thfor
jgrs gSaA vr% okD; fyfi fpgUuksa dk leqnk;
Hkj ugha gS oju~ og mPpkj.k lzkr
s xq.kksa dh
lkewfgd vfHkO;fDr gSA cPpk okD; gh cksyrk
gS] tc og dgrk gS ikuh] jksVhA rc budk
vFkZ ikuh ykvks] jksVh ykvksA ikuh] jksVh 'kCn
Lrjh; okD; gSA okD; esa O;kdj.k fufgr gSA
okD; fo'ys"k.k gh O;kdjf.kd bdkbZ;ksa dk
fuekZ.k djrk gS vr% okD; dk Hkk"kk esa jpuk]
ç;ksx rFkk çHkko lHkh n`f"V;ksa ls lcls vf/kd
egRo gSA
çR;sd Hkk"kk dh viuh O;kdjf.kd lajpuk
gksrh gSA NRrhlx<+h Hkk"kk v/kZekx/kh viHka'k ls
fu"iUu gS rFkk iwohZ fganh dh ,d lEiUu Hkk"kk
gSA bl Hkk"kk dh viuh O;kdfj.kd Hksnd
fo'ks"krk,W gSaA NRrhlx<+h esa 'kCn iw.kZr% vf/kdkjh
gksrs gSaA fyax okD; Lrj ij u gksdj vFkZ Lrj
ij gS rFkk cgqopu ds fy, 'kCnksa esa Lora= 'kCn
eu dk çR;sd djrs gSaA dkjd :iksa esa drkZ us
dk ç;ksx u gksdj g dk ç;ksx gksrk gS] tks
okD; esa fu'p;rk dk vFkZ çdV djrk gSA
lanHkZ xaFk %&
1- fo'oukFk lkfgR; niZ.k] fuekZ.k osadVs'oj çsl]
cEcbZ] 1931 i`- 21
2- okRL;k;u] eatw"kk]
3- f}osnh] dfiynso] Hkk"kkfoKku ,oa Hkk"kk'kkL=
¼2010½ fo'ofo|ky; çdk'ku] okjk.klh]
i`"B&295
4- Hk`rgfj okD;inh;e 1&73
5- fo'oukFk] lkfgR;niZ.k 2&1
6- esgjks=k jes'kpan ,oa fprjatu dj] fgUnh dk
uohure cht O;kdj.k]
7- lkgw Msekatyh] NRrhlx<+h okD;&lajpuk
¼vçdkf'kr 'kks/k çca/k½] ia-j-'kq-fo-fo- jk;iqj
¼N-x-½
***
75
(lSSN-2349-9702)
NRrhlx<+ esa lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
dk fØ;kUo;u
Jherh lquhrk nqcs
lgk;d izk/;kid ¼okf.kT;½
'kkldh; ykfgM+h egkfo|ky;
fpjfejh ftyk&dksfj;k
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Jherh lquhrk nqcs
'kkldh; ykfgM+h egkfo|ky;
fpjfejh ftyk&dksfj;k ¼N-x-½
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
07.06.2016
17.06.2016
18.06.2016
'kks/k la{ksi %
Hkkjr esa lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ¼ih-Mh-,l½ dh 'kq:vkkr
1965 esa lHkh dks fdQk;rh nkeksa ij Hkkstu dh miyC/krk
lqfuf'pr djkus ds fy,s dh x;hA o"kZ 1997 esa yf{kr lkoZtfud
forj.k iz.kkyh ¼Vh-ih-Mh-,l½ dh 'kq:vkr dh x;hA bl O;oLFkk
ds varxZr dsUnz ljdkj }kjk jkT;&fof'k"V xjhch js[kk ds vk/kkj
ij izR;sd jkT; esa ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k fu/kkZfjr dj nh
x;hA bu ?kjksa dks xjhch dh js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okys
ifjokj ;k ¼ch-ih-,y-½ dgk x;kA ;s ifjokj dkQh lLrs nke ij
vukt izkIr djus ds gdnkj gSA vkt Hkkjrh; lkoZtfud forj.k
iz.kkyh fo'o dh dnkfpr lcls cM+h forj.k iz.kkyh gSA ;g
Hkkjrh; [kk| lqj{kk O;oLFkk dk ewyk/kkj Hkh gSA
çLrkouk %
o"kZ 2004 rd NRrhlx<+ esa ih-Mh-,l futh lapkyu ds v/khu
FkhA mfpr ewY; dh nqdkuksa ds futh lapkyu dh izeq[k leL;k,a
vfu;fer vkiwfrZ vkSj vukt dk [kqys cktkj esa igqapuk FkkA bu
leL;k;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s dbZ lq/kkjksa dh 'kq:vkr dh x;hA
,d izeq[k lq/kkj NRrhlx<+ lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ¼lh-ih-Mh,l-½ O;oLFkk 2004 dh 'kq:vkr Fkk [kk| ukxfjd vkiwfrZ ,oa
miHkksDrk ls laj{k.k foHkkx }kjk miHkksDrkvksa dkss lkoZtfud
forj.k iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls [kn~;ku] 'kDdj] dsjksflu vkfn
vko';d oLrq,a mfpr ewY; dh nqdkuksa ds ek/;e ls fu;r njksa
ij miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSA lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dk
fØ;kUo;u foHkkx }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA foHkkx d`"kdksa dks mudh
mit dk mfpr ewY; iznku fd;s tkus gsrq ?kksf"kr ewY; ij /kku
dk miktZu djrk gSA blds lkFk gh foHkkx }kjk miHkksDrkvksa ds
fgrkas dk laj{k.k ,oa lo/kZu fd;k tkrk gSA
NRrhlx<+ [kk| ,oa iks"k.k lqj{kk vf/kfu;e & 2012
NRrhlx<+ Lo;a dk [kk| lqj{kk dkuwu ykxw djus okyk ns’k
dk igyk jkT; gSA NRrhlx<+ [kk| lqj{kk vf/kfu;e esa u flQZ
[kk| lqj{kk gsrq izko/kku fd, x, gS vfirq larqfyr vkgkj dh
n`f"V ls Hkkstu esa izksVhu dh ek=k c<s+ bl mn~ns'; ls iks”k.k
lqj{kk ds izko/kku fd, x;s gSA
76
(lSSN-2349-9702)
vuqlwfpr {ks= ds jk'kudkMZ /kkjh ifjokjksa ds
Hkkstu esa izksVhu dh ek=k lfEefyr djus gsrq
vf/kfu;e ds rgr loZsf{kr vUR;ksn; ifjokjksa ,oa
izkFkfed okys ifjokjksa dks izfrekg 2 fd-xkz- puk
fn;s tkus dk izko/kku gSA
vf/kfu;e ds rgr vUR;ksn; ,oa izkFkfedrk
okys ifjokjksa dks vk;ksMhu dh deh ls gksus okys
?ksa?kk jksx ls cpkus ds fy;s 2 fd-xzk- vk;ksMhu;qDr
ued fu%'kqYd fn;s tkus dk izko/kku gSA xHkZorh
,oa f'k'kqorh efgykvksa dh iks"k.k lqj{kk miyC/k
djkus ds n`f"Vdks.k ls vkaxuCkkM+h dsUnzks ds ek/;e
ls izksVhu ,oa lw{e iks"k.k rRoksa ls ;qDr larqfyr
iks"k.k vkgkj fn, tkus dk izko/kku gSA
06 o"kksZa ls 14 o"kZ rd ds fuEu izkFkfed ,oa
mPp izkFkfed d{kkvksa ds cPpkas dks iks"k.k ;qDr
e/;kUg Hkkstu fn;s tkus dk izko/kku gSA
lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls
miHkksDrkvksa dks mfpr dher ij [kk| lkexzh
miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSA NRrhlx<+ jkT; xBu ds
le; 6501 mfpr ewY; nqdkusa lapkfyr FkhA jkT;
xBu ds ckn 4532 ubZ nqdkuksa LFkkfir dh x;h
gSA miHkksDrkvksa dks mfpr ewY; nqdkuksa ds ek/;e
ls vko';d oLrq,a miYkC?k djkus gsrq NRrhlx<+
[kk| lqj{kk vf/kfu;e 2012 ds varxZr ik=
O;fDr;ksa dks jk'kudkMZ tkjh fd;s tkus dh
O;oLFkk gSA vUR;ksn;] izkFkfedrk ,oa lkekU;
jk'kudkMZ xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xzke iapk;rksa rFkk
uxjh; {ks=ksa esa uxj fuxe@uxj ifydk@uxj
iapk;r dks vius vf/kdj esa jk'kudkMZ cukus dk
vf/kdkj gSA fdlkuksa dks mudh mit dk lgh
ewY; iznku fd;s tkus gsrq jkT; dh vf/kd`r
,taal
s h NRrhlx<+ jkT; lgdkjh foi.ku la/k }kjk
1333 lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds ek?;e ls leFkZu ewY;
ij jkT; }kjk /kku dh [kjhnh dh tkrh gSA o"kZ
2013&14 esa 1971 /kku [kjhnh dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls
leFkZu ewqY; ij /kku [kjhnh dh tk jgh gSA
2007&08 ls foHkkx }kjk leFkZu eqY; ij /kku
[kjhnh dh lewph O;oLFkk dks dEI;Vjhd`r dj
fn;k x;kA fdlkuksa dh lqfo/kk gsrq bl o”kZ 59
u, /kku [kjhnh dsUnz [kkys x;s gSA lfefr ds
varxZr vkus okys fdlkuksa ds uke] dqy
Hkwfe&jdck vkfn dh tkudkjh /kku [kjhnh izkjaHk
gksus ls igys gh dEI;wVj esa ntZ dj yh tkrh gSA
fdlkuksa }kjk miktZu dsUnzkas esa /kku fodz; ds rqjar
ckn dEI;wVj }kjk fufeZr psd rRdky miyC/k
djk;k tkrk gSA /kku [kjhnh dh O;oLFkk ds
dEI;qwVjhdj.k ds dkj.k izfrfnu fdlkuks ls gksus
okyh [kjhnh dh tkudkjh jkT; 'kklu dks rRdky
miyC/k gks tkrh gSA
jkT; 'kklu }kjk lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh
dh jk'ku lkexzh ds vkcaVu ,oa fgrxzkfg;ksa dks
jk'ku lkexzh ds forj.k esa ikjnf'kZrk rFkk izHkkoh
fu;a=.k gsrq ljdkj }kjk le;≤ ij vusd
dk;ZØe ,oa ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls&ih-Mh-,l- vkWuykbZu O;oLFkk ds varxZr
lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds dEI;wVjhdj.k dk
dk;Z o"kZ 2007 esa izkjaHk fd;k x;k ,oa vc rd
jkT; Lrj ls ysdj NRrhlx<+ LVsV flfoy
lIYkkbZt dkiksZjs'ku ds iznk; dsUnzksa rd ds leLr
fdz;kdyki dk dEI;wVjhdj.k fd;k tk pqdk gSA
pkoy mRlo%& jkT; 'kklu }kjk jk'ku lkexzh gS
forj.k dh fu;fer fuxjkuh ds fy;s ekg Qjojh
2008 ls pkoy mRlo izkjaHk fd;k x;k gSA bl
mRlo ds vk;kstu ls fu/kkZfjr frfFk ij jk'kudkMZ
/kkjh }kjk jk'ku lkexzh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
tuHkkxhnkjh osclkbZV & tuHkkxhnkjh osclkbZV
(www.cg.in/citizen) jkT; 'kklu dk ,d uohu
iz;ksx gS dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd bl osclkbZV esa viuk
fu%'kqYd
iath;u djk ldrk gS ,oa bZ&esy ds ek/;e
ls f'kdk;r ,oa lq>ko Hkst ldrk gSA
dkWy lsUVj& ikjnf'kZrk rFkk tuHkkxhnkjh c<+kus
ds mn~ns'; ls [kkn~; foHkkx }kjk tuojh 2008 ls
lapkfyr fd;s tk jgs dkWy lsVa j dk nwjHkk"k
Øekad 1800&233&3663 gSA ;g Vksy Qzh Qksu
ykbZu gSA blls dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd ;kstukvksa dh
tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrk gS rFkk viuh f'kdk;r
ntZ djk ldrk gSA
lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds O;kogkfjd Lrj
ij dk;kZUo;u esa ljdkj }kjk ;g /;ku j[kk
x;k gS fd bldk ykHk yf{kr lewg dks fey lds
vkSj xjhc oxZ dh [kkn~; laca/kh leL;kvksa dk
lek/kku gks ldsA jk'kudkMZ tkjh djrs le;
fu/kkZfjr ekinaMks dk ikyu fd;k tk,] ih-Mh- ,l77
(lSSN-2349-9702)
dh nqdkuksa dk vkcaVu fu"i{k ,oa fcuk fdlh
jktuhfrd izHkko ds gks] forfjr fd;s tkus okys
vukt dh xq.koRrk dk /;ku Hkh jkT; ljdkj
}kjk j[kk x;k gSA lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds
dEI;wVjhdj.k gsrq us'kuy bZ&xousZl eaFku vokMZ]
bZ& bafM;k vokMZ] lh- ,l- vkbZ- bZ- xousZl
vkokMZ izkIr gks pqds gSA bl izdkj NRrhlx<+ eas
lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh mYys[kuh; <ax ls
dk;Z dj jgh gS ,oa [kkn~; lqj{kk ekWMy ds :i
esa ekU;rk izkIr dj pqdh gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk %&
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NRrhlx<+ 'kklu vkfFkZd losZ{k.k o"kZ 2013&14
;kstuk ekg vxLr & 2015
'kks/k n`f"V&flrEcj 2015
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk&MkW- prqHkqZt ekeksfj;k] MkW-,l-lh- tSu
N-x- 'kklu dh fofHkUu osclkbZV
***
D;k vki tkurs gS \
vkidk ,Vh,e dkMZ ^,DlhMsaV Vkbe euh Hkh gSa
vkids ikl tks ,Vh,e dkMZ gS mlls iSls fudkyus] Vªkl
a Qj djus ds
vykok ,d ,slk ykHk Hkh fNik gS tks vkidh nq?kVZuk ds ckn Hkh dke
vkrk gSA ,Vh,e dkMZ esa nq?kVZuk chek dk Hkh ykHk Nqik gSA ;g
nq?kVZuk chek cSadks dh vksj ls çR;sd ,Vh,e /kkjdks dks fn;k tkrk
gSA chek dh tkx:drk dks ysdj cSad Hkh vdlj fdukjk dj jgh gS
ij vkids fy, ge bldh tkudkjh ns jgs gSA vufHkKrk dh otg ls
T;knkrj yksx bldk Qk;nk ugha ys ik jgs gSA
chek ds fy, nq?kVZuk ds 23 fnu ds vUnj lacaf/kr cSad esa vkosnu
djuk gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh cSad esa [kkrk gS vkSj vki ,Vh,e dk mi;ksx
djrs gS rks cSad vkidk 25 gtkj :i, ls ikap yk[k :i, rd dk nq?kVZuk chek djkrh gSA ;kstuk esa fcuk
dksbZ jkf'k tek fd, nq?kVZuk ls ysdj e`R;q gksus ij Hkh eqvkots dk çko/kku gS ysfdu 98 çfr'kr ,Vh,e
/kkjdks dks bl ;kstuk dk irk gh ugha gksrk gSA la{ksi esa ,Vh,e dkMZ feyrs gh [kwn c [kwn gks tkrk gS
nq?kVZuk chekA
bl fLFkfr esa feysxk ykHk &
1- ,d gkFk vkSj ,d iSj ls fodykax gksus ij 50 gtkj :i;sA
2- nksuks gkFk vkSj nksuks iSj [kjkc gksus ij ,d yk[k :i,
3- ekLVj dkMZ xzkgdks ds fy, ;g jkf'k nks yk[k] IysfVue dkMZ esa 5 yk[k rd çkWo/kku gSA
vko';d nLrkost &
chek Dyse djus ds fy, dkMZ /kkjd dh e`R;q gksus ij iqfyl Fkkus esa ,Q-vkbZ-vkj dh ,d çfr ;k e`R;q
ds dkj.kks dk C;ksjk nsuk gksrk gSA esfMdy fjiksVZ] iqfyl iapukek vkSj iksLVekWVZe fjiksVZ] e`R;q çek.ki=] cSad
daQZe'S ku vkSj ukWfeuh dk fooj.k nsuk gksrk gSA
chek jkf'k vyx&vyx gks ldrk gS &
cSad dbZ çdkj ds ,Vh,e dkMZ dk ç;ksx djrk gSA lHkh çdkj ds cSadks esa tkjh fd, tkus okys ,Vh,e
dkMZ dh chek jkf'k vyx&vyx gks ldrk gSA :is dkMZ ij 50 gtkj] Dykfld esa ,d yk[k] IysfVue esa
nks yk[k] ekLVj dkMZ esa 50 gtkj rFkk ekLVj IysfVue dkMZ ij ikap yk[k :i, rd chek jkf'k fey
ldrk gSA
u feys rks djs f'kdk;r &
vxj fdlh O;fDr ds ekSr ds ckn cSad chek Dyse nsus ls euk djs rks mldh f'kdk;r mPpkf/kdkfj;ks ls
dh tk ldrh gSA cSad ds f[kykQ vki miHkksDrk Qksje esa Hkh ekeyk ntZ djk ldrs gSA
NÙkhlx<+ esa fdlh us ugha fy;k Qk;nk &
losZ ds vuqlkj ;kstuk dks ykxw gq, dbZ o"kZ gks x;s ij vc rd NÙkhlx<+ ds ,l-ch-vkbZ- dh lHkh czkapks
esa ,d Hkh Dyse ;gka ls ugha fy;k x;kA blh rjg lsUVªy cSad esa ,d Hkh Dyse ds fy, nkok ugha fd;kA
ladyu& jkts'k vxzoky
***
78
(lSSN-2349-9702)
Hkkjr esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k&,d
v/;;u
*e/kq vxzoky **v'kksd dqekj >k
*lgk;d izk/;kid ¼okf.kT;½
nqxkZ egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½
**lgk;d izk/;kid ¼izca/k½
foosdkuan egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
e/kq vxzoky
nqxkZ egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
07.06.2016
19.06.2016
20.06.2016
'kks/k la{ksi %
Hkkjr esa vktknh dh yM+kbZ ds i'pkr uhfr fuekZrkvksa vkSj
lafo/kku fo'ks"kKksa us efgykvksa ds fiNM+siu ds nnZ dks le>k vkSj
;g ekudj fd mudh lgHkkfxrk ns'k ds fodkl ds fy;s cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gS] efgykvksa dks cjkcjh dk ntkZ fn;kA gekjk lafo/kku
efgyk&iq:"k dh lekurk ij tksj nsus ds lkFk&lkFk efgyk
l'kDrhdj.k dk ,d lqfu;ksftr ekxZn'kZu Hkh izLrqr djrk gSA
bl isij ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds dkj.kksa ,oa
fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;sxkA dsUnz ljdkj us
lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd thou ds lHkh i{kksa esa ySfxd
lekurk lqfuf'pr djus dh fn'kk esa vusd dne mBk;s gSaA
çLrkouk %
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
jktuSfrd U;k;] fopkj] fo'okl] /keZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora=rk]
izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lekurk crkbZ xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa
efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds Hkko O;k[;k Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] blls
efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dk egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj Hkh rS;kj gksrk gSA
efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds varxZr efgykvksa ls tqM+s lkekftd]
vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj dkuwuh eqn~nksa ij laons u'khyrk vkSj
ljksdkj O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
efgyk l'kfDrdj.k HkkSfrd ;k vk/;kfRed] 'kkjhfjd ;k
ekufld lHkh Lrj ij efgykvksa esa vkRefo'okl iSnk dj mUgsa
l'kDr cukus dh izfØ;k gSA ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlesa ,sls lekt
dks ikjaifjd ijEijkvksa ls gVkdj tkx:d cuk;k tkrk gS] ftlesa
efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks lnSo derj vkadk x;k gsA
jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ukjhoknh vkanksyu rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ;w,u-Mh-ih- tSlh laLFkkvksa us efgykvksa ds lkekftd lerk] Lora=rk
vkSj U;k; ds jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dks izkIr djus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA
79
(lSSN-2349-9702)
2- efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ,d laoS/kkfud Lo:i &
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fofHkUu vuqPNsnksa esa
fuEufyf[kr :ijs[kk gS %&
vuqPNsn&14
& jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd
{ks=ksa esa leku vf/kdkj ,oa volj
ij cyA
vuqPNsn&15 & fyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkkoA
vuqPNsn&15¼3½ & efgykvksa ds i{k esa ldkjkRed
n`f"Vdks.kA
vuqPNsn&16 & yksd fu;kstu esa volj dh
lekurkA
vuqPNsn&19 & fopkj vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh
Lora=rkA
vuqPNsn&21 & izk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=rkA
vuqPNsn&23 & cykr~] csxkj ,oa nqO;Zogkj dh
eukghA
vuqPNsn&39 & leku :i ls thfodk] leku
osru ,oa xfjeke;h okrkoj.k dk
fuekZ.kA
mijksDr laoS/kkfud mica/kksa ds vfrfjDr
efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy,
vf/kfu;eksa dk iz;ksx izkphu dky ls gh gksrk vk
jgk gSA efgykvksa ls tqM+h lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks
nwj djus esa 'kq:vkrh iz;klksa ds rkSj ij ^^fo/kok
iquZfookg vf/kfu;e ¼1856½] ^^cky&fo/kok fu"ks/k
vf/kfu;e ¼1925½** vkSj ^^'kkjnk ,DV pyk;k tk
jgk gSA**
3- v/;;u dk mn~ns'; &
(i). bl v/;;u ds ek/;e ls efgyk
l'kfDrdj.k ds fofHkUu laoS/kkfud micU/kksa
dk v/;;u djukA
(ii). efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, fofHkUu ;kstukvksa
dk v/;;u djukA
(iii). efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, ljdkj ds mBk;s
x;s dneksa ,oa iz;klksa dk v/;;u djukA
4- efgyk l'kfDrdj.k gsrq pyk;s x;s dk;ZØe &
dsUnz ljdkj }kjk efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj
muds lexz fodkl ds fy;s le;≤ ij fuEu
;kstukvksa dks fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gS &
(i). jk"Vªh; efgyk l'kfDrdj.k uhfr & ^^jk"Vªh;
efgyk l'kfDrdj.k uhfr 2001** Hkfo"; ds
fy;s efgykvksa dh t:jrksa dk lek/kku djus
vkSj mudh mUufr] fodkl vkSj l'kfDrdj.k
ds fo"k; esa vfHkO;Dr y{; lfgr ,d
dk;Z;kstuk ds rkSj ij cuk;h x;h FkhA
(ii). jkstxkj rFkk izf'k{k.k ds fy;s lgk;rk nsus dk
dk;ZØe ¼LVsi½ & LVsi 1986&87 esa dsUnzh;
{ks= dh ;kstuk ds :i esa 'kq: fd;k x;k A
bldk mn~ns'; ijEijkxr {ks= esa efgykvksa ds
dkS'ky esa lq/kkj rFkk jkstxkj miyC/k djkdj
(iii).
(iv).
(v).
(vi).
(vii).
(viii).
80
mudh fLFkfr;ksa esa lq/kkj djuk gSaA bl ;kstuk
ds varxZr mUgsa lewgksa esa laxfBr fd;k tkrk
gS] foi.ku laca/kh laidZ dk;e djus ds fy;s
O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj _.k miyC/k
djk;k tkrk gSA ;kstuk ds dk;Z{ks= ds varxZr
jkstxkj ds 10 ijEijkxr {ks= lfEefyr fd;s
x;s gSa] tks bl izdkj gS & d`f"k] i'kqikyu]
Ms;jh O;olk;] eNyh ikyu] gFkdj/kk]
gLrf'kYi] [kknh vkSj xzkeks|ksx] js'ke dhV
ikyuA
Lokoyacu & ^^Lokoyacu dk;ZØe** ftls igys
^ûkSjkM@efgyk vkfFkZd dk;ZØe** ds uke ls
tkuk&tkrk Fkk] 1982&83 esa lewps ns'k esa
'kq: fd;k x;kA bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns';
lewgksa esa xjhc vkSj t:jrean efgykvksa vkSj
lekt ds detksj oxksZa dh efgykvksa dks
'kkfey djuk gSA
dkedkth efgykvksa ds fy;s gkLVy &
dkedkth efgykvksa lfgr cPpksa dh
ns[kHkky ds fy;s gkWLVy fuekZ.k ;k foLrkj
ds fy, ;g ;kstuk o"kZ 1972&73 ls py
jgh gSA bl ;kstuk esa dkedkth efgykvksa
vkSj jkstxkj ds fy;s izf'k{k.k izkIr dj jgh
efgykvksa vkSj Ldwyh f'k{kk ds ckn
O;olkf;d ikB~;Øe iwjk dj jgh efgykvksa
ds fy;s lqjf{kr vkSj fdQk;rh vkokl
miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSaA
Lo/kkjk & dsUnz ljdkj }kjk ^^Lo/kkjk ;kstuk**
2001&02 esa 'kq: dh xbZ] tks fd dfBu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa tSls & fujkfJr efgyk,a]
izkd`frd vkink esa ftank cp xbZ efgykvksa ds
fy;s cukbZ xbZ gSA
Lof.kZe ;kstuk & Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fiNMs+
oxZ dh ,slh efgykvksa gsrq tks xjhch js[kk ds
uhps ifjokjksa dh gS] mUgsa vkfFkZd :i ls l{ke
cukus ds mn~ns'; ls ;g ;kstuk 2002 ls
pykbZ tk jgh gSA
vk'kk ;kstuk & bl ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr 2005
esa lHkh jkT;ksa esa dh xbZ FkhA ;kstuk ds
varxZr xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds LokLF; dh
ns[kHkky djus ds fy;s izR;sd xkao esa LFkkuh;
Lrj ij ,d vk'kk dk;ZdrkZ dh rSukrh dk
izko/kku gSA
fu%'kqYd ckfydk f'k{kk ¼bafnjk xka/kh bdykSrh
ckfydk Nk=o`fRr ;kstuk½& dsUnz ljdkj }kjk
2005 dks fy, x, fu.kZ;kuqlkj ckfydkvksa esa
f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s vkSj bdykSrh
csVh dks ckjgoh rd fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA
(lSSN-2349-9702)
(ix). tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk & 2005 dks 'kq: dh xbZ
varxZr i'kqikyu ,oa Ms;jh O;olk; cgqr T;knk
lQyrk vftZr ugha dj ik jgk gS] D;ksfa d ;s
nksuksa O;olk; vR;ar [kphZys gSaA gLrf'kYi m|ksx
Hkh mEehn ls vf/kd fiNM+k gqvk gS] dkj.k ;g gS
fd LFkkuh; jkT;ksa esa f'kYi m|ksxksa dks dksbZ egRo
gh ugha fn;k tk jgk gSA
Lof.kZe ;kstuk ,slh ;kstuk gS] tks xjhch js[kk
ds uhps clj djus okys ifjokjksa dh efgykvksa dks
vkfFkZd :i ls l{ke cukrh gS] ysfdu bl ;kstuk
esa ck/kk ;s vkrh gS fd ljdkj mfpr :i ls
xjhch js[kk ds uhps clj djus okys ifjokjksa dh
x.kuk lgh le; ij ugha djrh] ftlls ;s irk
yxkuk dfBu gksrk gS] fd fdruh efgyk,a xjhch
js[kk ds uhps dk thou th jgh gS] vkSj os bl
;kstuk dk ykHk ysus ls oafNr jg tkrh gSaA
efgyk O;k[;ku ;kstuk ds varxZr efgykvksa
dks f'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh
:f<+okfnrk fo|eku gS] vkSj cgqr lkjs ifjokjksa esa
yM+fd;ksa dks f'kf{kr ugha fd;k tkrk]
ifj.kkeLo:i ;g ;kstuk Hkh vk'kkuq:i lQyrk
vftZr ugha dj ldhA
6- fu"d"kZ &
bruh detksfj;ksa ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; lekt
dks efgyk vf/kdkj vkSj l'kDrhdj.k dh
vko';drk gS] dsoy fdlh ,d oxZ ds lkFk
fodkl dks izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk A efgyk,a
gekjs lekt dk fgLlk gS] mudh rjDdh dks
fdlh Hk; Fkk lansg dh n`f"V ls ugha ns[kk tkuk
pkfg,A tgka iq:"k ekufldrk esa cnyko dh
t:jr gS] ogha efgykvksa dks Hkh cnyrs ifjos'k esa
mu nkf;Roksa dk ikyu djuk gksxk] tks vHkh rd
iq:"kksa ds fy, r; FksA efgykvksa ds fy, fodkl
dh gj jkg dfBu vo'; gS] ysfdu vlaHko ughaA
lanHkZ xaFk %&
1- Yojana - A development Magazine
2- dq:{ks= & xzkeh.k fodkl dks lefiZr A
3- bafM;k VqMs
4- nSfud uoHkkjr
5- nSfud HkkLdj
6- Times of India
tuuh lqj{kk ;kstuk iwoZ esa py jgh ekr`Ro
ykHk ;kstuk dk la'kksf/kr :i gSA bl ;kstuk
dk mn~ns'; xHkZorh efgykvksa dk LokLF; dsUnz
esa iathdj.k rFkk f'k'kq tUe mijkar fpfdRlk
lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk gSA
(x). dLrwjck xka/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ;kstuk & ;g
;kstuk 2004 esa ykxw dh xbZ A ;g ;kstuk
eq[; :i ls izkFkfed Lrj ij vuqlwfpr
tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+k oxZ
vkSj vYila[;d ckfydkvksa ds fy;s pykbZ
xbZ gSA
vusd ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dks
l'kDr cukus ds ifjos'k esa ljdkj }kjk fd, x,
vU; egRoiw.kZ iz;klksa esa 1985 esa ^êfgyk ,oa cky
fodkl foHkkx** dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA dsUnz
ljdkj dh mijksDr ;kstukvksa ds vfrfjDr jkT;
ljdkjs viuh&viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa efgyk fodkl
vkSj l'kDrhdj.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fofHkUu
;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u dj jgh gaSA
efgykvksa ds l'kfDrdj.k dks c<+kok nsus esa
fo|kFkhZ laxBu ,d egRoiw.kZ tfj;k gSA os
lajpukRed laxBuksa esa Hkkxhnkjh] vuqHko gkfly
djus vkSj usr`Ro ds inksa ij dke djus ds
'kq:vkrh volj miyC/k djkrs gSA ;g mYys[kuh;
gS fd vesfjdk tSls cgqr ls ns'kksa esa iq:"kksa dh
vis{kk T;knk efgyk,a fMxzh gkfly dj jgh gS]
ysfdu fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa fo|kFkhZ laxBuksa esa ,d
frgkbZ ls Hkh de efgyk,a izsflMsaV gSA gesa
efgykvksa dks yxkrkj izksRlkfgr djuk gS]
fo'ks"kdj tc os ;qok gks] ftlls fd os usr`ro ds
inksa ij dke djsAa ;g 'kq:vkr djus ds fy;s
cf<+;k txg gSA
5- efgyk mRFkku dh ;kstukvksa dk ewY;kadu &
'kk;n gh vkt ,slk dksbZ {ks= gS] tgka efgyk;sa
viuh mifLFkfr ntZ ugha djk jgh gSA ljdkj
}kjk efgykvksa ds mRFkku ds fy;s ;kstuk,a cukbZ
xbZ gSa] ftuls lkekftd ifjn`'; esa efgyk etcwj
ugha] etcwr cu jgh gS] ysfdu dgha ij dqN ,slh
jkgsa gSa] tgka ij ;s lkekftd ;kstuk,a detksj
utj vk jgh gS elyu&LVsi ;kstuk tks
¼1986&87½ esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh] ml ;kstuk ds
7. The Hindu
***
81
(lSSN-2349-9702)
orZeku f'k{kk ç.kkyh ,d ifjizs{;
*okWbZ-ds-flag **Jherh lq"kek ik.Ms;
* izkpk;Z] Jhvxzlsu dU;k egkfo|ky;] dksjck
**lgk;d izk/;kid ¼f'k{kk ladk;½izkpk;Z
Jh vxzlsu dU;k egkfo|ky;]dksjck
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
okWbZ-ds- flag
izkpk;Z Jh vxzlsu dU;k
egkfo|ky;] dksjck ¼N-x-½
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
07.06.2016
19.06.2016
21.06.2016
'kks/k la{ksi %
fdlh Hkh jk"Vª vFkok lekt esa f'k{kk lekftd fu;a=k.k] O;fDro
fuekZ.k] rFkk lkeftd vkfFkZd izxfr dk ekinaM gksrh gSA f'k{kk
ekuo fodkl dk izkajfHkd ;qx ls ysdj orZeku ;qx rd ekuo ds
thoui;ZUr ewyHkwr vko';drk cuh gqbZ gSA orZeku ifjizs{; esa f'k{kk
dk Lo:Ik esa tks ifjorZu gqvk gS] mldk m}s'; ewy:Ik ls rduhdh
f'k{kk ,ao O;olkf;d lQyrk vkftZr djuk jg x;k gSA ge f'k{kk
esa fdl rjg ekuoh; n`"Vdks.k ewY;ksa dks lekfgr djsa] fd f'k{kk dk
orZeku ifjizs{; dk fuekZ.k gks lds ,oa f'k{kk ds m}s';ksa dks izkIr
fd;k tk ldsA vkSj lekt ds lHkh oxkZs ds yksxksa dks lekurk ,oa
vf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr gks ldsA bl ifjizs{; dks 'kks?kdÙkkZ us izLrqr
djus dk iz;kl 'kks/ki=k esa fd;k gSA
çLrkouk %
f'k{kk D;k gS\ izkphu dky ls orZeku ifjizs{; rd ;g iz'u
dk tokc rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ifjoZru gksrk jgrk
gSA okLrkfod :Ik esa f'k{kk dk vFkZ f'kf{kr djuk] mij mBkuk]
ikyu&iks"k.k djuk] izf'k{k.k nsuk lao/kZu djuk uSfrd mRFkku
djuk thou ewY; dk fodkl] pkfjf=kd xBu djuk rFkk in
izn'kZu djukA
f'k{kk O;fDRk;ksa dks f'kf{kr djrk gS mls orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
vuqlkj vuqdwyu djus dh {kerk dk fodkl djrh gSA orZeku
lekt esa tgka Hkz"Vkpkj vkarokn ] csjkstxkjh tSls cqjkbZ;ksa dks
lekIr djus okyh f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg;sA f'k{kk esa le;
ds lkFk ifjorZu u gks rks cksf>y csdkj vuqi;qDr gks tkrh gSA
vFkkZr f'k{kk og tks O;fDRk dks orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy;s rS;kj
djsA f'k{kk ds fodkl pØ dks vkius vki esa ifjorZu ykuk
pkfg;sAa
f'k{kk ij fofHkUu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk 'kkL=kh;ksa ds fopkj
foosdkuan ds vuqlkj&Þeuq"; esa tks lEiw.kZrk lw{e :Ik ls fo/kkeku
gS mls izR;{k djuk gh f'k{kk dk dk;Z gSAß
egkRek xkW/kh ds vuqlkj& Þ;fn euq"; fl[kkuk pkgs rks mldh gj
Hkwy mls dqN f'k{kk ns ldrh gSAß
fujkyk ds vuqlkj&Þlalkj esa ftruh izdkj dh izkfIr;kWa gS f'k{kk
muesa lcls c<+kdj gSAÞ
82
(lSSN-2349-9702)
izsepan ds vuqlkj& ÞdHkh&dHkh mu yksxks ls Hkh
f'k{kk feyrh gS ftUgsa ge vfHkeku o'k vKkuh
le>krs gSAß
jfoUnzukFk VSxksj ds vuqlkj& feV~Vh] ikuh vkSj
izdk'k ds lkFk iwjk&iwjk lac/a k jgs fcuk 'kjhj dh
f'k{kk lEiw.kZ ugha gks ldrh gSA
orZeku f'k{kk ftlij vk/kqfudrk vkSj HkkSfrd
lalkjokn ds y{; dks vk/kkj ekudkj ;qok ih<+h
dks f'kf{kr djus dk u;k nkSj tUe ys pqdk gS]
vkt dh f'k{kk ,d 'kgjh izfrLiZ/kk miHkksDrkoknh
lekt ds ewY;ksa dks c<+ok nsus mUeq[k gSA orZeku
esa f'k{kk dk ifjizs{; miHkksDrkoknh laLd`fr dks
c<+kok nsus ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gS]
bl f'k{kk O;oLFkk }kjk ikap n'kdksa ls vf/kd
la[;k esa oSKkfud] MkDVjks]a batfu;fj;ksa]
'kks/kdÙkkZvksa vkSj izksQl
s jksa dh f'k{kk Hkkjr esa gqbZ
gSA ;s lHkh orZEkku f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh nsu gSA ge
f'k{kk ds orZeku ifjizs{; ds ldkjRed igqy ls
badkj ugha dj ldrs gS ijarq f'k{kk ds xq.kkRed
,oa csgrj Hkfo"; dks ysdj fpafrr gSA
orZeku Lo:Ik esa Nk=kvksa ds }kjk mÙkj dks jVuk
vkSj le>us ds ckt;s jV dj iz'ukssa ds mÙkj fy[kuk
,ao vPNs vad Ldksj djuk gh y{; jgrk gSA
vktdy baftfu;j cuuk ,oa lHkh mPp f'k{kk
dk xzsfMax fLlVe 'kSf{k.k xq.koÙkk esa +ál ds fy;s
orZeku ifjizs{; mÙkjn;h gS f'k{kk dh mRd`"Brk ds
fy;s dqN 'kSf{k.kd dsUnz gSA tgkWa dqN Nk=k gh
v/;;u dj ikrs gSA 'ks"k gtkjksa Nk=kksa l/kkj.k
Ldwyksa ,oa dkystksa esa v/;;u djrs gSA tks
U;wure ekinaMksa dks Hkh iwjk ugha djrs gSA u;s
Ldwyksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa ds fuekZ.k ls ;s 'kSf{kd
xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ugha gks ldrk tc rd i;kZIr
lqfo/kk ,oa f'k{kk ds u;s L=kksr u gksA
v/;;u dh vko';drk
01- f'k{kk dh pqukSfr;kW dh tkudkjh orZeku
ifjizs{; esa izkIr djukA
02- f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa fdlh deh ds dkj.k
f'kf{kr oxZ dk orZeku esa vijkf/kd izo`fÙk dk
fodkl gksukA
03- orZeku esa egkfo|ky; &fo|ky; esa xq.koÙkk
dh deh dks le>ukA
04- f'k{kk esa O;ol;hdj.k ds lkFk lekftdj.k dh
deh orZeku ifjizs{; esa le>ukA
f'k{kk dh pqukSfr;kW orZeku ifjizs{; esa %&
;qusLdks dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj
Þf'k{kk dk;Z cgqv;keh; oS'fod] jk"Vªh; rFkk
lkekftd ifjoRkZu dh izfdz;k ds pDds dks gkFk
yxkuk gSAß fjiksVZ 2001 ds i`"B Øekad&2 esa dgk
x;k gSÞ fo'o ds fodkl dh dk;Z lwph esa lHkh
fo"k;ksa tSls fu/kZjrk] mUewyu] LokLFk; laj{k.k]
rduhdh tkudkjh dk vknku&iznku i;kZoj.k dk
laj{k.k fyax Hksn lekiu] iztkrkaf=kd iz.kkyh dks
lq<+n djuk rFkk 'kklu &iz'kklu esa lq/kkj lc ds
fy;s U;k; lqyHkrk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls lHkh fo"k;ksa
dks ,dkRed Hkko ls ns[kk tkuk pkfg;saA
vkt gesa vius izkphu Kku foKku] lkaLd`frd
/kjksgj] viuh Hkk"kk ds izfr ghurk dh Hkkouk
tkx`r gks pqdh gS bls feVkdj ykMZ eSdkys }kjk
1958 esa Indian Education Act cuk;k x;k blh
vuqlkj ij v/kkfjr gekjh vkt dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk
gS ftlesa Hkkjrh; uo;qodksa dks xqyke cuus ds
fy;s eSdkys dk Li"V dguk Fkk&ÞHkkjr dh vxj
xqyke cukuk gS rks Hkkjr fd v/;kfed vkSj
lkaLd`frd f'k{kk dks iwjh rjg ls ?oLr djuk
gksxk vkSj mudh txg vaxzsth f'k{kk O;oLFkk ykuh
gksxhA vkSj rHkh bl ns'k esa 'kjhj ls Hkkjrh; rFkk
foHkkx ls vaxzst iSnk gksxsaA tc bl ns'k dh
;qfuZoflVh ls fudysx
a s rks gekjs fgr esa dke
djsxsAa
vkt orZeku f'k{kk ds ifjizs{; dh ns[kdj 179
lky igys dh gqbZ Hkfo";ok.kh lgh lkfcr gqbZA Þ
orZeku ifjizs{Ik esa lcls cM+h pqukSrh f'k{kk esa
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa fopkj/kjk ds uohu la'kksf/kr
:Ik dks lekfgr djuk ftlls Hkkjr iqu% fo'o
xq: cu ldsA
eSdkys us ftl Hkkjrh; lkfgR;ksa dk etkd
mM+rs gq;s dgk Fkk fd ;wjksi dh iqLrdky; dh
,d vyekjh dk lkfgR; Hkkjr ds lkfgR; Hkkjr
ds lexz lkfgR; ls ewY;oku gSA
Hkkjr ds f'k{kk dks Hkkjr o"kZ esa iqu% jk"Vªh;
LokfHkeku vkSj laLd`fr dks iqu% tkxr djks dk
ldU; ls vius lkfgR; dh vlhe 'kfDr;ksa dks
igpkudj mlds foHkkl dh fn'kk esa dk;Z djs
ftldk ykHk lEiw.kZ f'k{kk txr dksd izkIr ldsA
f'k{kk dk O;kikjhdj.k
orZeku f'k{kk dk lcls cM+k ifjizs{; f'k{kk dk
O;kikjhdj.k] futhdj.k us f'k{kk {ks=k dks viuh
tdM+ esa fy;s gq;s gS] e.Mh esa f'k{kk dz;&foØ;
83
(lSSN-2349-9702)
dh oLrq curh tk jghs gSA /ku ds vk/kkj ij
mPp f'k{kk esa izos'k ikrs Nk=ksa ds chp vlekurk
dh [kkbZ vkt dh f'k{kk esa c<+rs tk jgh gS
lekftd vlarqyu vkSj fo"kerk bl orZeku
f'k{kk dk ifj.kke gSA
lkekftd foKku ,oa fo"k;ksa dh mis{kk djuk
Hkh ns'k dh mUufr ds fy;s /kkrd gSA f'k{kk ds
vf/kdkj esa lekurk dh vf/kdkj] ekufodh egRo
vf/kd gSA f'k{kk dks tc rd jktuhfr tkfr
HksnHkko] /ku dh vlkekurk ls nwj j[kdj] fyax
ds vk/kkj HksnHkko ls nwj j[kdj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk
ge Nk=ksa dks eqgS;k dj lekt ,oa jk"Vª esa
,dkRed Lo:i dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSA
;ksX;rk gh f'k{kk dk vk/kkj dk pkj LraHk
ns'k HkfDr LokLF; laj{k.k lkeftd laons u'khy
buds }kjk gh f'k{kk dk HkO; Hkou rS;kj fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
f'k{kd ,oa f'k{kk dh nqnZ'kk
jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ essa ftl rjg
ch0,M0 egkfo|ky;ksa dks [kksyus dh Lohd`fr
iznku dh gS izk;% lHkh egkfo|ky; ekinaMksa dh
vogsyuk djrs nsA vuqHkoghu f'k{kd ,oa
laLk/kkuksa
foghu egkfo|ky; dk m}s';
xq.krkiw.kkZ f'k{kk oju~ f'k{kk dk cktkjhdj.k gSA
fxtw HkkbZ dk v/;kidksa ds fy;s ekxZn'kZu vkt
LrC/k [kM+k gS & izHkq ds ikus ds fy;s ckyd dh
iwtk fdft;s LoXkZ ckyd dh izlUurk vkSj LoxZ
ckyd ds xkus xquxquus esa gS iajrq blds ftl
foijhr dk;Z gks jgk gSA jk"Vªh; v/;kid ifj"kn~
dks ln`<+ cukuk rFkk f'k{kk dh Hkko Hkwfe rS;kj
djus dh vko';drk gSA
f'k{kk ds orZeku Lo:Ik esa lHkh fo"k;ksa esa
vk/qkfudrk ds lekos'k ds lkFk [kkst fo"k;ksa esa
vk/kqfudrk ds lekos'k ds lkFk [kkst dh izo`fÙk
dk fodkl djuk vko';d gSA Ik;kZIr lqfo/kkvksa
ds vkHkko esa gekjs ns'k dh jk"Vªh; v/;kid
ifj"kn dks lqn<+ djuk rFkk f'k{kd dh Hkko Hkwfe
rS;kj djus dh vko';drk gSA
nhi izTtkofyr gks rks cq>s nhid tyk ldsxs
og f'k{kd f'k{kk dk vk/kkj gSA
orZeku ifjizs{; esa f'k{kk psru ;k vipsru
:Ik ls euq"; dh lerkvksa ,oa ;ksX;rkvksa {kerkvks
dk fodkl djrh gSA
f'k{kk esa gesa fur u;s&u;s ifjorZu djuk
pkfg;sa iajrq gesa vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds iz;ksx ds
lkFk&lkFk viuh lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr dks ugha
Hkwyuk pkfg;sA gesa ,slh f'k{kk xzg.k djuh pkfg;sa
ftlls Hkfo"; esa gesa vkRe fuHkZjrk dh izkfIr gks
ldsA vkt ds f'k{kk ,d O;kikj dk dsUnz cu xbZ
gS fo|ky; ,d bekjr dh rjg gks xbZ gSA ftl
izdkj lekt fnu izfrfnu mUufr dj jgk gSA
vkt fo|ky; esa izos'k ls ysdj i<+us rFkk ekrk
firk dks vusd leL;kvksa dk ikyu djuk iM
jgk gSA bl leL;k ds fuokj.k ds fy;s f'k{kk ds
fy;s cuk;s x;s izok/kkuksa dk ikyu djuk
vfuok;Z gSA
f'k{kk dk lgh vFkZ Þvknj.kh; vCnqy dyke
ds vuqlkj & f'k{kk ls ekuo dk O;fDro lai.w kZ
foue vkSj lalkj ds fy;s mi;ksxh curk gSA lgh
f'k{kk ls ekuoh; xfjek LokfHkekr vkSj fo'o
c/kqRo esa c<+ksÙkjh gksrh gSA f'k{kk dk m}s'; lR;
dh [kkst dk dsUnz v/;kid gksrk gS tks
fo|kFkhZ;ksa dks f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls thou esa vkSj
O;ogkj es lPpkbZ dh f'k{kk nsrk gSAß
f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu es izR;sd O;fDr f'k{kk ds
OkkLrfod vFkZ dks xzg.k dj izR;sd {ks=k esa
ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa dk izlkj djrk gSA rks 21oha
lnh dh nqfu;k dkQh lqUnj gks tk;sxhA vkt
dh ;qok ih<+h bl izdkj dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh pkgrh
gSA tks mldh [kksth vkSj lqTtu'khy eu dks
lcy djkus ds lkFk&lkFk pqukSfr izLrqr dj
lds] vkt dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh bl izdkj gksuh
pkfg;sa tks Nk=k dh Kku izkfIr dh rhoz ftKklk
dks 'kkar dj lds vkSj ikB;~Øe dks bl rjg
cuk;k tk;s fodflr Hkkjr dh lkekftd vkSj
izksS?kksfxdh laca/kh
vko';drkvksa ds izfr
laons u'khy gks orZeku ifjizs{; esa fodkl dk;ksZ
,oa xfrfof/k;ksa dks vo';d vfuok;Z% /;ku esa
j[kk tkuk pkfg;sA
***
84
(lSSN-2349-9702)
vkfFkZd lesdu o dkS'ky fodkl
Ogh- ds- oklfud
lgk- izk/;kid&okf.kT;
'kkl- MkW- ok- ok- ikV.kdj dU;k
LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] nqxZ ¼N-x-½
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
Ogh- ds- oklfud
lgk- izk/;kid&okf.kT;
'kkl- MkW- ok- ok- ikV.kdj dU;k
LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;]
nqxZ ¼N-x-½
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
08.06.2016
19.06.2016
21.06.2016
'kks/k la{ksi %
dkS'ky fodkl ds varxZr vFkZO;oLFkk ds rhuksa {ks=dksa ls tqM+s
200 ls vf/kd dkS'kyksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk pqdk gS ftlessa
ijaijkxr gLrdyk ,oa vU; O;olkf;d dq'kyrk,a 'kkfey gSaA bl
izdkj bl izfØ;k }kjk u flQZ Hkkjr ds ijaijkxr dkS'ky dks
cpk;k tk ldrk gS cfYd mUgsa la'kksf/kr ,oa uohu cukus dk
volj Hkh izkIr gksxkA ogha nwljh rjQ vkS|ksfxd txr ds
fofuekZ.k {ks= ls tqM+h uohu dkS'ky dk fodkl djds jkstxkj ,oa
Lojkstxkj ds u;s voljksa dk l`tu fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~
dkS'ky fodkl dk;ZØe dh igqap dkQh foLr`r gS vkSj blds }kjk
vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k dks okLro esa ,d tuØkafr dk :Ik
fn;k tk ldrk gSA
çLrkouk %
lesfdr fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk & vkfFkZd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk esa
lesdu dh ckr Lor% gh 'kkfey gS ysfdu O;ogkj esa ,slk ns[kk
x;k gS fd o`f) vkSj fodkl dh izfØ;k,a dbZ ckj leLr
tula[;k dks 'kkfey ugha dj ikrhaA ,slh fLFkfr esa lac) ns'k dh
ljdkj dks lesdu ds fy, lpsr yksd uhfr;ka cukuh iM+rh gSaA
vxj Hkkjr dh fLFkfr ij xkSj fd;k tk,] rks Kkr gksrk gS fd
;gka dh ,d cgqr cM+h tula[;k vkfFkZd o`f) ,oa fodkl dh
izfØ;kvksa esa mfpr rkSj ij 'kkfey dh tk ldh gSaA
Hkkjr ljdkj lesfdr fodkl ds eqn~ns ij viuh Li"V /kkj.kk
o"kZ 2000&01 ds Ik'pkr~ ?kksf"kr djrh gSA bl o"kZ ljdkj }kjk ;g
ekuk x;k gS fd Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k lEksfdr ugha
jgh gSA ftl dkj.k ns'k dh ,d cgqr cM+h tula[;k o`f) ,oa
fodkl ds ykHkksa ls oafpr gSA tgka rd lesfdr fodkl dh Li"V
vo/kkj.kk dk iz'u gS rks bldh ?kks"k.kk X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
¼2007&12½ esa dh xbZA blds vuqlkj] lekt ds oafpr ,oa
lhekorhZ oxksZa dks fodkl dh izfØ;k eas fodkl 'kkfey djuk]
lesfdr fodkl gSA
Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa lesdu dk iqu% izkjaHk gks jgk gSA
dkS'ky fodkl dh o`gr~ vo/kkj.kk & dkS'ky fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk
dk mn~Hko okLro esa O;olkf;d f'k{kk ls gqvk gSA izkjaHk esa blds
varxZr flQZ vkS|ksfxd txr ls tqM+s dkS'ky dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
¼vkbZVhvkbZ ds ek/;e ls½ o"kZ 2008&09 esa bl vo/kkj.kk dk foLrkj
85
(lSSN-2349-9702)
fd;k x;k vkSj blds varxZr d`f"k ,oa layXu {ks=
rFkk lsok {ks= ls lac) vU;kU; dkS'ky dks Hkh
'kkfey fd;k x;kA bl o"kZ ljdkj }kjk dsUnzh;
foRr ea=ky; ds varxZr jk"Vªh; dkS'ky fodkl
fuxe ¼,u,lMhlh½ uked xSj ykHkdkjh daiuh dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZA ftleas uhfr {ks= dh Hkkxhnkjh
51 izfr'kr gSA bl fuxe dks dkS'ky fodkl
dk;ZØe dks lapkfyr djus dh vkf/kdkfjd
ftEesnkjh nh xbZA dsUnz ljdkj }kjk o"kZ
2015&16 eas ?kksf"kr dh xbZ ^fLdy bf.M;k* bldk
u;k Lo:Ik gSA
vkfFkZd lesdu o dkS'ky fodkl & o"kZ 2000 ds
Ik'pkr~ ljdkj dh yksd uhfr esa nks igyqvksa ij
c<+k gqvk tksj fn[krk gS & ,d rjQ lesfdr
fodkl vkSj nwljh rjQ dkS'ky fodklA tgka
dkS'ky fodkl vk; dks izksRlkfgr djus]
tulkaf[;d ykHk mBkus vkfn dks yf{kr ,d
l'kDr iz;kl fn[krk gS] ogha bldk vkfFkZd
lesdu ls Hkh xgjk lac/a k gSA dkS'ky fodkl dh
,d lpsr ,oa lqfuf'pr lajpuk Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd
lesdu dks cgqr gh xgjs rkSj ij izkRs lkfgr dj
ldrh gS ftls gEk fuEu fcanqvksa ds ek/;e ls
le> ldrs gSa &
1- vkfFkZd lEksdu dk vkf/kdkfjd tula[;k
lewg ¼ftls Åij mn~/k`r fd;k x;k gS½ vkfFkZd
:Ik ls dkQh rax gky gSA mu oxksZa esa vke f'k{kk
,oa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk nksuksa dh gh Hkkjh deh gSA
,slh fLFkfr esa bUgsa fdlh ds etnwjh&vk/kkfjr
jkstxkj ;k fQj Lo jkstxkj ls iwjh rjg oafpr
jguk iM+rk gSA QyLo:Ik budh vkfFkZd fLFkfr
vR;ar n;uh; cuh jgrh gSA ftldk buds vkSj
bu ij fuHkZj tula[;k ds thou Lrj ij izR;{k
dqizHkko iM+rk gSA bl tula[;k dks vkfFkZd txr
ls tksM+us ds fy, mfpr dkS'ky dk p;u djds
bUgsa dq'kyrk iznku djuk Hkkjr dk y{; gSA
dkS'ky dh fodkl dh vko';drk xkaoksa esa
T;knk gS tgka d`f"k {ks= ij t:jr ls vf/kd
fuHkZjrk gS rFkk jkstxkj dk Hkkjh vHkko gSA xkaoksa
esa xqtj&clj djus okyh ,d cM+h tula[;k d`f"k
ij izR;{k fuHkZj ugha gS] tSls ydM+h dk dk;Z
djus okys ¼dk"B dkj½] yksgs dk dke djus okys
¼yqgkj½] feV~Vh ds crZu vkfn cukus okys ¼dqEgkj½]
jktfeL=h] lkbZfdy ,oa fjD'kk ejEer djus okys]
ckal dk mi;ksx djds vU;kU; oLrqvksa dk
mRiknu djus okys] bR;kfnA tgka rd bu yksxksa
dh vk; ,oa buds mRiknksa dk iz'u gS rks buesa
fuEu y{k.k gSa &
 buds mRiknksa esa lQkbZ dh deh gSA
 buds mRiknksa esa fMtkbu ,oa vkdkj O;oLFkk
esa deh gSA
 buds }kjk mi;ksx yk, tkus okys midj.k
ijaijkxr vkSj fuEu n{krk okys gSaA
 buds mRiknksa dh ekax 'kgjksa ¼tgka izfr O;fDr
vk; vf/kd gS½ esa u ds cjkcj gSA
 LFkk;h cktkjksa esa 'kgjksa ls e'khu fufeZr
mRiknksa ds vkus ls buds mRiknksa dh fcØh
?kVh gSA
 budh vk; esa fujarjrk ,oa LFkkf;Ro ugha gS
ftl dkj.k varr% ^dkjhxj* gksus ds ckotwn
Hkh bUgsa d`f"k ij fuHkZj gksuk iM+rk gSA
dkS'ky fodkl ds Øe esa loZizFke bl
tula[;k lewg dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS
rFkk bUgsa csgrj izf'k{k.k nsdj buds mRiknksa dks
ckgj ds cktkjksa ¼xkoksa ls ckgj½ esa Hkstk tk ldrk
gSA blls u flQZ budh vk; esa o`f) gksxh cfYd
budh mRikndrk Hkh c<sxhA bl izdkj bl
tula[;k esa Lojkstxkj dks etcwrh iznku dh tk
ldrh gSA
nwljh rjQ] bl oXkZ dh oSlh tula[;k tks
Lojkstxkj ds fy, bPNqd ugha gS] dks bl ek/;e
ls csgrj dq'ky Jfed cuk;k tk ldrk gS rkfd
mls csgrj vk; okyh ukSdfj;ka izkIr gks ldsA bl
izdkj dkS'ky fodkl ns’k esa] O;f"V Lrj ij
jkstxkj ,oa Lojkstxkj dh fn'kk esa ,d Økafrdkjh
dne cu ldrk gSA
2- dkS'ky fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds
rhuksa gh {ks=dksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA blds
vfrfjDr blesa vkSipkfjd :Ik ls f'kf{kr ,oa
vf'kf{kr nksuksa gh tula[;k oxksZa dks 'kkfey fd;k
x;k gSA ftldk vk/kkj rhu Lrjksa dk gS &
izkFkfed f’k{kk Lrj & blds varxZr nks oxksZa dh
yf{kr tula[;k 'kkfey gS & izkFkfed f'k{kk izkIr
,oa oafpr lewgA
ek/;fed f'k{kk Lrj & blds varxZr Hkh nks
tula[;k fo|eku gaS & ,d og tks bl Lrj dh
f'k{kk izkIr dj pqdh gS vkSj nwljh og tks f'k{kk
izkIr ugha dj ldh gSA
86
(lSSN-2349-9702)
mPp f'k{kk Lrj & bl Lrj ij Hkh nks tula[;k
lewg gS * bl f'k{kk ls oafpr vkSj mPp f'k{kk Lrj
izkIrA
bl oxhZdj.k ds varxZr tula[;k dh nks
Jsf.k;ka curh gSa &
v)Z dq'ky tula[;k & ;g tula[;k ijaijkxr
:Ik ls ikfjokfjd dq'kyrk vk/kkfjr O;olk; esa
layXu gS ¼;Fkk] dk"Bdkj] yqgkj] dqEgkj bR;kfn½
ysfdu bldh dq'kyrk ifjiDo ugha gSaA bl
tula[;k dh dq'kyrk dks ifjof/kZr ,oa uohu
cukus dh t:jr gSA blls bldh n{krk]
mRikndrk ,oa dq'kyrk eas o`f) gksxhA
vdq’ky tula[;k & bldh rknkn lokZf/kd gSA
blesa ;qok ls ysdj Ok;Ld yksx rd 'kkfey gSA
bl oxZ esa efgykvksa dks cM+s Lrj ij 'kkfey fd;k
tk ldrk gSA vko';drk gksxh mfpr dkS'ky ds
p;u ,oa mlds fodkl dhA ;g igyk volj
gksxk tc efgykvksa dks brus cM+s Lrj ij vkfFkZd
txr ls tksM+us dks volj izkIr gksxkA
3- Hkkjr dh og tula[;k ftls vkf/kdkfjd rkSj
ij lesfdr fodkl dk y{; lewg cuk;k x;k gSA
mlesa vf/kdka'k la[;k mudh gS tks izFke vkSj
f}rh; Lrjksa ls tqM+s gSaA d`f"k] vkS|ksfxd ,oa lsok
{ks=dksa ls tqM+s ;Fkksfpr izdkj ds dkS'ky ds ek/;e
ls bl tula[;k oxZ dks u flQZ ukSdfj;ksa esa
'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS cfYd bUgsa Lo&jkstxkj
dh fn'kk esa Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
izdkj ^fLdy bf.M;k* Hkkjr ljdkj dh esd bu
bf.M;k esa dkQh lg;ksxh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vc rd dkS'ky fodkl ds
varxZr vFkZO;oLFkk ds rhuksa {ks=dksa ls tqM+s 200 ls
vf/kd dkS'kyksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk pqdk gSA
ftlesa ijaijkxr gLrdyk ,oa vU; O;kolkf;d
dq'kyrk,a 'kkfey gSaA bl izdkj bl izfØ;k }kjk
u flQZ Hkkjr ds ijaijkxr dkS'ky dks cpk;k tk
ldrk gS cfYd mUgsa la’kksf/kr ,oa uohu cukus dk
volj Hkh izkIr gksxkA ogha nwljh rjQ vkS|ksfxd
txr ds fofuekZ.k {ks= ls tqM+h uohu dkS'ky dk
fodkl djds jkstxkj ,oa Lojkstxkj ds u;s
voljksa dk l`tu fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~
dkS'ky fodkl dk;ZØe dh igaqap dkQh foLr`r gS
vkSj blds }kjk vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k dks
okLro esa ,d tu Økafr dk :Ik fn;k tk
ldrk gSA
4- vkfFkZd lessdu dh vkf/kdfjd vo/kkj.kk dks
vxj foLrkfjr djsa rks blds varxZr Hkkjr dk og
gj ukxfjd 'kkfey gks tkrk gS tks csjkstxkj gS]
tks xjhch js[kk ds uhps gS] ftldk thou Lrj
fuEu gS ;k ftls 'kq) ty] LokLF;] lqfo/kkvksa dh
deh gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh dkS'ky fodkl dkQh
egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gks ldrk gSA lk/kkj.kr;k og gj
O;fDr ftldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr detksj gS ;k tsk
ljdkjh NwVw vk/kkfjr ;kstukvksa ij vkfJr gS] dks
dkS’ky fodkl ls ykHkkfUor djuk laHko gS rkfd
bl tula[;k esa vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk ykbZ tk
ldsA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd vkfFkZd lesdu
dh izfØ;k esa dkS’ky fodkl ,d ehy dk iRFkj
cudj mHkj ldrk gSA
5- dkS'ky fodkl ds ek/;e ls vkfFkZd lesdu
dh izfØ;k esa LFkkuh; fudk;ksa] flfoy lekt vkSj
xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk curh
gSA vr% dkS’ky fodkl lac/a kh ;kstukvksa
@dk;ZØeksa esa budh Hkwfedk dks lqfuf’pr djuk
Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA
6- dkS'ky fodkl laca/kh dksf'k'kksa dk vkfFkZd
lesdu ls dbZ vU; izdkj ds izR;{k ,oa ijks{k
laca/k Hkh gSa ftudk vFkZO;OkLFkk ij nwjxkeh
/kukRed izHkko iM+sxk &
 ;g vc rd dh lcls foLr`r dksf'k'k gksxh
ftlesa efgykvksa dh mPp Lrjh; Hkkxhnkjh
lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsxhA
 Ekfgykvksa ds vkfFkZd lesdu dk cky dY;k.k
ls izR;{k lac/a k gS rFkk yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk esa Hkh
blls izkRs lkgu izkIr gksrk gSA okLro esa vkfFkZd
:Ik ls l'kDr efgyk u flQZ efgyk ds
dY;k.k dks etcwr djrh gS cfYd iwjs ifjokj
ds dY;k.k dk dk;Z djrh gSA
 vYila[;d oxZ vkfFkZd :Ik ls vlesfdr gSA
blesa ,d cgqr cM+k rc dk eqlyekuksa dk gS
ftudk vkfFkZd fodkl dkQh fuEu Lrjh; gSA
dkS'ky fodkl bl ekeys esa ,d ns'kO;kih
vfHk;ku cu ldrk gSA
 vkt d`f"k dk;Z ykHkdkjh ugha jg x;k gS rFkk
;g ns'k dk vdsyk ,slk is'kk gS ftlds is'ksoj
¼fdlku½ vkRegR;k rd dj jgs gSaA bldk ,d
dkj.k d`f"k {ks= ij tula[;k dh Hkkjh fuHkZjrk
gSA dkS'ky fodkl d`f"k ij fuHkZj tula[;k dks
87
(lSSN-2349-9702)
d`f"k {ks= ls layXu {ks=ksa ,oa blds ckgj
jkstxkj miyC/k djk,xkA ftlls d`f"k {ks= dh
izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f) gksxhA
 vkfFkZd lesdu dks c<+kok nsus okyh dkS'ky
fodkl ;kstukvksa ls 'kgjh tula[;k dk Hkh
xgjk laca/k gSA xkao dh csjkstxkj tula[;k tks
'kgjksa dh rjQ izolu djrh gS mlesa Hkkjh
deh vk,xh ftlls uxj fu;kstu esa lgwfy;r
gksxhA
 dkS'ky fodkl dk yf{kr tula[;k lewg dh
f'k{kk] iks"k.k] LokLF; O;oLFkk] lkQ&lQkbZ
bR;kfn igyqvksa ij Hkh izR;{k izHkko IkM+x
s k rFkk
thou Lrj esa lq/kkj gksxkA
fu"d"kZ &
la{ksi essa ,slk dgk tk ldrk gS fd oSls
tula[;k lewg ftUgsa vkfFkZd /kkjk esa 'kkfey
djuk dbZ dkj.kksa ls laHko ugha gks ik jgk Fkk]
mUgsa fofHkUu izdkj ds dkS'ky fodkl ds ek/;e ls
blesa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA dk;Z djus dh
dq'kyrk thou fuokZg ds fy, thfodkiktZu dk
ek/;e curk gS vkSj bl izdkj bl dq'kyrk dk
vkfFkZd lesdu esa xgjk ;ksxnku gks ldrk gSA
lanHkZ xaFk %&
1- lapkyd] N0x0 jkT; dkS'ky fodkl izkf/kdj.k]
jk;iqj }kjk izdkf'kr okf"kZd tkudkjh o lwpuk
o"kZ 2013] 2014 ,oa 2015A
2- lgk;d lapkyd] N0x0 jkT; dkS'ky fodkl
fe'ku nqxZ }kjk izdkf'kr okf"kZd tkudkjh ,oa
lwpuk o"kZ 2013] 2014 ,oa 2015A
3- ifj;kstuk vf/kdkjh ftyk 'kgjh ,oa fodkl
vfHkdj.k nqxZ ds izfrosnu o"kZ 2012] 2013
,oa 2013A
4- fgrxzkfg;ksa ls vfHker] O;fDrxr lEidZ]
lekpkjksa esas izdkf'kr tkudkjh ,oa fofHkUu
Ogksd's kyu Vªsfuax lsUVj esa vk;s izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
ds izfrfØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij 'kks/ki= rS;kj
fd;k x;k gSA
***
88
(lSSN-2349-9702)
lkekftd vuqla/kku esa lwpuk ds L=ksr
eukst dqekj 'kekZ
'kkldh; lq[kjkeukxs egkfo|ky; uxjh
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
eukst dqekj 'kekZ
'kkldh; lq[kjkeukxs egkfo|ky;
uxjh ¼N-x-½
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
09.06.2016
19.06.2016
21.06.2016
'kks/k la{ksi %
lkekftd vuqla/kku esa ftl ?kVuk ;k O;ogkj ds ckjs esa
vuqla/kku fd;k tk jgk gS mlls lacf/kr lkekxzh ,oa lwpuk dk
ladyu vuqla/kku izfdz;k dk egRoiw.kZ pj.k gksrk gSA vkSj Li"V gS
fd fcuk lwpuk ds vHkko esa vuqla/kku esa dskbZ fu"d"kZ fudkyuk
laHko ugha gksrk gSA 'kks/k ;k vuqla/kku dk dk;Z loZizFke fdlh
leL;k ds dFku ls 'kq: gksdj mlds lek/kku ,oa fu"d"kZ ij
lekIr gksrk gS pwafd vuqla/kku esa fu"d"kZ vuqla/kku ds leL;kxr
iz'uksa ,oa ifjdYiukvksa ls lacaf/kr gksrk gS var% ,d lkFkZd fu"d"kZ
;k gy izkIr djus gsrq vuqla/kku esa fo'oluh; lwpukvksa dk L=ksr
,oa ladyu csgn vfuok;Z izfØ;k gSA
çLrkouk %
lekt ds fdlh Hkh fo”k; ds losZ{k.k 'kks/k ;k vuqla/kku ds
fy, lwpukvksa vFkok rF;ksa dk ladyu djuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA
tc rd 'kks/k fo"k; ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa ¼lwpukvksa½ dks fuf'pr
izfof/k;kas dks dke esa ysrs gq, ,df=r ugha fd;k tkosxk rc rd
vuqla/kku ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ Bksl fu"d"kZ ugha fudkys tk ldrs gSa
vkSj uk gh fdlh izdkj ds fu;eksa dk gh izfriknu fd;k tk
ldrk gSA lwpukvksa dk ladyu 'kks/k izfØ;k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
pj.k gSA
ftl izdkj bZV] pwuk] iRFkj] lhesUV] ctjh] ydM+h] yksgs ds
fcuk fdlh Hkou dk lEiw.kZ :Ik ls fuekZ.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA Bhd mlh izdkj rF;ksa ;k lwpukvksa ds fcuk 'kks/k dk dk;Z ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh oSKkfud fu"d"kZ rd igqWp
a us ,oa
lkekU;hdj.k rFkk lS)kUrhdj.k dks tkuus ds fy, lwpuk,Wa izkIr
djuk] rF; ,df=r djuk] la[;kRed ,oa xq.kkRed ckrsa ekywe
djuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA
mnkgj.k ds :Ik esa ;fn ge ;g Kkr djuk pkgrs gSa fd fdlh
{ks= fo'ks"k ds ckydksa esa vijk/kh izo`fRr vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS ctk,
fdlh vU; {ks= ds rks ,slh fLFkfr esa nksuksa {ks=ksa ds ckydksa dk ogkWa
dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd vkfn ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
v/;;u djuk gksxkA jgu lgu dh fLFkfr vkthfodk ds lk/ku
ckydksa ds lkekftdhdj.k dh izfØ;k vkfn ds ckjs esa xgu ,oa
egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr djuh gksxh tkudkjh ;k ,df=r lwpukvksa
ds vk/kkj ij 'kks/kdk;Z dks vkxs c<+k;k tk ldsxkA dqN fu"d"kZ
fudkys tk ldsaxsa rFkk lkekU;hdj.k Kkr fd;k tk ldsxkA ;s
lc rF; vkadM+s tkudkjh vkfn dh lwpuk ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA
89
(lSSN-2349-9702)
'kks/k ;k vuqla/kku gsrq iz;qDr fd, tkus okyh
lwpukvksa dks v/;;udrkZ euekus <ax ls ,df=r ugha
djds fofHkUu midj.kksa ,oa izfof/k;ksa dh lgk;rk ls
ladfyr djrk gSA oSKkfud 'kks/k ds fy, bu
lwpukvksa dk fo'oluh; gksuk Hkh vR;Ur vko';d gS
vkSj bl fo'oluh;rk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy,
oLrqfu"Brk ds lkFk lwpukvkssa ,oa rF;ksa dks ,df=r
djrk gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqla/kku ds
fy, fo'oluh;rk lwpukvksa ,oa rF;ksa dk gksuk furkar
vko';d gSA
lwpuk ,oa rF;ksa ds ladyu ds fy, 'kks/kdrkZ esa
voyksdu djus dh psruk dk gksuk vko';d gS
;|fi ;g lgh gS fd lwpuk ds vUrxZr
lwpuknkrkvksa ls fofHkUu izfof/k;ksa dh lgk;rk ls
izkIr lHkh izdkj ds lwpuk,Wa vkrh gSA
lkekftd vuql/a kku gsrq 'kks/k iz;Ruksa ds vk/kkj
ij ,d= dh xbZ lk/kkj.k lh yxus okyh NksVh NksVh
lwpuk,Wa Hkh ykHkizn gksrh gSA bUgh ladfyr lwpukvksa
dks rF; ;k lkekxzh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ,sls
rF;ksa ,oa lkekxzh ds vk/kkj ij gh ,d lkekftd
vuql/a kku esa 'kks/k fu"d"kZ fudkys tkrs gSa rFkk
lkekftd 'kks/k ds oSKkfud fu;eksa dk izfriknu ,oa
fl)kUrksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA
bl izdkj mi;qZDr foospuk ls ;g Li"V gS fd
rF; dk rkRi;Z ,slh leLr lwpukvks]a lkekxzh o
vkadM+ksa ls gksrk gS tks fd {ks=h; dk;Z v/;;u ,oa
f}rh;d L=ksrksa ds ek/;e ls izkIr fd, tkrs gSaA
vuqla/kku gsrq lwpukvksa dk ladyu dbZ izfof/k;ksa ds
lgk;rk ls fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls voyksdu fof/k]
lk{kkRdkj] vuqlwph] Mkd }kjk izsf”kr lkekxzh vkfn ds
ek/;e ls lwpuk,Wa vkfn ,df=r fd, tk ldrs gSaA
lkekftd vuql/a kku ds vUrxZr mn~ns'; vkSj {ks=
fu/kkZfjr gksus ds Ik'pkr~ vko';d rF; ,df=r djus
ds fy, L=ksr fuf'pr djus gksrs gSaA lkaf[;dh esa
lead fuEufy[kr rF; ¼lwpuk½ ,df=r djus ds
fy, L=ksr fuf'pr djus gksaxsaA
¼1½ vkUrfjd lead %&
,slh lwpuk,Wa tks laxBu ds tks vkUrfjd ;k
iz'kklfud vfHkys[kksa ls izkIr gksrs gSa rFkk ftl dk
laca/k ml laxBu dh dk;Zikfydk ls gksrk gSA mudk
L=ksr vkUrfjd gksrk gSA ,slh lwpukvksa dks vkUrfjd
lwpuk dgk tkrk gSA
¼2½ izkFkfed vFkok f}rh;d lw= %&
ftu L=ksrksa ls izFke ckj lwpuk,Wa ,oa lead ;k
rF; izFke ckj izkIr fd, tkrs gSaA mUgs izkFkfed
L=ksr dgrs gSaA ftu L=ksrksa esa igys ls miyC/k
lead izkIr fd, tkrs gSaA mUgs f}rh;d lead dgk
tkrk gSA ,d vuql/a kku esa f}rh;d leadksa esa ,slh
lwpuk,aW izkIr gks tkrh gS tksfd izkFkfed L=ksrksa ls
Hkh izkIr ugha gks ikrh gSA ;gkWa rd dh izkFkfed
lwpukvksa dh lR;rk dk irk yxkus ds fy, f}rh;d
L=ksrksa }kjk rF;ksa ij gh fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA
lkekftd vuql/a kku ds {ks= esa lwpukvksa ds
ladyu esa fo'ks"k lko/kkuh j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA ;fn ;s lwpuk,Wa fo'oluh; ugha gq, rks lEiw.kZ
'kks/kdk;Z gh fujFkZd lkfcr gks ldrk gSA varr%
lwpukvksa ds L=ksrksa dks Hkyh Hkkafr le> ysuk vR;Ur
vko';d gSA eq[;r% rhu rjhdksa ls vuql/a kku
v/;;u gsrq lwpuk,Wa ,oa rF; ,df=r fd, tk ldrs
gSaA lkekftd vuqla/kku dk fo"k; pwafd ekuo ;k
ekuo lewg gksrk gSA ftls ge viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj ;k
vko';drkuqlkj fu;af=r ugha dj ldrs gSaA varr%
muds laca/k esa rhu ek/;eksa ls lwpuk,Wa ;k rF;
,df=r dj ldrs gSaA
¼1½ izR;{k lEidZ }kjk %&
ge O;fDr ls ckrphr djs aokrkZyki djsa lh/ks
iz'u djsa rFkk fo"k; ;k leL;k ds laca/k esa muds
fopkkj ;k izfrfØ;k dks tku ysaA
¼2½ voyksdu }kjk %&
'kks/k fo"k; ls lacaf/kr O;fDr] lewg ,oa laxBu
ds fØ;kdykiks]a vkpkj] O;ogkjksa dk izR;{k :Ik ls
vodyksdu djsa vkSj bl voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij
izkIr lwpukvksa ,oa rF;ksa dks ladfyr dj ysaA
¼3½ nLrkostksa }kjk %&
vuql/a kkudk;Z ds le; mu nLrkostksa rF;ksa ;k
lkekxzh dk mi;ksx viuh vko';drkuqlkj djsa tks
fdlh vU; v/;;u ;k 'kks/k gsrq ,df=r fd, x,
FksA Li"VgS fd fcuk lwpuk ds vHkko esa vuql/a kku esa
dskbZ fu"d"kZ fudkyuk laHko ugha gksrk gSA 'kks/k ;k
vuql/a kku dk dk;Z loZizFke fdlh leL;k ds dFku
ls 'kq: gksdj mlds lek/kku ,oa fu"d"kZ ij lekIr
gksrk gSA pwafd vuql/a kku esa fu"d"kZ vuql/a kku ds
leL;kxr iz'uksa ,oa ifjdYiukvksa ls lacaf/kr gksrk gS
var% ,d lkFkZd fu"d"kZ ;k gy izkIr djus gsrq
vuql/a kku esa fo'oluh; lwpukvksa dk L=ksr ,oa
ladyu csgn vfuok;Z izfØ;k gSA varr% vuql/a kku ds
{ks= esa vuqla/kku ls lacaf/kr lwpukvksa ,oa rF;ksa dk
ogha egRo gksrk gSA tksfd ekuo 'kjhj esa jDr dk
gksrk gSA ftl izdkj jDr ds fcuk ekuo 'kjhj dk;Z
ugha dj ldrk gSA mlh izdkj lwpuk ,oa rF;ksa ds
vHkko esa vuqla/kku dk dk;Z vkxs ugha c<+ ldrk gSA
lanHkZ xaFk %&
1- feJ Mk- jktsUnz & 'kks/k vuqla/kku ,oa lka[;fd; rF;
f'kyk izdk'ku ubZ fnYyhA
2- ik.Ms; Mk- x.ks'k & 'kks/k vuqla/kku] jk/kk ifCyds'ku
ubZ fnYyhA
***
90
(lSSN-2349-9702)
lekIr gks vk;dj
*fot; dkS'ky **jkts'k vxzoky
*'kks/k Nk= ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ] N-x**xq:dqy efgyk egkfo|ky;] dkyhckM+h jksM] jk;iqj N-x-
ISSN-2349-9702
Research Journal
Original Article
fot; dkS'ky
'kks/k Nk= ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy
fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½
Received on
Revised on
Accepted on
10.06.2016
20.06.2016
21.06.2016
'kks/k la{ksi %
vk;dj lxzag.k dh ewy Hkkouk ^^vehjks ls dj vkSj xjhcks dks
jkgr** jgh gSA bl y{; dks çkIr djus ds fy, tks Hkh rjhds
vkt rd viuk;s x;s gS oks lQy ugha gks ik, gSA dj ls cpus
dh tqxr esa dkyk/ku curk gS vkSj fQj ;gh /ku dbZ voS/k
fØ;kdykiks vkSj tfVyrkvks dks tUe nsrk gS] ftldk gy [kkstuk
vc rd Vs<+h [khj cuk gqvk gSA ;g dkyk/ku vusd çdkj dh
dkyh xfrfof/k;ks tSls voS/k 'kjkc] gfFk;kj] rLdjh esa tkrk gSA
blh dkys/ku ds dkj.k tehuks ds Hkko Hkh vkt vkleku Nw jgs gSA
blfy, t:jr gS vk;dj dh leh{kk djus dh dj <kaps esa bl
rjg ds lq/kkj djus dh tks vkfFkZd o`f) nj dks c<+kok nsus ds
lkFk gh dj laxzg.k Hkh vklku cuk,A
çLrkouk%
orZeku le; esa ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu çdkj ds dj yxk;s tkrs
gS] bu lc esa lokZf/kd pfpZr] egRoiw.kZ ,oa fooknkLin dj gS &
vk;dj orZeku esa dsUnz ljdkj dks lokZf/kd jktLo vk;dj ls
çkIr gksrk gSA tc ctV is'k gksrk gS rks lHkh dk /;ku vk;dj ds
laca/k esa gksus okys ifjorZuks ij yxk gksrk gSaA vk;dj dh dj
eqDr c<+x
s h ;k ugha] dj dh njks deh gksxh ;k ugha] dVkSfr;ks esa
o`f) gksxh ;k ugha] iwt
a h fuos'k esa foÙk ea=h dk D;k :[k jgsxk]
vkfn ds ckjs esa yksx ctV ds dbZ fnu iwoZ gh vVdys yxkuk
'kq: dj nsrs gSA foÙkh; {ks= esa vk;dj ds ckjs esa mlh çdkj ppkZ
dh tkrh gS ftl çdkj [ksy ds {ks= esa fØdsV dh gksrh gSA cgqr
ls] ,sls O;fDr gksrs gS] ftudk fØdsV ls nwj dk Hkh laca/k ugha
gksrk] ysfdu mldh ppkZ cM+s xgjkbZ ls djrs gS mlh rjg ,sls
yksx ftudk vk;dj ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gksrk blds laca/k esa
vf/kdkjiwoZd fopkj j[krs gSA 'ks;j cktkj dh /kM+dus ljdkj dh
dj uhfr ls de T;knk gksrh gS] ns'k esa iwath fuekZ.k ,oa fuos'k ij
vk;dj çHkko Mkyrk gS] fofu;ksx ,oa thou chek O;olk; ds fy,
;g dj vkWDlhtu dk dke djrk gSA
vk;dj ls lacaf/kr eq[; rF; &
1- Hkkjr esa vk;dj dh 'kq:vkr 24 tqykbZ 1860 esa fczfV'k ljdkj esa
foÙk ea=h lj tsEl foYlu us dh
FkhA çFke o"kZ 11 yk[k :i, dk
vk;dj olwyk x;k FkkA 1919 esa
;g dkuwu lekIr dj fn;k x;k
Fkk ijUrq 1922 esa bls iq u% ykxw
dj fn;k x;kA
91
(lSSN-2349-9702)
2- orZeku esa yxHkx çfr o"kZ 3 Qhlnh yksx
çR;{k dj fjVuZ Hkjrs gS vFkkZr~ 97 Qhlnh
yksx çR;{k dj ds nk;js ls ckgj gSA
3- Hkkjr esa dqy 42]800 O;fDr gS ftudh okf"kZd
vk; 1 djksM+ :i;s ls vf/kd gSA
4- yxHkx 4]00]000 O;fDr gS ftudh vk;
çfro"kZ 20 yk[k ls vf/kd gS budh dwy
vk;dj esa fgLlk 63 Qhlnh gsa
5- o"kZ 2001 esa ctV ls igys vVy fcgkjh cktis;h
ds usr`Ro okyh jktx ljdkj us O;fDrxr
vk;dj dks lekIr djus ds eqn~ns ij fopkj
fd;k FkkA dsUnzh; ea=h v:.k 'kkSjh o
miç/kkuea=h ykyd`".k vkMokuh Hkh lger FksA
ysfdu tuojh ds rhljs lIrkg esa xqtjkr esa
HkwdEi vk x;kA bl =klnh ls mcjus ds fy,
Hkkjh /kujkf'k dh vko';drk Fkh blfy,
vk;dj lekIr djus dk fopkj R;kx fn;k
x;kA
vk;dj lekfIr ls ns'k vkSj lekt dks gksxk ykHk
& dj fo'ks"kKks dh ekus rks vk;dj lekfIr ls
vketu ds thou Lrj esa lq/kkj dh iwjh lEHkkouk
gS vkSj ljdkj dh foÙkh; fLFkfr ij Hkh fdlh
rjg dk foijhr vlj ugha iM+sxk ;fn vk;dj
lekIr dj fn;k tk; rs fuEukafdr ykHk gks
ldrs gS %&
1- thMhih esa o`f) gksxh & vk;dj ls eqfDr
feyus ij O;kikj ls vkSj vf/kd dekus ds fy,
O;kolk;h çksRlkfgr gksxsA vk;dj ugha nsus ls
cph gqbZ jkf'k ls ekWx dhubZ fLFkfr;kW iSnk gksxhA
ftldh iwfrZ ds fy, u, m|ksx LFkkfir gksxsA
bles ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f) gksxhA
2- eagxkbZ ?kVus dh lEHkkouk & tc m|ksx
fodflr gksxs rks cktkj esa ekWx dks iwjk djus ds
fy, çfrLi/kkZ gksxhA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
mRiknksa dh dhers Hkh çfrLi/kkZ j[kuh gksxhA blh
çfrLi/kkZ ds pyrs csgrj xq.koÙkk okyh oLrqvks
vkSj lsokvks ds ewY; esa deh vk ldrh gSA
3- jkstxkj dk l`tu gksxk & vk;dj lekfIr ls
vf/kd ls vf/kd m|ksxks dh LFkkiuk gksxh] ftles
cM+h la[;k esa jkstxkj ds volj miyC/k gksxsA
voS/k dkjksckj esa yx jgk dkyk/ku oS/k dkjksckj esa
yxus yxsxk vkSj voS/k dkjksckj ls tqM+s laxfBr
vijkf/k;ks dh xfrfof/k;ks ij Hkh vadq'k yxsxkA
4- lLrs _.k feysx
a s & vk;dj dh lekfIr ls
yksxks dh vk; esa o`f) gksxh ftlls cSadks ij
ncko vk tk,xkA cktkj esa eqnzk dk çpyu
vf/kd gksus ls yksx cSadks ls _.k de ysuk pkgsxs
vkSj cSad vf/kd ls vf/kd ljyrk ds lkFk _.k
nsuk pkgsxAs bu fLFkfr;ks esa cSad lLrs _.k
miyC/k djk ldrs gSA
5- u;s dj dh vko';drk ugha& vk;dj dh
lekfIr ls jktLo esa gksus okys deh dks iwjk djus
ds fy, u;s dj dh vko';drk ugha gksxh D;ksafd
O;kikj esa ek=kRed o`f) ds dkj.k ljdkj dks
fcuk fdlh ç;kl ds gh 20 ls 25 çfr'kr
vçR;{k djks ds :i esa c<+dj feysxsA mls rks
orZeku njks esa Hkh fdlh cnyko dh vko';drk
ugha gSA blds ckn Hkh ;fn ljdkj vk; esa o`f)
pkgs rks og fcØh dj ewY;of/kZr dj ;k lsok dj
dh nj dh ifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA
bu ns'kks esa ugha yxrk vk;dj& fuEukfdr
ns'kks esa ugha yxrk vk;dj &
drj & drj dks çfr O;fDr vk; ds vk/kkj ij
nqfu;k ds lokZf/kd vehj ns'kks esa 'kkfey fd;k
tkrk gSA fo'o cSad ds vuqlkj ;gkW csjkstxkjh
ugha ds cjkcj gSA vU; djks dh njs Hkh lcls
de gSA
czqusbZ & ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] çfr O;fDr Ø;
{kerk ds vk/kkj ij bl ns'k dkikWpok LFkku gSA
;g o ns'k gS ftldk lkoZtfud _.k ldy
?kjsyw mRikn dk 'kwU; Qhlnh gSA
;w,bZ & la;qDr vjc vehjkr vkt çeq[k vehj
ns'kks esa ls ,d gS vkSj lHkh çdkj dh lqfo/kk,W
ogkW ds fuokfl;ks ds fy, miyC/k gSA i;ZVu vkSj
foÙkh; lsokdj vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh<+ gSA
fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko & vk;dj dks lekIr dj
fn;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g dkys/ku dh çeq[k
tM+ gSA vc ç'u ;g mBrk gS fd ;fn vk;dj
lekIr dj fn;k tk; rks jk"Vª dks fdrus jktLo
dh gkfu gksxh\ nwljk ç'u fdu fodYiks ds
ek/;e ls bl jkf'k dh HkjikbZ gks ldsxhA igyh
ckr rks ;g gS fd jktLo dh gkfu ds vkdM+ks dk
vuqeku dsoy ;gh gks ldrk gS fd ftruh jkf'k
iwoZ esa çkIr gqbZ vkSj iwoZ ds o"kksZ esa fdrus çfr'kr
vkSlr o`f) gksrh jgh gS] mls tksM+dj ,d
vuqeku yxk fy;k tk, jg loky bl gkfu dh
92
(lSSN-2349-9702)
iwfrZ dk rks Hkkjr dk tks dkyk/ku fons'kh cSadks esa
gS mlds okil vkus ls fdlh dks Hkh vkthou
vk;dj ugha nsuk iM+x
s kA ;g dsoy vuqeku gS
ysfdu vk;dj gVk fn;k tk, rks oLrqvks vkSj
lsokvks ij yxus okys dj dh pksjh Hkh lekIr gks
tk,xhA ,slk blfy, gksxk D;ksafd O;fDr ds lksp
esa ifjorZu vk,xk fd og fdruk Hkh ykHk çkIr
dj ys mls vk;dj ugha nsuk gSA futh vk; dks
fNikus dk Hk; lekIr gksus ij O;kikfjd vk; Hkh
pksjh dh lksp lekIr gksxh D;ksafd futh vk; eas
o`f) djus ds fy, O;kikfjd vk; dks Hkh c<+dj
fn[kkuk gksxk vkSj O;kikj esa ek=kRed o`f) ls
ljdkj dks fcuk fdlh ç;kl ds gh ijks{k dj
c<+dj feysxkA
;g dguk Hkh mfpr ugha gS fd çR;{k dj
¼vk;dj½ ds ctk, vçR;{k dj ¼fcØh dj]
,Dlkbt vkfn½ ij vf/kd fuHkZjrk ls eagxkbZ
c,+rh gSA ;g lgh gS fd vçR;{k dj
vehj&xjhc lHkh esa vkrs gS ij lekt ds oafpr
rcds ij bldh ekj u iM+s blds fy, dqN Bksl
mik; fd;s tk ldrs gSA dbZ ns'kks esa ,slk Hkh gS
fd vuçkslsLM vkbVe tSls lfCt;kW] xsgwW vkfn
vkSj vko';d miHkksDrk lkefxz;ks tSls rsy] ued
vkfn dks dj eqDr Js.kh esa j[k ldrs gS tcfd
çkslsLM vkbVEl tSls csM] jsMhesM vkbVEl] eagxs
lkeku] foykflrkdh oLrqvks ¼tSls okf'kx e'khu]
lsyQksu] ,slh vkfn½ ij dj vf/kd j[kk tk
ldrk gSA
vk;dj dh lekfIr ls lekukarj pyus okyh
dkys/ku dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij vdaq'k yxsxkA blls
lekt esa iuius okyh cqjkb;ks ij Hkh yxke yx
ldrh gSA Hkys gh bldk çfr'kr de gks ysfdu
deh t:j vk;sxhA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd
cktkj esa /ku dk i;kZIr çokg gksus ds dkj.k
csjkstxkjh o etcwjh esa iuius okyh cqjkb;ks ds
fy, lhfer LFkku gksxkA ljyrk ls feyus okyk
jkstxkj vkSj i;kZIr vk; ds lk/ku] etcwjh esa
vijk/k dh vksj ys tkus okyh ço`fÙk ij vdqa'k
t:j yxk,axsA
lanHkZ xaFk %&
1- ldyspk Jhiky & vk;dj fo/kku ,oa ys[ks &
ist 1 ls 82- esgjks=k ,p-lh- & vk;dj fo/kku ,oa ys[ks &
ist 1 ls 103- nSfud Hkk"dj] uoHkkkjr & 28 Qjojh ls 2 ekpZ
2016 rd***
O;olk; vc efgykvksa ds fy, vkSj vklku
vc efgyk m|fe;ks ds fy, viuk O;olk; çkjEHk djuk vkSj vklku gks x;k gSA xkao&nsgkr ls ysdj cM+s
'kgjks esa jgus okyh efgykvks rd lHkh ?kj esa y?kq m|ksx ls ysdj cM+s O;olk; [kksy ldrh gSA efgyk m|fe;ks
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, cSad Hkh vklkuh ls _.k çnku dj jgs gS] ftlds fy, vkWuykbu vkosnu fd;k tk ldrk
gS vkSj C;kt nj Hkh dkQh de gSA
L=h 'kfDr ;kstuk &
ns'k ds lcls cM+s cSad ^LVsV cSad vkWQ bafM;k* us ^L=h 'kfDr* ds uke ls ;kstuk 'kq: dh gSA bl ;kstuk ds
vUrZxr mu efgykvks dks _.k çnku fd;k tkrk gS tks NksVs&NksVs O;olk; pyk jgh gS vkSj ml O;olk; esa
budh fgLlsnkjh 50 Qhlnh ls vf/kd gS bl ;kstuk ds vUrZxr _.k ysus okyh efgykvks dks cSad }kjk vko';d
çf'k{k.k Hkh çnku fd;k tkrk gSA efgyk, bl ;kstuk ds vUrZxr 2 yk[k :i;s ls ysdj 5 yk[k :i;s rd ds
_.k ds fy, vkosnu dj ldrh gSA lkFk gh C;kt nj esa 0-50 Qhlnh dh NwV Hkh çnku dh tkrh gSA efgyk,a
[kkuk cukus vkSj f[kykus dh 'kkSdhu gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; efgyk cSad lfgr dbZ vU; cSadks us ^vUuiw.kkZ* ds uke ls
;kstuk 'kq: fd;k gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr dSVfjax ;k NksVs jsLVksjVsa [kksyus ds fy, 50 gtkj :i;s rd dk
_.k çnku djrk gSA _.k dk iquZHkqxrku efgyk,¡ 36 eghus esa dj ldrh gS ftles ,d ekg dh bZ -,e-vkbZ ij
NwV feysxh] ysfdu _.k ds fy, xkjaVj dh vko';drk gksxhA xkjaVj ugha gS rks flD;qfjVh ds :i esa vkidks
viuh fdlh Hkh lEifÙk dks fxjoh j[kuk gksxkA
lsVa dY;k.kh & ^lsUVªy cSad vkWQ bafM;k* us ^lsV dY;k.kh* ds uke ls efgykvks ds fy, ,d ;ksxuk çkjEHk fd;k
gS ftlds vUrxZr gj rjg dh efgykvks dks _.k fn;k tkrk gSA bles viuk u;k O;olk; çkjEHk djus tk jgh
efgykvks ds lkFk&lkFk is'ksoj (Professional) vkSj Lo fu;ksftr (Self employed) efgykvks dks Hkh _.k
fn;k tk,xkA blds vykok os efgyk,a Hkh bl _.k ds fy, vkosnu dj ldrh gS tks fjVsy 'kkWi pyk jgh gS
;k fQj [ksrh esa dke dj jgh gSA cSad us C;kt nj Hkh de j[kk gSA
***
93
ladyu& jkts'k vxzoky
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gurukul shodh srijan - Gurukul Mahila Mahavidyalaya

Transcription

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