SJBNKQYBZNKQ

Transcription

SJBNKQYBZNKQ

F"C
BN FR[
( áô÷) á ïåéìâ
G"T[\ \ CJ = G NSM
O KNNGMFG \GC K[KF Z"G IN FMNFG FZG \N KHMZP USBP
\ GXGV\C G WZBC QKNZBY Q KNBJS \GESG P N[
:\MZTPF \C G\M
11 QKNK OTGRKCB 'IZ
91053 OKN[GZK 50197 . E. \
057 =7978992 . SYV 02 =5370106 . NJ
E-mail: beisaron@zahav.net.il
:N" GPF G \ MZ TPF
( Z " T ) N " G F G K " \M Z Y I P N N B Z [ K G Q Z F B \ K C Q G M P
QKN BJ S QKNZ BY \ GES GP HMZ P K"T[
B" CCG \ O KN[ GZ K Y "FKT
B "JK N[ Z" GPE B Q ZP Y" M \ GB K[R C
\GXGV\CG WZBC
Q KN Z B Y Q KN B JS
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\G E SG P N [ OK NNG M FG \G C K[ KF Z "G I N FM NFG FZG \N KH MZ P US B P
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OK N[GZK ,\ GPZ = "Q KNZB Y Q KNB J S" S "[ EGP KNN NNGM
O KN[GZK = "NB Z[ KG QZF B \KC" F NGED F CK[K
F KZ CJ = " QR I GK KC Z E B\ C K\P " E" GK E GPKN N N N GM
YZBK GKR = "QKNZBY QKNB JS " FN GED F C K[K
F K Z C J Y" F K T ' Q K N Z B Y Q K N B JS ' P" G I E G PK N N N N G M
\ KN KT Z \KC = " N B Z[ KG QZ F B \KC " F NG ED FC K[K
\ K N K T F K Z C J ' Q K N G J S Q K N Z Y ' I " G B EG P K NN N N G M
O KN[GZ K = "LNP KN B QGZ MH" FRJ Y FC K[K
Y Z C K R C = " Q K N Z B Y Q K N B J S " O K MZ C B N N G M
O KN[GZ K ,\GP Z = "Z[B \ KC" FRJ Y F C K[K
= " E G E \R [ P " I" G B EG PK N N OK M Z C B N N G M
\ KNKT Z\ KC
\ K N K T Z \ K C - " FB Z G F Z H R " O K M Z C B N N G M
= " F P N[ O G I R Z \ M " F B Z G F E G P K N N O K MZ C B N N G M
\ KNKT Z\ KC
= " K M E Z P \ Z B V \" I " G B E G P K N N O K M Z CB N N G M
\ KNKT Z\ KC
= " Q Z FB \ Z BV \ " I" G B EG PK N N OK M Z C B N N G M
\ KNKT Q KT KE GP
\K N KT Q KT KE GP = " Q KN Z BY Q KN BJ S " F BZ GF N N N GM
- " Q KN Z BY Q KN BJ S " P" G I E G PKN N OKM Z C B N N GM
\ KNKT Q KT KE GP
Q K T KE G P = " FP N [ N F B" S " [ E G PK N N O K M Z C B N N G M
\KN K T
\KN KT Z \ KC = " QRI GK \ ZB V \" F RJY F CK [K
\ KNKT QKT KEGP = "QKNZBY QKNB JS " FRJ Y FC K[K
Y ZC K RC = "QKNZBY QKNB JS " FRJ Y FC K[K
Y ZC KRC = "QZF B \ CF B " \C K[K
Y Z BK G K R = "Q R IG K \Z BV \ " FR J Y FC K[K
,\ GPZ = "QRIG K GRKC ZE B RVN GB \K C" OKM Z CB NN GM
OK N[ GZ K
YZB K GKR = "QKNZBY QKNB JS " OKM Z C B NN GM
OK N [ G Z K = " Q K N Z B Y Q K NB JS " S "[ E G PK NN NN G M
= "NB Z[KG QZ FB \ KC " QGK TC EGP KN N O KM ZC B N N GM
OK N[ GZ K
= " Q R I G K G R K C Z N MK F " S "[ E G PK NN OK M Z CB N N G M
OK N[ GZ K
= " Q K N Z B Y Q K N B J S " O K [ E Y E G P K N N O K MZ C B N N G M
= " QKN Z BY QKN BJ S" E" GK E GPKN N O KM ZC B N N GM
C B H \ T CD
OK N[ GZ K
\GC Z \F E Z [P TGK SC N " GK = \GZ GP [ \ GKGM HF NM
QMG\F
EGPT
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QBYVKNE C"G[
URGJP OGYPC NNV\FN GFP
T"KH QBKBCP YIXK EIVF Y"FZF KEKSIP
CM
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QRIGK GRKCZE BRVNGB \KC
G"\[GZK \GPZ ,QKNGJS QKNZY
HP
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CZF
QPHG YI S"IP
H"KZDF KZCECG 'K ZGCG 'J ZGCE BKDGSC
QKYKHRC \GENG\ \GCB QKRTN
\KNKT QKTKEGP ,QKNGJS QKNZY
HR
OKGCRDKKV FPN[ YIXK
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DS
QBPHKKZ QRIGK
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FMGRI ZR YKNEK QMKF QGNN G\KCN LNGF
CZF C"FZBC OK[RB OT K"BC Y"[XGPC EGCTN
OKKGD CGZ NT LGPSNG \C[ QKKET O[[
OKN[GZK BYGGKZJSPIZ ,E"GK NNGM [BZ
\KNKT Z\KC ,QKNBJS QKNZBY
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\KZ[C FEGTSC
FPI OEB \GZGX \KK[T ZGSKB QKRTC
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O\GPN[C \GZGYPF OGMKS
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ZDXP EGE
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\C[C NI[ I"ZCG
QPRFM CKN FKZB
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YZC KRC
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CBH \TCD ,QKNGJS QKNZY OK[EY NNGM
B"TKH QKNZBY QKNBJSP Y"FGCZ DFRPC
\KNJF \[KCN QVGBC
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KYYV \IK\V QKRTC / E"CI ZVM W"GPG CZ ,KGNC FKCGJ CZF - B"PZG T"G[F KYSV \NCY QKRTC
CZFG QPEKZV CBH CZF - \C[C CNI \GKY[G OKZGPK[ \GBSVGY \IK\VG YKJSNV
\EKDB ZES QKRTC / CBH \TCD ,QKNGJS QKNZY ,QGZEC[ QRIGK CZF = FCGD\ / G"\[GZK ,DKXZF
- FZKEN FKGBZ FRKB[ FMGS QKRTC / OKGCRDKKV FPN[ YIXK CZF - CNGNC \GCZTFG OKSEFF
EKD Z\KF QKRTC / N"RF - FGT[F \NGDS QKRTC / CBH \TCD ,QKNGJS QKNZY ,QBPNZTV Q\R CZF
KCX CZF - FMGSC FTKNCG FMGSN WGI FSKTN QKRTC / WKCGYKNH T[GFK CZF - BCN EK\TN F[RF
- N"RF QKRTC / QTHKKB QZFB ZKBP CZF - \PEGY \KTKC[P \GZKV ZGTKC QKRTC / G"\[GZK ,CG[
.ERZC GFKNB CZF
CE ZM[[K
JTY
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QGKTG FENG\ KYZVP \GNNGT
QKNGJS QKNZY \R[PC
LNPF QDC ZBXF OT NKKJP QKNGJSP EKSI .D
NERP OIRP KCZ Y"FZF N[ F[EIF ZXIF .E
FKZCJC YSCJKGP
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F "FNH OK YKN B NBZ [K NBV Z K CZ
G" \ QG ZC I KR C ZP
BKZ DNGC C[ BK VGS KP MIP ,O KYKN B CGJ O GK KCZ GKC BN E"S Y\ \R [C LZ TC EN GR
\R[ ZI BNG \ VXC CZM QFKM G F"S Y\ \ R[C Y"F ZBN FNT [ (E RNGFP \Z IB F TEN G)
. G"Z\ \ R[C T"C NR FCG QGZC I Y"F KT E "CB G C ZM QFM\ R B "XY \
OKK I B[ P ZV SC . F NKFY F ZVG SM QF MN FR P\R GK CB OT \VX P QGZC IN GB GC O T
D" Z\ \ R[P QGZ CI K RCZ \ PMS F Y K\TP (HJ \G B 'D \MZ TP) K'DBN BV OKKI KCZ N
Y" Y \ GIKN [C Z" E[M OKP TV FP M T SR . G\P K\I \B XPR GCG OK SKPF \ KKCD QKKRT C
QGX KIF CZT PF KZT N C G[ BXK B"K Z\ \R[C . GY GZP N T SR G "Z\ \R[ C . QGZCI
BC SKRG \C . N "GI C QPH L[P C[ KG GY GZPN G FKM ZG\N G (ZK 'DNB G SKRG \ KNG VKZJ )
KRP P" ,C \GM G (C" KZ\ GR ZGGKN C SV ER) N' DZGC USGK KCZN USGK Q YKG Z VS N T FP MSF C
GFK \GIK N[C NKHB G NKV [ . O KYI ZP W ZB NB I N\[ PF Z"KT X . O KYK\ T OK ZCEF GBX K
FM CF Y" PTC KC [GK . O KYGXP C GZG FZ X UGTP . OKYR BRFG O KIRB RF K[KE Y QRCZ E
OZ C . OKYZ VN FZG \ E PGN OK MZE \[ZVN T KDF . OKY PTF \ R[G[ G "\ QGZC I Y"P T
OKY KNB NBZ [K N BVZ ZKT XF . OKYR T K" RC O DG F KZB K RV O FKRV QFC B ZC BJ [GY C
\N TPP K\ NB[ R" C\GM (B M 'K S P "GI ) GE ZBV F[ P KCZN "F [P GP [" ZVS C . "J" S
ZKT C GR\ GKFC G" KF O KYKNB NBZ [K Z" ZFP M [B ZN KVG NB NB Z[ K ZGB B NVGP F CZ F
SKR G\P QB RGC EGE KC ZN EGE NB [RG CK [F KE ZV SC . "B "TK SR G\ NBZ [KC OB G
\[ GZK KRK EC G\ CG[\ BKF G "\N SGV \ E \ZP F" S ZJR GY GVG SC SV ER (H" KZ\ G RZGGKN )
. F KNJ KBN QGZC I \ GIKN [C TSR J" KZ\ \R[C . ZPGP
F[ P KCZ OT E IK OKZ GSBF \ KCC OK[ EGI 'D C [K FNK NT N[ C B "MZ \ \R[ C
Z[ B O GYP ZP[ PC O \GB Q\KG " C\MR (C"MZ \ OK N[GZ K) OK T[G V ZC [ ZVSC . KIPY
KGB ... OVMC SPI BN NT OKCZ OK PK O [ GKFKG ,OK T[GVFG OKEZ GPF O[ O KZGSB
NM 'E \BZ KCG FP MIC O KPS ZGVP FG OK TGEKF NBZ [K KNGE D KR[ KM \GBG Z LM[ OKRKT N
ZKTF \DF RFC ZYK TF OF OK ZMHRF O KRCZ F KR[G ... FZJPF \KCN GB GCKG GVSBK OGK F
FNFB NF BF LG\P [KPK BN OSZG VPG TGE K B"KZ FGPM CZF JZVCG ... OSZGVPG TGEK M
C\ GM QHI ["ZN F PN[N \GN TPF ' SC . OKN [GZ KC C[ KK\R ZZ IG[[ ZIB N . "FZG\ N[
BN VGPF CZ F" G FRMP G OK N[GZ KC O KEZV SF \ GNNG MN Z KMHP G ZVG SM Q FKM K M
. " OGY KNB NBZ [K 'Z B\KKZ GBE BY \VGZ E
B[ K NTC Z[ KNB NG B[ CY TK KCZ QGB DF . F"M Z\ KZ[\ H"K OKN [GZK C T "CN R
C\ MR G\ CXP NT . NB Z[K \ZB V\ WZB OKP[ P L KN[ F :G EVSF C GK NT I\V FMZ C
" FZG \C QEY[ ,B NP 'E EGCM G ,B NVGP F CZF "
\C K[K [B Z B "JK N[ NNF P "KZDF KE KC BXP RF \"G[ Z VS OKC G\MC GRP P ZB[ R
Z" GPEB Y" M ZX GBC \ BXP RF G RPP \IB FCG [\ O KSKV EP G RB QB M . O GN[ \CF B
. B"XY\ \R[C G"\VX Y"FKTC GK CB KZGDPG GK ZGDP ZMHR GCG ,773 'SP B"JKN[
" N BZ [ K G Q Z F B \K C " WC G Y
F "F N H O K YK N B N B Z [ K NB V Z KC Z K "\ M O GN K X
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GRTR[ OKP[D NT \KRT\ QKRTC
\KRT\F YKSVFN OKB[Z OB
G RTR G O KK RG TC 'F FB Z OK P[ K PI ZC G O KP [DF NT OK RT \P GKF[ Z GCXC FNB[ R GH FNB [
BN G F NM \B ZYN Q \I GR KKF E F BE GF \MZC F MZC GKNT FZ [\[ F KGBZ F Z GT K[M \GXI O EG Y
OB G V"MT O GK C G C \G \[ NG NG MB NG O\KRT \P ZG CXF YK SVFN GRK E K BP F [KZI P Z GT K[M F KF
. M"T B N BP NKE G B O \KRT \N GZ HI K F [K ZI P ZG TK[ M FK FK BN
[ "B ZF OK YS GVF KNGED Q KC FK GR [ \YG NI P CE FB ZK FB GZF BRK E KBF E BZYK T F RF
NT F RT\P F KF[ K ZF B KR\E B KF F K CD \GKRT \E Y"V ["BZ FC B CGF FH F RF N"H E"CBZFG
\KRT \P [ "P E"CB ZF F [YFG , OK N[PG F RT\P H"F FZCT G FZ X NT GB B VZ\RG F NGIF
QGKME OK P[ D \K RT\ K RB [E WZK \G , \G XI O EG Y OK P[ D OF N GEZK OB O GK C QK YK SVP[ O KP [D
LKZX FT [ NM \ZI B F ZX NCB O TVF FH C L ZGX OF N QK B CG [ QMZ GX NM OK P[ D OF N GEZK[
QF N G EZ K B N 'K VB KPR OK P[ DCE YKVSP OT J GR KB G N"HG ["BZ F F [YF G ,Z GH I\ BN [ O KP IZ
B ZG CC O KI JG CG O \NKV \ F NCY\R[ KVN NNF O KZPGBG O KI P[ G O K\G[ G OK NM GB Q MZ GX NM
[ "P NT NB R\R Q CZY CZF F [YF G ,M"T \GZX ZB[C UB ZP GN LKK [ FH G LZ GXF N M OF N G EZK[
O KP[ DF GKF K K\P ET QP YN B KR\E B FP Q K\G[ G OK NM GB QMZG X NM G EZK B N 'KVB ["B ZF
'S N F KG R[ BK FF E WZ K\G ,'G MG I VJ FCZIC FE GFK 'Z 'GM G O\KR T\P Z GCXF G YS VK G OK EZ GK
O GKC G C \ G\[ NG NG MB N NCB O[ K" [ Z 'K VM G 'GM G Q KZHG D E"C G RTR BN G G NB GZCT QR\E \GKR T\
G\GB \NK MB N Q MZ GX NM KT C B NE ["BZF \TEN LN KZF ,[ "T 'GMG FH ZG TK[ N O KP MI GR \R BN
. QMZGX NM QR KTC E"CBZ F \T ENG , NNFF \ZKPBNG OGKF
GP XT \ZCS N FCK\C F CK \ \GBC \GB 'HR F ["BZF KZCE GB CGF D"F[ CZF N N"SE R"M G
O"CPZF ODE ZP GN F BZ R FK F FZ GB MN G ,' HRF [ "BZF \ZCS C K BY B GF O DE F B ZR M"B G ,[ "T
[ "P MG Z GCXN EKI K QK C ["BZF YG NK IM YN KI BGF ODE 'H RF ["B ZF \JK [C K BY EKF 'S C
N"S BN GYGNKIG ,'H RF E"CBZF \K[ GY O G[P J"FE KBEG O "CP ZF O[P O[ ["B ZF
G RKB OZC , NNF ZP GB G F \G[ G N MGB Q MZ GX NM GEZK BN 'KVB N "S E [ "BZF O TJP O"CPZFN
'G MG BVZ\RG FN GI K CD JY RE TP[P Q ME ["BZF [ "P M G RK KF O "CPZF O TJ Z [VB E F KBZ M"M
Z[VB O NGTNG O"CP ZF KZCE OKBZ R J"FPE O [ F "F C\M QMG ZGCX QG [N QBMG EKIK QG [N
UBG ,B \KKZCC ZMHGPF KGBZ Z GT K[ QR KT C \K RT\FP O GK C G\GB Y GSVN BRK E ZYKT C O"CP ZF E
E"CBZ F \K[ GY O G[P G RKKF ZGCXN EKIK QKC YNKI [ O"CP ZF OT JE FBZ R E"CBZF K ZC EPE
'G MG OK P[ D N [ \KRT \P WG I ' GM G Z GCX Q KC EK IK Q KC OKZPG B G RB G G ZP GB C F BG ZF FB ZK Z [B M
\TEC G\TEN UB FK BZ GRK BG B K[Y B N F"VB ,[ "T ZIB Y GN KI C G \K [G Y QY \N FX G Z[
QMZ GX NM QRK TCE Q KEF ZYKT C E"CB ZF \Z CS M N "S \P BC O"CPZFE Z[VB E O "CP ZF
QG [N B MF G EKI K QG[ N C O [ CG \M[ BN OB F VK FN GT Y GNKIF F KF G \KR T\F O GK G \GB YKS VFN
YGN KI Z IBF YGNKI YN IN LKZJXKB B N QM[ QGKMG ZGCXN EKIK QKC YGN KIF IZMGPE OKCZ
,ZIB C YNIN I ZM GP Z GCXN EKI KE Y G NKI K BF G N QKB E QGKM B GF [ E"CB ZF C \M H"TG ,E"CB ZF
O[ B \K BE C"T 'K UE NT \GK RT\ \MS PN G\J K[C B "CJ KZF C BC GF O "CPZ F \TE K PR R"M G
I
G XZ K\ Z CM 'GM G \GXI OE G Y OF N GEZK O B [ QP YN Q R\E BF G 'G MG F RT \P F KF [ KZF Z" \
QK C C\MG B MF KG [ BN BF CE 'H RF 'KR \P E BV GDP I MGPEM \ZG XC \KRT \C O \F E Q "CP ZF
YNI P FKF ' KR\P E FI MGF GB N KB E BK EF C LN KZF , 'G MG \GZX ZB [ \KRT \N O KP [D \KR T\
. J G[ V G Y GNKI KB F LZXR BN ZI B Y G NKI G RN [K E Q GK M B NB F HC
O K\G[ G OK NM GB QKR TNE ["B ZF \ZCSM N"SE [G CNFG T" [C Q ZP G Z GJ FE F BZ R FZ GB MNG
QK NM GB B NB GP KN [K BN \GXI O E GY EZKN G NKI \F G C\ME B ZP DC Z GP BF ZG TK [ Q RKT C BN
F 'ZB C O[P G NKI \F GC \M OF G OF N EZKG QR\E E GP N\F QG [N P QR CZ G R[ \PB ,'G MG Q K\G[ G
N"KY K MF KB E G M"B G 'HR F [ "BZF \ZCSM NNF O KZP GB G OK \G [G O KNM GB ECN F NI \F CE N"S E
UB B GF E N "[VB Z GTK [M F BZ RG G EZK Q R\E UB G , TE GRM QZP \ZCS ZI B Q RKNHB E Y"FT F V
' G M G Q E G K ' Z E B P G K C (B "K FMN F) \ G K R T \ E D " V S E K P N [ G Z K C G R K B Z K M Z C E N L P S G Z G T K [ M G R K B [
BC BGF FR F ["T ZG TK [M EZK BN [ GR KK F OK P \G MZC [ NT C CZ F] C"F 'K VN G 'G MG B ZJ P \IR
. GRKRVN
QEGK 'ZE BPGKC \GKR T\E QKKDGSC KP N[ GZKC ["P LVF BGF FHE FBZ R BJFKZ O GVN O RPBF
N"B K \[ RE GF P KI X B RBE QK DC N"B FK CD N BR P 'Z YNS B[PZ C B ZJ P \IR G B\KR T\ Q KZHD
F "B N KB E O KN [F N QK MK ZX GKF KG ZG TK [M F [ T BNE 'K V O KN[F N ZG CXF G MN PK BP [ LKZ GB
GKF T" [C B"K UKT S F"TY \ ' KS C B "T E"P UEC OK P \G MZC CZF [ "P M \G [Z GN Q\G R F KF
QG [NF B KC R QMC G 'G M G G PKN [K BN \G XI OE G Y EZK N GNKI \F OB G ' GM G O KP [DF NT OK RT\P
. CIG ZCG LZ GB C
'G MG Z G TK[ LKZX \KRT \F YK SVFN K EM NG ED NNM ' GM G QZP KZ CE \RG G M[ E"YVN BR KPB N"HG
ZI B O\EK ZK \NI \F P"P O\KR T\ OGKC ZG TK [ G \GB QF N G EZK OB 'K VB [ Q N \KEI M"I BG
KB PG 'GMG GP KN[K B N 'GMG \GXI OEGY F\K F OK P[ DF \N I\F O B[ ZB KC M"IB ' GMG \GXI
,' GM G GKZ CE \NKI \ Z\GS M"B E \KRT \F O KYSG V F NI \F CE B ZP KP N GBN G NK I\F QG [N JY RE
G [ZKV G 'G MG OK P[ D O FN GEZK G ' GM G O KRT \P G KF B KF BR [K N B FE BF N" RPE O K[YP K\KB ZG
KGPGKC K PN [G ZKF P BGF Z GJ FG QZPE F KNKI E"YVNG , 'GM G ZG TK[M GEZK GR KK FE OK [ZVP F NM
BN [ O G[P GRK KF \G\[ N \G [Z Q \R B N[ F P[ O [P F ZG P OK N[FN G MN PK B P[ ' GM G QE GK 'ZE
\G\[N \G[ Z GN Q \G R F KF Z GT K[ M OKEZ GK GK F OB B F Z GT K[F GP KN [K BN B P[ G ZG TK [M G KF
BNB B GF FC GI GB N 'K R\PC Q R\E GPK N[KE FZ GP M"B ,O GK F [EY[ Z IB B [PZC GR TR[ 'KVB
NK I\F [M BP N[CE OP XT P G RE QZPG ZGJF F\TP ,["TK TG ZH Z GB O[P B " DF C M"M G \G [Z
\GXI Z IB BZ YK TBE \GXI O EG Y G NK I\FC OR PB ZG TK[M GFN \K IR ' KVB GPK N[K \GXI Z IB
ON GT NG NNF OK ZP GB G OK YS GV BNB QRK ZP B B N GP KN [K [ M" D ZP GN G M"M ZKP I FN \G[ Z B GF
. N"MT 'GMG KZKKP ZGT K[M GEZKCE
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QR KTC G\TE N K BE GE ,[ "T N "H D " FRMF O [P G N "H K RBET [ "ZFP O[ P QM BK CF [ K" M ZC C ZFN
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OF N FKFE FBZ RE GNKI\F ZPKPN LKK[ B N KMF KBE BZ GT K[ QRK TC BNE QKYKSVP F NI \FC
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QK KD GS C K "[ Z [ "P M \GK RT\ ZES N KB Y O \FE BP KB E [ KEKP F [Y] O "Y B N FH E GKZ CE \NKI \
G RTR G O KP [D F NT O KRT \P G KF Y "K TP QN K R[E Q GK ME I MG P BE Q GD M BNB ,Q "C ZY C "ZF [" PM G
O EG Y GNKI \F O B OKZ GP BF O KP [DF GNB 'KV EZK N GNKI \F O BG ZP B Y FKNTG 'G M G GEZK FP M
. N"H Q ZP \T EC E"T N Z GZ C FH GNKI \F E FR[P KBF KB Y FK NT G Z GT K[M G RK KFG 'G M G \GXI
NM G[Z KVE OKP \GM ZC C"ZF [" P Q" CZY C"Z F \ TEN \G[Y FN FBZR FKF \BH OD U BG
KM B NB ,FTKC Z ZGTK[ E T NGMB N QKYKS VP QKB[ KPR BNKP P M"BG ZGTK[M GEZK E OK[ZV PF
C" ZF B" M \B HM KE K FBX P BNG KNXB OKBXP RF S"[ F K[Z VP NM C K\ [VI OKP\C G \P BC
O[G P "C C"Z F K ZCE UG SC BCG F FH FRF ZGTK[ M KGFE Z\ GK FJGR QG[ NF[ C\ M D"N 'KSC D" FRM
. K"F TC QP YN G R G[N GFBK CR Z[ BM Z GTK[M GE ZK[C B"M QKNM GB Q KBE D "FRM C"Z FN F KN BJ K[V
\ GM ZC C "Z F WG ZK \ \PB C KM [K EK P F[ Y] O "Y B NE N "R N "HR M KP N[ GZKF P GRK \K [G Y NG
GR KB O B \GXI Z IB UBE N"SE K PN [G ZK F \RGGMC ["P C FVK FN GT GRK B QZPG ZGJF \TEC O KP
F "B N BF ZG TK [M EZ K B N[ B N O B \G\[ N \G[ Z G N Q\G R FK FG OK N[P G RKB OK N[FN F X GZ
\G\[N KB[ Z G RKB EK IK F OK N[FN O KX GZ ZG CXF O B[ H "B C C \M KZF [ B \K NE ,\G\[N NG MK
G RRK B O KN [F N Z GCXF G MNPK BP [ Q G[ NE E GT G , NG MB N \G [Z GN Q\GR FK F LKB M"B G N GMB NG
OF CE OK P[F QP GMNPK BP [ ZP BR [ BN O B ZG TK[M GEZK B N QK KET[ F H ' KVN YEGXG FG [
. F MN PF LKZX G RK BG ,B N Q MP \GI V Q KYSG V ZG TK[M JG [V F HE FMNP F BMKN
KGF \GXI Z IB E Z CS BYE K PN [G ZK F KZCE NT G [ GZKV K M F ZCEB TKCB F ZK \K \B H E GT
\GXI ZI BE QM G RK B K\TEN , ZG TK [M F GF KB \G [Z GN Q \G R FKF M"BG N"H H"BC [ "P MG \G [Z
\G[ Z F R\KR O[ GP KN [K BNE \G XI OE GY B YG E B GF \G[ ZF G O KN [F N F C GI B"M \G [Z GR KB
\GXI ZIB NB KB Y B N [ "B ZF BK CF [ H "B C"ZF ZCEG GPK N[K O KN[F NG ZKP IF N GXZ OB [
QP KS F \PK [Z P Q"M G OK N[FN OF KN T NJ GP FC GI \G XI ZI B OZ C B YG E \G XI OE GYN B NB
. N "H H" B C" ZF KZ CE N [" BZFC Z[ B
\G[ ZF E H "B \RG GMC O "C C"ZF KZCEM O KI MGP F "T Y\ 'KS UGS K "C C"ZF KZCE K M \PB QF
'G MG ZG CX C GZ O B NCB 'G MG ZG CXF C GZ OB H"B O[C B " DFC C G\MG C\M[ \GXI ZIB N K GF
'G MG QE GK 'ZE K GP GK C O\F Q RKS ZDE \GKRT \E D "VS K PN [G ZK C T P[P Q MG N GMBN KB [Z EK IK F Q KB
KP N[ GZKF KZCEP TKK\SR E K ZF ,M"T OKN[F N ZGCXF GMNPK BP [ 'GMG B[PZC B ZJP \IR
ZIB UB \G[Z K GFE N"SE FBZ RG B[PZC FGFE BXGK [ZGVP KPN [GZKCG H"B C"ZF KZCEN
OG [P F KF B N \G [Z Q \R B NE K BP E N"SE K "CZF \RG GMC IMGP K PN [G ZK F KZCEP P"P ,\GXI
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[ "P M B NG KB [Z EK IK F QK B[ ZP GN KP N[ GZ KF P F KB Z B KCFE BG F F HN G N "H H" BF [" PM NG MBN
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0
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BY ZG FJ F G RI N[ C ZXYF GZ VSC Q ZP OD G ,C"[ T 'G M G OK N[FN OK XG Z ZG CX C GZ O B[ GP KN [K
OB G GP KN[K B N \GXI O EGY GRT RG ZCE O G[ NT Q KRT \P[ Z GCX NCB J "S Y\ 'K SC KR\G YKS V
BF E N"S E FZ 'BC O [P , ["T ' GM G GP XT [KZ VF N KB [Z EKIK F QK B O KN [F N OK XG Z ZG CX G I" \
\GXI OE GY B YG E G RK KF OR GXZC KG N \G I" \G Z GCX CG Z GXZ[ M [K ZVFN KB [Z EKI KF QKB E
OEKC \G [ ZF Q KB K BEGE FN B RKP B B RP \GXI ZIB N CB 'GMG EKI KF Q KB G ZK PI FN O KB [ZE
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OEGY Q ZP ["P N TE \GXI O EGYN GR KKF ZGCXF G I "\F EK N Q\KR F \G[ ZF E H"B C"ZF \RG GMC
OK N[FN GXZ ZGCX CG Z O B F"FE N"XG BGF C\M B"KS F"TY\ 'KS C G\[KG GNMB K B NB \GXI
H"B C"ZF \TEC \GJK [VC ZP GN P "C C"Z FN N "RP F VK B \B H K B ,JG [V F HG 'G M G N NF G ZP BK
. 'HR F K "CZF KZCEP 'HR M QCGPF LVF QM KPN[GZKFG
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BN \GXI ZIB NE \GJK [VC N"S E B \NKP BF IMP 'H RF KPN [G ZKF NT G [G ZK VC T[ GF K FE[
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B N[ F XG Z F KF G \GXI O EGYM KGFG F[ GEYC OGKF CG Z ZCT B N KZ F[ \GXI OEGY KGF F NKNC
HB E H"B C"ZF C\M F HC O KN[FN Z GCXF GMNP K BP [ LK ZGB ZP BY F HN G \G \[N G OK N[FN
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KZCE \GXI OEGYN KBYE K"C QZP N N"S \GJK[VC O NG TN E B I KR K MF C KM N"HR F K "CZF KZCEP
B N F "VBG \GXI O EG YM K GF E K PN [G ZK FP FK BZ BK CP H"TG NG MB N K B[ Z EKI KF QK BG H"B C "ZF
KB [Z EKI KF QK BG OK N[FN Z GCXF G MNPK BP NK E ZG TK [M EZK ZCM[ UB NG MB N \G [Z GN Q \R
F BZ BN [ P"C C"ZF N FP K\F QP G ,H"B C"Z FG KP N[ GZKF 'K VN K "CZF \RG GMC IZ M GP FH , 'GM G
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FB ZR G G EZK QR\E S " [F Y GEYE QN ZB [RE \B HC LB ,ZG TK [M EZ K[ M B MF K ZK KP E N"HR F Q"CZY
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1
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OFN [ K[ ZPB BNG QM ZGX NM O FN EZK BN 'KV B C \M [" BZF KZC EN QNFN G OTVF FHN KG FE
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\R G GME FP ZPB Y KM FN ,GKNT OKYN GIM OKB ZRF O KZCE P BX GKMG B\ KNG N"NG F B NB \ PB QKE
QMZ GXNE OKP[ D EGT Q KMKZX OKPK ZI B QKKE T[ N"Z OTVF F HC 'KV BNG QM ZGX N M [" PC [" BZF
OTV F FHC LZG X OF N [KE 'KV B N LM NG QM ZGX KEM KTC QK KETG \ GZKV F[T\ WZ BFG O KTZHF BGF
EG T Z GHIK BN [ OKPIZ L KZX O\ F GPME ["BZ FN N"SE GYGN KIC GRKK F \YGN IPF ZY KTG ,N"[ PM
OKP K E GTG QMZ GX OFN E ZK BN KZFE \ ZIB OTV EGT GMZ JXK BN[ O KPIZ L KZX Q'F \ZI B OTV
QRK[K KI BN M" IBN OG [P FZX OFN QKB OGKFM G OR GX Z F[TR GK [MT[ QG KM[ N" X FPG GN GMZ JXK
Z G H I \ [ Q R K [ K K I B N B X G K M G B V Z \ R E Q G K M E \ G Z X Z B [ C U B Z P G N L K K [ F H G 'G M G O K I J G C G
\Z PB KB E \ GZX ZB[C UB LKK[ FHG ["PC BY KKE F HG ,Z GHI\ BN[ LZC \K O [FC OKIJG C[
KMG \ GZX ZB[C U B L KK[ FHE B[G EKI KBP QKYS GV ZGTK[M B N[ 'K VBE N"S G QK EC YNG I BG FE
BN[ ZGTK[ M GEZ K BN[ OK P[DE B\NKP KBF KB B VKET K EKEN Z KTXF KRB G ,FHC [KIM P E"C BZF
ZGH I\[ QRK[K KIE BNB BV Z\R V"M T O \F KZFE BV Z\R G FN GIE BKF FP Z\GK OK IJGC [ Z PGN
LKK [ BN M "BG ZG TK[M EZK BN [ H"M F\NI PP FB VZ\R B N WZB F BMF OZC , E"C BZF [" PM
. G"X K OKE ZVSF GYSV BNG F[TP F[TR Q MG ,\ GZX ZB[C KPR L KK[ F HG [" PC G R G[N
N"H E"CB ZF Y GNKI V"MTE G"XK B "P CZF 'KVN M"BE K [G YF QP B GF JT PF KM \PB Q FG
KCD QM BN OGKF ZGHI \ BP [ EPGT BYVSC QEK TG QEKT NMC F NGI KCD KZF[ EPGT GPGYPC
QK RTC YK PTR [M OZC ,B VZ \R G FN GI GPM BN Z TX K NC I GK ZC O F OGK 'P ET V"MTE O KP [D
OK P[ DF G NB E OG [P ZTXF NI OG KF PG V"MT LK ZX [ Q PH F K\BE EKCT K ZF [ YG NK I QKB E FB ZR
ZG CTK G "I OB G O KI PX \G NT FN B \NKP E B PT J B "M O\EKZK \T [C UG DF OK RFP OR KB GBC[
G RFB B NG K\B BN GN BM F [T [ F P NM OK P[ DF B GCK B NG LZG XF KP K GB GCKG OK PK FP M
KGF K \B E EKCT QP HF [ NM G GKF B NM GK F TXPB CE IGKZF F HG B KN \ FH C F HE NNM OF K[ TP
NMGB B N K M YGEG \G ZI BC OK KG N\ OK P[ DF GNBG F\TP BGF YVSF FH E F \T BGF G NB M
D"F RM CZF OKYSGVF QP EI OKZ[ FGZVI Z BC F GR BXP BRE KBFM BPGKN G ,QG [N LK ZBFN
QMZG X NM ' KVC YI ER G G "XK B"P CZF KZCEM ["B ZF KZCEC F[KZV EK CT N"D 'K S I " GB 'G [\C
QKB CG [ 'KV E"CB ZF KZ CEC[ YNIN GR KXP FP GR IR G ["B ZF K ZCEN E"CB ZF KZCEP KG RK[C
. N"YG QM C\M B N GKZCEC BGFG OT VF F HC LZ GX O FN
G EZ K[ F PC ZG TK [M F KF OB UB Y GS VN OK HRM[BF Z"GI ' TP G [T F VK BN K PXTN KRB [M G
\GK RT\F NMC B KF B \YKS V B \NKP GBN GPK N[K BN \GXI O EG Y QZP YS V[ UB \G XI O EG Y
KZCEP K ZF E [ OGK] E G TCP QK YK SVP[ \K RT \C QM BN F NK NC QK\G [G QKNMGB [ BY G E B NB
\GXI O E GY GEZK 'KVB M"B F [G EYC OGKF C GZ ZCTE J"FE K"CZF KZCEC B C GF KP N[ GZKF
T[ G FK FE [ CZF KZ CEP Q"MG ,F [G EYC GC GZ ZCT FN CY QP HP CG [I G NKH FK F[ F [TP M
KGFE F NK NF \NKI \C K GF E GB N KB OGK E G TCP N [ \K RT\CE N"S E FB ZR E C" [T NK TN BC GPF
. ["T \G\[ N B RP 'Z SRM R F KF B N \GXI OEGYM
2
CK
L Z E Q K B E O G [P J " F O K N [ K B N \ G X I O E G Y ' K V E (: FM) \ K R T \ E Q K K D G S C K " [ Z K Z C E P O R P B
BN [ QGKM GK NT \K RT\F NI LNKB G \G XI PE OK N[P \G XI ZI B NE J"FG FE G TS TG CYNG NG MBN
QK YS GV[ \K RT\ FK F O B K EK P B NG QN B YVR B N K "[ Z O TJ KVN K ZF , M"T F E GTS \T[C ETS
QG KME B MK B BF KP B YK VS K"[ Z \TE N OD F "K VB G ,Q RK TC B YG E O GKF \G XI C G BN G B OG K E GTCP
K"[Z \TEN OD YV\SFN [K FHC O D M"BG F T[ F \GBP \KR T\F NI FN KN C NGMB N OMZE[
GKZCE GB KCF [ "BZF G U"KZFG KP N[ GZKF KZCE BK CF K"CC Q ZP ZCMG KP N[ G ZKF 'K VN JZVC G
. F [G EYC O GKF C GZ ZCT O TJ P GRK KF E B \MNF GFK K\GG M
Z[VBG F"S Y\ 'K S B " DP CZF QKK X QMG ' GMG ZYKT FH [ H "J CZF G B "DP CZ F GC\M K PR QMG)
. (N "Y G OG K E G TCP O KYSG V[ \KRT \C K T\[P NMFG 'G 'K S I "S Y \ B GF E
C"T H"MZ UE G "Y 'KS C CN KZYI C"Z F ["P NT ' HRF K "[ Z KZCEP KN F [Y GF QKI ZB CDBG
K" [ Z ["PP F KB Z BK CF N N" R FK FG C\M 'GMG \GR T\FN ZERE N"YE K BP C Z GYIN [KE [ "P C
K" [ZV G GP KN[K BN F PI F WR F O E GY 'G M G GEZK G QKR T\P GK F G RK R[ [ FP KCD F"M UE \K RT\C
NI KB EG BF E F [Y ZCEF G , M"T \GXI O EG Y O KP [D K\IR K M \KR T\ GF KKN T NI BN K\MB E
ECT KE CE N"SE N "R F KF M"T KM ,'G MG LN GF G NMG B B \K KZC LF C K R\EM ZI [F \G NTP \K RT\F
K" [ZVP LB 'GM G N KI \F [ O FN ZMK RG ' GM G K"CC K\KB Z[ \P B QF G ,O G K CK [I B N ECT KECE 'GM G
FR TK FP G \T ENE F[Y E"TN G , M"T FP IF W RFP B "M \KR T\ \NI \F CK[I B NE [ "P E FB ZR
ETE ZPG N E"S KMG GFKK NT \K RT\F N I LNKB G \GXI PE C\ME \GXI OEGYE K" [Z Q G[ N F HN
ZMKR E B KF CFG CB K" ZF GP CZF \RGG MM KB EG BN B B GF K MF GB N KB EG BF O G K CK [I BN \GXI
OF N Z MK R \G XI C ETS B N[ Q GKM ZI B E"PNE \GXI KCD KP R KGF FH G \KRT \F N KI \F [ O FN
ZPGB F HG ZMKR F PI F W RF CE N"S FHE K DKNV F HCE BNB F PI F W RF KCD KP R F HG \K RT\F
. N"YG \GXIC
BYGE KBYE FBZ R BCZEB B \NKP BP \S B "M BYGNKI KBF C \M B N T" G[C QZPE UBG
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OR KB [ K VN ' G MG F NK NC OK P[ D O FN G EZ K O B[ ZP GN KR B C G ZY (CRY 'KS B"I) B" C [Z F \ ZC S
CZTC GF GNCY[ V"TB G NCCC[ \K RT\F ZYK T F H[ ZI[F E GP TP BN B \GRT \F N Q KNK I\P
F NI \F GH Q KB F"KVB 'G MG ZP GB CG \MF [ KR VP OB G F NI \F GH Q KB 'GM G O KP [D OF N G EZKG
F BZ RG ,M"T [P P GN KI \F [C B NB GZ PB B N B NB 'G MG O KP GK GB O GK GF GNCY ' KVB M"B [
B NG B Y GE ZI [F \G NT P NMC \K RT \ O FN [K[ N" G IC GF [T P FK F F HE B"C[ ZF KZCEP
G\T EC Q \R G NCYE UBE C \MG ZI[F EGPT P BNB \G RT\FN Q KN KI \P Q KBE C \M KZF[ K"TCP
'G MG O EG Y OK PK KR [ F HP G NCYK O B K MF E ZP BY H "T G N GP \BP 'K SVFG C \M B NG \GR T\FN
,NNF QK ZP GB OGK E G TCPE \K RT \C BGF OB [ G NNP Z GZC Q VGB C [PP FNI\F QRK TCE O G[P
ZB [C E"F G NNF G ZP BK BN F NK NC GR TR O BE O\S C \M G J JZ [ GPXTC FH QKEC Q ZP N KH I Y GV G
BNB OGK E GT CP OR KB E F GF C G RK KF \G XI O EG YE B RKR TC Y"FG LM NM K GXP KGFE KRVP \GKR T\
OK ZP GB QKB \K RT\F NKN C OK P[ D GE ZK OB LM NF N "H G [G C NF C \ME UB G ,B YG E \ GT [ C "K
B NG \KR T\F ZT X NKI\P H B[ ZI [F E GP TP BNB NK I\P \KRT \F ZYKT Q KB [ NG EDF NNF
YKS VF E Z [VBG FN KNC NMGB G RKB E UB G RK KF E F BZ RG , 'G MG NG MB N LZE QKB F"BN CE F NKNC
I"S Y\ BN B G RKB G G "S I"PY \ ' KS N"T B" DF C Q KKX KZ F[ FK BZ O[P BCZ EB E B \K N K"TCP
3
DK
N" GIN KB YE KZ F ' GMG K"TCP YKS VF N ' GMG NCCC Z GCX \KR T\ QK ZH GD QK BE BR KE LF G RKK FG G"S
NG MBN Z \GP H BE K"TCP G RKB [ \KR T\E B RKE KB F KP R G RKK FG D"SY \ ' KSN QK KX Q MG K"TCP G RKB E
[ "P O G[PG B "S C"SY \ 'K SC [ "P O DG B "C[ ZF ' G[ \ QK KX F HN G ZI [F E GP T FN TK[ ET
ZT X NK I\P HB [ C \M G [ GCNF [ DZ R F HN CZT CP \K RT\F NK I\PE Q"ZF \TE C"S Y \ 'KS C
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7
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WCT K \N KB [F ["PM FNJK N CKKI ) B XG KG F NJ G R O" GMTN FZ MG [[ KP O "G MTP \KCF Z M[ [M G
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B P[ FN JKN ZG SB HB C[ G K QK BP FP P[ ZB [\ ZEF BX GK [M G N BZ [K N[ \K CF OB . B
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FC ZG E K[ N BZ [K \K CC BY GEE O NG TN OEB F C S RMK BN BP [) FNJKN Z\GP GB (F GNNI KG
. (ZG SB N BZ [K
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KZM G[ G N BZ [K K ZM G[ QK XV GY \KCF NT FB G Z[ Q GD M NNM FZKM [K OB M" D Y V GS P KB . D
. NN M Z GM[ N F XG Z G RK B[ ZP GB C"F TCFG O" G MT
NB Z[K FC ZG EK O B 'K VB B XK [M FRNJK [ F \T KCY F[ TP N OE GY FR \GF[ K BR \ KR FP K P . E
QK RTN QM G B"V 'KS X"X \"G [C [ "P QK KTK G ' D ' C UKT S C"P ' KS I"BC ZB GCP [ F PN KP E KP
. NJC GB R\G F ZG \C [ "PT FR\P M F GF E E"B , K\M GE FP MCG D" R ' Y ' KS I"BC R"MF C
\"KFTC Q\G RG B [ GRM \XY KYNI F RTBG
KCD B R[ KB P G [YF B "YE UGS O [ 'SG \F F RFG F"YE B TK XP E B ZP DP FH QKE Z GYP F RF
,Z GS B \KCC GZ GEK[ Q \GB YKHP G NB M F NJ GR[M F HGH P KCD GXZK \G EDCN EDCP QK ZK \P E \KXKX
QK B F H \K CC FRK M[ \[ GEY B NK KI E QGKM FH GHP KCDE B "CJ KZF O[C O [ R"ZC BGF 'CF WG ZK\
KC D Z GS BE BF E ' GM ZP B CZ F "E B"T C"ME \C [ 'S G\C BG F 'D F W GZK\ ,O [P FYNG SN GN
'S G\F \RGGM M"D F "M[ FB ZR G ,["T ZIB \KCC FIKR FN G \T EC FKF B N OB K ZKKP BP[ FHGHP
FC UJ T\FN WVI BGF [ F \GB C Q\K[ C GJ ["P C 'GM Z PB CZ F"E UGS C"T B "P \GIRP C
TCY KBE B IC [P BI B CZ O [C FH GH P \GMNF C K"YG PR F B KCF QM G ,N"Y G [ "T FHG HP N E" NG
,T "XC O KKS [ B NB EDCN EDCP Q KZK\P \KXKX KCD QR KZPB EM F NJ KN Z \GP ZIB \KCC Z\NBN
QK B[M YIEF \T[C LPS [ K"ZC \CG[ \ H "YS B "XZ 'K S E"ZGKC FCG[ \ K I\VF BK CF ZCMG
J"YSC [" \VF B KCP[ FP F RF G ,[ "T [ B IC [P BI B CZB] O"BZB G \K CN \Z IB F HG HP GN
QK KT KG FH C YVYVN [K ,FGHCK BP [ CGKI E"T B GF B XGKG F NJ GR O "G MT CE W"CT K \NK B[F O[C
3
DM
B XGKG FNJG R QG [ NF QM G 'G M FVZG \F O GYPC QI KR P B NB EK C Q ECB N Z \GP K MG B"T G "JY \C[
UE O[ P"CC Q"ZF K ZCEP KP R IM GP Q MG ZP KP N FK N KT CK P FR NJ K M"NB E C GK I B N Z\KF FZ GP
G ZKM[FN O" G MT NK DZ [ \K CC ' KVB BNB FMZX R B N NJ GR O "G MT CG C \M[ C"T E"MY
CKKI E BC G J Q RKT P[BG O "G MTN GZKM [P [M B YG E BP [ K" [F [ "P N B\KB KB G OK NB Z[KN
FZKM [P[ M KZ KK PG FNJK N CK KI E B XG KG FNJG R BNB Q "ZM [ ZVP BN K" [F E ZPG N Q KBG ,F NJ KN
B XG KG F NJ GR OK NB Z[KN F ZK M[FN O "G MT NKD Z[ M UB E Q" ZF E QK E K" [F N FK NR P M"BE O " GMTN
NB Z[KN O "G MTF GZKM [K K BE G[ M 'KVB Q" ZEB UKSG P[ B NB E GT B NG , CG KI N F K\YKVB BF
Q" NP Y KB P F" NB E QZ PB EM K BE G BNB , GN Q KRP G K" [F P J "YS O [ \"VF B KCF[ G PM Z IB
. KR VN K" [F Q KBG Q "Z F \JK [ ED GRG KZ \ KCE BCKNB B ZJ [ F MKH F ZG BMN G , Q" ZF ["PM G
NJ GR O "G MT CG Q "Z FN FK N F[ YE W"CTK \NK B[F \J K[ N Q "ZF KZCE Z GB KCC ZP GN Z[VBG
EKC QECB P M O "G MT G C GS RMK K BE G O B FZ GB MN E ,K" [F [ "P M FNJK N CKK IE F KN KT CK P F RNJK
B P[ BYK VS PG NBZ [KN Z GM[ N O "GMT NKD Z[ \KCC 'KVB BNB R"N Q"Z F WZK\ H "T G ,KP E
. QCFG \G[ Z B NB C GK I Q KB G F VZ G\F OG YP C QI KRP P V"MT TZ D B N O "G MTN F\T F RZ KM [K
NME C[ GK QK BP OP [ \KCF ZB[ R[ M M"B K" [F N UB FNJKN CG KI QK B YVS CE G RKMH V"MT
ZGSK B QK BG Z EF \C GI FH GH PE Q BM LKK [ BN B" CJ KZF OT J OD G QK KT PF N GF KKR \K N KP TJ K RF
EDCN EDCP QKZK\P QKB ZPBE CZN KZ FG ,NNM FHGHPC CKKI QKB ZE QKB[M NCB ZE [K[M B NB
\GI RP C 'P DF F[ YF[ M F "VB G O [ \GI RP CG \C[ C ' SG \F ["P M F HG HP C Q IM [B EM O TJ FG
FKGBZ QKBE F NC\RE K" [ZVG KBNC KBE BP NE WZK \G EDCN EDCP QKZK\P FR KP \TP [ O [
T"ME B CKNB F HGHPC O D M"B CZN EDCN EDCP QK ZK \P FI E RG FB ZR[ME K ZF Z PB Y \KXKXN
OD FZ GB MN M"B ,[ "P MG F NJ KN Q KB C GKI O D V"MT N CB FNJK N ZGSK B QKB E K BE G M"T ,Q CFG
CKKI \K B N[ B YK VS KR FP E Q RK HI BF E F NJ KN Z \G P O " GMT G B NB Z[K F ZM [K OB YVG SP C
. F NJKN ZGSKB QKBE BYKVS KR FPE F"F K "[F \JK[N F NJKN
OK EK SI ZVSC B \KB E GN FP GEPM [ [ "K E 'K S P" IC L" [F [" PV N EEX N [ K FZ GB MN GF KP
I"S FP B KCF FP N FP \ KR B \P BC G ,\KCFP B X GK [M F HGHP F NGJK O B 'GM G "I FRMS [K[
B\RMS N B ZGSK B \KP EP BY KP J"E QKN GI QK KT KG 'GM EIB C F [T PG O[ P"CC Q M ZBG CP B NF
F "MG ,["T K B ZGSKBP B \R MS B ZKPI P"[ OK ZGSB OKNG DP OKP GNB G ET BK DGSF ["T
QB M [KE ZI B \KCC F IK RFN G\TE[C V"MT OR PB ,'F UK TS H "J Y ' KS E"ZGKC B "P Z \GF DF C
NB Z[KN N "\B G ,O "G MT N GB NBZ [K L Z GM [K K B YVS S"S Z KV [ KG FG O "B ZM BP [ YVS E GT
UKETG FR MS G C [K [ Z CEC 'K VB K RFP E JG [ V S"SG ,NNM Z GS KB QK BE B IC [P B IB ' ZC BP [
'K SC [ " \VF B KCF[ GPM FR MS C UB KR FP E (Q KNJC\P QK B[ O KZCEC UB K RFP S"SE) O K[[P
. O KYS GVF O [C D "YS H "J Y
NCB ,ZIB \K CC F IK RF N G \T E[M Z\GP KB E G NNM F RZK M[K OB M" D YV \S RE B KTCKP B NG
BN B P[ ,S "S BMKB F "B NCE O DF ,ZK\FN KCN KRB NP BN ZI B \K CC FI KR FN G\TE QK B[M
F \B LKZX F NI \P E LVF \P F HC QRK TC B NG , O" GMTN B P[ FZKM [K [ N" \B G ,NNM FZ KM [K
KR [F YVS F QM G , G"JYS K"Y 'K S E" ZG KC L" [F [ "P M NN M F ZKM [K OB Q G[BZF YVSC QGEN
G NJ KN G ZK \P 'BF YVSG ,K"B[F \GJ K[ N F NJ KN G CK KI N BC 'CFE , QG [B ZE B UKS GP ZKV [
,[ "T K C "K B "K YS O[ L "[ F [ "P M \CG ZT \F TE GR [ ZI B S" S E ZP GN M" B LKK[ BN G N" [P M
4
EM
BN O B 'I UK TS K "Y 'K SC E"Z GK C B"PZN KRF P BNE ,P "NK[EC S "S F H QKR TN KZ YK P KN GB P"P
KF RG ,O "B ZN P "N [K FH G ,J "M 'K S E"Z GK I FE GFK \IR P \"G [C QK KTK G [ "T K NG ED LZ GXN
B K[G YBG ZI B \K CN F\GB LKZ JXKB BN B R"[ RG G ZP BR BN ["T O KYNGSP N "RF O KP TJF E
\KCN X"B[M N CB , QK KTP FN ZB GCPM O F N LK ZX[M G RK KF G EDCN EDCP Q KZ K\PE \K XK XP [ "P E
EDCC FZ [G YN P "T B N[ EDCN EDCP QK ZK \P Q KB \KXKXC ODE KG RK[ K RFN NNM LKZ X BN Z IB
. [ "P MG Z\GP F ZGBMN ZI B \KCC FI KRF N G \TE[M NCB O[ H"M ZB GCPM Z IB
FYH IF QK ED RP \GYKVS FG N BZ [K F C ZG EK [G F HG HP C GK IC \KCF YHI\R ZCME QG KM ZPG N QK BG
J"M I"M H "M Y"S O[ L" [T FYHI OG YPC KRF P S "S KB B\G GCZE B\DG NVC FZ GB MN M"B
'K VB E O"BZ M B P[ N BZ [K N N " \B G NB Z[KN G B O" GMTN F ZM [K K B YVSC M"BG O [ D"PZVC G
Y"S O [ D"PZ VF [ "P M FY HI F QKZ \GS \GYKVSF K R[[M G RKK F I"YP C S"S KRF P E OKZC GS FN
,S "S F GF B N K BE G FYHI F Z\ GS G RKB 'CF YVSF E BMF M" B ,D "K 'KS K "R P \" G[ CG [ "T I" M
OK ZC GS F N S "S KGFG FYHI F \B Q KZ \GS \G YK VS F 'CE NN M F ZK M[K O B M"D YVS C ' KVB B NB
C"NYS O[ L"[F \GJK [N BNB P "N R"F M"B K RFP B NE OK ZCGSF N NCB ,I "YPC K RFPE
B P[ YVS F UG ZK XC \GYKVS 'D [K B MF G ,K RFP \GYKVS [N [C I "YP C P" NE E"P 'K VB E
NCB (Q CF G C GZF \B QK EDRP \GYKVS [N [F N M[M B YG E BP NEE T"X \BH OD UBG ) O"BZM
Z\K F QK B FH C OD M"B O[ D"PZ VT F YHI O GYPC KRF P B N \GYKVS 'D UBE ON GM O KYSGVFN
. F ZGBMN
NK C[ CE B\ G GCZE B \DG NVE S"SN BKP E V "MTG N NM FYHI F H QK BE P "YN B ZYKTP ON GB
. Q CF G F KEKE Q GEKRP E"R UK ET G D "P ZVF O[ ["PM Q KEF F R\[K BN F YH IF
\TEK ZCM G BC GZ O TJP S "S E OK YS GVC ZB GCPF B "\ 'K S ' G[ \C B "C[ZF \J K[ N N"BG
T" [C QG [NF B\KB EM BP K\ K B IR K\F M"B C GZF ZI B QGPP C GMNF BNE NB GP [M N"KKYE
O N[KG KR \ B R\ C"T N "Y Q KNG I QK KT) B RKEP TP [P G GN O N[ N LKZXE ' C UK TS B"XZ ' KS E"Z GK
GN QK B NCB F NJ KN Z GS BE OK PMI GC GT DR Z GS KB O G[P YZ M"B G (\G EK SI \EP \ZP B \BG
O B GN ON [N CGJE IG RP Z"Z F O [C O[ K"CF YK \T F[ GP M B PK\ KB NCB ZKV[ H"KT YH KF
UB FB ZR E B "H , QCFG S" S K RFP BN G QG PP C [ ZCE K GF M" B X "B BR KEP NCB G K\ GT P N T EK VYF
OK ET C BN [ T CG \F S V\ KB M" B ON [K OK P[ KEK \BXN V"MT NCB GN ON [N CG J E B SZKDFN
BCC BNB \GMH G N Q KB E B MKFE F "T 'KS P"IC L"[F C\M B N M"T E , FS KV\ K RF PE FB ZR
'K SCG [ "CKZFP G "M Y"S O[ ZB GCPM F KRK P Q RKYVP O KE TC TCG\ SV\ OB OK P[ KEK \BXN
NN MP FHC BXK BN G BMF F "F M"B KR FP K ZC QTGJG SV\ KB OKETC BN [ NCB ,C"K Y"S G "T
. QCFG Z GS KB
IG RP Z"ZF N[ BSZ KDF ZYKT KVN UBE G RIMGF[ FP KVN F ZGBMN KB R\ K RFP OB QK RT NG
Y ZG FS KV \ KRF P V " MT E Q GP PC [ ZCE H "K T K GF BN [ "K XN BNB B RK EP GN O N[ N CKK I G RKB E
ZCI PF \GJ K[ N B NB ZIB \K CC F IK RF N G \TE QK B[M Z\KF QK B M"B G C GT DR ZGSK B O G[P
[ "P T FR\P KGFG B \KKZ GB E QK TM K GF Q RCZE Q GYK\E O[ B "P ZN NCB K "T S I"N 'KS T "B C
,K BR \ K RF PE V"MT FZ GB MN F N X"B [ O DF ZI B \K CC FI KR FN G\TE[M NCB ,C"R \G FZ G\C
BN E O KYSG VF \T ZMF E DR Z "P DF \T E BK CF [ B "P ZB FP \ B ZY D "K YS O[ [" CF BF E BEI
YNS N Q KB E B "CJ KZF W GZK\ BK TCKP BN ,GFK KR \K N Q ZP BE KP TJ KR F N ME E GT G , ["T F K\GG M
5
FM
B ZYKTP KR\B K B NCB N"HG C\M[ O[ X"XE [PP G RK KF G FR \F [ M LKK[ BN E O [P FRK M[F
FK RP HB E O G[P B NB GR KB FKEK E B ZGSK B ZYK T KZFE BGF ZC \S PE BP TJ G K RF P KB R\E K BE G
'G M F PT F ZC G[ G F RP HFM FGFG FK EK E FR PH FN F NJ C K ZF ' GM F R\P B GF O B G 'G M F[ G EY U G DN
OK RV [EIF ZM G[FG ,BZYKTP FK \K NM K GF FR \GFE QGKM Q \GB YKH PE 'SG \F GXZK \ Q MG ,[ "T
LKZX [ C 'S G\F G EG P F H WG ZK \N OD K BE GE EG TG FHG HP \G [T N [ EI F ZM G [F NTG , BC \G [EI
,ZBG CPM QK PE G Y GK KIG T "B YKH K FN JK BN O B BF G \GB YK HK [ OT J F H FP E ZI B \K CN F \GB
KB EM F R\GF E BMKF M"B ,YIEF \T[C ZK \F [ N KT N K \B CF [ K"ZCF \ZCS GF HE Z[VBG
'K VB ZIB \K CC F IK RF N G\TE[M YI EF \T [C B N[ ' KVB GK NT L GP SN B I C[P BI B CZF
WZB C Z[B O KN GEDF K RVN T KXB KET F [ TPN B N NCB ,FMNFN E" RT VN RM Y"GEG F N X"B[C
. FPF
BN G N" RF \GI MGF Z B[ PG S "S O TJP B CN K\MZX GF [ ET KN XB ZGP I Q KRT CE F PE TE G
ZB GCP G N" [P M FR MS G C [K E OG [P BG F ,QR CZ E YVS F GF G QRCZE B\NP ZYK TE O G[P K\Z\F
FB ZR K \C\M[ O KVKRS L RF C NCB K\BCF [ QKN GI C B\K BEM BN GYN GYKVS QR KZP B BN F RMSCE
. T "X G N" RF KV RB LRF C ZK \F N F ZGBMN
$ $ $
6
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N"XH NY RZV SIR V KC Z D "FZF
\N [N[ GKC BN F"[\ G NSM [EG IN 'GC O KN[ GZKC ENGR N"X H NY RZV SI RV 'Z EKS IF QGBD F
KPK C . CNS ZC KEKS I KCG[ IP G ,DZGC [TZ V \CK[ KC IKD [P N "XH NK [TF T [GF K KCZ I" FDF QK SIGK F
KZG PN GN GKF GH FRGM [C GZZ GD\F [ ZGE F KNGE D . 'ESI KZT[ ' \RGM [C GKZ GF OT ZZ GD\F G\GEN K
GP T Q\GRG B [GR FKF [ N" XH LBC ZTKGB H"[Z DF GZ[ C ZB[ OT \E IGKP F CZKY N FMH UB G ,LZE F
. FMNF KR KRTC \GC Z
FM H EGT . ZKP \ CK[ KC GEG PKN T CY O FKZI BN , 'OKKI WT' \ CK[ KC GEG PN\ FRY GK ZGTR \ GR[ C
ET B KNVF [ N" XH NYRK V FEGF K ZHTKN B KCZ NG EDF QGB DF FC K[KF [ BZ KE K N T FCK[ KN NC Y\F N
OKR GBDF N[ ONKX C UVG\S F O [ . QK YKHR O K[R KZES C O KCIZ R OKY NIC \GDK NVP F GK\ GTKE K \B EGBP
NC KYG T P[[ FP GRG[N NT OKZG D[ GK F EKP\ . N "XH W KCGXZV R"ZDF G N"X H WKC NBGP [ I"ZD F
. FZ G\F KRPM P NM C WKC NBG P[ I "ZD F N[ FN GEDF G\GB KYC \B B KNVP FKF JZV C ,O KNGE DF GK\ GCZP
N" XH NKP Y OKKI KCZ QGB DF OT B\GGX C GEGP KN TC YG ,ZKP \CK[ KC GKE GPKN \ B LK[ PF GK BG[K R ZIB N
. FZ GCIC [ \GKZB F ZB[ OT G
ET G O GKF \ GT[ NM C ,F PGXT F TKDK LG\P QGK TF YPGTC FZG\F NPTN [KEYF GK\GR[ N M \ B
\RK ICC , GKNT Z HIG GC Y ST BN [ FZ G\C T GXYP G FRKV IKRF B N[ E T ,FN KNF N[ \GRJ YF \ GT[ F
\GY IZ\ FG \G [KZV C ,FHF ONGT F KDGRT \ NM \ B GGKD ZI B IKR HF[M . 'ODP D\ NB O EB L NB[ K OB[ '
GNG M NM [M ,ZCE O[N F\KF GC F ZTC [ O KP[ F \ BZK . FZG \F \D[ F \B TG RPN KEMC GC [K[ FP NMP
\G GXP OGKY \T C F PGXT FI P[ IP [ FKF \BH OT EI K . '\K GKR VNP BZG PG EIV N[ \I B F CKJI
\GB CF \GGX PC JZVC ,\GP N[C FG XP O KKYP FKF [ \T F PGXT F G\ IP[ \B BJ CN Q \KR B N . \"K[ F
QVG BC GK\G EKP \B L MKH \GE PF \E GCTC O D . OKRKP F \T CZBG F MGS \GX PG FX P \NKM BM ,QP HN QPHP
,GRG Y KRVN G [VR \ KXP\ \B LV [ FC FNKV \F \E GCTC OD EIKK\R GKZ CB I "PZ N MC EKS IM . B KNVP
. \" K[F C \ GYCE N[ \ IB FCKJ I FKF GC [E GY \ C[ OGK C E IGKP C
Y" M K"T OKRKKG XP O KMZC BN 'Q RIGK GR CZE B RVN GB \K C' CG[ IF NNGM F OY GF \T ,J" N[\ \R[ C
OKR GBDF B" JIN CK N[ OE KXN NNGM F \G [BZ NGT \B GPXT NT NCY N [Y C\F ,B" JKN [ Z" GPE B QZP
,G\ ZKJV ET HB KR KPG ,B"J KN[ KY SCGZ JPK 'HE YIX K KC ZG B"J KN[ [J KGE QFM F NBGP [ LGZC KC Z
\GZ [T GC EKPT FN FMH Z[B M . FBZG FG F ZG\ FH OGYP C W KCZF ,O KR[ [[ G OK[ GN[ P F NTP N L [P C
ZKE IF . GR\ NKF Y \B OKZ BVP F ,FZG\ K XKCZ PG ,QKEP N T KC[G K ,F ZG\ KN GED ,OKE KPN \ N [ \GC Z
FKF E KP\ Z[ BM ,\G FGCD \G [KZE O PXT P [GZE N O\GB O PGZG ,\ GEIG KP \GNE D \ GVKB [ OKEK PN\ C
. TG XYP OG[ ZK SIF N B NC F ZG\ F \G TGXY P N MC ON\ [FN BKF NN GMF N[ G\Z JP KM G RG[N NT ZGD[
. T" [GJ Q FG 'PD F \GKDG S QF ,JV [P Q[G IG ZHT F QC B KYNI N[ OC GZ \B N NGMC G EPN O KR[F L [P C
,QKN GI BZ PD GE PN F VGY\ L[P NG ,E" GK YN I KRKKRT \B O D G\[ KZE KV N EGP NN GNI F QP H ZIB N
. \ GCGZ T\G CNI C Z[C G F JKI[ \ GMNF G
-
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KPK C ,OKC GJ OK PKG \G \C[ KCZT K PKC QG DM ,OK[Y O KRPHN OD GTG KSC GTCYR N NGMC EGPK NF KRP H
NM C O KZES F KG NKPC \K [KB BP DGE FGKF M" FBZ Z[ BM . GNG M CB OI RP [EG IC UBG ,X" FIB F MGRI F
\Y SVF C G\K CN ZHI BN C GZN X "FI B \GT [C O D NNG MF \G [BZ C [P K[[ FVG Y\C Z [B M . CXP
OK[Y OK RKKRT ZZ CN NN GMF Z "GI \ B QCZK E M"GP M . EP GNG NN GMF N MKFC Z B[ R FKF B NB ,OK ZFX F
LM K"TG , FZG\ F ON GTC OXKV FNG O SKVE FNG C \MF NT O KZCE F \B \GNT FNG ,EPN RF TG XYP C
-
8
IM
GKZ GTK[ . KRZG\ F OKZ VSF QGZB \B O KZBV PF F ZG\F \GTG XYP FCZF C OK ZVS F H NNG MC GZ CI\ F
OKZ GTK[ F \RMF C . \GC CNC OK YGYI O EGT FZ KFC FZ CSF CG \GP KTRC \G EPN RF \GKDG SC ZSG P FKF[
EE RP F KF ,K[K [ O GK NMC ZGT K[ ZGSP N D FGR FKF [ \ T GZCT OK R[C Z[ BM ,IGP G I GM FCZF T KY[ F
ZGS PN FKF D FGR O K[E GYP F OKE TGP F KC ZTC . ZGTK [F \ RMF C IZ GJG , GKRVN [ F NKNF NM G KRKTP FRK[
S" [F KCI ZPC JJ G[P FKF Z[ BM ,DI F KR KKRTP \I B F KDGS CJ KF Q CNP FKF OT V N MCG NNG MC ZGTK[
. OK RGZIBF KNGED KZCEC \GECMR \GT KEKCG ,GK[ZVPG
C[ GK GNKB M GEGP N\C T GY[ F KFG ,FZ HIG QGRK [N NX KR GRPP G NNGM N FTKS RF \T C OKMZ EF \B O D
G\ GRGBD NEG D EX N . G NGM S"[ F \ B OKKSN OD FM H FH GEGP KN ZES \ZD SPC Z[ BM ,[ZE PF \KC C
EI B NMC QKKR T\F G ,Y FCG P QVGBC \ GMKN F O KTR OD FK F ,OKP [ \BZ KCG FZG\ C OKNG EDF GK\ GD[F G
. GK\ GYGX PCG GKMZ XC EIB G
LG\ P 'FN GDP \I MG\' ,\ GZZG T\F G Y GHKI \G IK[ GKV P TGP [N FZ GCI F KRC GMH UB O TV KEP
. OKKY P FBRG [Z GE FBR G\GK FC ,CNF NT O KNCY \P OKZC EF GKFG ,'\ Z\GS P F CFB '
FB ZGF F ZGP G CZM [ P[N OKN [GZK C UZGE SRGB \RGM [ KC[ G\ K" T Z\M GF P" [E\ \R[C
\KC K N\M QKC FTGCY F G\RK VC ZB [FN U KETF G MZEM G ,LM NT T GP[ N CZKS F NKI\ C . O\N KFY N
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FKN KTC E QRKZ PB BN QKYKHR QKRTNE N" SE
F P \ G E "C B ZF G KN T D K [ F ZC MG ,N H K PG KR G K T
YH R QKC FPG , FPN OGKC \I YV FP FCG "
K Y H R C G KI E C \ M P"D PC G . "F H Q K R TC F \ K PN
YI ERG ,BZ PD C ZBC \R B N \IY VF FP FCF
F P FC G JT KP [M G" O" CPZ F \Z CS Z BCN
F \ K PF QP BN B F GJT KP BN O GK C \ IY V
\ GZ P[R G \ GR KK TP \ GI YV F[ ,B Y GEC
6
GR
Q K CN Z GCF Q KC Z[ Y C ZS I N CB Z GC Q B M [ KE
. T" TN K G , F N KV R F
B Z P D C M" [ PE U KS G F N [ K K M F N B R K \ B E G
Q K RT N Y Z G R K K F O EB B N G ZG [ E ( : IM ) Q P YN
,C K KI OE B QK YKHR QK RT N NCB ,F \ K P ZG C
C" K V) FM N F F F \ G BC QBM O" CP ZF GY K\T F G
KZK K B BNE OG[P Y Z BN BGF ,N"R MG (H" JF
Z GJV C BNB " OEB BNG ZG [" ZGC E BZ Y
Z GJV C K ZK KB Z GCE BZY E N " K BN B ,F \ K P
Q K B Q KY KH R Q KR TN E B N B ,Z G C C Q V G B N MC O E B
K G F E , ZG C KZ G J V O D B M K N G ,N N M Z GC Q B M
. G\NY\ NT C K KI [ ECNC Z CE NT C O G [ P
,Z GC O[ OD ZG CC [K[ GRC F[ F \TP G]
OK NTC F \GKZI BG FK KZM OG [P C GK I O DG
N[ \GR G[N 'C C OD Q CG PF GFH E N"K ,Z GCE
OEYFC G ,( QKYH RN CB FHG F"E . D) K" [Z
'C C\M ( ID K K M C K\M F" E :C ) K "[Z CE
QK KTP N ZBG CP G ,O[ ZP BRF [Z VN \G RG[N
KR[ QG[NG Z G[E BCGKIN QG [BZ QG[NE
(N N DF F "E . D) K "[ ZC QM G , O KN T CE B C G K IN
ZG [F F[TP N QG[BZ F GRG [N ZBC N [K
,OKNTC E B CGKI G FBXG\N BZ \C BR[KNG
SK R MF B P Y B R[ K N CE Q B M O D N " K K PR K M F G
ZG C O [ K CDN K ZK K B E , O KY GS VC N M F
BZ CSP C \M BZ\C BR[KNCG ," CK\ME"
ZG CF \ PIP B N E SR GB \ P IP ZG J V [ KE
[.Y"GEG ,OKNTCE BCGKIN LKK[ FHE ,\P
OG[ GC [KE BNG ,ZG C F[TP C GB ZG CF
,' J Z GCC OD C KK I BN K PP G , FZGX GB Z GTK [
,N H KP G KR GK T F K N K TC K BE Z PG N [ K [M O DG
Y H KF [ K E O G [ P B G F Z GT K [ F KC \ K N E B F E
YH K F F SI K KN L Z GX Q K B B N K PP G , YK H P B N G
,Z GC B M K N E C UB Z GCF N T C QB M [ KE ,Y K H PN
\ P KZ D O G [P G , O KN T C E B C G K I O G [ P C K KI G
F K N K TC KB E ZG J V B M KN F HCG ,G ZC IN E S VF
. N "\ R [ PM G , KR GK TN
'J ZVI " ( D"F G" V) B \VS G\C T "T G]
,C KK I QGZ IB F ,I VJ ZV IG ZI B BCG O K IV J
ZI B , F \ KP N QG ZI B F ZI B Z PG B [K CZ ]
F [T R[ ZI B UBE G RK KF G ,"Y HK FN QG [ BZF
, ' J Z G C KG F Q K K ET Q K Y KH R N P" P , ' K ZG C
. [CK K I QG[ BZ F G
BFC O"C PZF M" [PE FBZ R H" K VN G
K GFE 'K Z GCC \I YV FPFC \\K PC ZGJ VE
(' H \ GB ) N K TN M "[ P M GR KB ,S RG B O G [ P
SR GB ZG JV L K ZX G ZG C KG F BN E N \ Q K RTN
ZG JV N L K ZX ,Z GCC U B E" RC BN B ,B YGE
YK HP F F[TP C ZS IE [GZK V , SRG B OG [P
K"FC KM , QBM \T M G RZBKC [ G PMG ,ZG CFE
\ GI V Z GCC K ZK KB E , GPX T Z GC F O XTC ZS IE
QK B BFE ,ZG JV E BN B Z PGN LZX GF BN 'K P
,Z GP D Z GC QBM [KE H "JF C NC B ,Z GC QBM
SI K K\ P E O G[ P ,Y HK F F F [ TP C Z SI YZ G
US G R Z G B K C LK Z X F H ,ZG CN B NG G PXT Z G [ N
,S R G B O " CP ZF B Z GY F H NG ,ZG JV F \ R TJ C
$ $ $
7
HR
FMNF KZGZKC
OKG C RDK KV FPN[ YI XK C ZF
O[ NMGBG GZCI \KCN BC[ KP
FMGRI ZR YKNEK QMKF G\KCC QGNN LNGF QM KZIBG
OT V O [ N M GB B G F [ \ K CC Y KN E K G G\ K C
G \ K C N L N KN L KZ X B N B G ZK C I NX B \ I B
FNKMBF \GG B\ GH IB OBG , O[ YKNEFNG
G\ K C KR CN F GX K G K[M T O [ P H GHN FX GZ G RK B G
E TG S B G F [ \ KC G \ G B E G \ K CC G KN T GY K N EK [
G K N T Q KY KN E P [ KB R SM B M B N B G R KE Q K B O [
,B G F [ O GY PC Y KN E P G R K B B G F G \ KC C
K B [ Z K B RS M B E L G PS C M "[ P N G N KV B G
GR KK F O [ B G F [ O G YPC O D Y KN E F N
M "B [ P O [ G\ C KM [ O D F K F \ G K [ M T[
CG [KG OK\[ GB FT[ QBM NMBK[ FH C
O [ Y KN E K [ ZP GN B Z CS O G[ Q K B G PGY PN
\T [C EP GT GNKBM KGF FHE G \KCC BNG
O[ GN LKK[ QKBE ZKTF CG IZ NT FYNEF
FT [C OE B K RC \XY K \ KBZ [ O DF , FYN E F
ZI B O E B NX B F E G T SC O K N M G B O F [
O [ O KY N GE G O F K \ GZR Z IB O KI N G [
OEKC BGF \GT JG GH F" FDF NT OKMPGS G
. N "M T F H ZC E O KR KC P O R K B G
GB F T[ N M B K [ K PE B KE F N H" JC Z B GCP G
Q K B G \ KC N C G [ K M "I B G GZK CI \ K CC O K \ [
,G \ KC C B N G O [ Y KN E K [ Z PGN B ZC S O G [
OGY PC G PT G\KC KRC OB BR[ KBP M" BG
O \ KC N GC G[ K M " IB B N F B N O B B KR SM B F
O K E PGT [ KP M C [ I R B K RS M B F O GYP M" B G
. F Y NE F O [ G N LK K [ Q K B E Z K T F C G IZ N T
FT [ FNK MB C K DS E N"S E I" CF KZ CE BK CK
K BRS MB N O[ C [IF N GZ CI \K CC OK \[G
BY GE KZ KKBE N"K FKNT D KNVE H"J FE Z BCKG
TCGY OB NC B K BZY B QVG BC O[ N MG B OB
GR KB OK \[ GB F T[ GZCI \ KC C NMGB[ K P
N[ QV GBC F H O B NC B O [ YK NEFN N GM K
O [ YK NEFN K PE Z KV [ \GT KC Y
C" K B"K P 'E 'K S G\K CG [K B ZR K ZV SC . B
FM GR I Z R \YN E F QPH C[ KP N" F HC K \C\M
UB ,ZI B N [ \ K CC QS M B \ P B NB G \ K CC G R K B
NGMK GRKB FT GCY FEGTS O[ NMGB OB
YK N E K G \ K CN M "I B C G [ K [ MG ,O [ Y KN E F N
. LZCKG
G\ K C KR C F YN E F F QP HC GK [M T[ F H N M G
O K B X PR G \ K C KR C O B NC B , \ K CC O K B X P R
N GM K E QM \ K O [ O K N MG B G Z IB N [ \ K CC G P T
\ B ZJ GVG O [ B G F [ O G YP C L ZCN G Y KN E F N
G \ G B C B G F G \ KC O B GN K VB G , G \ K C K [ R B
\KCC YKNEFN NGMK OG YP CG ZKYC G Z KTF
G \ K C N ZG H IN LK Z X G R K B G G K[ MT N M G B B G F [
. M " T , T" X F [ TP NG YK N E F N G
C[IR BNE N"SG OKYN GI F KZCE BK CK
O K \[ G FT [ FN KM B K"T K BRSM BN
K [ VR N GZP B O K CZ K N T G P Y O KC Z F R F G . C
LZC P[ KP G Z I[ N M GN B O K Z CE N QK B[
O N K I G , F N JC N F MZ C B G F KZ F G Z K C I \ KC C
N"H G ' C Y" S H "T Z\ 'K SC H" JF M"[P P
GN [ K[ K PC B N B K Z KK P B N B" PZ O D E F BZ RG
ZI B ZE I G F N KM B N E IG KP Z E I E K P\
F N K M B F ZE I B G F ZY KT F L B F C KM [ N
K PC M" B[P ,K \ZMH[ B" C[Z FE QG ERMG
WG I \IB OT V LNGFG ZKT C FZKE GN [K[
IKRK BN[ BJ K[V G ZKCI NXB ET GSG G\KCN
8
O GY PN N MG B F G N Q K B K CP G K F GN K B E K E F S
O GY P D"FM C N GM BN FX GZ F KF O [ F RK [
BKDGS C Z BGC PMG F ZKEN TC GYF B GF FRK[
R" F G H" S J "\ ' KS T" G [ C G . DT Q K CG ZK TE
NMGB[ BMKF NME FMGRIC KBRSMB KCDN
BC [ K P QG KP E M G FN KI \ F RGMC F H O G YP C
WV IG G KP I GB GK C B \ K C N G\ I V[ P OT
D" FMCG FHF OGY PC BY GGEC NGMBN GK[MT
FT [N FH OGY PC F HF OGYP C FFG[ OB OD
,FH F QP HN KBRSMB C[I FN FH C KDS OK\[G
FRG GMC FHF OGYPC NMGB G RKB OB NCB
GN Q KB K CP G K F GN K B E K EF S Q R B G F N K I\
B I KR F KF G \ RK N O GY P B GF [ G\ K CN N M GB F
ZY K T B GF G \ R K N O GYP D" F M C K VJ F KN
K ZF N M GB B GF [ B M K F YK N E P O B G F Z KE F
. ZK TF CG I ZC Y KN E P M B GF
\K C TG CY N LK K[ BNE KZCE NT F FK P\
FNKNG O GK O [ ZE GR KB O B
ZG BN BXK FZC T[ FR [C FR FG . E
GN S M ' F Q G K N D B N MK F WC GY O KN [ GZ K C
N [ GZ PBP BC GF E" Y D "Y 'P TC G F" T[\
CZ B " JK N [ Q KC GZ Q F M F KM E Z P Y IX K D" F ZF
K ZC E NT DK [FG U GR ZF FZG \ K RC \N K FY
N[ G[GEKI[ ZI BP[ KRC[ GIG N" HG YKSP G
K ZC E \JFK Z E DRM BG F ZC IP F C ZF
F N JC N F M Z C O G [ P F H C [ KG , O KY SG VF
ZK F H F N [ K F MG R I Z RE F C K CI F GX P N G J KC G
QNG NMGB FC[ FZKE GN [K[ KP[ ZFHKFNG
IZ B\P BG F \G ZR \Y NEF Q PHC YZ G FMGRI C
,O [ Y KN E F N GN Q K B G KZ G F G B GZ CI \ KC C
FHC BXG K BNG FNJC N FMZ C OG [P FH C [KG
O K YS GVF K N GE DE B CK N B F M GR I ZR \ GX P K EK
1
. N " MT O K K I G RB O F K V P [
IR
O[ YKN EFN KPE ZKV [ BY G GEC G \N KMB O[
OD K BRSM B C[I RE GH BZC S \PBC G . D
ZB GCP B G F O K \ [ G B F T[ GZ CI \ KC C N M G B
C\ M[ [ " TG , D" S H" TZ \ 'K S I" CC B KE F N
K PE ZK V [ \ K CC G ZB[ R G \ K C K R C O B G N K V B E
( B E [ I O G [ P G B N K B ) GZ CI \ KC C Y KN E F N
GZ B [ R [ O D F G \ KC KR C \ B L M C Z JGV G
. GZ CI \ K CC G P T O R K B G T GC YF O \ KC C
FZ TF 'E 'KS O[ KZ VS C K\MZBF Z CMG
ZV SF UGS C[ O KB G N KP CG F"S E "S 'P T D"M
KRFP BNE H" JF C\M[ F P OD E ZBC N B" V
K RC [ FH QVG BC K ZK K B GZC I \K CC FYNE FF
\ K CC G\ K KF [ D"FM C E G\ K CC G ZB [ R G\ K C
N CB ,ZK TF CG I ZC E PG T[ K PM C [ IR GZ KC I
O [ F F G [ G GZ KC I \ KC N G \ KC K RC O T B C O B
YKNEFN KPE Z KV[E N" K \GTKCY N[ QVG BC
. O[
F E CM R F PC KC D N T P F H C K\ MZ B F Z CM G
\C J GN S M N BZ [ KG QZF B \ K C W CG YC GH
L N KB G B "Y 'PT P ( I" RY) 'C Q G K ND C" T[ \
GNS M NBZ [KG QZF B \KC WCG YC QMG ,[" T
\ GZ TF C ( E "S Y) 'C Q G K ND D "T[ \ \ C J
O [ F B Z LN K B G F "N Y ' PT P Q G K N D F U G S C[
B Z CD D" F Z F O T F H Q KK RT C O K C\ M P KV G N K I
. B "J KN [ YK E SI R K V KC Z B \ \ TP [ C YK KE E
[ Z V\ R B N E Q G K M O F O K ZC E F Z GX KY G
O GY PC \ GF [ N LK Z X Q PH F PM B KE F N
N M M "T K B RSM B C [ IF N KE M C F KR SM B F
\ GT K CY N[ QVG B C F K RS M B F \ K CC F F G [ [
Q K PG I \ C G Z KT K CD NE Q G K M G , K B R S M B N C[ I R
C[ IFN TCGY F ZYKTE BG F QKEF \GZXI G
WV I K B B Y GE G F N K MB F O GYP B G F F Z KE
QR B OB NCB FH F O GYPC BYGGEC NGMBN
G\ K C K R C Z[ BM Y Z B G F E[ I F N M[ ZP GN N" RF ZC I PF C ZF FX Z[ F P G N" HG C\M [ N"R F W C GY C [" TG 1
O K [E G I P O K ZC E O F , O [ Y K N E F N N G M K G B E [ I B M K N G \ K C K R C O T G Z C I \ KC C B X P R Z[ B M N C B G PT O R KB
G B G \ K C N L N K [ C" R [ P F C \ M F P N G K ZC E M O B T "X O D F M N F N G T C YR O F KZ C E Z [ B O K Y SG VF K ZC E E D R M
. N " M T G\ K C KR C P B E [I B M K N G \G G ZC I \K C C Y K N E P B G F [ F N ZP B K B N F P N Y K N E \ [ G \ [ B N T F GX K
Q R K \ B Y K B R S M B G \ G TK C Y Q K E P B N B F N T Q R K \B Y E [ I Q K E P B N G G N B F O K Z C E M K \ C \ M Q M K F T E B B N K KR T C K R B G
O [ N M G B G G Z C I \ K CC \ G K F N G N Q P E H R [ G R K K F G G Z C I \ K C C K B Z Y B C N M G B B G F [ B M K F E O F K Z C E Z Y KT G F N T
O B N K T G K F P G , O [ N GM B N N GM K G R K B G K B R S M B K Z Y P B N G P T G\ I V[ P Q K B [ QV GB C B GF O K P T V F Q P CG Z CG
N G M B N L N G F F N K I \ F R G G M C O B R " F B G ,Z K T F C G I Z C E P G T M B G F K Z F G ZC I \ K C C YK N E P B G F [ G \[ B N Z P G B
F H Q V GB C E B N B ) O [ Y K NE P B GF [ G\ [ B N ZP B K E [ I F K F K B N [ K EM CG O [ Y K NE F N N G M K D "F M C G ZC I \ K C C
F R GMC O [ N B C[ Q G K M GZ C I \ K C C G \ I V [P O T NM GB [ B M K F M "B [P , (G \ K C K RC \ B G\ Y NE F C Z G J V K B N
. F K N T K B R S M B O [G O [ Q S M B \ F N F N K M B F \ G T[ C W V I B G F K Z F O [ N G M B N \ R P N T F N K I\
9
JR
Z R N \ K C \ G T K C Y N K C [ C K B E K Z C E N F K BZ G
L K B F F N KN G O G K N [ \ G T KC Y Q R KT C F MG R I
G B F T [ G Z C I \ KC C NM G B F E O [ H " J F C \ M
O [ Y K N EF N N G M K F N KN C O [ Q [ K O B O K \ [
\ Z I PN [ F H QVG B C O DE L N K ZF , I" K B X K G
O G K C O [ Z E B N G G \ KC N G M Z E N L NK Z Y G C C
LKBG ,O[ YKNEP FH \KCC Q[K OB FNKNCG
O G K C O [ F K F B N O B F Z KE T G C Y N Z [ V B
F M G R I Z R C K B R S M B Q K E K C D N E M " T G , F N K NC G
\ T [ C [ Z Y KT F G \ K C N[ \ G T K C Y Q R KT C B N
B Y G G EC W V I B F K F K R S M B F \ K C C G \ K K F [
O [ YK N E PG K B RSM B N C[ IR H B G O [ \ G F [ N
. N "RM G
KBRSMB QKE EGPNN Z[VB LKB FFKP\ BKCK
GNKYF CGZKT KCD BNF QKPGI\ CGZKT QKEP
\GTKCY QRKTCE FMGRI ZR KCD M"B[P OKPMI
F\B[ FP G N"HG N" RF CZ F C\M EGT . G
BKDGS FP QKP GI\ KCGZ KTN QGKPEF NT LPG S
,' GM G H "S J "\ ' KS T "G [ CG . DT U E Q K CG ZK TE
O \ FN BM F QK C Q GK PE F F P QK CP KR KB C G[
F \ K C[ \ G RY N K DS Q K PG I\ C GZ KT K CD F R F E
\B GC \VNN Z [VB[ W PGI IKRP OB OD
N M B K O E B O B [ \ TE F N T F NT K K M G , \ V F
O GY P C[ I KK W PG I JTP O K K GS P O G YP C
G P M GC B PK R G F M G R I Z R \ Y N EF N \ GT KC Y
D" FM C CK [ I R "F F \ K C[ \ GR YN KR F P[
. FFP \B G \ZKE OGY P \B \TC GY [ FEGT S
Q K PG I\ C GZ KT K R K E C B N GY B G F [ JG [ V G
. O KZ CE F L [ P F C ZB C \ K[ K VM G
K DS B N G \ K C Q R K TC F M G R I Z R K CD [ Z\ G KC G
. G P F M GS 'S G \ C Z B GC PM G \ GT KC Y O GY P
QK B[ OEB K RC FPM [K [ GC \M[ FBGZ F F"E
ZR \ G GXP O K K YN O E KC Q KB G O K \ C O F N
GN QKBG FE[C FRGI F OEB[ GRKKFG ,FMGR I
O GY PC N M B K O B U B G ,Y KN E F N NG M K G R KB \ K C
F HM O E B [ UB G , \ KC Q R KT CE KR F P B N F H
Q K B [ UB Q K PG I\ CG ZK TN F \ K C[ \ GRY N N G MK
ZD B F K [ Q R K TC B N Q K CGZ K T K CDE G \ KC F H
G \ T E \ B O K E PG B G R B [ F H O X T B NB \ KC C
ZB GCP M KDS FH OGY PC Q GNN W VI FKF[
. O [ Q KC GZ KT K "[ Z C
G K ZC E N " R F CZ F ZB K C K NB G C\ M PC G
GT DK K\ F [ G RK XP E G T N "H G ZGB K C Z \ K C
B F \ [ Q K CG ZK T K R K E C[ \ K C KC DN O KY SG VF
'E Y" S T" [ ' KS C "R [ P Q K K T G \ GT K CY O [
K C[ G K[ 'D Y "S X "FT [CG ,DI F \ M GS QK K RT C
O G [ P \ GZX I K CG ZK TC O K C KK I \ G MG S
'K S [ K B Q G H I Q K K TG , ZK E \ O [ O KT GC Y[
\ [ GZ I \ KC C O KN T GV Q K KR TC I" M Y" S K " Y
\ C [ IR F R K B K TZ B L ZE C O KN M G B [ B \ K V[
O [ C B " S I"R [ ' KS N " F CC G , \ GT KC Y
OF[ \G BZK C K SV K CD B "C JK ZFG B"C [ZF
B C K[ I B N O E B F \ KK \ [ [ Q G K M F T[ \ Z KE
K E M F " E B " S C" S[ 'K S N "F C Q K KT G ,F Z KE
FNKNG OGK FC C[G K ZP G[F OB[ ZG P[N
L K ZX [ TP [ PG ,O E B \ Z KE N N M C B GF
F K B Z \ G P E M F H N M G ,F N K N G O G K \ GT KC Y
BN \KC O[N QRKT C Z[BM[ QEKE QGEK RN
F P K DS B N G , KT ZB \ N K MB C \ B H O KT CG Y
C[ I\ GH FNKMB[ GP XT \B TCG Y OEB[
. N " MT Y "G E G TC Y \ N KM B
K DSE Q GKM K BRSMB KC DNE BK [G YF C[ KK P
\ JT GP FK KF [C O D BGF E NM FZ KEC
K BRSM BN C [I R
KNNMCE ODFE \GJ K[V C N" K E"T NG . F
K CG ZK TG \GZ XI K C GZK T P QR KV N K Z K V[ FZ KE
KCDN P"P FMG RI ZRC KBRSMB QKEN QKPG I\
N[ GVG DN OGYP NMC QRKRKKE FZ KEF \GMKB
,G RK K RT KVN OG YP NMC Q GER F\T PG Q KR T
QMKF BGF Q GKEFE \G ZX I KCG ZKT KC DNG
NNMC \C[F NMG GH \C[ C G \ZKE \C[IR
K DS BNE QR KZ PB D" FMC FBX GF ZG SK B
G\Z KE C [I K[ LKZ X BNB \JT GP FKF [C
M"[ GPMG \C[F NMN \GIVF NMN [P P
,Z GP [N KEM F "E B"S C"S [ ' KS N"FCC
YZ BGF CG KIF NME FMG RI ZR KCDN M"B [P
Z PGN LKK[ D "FMC FT[ KX I N[ QP H L[PN
\T [C G \ZKE FKF\ QMKF BG F ZY KTFE
Z IBN FK FK FP KN \V MB BNG F YNEFF
G\Z KE TC GY E BMKF NMG FYNEFF \ T[
C [IR Z RF \Y NEF CG KI \T[C FKRS MBC
Y KNEFN K P E ZKV [G F H OG YP C K BR SMBN
. O[
0
QKPG I\ KCG ZKTP UNKPN BMKNE QRKZ PB KBG
L N F P ZG B K C L KZ X CG ZK TC B G F B N GYE
CZ GY NIR E . DT :C T QKC GZKT C BKDG SF
O GY P KB P \ G ZX I CGZ KT K C DN N B G P [ G
ZP B N B G P[ G B \ KV O G YP ZP B CZ E F Z KE
CZ K ZC E NT BZP DC QRK [YP G , FRK N OGY P
Q K R D ZGC F G Q KX K KY F G O K TG ZF B K R \ E B F P
K ZF Z K TC Q G N N Q MZ E [ Q P H C \ G Z KV K ZP G [ G
[ K F E [C Q GN N QM ZE [ Q PHC ZK T F K[ R B M QF
QR B O\F KR[P G , IGZ NMN FPB OKVNB OFN
B I KR K VJ O \ F B \VK Z GFN K J PP K BE K E FS
GH BZ CS OK PT V FP M BK DG SC E GT ["T G ,GFN
N "K K Y K M F G ,Q K PG I\ C GZ KT K CDN K E F S Q R B E
. H "S J" \ 'K S I" GB T "G [C
B M K B E B MK F E B Z CS E Q GE N [ K F R F G
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6
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N [ G P [ B G F " \ C [ " E K Z F , K G Z J S N M P O K N [ G F K B E B P [ , F " C G Y E B P [ , \ C [ G F P [ C" T I"V
. Q GK HC K E KN BC G "I F" CY F N[ GP[ BX PRG ,F "C YF
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F V K G , D " Y S B " B F "V ' K S D " P V C P " M G , D "Y S ] H " J F \ J K [
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K R VN Q M Z P B K [ B "E K I F \ R G G ME N "K L B
Y PT \G K \G B F ZT [ ] F " N [ C N C B , W I Z P N S R M R [
[F " P 'K S D " I] F R G K K V R M O [ C ' M [' J \ GB FMZC
BGF[M FNTP N G FIR PF QP [" ZT C NCG JFE
M"I BG 'GMG CZ TP N FGI \[K OKPF LG \C
N CG J K RK Z F ZP B K G \ K R[ F GI\ [ KG ZG HIK
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IP X C YT K Z "Z FP E K SI F CZF P BK CF
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B GF Q MK F N M \ SP F KF O GN [ GN O K R\ G RG
FK F KYRG ZGFJ OG YP C FK F OBG ,BXP R
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ZG SK BN FIM GF F K C DN ] 'M [ Q" ZF K ZC E P
F E GF K C ZP (: DP) QR K[Y PE P [T YG [C
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BM K BE E"S E Q"Z FM G[Z K V BN G FK [T E [I P
K ZC S O FE O G[ P G F H 'GBE P F KF [ Z GSK B
G R KK F Q G [ T \ B NE ,' G B E P F K F [ ZG S KB Q KB E
B M K B E E "S E ZP K PN B M K N F" [ PG F K[T Y Z
BM K BE B P KR K B Y ZG ,' GBE P F K F [ Z GSK B
( Q G K NT F Z G E P M) F K F [ F ' G B E P Z G S B [ Q V G B
BNKPP FK[T BYG EC G RKB Q G[T\ BN M" BG
ZG E P P O R KB [ \ G ZG XC U B E E" SE N " MK B
QG KM G 'G B E P F K F [ ZG SK B B M K B Q G K N TF
F K F [ ZG S K B B M K B F R C NC E E " SE T P [ PE
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BN B Z GS B GR KB [ KI E G ' GBE P F KF [ QK E P
\ T CJE B \ K KZ CN K \ KK PG B E [ I O G [ P
F[Y G ,E[I QKEP ZG SK B BMK BE IKMGFN
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4
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BYGE [P\[P BG F LZGX FHKBNE QRKZ PB
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BN B Z GSBN Q KB E [ I O G[ P B GF Z GSK B F
E [ I B M KB G Q KB G Z NM F [ O G Y PC G I KR P[ M
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O K PM I G ZS B [ F P N M E N " K KY B F E C "X G
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5
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F " Z K" RV F 'M H "K TM G ) ,F K [ T E [ I N " MK B
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6
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' F \ G XP N M \ B ' O \ ZM H G' Y GS VC Q K G M N Z P B Y T GC [ F KP K C \ C[ \ ZK M H N T K B Y E K "Z B F G N K B G , K\ GX P N M
. F Z K M H F C G K I G C H P G Z P G , \ G X P F N M M F N G Y [ \ C [ G , \ G XP F \ Z KM H N T K B YE
11
B KY
'S Q P K S B " D P C \ M E C D N T U B G N" H G ( G "J ' B \ "G [ ) C \ M [ S" \ I F K ZC E C B G F [ Z G V P G
[ ZG VP KZ F ,F Z K MH B N B CK \ M B N E B ZY C Z YK T G R R KB P "P F VC F GX P \ G ZK M H F N M E (C" YS )
. F V C F ZK M H C G K I B MK B B "DP F N E G K ZC E C
. [ " KK T L [ PF C QN F N Z B GC K ,B ZY C ZY KT G R R K B F V CG KI E M "[ P G
\ C[ \Z KM H C G K I BM KN E N" S E "C B ZF G [" ZF E Z" F T G[F \ TE
F [ T PG YN PT F [ T PG KR KS Z F E PT P \ Z K MH N "H G (E " S 'S 'K S) Z" F TG [ F M "[ P Q K K GTK G [D
,O G K N M C F \ GX P[ O K ZP G B [ K \ C [ \ ZK M H O DG ,F Z G \ N [ F [ T \ GXP Q F N D TF F [ T PG O KZ P
,K RK S ZF N G R\C ZYG ,FZ G\ Q \ P Z GM HK \Z IC GR CG ZP B K[M [ , TP [ \ B K ZY N XB QZM H N CGJ G
B N B B ZCR B N F VF L N \ G EG F N , GTZ H F IP K[ E T O N [ O [ F Q K B [ YN PT F [ TP N GE D F L P[ N
\ C[ B K F G H 'F \ G X P NM \ B O \ Z M H G ,O K ZP F [ T P \ ZK M H G F H G TZ F Q G [ N ZC E N B N G \ G E G F N
BNG FC FBC (LEIKN) Z PGB [M Z GMHK[ ZP GB[ KP [K ND TF F[T PG ,\ GXP F NM EDR M FNG Y[[
. N" M T B G F L G Z C [ G E Y F O T F C F B C F K F B N [ N D T F \ B G [ T [ F T [ F \ G B M
T" GM N N " S \ GZK M H F ZB [ GN KB E ,\ GZ K MH F Z B [ P \ C[ \ ZK M H K R B [ E ZB GC P G K ZC E C F R F G
K CD E , O G K N M C F \ G X P[ E "P E I YZ B M KB \ C [ \ ZK M H G N K B G , O G K NM C F ZG \ N [ T "P G G F E
O G K N M C Q \ G X P E \ G ZK M H F Z B [ N T N " SE G F R F E F R KP G , O G K NM C F \ G X P[ B " KE Z P B Y \ C[
. GFN B KP E \C[ \ZK M HE K P R N"S BN
B M K NE N "S E O " C P ZF ' B ,\ GZ KM H F C G K IC O K R G [ B Z \ G J K [ 'D B M K B E ZB G C P E N K TN Q K KG T K G
[ " ZF 'C , ( B Z VS F NT D K N VE K ZV K S F M Y SV E ) E CN C Y N PT \ ZK M H B N B F ZK M H C G KI O G [
BM K N \ G ZK M HF ZB [C G N KB G , FZK M HF OXT C ZG CE CGK I BM K B YN PT \ZK M HC E N "S E E " CBZ F G
E G T ,\ G Z KM H F NM C F ZK M H F O X TC Z G C E C G K I B M K B E N "S E Q "C PZ F 'D ,E C N C C N C G K I B N B
. T G C [ F KP K C \ C [ F \ B ZG M H N \ "F P C G K I B M K B E Q "C P ZF N N" S \ B H
C G KI B M K N E \ C [ \ Z KM H K C D N "S G , Q " C P ZF NT K D K N VE , O K R G [ B ZF \ TE C N KT N Z B G C P EG T
ZP G B B G F [ M CN C N G M K \ C[ F O G K \ B ZG MH B ZVS C B \ K B E F PG ,T GC [ F K P KC \ C[ \ ZK M H
,\ C [ \ G M NF E G P KN Q R K CZ P ZG M H PE ,\ C[ \ GM N F \ ZK P[ N T KB Y Z G P B C N \ ZK P [ K ZF ZG P[
N T KD KN V E B N B , TGC [ F K PK C \ C[ \ ZK M H CG K I B M K B E GE G P E Z PK PN K P R B M K B F Z GB M N E B N B
. ECNC CN F \ZK M H BN B X"B E N"S GFK BG ,BYG E ZG CE L K ZX E N"S E Q" CP ZF
F Z KM H C G K I O G [ B M K N O KR G [ B Z G F R F N E N "S E ZB G C P Z" F T G [ F N [ G R G [ N C Q K K T R EM F R F G
CG KI O G[ B M KN E N "S E O "C PZ F M B N E YS VE Z B GC P GR G[ N \ G J [ VP B F E ,T GC [ F K PK C
ZB [ E B CK N B N K HB E I ZM F C G , F ZK M H C G K I GF C B M K B E YS V B GF G NK B G ,\ G ZK M HF Z B [ C F ZK M H
O K ZP G Y N PT G K R K S ZF E PT P \ ZK M HE Z PB Y G F K K N TG ,( Q "C PZ F G F K P KT E G [ " ZF ) O K R G [ B ZF
O B Q " C P ZF O T E "C B ZF G [ "Z F K D K NV E U B E , F ZK M H C G KI G F C B M KB E T "G MN N " S N D T F G
Q" CP ZF UB E KR KS Z F EP TP \ Z K MH C E CN P) Z GC E O D L KZ X[ G B CN C F Z KM H Y Z F KC B MK B
F N TG ,F Z KM H C G K I B M K B E V" M T N "S P" P , (N KT N ZB G CP M , CN CG KI B N B F K C B M K N E F EG P
N "S B F Q" CP ZF G , Q"C PZ F \ J K [ GR K KF G ,O GK N M C F \ GX P[ B"K \C[ \ZK M H O DE KP R ZP BY
I" E K B X K F CZ F CF B C F R G G MF K " TE ,[ " ZY N X B QZ MH N CG J E ZP B Y L M N G ,Z GCE B Y GE L KZ XE
. O KR G[ BZ F ZB [N QF G Q"C PZ FN QF ,Z GCE C GK I QF G CN C GK I QF T "GM N
CG KI O G[ B MK N GF K K\ JK [ N G ,Q" CP ZF N T KD KN V O K RG [ B ZF ZB [ E N "S E Z ZG CP Q K N F N MP G
\ C [ \ ZK M H N G N M N N "G F M" B ,C G K I B M K B E B P K R K B E ,C N C ' KV B G ,T G C [ F KP K C \ C [ \ ZK M H
CG KI B M K B O B O K RG [ B ZF ZB [ G Q"C PZ F K DK N V \ G ZK M HF Z B [ C UB B F E ,\ GZ KM H F ZB [ Q K C
,B G F \ Y GN IP C K G R [ F Z CE \ C [ \ Z KM HE ZB GC P E IK O N N M B N [ Q G K MG ,C N CG KI Y Z G B Z GCE
Z B [ Q K RT N G K Z CE C KM M "B Z B GC PG ,G F C G E G P T" GM F N K I\ ZK M HF [ \ GZ KM HF ZB [ GN K B G
12
C KY
["Z F \TE QF G , ZGC K E C GK I BM KB E Q" CP ZF \T E \ B QF GR K KF ,\ G JK [ F N M \ B N N M \ G ZK M HF
C GK I BM K BE N "S E B"K YZ BM K B \C[ \Z K M HCE O K K S H "T G ,C N CGK I YZ BM KBE E " CBZ F G
. T GC[ F KP K C C N F \ Z KM H CG KI O G[ B M KN O KR G[ B Z F ZB [ N E I ZM F C G , F ZK M H
B M K B E Q" CP ZF N K ZF E ,ZG CE I "E K B XG K F CZ F CF B C F Z K MH F K "T [ G K ZC E C ZB GC P EG T
,[ " ZY C Q ZM HN C G JE Z PB Y F N TG ,ZG CE C G K I F K C B MK B T GC [ F KP K C \ C [ \ ZK M H C G K I
. Z GCE C GK I KP R O KK YP G\ ZK M HCE IZM FC G
N [ T "P G G F \ GZ KM H F E C\ M E ,\ " F P G G F \ GZ K MH F N [ ZG CE CG K IE N "S E Z B GCP \ B H EG T
. \" F P KG F Z GCE F CGK IE F RK PG ,ON N M P \C[ \ ZK M H U BE Q" CP ZF \TE E Z PBY FN TG ,FZ G\
B N B O KK Y P G R K B F CZ F C F B C F R G G M F K "TE N "S G F K NT KD KN V E \ G VS G R \ G J K[ Z B G C K Q N F N G
L K ZXG , ZG CE CG K I Q K K E T B M K B F N K V\ F Z IB N E B "E K IF M "[ P B C G P E E GT [ "K KT G ,C N C G K I
. FV C \GZKMHF \B Z PGN
B N B F E , F CZ F CF B C F R G G MF K "T ZG CE I" EK B X G K E Z "F T G [ F \ TE Z B GCP F KV G D F R KP G
7
. F N KV \ F Z IB \ GZK M H F ZP GN G Z G H I N L K ZX E C\ M
Z GCK XC G Z VS F LG \P \GZ KM HF NM \ BKZ Y C G K I
GR Y\ BN [ FP YN P T 'V \GZ YN ' GRY \' FPN OTJ L K ZXE B"D PF F[YP E FP FRFG [E
,Q RCZ E P Y Z B G F ZGM H \ [ ZV \ B K ZY C G K I N M E G R G [ N P T P[ P F ZG B M N E , C" X O K ZI B \ GZ K MH C
. ( N KT N B C G P) \ "F P B G F CG KI F E C \ M F "V Z\ 'K SC GN K B G
BX GK \" F P K BE GE B"D P C\M (F" VZ \ 'K S) O [E N "Z N " HG [Z VN ["FX IP C M "[ P QK KG TK G
,OK Z GV OE GY F\GZ YN N" HI \RY\[ BN B ,B X\ K M ' V G B IN [C 'V C GBZ GY[M ZGM H 'V \BK ZY C
K ZF , [ "Y N X B Q ZM H N ' C G J G ' C \ M Z" F T G [ CE O G [ P , F N K V \ F Z IB N \ G Z KM H F ' G E " CI Z G E S C S V E R [ F P G 7
QG MP [ME K BEG BF ONGB ,FG XP F OK K YP ZG MHK [ QP H NM ONG TNG ,[ "Y NXB QZ MHN B\G K NTP YZ F HC BMK BE
K VJ B \ GK NT P BMK BE T P [P '[ "Y NX B Q ZMH N C GJ G' M "[ PP F CZ EB G ,ZG CE C GK I NN M BMK N FC Z FC F BC
. (53 FZTF QNFN QKKT FH QKRTC) ,FNV\F ZIBN [ZGVP ZGCEP Z\GK ,FCZ FCFBC
'D F [ ZV C ,[ ZG VP ZG CEC GF GZ P B ZC ME UB ,O K Z XP \ B K X K \ Z KM H O D O [ S VE R [ F P T " X Q K K ET P " PE B N B
L G P S N F [Y E ' C H "S B "G Y C F N T C \ M E UB G , B "Y S H "S ' KS B "D P F M "[ M ) O K F \ Z K [ CG , C K X K G \ P B C , [" YE
M" [M) G EGFC O K ZP GB[ ,O K ZX P W Z B P LN TP F B" F K MR B YG SV \ZK P BC G B ,([ "K K T B\ K K ZG BE T" P C H" T
. (J" S G" P 'KS Z "FT G[ C
I "K \ B X N Q G K M B N B P [ O G[ P J G [V O T JF E ( I "M Y " S Q IN G[F K EC J "K ' K S ) [ "F G XY C F HC M"[ P Q K K TG
. F Z K M H F \ G X P O [ N E G I K C O Z P B N G ZG H I N G R Y \ M " T F N KV \ F L G \ G \ Z K P B C
. O \RY \C OK P MI GNKTG F FP G , FNKV\ F \T C P Z \GK QK GMK FNKV\ F Z I BN GJ BE ,C[ K KN Y I ERG
\ GZ P G B [ K V N ,T " G P [ N N V \ F N G D F R B N O K [ RE (C "S G "Y ' K S ) Z" F TG [F Y SV [ F P K " VT C [ KK N F B Z R Z\ G K G
, F N K V \ F Z IB N P" K XK ZK M H F N O K [R F \ GC K KI H" K VT G , B " DP F \ T E M G , F [Y C F H K B F N K J RN L G P S ZY CC E K P
G D F R P "P ,C K XK G \ P B \ M ZC L ZC N \ GC K K I O D B N K P PG T" G P [ G N N V \ K F N KI \ M N E ( B " S 'T ' K S) YS V E U B G
Z IB N Q Z P G B N [ G Z K V C Z M H G F L M N G , O K ZX P \ B KX K Q KR T [ G Z K V C Z KM H F N \ G C K K I B N K P P G , N N V \ F N B N [
' K S D "P V C M " [ P E G T Q K K T G , P "K X K \ Z KM H P \ G ZG J V O K [ R E N " S E C " K ' K S F K Z B \ D B [ F M B N E F H G ) , F N K V\ F
G B \ "F P B G F \ G N KN C F Z K M H F C G K I O B B K N \ E , P " KX K \ Z KM H C O K [ R C G K I K C D ' B B "B ' T ' K S C G ' B B " B H " S
. ([ "K K T QR CZ EP Y Z
X"BE B\NKP FKN BJK[V QMBE OG[P ,\GZKMH 'F O[ JYRG O"[ZFPF QG[N BCGPE 28 FZTF NKTN QKKTG
. ZB G C P M G , \ G K R Y E XF O K [ R \ B \ G M H N B N B S V E R B N G , F N K V \ C G F G Z KM H F ZC M [ Z IB , P " KX K C G [ Z K M H F N
F Z KM H \ Z K P B C K E K P E K C T Y B N E Y Z B N , F R G Y K \ M P " KX K \ Z K M H \ G X P O KK Y ZC M G N N V \ F [ K P E B X P R H " K V TG
B G F F G X P F ZY K TE P " KX K \ Z K M H C J Z VC G , \ KR [ G \ Z K P B C Q K R T B M K N ZG C E C [ F G X PE N KT N Z B G C P M ) G H
OG[ P ,ZC EC ZGS K B K P R BMK B BNB ,( B"D P F \TE C NK T N ZBG CP M ,C NF \R GGM N NM X" BE Z[ V BG ,FZ MHFF
. [" K K T NK TN Z BGC P M ,' GMG F[ P F K Y SV BNE F[Z V NME
13
DKY
F PF [ \ C[ G \ G B C G \ G B O K B ZGY [ F P C O K B X G K M "D Q B M B "D P C \ M [ \ GZ K MH K R F C F "F M " B G
. N" M T \ E I G K P F B K ZY O F N Q Y \ N N "H IN N " F E F [ Y \ XY P "P , F [ Z V F \ G B C O KC G \ M
\ C [ G R Y \ [ N" H I \ R Y \ N T B N B , \ "F P K G F E C G K I F O XT N T K B Y B N E G \ R G G M Z B G C P
. \ "F P F GX PF I" EK \ B XN G H F B K ZY F C B F K [ O K ZG V O EG Y
,K E E F BN B K PE \ G ZK M HF Z B[ CG KI G Y N PT \ZK M H CGK IE B \N KP K B F F K N B JK [VE BXP RG
F B K ZY CE QR KH IE M G ,F R [ C \ I B O TV ZM H B N [ M IM [ \ B N N T Z CG T YN P T \ Z KM H E K M K F KM E
,F R [ C \ I B O T V QC G K I Z YK T ,\ GZ KM H F ZB [ C R" F ,\ " F P I "E K B XG K F R[ C \ IB O T V
Z B [ C K RG Y\ N N " GF R "F \ E I G K P \ C [ GR Y\ YN PT \ Z KM HC E K M KF KM E F [ Y P F "G[ P G
. \G ZKMHF
,\G ZKMHF Z B[N YNP T F[TP \Z KMH BK PE BN FZ GBMNE ,F[Y PE KBP C" X QK KETE BNB
,\ " F P B G F Z GC KX CG Z VS C F B K ZY F O XT P "P Q RCZ E P B G F F B K Z YF Q P HE U B YN P T F [ TP CE
K B PB M "B G ,Z GCK XC G Z VS C F B K ZY F TG P [ N CG K I B M K B E GR K X P B N \ GZ KM HF Z B [ C M " B [ P
. YN P T F [ T P \ ZK M H N \ G ZK M H F Z B [ \ B \ G P EN \ E IG K P \ C[ G R Y \ KE B P K R
F B K ZY TG P[ N CG KI B M K B \ GZ KM HF ZB [ C UB E ,B " DP F N B \ N KP F K N B JK [ VE Q R K H I F R KP G
\ G Z K MH F N M CE Z I B P E F [ Y P L MN G ,Y NP T F [ T P \ ZK M H C G PM G ,F Z [ T Q K R PC G C \ M F L G \ P
[ " P M " B ,F [ ZV F ZE S N T F TK P [ C I "E K B X G K P "P E B N B , F B KZ YF TG P[ N C G K I KP R B MK B
. GRY \ BN \ G ZK M HF Z B [C GN KB G F \ B K Z YN \E I GK P \C [ N " HI GRY \E YN P T F [ TP \ZK M H
YN PT \Z KM HP QRK VN K ZVS C F BKZYF CGKI
N "H G ,( K\Y GI C ' V [ K Z) K RGT P[ J GYN K N T QRT Z \ K H GZV SC B"D PF M " [ P K " VT ZBC \ KG [F
QKZG Y[M KE QM OBG , FR[C \I B OT V O\G B Z GMHN FGX P[ ,\G ZKMH NMN EPNR Y NPT F[T PP G
K E M , O KZ G V N L G PS Y N PT F [ T P N F P XT KR VC F ZK M H G T CY N" H I LB , G \ C [ C F [ Z VC G \ G B
N M ' QC G K IE K "Z B F G F "N [ F \ T E E O [ B K C P L [ PF C G) , Q PF F [ T PN Y NP T F [ T P L G P SN
. ( N KT N ZG PB M G 'O G K
F B K ZY C G K I B M K B K B F C E KM K F K M E ,Y N PT \ ZK M H P Q R KV N K \ GZK M H F ZB [ E N " SE Z B GC P
ZG M HN F GX P[ ' Z PB Y E G R K K F G ,C \ MF L G \ P O \ GZ YN C KK I \ G ZK M H F Z B [ C R" F ,C \ M F L G \ P
' Q K Z G Y [ M ' K E Q M O B G L [ P F C M " [ M G ,8 C \ M F L G \ P F B K Z Y N G \ R G G M G ' F R [ C \ I B O T V O \ G B
L[PF BGFG) ,9\GK[ZVF ZES NT FZKMHG FZKMH NM \BKZY GRKKFG ,G\C[C F[ZVC G\GB
. (\ GZ KM H F GR KK F G 'O \ GB ' Z GM HN F G XP [ M "[ P P
L G\ P F B K ZY CG K I Q KR TN YN PT \ ZK M HN O \ G PE N GF N Q R K VN K Q M KF P C"X Q K KE T P "P E B N B
Q P HE YN P TC QR K H I E KM K F K M E ,ZK V [ ZB G CP F ZK M HF Q P H N T Y Z K B Y KB B PN [ CE , C\ M F
BGF Q CGK I E \G ZKMHF ZB[C R" F , FIM[ Z GTK[ KGF BFCE ,FR [C \I B OTV C KGF FZKMH
\ G P E N N "R P ,C \ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y CG KI N T K B Y G K Z CE E Z IB P O N G B , F IM [ P F Z KP [ G F ZK M H F
. C\ M F LG \ P O \ B KZ Y CK K IN G \ GZK M H F ZB [
L G\ P F B K ZY C G K I B M K B E F N K DP K CD QR K V N KE ( B "T I "K F N K DP) 'P DC B \ K B F R F E F B ZR F G
F Z KM H F [ T P C G K I F K C B M KB G F Z K MH C K\ M YN P TC E K M KF K ME ,F Z KM H F Z KM H B K \ B E , C \ M F
B X P R M " B E , F R [ C \ I B O T V F Z K M H B G F F G X PF C G K I N M E , F Z KM H F C G K I O XT N T K B Y E G K ZC E C [ ZV N Q KB 8
QZ K M H F N O G K N M C F GX P B M K B E N " S G F K B B F E , N " R P B F G , F N T KB Y YN PT F [T P P F H E P N R E M "[ PE
, C \ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y B K B Y E I ZM F CG , Q N F N Z B G C P M , U S G R CG KI K G F C \ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y CG K IG , F C Z F C F B C
. F R [C \ IB OT V Y Z F B K Z Y CG K I BMK BE QR K HI Q MB B FCE
B M K N E Q " CP Z F \ TE M F H C N "S B N E F R K P G , C\ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y C G K I B M K B K R K S Z F E P T P \ Z K M H UB E Z B G C P 9
. N K T N Z B GC P M , G P XT \ ZK M H L Z GX N B N G , O K RC N TK E G F N YZ G R K K F G C[ Z GC E CG KI G ,E C N C CN C G K I B N B
14
EKY
F B K ZY C B CG K I B M KB F ZK M H F K C CK \ M E F N K D PC R" F ,Z VS C Q GZ MH B Z YC CK \ M E M C\ M F L G \ P
N M C G KI E ,YN P T \ Z KM H N Q \ G F P O XT C B K P EE \ G ZK M H F Z B [ N U B U N KR F R K PG ,C \ M F L G \ P
CG KI G F C B M KB R"F E , GC[ Z GC E CG K IG F IM [ P G \ Z KP [ G C NF \ ZK M H Q K RT N F G G[ \ G ZK M H F
. (Q NFN ZBG CKG) C\MF LG \P FZ KMH F[T P
F ZK MH O TJ P KG F \E I GK P \ C[ \R Y\
\ C [ Q Y\ N E IG KP O TJ B MK B Y NP T F [ T PC B PN [ C E , G\ K [ GY C "X Q K KE T P"P E B N B [G
Z B [ C O NG B ,F K[ T N F Z KM H L KP SF N ( B " T ' N F N K D P) F K PT J 'PD C Q R K ZP B E M ,\ E I G K P
. \ G K [ Z V F ZE S NT F B K Z YC I" E K B X G K G , G R Y \ B N F "G [ P E I G K P O T J B M KN E \ G ZK M H F
CN C T CY R H" KT E ,F ZK M H O TJ P KP R KG F F K [ T N F Z KM H \ M K PS E , B \ N KP K B F ZG B KC C N "X G
C NC TCY K Y N PT B G F [ Q P F F [ T PN \ G M K PSC YN PT E \ Z K M H E F B KZ Y [ K [ M E , G H F ZK M H
. G K [ TP \ Z KM H G Y N PTN F B R[ F
E G I KK O X TE , F ZK M H F C N C TCY K [ K EM C B G F \ E IG K P \ C[ G R Y \ [ O T JE Z B G C P Z KV [ G
. QP F F[T PN GMK PS FN FH C EGT G VKSGF G ,F ZKMH KGF \C[F
,F Z K MH O G [ P YN P T F [ T PN \ EI G K P \ C [ G RY\ E K M KF K M E , B "D P F \ K[ G Y ZB G CP H "K VT G
B PT J KB F B M K B R" F ,B X \ K M G IN [ C \ G K [ ZV C F B KZ YC I "E K B X G K F ZG \ C G K I E X PE U B G
10
. \ E IG KP \ C [ G F C K PR QY\ N N "G F G \ GZ K MH F Z B [ C
B M K B P "P ,Q "C PZ F \ T E MG , TGC [ F K P KC F \ Z K MH N T K B Y \ C[ \ ZK M H CG K I E UB G )
GH \ C [ K "T E ,G H F G XP B M K N \ C[ F O G K O XTC F \ Z K M HCE UB G ,\ E I G K P \ C [ \ R Y\ C B \ G KN T P
. ( K E KP \ Q VGB C F Z KM H F Q K RT CN C T CYK
O K P K O F E , F Z K M H G F C B M KB G , \ C [ F " F G , \ ZXT D I G R N [ K \ " PE , G X G Z K \ K P R Z B G C P G
. C N F \ Z K M H L Z G X N \ E I G K P F B K Z Y O FC Q Y \ N G U K S G F N X " B G , T Z G B P F Z M H N O K R K G X P F O K P K G S P
F[TP ZGMHN GRY\ BN F"G[PE ,B"DPF N[ GXGZK\ NT F[YF[ (D"P 'KS C"I) OKZ[KP CCGE ZVSC QKKT 10
B Z YR Q G [ B ZF N DT F [ TP F " G [ PE ZB G CP E ( C" T F "M U E ) F N K DP S "[ P D"T X E , N B Z [K N [ Q \ G R D KR VP N D T
K M U GS MNE FG XP G FZ G\F FS I BN H "T Z GS K BCE OG [P GRK K FG ,FZ VM GF N K G FK \E G FN BI K RE OG[ P ,OD Z\P G
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Z CE P F [ T P N M N T K B Y E B P K R K B O N G B , N KT N Z B G C P M G ( G F K K \ G G M B "D P F N K H B B F CE , E "C B ZF G [" ZF
K M K F K M UK S M N E Q R K ZP B H "T B J IC Y ZE Z I B P , P "Y N (E " M ' B ) N K TN G RM Z B F [ G P M G ( Q "C P ZF N N "S E M G )
F [ TP \ B O K P DZ \ P B N E B F N T B "G J F \ K [ GY \ B C [ KK P F HC E ,N " R F ZV S C O [ Z B GC P M ) F ZV M F K N K G F N E
. ( [" K KT Q C G B Z
G K N T N K J F E H" T B J I K C D ( C " T C " N F J G S ) ' P D C B \ K B E F P K " V T , B K [ G Y F C [ K K N Z [ V B F K F F Z G B M N G
F H M N G E D [ R G T P F ZV M G N B F \ [ [ K KC \ K [ F K N Z VM R E K M K F KM , ZM H Z K T[ B N G F C Y R F Z K T [ Q CZ Y C G \ M F
K GF K NE K M K F K M F \ J K I[ O G YP \ GT K CY C M" GP M Y GN I K F "B E F [ YF UK S M K N F "EG \C O [G ,K " [Z VC [ "K K T
ZB G C PG , E " M T Z\ G K L K ZX F P Z CE C Z M K F [ K[ E I B Z C E C CG \ M F Y N K I [ Q G K M E W Z\ PG , ' F Z G P D F ZV M ' F KN
, Z \ G K X "B E 'SG \ F \ R G G M E ZP K P N B M K N G ) ' F Z G P D' F ZV M F HC G N F K F K O B U B , Q KR TG ZC E N M C G \ G HC N Q K B E
B F E G R K B F H E , H "T B J I N T ZC T E F ZK T [F QC Z Y K "T O K TE G K ZC M E ZI B P , G \ [GC C O G N M U SG \ K R B N E G R K KF
. ( Z \ G K L KZ X Q K B P "P G ' F Z G P D ' F Z V M F [ G C F \ V SG \ K " T G N B F K E ZZ G C P
Q K R T F Z K \ S F N Q K B \ G K [ ZV F ZE S N T N D TF F [ T P \ B K ZY K CD E , B "D P F K Z CE Z KV [ F Z G B M N Z B G C P H " K V TG
, G P D Z\ N L K Z X F " G [ P G , F ZV M F K N K G F KN E K M K F K M B I K R E O G [ P , N B Z[ K N [ Q \ G R D KG F E UB G , G F G R K CK B N [
. Y " G E G N B Z [ K N [ Q \ G R D O G [ P G F G R Y\ B N Z KV [ B F C Q G G T K B F ZM H N \ E IG K P \ C [ Q Y \ N O N G B
T CY K \ H "K T[ K E M , F ZK M H F O X T E X P B G F YN PT F [ T PN \ C [C F Z K M H F \ RY \ Z YK T E Z B GC P F K "V T E B N B
U KS G P F H K M , \ G Z K M H F ZB [ N UB \ E I G K P \ C[ Q Y \ N N "G F E , \ E P G T F P G Y P C B K [ G Y F Q K K E T M "B , C N C
F N [ K F P XT F Z K M H F [ B N B , F Z K M H F F [T P N B U SG R Z C E F H K ZY K P B N G , C N C T CY K \ [ F Z KM H F O XT C
. U K SMK NE K MK F K M O K RK RT FC ZF U K SG FN G[Y K C B N[ F J GS E LFN B K P E BNG , \C[ C F \TK C Y C FNT P \VS G\
15
GJ Y
F ZK M H QY \ N X "B \ C[ O G K B M KB E ZI B PE ,\ C [ K C D W Z\ P E B F P ,G\ RG GM QM E I KM G F N [ K G
'C ( D" VZ ' KS ) T" G [ C ZB GC PM ,\ C [ \ ZK M H Q K RT P \ E IG KP F B K ZY B M K N \ C[ C E U B G ,\ E I G K P
O X T N T G \ K [ GY ZY KT Q K B E F R KP G ,[ " KK T \ C[ N M C O K ZV S 'C Q KB K X G P Q K B E B F N T O K PT J
T CYR GC F\KC[F K" TE \C [C LMNG , G\GT XP BC F[TR[ FZKMHF NT BNB ,FBKZ YF \R Y\
. F Z K M HF L Z GXN \ EI G K P F ZK M H Q Y\ N Z CM L Z GX F Q P Q K B C N C Q \ ZK M H
TG CY N G R K K F G , N B Z[ K N [ Q \ G RD O G[ P G R Y\ B N O KZ P F [ TP G Z CE P F [ TP \ Z KM H O N G B
N T F ZG \ F \ B K ZY \ T KP [ C O KP K KY P F ZK M H F \ GXP P "P G , O F K[ T P GZM H KK [ \ EI G K P F ZK M H
11
. \GK[ZVF ZES
C\ MF L G\ P \ GZKM HF \ TKP[ CGK I BM KB B"DPN E ZBGCP Z VGS O \I F K ZCE P
( F " P B " V \ G MZ C ) ' K R \ P Z B CN ( B "T I"S Z U E C" I \ G [ Z E ) ZV G S O \ I F M " [ P Q K K G T KG [H
ZY K T[ Z PGN G R GXZ [ ,\ G NK N C P "K X K ' ZPB \ '[ K \ KM H B NG F R [ 'T QCM K R B K ZF T "C B Z Z PB E
( ' B I " K) F N KD P C Q R K [ Z E Y N P T C Y Z G , E C N C C N C B KG F E TP [ P O K ZX P \ B K X K \ Z K MH \ G X P
YN P T \ ZK M H P O K ZX P \ B K XK \ Z KM H Q R KV N K ZE F E B N B ,F VC K G F E , IM [ \ B N G Z GM H CK \ M E P
F R K P Q GE ZP GN [ K QM O B G , \ GZK M H F N M C ( 'S Q P K S) O F Z CB Q D PF C\ M[ G PM G ,F V C B K G F E
Q R K[ Z E E K B P G , O K ZX P \ B K X K \ Z K M H K P R KM F , F N K NC B N G O G K C Y N PT \ ZK M H F P , F R KP G
. M "T C NC F Z KM H N G R K K F , \ G N KN F \ G C ZN ,L K K I KP K N M C K \ M E P
N M E G\ G TP [ PE ' \ GZ KM HF N M C B "DP F M " [ M YN P T \ ZK M H P QR K V NK ZE F E ' M " [ P F RF
N M N T [ Z G V P B ZVS C B F E , T" X B G F F ZG B MN ,F V C B KG F E Y N PT \ Z KM H P Q R K VN K \ G ZK M H F
K M F [ Z VN N "S E Q " C P ZF \ T EM N K H B B "D P F E ZB G C PM ) F V C B F K [ L K ZX E Q R K VN K E \ G ZK M H F
F [ T P \ Z KM H P Z G CE C G K I Q RK VN K E N N M C \ M B N G , B Z VS F \ B B K C P G P XT B "D P F G ,( B Z VS C
. YNPT
ZK V [ Z B GC P ,C\ MF L G \ P F B KZ Y Q K RT N K B Y G K Z CE E , B "D PF \ R G G M C ZB GC PF K "V T O N G B
C K\ M B N E ) F VC B YGE L K ZX E F C Z\ R B N O K ZX P \ B K XK \ ZK M HE UB E ZP B YE ,S "\ I F KZ CE
ZB [ C C\ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y Q K E U N KP N N "S B " D P F E Q R KH IE Z IB P P "P , ( IM [ \ B N G Z GM H F K C
\ G Z K MH F N M C E Q " C P ZF \ T EM Y G SV N G \ J K [ N N K H B G F K B G ) Y N PT F [ T P \ ZK M H P \ G ZK M H F
\ Z KM H E Z G CE Q KE F K R K P Q R K VN K ( E "C B ZF G [ " ZF M N " SE U B ) Q E K EN R " F ,( ZG C E C G K I B MK B
12
. P "KXK
B M K B \ GZK M H F Z B [ CE ,B " D PF K Z CE ZG B KC C \ G J K [ VC Z VG S O \ I N N " SE ZB G CP F R KP G
. ZV SF L G\P FBK ZY TG P[N C GK I
YZ \"FP T"P ZYTR LBKFE ,B"DPF N[ GXGZK\ NT (F"MY FZTF J"KV ZCEPC FPKP\ FZG\) QK[YP [K 11
Q K B O Z KM H F N F C KK I F ZG \ F O B E YI G E G N "H G E "S S" S Q I N [ F L G Z TC F [Y F Q M G ) , N B Z[ K N [ Q \ G R D O G [ P
\ C [C F B K Z Y ' Q P H' N T B N B K B Y B N B P T J KB F E , P "Y N Z B GC P F K "V T O N G B , ( KB R DF N T J K C F N G R N
OG K NMC [ F CZ F CFB \ MZC C OK K Y P F ZK MHE T "P OGK Y OX T ONG B ,QRC Z EP FR Y\ Y Z BG FE ,\P K GS P
. ZGP BM G , \ GK [Z V F Z ES NT FBK ZY F \TK P [ CG
ZGFZF E"PN 'KVB Z[VB ,CNC KDS KB OKZXP \BKXK \ZKMH T"X OD N"HG (B"B H"S 'KS) D"PVF M"[P QKKT 12
K VM O D G , I M [ \ B N E B Z Y ( ' B I " K ) F N K D P C L Z X G F [ E T , M "D Z G F Z F C L KK [ F Z KM H O [ P "P , K P E Z G C E M G B N
N " SE Z B G C P G , N "M T I M [ \ B N E F Z K M H P U K N K E , B X K B N P " KX K C Z [V B , B X K Z G F Z F S G R B C Q E KE N F B ZR F
Y GS VN D" PV N N " S E ZB GC PE QN F N Q K K TG ,ZG CE B YG E L K ZX P "K X K E Y N P T \ ZK M H P Q R K V N K E S" \ I F \ T E M F HC
,\G ZK MHF NMC ZGC E CG K I BMK NE N"S G ,BZ VS F K ZC E Z GB K C C Q" CP Z F N T K DK NV E E "C BZF G [ "Z F \ TEM
Y N P T \ ZK M H Q " C PZ F E B C KN B E ) \ G Z KM H F Z B [ P B N G Y N P T \ ZK M H P B Y G E UK N K L M N G , Y N P T \ ZK M H C E C N P
D" P VF G S "\ I F E Z B G C P E Q N F N E GT Q K K T G , ( Z G C E L K ZX E B Z V SC Q R KV N K G F N G M C E , \ G Z K M H F ZB [ P B KR [ B N
. G C [ ZG C E Q K E YZ Q R K V N K E G B , Z G C E B G F E ' Z G M H ' \ G TP [ P Y N P T \ Z K M H P Q R K V N K K B KD K N V
16
H JY
O G K C B Y GE KG F ZGM H \ B K Z YE B \ N KP KB F F K N B JK [ VE Z VGS O \ IF K ZC E P ZB G CP \ B H EG T
O K [ R CG K I Q KR TN P "Y VR G , D" H F [ T" P KG F E H" K VT Z B GCP E Q NF N Q K K GTK G ,F N K N C B N G
. GH FBK ZY \TK P [C
QR CZE P Y Z Q CGK I ZV SC \ GZK MHF \ BKZ Y
F RF ,\ GK [Z VF ZE S N T \ GZK M HF \ B K ZY \TK P [C C GK I BM KBE B"D PFN N " SE F P F R F G [ I
\ [ Z V YZ B \ KK Z G B E F B KZ Y O G[ Q KB E W" R[ 'S G \ O [ C ( F "VZ \ 'K S) B " D P F M " [ P K "V T
B N E ,O [ B K C P[ O K RG[ B Z K RF N M P Y K GE P R "F G , \"F P CG KI K GF B N E B \ N K P B J K[V ,Z GM H
13
. Q R CZ E P B N B , \ " F P QC G K I Q KB \ GZ K MH F \ B K Z Y ZB [ UB E K Z F ,\ GZK M H F ZB [ \ B G ZK M H F
L [ PC F ZG\C O K BZ GY BN K PP K ZF E ,\ G ZK M HF \ B K ZY E F RY \ F KG F K B P C "X F" BE BN B
G B Z Y B CZ TP CE U B E ,F R [ G F R [ N M C F B KZ Y G RY \ E N "X G , G H \ E IG K P F RY \ K G F KB P G , F R[ F
G P M G , F R[ G F R[ N M C F B KZ Y CG KI B M K B GN B \ G ZK M HC H" M T ,O K R[ 'D L [ PC F Z G \ F N M \ B
. F R [ C \ IB O TV V" F M N GC G K IE \ G JK [ G F R F N ,Y N PT F [ T P \ Z K MH C
C G KI KG F B N F ZG \ F \ B K Z YE O K R G Z I B C ZB G C P F R F E , C G KI F O XT C K G F F R Y \ F E N" K EG T
BGF \GZKMHF \BKZY \RY\E BXPR H"KVTG ,14 ECNC ZGCKX \CGI BNB ,EKIKG EKIK NM NT
. Q \ B KZ Y TG P [ N E K IK G E K IK N M N T C G K I B F K [
I "EK BXGK GRKB TKP[PG TPG[ \RGGM BNN \ GZKM HF \ BKZY
,OK RG [ OKC GK I GFC BMK BE ZB GCP , ZGMH \[Z VC QG DMG \"FP FBKZ Y CGK I KCD FR FG [ J
, I "E K B X G K G R K B F " B N C G F R G M L K ZX \ " F P F G X P CE Q R K Y SVE ( C "Y S S"S ) B "D P F M" [ P Q K K T
,( E "K Y"S F "V Z\ C "P Q KK T ) TK P[ P G TP G[ \ R G GM L KZ X M "G PM G ,T "P N JK C Q G KM B N O B G
F B K ZY N F ZG\ N F N G T GR KB Q KM Z CP K P N T E G K GR K B [ Q J YE (F "VZ \ 'K S) H"J C Z B GC P R" F G
YNPT \[ZV BZYR[ ZPBN OB ,FVC GHF FZKMHF BKF FP K\TEK BNG (H"K F"M OKZCE) Q"CPZF M"[P QKKT 13
, N " M T F ZG \ F Q P F N D P B ZY P N L P S F KF KG , ( B J M F N KD P ) ZG M H F K R [C F ZG \ F Q P Q K E P N G R K XP R G , ZG CK X C
F N Q R KV N K E L [ PF C ZB G C PF K " VT G , \ " F P L P S K G F P " P Q R C Z E P K G F E U B \ G Z K M H F Z B [ K CD R "F E Z [V B G
. F ZK M H F Z K M H [Y K PN
. KMF N"S ONGMM OCGZG ,GRKRPH KRGZIB ET ,OKRGZIBF KZVSC QGEKR FH QKRT 14
, N " H B "Z D F G R K CZ N E I B O M I F [ Y F , C\ M [ ( B T Y Q P K S ) CZ F [T P F N T Z KM [ \ N G T V \ G F D F C E G T Q K K TG
O G [ P ZG H D R , \ C[ C Q F C \ G ZY N O K Z\ G P L K B , \ N F Y G O K ZK [ F Z K [ G \ G Z \ N K D P \ B KZ Y C C G K I [ K [ B \ K B O B E
B N B \ M K K [ G H F ZH D Q K B [ ,C K [F G ,Z\ S B \ N K D PC GZ H D[ G P M , O K CZ F \ G [ ZC \ G P B TC Z B Q ZK C TK B P [ F C ZE
N T G TC Y G F B N GN B \ GN K D P \ B K Z Y N C B , F R P HC F N K DP G ,C N GN G Z VG [ G P M , F C C K K I E K I K G E KI K N M [ F GX P C
C G K I F [ Q G K M P G , E K I K F N T N N M CG KI Q KB F Z[ T Q K B O B [ ' F ZG \ ZV S \ B K ZY G PM ' O K CZ N T B N B N N M E K I KF
. M "T . KE E F B KZ M E P O K CZ Q R K ZP B O K C ZF N T
\ B K Z Y N T GZ H D B N E B F C [K K N ( [" T C \ G K F N N I F " E C" P B " V F N K D P) J " KG \ F M "[ P Q K K X N [ K G \ PG TN
LK Z X F [Z VC BZ GY FE (J "NY S " Z I " B) Z GJ C [ "P C K N B I K RG N" HG , GRZ K CT K B P [ OG[ P \C [C FZ G\F
'S G \ E 'C W GZ K\ N B K P G E , Q F Q K B K Y C Q K ZG YF N M M "B G , ' G M G G P X T Q K C N G R K C [N [ G O K PT V F N I \ F \ G B Z E SN
C G K I K G F E N "S E F ZG B M N F B ZR , Z G C KX \ CG I K G F F B K ZY F E O G [ P WZ K \ B N E B F P G , N " M T G Z H D B N [ F N K P C
N M , KE E F B K Z M E P E Q R KZ P B B N B F CE N "S P " P Z G C K X \ CG I KG F E U B E N "K B P [E B N B , E K IK G E K IK N M N T
B" E GRZ K CT K G EGP NN LNK B P [ [[ I F ZY K T[ L M , ECN C BZ GY NT C F BGF FB K Z YF F[ TP NT F RGP P F[
. GC YZ K GN \ Z "FZ C
N J K C[ ' , R " M F K CC F N J C F I K [ ZG SK B Q K R T C ( F ZT F C ' H Q K[ T F I K \ V ) O K KI WV I Z V SC M "[ P E G T Q K K TG
Z G S KB N T KB Y O \ F E B N B ' \ I B F C K \ G N KV B G B E I B Y G S V G N K V B H " K T Z S I K O B G N K V B F Z G \ F \ B KZ Y
. [" KK T F B K ZY F \ TK P [ N G JK C O XT N T B N G , K N K N V Q GT B G F [ F I K [F
N M N T G R H B \ G J F N F Z G \ F \ B K Z Y \ T [C G N " H G ( B "K ) Q J Y N K JT X C M " [P Q K K T , F B K ZY F \ TK P [ \ G CK [ I CG
. ' F N K D PF \ B B Z G Y M ' B ZG YF P ZG CK E G Z G C KE
17
HKY
FN K I\M N BZY N Q KB M " GPM G , FZG \N FN G TF QP FM ZCF \ B T GP [N K GBZ F QPG ,ZG M H \C[E
. ( D" K Y"S J "NY 'K S C" P Q KK T) FZ G\N \ GNT N B P GSN
L G\P FBK ZY F C GK I Z YK T NME ZI BP ,NNM OK CGK I K RF G FC BM K N \G ZK M H K RFC FZ GBMN G
B P GSG Q JY Q K RT N R "F G ,F RGGM B N N U B I" EK B XG K L M [ PG ,Q RCZ E P F RY \ Y Z K GF C\ M F
Z B GCP TK P [ P \ R GGM Q KR TN G ,L ZC PF K V P F M Z CF T G P [ N X" B M "G PM G , F ZG \ N O KN G TF
N TC F Q K B G ZG CK X \ CG I K G F F ZG \ F \ B KZ YE U B B N K PP G ,M " X \ GX PE O G[ P G R K KF E O K YS GV C
NM M"BG M"XB QRCZE FGXPCE ZIBP P"P ,15I"EK ZGCKXF \B G\BKZYC BKXGFN QKGMP BZGY
P" P , ( K "Y S S "S C" P Q K K T) F R GM L K ZX F N KI \ M N E UB G ,I" E K F C B X K Z KV [ F B K ZY TP G [ [
I "E K \ B XN \ E I G KP F R G G M B NN U B B X K R " F M" B G , F R G M ZE T F C U B I" E K B X K E C T K E C
. TKP[P G T PG [ \RG M BNN UBG ,\G ZKMHF
\ R G GM QM G \ GZK M H F \ GXP O K KY N Q G K M B N O B C G , F R G G MF CM TP \ GZ K MH K R F CE N " VB E B Z CK B
F B K ZY \ R Y\ ZY KT G ,\ " F P F GX P KG F \ G ZK M H F CG K IE ZI B P ,I "E K B X K B N ,TK P [ PG TP G [
L G \ P F B K ZYC E IG KP QV G B C F R [ C \ I B O TV O K KY \ K \ "F P \ GZ KM H F CG K I[ B G F C\ MF L G \ P
BNKPP ,16FGXP F[TPN G\GB CK[IPF BGF FGXPF OGKY \TC FRGGMFE ZIBPG ,C\MF
17
. NN M F R Y \ F I" E K B X K B N G ,F G X P F [ T P Q B M Q KB F R G G M ZE T F C
Z B GCP E [ E G I C "K L [ P C F CZ F C F B C Q G K M B NG F V C \ GZ KM H F ZP B B N [ K PN P "Y VR G )
GE K C [ K K Z F F [ ZV F Z E S N T F B K ZY F T PG [ E Z IB P P "P E B N B ,T "P N J KC E (E "N ) QN F N
. ( T" P N JK C F GX P O K KY N \ GZK M H F \ T KP [ C F R G GM GN F KF B N E ZIB PE B N B , F ZK M H F \ GX P
F [ T PN G \ G B CK [ IP F B G F F G XP F O G KY C F R G G M F E Z IB P ,\ B XN F R G GM Q K RT N B YG E H" M G
F P GE M G B P GS G B Q JY N F Z G \ N F K N T Q G D M G , \ "F P F B K ZY C O KC G K IF Q K RT N O N G B ,F GX P
Q R KM P S B N \ " F P F G XPC E ,\ GZ T[ 'C B K C F [ T GE K B N[ D "K Q C Q J Y Q K RT N G B , (N KT N B CG P F )
\ G B K Z Y KR F C ,( C"Y S J "VY \ 'K SC G ,D" YS B " TZ ' KS CG , H"M Y" S J" XY ' KS C" P Q K KT ) F YH IB
Q R CZ EP F B KZ YC O N G B , F ZG \ N [ F B KZ Y O XT K C G K I G G F E ZI B P ,N N M O F C ZK PI F N X "B
. F B K Z YF CG K I C B NG , \ GZK M H F \ GX P O XT C CG K I B G F E F R G G M B Y GE G ,N N M O K CG KI K R F N B M KN
\ K N Q JY E ZI B P ,F B K Z Y O \ S P B T KZ D \ G B KZ Y K R F C ,F ZG \ C B Z G Y F Q JY Q K R T NE B X PR G )
. ( \ B XN F R GGM F KN
TKP [P \ RGM BNN UB I "EK BX GK BN KPPG Z GCEM V"M T BCK [I B ZGY NTC K VP TPG[ [ N M
U B E ( [ "K K T Q N F N B C G P ) B "D P F \ T E C \ " G [ C S "\ I F K ZC EC ZB G C P F K" VT O N G B [K
\ R G GM B M K N E UB R" F E N "K M " B ,\ G ZK M H F N[ ZG CE C G K I Q K RTN ZGC E B C K[ I G "[ I P F T K P[
\ GX P \ B XN Q KG MP T PG[ F [ N M ,Z GCE M B C K [ I P "P I" E K GB K XG F N TK P[ P F N [ \ E I G K P
B X G K \ "F P F ZK M H F C G K I O XT KZ F E ,T "P N JK C B N C G[ Z GC E KG F E ZI B P M " B G ,\ G ZK M H F
K ZF \ G K [ ZV F Z ES N T F B K ZY N T N "H I \ R Y \ O G K Y Q K R TN G ,Z G CE M B C K [ I F H Q KR TN E , I" EK
FZG\C FBKZY NMC UBE ZIBP ,I"EK GBKXGFN W"[F QKGMP BP\SCE FKC QRKZPB KGF BN M"X FKF GNKBG 15
' K S ) C " PF M " [ P N B K P E G , I "E K N F Y F \ B B KX G F N Q KG M P E F C B P K R E , F R G TM T P G [ Q K E P F T K P [ C G K I B M KN
\ R G GM B N N I" E K B X G K G R P P T P G[ F Q K B , DF R P O G [P Y Z R" M F K C C [EY P W "[ F [ M G R K R P HC E ( 'N Y "S D "T Z
. F B K ZY KB F C R" F G , [ "K K T T KP [ P
YST\PM BNB I"EK \BXN FRGGM BNC FB[T OBG ,'GMG M"X \GXPF NM C\M[ F"S 'S 'KS Z"FTG[ QKKT 16
FK [T BC K [I F RGG MF K "T E K Z F ,N" MT \" FP I "EK BX K BN ,FGX P F\G B O[ N BNG \ZI B FRGG MN G B ,BP NT C
. FG XP N[ FK [ TN GH
\ZKMH N[ FBKZYF \TKP[ \TC F\TE ZIBP ,KBF BMKK[ BN \C[ \ZKMHC ONGB ,\GZKMHF ZB[C BYGE H"MG 17
F B K Z YF \ TC F \ T B N K P P G ,T GC [F K P K C F \ ZK M H B N B G R K B C G K I F N M E ZI B P , \ " F P F GX P O KK Y P G R K B \ C [
. Y "G E G F \ [ G E Y G \ C[ F O G K \ G X P \ G B K XP G C N C T CY K F B K ZY F K" T [ , Q R C Z E P C G K I B N B K G F B N
18
I KY
\ B X N F RG GM E C NP ) ,TK P [ PG TP G[ \ RGGM X" B B N K PP G F RGGM X" B B F C G QRC ZE F G XP K GF
18
. ( \ "F P B G F E \ GZ KM H F E ZG CE \ G XP O K KY P B N F "B N C E ,L K ZX E G P XTN I" EK
ZV SF P \ G ZK MHF \ T KP[ I"E K G BX K O KT PG [F \B BKX G FN BZ GY N TCF Q G KM BN[M U B
F M GS CG , N B YH I K CZ KR \ F "E B " T B " K \ GM ZC ) 'S G \ F \ J K [ E B CK N B Q K K TN [ K E B NB [B "K
F K C B M K B E \ " F P F GX P N M E ( 'I ' D \ N NG M F I K \ V Q K K T) D" PV F JYR QM G (Z PB E F "E B "T 'D
B M F M "B G ,O \ R Y\ K VM F G XP F O KK Y O B B N B B \ K KZ G B E B I "E K B XG K G R K B O KP M I \ R Y\
N "H I \ R Y\ F K C BM K BE ZI B P ,I" E K BX GK GR KB FZ GBM N T KP [ P \ R GGM BN N \ GZ K M HF \TK P [C
K G F F R G GM F CG KI E ZI B PG , \ "F P I" E K B X G K G R K B F RY \ F O K KY B N [ M G ,C \ M F LG \ P B Z YN
G R KB C G [ G ,\ " F P \ G Z K MH F I"E K N NM B X G K G R K B T K P[ P \ R G G M ZE T F C M "B F G X P F O X T P Y N I
. FRY\F I" EK BXGK
Q V G B N T BY G E K B Y , \ " F P I " E K B X G K G R K B F R Y \ F O G K Y B N N E B \ J K [ K B F N M E F B Z R F G
B N Q E KE Q G E K R C O N G B , O K PM I G R Y \ [ Q V G B F NT F P G K Y \ ZG X F [ T B N [ C G R K K F G , F G X P F O G K Y
K Z F [ F R Y \ F O K K Y KZ F F H T P G [ E Z I B P , F R Y\ F I " EK B X K B N F R G G M Z ET F C E Q R K Z P B
B N B ,O K PM I G K N T G RY \ [ F PP F PG KY \ ZG X QV G B C Z SK I B N G ,C\ M F L G \ P TP [ \ G B K XP C
ZP K PN L K K[ Z KV [ B F C G ,F R G GM F Y N I GN Z SI B N KP P T KP [ P \ R G GM Q B M Q KB E Z IB P P" PE
F Z KM H I "E K B X G K ZK V[ G ,(N "R F S" \ IF K Z CE M ) Z GCE \ G B KX PM B C K[ I \ "F P E ZI B PE
19
. Y "G EG F B K ZY F O X TC Q R CZ EP I "E K K PR B XG K CG [ B N KP PG ,\ " F P
\GZ KM HF NT Q KMZCP QKB KBPB ZBGCP B "DPFE BCK NB
,C N K M ZT P Z VS O [ C ( D" K N N M ' H \ M ZTP O KN N M C" I) E PI KE [ C M " [ P Q K K GTK G [C "K
F [ T P \ Z K MH CE C \ M G ,\ "F P T "P K G F E \ G ZK M H F N T \ E I G K P F M Z C Q K M ZCP B N KB P B F P \ PE
. ["K K T FBK Z YF \ TC FZG \F NT QK MZCP E Z IBP ZK V[ ZBG CP YN P T
\ " F T Q K M ZCP K Z F E , \ GZK M H F ZB [ N T UB ZK V [ C [ G K P B "D PF KZ CE C Z B GC PF K" VT F R F G
. F [ ZV F Z ES N T \ G Z KM H F \ B K ZY C
. ( F ZK M H F \ G X P N T F MZ C K G F E , F ZG \ N F N G T F \ M ZC C \ B X N Q K G M N [ KE N " K H "K VN E B N B )
ZGCE QKBE O\F KRB[ ,\GZKMHF I"EK BXGK GRKB GZKCIP FCZ FCFB \MZC TPG[FE QNFN ZBGCPE UBG 18
, O [ Z B G C P M , \ G Z K M H F Q K R TN ZG CE M C [ I K F N N KT G P G R K B F R G T M G N C [ IR E F P L M N G , \ G Z K M H F N [ [Z G V P
. [ ZGV P Z GC E BGFE C \MF LG\ P FB K Z YC M "B[ P
\MZCC OK[R BCZP BRKCZ FKRKP KTC 'PDC B\KBE BF NT \G[YFN C\M[ (J"RY BZ\C) B"TZ \"G[C QKKT 19
Y Z G R K K F G , E "E M Z G F Z F E N "S B R KC Z B F E , I "E K O K CZ K Y G VB N P " YV R KB PN , Q R CZ E G B B \ KK Z G B E Q G H PF
\T K P[ C K Z F E ,I "E K O K C ZF \ B B K XG F N O K [R F \ GNG M K M"B G ,BYG E ZG CE L K Z X Q RC ZE P O NG B B \ K K ZGB E P
, Q R C ZE P Y Z ZG CE C G K I K G F F \ T P G , B \ KK Z G B E B I " E K G B X K Z G F Z F F K "T M "B G , ZG F ZF K P R B M KB O K[ R B F
. [ "K K T Q RC ZE C GK I FT K P [C OK BX GK ZKV [G
B X G K G R K B F R Y\ F O K K Y B N [ N M , \ " F P F G X P N T Q R C ZE F R Y \ B M K B E K M K F E ' S G \ F \ J K[ E B CK N B F ZG B M N G
\ B X N B "B B E K ZD Z G F Z F C K ZF E , O K [ R F P F T K P [C I " E K G B X K O K [ R BF [ L KK [ B N M "B , \ " F P U B I " E K
B K [G Y B ZE F G , \ "F P CG K I ZG F ZF C O KB XG K Q K B C G [ Z GC E N [ Q RC ZE F RY \ B M K B E Z I B N E , B \ K K ZG B E B I " E K
. B \ K KZ G B E O K [ R B F G N K B G Q R CZ E O K [ R F G G F F TK P [ K B F C G , F T K P [ YZ Q B M B M K B E F K \ M G E N
R" F M " B , B \ KK Z G B E B I" E K B X K B N E ZP K P N L K K [ B N CG [ F RY \ F O K K Y \ G B K X P CE N M E Z B GC P F K "V T O N G B
F P N M B R K E Q K R T N E U B KZ F , O K [ R F P F TK P [ K "T ZG CE Q B M B M K B F [T P N E ZI B P E , H " P F M ZC K CD C [ G K P
. I " E K B X G K CG [ , Z G F Z F F K " T U B F [T R I" E K B XG KE
B Y G E L K Z X[ Q G H P F \ M ZC N T \ E I G K P F R Y \ F K F B N E Z I B P , K R B [ B F E K PR C[ K KN [ K H " PF M ZC K CD F R F G
B N [ B \ K K ZG B E F \ B G Z YT E Q R K ZP B B N B F C B N KP P G , ZG C E L KZ X \ "F P F G X P N M C E \ K N N M F R Y \ B N B , ZG CE
. ZGF ZFC \"FP I "EK GBX K
19
J KY
K "T E B N B F ZK M H F O X T F G X P F Q K B E , \ K P G K Y F G X P K G F E N "K O G K N MC [ \ G Z KM H F Q K R TN G
N [ ZG CE N T Y Z K G F F MZ C \ R Y \ E , F MZ C O F KN T G R Y \ B N L M NG , F I M [ KE K N T K D K B N ZG CE F
20
. FGX P
N K NC P "K X K ZG V K S NT F M Z C Q K M ZC P Q KB E B F C [ K KN G C \ M O K R G Z I B F G O K R G [ B Z F F R F G
F J PC ,( IS V N KN \ GN V \ Z E S UG S) O F Z E GCB C ,(C "S E " M N N M ) [ "B Z F \ "G[ Q K K T ,Z E SF
\GG XP E ( 'B H"C [P E" T\ 'K S) D "P VF M"[P E G T QK K TG ,( 'R 'K S ) GC NMCG , (D" NZ\ 'K S ) F[P
(C "S ' V 'F \GZ GC D) N"Z FPC F" M G ,OFK NT QK MZC P QK B ZGFZ FCG FC [IP C QC GK I ZY K T[
Z IB P ,O G K N M C[ \ GZK M HF N T Q K M ZCP Q KB E B F B " DP F E B C KN B C[ K K N [ K H "K VT G , [ "K K T
GR Y\ B N B F CG ,C N C[ F Z KM H O G [ P B N B G R K B ZGC E C G K I U B G ,CN F \ Z KM H B G F C G K IF Z YK TE
21
. \EIGKP FMZC
\C[P ["PG FCZ FCFBC Z GCE \CGI B XGK LBK F F [Y
BKXGPM BCK[I FCZ FCFBC \GZKMHF \RGGM K"TE B"DPF KZCEC ZBC\PE FP FRFG [D"K
BCKNB FZGBMNE ,ZGCE I"EK FHC FXGK KBPBG ,[ZGVP ZGCE KGF BN BFE T"X FZGBMN ,GKVP
,ZGFZFM YZ BCK[I BPNTC HPZG ,ZGCE KCGKI ZB[N BKPE ZGCE CGKI \GZKMHC BMKBE Q"CPZFE
FBZRF GZKCIN ZPBK[ OEB NGMKE FIZY QC K"ZN N"SE (B"T Q"Y) \C[ 'PDC B\KBEMG
\C[ KCD CK\ME BZYP QRKVNKE ,(H"S H"[ QPKS QKKT ,FK\GGM B\MNFG) CZTN KPT EGPT\[
,OK[ZGVP ORKB OKZCEF OXTE ZIBPG ,Z\GP ZGFZF GNKBG ZGSB ZGCEE ,ZCE ZCEG LXVI BXPP
BNE QGKMG N"HG K"[Z O[ M"[MG ,ZGCEM BNG ZGFZFM BCK[I G\RGGM QCGP GKZCE \GTP[PP YZG
BNB ZGCKEM NNM BCK[I BN GZGCKEC \[ZGVP FRKB G\RGGM[ NME KZF ,KZ[ BKEFC [ZVP
FCFBE FMZCF OXTCE UB ,I"EK GC BXGKG ZGCEM BCK[I \GZKMH KRF KBPB M"BG ,ECNC ZGFZFM
LKZX[ TEGK[ KNGN ,ORKRT NNM QCGP BN BFCE BNB EGT BNG ,\GZKMHF QKRT NNM [ZGVP QKB FCZ
.\[ZGVP G\GTP[P V"MTE ,CZTN KPT EGPT\[ FBZRFP FCZF BTKZDG ,OFC QKGMN
\C[ C Q"ZF K ZCE K"VT CG[K
' K V N" H G ,ZI B Q V G B C \ C [ C ZG CE ZG S K B E B PT J [ Z VN Q "Z F M "[ P Q K KG T K E B N B [ E "K
QK B E BX PR G ,C ZT N GN Z PB K[ O KP E F GK RK T C G Z[ K K B N B P [ G O K PE GN Y SV B N G N K B GF E
. N "M T B PN T C Z G F Z F B N B , B P K K Y N [ ZG C E K G F B N G ,O G NM G ZG C K E C
K CD LM N G ,ZG F ZF B N G ZG C E B C K [ I [ ZG V P G R K B [ ZG CE U B O N G TN E , ZK V[ Z B G C P G K Z CE N G
K CD BY GE G ,O R KR T ZM G H[ N M , [ZGV P GR KBE U B I "E K BXG K ZG CE \CG I F K C BM K BE \ G ZK M HF
ZG CE F O X T Q KB B P K K Y N [ Z G CE K G F B N E NM G ,Z G CE F O X T B G F Z G S K B F Z Y K TE \ C[ E Z G CE
. NNM BZ GSK B FK C BM K N GK ZC EC [Z GV P G RK B Z GSK BF[ NM QMN G ,Z GS BF Z GCEN BC K [I
. T " XG , [ZG V P Z GC E X " B Z GC E C [ \ GG X P N MC E Q" Z FN N " SE BX PR H " KV TE BN B
BN B I "E K BX GK GR KB ZGC E C[ \ GXP N M Q "Z FN UBE Z[V BE ,H" CH B K N \ BN E N "K E BZ CK B
L M N G ,B P KK Y ZC Z GC E B GF ZG SK B F Z YK TE ,K RB[ \C [E ZG CE ZG SK B BYG E E ,[ZG VP ZGC EC
ZYKT[ KVN ,FRGT OGKY NT QKMZCP QKB[ OTJC (H"NY 'KS B"I) \GRJY \GMNF \"G[C QKKT GH BZCS QKTM 20
. ( ' K ' K S I " G B D" I O K N T V C Z \ " G [ C E G T Q K K T F H Q K R TC G ) , F P G KY O X T B N G , F \ R G T TZ D K B N [ B G F F G X PF
GK\GXPC GR[EY Z[B QKMZCP GRB QKB FPN NB[[ KP K\KBZG N"HG (C"T C"K \GMZC) KZKBPF M"[P QKKGTKG 21
\ G M ZC F N G R Y\ R [ "Y K Z F [ , G H F N B [N O G Y P F B G Z K R K B G , N N V \ F N Q M G , [ "Y N Q M G , P "K X K \ B Z KM H F N G R G XG
. N "M T Q P XT N \ G Z G P D \ G M ZC Q F K Z F F N K V\ G P " KX K G , G H F M ZC Z G J V N K G B Z[
S ' KS ) Z "F TG [ C M "[ P [ ZV N [ K H " K V TG , F M Z C F K N T G R Y \ B N F M ZC F \ G F P[ F G X P N M E G K Z CE C Z B G C P
EZ VR C \GZK MH F Z P GNP FC Z FC FBC QK GMN BV K ETE TP [ P E ,'G MG [ "Y N XB QZM HN 'C GJ G ' \G ZK MHF K CD (E" S
. F M Z C CG KI P \ G ZK M H F \ B ZG J VN G , F M Z CF L G \ C Q K GM N B VK E T E ,Z \ G K C ZB GC K K Z K B P F K "V TG , F N K V \ F ZI B N
20
MY
NM Z GC E C GK IC M" B[P ,\C [C Z GSBF F[T P FHP BX KE NM ,ZG SB K PR [Z GVP GRK B[M UB
. ZG C E \ G X P NN M C K G F B N [ ZG V P ZG C E K G F B N E
\C [E Z GCE Z GS KB QKCN \ GZ KM HF N [ Z GCE C G KI QK C YG N KI
UB I" E K BXGK \G ZK M H K RFC P "P ,[Z GVP Z GCE L K ZX BP NTC E BPK R K B U BE FBZ RFG [G" J
B G F ZG CE F CG KI Z YK T \ GZ K MH F Q KR TN E ,B PN T C ZG F ZF M B CK [ I B N G ,[ Z GVP G R K B [ ZGC E C
BVK E T G , IM G[ GR KB FVC Z GC E K "T [ , GK VC CN C [ G \ZK M H B JC N GR KK F G ,Q GZM K HF CG KI O G [ P
ZGCE KZYP FZKMH KEKN GZZGTP[ QVGB FHKBC ZCEF ZKMHP[ NM LMNG ,22 BEKZD CNC FZKMHP
. B G F [ Z G CE NM KD S F H N G ,G KV C CN F \ R G G M KG J K C B G F Z G CE F E ,F H Q K R TN
\ B ZGM H K ZV SC F " MG N " H G ( D" Z\ F GX P) YN P T F [ TP K CD L G R K I F ZV SC M " [ P Q K KG TK G
K RB FP BF ,FZ GPB C NF \IM[ KZF I M[\ BN ZP GB BG F[M ,LCC NC NGMK 'GD G F[T Z[B
ZS I \ G G \ C K B [ N I \ Q V ,Z CE F I M[ K B N [ K EM , K Z VS C M "T LK V C F R G [ B F \ [ ,ZG M H O K KY P
. [ " KK T (F " Z\ F GXP ) Y N PT F [ TP \ Z KM H K CD M "M G , N "M T O K R PH F L ZG B C \ GCC N F P
K GF BN G ,I M [ K\ BN [ F \Z JP , YN P T F [TP \ZK M HC FVC FZ K M H CGK I Z YK T E Z B GC P K ZF
Z YK T ,K B F C O NG B ,C G K IF ZY K T N M KG F ZGC E F O XT O \ F E , ZG CE C \ G KG N \ F \ GXP ZB [ M
. F VF K" T F [ TR[ CN C Q GZ M KH B G F F GX PF
K "T E F H C QGG MP F E , ZGC E L K ZX E B ZYP QR K VN K G F N GM E , \ GZ KM HF Z B [ K CD N " K R" F G
. C N F \ ZK M H B M KB ZGC E F \ G B KX P
,\G ZKMHF KCD E , ZGC E KCGK I Z B[ QKCN \G ZKMHF N [ Z GCE C GK I QKC YGNK IF Z KV[ Z BGCP G
ZB[ C ONGB ,I" E K FHC B XGK G CK GI PF Z GCE ZEDC H"F CNFP G IM[K K BN[ OZG DF ZGC E NM
G \ G TP [ P Q K B [ ZGC E D GS C I" E K B X G K G R K B , ZG CE F O XT B G F CG K I F Z YK T N M E ZGC E KC G K I
. Z GC EF OXT NT FZG P
Z YK TE ZIB P , [ ZG VP Z GCE B YG E L KZ XE ,\ C [ E Z GCE ZG SK B K CD K "[ Z E B C K NB R" F G
. B Z G S K B K B F C N N M R B N [ Z G V P Z G C E B M K NE NM G ,Z G C K E F O X T KG F Z G S K B F
ZG CE U B ZG CE K CG K I ZB [ C E B PK R K B U B E ,Z GCE K CG KI ZB [ P K R B [ \ C [ E N "K \ B H EG T
F K C B M K N G Z GCE B CK [ I B N \C [E ZG CE P "P ,I" E K \ BXN QK RT N ZG CE BC K[ I [ZG VP GRK B [
N M G ,N G I K XV IP Z GCK E ZCE K B N [ ,Z GS B F Z GC E B G F ZG SK B F ZY KT \ C [ CE ZI B P ,B Z GSK B
UB G , B PN T C ZGC E B N B ,N G I K Z CE C Z GCE F H KZ YK P Q K B N G I N [ Q KR T G K ZC E C [ ZG VP Q K B [
ZB [C M "B [ P ,B ZGS KB KB FC N N M R BN G , F H QK RT N ZG FZF P BVK E T BN G \ RGG M C C [ IP [ F P
. GK ZC E L G\ P \ZM K RF G\ RG GM Z \C Q RK N HB Z GC E KR KR T
Z G C E K " T C NF \ ZK MH BF K[ F ZK MH F C G KI Z ED F CZ \ R BZ VS C
ZG M H O K K YP K R B F P B F B Z VS K ZC E \ GT P[ P E ,B "D P F \ T E C ZB GC P H" KV T B XP R G [H" J
K \ B G , F VF K " T F Z KM H F B F K [ CG KI F ZY K TE ,F Z K M H F C G K I Z E D F CZ \ RE , L KV C F R G [ F K F \ [
BN CG KI O GK YE K KG ZGBN ' ZGM H ' KP R J YR L M N G ,C N C Y Z B GF C GK IF N M E B PK R BN E K TGY VBN
BNB ,BY GE FVC BG F 'ZG MH' \GT P[P E OG [P GBNE ZBG CP G ,FV F K" T BNB GRK B IM[\
B N E C G K IC Z GTK [ \ VS G F KK GC ZN F ZK M H F \ GN KV M K \ B IM [ \ B NG Z GM H G F K K GZ\ CK \ M E PE
. I M [ \ B N O K KG YK F H QV GBC YZ G ,F ZK M H \ N GT V K "T GRK K F G , FVF K "T FZK M HF B F K[ , IM [ \
\BKXK ZKMHFN KPR BCGKIE N"HG P"KXK \ZKMH KCD C\M E"G\CG ,OKEZIF ZVS KZCE BCGP (1 FZTF 'B) NKTN 22
Y H I N B N B G R K B ZG C E CG KI ZY K T N M E G K Z CE C ZB G C P K Z F , KT C B C N B R P I ZE C N F YH IN K E M F VC O K ZX P
. CNC [ Q GZMK H
21
B MY
\ R G GM L KZ X P "P E B NB ) E CN C Z GC E CG K I B NB F KC B M KN E F C Z\ RE [ Z VN G Z PK PN B M K N G
B Z VSF K ZC E \ GTP [ PE ,( ZGC E F O XT B G F C G K IF P "P E B N B ,F Z KM H K GF B N F "B N C E , CN F
B N P Q R KV N KE CN C G K I B M KB E ZB GCP ' F ZG PB CN \ IK M [ KZ F IM [ \ B N Z PG B B G F [ M ' ZP B YE
K C G K I ZB [ P B K R [ K B PC M "B , EC N C Z G C E C G K I B N B F KC B M K N E B P K R K B E \ B H E G T ) , IM [ \
B N K PP G , ZG CE K " T IM [ \ B N C G K I F CZ \ RE IZ MF CG ,( [ ZGV P ZG CE CG K I G F C B MK B E ,Z GCE
. I "E K GC BX GK [Z GVP GR KB ZGC E F OX T[M U BE ,Z K V[ Z B GC P
K"ZB F K ZCE ZGBK C
O E B F L K ZX F [ T \ G XP F TCZ B K M TE C\ M[ N " H K ZB F K Z CE C Y K KE N [ K F ZG B M N F RF G [ H"K
'C N F \ ZK M HC O KG N \ [ ' F Z G \ C O KC G \ M F \ G ZK M H F T CZB O F G ,F Z K M H Q K RT O F [ O G K N M C O K K YN
FCZ F CFBC QK GMN M"[P E ZBG CP FZ GBMN KZ F ,' GMG \"P Z GMHK ' \ZI C GRC G' ZP BK [M QMN
,Z G C E C G K I F H C O K K Y P E ZB G C P B " D P F KZ CE C G N K B G ,Z G CE C G K I N T B N G ,C N F C G K I NT K B Y
. T "X G
OG[P BGF Z GCEF C GK I Z YKTE G\R GGM C NF \ZKMHC OK GN\[ M" [PE Z BCN FBZR FG
T"P OKKYN LKZX QMNG ,23 GCNP IM[KK BN FVC FZKMHF K"TE ,CNF \ZKMHC \GKGN\ \GZKMHFE
UB G , ZG CE I" EK B XK F HC G ,'G MG \ "P Z GM H K '\ ZI C G R CG' Z PB K [ M F "G [ PG ,O G K N M C Z GCE E
. ZB G CP MG ,[ Z GV P Z GC E G R K B [
C N F \Z KM H O G [ P Y Z K G F \ G ZK MHF N [ Z GC E C G KI E B" DPF \ TE C Z BG C P ZV G S O\ IF P
FE DF \ZK P B H "V N BX PR N" HG (G "J 'B Y N I I" GB \"G [) ZV GS O\I F M" [P QK K TG [ I"K
,B C G K I Z CP T PG[ C B N B I "K B X G K GR K B F V C F ZK PB LK Z X[ L RC N \ E DF G P B Y VR E IS V N K N C
E "S F M N" K B F C , F N K N C F ZK M H C Q R C ZG B P G H Q C F KC KD KN V E O G KG O G K N M CE Z G M H \ Q T PN N C B
'V CM IM [ \ B N CK \ M B N EP , F ZG\ F Q P F V C F ZK P B K TC B N G ,K DS B P N TC F Z KM H CE I "Z VE
. YNPT
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. FZKMH BNB CK\M BNE
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,F N K D P F \ B KZ Y GP M Z GC E C G K I KG F ZGM H \ B K ZY UB QM B E ,P" YN B " D PF E B CK N B O N G B
. Z VS L KZ X F N KD P U B E F K R K P Q R K VN K Z KV [ G
,Z GM H \ [ Z VC B CK \ M E ZG M HN N N M B MK K [ B N YN P T \B K ZY CG KI F K CK N B E ZB C \ P F R KP G
O G [ P G B N G Z GCE C G K I B G F E ,Y N PT B C K G \ [ ZV P Q R K VN K Z VS CG K I E Z IB P E ZB GC P Z KV [ G
. I"E K B X G K G H F [ Z V \ B KZ YC UB E KZ F ,I M [ \ B N
B" D PFE BC K NB ,BPN TC QG KT BPNE 'PD F \K [GY Z GB KC
,B P N TC Q G KT B P N E B K F F B KZ Y F ZK M H KB F E K B PP G ' PDC O \ F Q R K[ Y PE B F F R F G [ F "M
F HC Q G GM PF E T P[ P F Z G B M N ,Z GCE B YGE L K ZX E Q R KV N K IM [ \ B N G ZGM H PE Q R KX Z\ P G
\ G X P B P N EE B P \ SC Q R K [ Y PE B P K R K B E ,Z VS C Q G ZM H P [ "H D U K N KE B C Z N T \ G [ Y F N
N T K BYE IZ M FCG , B M F BYGE QR K[Y P K B PB M " B , BXK B PN T C ZG FZFC G ZG CE X" B FZK M HF
K B P C "X E B N B ,B CZE [ " HD B M K N CN C B N B K GF B N F Z KM H C G K I K B QM B E TP [ R F R K P G ,B C Z
. ( QCB K ZG J F F H C M " [ P Q K KT G ) ,Z GCE CG K I B M K B K B B Y GE B K N \ B CZE [ "H D K M G ,H" NH B J KK [
Z B GCP ( B " D PF M B N E ) I M[ \ B N O G [ P B G F Z GM H \ C [ E F B KZ YF C G K IE N "S KB O R PB
,C \M F L G \ P B F K [ K PR L K ZX E Z PK P N BM K N E K ZF ZG FZF Y Z B GF CG KI F N M E B PK R K BE ,Z K V[
Z GCE C B NB F H B M KK [ B N G ,Z VS F LG \ P B Y GE B F K[ G ZK E D F N ZG F ZF Q K RT C L K K[ B N B F E
LKZXE ZVSC QGZMHP BCZ UKNK LMNG BKF FBKZY FZKMH KBFE KBPPG QRK[YPE GRKKFG ,27ECNC
BYGE GRKKF ,ZGFZF K"T C\MF LG\P FBKZY I"EK \BXN LKK[ E"EM ZGFZFE N"SE BRKCZNE BPKR KB UBE 27
C G K I F N M E B PK R KB O N G B , ZGC E N N M C KG F ZG F ZF UB P" P E B N B , ZG CE B G F F B K Z YF CG K I O XT C E O G [ P
. C \ M F L G \ P ZG F ZF C G K I B M K B E Z P K PN L K K [ B N ,Z G F Z F Y Z B G F F N KI \ M N P
M " [P Q K KG TK , C\ M F L G \ P E C G K I Z G F Z F K "T \ B XN L K K [ E "E M ZG F ZF E N " SE B R K C ZN K B Q K RT F O XT N G
B N [ F N K D P E E " P N F N K D PC ZG F ZF K R F P B N , K P E Z G C E M ZG F ZF E " P N U B E ( B "Y S H " [ P CN \ ' KS ) D" P VF
\ B X N L K K [ B N F Z[ T L K ZX E O G [ P B Y GE E Z B GC P G K ZC E P G , [" KK T D" F M C ZG F ZF C B " B [ , F Z[ T C F R P HC
L K K [ Z K V[ ZG F ZF F O XT E X P E F R K P G , Z G F Z F C UB I" E K B X G K ZK V [ C \ M F L G \ P E Q KE O G [ P O N G B , Z G F Z F C
F Z [T Q K E B M K B E F R P HC B N [ F N K D PC YZ G , F Z [T X " B E F R P HC F N K DP C Q G DM G ,C\ M F L G \ P E F C G I \ B XN
. ZG F ZF Q K E P \ B X N L KK [ B N
ZG CE M BCK [ I B NG ,GP X T N ZFZ F P E IB N ME O G[ P J " FE N" K FZ [T C ZGF ZF LK K [ BN E ZC EF EGS K F RF G
E I K C F Z [T [ G R C G P Q K B G , \ I B F N K D P \ B K ZY O KT P G [ E I K C O N G M [ G R KK F F Z [T C F B K Z YE , O N G M N E IB
26
GM Y
K B F U N KP N L K K[ B N B NK P PG ,( Z G F Z F G R K KF G ) B KF B PN T C Q G K T B P NE ,C \ M F L G \ P F B K Z Y
. BCZ E [" HD
[ " H D N F K \ K B Z K V [ B N KP P G ,Z G CE C B Y G E G R K KF ZG M H E Q R KV N K B Z VSC E Q R K XZ\ P F NT G
ZG CE F B F K [ KP R L KZ XE K KG ZG B N Z VS C Q GZ M HE B KG CK Z K \ B ,Z GCE B G F C G K IF E ZI B PE ,B C ZE
. C\MF LG \P
\ [ Z VE ) IM [ \ B N G Z G M H K ZF E , ' P D E B X G Z K\ C" X Q K KE T B " D P F E B C KN B F ZG B MN O N G B
CG KI E IM [ \ B N G Z GM H P Q R K VN K KB U B B N K PPG ,O KE ZV R O K CG K I ' C G G F ZV SC Q GZ MH G (Z GM H
B Y GE L KZ X Z VS C Q G ZM HE F Z KM H KB F E B P K K Q B P P "P , ZG CE C B Y GE B G F O G K N M C [ F ZK M H
F P GYP C 'PD F \ K [ GY QK K E TG ,C \ MF L G\ P B YG E B F K Z GCE KB F E [ "H D U N KR F R K PE ,Z GCE
CG KI F R KP UN K P N B M KN B NK P PG ,ZG CE C G K I F C Q K B ZV SC QG ZM K HE F Z KM H K B F E B PK RE ,\ E PG T
. C\ M F LG \ PE
B N G , FZK M H Y Z C K \ M ZV SC QGZ M HCE Z IB P E ,' PDF \ K[ G Y K GF F K V GD B F QM B E F BZR F G
F B K ZY CG KI Z VSC P UN K RE B K F ZG CE F Z K MH K B F E ZP KP N N "R P M " B ,I M [ \ B N K PR F KC C K\ M
,Z GP B M G) , K E KP F R KP U N K PN B MK N B N KP PG B GF Z GF ZF QG ZM H K B F E B P KB ,C \ M F L G \ P
K B E ,Q R KH I I M[ \ B NG ZG MH E B ZV SE B K GC KZ P K ZF E , (C\ M F L G \ P C G K I L K K[ B N Z G F Z F CE
YZ C K \ M E K M KF NM E F R KP G , B PN TC ZG F ZF G R K K F ZG MH E Q R K ZP B K G F , IM[ \ B N K PR C K \ M E G B N
B N G ,B G F B P N TC Z G F Z F F ZK M H KB F E B P KB G 'PD F \ K [ G Y ZB G CP Z KV [ G ,Z G F Z F G R K KF Z GM H
. C\ M F L G\ PE CG K I QR K V NK
O K P K KY P F ' K Q B M [ K E K ZF E I K C O KZ F Z F P F Z[ TE Z I B P Q M B K M F G N KB E , F G X P F \ B F T [ F \ G B C O K PK K Y P
F T K P[ O F N [ K G K E I K F Z [T E G R K K F ' K C F B K Z Y CG K I N [ G R C G P B N B , E I B M E I B Q P H C F N KD P F \ B KZ Y E I K
,(F Z[ TC FT K P [ F H QK BE Z I B P ,GP X TN BZG Y[ F P NK T GP BN \ I B FNK P TP [ BN O B E Z[ VB B FC G) \ IB
O \ S P F N K D P E F Z[ T Q KE B KR [ G , \ I B F T [C K G F E U B , G ZK C IP E Z VR ZG F ZF E IB N M N [ K Z G F Z F G N K B G
' K G K F K [ B G F F Z [T CG K I \ G B K ZY Z B [C E , ( Q N F N ZB G C PM ) ZG F ZF C C \ M F L G \ P I " E K Q K B XG K E F B KZ Y
FBK Z YF I "EK OK BX GK Z K V[ EI BM OK Z FZFP ONGM [M UB BNK P P G ,EI BM FBK ZY F \GX P OK P K K YP OK [RB
B " TZ \ " G [ C B C G P F N K D P QC B K Z G J Q KK T , ZG F ZF Q K E P B N B F T K P[ Q K E P O K B X G K Q KB E , B Z GY F G "[ I C Q G D M G )
(' B ' F F N K D P) K "[ Z M " [M , B S K R K P G S ZV O G [ P K G F F Z[ T C G K I E F N KD P K C D M "B [ P , ( B "R Y F C G [\ B Z \ C
F " E ( B " T 'E ) K "[ Z M " [P E G T Q KK T G , B S K R O G SZ V Q R K T CE F Z [T C B N B F \ G B Q K Z GY Q K B F R P HC B N [ F "E
S R F \ B E I B M O K T E G K O K [ R B ' K [ G R C G P Q K B G , S R F \ B Q K PS Z VP [ B G F I C[ F N K D P \ B KZ YG N "H G E G C M L Z PH K
F " G [ P G , SR F O G S Z V B K F F B KZ Y F CG K I O X T E B N B , F Z[ TN SR O G S ZV F [T K K F B K ZY F K "T [ G R K K F G , F [T R [
. S R F O GS Z V N [ F B K Z Y F HC KG F B N E IB M F Z[ TN F B K Z Y \ G B K X P K G F B N E N M
' O G SZ V' F N KD P G N "H G ZG F ZF N T Q K M ZC P Q K B E B F C ' B H " C [P E "T \ ' K S G P X T D "P V F C\ M G N B O K ZC E M G )
. ( [ "K K T B X K B N Z G F Z F K" T K B E G
T PG [ B "M [ U B G , F R P H C B N [ UB I "E K Q K B XG K ZK V [E F Z [T C F N K DP F \ T KP [ P [" P T "X F Z G B M N E B N B
. GP X T N Z FZF P B" ME ZGF ZF P [" PG , F RGT M TP G [ QK E P I " E K BX GK K ZFE GP X TN
G R KK F G , \ G I KN [ Q K E P F R G T M T P G [ E N " S E ( I" M \ G B D" I \ N N G M F I K \ V ) G \ J K [N N K H B D" P VF E N " V B F K F G
F M Z C O K M Z C P O N G M G N B M G , G E K N T F G X P F O K PK K Y P O N G M G , I " E K O B K XG F N O N G M N I KN [ F [T R T K P [ P F [
T KP [ P F K G F F T K P [C E Z K V[ Z B G C P G , ( G "S D " K Z ' K S Z" F TG [ F Q G [ N ) O F K VM G K V[ L Z C P F KV P B X G K F \ IB
G P X TN Z F Z F P E I B N M E Z G F Z F C M "B [ P , O N G M N \ IB F B KZ Y B M K B Z K V[ G , I " E K O B KX G F N F Z[ TF I K N [
. ONG MN \I B F TK P [ BMKNG
B " M E UB F T K P [E , Z G F Z F P F TK P [ K R B [ G , G K VC ZC E P M B C K[ I TP G [ E B P K R K B UB B N H B E N " KE B Z C KB
FT K P[ F OX T U B B N K P P G ,FT K P [ \ G B K XP B M K B E O G[ P BY GE G RK K F F RG TM BCK [ I E B F P " P GP XT N T P G[
B X P R G , G KV C Z C E P M B "M N B C K [ I F H F Z G C E F K "T B YG E [ , O N G M N E I B Z G C E K G F Z K V[ G , F G X P F P Y N I K G F
G R K KF ) O N G M N E I B ZGC E KG F E U B Z G F Z F C M " B [P , I " E K O K T PG [F O K B X G K F H ZGC E \ G B K X P K "T Y Z[
B K X G P F F G X P F P Y N I M B CK [ I B N Z G C E F O X T P "P , ( Z G F Z F Q KE P O K B X G K E ZB G CP E , G "[ I K V P F T K P[ C
E I B NME ZI B P B N K P PG ,Z GF Z F F K "T I E K O K B X G K K Z F ,Z GF Z F O F N [K ZGC E F K "T E \ P I PE B N B , I " E K
. F Z [T Q KE Q B M B M K N G PX T N Z F Z F P
27
HMY
, O G K NM C [ F Z KM H C G KI B K B Y G , ' G M G C N C N G MK Z G M H B ZV SC B K R \ E M E "S B N Q R K XZ \ P F NT G
US G R F ZK M H F [ T P C G K I F C Z\ R E ZV SC Q GZ M H C G K IC [ "M E TP [ R F R KP G , ZGC E B YG E L KZ XE
B P KR K B G ,F Z K MH F [ TP [ " M G ZGC E B YGE L K ZX C N C G K I UB K ZF E ,B Y GE ZG CE C B F K [ L KZ XE
FV SGF KG F U SG RF C GK IE B \ N KP B J K[V G ,BCG K I K B FC U SG\ K R F P ZG CE X "B US GRF CG KI CE
FZK M H F[TP N [ US GRF CG KI ["M , ZG CEC BYGE K GF IM [\ BN E Z IB P G , IM [\ BN E C GK IN
. Z GC E B YG E L KZ XE
FZ KP [ B GF [ O G K N M C [ CG KI K CDE Z IB P E ,B GF BZ VS K B F P ' PDE BX GZ K\ Z YK T E BXP RG
US G R F Z KM H C G K IE ,Z GCE L K ZX F Z KM H K B F C E B J K[ V M "B ,Z GCE L K ZXE Q R KV N K C NF \ I M [ P
L K ZX E ZV SC QGZ M H P [ "HD B CZ U KN K ZK V [ G , ZGC E K "T B YG E KP R B F K [ G \ GTP [ P O KK Y F N T
. C\MF LG\ P BFK[
,B G F B JK [ V E B \ NK P B N B ,B G F [ "M P G B N ZV SC Q GZ M HC Z GC E CG K I E ,F HC ZB C N [ K EG T
B N [ B G F C G KI F ZY KT [ M B Y G E GR KK F ,E CN C CN B G F C G KI F E E X F KF [ Z P K PN B M K B E F P NM E
ZG M H G F IM [ GC N C Q K B K Z F E ,F Z K M H F KC K G F ZK V [ G CN C Z MG H [ M E Q R K ZP B F N T E , GCN P I M [ KK
ZG M H KZ F E , CN F \ IM [ O G [ P B CG K I G B N E IZ M F C ZV SC Q GZ MH K B F C O N G B , B G F E PGT G
K "T B Y GE KG F \ VSG R F ZK M H \ N GT VE IZ MF C M "B G ,I M [ \ B N N [ ZG CE CG K I K "T B G F E PGT G
28
. E CN C Z GCE C B GF QGZ M KH \N GT VE B \N K P B JK [V CN C QGZ M K H O G[ P G BN KB E ,Z GCE
B N B , Z G C E C G K I BM K B E B Z V S E B [ Z E K B F P Q [ Y P F T E K B " G F C U B E N " K E , U K S G F N [ K G
, B G F F Z K MH Z G T K [ G I M [ \ B N O G [ P B G F Z G C E C G K I E G B NG , C NG Z G C E O K C G K I ' C B M K B E N " S E
B " E K I F \ T E F " M E Z B G C P Q N F N G ) Z G C E C G K I K P R B M K B C NF P I M[ \ B N C G K I E C N P E B N B
I M [ \ B N G B N K B G , Z G C E C G K I F K C B M K B E EI G K P K G C K Z L KZ J X K B K B F C E K MK F K M M " B G , ( [ " K K T
, B G F I M [ \ B N O G [P G B N Z V S C Q G Z M H E U S G R C G K I K C D R " F , Z G F Z F G R K K F Z G M H E F K C Q R K Z P B
L B K F G , U S G R F C G K I F K G F K B P M" B G , Z G F Z F B N B G R K B G C [ C G K I F N M K Z F E I G K P K G C K Z G B N C E
BZVSC LZXRE FPE QRKXZ\P FNTG ,BCGKI KBF BMKN ZGFZFCG ,ZVSC FBKZY CGKI UNKPN LKK[
E I G K P K G C K Z L K Z X LM N G , C N F P I M [ \ B N B G F C G K I F N M E O G [ P B Y G E G R K K F Z G C E C G K I U N K P N
C G K I B NB G R K B C G K I F Z Y K T N M E Z V S C Q G Z M H E U S G R C G K I K B F C O N G B , F Z K MH F Z G T K [ K K G Z G B N
. ( N" R M G , B J K [ V E O G [ P G B , [ " M P G B ) Z G C E B Y G E L K Z X E K Z F F Z K M H F [ T P
ZG MH \ C[ E F BKZ YF Q KCN OG K NM C [ \ GZ KM HF QK C YG N KI
B XG K G R KB \ GN K PF [ GZ KV Q K GM P G R K B [ N M F C Z F CF B E \ GZ KM H CE B J K [ VE B F F R F G [ G "M
N M E K ZF [ Z GV P Z GC E KG F B N E Z IB P G , ZGC E CG KI O K K YP F RGG M F K "T K ZF E , \ GZK M HF I" EK
N M E Z G M H \ C[ E F B KZ Y K CD M "B [ P ,ZG CE NN M C \ G ZK M H F \ R G G M K G F B N [ G Z K V F Q K G M P G R KB E
Z G CE C \ G K G N \ F \ G X P F NM Q KE M G ,[ G Z KV F Q K C P G R KB [ U B G I "E K B X K F B K Z Y F \ B T P[ E
B " S D" XY 'K SC E GT Q K KT G , F \ GZY N N GM K F "E C N "F B K CC O [ G , C" YS C" S 'K S C" PC Q K KT )
G R KB [ U B [ E G Y F Q G [ NC E B "K M O K D F G R E C \ M [ B " S F " VY ' K S Z "F T G [ C G , F " YS C" PC O [ G
. ( I" E K B XK Q KC P
T"P P"FVS QKKT) I"EK BXGK GRKB ZGFZFCG ,ZGCE BYGE LKZX \C[E [GEKYE O"CPZF \TE ZBGCK H"KVTG 28
CGKIE ZIBP ,["KKT (19 FZTFCG H"K 'B) NKTN H"M ZBGCPMG ,(B"F J"M YZV \C[ \GMNF O"CPZCG ,F"RY
G \ SK R M C \ C [ \ ZM H F CG K I B N B , B G F F I M [ P F Z KP [ G B N , G [ E YN \ C [ F O G K \ B Z G M H P Q R K VN KE [ G E K Y
. B YGE Z GC E G C QG GMP F ZG MH O\S E Z BGC P MG ,ZG CE BY GE LK Z X BNK P P G ,G\BKX KCG
P "K X K Z GV K S CG K IE ( 'B F MN F 'H YZ V F X P G WP I ) O " CP Z F K Z CEC ZB G CP E F P ( G" M ' B ) N K TN E GT Q K K TG
. \C[ \ ZK MHN BK P E ZES F NK NC
' Z G M H ' B Y G E E , Z G C E B YG E L K Z XE I ZM F B M KN ' G [ E Y N ' P F N Q R K VN KE N " SE Q " C PZ F E B CK N B E B Z C KB
. ZG CE G\G TP [ P
28
IM Y
Q HG BF \T P[ F Q KRTN US GR Y GN KI
\ B K ZY E ZGC E Q K E Q KC N \ GZ KM H F E Z GC E Q KE Q KC ZG CE F ZE D C P" YV R K PR B MK B E F B Z R G [ H "M
'K S Q K KT ) G KR H G B N T K P[ F N L K ZX F N K I\ M N E Q R KY SV ,Z GCE C \ G K GN \ F \ GXP N M C F R F E ,Z GM H
Z" F T G [ C G , F NV \ KC D C" S ' Y Q P K SC G , Q G H P F \ M ZC K C D C "S F " VY ' K S G , [ " Y K C D D " S C" S
IM [ \ B N O G [ P B G F E \ GZK M H F E ZGC E K CD O N G B , ( F ZG \ F E G P K N KC D C "K F C "V \ " \ \ GM N F
OG[P BNB K GF BN ZG CEF C GK I NME ZI BP ,FNK I\MN 'KVB GRH GBN TK P[FN C K GIP G RK BE N"K
T P[ R GRK B [ ZG CE C QN KE B F CG ,G CN P IM [ K K B N [ KE M F VC B K XG F N GR KK F G ,I M [ \ B N
\ M ZC C Q K GM P[ M P "P E B N B ) , F ZK M H N [ K T XP B K G F B N B Z GC EF O XT F GX PF Q K B E ,G R H G B N
,\ G ZK M H F O G [ P G B N G ,F M Z CF CG K I E X P G R HG B N T K P [ F N F N K I\ M N C K G IP E K ZF F C Z F CF B
\C [E FBK ZY K CD M"B [P ,(GR HGBN TK P[F N X" B FN K V\ F Z IBN \G ZK M HF ZP GB OB R" FG
\ G K GN \ F \ G GX PF N M C G P MG ,G K R H G B N T KP [ F N L K ZX B N KP P , ZG CE F O X T B G F CG KI F E ,Z GM H
\ C [ KC D P "P , G R H G B N T K P [ F N F N KI \ M N LK Z X I M[ \ B NE Z G C EC E B P K R K B U B G ) , ZG C E C
. ( N N M KY GV \ SB N B M K N Z GM H
N M E Z I B P ,E C T K E C U B I "E K B X G K G R K B G R H G B N T K P [ F B N [ N M ZG MH \ C [ C E N" K E B Z C K B
. T" XG ,FT KP [ N [ Z GC E CG KI F GX PC N N M R BN K PP G , FZ[T N F B K ZY B GF CG KI F Z YK T
\G Z KMH F I"E K BX G K G RK B F CZ F CFB \M ZC GZ KCI P T PG [F B" DPF N
O B Q KK T N [ K ,F R GTM TP G[ Q KE P I "E K B X G K G G ZK CI P F CZ F CF B \ M ZC T PG[ F F RF G [ I "M
. \ G Z KM H F I " E K B X K O B \ G Z K M H F \ B U B Q K G M P T P G [ F
B K XG F TP G[ F [ KP M B C K[ I K B , F RGT M TP G[ Q K E \ GT P[ P C B K N \ B \ NK P K B F F Z GB M N G
D" PV Q K KT ) \ G I K N[ Q KE P B G F E B PK RE G B , ( F "R 'K S I" G B Z VGS O \ I Q KK T) \ GCK \ F G KV P
TK P [ PF B CK [ I K B F ZG B M N E , ( G" S D "K Z 'K S Z "F T G [ C G ,I "M \ G B D "I \ N NG M F IK \ V C
\ I B F M ZC O KM Z CP O N GM GN B M G ,GE K N T F M Z CF \ GXP O K P KK YP O NG M E) , O KT PG [ F I KN [ M
\ GZ K MH F Q K GM P T PG [ F [ F PE KZ F ,( O [ , Z" F TG [ F Q G [ N ,O F K V M G KV [ L ZC PF K VP B XG K F
K PM B CK [ I E B P K R KB O N G B ,\ GZ KM H F Z GC E M F K C G[ IB N Q K R TN B KF O G N M G B N F TK P[ F \ T C
. \ GZ KM H N [ ZG CE Q B M B M K B ZK V [ E KZ F \ G CK \ F G KV P B KX G P TP G [ F [
GK Z CE C O [ Z B GC PG ,(C "R Y "S 'B 'K S F JK I[ \ G M N F ) Z" FTG [ F M "[ P QK KG TK G
, O K Z B GCP G KZ CE G ,[ P P G K VP B K XG PM B C K [ I G \ TK P [ K "T I "E K \ B X N Q K GM P TP G[ F [ M E
Q R CZ E \ G X P C O N G B ,F R G G M \ G M K ZX \ G X P K B B Y G E G R K K F T K P[ P G T PG [ \ R G G M LK Z XE F P NM E
(C "K S J "V \ Q PK S ) ZP GT F \ ZK VS KC D M "[ M G , I" EK B X K F R G GM B N N TP G [ F UB K ZF M " XB E
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. \ GZ KM HF Q K GM PG G K V P B K XG PM B C K [ I G ZK CI P F CZ F CF B \ M ZC G\ T K P[ \ T C I" EK
,C N F \ZK M HC Z GT K[ B N B GR KB Z GCE F C GK I ZY K TE B"D PF \TE C ZB G CPF K " VTE B N B
L K ZX E G B N ZGC E CG K I Q R K [ ZE E F P E , I" EK B X K B N \ G ZK M HF \ B Q K GM P TPG [ F O B UB E F B Z R
\ GB K X P QB M B M K B E Z IB P , I" E K B XK E N " K B M F B PK R KB E ) F Z KM H K PR GC [ K [ ZGC E B F K [
\ C GI G R KK F G ,Z GCE F \ G B K X P K" T B F K F ZK M H F [ B N B , ( F ZK M H B M K B R "F G ,F T K P[ F K" T Z GCE
K B F L MK V NG , I" E K B X K B N F Z K MH F O XT P YN I KG F B N Z G C E F [ NM B N K P P G ,Z G CE K "T F ZK M H
QK RT N ZG CE BCK [ I BN P" P , ZGC E \ GB K XP M G\T KP [ K "T BCK [ I FMZCF QK RTN E U B TP G[
EGT QKKTG ,FH QKRTC YV\SP 'C H"C[P D"TZ 'KS D"PVCG ,KMF KPR N"SE D"S D"KZ 'KS B"TZ \GFDFC QKKT 29
. QK GM\R [ QGD MG F" E D "T Z 'K S FM NF Z GBK C C
29
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. (N"P MBG
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. GC [ F Z KM H C B N G ZG CE F O X TC Y Z G B KX G F N
U B ,G ZK C I P \ G ZK M H F 'G ZG CE T P G [ F O N G B ,G ZK C I P F CZ F C F B \ MZ C T P G [ C B Y G E H " M G
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. F Z K MH K G F
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. ZG CE C GC G K I K P R K B F E U N KP N \ GZ KM H F ZB [ Q K C B ZV SC F R P R B N
F Z KM HF O XT C Z GTK [ K GF \ G ZK M HF E ZG CE C G K IE B " DPF \ TE C Z B C\ PF K "V TE B N B
F K C KG F B N B , GCN P I M [ KK B N [ F ZK M H F O XT F CG KI Q KB E P" KX K \ ZK M H KR B [ E ,Z KV [ Z B GC P
Z YK T P" P ,F R K RT \ Z KM H V "M T L KZ XE B PK R KB UB G ) ,\ T N M C F R K RT ZK M H F N ,F Z MH F C G K I
,( ZGC E C G K I K PR G F C B M K B E B N B C N F C G K I B G F Q ZY KT E \ G ZK M H F P K R B [ G ,ZG CE F B G F C G K IF
. Z G C E C \ G K G N \ F \ G X P Z B[ N B K P E E B X P R G , O K Z X P \ B K X K N Z M H K G F O R K R T E \ G G X P F O K C Z G
L ZG XN Z GCE CG K I G F C B M KB E Q R K VN K K R F C E ,B Z VS E \ GZ KM H F ZB [ Q KC Z M H R B N F "G [ P G
. E C N C Z GC E CG K I B N B F Z KM H O G[ P K GF B N KB F GN K B G , F ZK M HF
F P M F ZK M H \ G XP O G K Y Q KR TN , \ GZK M H F ZB [ N P "K XK \ Z K MH Q K C P" YVR H" KV T B XP R G
B N G K VC ZK M H F B N O B G ,N K TN Z B GC PM \ K PG KY F GX P K G F E U B \ GZ K M H F ZB [ CE ,O G KC O K PT V
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P" KXK P Z GC E GKVC BKXG F[ NM BNK PP ,GC [ ZG CEF BG F C GK IF Z YKTE P"KX K \ZKMH M" B[P
31
. FGX P O GKY USG R Z GCEC QKB C G[
C \ M F L G \ P F B KZ Y C G K I F K C B M K N E , \ G ZK M H F Z B [ P P" KX K \ ZK M H K R B [ E N" K \ B H EG T
Q R KV N KE , B "D P F \ T E C NK T N ZB G C PM \ G ZK M H F ZB [ C G P M , \ G K[ Z V F ZE S NT F R [ C \ I B O T V
B N C G K I Q K R T N YN P T \ ZK M H N B K P EE \ G Z KM H F ZB [ B Y G E E ,Y N PT \ Z KM H E F B K ZY C G K I P G F N
ZB [ M K G F E P" KX K \ Z KM H O N G B ,C \ M F L G \ P F ZK M HE B CG K I K PR G F C B M KB E Q R K Z PB IM [ \
. NN M F KR KP Q R KV N K B N ZG CE C [ \ G X P
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. C \ M F L G \ P C G KI G C B F K [ YN PT \ ZK M H P F N UN K R E K PR F C B P K R E , N NM F K N B K [ Y K G F B N
FTKP[ QEKEN GPM ZGCE \GBKXPM BCK[I ZGFZF BRKCZNE N"SE (C"YS F"V 'KS) B"DPFE BCKNB JZVC 30
. N"P M B G , [P P F R GT M B CK [ IE
\CFBG FBZK OXGTN OEBF FMHK H"KT[ ,P"KXK SR \B ZGMHN KEKP\F CGKI NEGD ZBGCP ZSGP KZVSC ONGB 31
(Z GC E L Z T ) W T G K B N V ZV SC E GT Q K K T G , ( G" V IZ H P F ZT [) F E G CT F [Z G [G E G SK Z V SC Q KK T , [ "\ K B ZG CF
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G \ C F B G ' \ K G \ I D[ F G G \ N M K O XG T Z KM F N E I B O G Y P N B F R G V N M F G , ' G M G G K\ G B N V R G ' F K E S I N M B N B P "K X K
. N" MT F BZK F \ B G FC F B F \ B ZZ GT NG ,G\N PI G
30
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ZB [ G N KB G , I" E K B X G K G R K B F "B N CG , B YG E [ Z GV P ZG CE L KZ X P" K XK \ ZK M HE N "K EG T
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. ZG CE C \ G K G N \ F \ G G X P F N M Q K EM G ,E C T K E C Y Z I" EK B X G K T KP [ F B N [ M G ,G R H G B N
ZB [ G N K B G ,Z G CE C G KI K G F E ,M " X P" KX K \ Z KM H E K ZF ,M "X Q KB C NC [ \ G X P CE B P K R KB G )
. (T "X G , FRGG M X" BE N"K \G ZK M HF
B PN T C ZG F ZF C E N " SE G F R F N O N G B , ZG CE L K Z X P" KX K \ ZK M HE N "S K B B YGE N "R F N M G
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B G F O B B X P R G , ZG MH 'V Q K ZG Y [ F P YZ , B X \ K MC [ YN P T ' V B N G IN [ CC Y NP T ' V B N G C
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,F I M [ N [ C XP N TK D K B N [ B N B G R KB F ZK M H F C G K I ZY KT N M E N "S E G K Z CE C ZB GC P F R F
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Z I B P ,G P G K C O G K K E K P \ G ZK M H F Z KM H F N C G K I O G [ B M K NE F ZG B M N Z B G C P H " K VT B X P R G
,C N F \ IM [ Z XGG K BN G \ GTX PBC [ YZ BN B ,Z GCE F B G F [ FZK M HF F [T P OX T C GK IF Q KBE
ZZ GT N C G K I O G [ Q KB CG [ , CN F \ IM [ F KC B M K N G F R [ C \ IB O TV F B KZ Y TP [ Z CM E Z IB P G
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C\ M F L G\ P Z GC E K "T I M [ \ B N N [ C G K I B N B , CN G ZG CE O KE Z VR O K CG KI ' C B M KN E B XP RG
. ECNC
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B K F F B KZ Y F Z KM H K B F E K B PP G ( B "T I" K F N K D P) 'PD F \ K [ G Y ZB C N [ K H" KV TG [ B "N
F N K D P F \ B B ZY K [ L KZ XE , F ZK M H F Z KM H E [ "H D U K N KE B CZ NT K B YE , B PN TC Q G KT B PN E
31
BNY
B N K P P G ,Z G F Z F C Y Z B G F YN PT F [ T P \ Z KM H C G K I NM B P N E E Q R K [ Y P F N T G ,C \ M F L G \ P
L G \ P L K K[ B N ZG F ZF C E Z B GCP M G , C\ M F LG \ P B F K[ L KZ XE ZVS C Q GZ M H P [ ZE K PN B M KN
F B K ZY CG K I Q R KV N K ZK V[ G ,Z GC E CG K I IM [ \ B N G ZG MH P Q R K VN K B Z VS CE Q R KX Z\ P G , C\ M F
. C\MF LG \P
UN K P N N" S KB P G , IM [ \ B N G ZG M H B ZY F Q G [ N \ G N K VM F [ Y F K E KE N E Q [ Y P F \ ZC S C "X G
. FKRKP
U S G K [ B Z Z V S C G , ' B D " Z \ F GX P L G R K I \ I R P Q K K T ) O K R G Z I B F G [ Y F F R F E F B Z R F G
,D "S ZN \ G G X P F ZV S N T Z G B K C B NZ TV K "Z D F N [ G Z VS C O D B C G P G , I "K F N K D P D "P V F N
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K \ B I M [ \ B N G Z GM HG ,C N C EI B C G K I YZ B M KB E Z[ V B ,Z GC E E US GR CG K I B M K B E UN K PN
. \"N G F[T KK GC ZN
K E MC B N B G R K B \ G ZK M H F C G K I N M E Z I B P , P "Y N Z V G S O \ I F E B C K N B B K [ G Y K B F F R F G
Z PK PN L K K [ Z KV [ E K ZF ,Z GCE CG K I B M K B QM B E B PK R K B B N KP PG ,F I M [ K E KN TK D K B N [
,F [ T F O G KY K G F Z GC E F \ G B K XP G NK B G F IM [ F KB C K G F \ " N F O G KY E ,\ " N G F [ T F K C B M KB E
ZI B P , T" P CN F \ Z K MH C O K K YN N N M B MK K [ B N KH B ZG F Z F YZ B G F C G K IF N M E B PK R K B O N G B
\ G B K X PE ZG CE CG KI F KR KP K R B [ G ,I M G[ G R KB Y Z F H CE B N B ,F Z KM H N [ \ G B KX P F K C K G F B N E
. T "P FKN BK G[P ZG CEF
UN K P N B M KN L M [ P G , \ "N G F [ TN K \ B I M [ \ B N G ZGM H E N "S Q[ Y PF E Z B C\ K H "K VT G
B ZV SC E Q R K XZ \ PG ,Z GC E CG KI B MK B E B PK R KB Y Z KG F K B F E , C\ M F L G\ P F B K ZY C G K I F K R K P
. C \ M F L G\ P \ G K F N L K ZX ZG CE K B F E , ZV SC QG ZM H K B Y F N TG ,Z GC E CG K I B M K B E QR K V NK
G R KK F ,E CN C C N B N B G R KB C G KI F N ME B K F B P N TC Q G K T B PN E ' PD F \ K[ G YE U K S G F N [ K G
UB B N KP PG ,F I M [ K EK N T KD K B N [ YZ B N G ,F Z KM HF \ GB K XP B GF CG KI F E Q[ Y PN N " SE O G [ P
L K K[ B N B N K PP G ,\ "N G F [ T N K \ B B Z YE F KC Z PK PN L KK [ ZK V[ ,E CN C C N YZ B G F C G K IF E
BN G ZGM H P Q RK VN K BZ VS CE Q RK XZ\ P FNT G , ZG CE BG F FC GK IE FN K DP F \BK ZY FK RK P UN K PN
\ B K ZY F KR KP Q R K V N K Z KV [ G ,\ " N G F [ T N K \ B Y B N G ,Z GCE B G F CG KIF Z YK T E K K GZ G B N IM [ \
B N Z G F Z F Y Z F KC K G F GN K B F C ZE B G ,\ " N G F [ T ZGC E K B F C B M K B P "P E B N B , F N KD PF
. Z B GCP M G , G R P P I M [ KK B N[ YZ B G F CG K I F ZY K T N M E Z IB P ,\ " N G F [ T F K C B M KK [
S "\I FG B"D PF QKC OKR KE KY GNK I
B G F B "D PF E B C K NB E ,F Z KM H F CG KI \ G F PC S" \ IF G B " D PF KD KN V E ZB GCP B X PR G [ C "N
UB F V C F Z KM H C G K I B M K B E Q R K H I E MG ,F GX P O K KY P F Z K MH G F ZK M H N M CE G R KK F G , KE K P\ C G K I
O K KY P CN F \ B Z ZG TPF F ZK M H Z GCE N M C E F R K PG ,E ZV R Y GSV P F N Q R K VN K G , C\ M F Q P B N [
G R KB F ZK M H F O G K Y ZY K T N M KZ F E , \ T N MC G CC NP Z G S K B N [ C G K I F Q K B E O R P B U B , F G X P
\ M K K[ F G XP F Q VG B N M C E B N B , YS VF O G[ B N N K EK P \ C G K I L K K [ B N B F C G ,F V C B N B
Q P H GC ZE D G P B N E ZI B PG ,F GX P O K K YP F VF K "T CN F \ Z K MH C U KS G P E F PM N M G ,\ G EK P \ C
G\ P GT N , CN F \ IM [N KG BZF QP H ZC T[M BN B ZC GT GR KB G ,\ K PGK Y F G XP K GFE I ZM FC O K GS P
B YG E B F K F H CG KI G ,F I M [ K E K N T K DK B N [ B GF G , E CN C E IB C G K I B N B B M KN S" \ IF E B C KN B
. C\MF LG \P
ZG CE C IM [ \ BN E F GX P BM KB B"D PFN E , GF K K RK C BM K BE O K RK E K Y GN K I Z BC\ P F R KP G
ZG CE C G K I B M K N C \ M F L G \ P F R [ C O TV F B K Z Y EC N P ZV G S O \ I N G N K B G , O G K NM C [ \ G ZK M H F
. C G KI O G [ Q K B CN F \ IM [ F K C B M K NE F PM N M E , NN M
32
CNY
B N G , F Z KM H L Z G XN B N B G R K B I M [ \ B N E ZG CE C G K I B " D P F E B C K N B E , K D K NV \ B H EG T
Z GCE KB F E K ZF ZV GS O \ I FN O NG B , N KT N Z B GC PM G ZG CE C \ G K GN \ F \ GX P ZB [ N B K PE
\ R G GM K P R G C L KZ X P" PG ) , ZG CE C[ \ GX P ZB [ N B K PE , C\ M F L G \ P F B K ZY B G F G CK G I PF
. ( I M[ \ B N O G[ P F K C B M KN C N F \ R GGM B N N Z GC E CE ,Q KR TF \ R G G M G R K K F G , CN F
\ KR[ ZGM H \ [ZV \ TKP[ QKR TN P "YV R
L G\ P TP G[ FE ,Z GM H \ [Z V N [ \V SGR FTK P[ Q KR TN P "Y VR K PR BM KBE E G T F BZ RG [ D"N
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F B K ZY C B \ G K N TP O G [ B M KN CG [ G ,G R GYK \ M GC G K I O K KY Z [ M \ "S L G \ P G \ T KP [ K " TE ZI B P
C G KI E B " D P F E BC K N B O N G B , C \ M F L G \ P F B K ZY K "T , B G F E P G T G Z G M H ZCM [ ZI B P , \ VS G R
K M KFE B JK [V M "B , FZK M H F [TP N [ Z GCE CGK I BN B I M [ \ BN O G [ P KG F BN F B K Z YF
. ZG EK F C F GX P O KK YP \ K R[ G\ TK P [ CE K ZF F K R[ F F B K Z YC ZG E KF B M KB E
' K S) C" PF C\ M G , \ G JK [ ' C F H C B M K B E , N G DSC G K Z K XC Z MH Q K RT N KP R K G F P" YVR K B F E N " K G
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F JK [ I"E K \ B X N \ K R [ G \ TK P[ C B \ G K N TP B M K B B " D PF E B CK N B K H B , N G DSC Y Z G B KZ KX C
. T"X G , Q KE M F B K ZY O K K YE Z I B P , F HC YV \ SF N [ K ZV GS O \ IF E B C KN B O NG B , F K R [ F
\ZCGTP F R[C K BR\ N T FTK P[C ZVGS O\IF \ TE Z GBKC
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. [ "K KT K B R \ N T G H F B K Z Y T P[ E F N T C \ MG ,Z GM H \ B KZ Y TG P [ N G
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. D" PZ V F O [ C
37
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38
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\ [ Z V \ B K ZY E ,G V G S C B N LZ T T KZ M P F G Z VSC G C ,N F N KD P E "K ZF N F K N B J K [ V Q M G
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. B D F R PP B G F [ Z KJ VP C B Z GY Q JY E D F R P F F KF L M [ K ZF . F ZC E C F IK P B NG F "C C H B F K F
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\ C G I F K N K Z Y ' S G \ F E F M K " S G S B" I N B [ O K K I \ " G [ C Z " G [ . T " X G . B D F R P G C \ M O \ F G
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39
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. N" RF B" DP F M"M[G ZG HIN L KZ X P "P ,BD FRPP K GFE
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. G R KK RT G F HE O G K F \ G RC ZY C E IB \ " SC Q R K ZY , O G K F Q KR T N [ F [ ZV B M KN E P" F G IC G , O G K F
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40
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T" X \ K X KX \ GXP \ ZG X O X TP B G F G K ZI B N 'CG G K RVN ' C[ Q I N G [ F L GZ TF C\ M[ F P ,O Z C
G \ J K [ N Q IN [ F L GZT F ,F R F E . K M F G F N B ZK CS B N E O K Y SGV F KZ CE C B K E F N ZB G CPG ,B CG J
. 'G Y" S ,'K 'K S U GS P "E
. C" M E "K ,\GP [ . E" NZ HP Z \ GP [ ,K RGT P [ J GY NK . B "S [ 'K S U GS I Y GZ
U J T\ P F [ F B Z R F H F [Z E P F K V N G N " H G , O [ ' SG \ F K N T C P O KR YH \ T E C Q K K T [ ZE PF KZ C E O X TC O R PB
F V K JT F \ T [ C G R K K F [Z E P C Q R K Z P B E B F E L K ZX G R K B E F B Z R K N G G KZ G I B N \ KX K X F L K N [ F N L K ZX \ K X K X C
ZG Y P [ K Q B M P[ F [ P K M ZE F \ R C F M B N E ZB G C PG . N " M T , O F K Z I B P \ KX K X F N M G \ K N J F N M F T[ F \ G B CE
\ K X KX F N M G O KN B T P [ K \ V K JT M Q K V J T \ P [ B YG E F V K J TF \ T [C K Z K K B [ ZE P F B N B , G K Z I B N ' C G G K R VN ' CN
. G K R VN O N G M B N B , G K Z I B N \ K X KX F Q P Q K B G \ [ K C N \ T N M Q M P Z I B N N C B , G K Z I B N
. B "T C "P U E FM GS 'P D . ' M \G B D "V \K XK X ' NF \ GK RGP K K P \G FDF
' K S F " KC B Z Q K K T . O K R G Z I B F G O K R G [ B Z F K ZC E C O K B C G P K P N [ G Z KF K ZC E L B . B \ K N G R K R V N [ K P N [ G Z K C
, ' M \ G B D" V \ K X K X ' N F \ G K R G P K K P \ F D F , D"S [ \ \ G B F M G S K M E Z P , ' D \ G B E " K [ ' KS C " I TG ZH Z G B , D "V Z\
. C NGN 'NF H" V CG
. C "K C" M OK ZC E . E"BC 'K Y "S 'I 'K S Q I N[F LGZ T
B X G K G R K B ZI B Q K RT CG F G XP C C M T P B G F [ B N B B E K ZD \ GXP C C C GS P F K F K [ O G [ P G R K B [ Q K C F [ G R KK F G
. NNM G\G GX P
. F M G Z B C C "X ' KS CY T K \ K C \ " G [ C Q K K T
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
49
J PY
M "B ,F GX PF N O K YN I K R [ [ K G \ K X KX N O GY P T GCY N YG SV F P Q R K VN K E Q G K M E G K ZC E L [ PF C QE
QM N G ,G KZ IB N O F [ O KZ IB F O K R[ P Z \ G K O K CG [ I G K RV N O F [ O K R G K N TF \ K XK X[ B G F JG [ V
18
. ZG IB E X N O K RV E X G N GV NI \ K B N [ Q PK S F H K B F [ TK Q KE K Z G P Q K B G [ E GY C Q K N TP Q K E P
B N N " H K ZB F [ C\ M [ B N B ,[ B ZF E XC Q P KS \ G [ TN 'Y F F " N [ F O [ C B "D PC B G F QM G
B N G B W G I N K PK RV F Y N I UN I\ K B N [ N T E K VY F B N KB \ GB I SG R K R[ O [ C\ M G H" T EK V YF
E X O K [ N O K D F G R [ K ,O K K SG . [ " T ,F JPN B CK Q G K N TF YN I O B O D , G [ C N[ LK B N N M C EK V YF
,ZBGCPG .19 N"MT . 'N UKTS B"[ 'KS T"TG ,CJKF QKCCGSP GKFK[ KEM NBP[ U\M NT QKPK
F GX PF \ Z GX Q K B [ Z B GCP KZ F G ,Q KE K ZG P B N G [ E GY C Q K N TP B M F L K K[ [ F K N \ KN N "H K ZB F [
20
. Q I N [ F L GZ TF K Z CE M B N E G ,G K ZI B N 'C G G KR VN \ G KX K X ' C G KF K[ QVG B C B YGE
NM GK FK TP [ \BK ZY \T [C[ N" HK ZBF O[C C YT K \K CF O[C C \M [ FCG [\ K ZT [C T "T G
'E F N M G K F K [ F B Z K \ G KR T\ C G \ G \ C[ C F I R P C \ KN J [ C GN F Q M G P M G G K RVN \ G K XK XF 'E
,GEKC GKRVN \GVRM 'EF NM QKHIGB ["Y \T[C[ OGYP NMC DGFR QMG .21 ["T ,GKRVN \GKXKX
N JC R G QM F [ TR L KB F M "B \ K XK X \ GXP C CM T P G KZ IB N 'C G G KR VN ' CE [ " F ZT F K Z CE N G
BCG PF ' YF Z F GH F V" T[ J ZV CG . O K PI Z \T G \ G KR T\C QM G , ["Y \T[ C BY GE \ K XK X \ GGX P
ZY[ \GET EKTP BGF KZF G\GXPM \KXKX BNC ["YC \KXKX \[ZV BZGYF 22,OKYSGVF NMC
. \ KX K X \ G XP O K KY P G R K B G KR VN \ G KX KX F H IG B [ M KZ F ,[ "F Z TF E " VN G . G P XT C
,\ G GXP C C CG SP F KF K [ K E M B G F G K ZI B N 'C G G K RV N ' C Q K R T[ T" [ F G Z G J F KZ CE Z YK TP QM G
QM G . \ G GX PC CG CK SF Q K RT N [ O G K YG ZGE K F YZ B N B ,F GX PF Z YK T C CG M KT F HC Q KB E Z B GC P
Q\ K K [TN Z CGT F K F K[ QVG BC \ K XK X F N T L ZC N KG BZF Q PH C O K YS GVF \YGN I PP E GT Z B GC P
NT \KNJF OK[K[ OEGY LZCN LKZX KB 23,ZCGTE ZCGT FKFK BN[ ODG Q\KK[T ZIB BNG
L K N[ K [ O E G Y G [ B Z N T \ K N JF Q \ K [ ZI B E T L Z CP G R K B G , ZC GTE Z CG T K G F F H E G B ,G [ B Z
Z IB KG F E E GT L Z CN B " B G K ZG I B N O M K N [ F G UJ T\ P [ Z IB T" GM N N CB . G KZ G I B N \ GV RM F
N "R M GJ YR O K YS GVF NM [ F HP I M GPG , GK ZIB N 'C G G KR VN ' C OZE K S BN QK K E TE D "T B G ,Q\ K K [T
. FGX PC KBR\ FH QKB[
B N G O F K R V N O F \ G V R M F 'E [ O G [ P \ K X KX P \ G NK N D F K E D C ZG J VN , F [ P K MZ E F M "[ P O D G
O K R [ Q K B [ O G [ P B G F [ Q KR T NM C Z JV B N [ G R G [ NP F B Z R ,O F K ZI B N 'C G O F KR VN P O K R [
K B G G K RVN \ GVR M 'E F N M [ G R N[ O K [ GC NP C N CB ,C\ M P" E F K M . B EK Z D G KZ IB N O KR [ G G K RVN
Q [ K C NF N Z [ VB K B E M " [ PP G . N "M T . 'GM G \ K X KX C C KK I F H Q KB Z IB Q K RT C Q [ K C NF N Z [ VB
B GF GK ZI BN O K R[ G GK RV N \ GK XK X K R[ [M G[C GN N Z [VB KB [ E DC BYG E E TP [ P ZIB QK RT C
. BC GK I ZC ZK V[ BGF GK ZIB N 'CG GK RV N 'C G[C NN Z[V B[ E DC NC B ,\K XK X P Z GJ V[
. F H C F H G VN I\ K BN [ ,QM [P F K [Z Y NT GP [ Z QM[ \C [C O [G ZB C K K IP E B" T D "Y \C [ 'S P C 'K D GS F QK TM
F NT [ [ ZY ,G J V [P M QM [ P F \ B \ G P Y F G ('N G" M \ G P [ ) YG SV F P GF G[ ZE ( D" N F C" K V) O [ K PN [GZ K CG
. [" T . 'GM G Q GV XC GP GY P
. O [ N Y[ F \ K XI P C Q KK T G . ' G Y "S ' I ' K S B " P
G R KX P [ [ B ZF E X \ G C K[ I O G [ P F H P " P F "N [ F KV N T \ K N J F [ B ZC Q PK S \ G [ TN O K D F G R Q M G R B E U B G
\ G X P \ Z G X O G [ P B G F [ Q I N G [ F L G ZT F Q K CF [ F P M B N N C B Q M O D O K R KE ZB [ N U G D F ZB [ P C G [ I B G F [
. \ KX K X
. C "X Q PK S C Y TK \ K C . D "K Y" S 'K 'K S FC G[\ K ZT [
, ' I ' K S [ KZ C Z F T " G [ , ' B \ G B I" K ' K S B "P Z , D "Y S E "M ' K S B " D P . F " TY E G P T I N [ \ [Z V [ G E Y F Z F G H
. EG TG
Q Z F B E K , C "N Q P K S ' K Z B \ D B [ \ " G [ , I "V Q P K S C Y T K \ K C F P , ' C Y" S ' I ' KS \ " T[ G C J K F ZB C Q K K T
. ' B Y "S J "FD F K K I K R CFG ,J " FDF
18
19
20
21
22
23
50
RY
CK[PG NBG[F \YGNIPP ZBGCP QM ,24 GRG[NP QM ZPGN FKBZ QKB[ \GIEN Z[VB[ UBG
OKR[ G[CNN B"BE OG[P \KXKXP ZGJV BGF[ C\M P"G[F[ .25L"GJNB[ QKRTC O"[ZFPFG
ZG JV N Q KB E G K N T C \ M O " [ ZF P F GN KB G ,N "R F F [ P KM Z E F E " VT , G K ZI B N O K R[ G G K RVN
G N G M[ M B G F G \ [ K CN L Z EE D "T B G ,N "R F Q V G B C G [ C N N Z[ V B B F E F H \ P I P L "G JN B [ F
Q K RT N M C \ K XK XC F Z G\ G\ C KK I K B E GC G K ZI B N ' CG G K RV N 'C Q [ CN N Z [ VB E QG KM P" P G K RVN
QK DD G[ GK FK [ C JG P NBZ[KN OFN IRFG ,FNGDT QZ YC G \G[T N OK P[ BZ K NMN QGMR G ,G[C GN[
QV GBC G RK E FR[ K BN C G[ FZG \ G\CK K IE QGK ME N" RF BZC SC L K Z BP[ GK ZC E NMC [" TG . ' GM G
26
. N YF N Q KV GZ KX F P M GC [ K[ K RVP Y Z N K YP G , G \ [ K CN
F [ P KM Z E C G RG[ N M GR KB T" G[ N G K \ GF D F C B "PZ F QG [ N K ZF [ Y VY VN [ K Q K K E TE B N B
QKEF BGFG ,N"HG B"PZF C\M H"TG ,\KXKXP QKZGJV OKZXPC OKEDCF[ C\M 27 ZCIPF[ ,O[
'C G O F KR VN 'C G K F K [ Q KK G [ T O F KV RM Q KB G N K B G F E ZV SG H R M[ B K RC \ G NK N D N [ O K [ GC N P
K B [ O KE D CC B Y GE ZJ V B N [ YK K E N [ K [ K ZF . N " M T Q K ZG JV G H E DRM G H O KR G GM P O F KZ IB N
M"BG ,Z JV M"D 'C ED RM 'C \GK FN QK K G[T ORK B[M 'KVB BNB ,'C EDRM ' C Q [CNN Z [VB
E D RM ' C \ G K F N Q K G [ T O R K B G O F K RV N \ K X KX F N M[ M \ K N JF [ G CN N \ GE K P\ C O KD F G R [ O G YP C
. \ K X KX \ GX PP \ G \ K N J F ZG JV N O GY P [ K C G [ M " B Q K RT O G [ C ' C
ZBG CP [ FPM GJY R[ BN B QM B"P ZF K ZC E [Z VN G[[I BN OK RG ZI BF[ ZBC \R ZC M FR FG
. N "RM F [ P K M Z EF Q G[ N C Y KG EP G
F [ P K M ZE C C \ M [ F PP G C ZH I[ ZP B R G G R G [ N YG K E N T E G PT R K B ' KV B O GYP N MP G
K ZF E , B "P ZF M F H C G J Y R B N O KY S G V F KN G ED P F CZ F P "P , Q KR T N MC Z G J VN T "G [ C G \ R G G M G
N [ O K ED CF Z G JV N O KZ IB O K M N F P K R [ C\ M ( O [ U SG K \ K CC ) L GZ B F GZV SC G PX T Z CI PF
GB ,F C F SM \ Z[ B L \ GS M Z E DC O R K B G E GC M N B N B \ GR F KN Q K G[ T O R KB E O G[ P GB ,\ GN K N DF
ZJ V B N G . [ "K KT , O T G R K MZ E ' K M ZE F ZP B F Z G \ F G TYZ Y KC D N T Q K Z ZD R G O F O KM G ZB E O G [ P
K N F G [ G R R K B H " MG O K KS G ,G KM N F P K R [ N T Z K T F O [ F [ P K MZ E F [ U B G , ' C E D R M ' C O G [ P
C [ KK G Q E B JG H G F K N B F QM G F M GZ B C G KZ CE C \ GE G P I K ZC E F QE ZC M ,N "R M KN F B Z R B N B
.LKZBFN GPGYP QBM QKBG ,28GK\GK[GY
NMN OMSG P G RK B[ FBZR ,' C EDR M 'C OG[P ZJ V[ F[ P K MZEF N[ G \JK [ Z YKTC G
G H 'N F Q K KE T G" C\ M ,F [ P K M ZE F KZ CE B KC F [ Z IB[ B "D PC Q K K T F R F E K Z PDN O KY SG VF
O [ D " PV F F H NT U K S G F G ," ZJ V K N F N G D T Q ZY F [ T K B N B F H O G [ P G Z J G VN Q K B G K EK C \ V V G Z
O K \ [ G O F K RV N \ G KX KX K\ [ G KF K [ Q K M KZ X G R B [ F PE Q GM R Q KB F H O G [ P K ZP DN ZG J VN G E " B C
E GT CG Q B M F C Z ' KN B C G [ G CN C T" TG ,'G M G B P N TC F GX PN Y Z F M N F F ZY KT P G R R K B O F KZ IB N
FCZF \PK\SE BXPRG .29 NNMC B"PZF \ZCS GBKCF BNG ZCIPF \ZCS 'NFN GJYR[ OKYSGV
Q K Z E G S P O R K B [ M O D Q K CK K I G K Z I B N ' C G G K R V N ' C [ G C N N Z[ VB [ O KE DC F P N ZB C N B N B B C B N [ Z[ VB E
. Q K R T N M C Q KC K K I O F Q M N G C K K I E D C F H B G L M G K F K [ Q K R T C Q [C N N Z[ VB E O G [ P B G F G , L M
. C "T Z ' K S D" I O "[ ZF P \ "G [ . H " XY ' KS F B \ K N \ F Z G E F P C K [ P G N B G [ \ " G [
\ " G [C F H C E G T Q K K T , G \ [ K C N Q V G B C Q N \ V M K B B N CG [ \ K X KX C F ZG \ G \ C KK I [ E DC [ E G S K F O X T K C DN G
,O K RK ES P 'K G[ T F \V RX P QK RT NG ,\ K NJ F NEG D Z GT K [ K C DN F"N \GB ' D 'K S I "G B B" GHI C G , G"Y 'K S C YT K \ K C
. FH EG SK KV NT FM NFN GJ Y R M "D OFK R [[
. C "K U KT S 'K 'KS C
. B " K Y " S ' K ' KS B J G H G F K N B D "S \ G B ' M Q P KS \ G I R P C \ G E G P I K Z CE
E G T Q K K TG , G " J Y "S ' K Q P K S F C Z G F KN B , ' H Y "S ' K ' K S [ G C N , O [ O F Z CB N [ B D " P V , D " K Y" S ' K Q P KS B "D P
. E"M QP KS \G I RP C Y TK \NK FY
24
25
26
27
28
29
51
BRY
E DC C Q M[ N MP G , G K ZI B N 'C G G K R V N 'C G [ C NN G M ZE Q KB [ E D C Z G J VN Q K B E B G F O K R G Z I B
QV G B F H K B C F G XP F O KK Y P ZK V [ G \ KX K XC B G F CK K I K B E G N "R F Q VG B C G [ CN N Z [ VB [
. GF [ C NK [
K E M G KZ IB N ' CG G KR VN 'C \ KX K XF G K F K [ ZG JK TF O [ C ZC IP F G Z G JF G C\ M [ F P Q K RTC G
Q K C KG IPF O K E DCF ZB [ N N GE D \ K NJ Q KC K E GS K YG N KI [ K [ F B ZR ,\ G GXP C CC GS P F KF K [
. \ K X KX C
E DC LG \ N EI B E DCP \ K XK X N K JF N Z\ G P K B N B G P[ G CZ K D K N V Q KN K JP E B KD GS C F R F E
'S G \ C G . N " M T F R G [ B Z \ KN J N F N F HCP [ Q G KH CN Q R K[ K K I B N E K Z[ NB G P[ E K "[ Z C \ MG ,Z IB
BGF \KNJF OD[ 'SG\G K"[ZP OKRGZIBF GYKKEG ,30'GMG \KNJF \GXP NJCN QKB CZNE O[
. GRGK HC N QR K[ K K IG F GX P N [ BXV I
E GE Z "ZF P E GC M CZF N K \ K B ZG N "H G ,F C G [ \ C [ " E ZF P F Q G [ N B K C F [ US G K KM Z CC Q K KT G
B M K F \ KX K X ZK \ F N Z \ G P G R K B [ F PE C\ M [ F C G [ \ C K Y KR GN [ KR CZ P E IG KP F E IB GZ K Z[
O" CPZ F C\M [ GR KK F G ' GM G QG[B ZF \K N JF Q GK HC O G [ P BYG E B G F ZIB \ K N JC GIK RP GRK B[
'G MG F M \ G I G F R G [ B ZF ZK \ P F R G [ B Z F N JC N Q K GM \ R O B \ KX K X N T \ KX K X N K JF . \ KX K XE B " V
E I B L G \ I N K X P ZK V [ \ K X K X \ G D G H KR [ G KF [ Q G D M G \ G X P P TYV G F B N F R G [ B ZF \ K N J[ NM E
GC G K IP GT K YV P[ \ KN J F Q G K HC O G [ P B N B GTD R B NG , KP E Z KV [ O V K NI F N F X GZ O B G B O F P
K JG I B " M ' KS T "G [ C QZP C \ M Q M[ \ K XK XC P \ K N JC ZP G I K ZF [ ,Q PX T \ KX K X O G [ P B N G
G R KB G O F P N EG C O E B GN C[ F GXP N [ \ G \ KN J GN K B G F V [ B N GY ZHN NG M K G YS VR [ \ K XK X
31
. [ " KK T 'GM G Z PB Y B N F V[ B N Q YZ G HN GN K B G , O F KN B P Q K N M O F G GY ZG H B N B 'G MG IRY N Z\ G P
\ T EN E Z[ V B M "B ,E D C F \ G X PG O KJ G I F \ G X P F G X P F C O K YN I KR [ [ K[ Z B G C P [ ZI B G
F K F K [ K EM C B N B \ K X KX \ G X P ZY K T P O F K Z I B N ' C G O F KR VN ' C F Q KB E N "SE K" C F G ZG J F
NM ZP B C YT K QC Z HTKNB 'Z [ GPM M" B O[ 'PD C CY TK QC ZHT NB 'Z KZ CEMG \GG XP C CC GS P
K "T B Y GE C CGS P F KF K [ Q R K TC B N G ,GC K CS 'F L B N P F R G I \ K XK XG F H G H P Q K N KV \ G N [ K [ K P
K JG I G K F K G KR VN PG F GXP N[ E D CF C G VG D C GZ CCG SP F KF K O B F "F M "B , E CN \ KX K XF
. K P E ZK V[ M "D \ KX K XF
K "C F G Z G J F G C \ M Q MN G F G X P N [ E DC F [ T R \ G V R M 'E N [ E DC N M [ [ E IR B N K B ' KV B G
F N K V\ N E I G K PF E DC B G F [ NG E D \ K N JC P "P ,B Y GE \ K X KX F K JG IC CC GS P F KF K [ O ZE SK [
FHC KEG ,FGXPF N[ YNI M"D \KNJF KGF KBEGC 32 M"D OKRKE ZB[N FGXP N[ WVI QKE GN [KG
L ZE O F C \ GS M \ F N O K G[ T F \ GVR M 'E O F C [ K [ O K E DC Z B [ CG , \ KN J F C CC GS P F KF K [
C CGS P B G F [ \ GV KE T [ K F HC F N KV \ N E I G K PF \ K NJ G R K B [ Q JY \ K N JC ' KV B G G [ GC N P
. ZPB CZ F"E 'SG\ ,BPNKE F"E K"[Z ,C"T B"P \GIRP 'PD 30
,FGXPFP YNI BGF EDCF OD OKJGIFC [K[ FGXPFP WGI[ ZBGCPE FH QKRTCG ,'C Y"S G"J QPKS USGK KMZC 31
G K R C G M H F N P [ F \ B I Y K G E ZM [ C [ G "J B P G I R \ [Z E P C B C G P [ F H C ZB CP [ D "M ' J \ K[ B Z C ZY K K N M Q K K T
NT R L GZ[ ET G J G I P O B \ GM HC [ (H "K F J G S) N" HZ GZP B [ F P P O [ O "B Z F 'Y F G ,\ K X K X \ GX PN O [ N [
\ G M H C K M K E K P F [ Y B N [ F B Z R G Z Y K K N M F C \ M G , \ K X KX N [ J G I N O F Z CB N [ G K R C G M H ( D "M E " K \ K[ B Z C)
K R [ \ G M H C F G X PF N [ O KY N I K R [ N G M H [ G R K K F G , [ " K K T , ' G M G J G I N G M H J G I \ G M H C G F N P[ N G M H F N P [ K G S KM
. Y" GEG \G ECG TF
QKRTC D"M 'KS CYTK \GTG[K \"G[C QMG ,QZFB EK 'DF O[C F"YS B"M QPKS CJKF ZBCF GC\M FH QKTMG 32
B GF [ NGED \ K NJ C BNB FZ PB R B N G H FMNF ZY K T [ GC \M[ W ZB F NT O K ZZ DR \ K X K XF GK F K BN[ \ G ZK F HF
. O [ Q K K T [ G CN P L Z E B G F [ Q J Y \ KN JC B N G F G X P N E I G K P
Y Z G R K K F E H " J F O [ C\ M G \ K N J C B S M F \ KC N S R M K N Q K B [ ZC I PF C\ M [ ' D U K TS B " M Q P K S C E G T Q K K TG
. O [ D" P VC T" TG F N KV \ N E I G K P B G F [ N G E D \ K N J C
52
CRY
F HC \ KX K X \ GX P O X TG Q JY \ K N J Q KR TC O F G KR KE C GZ[ T "G [ C 'I 'SC QM N G ,Q P XT O KJ G I C
33
. GK ZI BN O K \ [ G GK RVN O K\ [ \ GV RM F GK F K [ QK RT C OCK [ GK [ Z CI PF G ZG JF G C\M
F P B G F J G [ V M "B F GX P N [ \ K N J K G F K B EG N G ED \ K N JC O KR V N M N TE ZB C \ R [ ZI B G
\ GS M N L K ZX N G ED \ K N JF [ N " H K ZB F O [ C (E G TG CZ F T"G [ , F CZ ' KN B ) O K Y SGV F G B K CF [
JG [ V F H G ) ,G KE E X N M P G RV K YK U KY PF ZG B F G ,CJ K F U JGT P F KF K[ KE M ,F H I F E T GV G D G G [ B Z
\ I R G R B XP F GX P GN G M N GE D \ K N JC [ ZB C\ R[ F HCG ,( \ GVR MF C U JGT P F KF K [ G R G G K M B N [
L K K[ B N F GX P GN GM E Q G KM E ,L VF \ K B N [ G \ K N J N T Q P K S \ G [ T N N " H K ZB F E K VY F B N[ F H C
O B Q K C [ [ I B N [ B " D P F C\ M QM N G ,Q K E KZ G P O G [ P GC Q KB G GZ KC IP Z\ G K [ G E Y E IB YN I G C
B "D PF O K KS F H N TG . Q G \ I \ F E XN L VF \ R Q G KN T F Y N I O B Q K C G W G I E XN KP KR V YN I L VF K \
. CJ K F Q K CC GS P G KF K [ KE M N B P [ U\ M N T Q KP K UR M Q\ K N O K DF GR [ K [ O [
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. GK ZI BN 'C G G KR VN ' C
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\ G V R M F N M I Y K N N B Z[ K NM G D F R [ "Y Q PH C F CZ E B G ,T P[ \ B K ZY \ G X P C B N G \ K X K X \ G X P C
. N"R M OFK RVN
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34
. B" PZ C FMN FN \BC GP GH BSZ K DG . N"MT TP [ \BK ZY \T [C
BGF TP [ \BK ZY \T[C \K XK XF \HK IB[ C \M [ YS GV OG[ G RBXP BN G J G[V FH FR FG
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. TP [ \BK ZY \T [C
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K R K RT N M C F [ G T G K CB [ F B GZ [ F P \ G [ T N N GM K E N KF Z[ B M[ B N B ,F GXP F O X T O KZ K ED P
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Q G KM G R K R K RTN QM G PM G , [ "Y \ T[ C \ KX K XF \ H KI B C L G R KI \ GX P K PN [ G ZK F F N \ QM N ,\ K X KX C
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K PN [ GZ K F F N \ QM N G \ GGX PC Q K CC GSP G K F K [ K E M O F K ZI B N 'CG O F K RV N \ GVR M 'C L KN [ F N
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G\ GB O\ KBZ G \GXP . D
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. GKRV N \GV RM 'EF NM GKFK[ FBZK \ GKRT\C G
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.H"K QPKS UGS B"PZ ,D"S[\ \GB FMGS KMEZP ,'D \GB E"K[ 'KS C"I TGZH ZGB ,D"VZ\ 'KS F"KCBZ 34
.TEGKF QJY F"E H"K 'KS 35
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FBKCP FKBZ ,\ZIB FGXP ZGMHG GH FGXP FBZ O\ZMHG G\GB O\KBZG QRK[ZE 36'PDC FRFE
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F K DGS F L [ P F CE ,\ ZI B F GXP K E K N F B K CP B N B F R K B [ G B F GX P K G F F PXT \ G N M\ SF F
,F K F G ,G R \ R G ,G [ TG K "[ Z KV G ,\ G G XP ' F C ZC GT GE DC C \ K XK X GN Q KB [ K P \ [ [ ' Z ZP B B \ K B
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,O \ Z M H G G \ G B O \ K B ZG C K\ M E \ KX K XC N M \ SF N - 'B O KE Z IF Q G [ N F H G ,'G M G G \ G B O \ KB Z G
37
. N"MT ,W "C [ZN G Y" PS N \GGX P D"K Z \ QK RP P
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41
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Q \ K F P M "B ,F SV G Y K NM C IR G P B G F [ M O D G \ G X P O KK Y PG B G F \ K N J \ C G I \ K X K X[ NB G P[ N
E IB N T B NB \ K XK X GN F K F K B N L M Q K C B F , F C UJ T\ P B G F [ E DC C O R \ K [ U KS G K F P G L N
N JC PG E I B E DC P GE K ZG P L KB F M "B Q K C KK I F S VGY KN M E N " SE QG K M E G ZK TF E GT G ,G K E DC P
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36
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KZCE GNT ,\KXKXC \GNM\SFG \KKBZ BGFG \KXKXC FGXP EGT [K[ NKTN ZBGCPF KVNE GXZ\G
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BN KM ,BXPR 'GMG ,TEGRM UKYP ZGB \RKIC BGF \KXKX NM KM TE 55 G"IZF N[ [GEYF GRG[N
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'G M G ,N GE D \ G K F C Z KT HE U KY P Z G B B G F ,N GE D \ K N J O R PB . G K \ GTG ZH G [ B Z \ V K JT F C
TP [ PG . N " M T . GCG ZG G[ B Z \ GS M N KE M , B GF \ KN J F ZG TK [ H B G , G K \ GTG ZHG G[ B Z G J[ V\ RG
G K \ GT GZ H G G [ B ZC KZ PD N U JG TP G F SG M P B G F [ F HC E I G K P Q KR T [ K N GE D \ K N JC [ G K ZC E P
56
. KZ PDN
K J G I F P N Z B CN ( Q K N KV \ G \ K X K X Q K R T ) F T [ \ B ZG F Z VS C C \ M N "R F O KZ CE F K V NT G
ZG B K M Z I B O T J O D N " H G [ B Z F N T Q G G M P E D C F T X P B C B N G \ G V R MC E D C F U G S C O F \ KX K X F
K PK RV F UK YP F \ ZB F N J CP B G F G E B P EB P N GE D G ZG B F R CN \ K N J B Z YR F Q G K N TF UK Y PF
. [" TK B K RF P K B PN BZ F K JC B DZ [E [ P[ F KR VC ZR F Z GB Q GK PE M \ K XK X BZY RF
G P M \ K N JF N [ \ G K X KX F \ R K IC O F G NB G G K ZCE L G \ C \ KX K XF ZT [ C E K P\ \ N GT F N[ N " H G
NGED Z\G K BGFG G RPP Q GXK I Z \GK Z GB BGFG GKNT UKY P ZGB BGF GP XT \KNJF ORP B . ZBC R[
. G N GM Q K VB ZK TH \ GN N M N M N U KY P B G F G G R P P
Z[ B P Z \ G K E GT NG E D Q K RT B G F \ K N JF N[ E DCC CC GS P \ G K F N F C ZE B E G R N B XG K F H K VN G
. OECN OK J GIFC C CGS P \GK FNG Z GIB N 'CG OK RV N 'C \KXKXF TGC YN
B G F [ NG E D \ K N JP ,G K \ GT GZ H G [ B Z \ V KJ T F C Q K B [ N G ED \ K NJ P Q JY \ K N JF Y GN I[ F H G
GC GZ G G [ B Z \ GS M N K E M B G F \ K N JF G ,G K\ G TGZ H G G [ B Z G J[ V \ R G ,N GE D \ G KF C Z KT HE UK YP Z G B
G N Q K B H B G \ K CC O E B F \ G K F C Q M NG N "H G G K ZC E L[ P F C EK P \ \ N G T F C \ M G " IZ KZ CE C N" R M
B N G [ B Z B N ,H B GN F K F B N G G \ K C O [ K M 'GM G G \ G K F C Z KT H F \ R KI CC B G F [ Q J Y \ KX KX Y Z
.\KXKXF QKRT \GRGGMF ZT[ OKKI WT KZV 55
(B) N"H GRKCZ C\M FRF FT[ \BZGFF NTC N"HG GKZCE ZGBKCC GMKZBF[ 'EYF GKEKPN\ KZCEP EGT JJXRG 56
K M F \ TE K ZC M G P" B G V" B [ K K M G R K N X B T E G R M U K YP F ZG B \ R K I C B G F \ K X K XF Q K R T K M T E [, N " H G] G R K[ G Z E C
\ K X KX F B G F F H E D R M G ' G M C " M \ E CN C Y "G \ R K IC C B N B F K F B N ZG C K T F E G S C G PK B L G \ C G \ G K F C B "H F
NK ED F [M B "HE UK Y PF ZGB \ RK I C B G F NGE DF \ K X K X NC B \ G TG ZHF BNG [ BZF B N GC QK VJ T \ P QK B [ QJ YF
,N" H (J ) O [ N"H G RK CZ [" P G . 'GMG [" TK \ GT GZ HF G [ BZF G C QK V J T\ PG \ GZ GP D \ GZ K VS Z[ T G N G [T RG
QP UK Y P [ Q GK M \P BF BG F Q M ,[ "T K [ C" T 'J U E] GC E GSK F ET GN GM B"H \B UK Y P Z [K P " B B GF[ \K NJ F[
L G\ C [ CN \ P [ GC E GS K F ET GN G M B "H N [ G VG D[ [ "M F J PN G GR P P [ O K VG XZ VF NMN F J P N G G N [ F H IF
ZH G I U K Y P ZG B C Q M Q K B [ F P , N G E D Y G I Z C B G F [ B N B , G N [ Z[ K U K YP ZG B P UY G P [ G K\ I\ [ Q K VG XZ VF
Z V S C N " H G R K C Z C \ M G I Z J [ F P N M Q K K T G. N G M K [ F P N M G P T \ G Y C E C B G F [ \ K X K X F [ B G F [ ] F K I F \ R K I C
N J C \ R G N N M R K M O K N DR G O K ZM K R O R KB F H I F E T \ G K XK X F \ RK I C Z H G I P "B Q M N G . F " V D "I C" [ O K Z T[ B GC P
. Z[ K P " B F RC N \KNJ E NGE DF ZG B L G\C G ZGB
F R F G . T E G R M U K Y P F Z G B \ R K I C B G F \ K X K X N M KM T E . \ K X KX F Q K R T \ K X K X F ZT [ E K P \ \ N G TF N T C N " H G
B X P R G . \ N \ C Q N K N M \ N \ \ R KI C C G E C N C \ G G XY [ [ \ R KI C C F K F F R K C F L G \ ZG C K T F E G SC Q K V B Z KT H \ G K F C
\ V K JT G C Q K B [ Q J Y \ K N J \ R KI C Q K R T G F H G . E C N C JG [V ' B U G D Y Z \ G T G ZH B N G [ B Z B N H B G N G KF B N KM
G [ B Z G J [ V\ R G S " K G N G [ TR G N E D R [ N G E D G \ G K F C Z KT H E U KY P F ZG B B G F N G E D F \ K N J O R P B . \ G T G ZH G [ B Z
[ K N [ E T YZ [ K C N P G R R K B \ KN JF K M B X P R . G CG ZG G [ B Z \ G S M N K E M B G F F H F \ K N J F Z G T K [ H B G , G K \ G TG Z H G
. \ K N J O [ Q K B L N K B G O [P G , KG ZG IB P F CY R F F \ XK O [ P Z[ B F H I F E T O E B F UG D N [ GC GZ B G F [ \ "\ F
\ G ZG B F Q K R T C G R K N XB ZB C \ R F R F K M , Q K R T F N B F \ T ZG H I R G . \ K XK X F Q P \ G Z G J V O K[ R F [ O T JF G F H G
S R M R B N O N G T P [ O N G M P Q G K N T F G Q G X K I F U K Y P B G F ' B F , Q K VB Z KT H N B O K V KY P K R KP K R [ [ K K M O KV K Y PF
ZI B [ G RP P Q G J Y Z \ GK U KY P B G F 'C F G . QK V B ZK T H \ GN N M N M N UK Y P W G I C P Z B [R B N B ZK T H L G \ O K RV C
\ G ZT [ \ R K IC C F N T P N O K P K R V F Q K I G P F ZG B P F N G T G T Y G C G Z H G I Q KV B Z K TH L G \ KP K R V F Z G B F SR M R [
. [ B Z F O G YP B G F [ E CN C GC [ \ G R G [ B Z ' DC ZH G I U K YP ZG B \ R K IC O F O [G , [ B ZF
57
HRY
B K F G N M N F S KR M O G Y P B G F [ \ S R M F \ K C N B G B G C C O R P B , EC N J G [ V ' B U G D Y Z , \ G T G Z H
. N " MT , NG E D \ K N J \ R K IC B G F H B ' G M G \ G M NP \ R KI C
Q M G F N G H D F M G S B Z P D C G N SV B N [ F P NT Z B K C [ \ G M G S N F PN [ \ ZB V \ F K Z CE F R F G
N "R F 'G \ F ' K [ G Y C [ K \ K H " E TG N" H G ( O [ T JY F N M J J X R G K ZC E Q K C F N K E M C G ) Q K N K V \ G \ K X K X
F GX PF \ G K F N G"I B G F O E KC F N K H D F Q K RT O R PB KM ( B ,J F M GS ) O K [ ZV PF 'G K [ GY ZB [ O T
B N O [ Q KN K V\ G \ K XK X G F MG S N XB B N N C B C N GN N X B Y Z L K K[ B N F H F Z K CT F L G \ C F B C
Y" F G H C ZB G C P ZC M F M G S N X B F R F E N "R M F ZK C TC F B C F G X P F \ G K F N O K R V O G [ C N NM L KK [
ZG B E G SG . ' KR C N T \ XC GZ O B E GS C B PK B E UK YP Z G B 'K IC B G F F M G SF E GS K M N " H K" ZB F C G
. O K Z VSC Z B GC PM N GE D F ZG B \ G ZK F CF N EG D \ P IP O I KZ CF N G O K R GX KI F Q P Q D F N B G F UK Y PF
Z [ V B B N G R ZB C [ Q V G B N T KM C "F P K G F N E F M G S N X B ' G \ F ' K[ G Y L K K[ Q K B B N KP P LM N
B K F G O K RG XK IF N M \ IZ CP E GT B K F F M GS F B C ZE B KM F ZK CT F L G\ C B C N QV GB O G [ C F M G SF
F N G H D K J GTP N GZ PB F M GS C ( B , J F M GS) 'P D F Q G [ N YK GE P F HC G K" RC N T F R K D P G \ M MG S
B K X G F N L K K [ B N F M G S NX B Q M KM N G H D F \ B G N G B [ F \ B B K X G F N ( C , B P O [ ) G Z P B CN G NC G
N G C D C G T D K NC N I X R N G T N C K G G [ Z D K F MG S F K "T E G T KM B G F L G V F R KM O E K P F M G S \ G X P \ B
G [ Y F [ G PM C" F P \ G K F N L K K [ B N O [ O D \ KX K X \ GXP C M "D Z CE F F H B N F G . N "R M N B Z[ K
B G F G N " RM M " D U K YP F Z G B 'K IC B G F K M Y "F S C ZB G CP ZC M \ K X KX N [ \ K NJ O D F R F E . N " H
Q P K\ P [ R G K I GZG K[ V R N XR \ \ KX KX \GX P \ GM HC B "[ P M G O K R GX KI F Q P Q D F N E GT N K TG PF
G K N H G D NT G "R Y ZK T K Z "[ R M ( B K ,C N O K ZC E ) G F H G . O F K N T G K V R M [ G Z V K \ K N J F G O K R G X K I F
. GR KR KR TN T DGR F N "M T 'GM G O"K P IZ K "Z T[ ' R \" Z B GF Z "[ R M . U IZK
N [ \ K NJ C Q KC CG SP G R B [ [ E GY KZ ZF C GE GS K[ G R K D F R P CJ KF Z B C\ R G R K ZC E K V N M " B G
ZB GCP M G K B Z KN CK C S ' F L B N P F R G I O K KY \ R GCG K ZP DN UG D F N M G \ GT GZH F G [ B ZF F GX P
'E F N M [ K EK N T [ EG T G , N G E D \ K N J E G S G U KY P F Z G B C O KZ CE F \ G K P KR V K V N T N" R M G , ' P D C
G F H [ ,\ G V R M F ' E NM C N "R F O KR G [ B Z F \ TE M G \ G B O \ K B ZG \ G X P F H C Q K P KK Y P G R KR VN \ G V R M
. N "R M Q [ E F \ P G Z \ F \ T EN F N KV \ F L [ PC \ K N JC \ GV JT \ F F Q KR T N M
FZGDIF LG\N \KXKXF \CKI\ QKRTC . G
ZF H K N [ K ZC IP F C \ M [ T" G [ C Q KK T F Z G D I F L G \ C \ K X KX F CG I \ N G R K \ GC Z G D F R [ F PC G
O [ C ZG CK X KP N [ C Q K KT N " H G F CG [ \ K ZT [ F C \ MG . G K \ G K XK X ZGZ D K B N [ \ KN J [ C GN O E B [ M
G K F K B N B O KZ ZD R B N Q K[ NG [ P \ KX K XF G KF K [ ZI CG P F Q P F G XP C\ M [ \ GZ PB P F Z[ T N T C
F H I F E T B GF \ K N J \ R K IC [ F "N N H CZ F K C\ M C B GF Q M G . F J PN G GV GD K X IP O K EP GT G O K GN \
K M ZCC Q K KT G ,[ " T E G B P O \ K N J O K N [ N [ PF O K [ GT F V K B N G \ K XK X \ R K I C B G F L N KB G O [ P G
CZ F . G Z ZD K B N [ K EM G K R \ P C Z [ B G \ ZG D IC \ G KX KX F C G I \ N N G M K L G Z B \ K N J N "H G U S G K
CZ F K ZG PG ,FC CZ P N GD E ZV SC G\C G[\ FB CGFG WZ BF K ZV Z VS C FK P TE E IG K IZ HP O"Z FP
C YTK \ K CC Q K K TG G KZ G I B P G \ Z GD I C O C IG \ N UK E T K VJ E C\ M O [ F B C G F F C G[ \ C F " F N H
57
. N"MT
ZK T F O GN [G O K KI K ZC EC QM G , O KK V \M F NT G\ GNT FN CG J Z\ GK [ C \M O K K IF UM F[ U B G
K E K N T E DC F Z JVR G E DC F C YK SV P ZG D IF E K " CF O [ C O F Z CB Q D P F K ZC E KV N T F H D F R P N T
\KNJF NM OB[ GB OKRVGB KR[C YNIN C\MG YIXK EK \"G[C FH NT EPT ZCM 58 \KXKXP FH
D"I WZBF KZV ,'F Y"S B"M QPKS USGK KMZC ,'E Y"S B"M QPKS FCG[\ KZT[ ,'E UKTS B"M QPKS T"G[C 57
. C " X Q P K S C YT K \ KC , B "V Y U E F C CZ P N G DE , ' B Q P K S K "M
. HKKD HDKP JRCBE O[ QRKZPBE J"K OKICHC FKDGSF QKTMG ,'D Y"S 'K QPKS OFZCB QDP ,J"K \GB OKKIF UM 58
58
IRY
G [ [ I B NG F Z K ZD \ K N J Z\ C \ KX KX F [ Q R K Z PB F HC \ K XK X F B N B CI G \ G R KB G Z G D I F N W G I P
Q G G M P K B G \ R G G M ZY KT C K G N \ [ C \ M E G T G , G PX T E D C F NT Y K SV P [ M B N B ( B " D P F G K" CC ) O [
59
. F C Q N \ KN TY ZY F N T GZ ZDK B N [ B N B QM F [ GT G R K B [ M N C B L G\ IM K GF HB E GE D C ZX YN
E IB N F G G KX [ N "Y GXH N K C G RZ T[ J P B "Z F Y" F ZF P TGE K F R F E L VG R UK SG F N [ K K NG B G
\T C N JZ B D [ G CN N GP XT N T N C YK GRC [ F BZ K[ , Z[ K F L ZE P ZG SN N IF [ GRC N T GK E K SI P
GR KK F K RT RM N F R\ R ZG DIG YG SV F LZE NT GCZ GN Z PB G ,C JGP N GR C Z HI UGS CN G ,FN K V\ F
N [ M KN P G ZP [ NG F T RM F F \ E P G [ CG N F N T B K CF N B G F ND GSP K RT RM N F R\R F Z G D I F Z G D I G
60
. CJ G P N GZ KH IF F Z GDI F \ N G DS KE K N TG I XP \ GHT P O ZGY P Q PH F \ GR G K SR N M [ \ GR GGT C
N JC N G ZV MN E I B O R K K R T \ K X K X F G W K X F [ IN [ \ [ ZV C 'Y F Z F G H F P N KT N Z B G C P F K VN G
\ K X K X F [ B N B O F N E I B Q K R T F Z G D I F G \ K X K X F [ B X P R F T R M F F LV K F B G F [ IX P \ G H T \ E P
FZ GDI F LG \C BGF \KXKX F N[ GP GY P QMNG ,C GJ F[T C NJZ BDFG T ZP Z GS \ RK ICC BGF
61
. B YGE
$ $ $
O[C C"M Y"SC \GRIPF NMN USBPFG ,J"X FGXP EGE KZPBC GC\M QMG . S"Z QPKS C"I YIXK EK \"G[ 59
. YIXK \KC \" G[
,I"XY EGPT (NKCBRZT[J \KCN OKYKEXF KZCEP JGYKN) ZGB KZGBP ZVSC OKBCGP OK[GEYF GKZCE 60
. \ X Y K G R K [ C Z G V KS F \ S Z K D G B K C F [ [ "T , J" P E G P T [E G I F \ C[ S Z JR G Y CG
. ZPBPF \MKZTC G\ZHT NT QBPNZTV Q\R 'Z I"FZFN FMZCFG FEG\F 61
59
JRY
\GZTF
B"PZFG LGZT QING[F KYSV \NCY QKRTC
G"T [\ ' F QG[ I - ZP ' G , F" C
! FMZ CG OG N[ "N BZ[ KG QZF B \KC" WC GYF \ MZ TP EG CMN
BN P QG B J C \ G BZN [E I P F R F R KRR F OTV N MC Z[ B BNV R F OM RG K ND \ B OT V KE P M N CYN K\ I P [
! KI N FM , O KP [ \ BZ KG \ G EK SI KZ CE C Q F G FZG \E FN D RC Q F ,FZ G \ K ZC EC [ GE D G
\ B B " J K N [ Q G Z E C [ Q F M F Q R I G K K C Z E K S I F Q G B D F U K R F ( V Y -H T Y O K E G P T ,B V Y Q G K N D ) Q G Z I B F Q G K N D C
T" G[ F KZ CE ZI B Q KB[ NBZ [ K \GX GV\ N MC OSZ GVP G TGE KF \B I KM GFNG YHIN LK ZBFG \KR [ FN GEDF GEK
KN GE D K ZCE P ( OEG Y QG KN D C J YKN [ F P NT U SGRC ) J YKN G F RZ GD Z KP T M ZG F J [ KB US B G ,O G NM B" P ZF G
. FHC NBZ [K
Z "GPE B Y" M , OKN GED F \ GZG BP F KR[ FP F BN F ,Z PN F KN K TK KSPE KBR\ KZ \ KRB O D B KCB K \ZP B G
NT " KZ VSC FHC E GT QKK TG) T" KH [J K GGBCG KN P (P" PZFG P ) Z " GPEB Y" MG T" KH T" G[FG BK R\F N TC QYH F
. ( H V -F V O KE G P T \ K [K N[ F ZG E F P " O F K\ G ZG Y P G O K DF R P
: T" KH T "G [FG B KR\F NTC Z" G P EB Y" M KZ CE P
ZKPIF[ FPP Z\GK S"EC ZKPIFN ... LGZT QIN[C USGK \KC CZF C\M[ GPM BNB GRN QKB GRBE... " .1
. (H" J Y" S B" GY , C" P\ 'K S I" GB T" G[ ) " GRN QKR P GH ,LGZ T Q IN[ C
'KS \"G[) "...F[TPNG FMNFN BGF[ NM HKH GNKVB USGK \KCF KZCEP HGHN GRN FNKNI FNKNI[..." .2
. (FM
\"G[) "GFKKZ\C KZKZD BPNT KNGME LGZT QIN[F KNTC \GPK\S EDR ECN FH NT LGPSN GRN FNKNI..." .3
. ( CN 'K S
KZKZD BPNT BNGME LGZT QING[F KNTC \PK\S EDR ... NYFN ZCEF F[Y[ KBEGC F[TPN... " .4
. ( DN ' KS \ " G [ ) " G F K K Z\ C
OKMSF OFZCB QDPF[ JZVCG [GZKVC O[ GKNT YNI BN H"JF[ QGKM ... B"PZ EDR NYFN GRN QKB" .5
. ('G Y"S B"GY ,C"RZ 'KS I"GB T"G[) "... ZGSKBN
QIN[F NT GYNI BN[ OFZCB QDPG H"JFG B"PZ \PMSFG LGZT QIN[F YSV EDR ZKPIFN GRN QKB" .6
. (' B Y" S B" GY , H" N\ ' KS I "G B T" G[) "L GZ T
, "GK \GCG [\P G Q YHF Z "GPE B T" G[P FBZ GFF G OKYS GVF K NNM " Z VS C GZB C\RG G BCGF GN B \GRG [N )
. (CG J BXP \ G [ " KKT ,B K [ , G[ ,I V Z , HVZ ,J T Z : O K NN M , B"J K N[ [Y ZV K" ZF G P I "FD FN
: QN FN FBZ T" KH [J K GGBCG KN P ( P "P Z FG P ) Z" G P EB Y" M KZ CE P
ZD \NKPC 'BF FMZCF QKRTC ZCIPF YSV NT GN F\KF[ BK[GY \GCYTC[ OKKGSP CZC F[TP .1
[Z GV P F YS VF L VKF " FNKP F NT " LZ CN NF G P N F G GXG F[T P F[ T (" O K ZD F \ B N G P N" L ZCN L KZ X[ )
" [E GY \ GZD B" C SVE R) BCF C \MP F \ B T "K H Z "G P EB Y" M G KN B Z D K[ LM N FCGD \C . ZCI P F N[
KE KC F \ [TR ( O KBCF O K J G J KX C QMG ) O KTJ Y F \[ D EF , GTZ - FZT ' T ,D " I ,T" KH Z " G P EB Y" MN
:( YK\T PF
60
SY
K" [\ 'F , QSK R F" M , F" C
QFMF 'K [ P" PZG FP 'GM G P" GR B" KB I"GG F I"FZ FG D" FZ F
! FMZ CG O GN[
GPM GKN B TDG RC Y Z BN , FXZR F \N TG\F G BKCK Z [B \G GYN KXV I G . OETG PC GT KD F I JC OKSZ J RGY F
OK BXP RFG G RP P OKT V[G P FC OD BN B GC OK KGN \ OKJZ V FCZ F Z [B [ KBM GKN B TDGR C YZ BNG , JZ V
. FHC J"G[ C T KEG K OB I" \G , G\C KCS C
. GN GP N C BF GBK CFG Q C OFN EN GRG \K ZM RF OT ZE F N BZ[ K QK RTC GC\M P NT FRTP C G
,K ZM RF G KCB E" T G \GB QK NP [ QJ Y KZ MRP TZD BNE ,G KCB \TE NT QJ YF \B ,Z D \N KP , QK NP E M" [P ( B
. H" S I "S ZS E" G K T "G [F Y SVM G
O KY SGV CG B , CS \ G P CK Q K KGT K) GTZ H B ZYR G H "N H \ G MK K[ O FN [K G RCG KZ MR F KM , NN M QG K P EF N" R BN
H" TF B T" G[C B" P ZC F BC G F[ FT KEF NT G NKV B G F P \ Z CM G - \ KZ MR F N T B C[ NBZ [ K Q CC M" B[P ( O[
. BZ P G I N G QRC ZE P YZ O[ Z CE P [ U B ,K "S G" J S
. E" C E "T G ZK K D N L KZ X E "R T V N ,E N K F \ B G Z K K D K [ F X G Z G P B [ Q G K M E "G E R C G
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. [H" GER N TD G RC Z CE O[ BX P R BN ] - . K "I \ F\T GR KBG \ C[N OKZ VG S
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- 404 'T C"I D"TZ 'KS NT UNBF QDP 'KVC M"D WZK\G
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B G F G [ U K K S C F H \ F K " T B K F F \ Z S F L Z E G ] J K J C F Y G C E B K F [ F VG D P C F P G \ S \ K C I F E B M K F E , F G P \
I G \V N \ZI B \ G Z[ VB G K RVN [ K[ QG KM NN M \C[ LZ GX H" KBE B P KR O B F , FZK C[ K "T F \ G B I G \VN FXGZ
. U KKS C FH\ F K" T BYG E F\G [TN GRC KK I R FP NG ,\C [ L ZGX KG F FH OD K ZF S "G S ,[ UKK SC FH \F] F\G B
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M" D B G F G , ( I "K Y "S ) KYI X K B"Z F P F KZ CE B K CF M" D G P XT B" GH I F KZ F ,Z P BY KB P GR TEK B N LB 'Y CE C
M " [ PT ) , N N M O G JB U G D Z E D C G R R K B F H E O [ P G R K K F G , ( E "Y S ) K Y \ S G P C F P X T \ K C I F \ H \ F \ B Z K \ P
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O X T N T L B [' B I \ K V ' M G C [ P \ [ K B P N K E F Z K H D O G [ P Z G S B Q K K E T E ] \ I B \ C C G R Y G Z N F X G Z E B F K C D N
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L K ZB F ( B "M ' K S H" I ) Q\ R \ GZ GF N \ " G[C ,QM B G . B PN TC L G\ K I Y Z O K ZS I O R K B K Z F O F O D K Z F [ ,\ M \ P N [
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2
3
4
5
6
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K " T G \ D K Z E P P K N M F 'E Z K ' \ P K K G S P F R K I C C G , F Z K M PN K G B Z F K F O D G , F C G Z P Q P H N Q G S I K B N E P G T F K F
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G \T ECE D " TB QM NG . [ O F KZ CE C [ "K KT ,QG YK\ F[T P N FN GTV F \ B \ GG[ FN F HC K E F NGT V F H K B K "T WVI N
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KZ F S "G SE G\TE C Q KC[ I \P QK BE B"G HIN N" S M " VTB \I B \CC F\G B QY GZK OB GNK VB BNB EGT BN G
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68
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. \C [C N YN YP \GK FN Z \GF BN , Z\K FC I G\ VN N GM K[ QGKM . C
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. K NM GRK B NG CKY KNM GRK B OB N GCK Y K NM \GKFN BGF G [GP K [[ KN MG ,FI K \VF K "T OGNM
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. C J K F G Z B C \ R G O K R G Z I B F G P " F T [ F K Z C E G B C G F Z C M Z P B P C F R F ,2 F Z T F C M " [ P . C
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,\ "Z \ B O K B KCP [ O K RG[ BZ E GTG B"C [Z F QM G I "R \ G I " RZ 'K S \" ZN Z[ KF Z VS CG , EK P Q \ G B O KM\ G I
. FR[ P FH QK BE , OFK NT OK NM GB[ ZM HR BN OGY P OG[ C
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. G N I " G [ \ ,\ G CZT F G O K SEF F \ EG DB C B " T KH O K[ G EY F G R K \ G CZ D F R P Z G Z KCC B "J K N[
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SE F G N B P [P S EF G Q KP K P SE F Q \ K N K "Z B F D F R P M O K D F GR F GNB N Z ZC N L KZ B F B" J KN [ N "R F CZ F . B
\ GC ZTF E G B WG I KVN M \ GC ZTF G CNG NN O KEG P X O KS EF F O B F N B P [P FC ZTG Q KP K P FCZT G TXP B C
. FHC \GTE BKCF[ 'E 'D \GBCG 28 FZTFC O[ FBZG ,WGI KVNM OKSEFFG CNGNN OKEGPX
. FP FM GS BZ P DF Q G[N P \ GCZ TF \B \GVIN G W GICP \GK FN QK MKZ X OKS EFFE I K MG FN FBZ R F KFG . C
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69
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C Z F Z PB P C F B Z ,F C ZT N J K P [ F [ F P NT O K [Z V P F G ZK T F Z C M G , I C H P F \ G R Z Y E T O K \ G C T C D I G ZS B
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F H EX P KM G TEK S EFN N[ P RF J"[ TP F NTC [ ZBC N [GZ E LZ EC M "[ PN HPZ QK KET [ KG TXP BC E I B
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Z \ G K O KC G ZY O K SEF F [ B N B G KE KX 'C P CN G NN O K EG P X \ G C ZT F Q F G O KS EF F Q F E O K DF G R [ KG . C
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. O[ 54 FZTF UGSC M"[PTG . GBZK BN[ O\GB QKVIP OKSEFFG CNGNN OKEGPX \GCZTF
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I V J N [ ZG T K [ F [ G R G [N P T P[ P G ,N "M T I V J ZG T K [ B G F G G F R T R T R K G G E KC G R H I B K [ G R K K R T T R T R N K E M G
. Y" GEG GEK C GR HIBK[ OKR KP ' DN \I\P C NGN C BGF USGR F
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FZ KEN F KGBZ F RK B[ FMGS Q K RTC
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, F R K[ N \ G K G BZ \ GR MGS P F O K ZT C[ \ GM GSF Q K B K P R BM F G . G KMZ X NM O[ \ G[T N NM G K[ FZ KE Q KTM
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NM N KG B ZF O GYP C \ G K FN FMG SF FMK ZX ,Q R KT C G ZGE \ Q KTM G C[\ G \ GM GSC GC [K N BZ[ KC I ZH B F N M FZG \
, FZK E K RKR T NM N KGBZ GR KB[ OGYPC G\M GS F[ GTFG . T CY \ ZKE QK TM KBZ T \Z KE F FK F\[ K EM ,F ZK E K RKR T
OK [GT GK F I ZM FC[ E T , OK RKGH P OK J SKN OKKG XP GKF[ O FKRP H C Q GD M GRK KFG . NN M FZK E GN Q KB KZ F
WZ BG Z CE PM BN B CG [K K OG YP FK F BN ZK TF \G PGIN W GI PG , FNK NC OFKZ T[ OKN TGR G \GPG I OFKZ TN
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\GIGZ GB TZ IKZG FV[B OGYPC G\MGS F[T[ KPC BGF QMG [. \GNKNC EIVP OKPTV FPM O[JRN
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. NN M FZ KE FRKB G
\ R M S N Q K G [ \ G P G Y PF NM Q M [ ,F P G Y P G B F P X T E X P F M G S C Q G ZS I O G [ Q K B K ZF Q E K E Q G E K R C NC B
Z P K P N B M K N K B E G C G . O \ T K DV P O K R D G P G O KZ X G C P F O KE I G K P O KZ E I C B N B Q F P S G R P Q K B G , \ G B ZJ S KNC F
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K Z E I N M O K [ P [ P Z K V [ , G K N B L G PS C G B G C Q G [ K N Z [V B [ Z X G C P ZE I G N [ K [ N M B N B . F Z K E N N M C
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. F H O G Y PC \ G [ T N F Z G \ F F \ G G K X [ K B Z T \ Z K E F
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GC Z GE N Z [VB K B NT GVC[ UB , FZK E Z ED P BXG K \ K CF Q K B NNM ZX GCP Z EI GC Q KB[ O GYP C O D E . \ NSV R
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71
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. N NM G NN M O KBZ KF K ZC EN Q KRT F H Q K B , ZK V[ F C ZK KE
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N [ DD G PM O[ DF TGR PN N GM K GR KB L MS[ K RVP FM GSF QP OK ZJ GV F OKP [ D GPM [P P FH K ZF , FTC J G
Z G J V F K F K FN KN N M O K P [D Q K EZ G K G KF E KP \[ O GYP C[ ZP B R KM G . FC KHT P G FZY \C KG [TF T CY \Z KE
. FC Q G[K N N GMK GRK B[ Q GKM FMG SF QP K ZPDN
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GRK B[ OGY PC FMG SF F[T[ GRK KFE . FRK[ N UB Z KV[ FKGBZ F\KF Z I B Q VGBC GB G H F RKE PC ZI B OGY PC
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F R K B [ F M G S F [ T [ G B . [F R M S O G Y P F K F G N F X G I P G I K Z C G O K K \ N E C Z G D S F K F [ O K E G F K F C G I Z N W G I P
FZ KE GN QK B K ZF D" FMC OD[ , O[ M" RCG UK TSF UGS C[ E" F\F KZ CE C Q KKT , F\GRJY K RVP G\Z KEN FK GBZ
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. KGB ZF Q VGBCG OGYPC F\G[ TN G N FK FG , GZ GE\ Q KTM
F H QGZ SI [ , F \ G K TZB OXT C BNB FNE GD G B FM GSF N[ F P GYP C O KK GN \ O R K B QGZ SI F G ZT XF O B L B
KT ZB \Z KE B KF FM GSF[ KRV P BN B GR K B ZT XF KM GR P P NX R KFN LZ E Q K B G GH F R KEP C \ GMG SF NM C KG XP
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FM GSF Q P ES VR BN[ FIM GF BN B , FCK S H" B[ E" TN FBZ RG . \G\ SMG OKZ M GN QKB [ U B FN KM BN \ NSV R
BN B TCG R F R K XF Q GZS KI Q KB[ F I MG F GH K ZF ,F R KXF NT Z CD \ FN K XP \ BM KF [ K[ QG K M[ . F ZK E O[
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H " T H C H C N C K K G I P G R K B [ G K R K Z I B C B K N \ E B \ N K P G F H E C [ K K N Y IE R G , O K Z P G [ O [ E K P T K [ K E K N T F M G S C
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72
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FM GSF O B G . Q K RTF K VN NMF [ B K EFN (D "K Y" S) O[ B"P F M " [P MG ,QG MR G R KB ( J "X - I " X ' P TC [ "T )
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73
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74
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BYG E \ G K FN L KZ X ZR F [ G K ZCE C [ ZGV P Q KB V" MT ,F GT [F \ GR GGM C Z\ G K LK ZB P G R BVP T" P ZF [ UB G ]
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Z \GK N GMBN GPXT T CY[ Q GDM FM GSC G\ NKM B ZPDG FM GSN WGI NG MBN NKI \F [ KPC FR FE OK EYR G
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GBK CF[ B" [C G B" TZ K [G EKIC Q KKT G C "PC QK KT - ' GM G F XPC I"K BX GK OEB QK B :C \M E UKT S ER\ QP K S
FGX P FG F[T P KGRK [C FKKR Y FKS TNE QGK ME F [TP K GRK [ [K FXP NH DC UBE G \TE E B" CJ KZ F \J K[
BXK E FX P GB[T G I PY GB OKJ I NH DN FP GE M" BG BX K FXP T NC B FE FXP F \TKN CC M "I B \P KKY \P
NG MBN G ZG HIN L KZ XG BX K BN E N" SE OKY SGVF C GZ \ TE BG F[ T" G[ F \J K[ M Q RKJYR KBE GC BRK EN E UB G
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Q K R T N P" P G K V C F X P O T J F K F K [ K E M F S K T N L K Z X F N I \ M N V " M T B F B X K F S K T N B N C T N C O B [ U B E
LZ CK BN M "T G E CTK EC BXK Z CM [ B"C J KZ F \T EN [ G I N [K E Z[ VB FNM G B[M L Z CNG Z GH I N LK ZX F K F K[
OG[ P FH J YRG FGX P F F[ TP P Y NI B KF F SKT NFE J YRE K ZF . E "M T . UN B QD P C OK MSF QM [ K \BXP M" I B
B F F" BNCE : T[G F K KRV F C\M O[ G : I N \ GM ZC BZ P D C GR K XP F H Q K RTG G K VC FXP OTJ FN KI \M N QR K TCE
N" H F RGK GRK CZ [" PM B\KN KBE G BF E [ P P FXP OTJ QR KTC E FR GGM F QK B FXP OTJ Q RKTC E B MF Z P BYE
FXP OTJ QR K TCE N "H \V ZX K RCZ O[ C C\M F H N TG FXP OTJ QR K TCE GR KXP BN[ QG[ NF F H B G F F P K\E
FKG Z[ F FXPCE YI GE Z\G K KN FBZR FH OGY P N MP K BEM KRK B[ UB G BKF FZ K[ T FXP G HE BM KN G FKR T
GFK P QR KTC E G RKK F FX P OTJ QRK TCE BM F Z P BYE BFE E "RT N FBZR LM N FHC LK K[ FZ K[ T FX P K BP OK PC
QR KTCE N KTN QIM [BE KM KF K ME KS GK K CZ Z CGSG OIN O TJ GN QK B OKPC FKG Z[ [ Q GKM GHG OIN O TJ
O I N OTJ QR KTC BNE Z CGS P "Z G O I N OTJ Q R KT C R" F B K XG P F Q KRT N Q KCG FXP Q K RTN Q K C B P FR E B\ K ZG \
KZ CE F BZ BN Q KKE T K "V F GR K CZ[ F[ TB F P G : C\M[ FY Q P KS I YNI K GNF J C[ \"G[ C F B ZG . E" M T
OTJE FRGK G RKCZ M BK EFN Z BGC P [ NM N TG EKM OKISV C 'SG \F KZ CE Z GYP OF[ Q K\TP [ C WRB[ 'SG \
\ GM KK [ GN Q K B O K [G ZK VF NMN F R F G . M "T . KG F G F K P O I N NCB C\M G KRG T O I N O G[P FXP OTJ QR K TCE
OTJ K \KN BNE . HJY OKISV BZP D FP FBZ RM GZ GYP YZ FGXP F P Y NI BK F FSK TNF[ FMN F ZG BKC F KZ CEN
N[ K RGT O IN N [ Q KRTF \B GK VC [ KDZ K BGF[ QKR T [K FRG K GR KCZ N ORP B K NGBG . FX P OTJ N JCK NG Z GZ P
. F MGS C OD F H O B Q K KTN [ K F G XP F P YN I B K F FSK TNFE \ F K P B F V "M T . F HC T "TN T" XG F KK RT FX P F
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F K K R YE B P T J K B F P NG H D O I N C I " EK B X G K O B F \ G MG SE F R G [ B Z F NK N C Q K EF F P Q K K TN [ K \ P B C F R F G
O I N Q R K T C B N F M G S C K ZF K R G T O I N N[ Q K R T F \ B [K D Z F N B G F F X P O T J Q R KT C E F P O B B N F E F S KT N C
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F B C F \ V Q K R T C O N G M G R E [ D "S J NZ \ Q P K S C C " P F G F M Z C Y K H I P F G F C G [ \ K Z T [ F K Z C E P O R P B G . F H C
Q M N Z G P D \ V G R K B [ F P EX P Y Z G Q G E K R F H C F K F B N F Z K [ T F X P E X P [ F B Z R K Z F I " E K B X G K O B O K R S M C
F Y G \ P F N I Q K NM G B [ O T F C G Z NX B J G [ V D F R P F Q M [ F P G E P M G . G \ C G I K E K F H C B X G K G R K B [ EX F K F [ B G F
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N B Z [ K O " Z F P O [C B K C F [ K P N K \ K B Z G ] . F X P O T J C Z S I [ Y Z G O I N B G F O X T C [ B Z P D C E X F K V N N [ G C P
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GB LZ CK O BF F MGS C FH NMG BG NGH D FX KCM YZ GN [KC Q KE F FP \GM GSF K P K NM C QM OD \TDGR FN B[F G
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NM G B FC F GXP N[ BXV I UGD F NKM BC Q KB N CB F R K[ CG FNK MBC B KF[ \ GT KCY FC B G F F GXP F ZY KTE
FGX P FG \GKF FSK TNC FR GY BGF[ FP BN GN OD FMGS C C[K N LZ CN N GMK BG F N GHDC OD BNK P P K ZF GPX T
QM NT Z[ B GPX T FN KM BC GR KB N CB FN KM BF \T [C YZ TXC\ P BGF[ GZ GE\C BN B FNK MBF OXTC GRK B
Q K ZG KEF NT B KF FMZ CF G \ G KF FMGS C C[ KN L ZCN N GMK B G F [P P N GHD C OD [ E EX N [ K K NG B BNK P P
NV NVN [ K QM OD FHCG . FHC QK KTG \GT KCY N QKZ GK EF QF QKC[ I R FNK MBF \T[ C HB[ YZ F NKM BF \T[ C
BN G QK ZG KEF C BG F FGX P F Z YKT \BH NM C Z TJXPC OKZ KP I P FN ODE QG EN TGE K[ FP K VN FRG [BZ FN KN C
NM C QCG P M L B . FNGH D C M "D BXK F H KVN K NG B G [ FM ZC YP T C ' KT I " ZD F O[C QM F P GE P M] F P XT FN KMB C
. FHC 'K TG FN I C GP M NG HD NN MC FHG FP X T FN KM BF NT LZ CP BGF S"G SE E "N K F H
FHG FM GSC CK KGI P QM OD FH KZ F BN KP P FGXP F N KI \P FPXT FSK TNC E QGKM E GRR KKR TN Z EFR V" MT G
V" MT L KZ X QM NG FS KTN C FGXP F N KI \P FH[ KZ F FSKT NF QR KTC \G TKC YF OG[ P OB N" RF OKE EXC KGN \
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F \TP [ QVG BC \ GTK CYF \Z GX G QVG B N KI \ P FS KTN C ZC M FZ G BM N KZ F FMG SC \ GT KCY GN B F K [ GZ GE \
QT K FMGS C CKK I GR KBE J GN VN \ R P N T STGN C ZC \SP [ \ GZ P NG . FMG S F MKZ XP GH FSK TN OD KZ F
Z C\SP KZ F FM GSC TN CK OB KZF TG NCN \R P NT ST GNC N CB \ GTK CY GRKB FH[ FZ KE D P FPX T FJN VFF[
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O[ T ZVP N TYV Z CM J NG VCE F J GR Z\ G K F H LB FN KMB F N [ \ GT KCY F F[ TP F[ T ZCM [ Z I B J G NVN
\GT KCY BKG [P FH [ FBZ R F ZGBM N KZ F FMG SC L M Z I B FH TN GC BG F OB N CB N NM \GT KCY GRK BG \GT KCY F
. FH C T" XG F BZR LM FMGS C G\N KM B ZG P DN BN G J GN VN BNB FX T GN QKB E FBZ R QM NG FSKT NN OD
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I MG P G . Q KK TP N J G [VG LM C . Q KZ [M \P G FCG [\ F[ TP K GF FZ HI F BN KP P G \P E GY \K TKC [ Q KE T YVE
KZ FG ,BJ I F Q GYK \ FKN K GF Z EF M "N BE ,\P E GYF \KTK C[ FP QK E OG [ Z HGI QKB F BCF \K TKC [C [ BK EFN
. K MFC KDS BN
Q BM [K GN KBM QG[ I - KZ [\ W CGYC O SZV \ F[ F P P TP \[ P F KM Z KT FN K\ K BZ O K ZC EF KN G[ C
Z C KE B " J KN [ K YSC KK R Y I " Z DF KM YZ , B \ D G N V N M Q BM Q KB K\ TE NG ,F MN F N O K NG ED F Q KC B \ D G N V
KV M B" J KN [ Y KRH NH B "E ZD FG . FM NFN GP [ C OSZ V\P F N T L GP SN BN EKP \ ZK FHP [ TGE KM BNGV NVN
. FMN FN TK ZM FN BC Z P BP F KN \GM P ZM KR[
. GCFB OGN[ FG \PBF G
ER ZC GF KN B
‫אברהם אביש שור‬
‫עוללות מפרקי תולדה ועיון במשנת קרלין סטולין‬
‫(ב)‬
‫ג ‪ /‬חסיד מסטולין עם 'הצאר' ב'גן המלך'‬
‫נר לנשמת הרה"ח ר' יהושע מונדשיין ז"ל‬
‫חוקר לאמת ומקושר לצדיקים‬
‫נלב"ע ב' טבת תשע"ה‬
‫קורות 'המאסר הראשון' בשנת תקנ"ט ו'המאסר השני' בשנת תקס"א של הרה"ק רבי שניאור‬
‫זלמן מלאדי‪ ,‬הפכו לסיפור היסטורי‪ .‬סיפורים רבים ושמועות שונות נשזרו סביב המאורעות‬
‫המסעירים‪ ,‬חלקם סיפורי אמת וחלקם לא‪ .‬נקל לשער‪ ,‬כי בגלל הפחד מסיכון המהלכים‬
‫שיביאו להצלתו של הרש"ז השוהה במאסר בפטרבורג‪ ,‬היו העניינים חסויים וחשאיים בידי‬
‫ראשי החסידים‪ .‬מידע אותנטי עבר רק בין מתי–מעט מראשי ומנהיגי החסידים‪ ,‬שנרתמו‬
‫במסירות להצלת רבם‪ .‬אלה וודאי שמרו מכל משמר שהדברים לא ידלפו החוצה‪.‬‬
‫קהילות החסידים‪ ,‬בעיקר ברוסיה הלבנה‪ ,‬געשו‪ ,‬בוודאי‪ ,‬מעוצמת העלילות והמאסרים‪.‬‬
‫הסכנה שריחפה למראשותיו של הרה"ק רש"ז‪ ,‬הדירה שינה מעיניהם של אלפי חסידים‬
‫במשך כל התקופה הקשה‪ .‬הכעס העצור על המלשינים‪ ,‬הדאגה לשלומו של הצדיק‪ ,‬ובעיקר‪,‬‬
‫הצימאון העצום לשמוע מהנעשה בפטרבורג הרחוקה והזרה כל–כך‪ – ,‬כל אלה יצרו גל של‬
‫שמועות רווי קסם‪ ,‬ומאלו נרקמו סיפורים דמיוניים‪.‬‬
‫זכה הרב יהושע מונדשיין ז"ל לזכות את דורנו בגילוי מסמכי חקירות המאסרים של הרה"ק‬
‫הרש"ז‪ ,‬שספונים היו כמאתיים שנה בארכיון התובע הכללי בפטרבורג‪ ,‬ובכך חשף ואישש‬
‫חלק נכבד מההיסטוריוגרפיה של דברי הימים ההם‪ ,‬וחיזק מסורות צדיקים וחסידי חב"ד‪.‬‬
‫מאידך חומר מקורי זה יש בו כדי להפריך שמועות שווא וסיפורים בדויים‪.‬‬
‫לתופעה זו מתייחס הרב יהושע מונדשיין בדבריו על ספר 'מעשה ר' זלמינא – סיפור בדים‬
‫אודות אדמו"ר הזקן' ועל ספר 'שבחי הרב'‪:‬‬
‫'מעשיה זו [מעשה ר' זלמינא] נתחברה ע"י אלעזר מרגליות מסקאליט‪ ,‬שהדפיסה‬
‫בטשערנאוויץ בשנת ‪ ,1863‬בשם 'מעשה נפלאה ונורא מהרב‪ ...‬מוהר"ר זלמינא וויטפסקער'‪.‬‬
‫כעבור שנה‪ ,‬בשנת תרכ"ד הדפיס מיכאל לוי פרומקין [ראדקינזון] בלעמבערג‪ ,‬את ספרו‬
‫'שבחי הרב' ובהקדמתו מספר הוא כי המניע העיקרי להדפסת ספרו היה‪:‬‬
‫'מאשר ראיתי בשנה העברה נדפסה המעשה על ע"ט (נקראה בשם מעשה ר' זלמינא) והיא‬
‫מלאה שקרים ושטותים (כי כתבה יליד בוקאווינא אשר לא ידע ולא שמע מעולם את שם הרב‪,‬‬
‫וכאשר שמע מאיזה תינוק המעשה העלה אותה על הספר ולא השכיל להפריש הטוב מן הרע‪,‬‬
‫ואין מן הצורך להעיר לב הקורא ע"ז‪ ,‬כי מעצמם יבינו כי אין בה ממש)‪ ,‬עכ"ז ראיתי [כי]‬
‫לחיבת שם הקודש מרבינו כל העם בעודה בכפה בלעוה'‪.‬‬
‫אך גם בעל 'שבחי הרב' לקח מלוא חפנים מ'שקרים ושטותים' אלו‪ ,‬ובעיקר מסיפורי‬
‫ה'חכמות' שהראה רבינו במאסרו ובחקירתו‪ .‬מ'שבחי הרב' נעתקו חלקם אל ה'בית רבי'‪,‬‬
‫ונתערב התבן עם הבר (אך בעל ה'בית רבי' מקפיד לציין שמקורם של אותם סיפורים הוא‬
‫מ'סיפורים הנדפסים מכבר' שאין אחריותם עליו)‪ .‬גם לספרים תורניים התגלגלו שמועות‬
‫שמקורם במעשיות אלו'‪.1‬‬
‫סיפור בדוי מתוך 'שבחי הרב'‬
‫הנה לפנינו סיפור אחד מתוך ספר 'שבחי הרב'‪ ,‬המתאר את הסיבה שגרמה כביכול למאסרו‬
‫השני של הרה"ק הרש"ז‪ ,‬שבו מעורב סוחר מסטולין שטייל ב'גן המלך' יחד עם הצאר‬
‫פאבל הראשון‪:2‬‬
‫'ויהי במשך איזה שנים אחדי'[ם] היה מוכרח הרב [הרה"ק רבי שניאור זלמן מלאדי] ז"ל‬
‫להיות בפ"ב [פטרבורג] מאיזה עסק השייך לכלל‪ ,‬והקיסר פאוויל לא ידע מביאתו לפ"ב‪ ,‬ויהי‬
‫שם הרב איזה ימים אחדים‪.‬‬
‫בתוך כך נתהווה סיבה זרה‪ ,‬אשר סוחר א' מעיר סטאלין (שמו ידוע לי אולם העלמתיו מאשר‬
‫פיו הכשילו בלי רצונו) הלך לטייל בגן המלך (כי בימי פאויל היה רשות לכל אדם לילך‬
‫ולטייל בכל מגרשי המלך‪ ,)...‬וכאשר הלך האיש הזה לטייל בגן המלך‪ ,‬פגש אותו הקיסר‪ ,‬כי‬
‫היה דרכו של הקיסר לילך יחידי בכל מגרשי העיר‪ ,‬בהתחפשו בלבושים אחרים‪ ,‬למען יתחקה‬
‫על שורש דבר‪ .‬וכאשר פגש את העברי הנ"ל וישאלהו מאין אתה‪ ,‬ואמר מסטאלין עבדיך‪,‬‬
‫ויאמר לו הקיסר המכיר אתה את הרב מסטאלין‪( ,‬כי הקייסר ידע מהרב ר' אשר מסטאלין‪ ,‬כי‬
‫מסר אותו אביגדור הנ"ל כאשר כתבנו למעלה)‪ ,‬ויאמר לו העברי כן‪ ,‬מכיר אני אותו שהוא‬
‫איש ישר‪ .‬ויוסף הקייסר לשאול אותו ואת הרב מלאדי אתה מכיר‪ ,‬ויען לו האיש לא הכרתיו‬
‫עד כה‪ ,‬אבל תמול שלשום שמעתי כי בא לכאן‪ ,‬והלכתי לראותו‪ .‬ולא התבונן האיש לפני מי‬
‫הוא מדבר‪ ,‬ושכח על מאחז"ל למד לשונך לאמר איני יודע‪ .‬ותיכף אמר הקייסר בגערה‪ :‬הרב‬
‫מלאדי הוא פה‪ ,‬הביאו אותו אלי‪ .‬כי חרה להקייסר על אשר היה הרב בפ"ב‪ ,‬יען כי ידע‪ ,‬כי כל‬
‫שריו אהבו אותו מאוד‪ ,‬והיה ירא‪ ,‬כי לא יעשה הרב איזה קנוניא עם שריו‪.‬‬
‫ויביאו תיכף את הרב לפני הקייסר‪ ,‬וישאלהו מה אתה עושה פה‪ ,‬והתנצל הרב לפניו‪ .‬אבל לא‬
‫הועיל לו שום התנצלות‪ ,‬ויצוה הקייסער להושיבו במשמר מקום אשר אסירי המלך אסורים‪,‬‬
‫והיה פקודה מהקייסר כי יבלה שם הרב כל ימי חייו'‪.3‬‬
‫‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫'כרם חב"ד'‪ ,4 ,‬כרך ב' עמ' ‪.248‬‬
‫קיסר רוסיה משנת תקנ"ז ועד מותו י"ד ניסן בשנת תקס"א‪.‬‬
‫'שבחי הרב' לבוב תרכ"ד‪[ ,‬עמ' ‪.]20–19‬‬
‫לכאורה‪ ,‬הסיפור כולו אינו אלא בדיה‪ ,‬בנוי על דמיונות שווא‪ .‬כאשר מהסיפור עולה כי‬
‫סיבת מאסרו של הרה"ק הרש"ז היא‪ ,‬פגישה מקרית בין סוחר יהודי מסטולין לבין הצאר‬
‫הרוסי פאבל‪ ,‬כשהם מטיילים יחד ב'גן המלך'‪ ,‬ומשוחחים יחדיו‪ ,‬ותוך כדי כך נכשל הסוחר‬
‫הסטולינאי בלשונו‪ ,‬והצאר פאבל מגלה מפיו כי הרה"ק הרש"ז נמצא בפטרבורג‪ – .‬הצאר‬
‫כועס מאד‪ ,‬על הרה"ק הרש"ז על עצם ביאתו לפטרבורג‪ ,‬כי בעיר המלוכה הוא עלול‬
‫לעשות 'איזה קנוניא עם שריו' שאוהבים אותו מאד‪ .‬דברים מופרכים לגמרי‪ ,‬כי כביכול כל‬
‫'חטאו' של הרה"ק הרש"ז הוא ביאתו לפטרבורג‪ ,‬בה הוא עלול לעשות 'איזה קנוניא עם‬
‫שריו'‪.‬‬
‫לא זו אף זו‪ ,‬בלוז הסיפור מושמטת מלשינותו של ר' אביגדור הרב של פינסק‪ ,‬שבטעות‬
‫מייחסו 'שבחי הרב' למאסרו הראשון של הרה"ק הרש"ז בשנת תקנ"ט‪ .‬דבר שהוא לא נכון‪.‬‬
‫גם איזכורו של מרן הרא"ש הגדול מסטולין על ידי הצאר – מופרך‪ ,‬כי בשעה זו עדיין לא‬
‫הגיע לסטולין‪ ,4‬משעקר דירתו מזליחוב‪ ,‬ולא נימנה עם רשימת הנאשמים של השלטונות‪.‬‬
‫כפי שהאריך בזה הרב י‪ .‬מונדשיין במבוא לתעודות החדשות שחשף‪ ,‬תחת הכותרת 'המאסר‬
‫והגאולה – מסורות‪ ,‬בדותות ועובדות'‪.5‬‬
‫אלא שלאחר פרסום ספרו של הרב יהושע מונדשיין 'המאסר הראשון'‪ ,6‬בו רואים אור‬
‫לראשונה‪ ,‬חילופי מכתבים שנשלחו שבועות מספר לפני מאסרו השני של הרה"ק הרש"ז‪,‬‬
‫מווילנא לפטרבורג‪ ,‬בין גדולי חסידי הרה"ק הרש"ז מווילנא‪ ,‬לבין החסיד רבי יהודה יפה‬
‫מקאפוסט‪ ,‬ששהה אז בפטרבורג‪ ,‬ושימש מאוחר יותר כמתורגמן בחקירות שנעשו להרה"ק‬
‫רבי שניאור זלמן‪ – ,‬אנו מתוודעים‪ ,‬למרבה הפלא‪ ,‬לגרעיני אמת הקיימים בתוך הסיפור‬
‫הכה–דמיוני‪.‬‬
‫המציאות כפי שהייתה‬
‫נעתיק קטע ממכתב שכתב חסידו המפורסם רבי משה מייזלש גם בשמו של רבי נחום‬
‫השתדלן מוילנא‪ ,‬ביום ח' חשון תקס"א‪ ,‬לפטרבורג‪ ,‬לידי החסיד רבי יהודה יפה מקאפוסט‪.‬‬
‫כחודש לפני מאסרו השני של הרה"ק רבי שניאור זלמן מלאדי‪ ,‬והנוגעים לסיפורנו‪:‬‬
‫'‪...‬עוד חדושי'[ם] דפה בארוכה‪ .‬ביום אתמול הגיע איג'[רת] מר' ליב מלוטשין לר' דוד‬
‫חיי'[ם] ומבואר בה שהרב דפינסק‪ 7‬דבר עם הקיסר יר"ה בגאטשין‪ ,8‬שעה וחצי בעניני' שונים‪,‬‬
‫ובקש מאתו באשר אין רעזלוציע‪ 9‬על בקשותיו‪ ,‬א' מי"ח בוגין והשני ג"כ מכמה בוגין‪ ,‬והיתה‬
‫תשובת הקיסר יר"ה שיובא לפניו בקשותיו וימלא את כל משאלותיו בעצמו‪ ,‬וגם נתן לו שני‬
‫מאות רובל וציוה להגראף פאלין‪ ,‬שיותן לו מעות בכל עת הצטרכותו‪ .‬זה הי' קודם חצות‬
‫היום‪ ,‬ואחר שגמר עמו הדברי' היה מלוה אותו הקיסר יר"ה בעצמו להרב שלשה חדרים עד‬
‫צאתו‪.‬‬
‫‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ראה קובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪ ,‬קסב‪ ,‬עמ' קמט בהערה ‪.150‬‬
‫כרם חב"ד‪ 4 ,‬כרך א' עמ' ‪ .18‬שם הוא מצטט ממאמרי בקובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪ ,‬גל' י‪ ,‬עמ' פח‪.‬‬
‫ירושלים‪ ,‬תשע"ב‪.‬‬
‫ר' אביגדור ב"ר חיים‪.‬‬
‫בארמון הצאר בגאטשין הסמוכה לסנט פטרבורג‪ .‬על כך ראה בהמשך‪.‬‬
‫החלטה‪.‬‬
‫ולעת הצהריים כשהלך הקיסר יר"ה לבית הגן לטייל‪ ,‬מצא את הנגיד ר' מאיר מדווידהארדאק‬
‫ואת מ' יוסף משקלאוו‪ ,‬ושאל אותם הקיסר יר"ה על אודות הרב [אביגדור] אם הוא איש הגון‪,‬‬
‫ואמרו בוודאי הוא איש הגון ונחשב‪ ,‬והשיב הקיסר יר"ה אמת כדבריכם הוא‪ ,‬וגם אני מכיר‬
‫בו שהוא מופלג בלמודית‪ ,‬והרב [אביגדור] ממתין בגאטשין על תשובותיו‪ ,‬ומזה האיג' היתה‬
‫שמחה גדולה לכשנגדינו‪.‬‬
‫ואחר בוא האיג' שלך אף שנכתבה בקיצור גדול עכ"פ החיית את נפשינו‪ ,‬ונייחל עוד על‬
‫מכתבך בפירוש כל המאורע באר היטיב‪.‬‬
‫והנני שולח איג' מיוחד להנגיד מ' מאיר להודיעני ג"כ את המאורע בפירוש‪ ,‬ומה ראה על‬
‫ככה‪ ,‬ומה הגיע לו להחזיק יד הרשע המפורסם‪ ,‬אשר כל מגמתו להבעיר אש מחלקות בין‬
‫אחב"י‪ ,‬ולהטות את לב הקיסר יר"ה‪ ,‬ומקום דשכיחי הזיקא שאני‪ ,‬כי יודע הנגיד מ' מאיר‬
‫את הצרות והתלאות שעברו עלינו‪ ,‬הכל היה בתחבולות אנשי רשע כמוהו‪ ,‬ומי יודע אם לעת‬
‫כזאת הגיע למלכות‪.10'...‬‬
‫באותו יום כותב החסיד ר"מ מייזלש בשמו של רבי נחום מוילנא אל ר' מאיר מדוידהורודוק‪:‬‬
‫'ידידי רחימי עוז אהבתי הרבני הראש הנגיד המפורסם מוהר"ר מאיר נ"י ולכל הנלוים אליו‬
‫שלום'‪.‬‬
‫אה' ידידי עוז אהבתי‪ .‬מאז ידעתיו ואכירהו כריע כאח הוא לי‪ ,‬וידעתי איך לבבו נאמן וישר‬
‫עמי בלי התחלקות‪ ,‬ומעולם הוא מחזיק ידי החסידי' והישרים‪ ,‬אשר אביו ז"ל התאבק בעפר‬
‫רגליהם‪ ,‬כידוע לי ולכל יודעיו ומכיריו‪ .‬וגם בהיותו פה קהלתינו בקיץ העבר‪ ,‬דיברנו הרבה‬
‫בנדון ענינים דפה‪ ,‬וידעתי שהבין וראה וחקר לעמוד על לב אנשי קהלתינו‪ ,‬אשר באמת לדמים‬
‫יארובו‪ ,‬וכל מיני קרבות יחפצון‪ ,‬בכל מיני טצדקי לפי מחשבותם להפק מזימותם‪ ,‬עד אשר‬
‫סמכו ידים על ראש הרשע המפורסם הרב דפינסק‪ ,‬ומריצים איג' לו שיטעה את לב הקיסר‬
‫יר"ה‪ ,‬ואיני צריך להודיע למעלתו מרשעת הרב הנ"ל‪ ,‬אשר יודע בעצמו הרבה יותר ממני‪.‬‬
‫בכן נפלאתי מאוד ותמוה הוא לעיני כל יודעיו אין פשר דבר‪ ,‬אשר כפי האיגרת ששלח ר' ליב‬
‫מלוטשין היושב כעת בפ"ב מאנשי ווילנא‪ ,‬אשר הודיע בה שהרב הנ"ל הי' אצל הקיסר יר"ה‬
‫כפי המבואר באריכות באיג' שכתבתי לידידי האברך מ' יהודא מקאפוסט‪,‬‬
‫ובעת היות הקיסר יר"ה בגן לטייל שאל את כבוד מעלתו על הרב [אביגדור] הנ"ל‪ ,‬מה משפטו‬
‫ומעשהו‪ ,‬והשיב מעלתו כי הרב הוא איש הגון והישר‪.‬‬
‫ומה ראה מעלתו על ככה ומה הגיע אליכם‪ ,‬לחזק מטה רשע‪ ,‬אשר הוא רק מחרחר ריב בין‬
‫אחב"י‪ ,‬וכולו מלא תוך ומרמה‪.‬‬
‫אכן אחר העיון דנתי למעלתו לזכות‪ ,‬כי אימת המלך שאני‪ ,‬וכשגגה שיצאה מלפני השליט‬
‫הוא‪ ,‬אבל להבא בקשתי לתקן במה שאפשר‪ .‬כי באמת בעת ששמענו שכבוד מעלתו הוא‬
‫בע"מ פ"ב‪ ,‬שמחנו כמוצא ש"ר‪ ,‬כי יודע מוצאות ומובאות הכלל‪ ,‬להיטיב במה דאפשר‪,‬‬
‫שיגיע לשלום ולמנוע ולהכרית את כל המרחקים את השלום‪ .‬לכן גם עתה במה שלעתיד‬
‫יעשה לטובת הכלל והיה זה שלום‪.‬‬
‫וגודל בקשתי שאל ימנע פרי עטו‪ ,‬ולצוות לידידי מ' יודל מקאפוסט שיכתוב לי איגרת בשמכם‬
‫ומע"כ בעצמו יבוא על החתום‪ ,‬ויכבדני נא בזה‪ ,‬ואני אענדנו עטרות לי‪ ,‬ומוכן אני לשרתו בכל‬
‫אשר יצווה עלי בחסדו‪.11‬‬
‫‪ 1‬המאסר הראשון‪ ,‬עמ' ‪.531–526‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ 11‬שם‪ ,‬שם‪.‬‬
‫השוואות בין הסיפור ב'שבחי הרב' לבין מכתבי החסידים האותנטיים‬
‫יש דמיון רב בין מה שמסופר ב'שבחי הרב' לבין המציאות כפי שכתבו אז החסידים‬
‫במכתביהם‪ ,‬בשעה שהתרחשו הדברים‪.‬‬
‫הסוחר מסטולין שבסיפור מזוהה עם חסיד מדוויד–הורדוק הסמוכה‪ ,12‬נפגש עם 'הקיסר'‬
‫הצאר בטיילו ב'גן המלך'‪ ,‬כאשר הוא יודע ומכיר שזהו הצאר‪ ,‬גם השיחה שהייתה ביניהם‬
‫זהה‪ .‬במרכזה שואל 'הקיסר' לחסיד‪' :‬המכיר אתה את הרב'?‪ .‬תשובת החסיד גם זהה בשני‬
‫המקורות‪' :‬מכיר אני אותו שהוא איש ישר'!‬
‫אלא שכאן השתבשה השמועה‪ .‬במציאות‪ ,‬שאל הקיסר על הרב ר' אביגדור הרב מפינסק‬
‫ואילו בסיפור הוא שאל על הרב מסטאלין‪ .‬מכאן ואילך כבר הפליג הדמיון ואין בסיפור כל‬
‫קשר לעובדות‪.‬‬
‫הנגיד רבי מאיר מדויד–הורודוק‬
‫אין בידנו פרטים עליו ממקור אחר‪ .‬אך ממה שאנו למדים מבין ריסי המכתבים‪ ,‬עולה‪ ,‬כי‬
‫יש לו קשר עם החסידים ותמך בהם‪' :‬מאז ידעתיו ואכירהו כריע כאח הוא לי‪ ,‬וידעתי איך‬
‫לבבו נאמן וישר עמי בלי התחלקות‪ ,‬ומעולם הוא מחזיק ידי החסידי' והישרים'‪ .‬אביו היה‬
‫חסיד מובהק של צדיקי החסידים‪' :‬אשר אביו ז"ל התאבק בעפר רגליהם‪ ,‬כידוע לי ולכל‬
‫יודעיו ומכיריו'‪.‬‬
‫מתוך הדברים ניכר כי רבי מאיר אינו חסיד ומקושר להרה"ק הרש"ז‪ ,‬אך נמנה – או היה מקורב‬
‫– עם עדת החסידים‪ .‬בעל 'שבחי הרב' מתארו כסוחר מסטולין‪ ,‬ייתכן כי היה מחסידי מרן‬
‫הרא"ש מסטולין ולכן מייחסו לסטולין ושמקום מושבו בדוויד–הורודוק הסמוכה לסטולין‪.‬‬
‫כאמור‪ ,‬מרן הרא"ש מסטאלין עדיין לא חזר באותה שעה מזליחוב שבפולין להשתקע‬
‫בסטולין‪ .‬אך ידועים לנו כי בדויד–הורודוק‪ ,‬מקום מגורי הנגיד ר' מאיר‪ ,‬היו אז חסידים שציפו‬
‫אז לבואו של מרן הרא"ש לאזור‪ .‬מתוך כתבי חסידים‪ 13‬נמצאים אנו למדים כי היו בין חסידי‬
‫דויד–הורודוק שביקשו בתקופה זו מהמגיד הקדוש רבי דוד מסטעפין‪ ,‬לבוא לדויד–הורודוק‬
‫הסמוכה לסטאלין‪ ,‬ולכהן כמגיד ולעמוד בראש החסידים‪ .‬אך היו בעיר חסידים שהתנגדו‬
‫לכך‪ ,‬ומסתבר כי היו אלה חסידים שרצו בהמשך השושלת הקרלינית‪ ,14‬ועל כן נמנע מלכהן שם‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫כמגיד‪ ,‬וכמוצא של פשרה הכתיר את גדול החסידים בעיר‪ ,‬הרה"ק רבי משה מדויד–הורודוק‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫מתלמידי הרה"ק רבי לוי יצחק מברדיטשוב לכהן כמגיד וכמנהיג החסידים במקום ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫מרחק של כ–‪ 20‬ק"מ‪.‬‬
‫כת"י החסיד ר"מ ברנשטיין ז"ל הי"ד‪ ,‬ומצויין עליו בעל השמועה‪" :‬זה שמעתי מר' א"י [מפי החסיד המופלג רבי‬
‫אברהם יצחק] מהורדוק נ"י [מגדולי החסידים של מרן אור ישראל ומרן הרא"א מקארלין‪ ,‬שנהירין היו לו מסורות‬
‫חסידים מקדמת דנא בעירו דויד–הורודוק]"‪.‬‬
‫בדויד–הורודוק התגוררו בתקופה קדומה זו מספר חסידים גדולים‪ .‬רבי ברוך שזכה לראות פני קודש מרן הבעש"ט‬
‫(ממנו הסתעפה בדויד–הורודוק משפחת ברוכין) ובנו רבי יעקב קאסעס שהסתופפו בצל רבותינו הקוה"ט זיע"א‬
‫אביהם של האחים החסידים המופלגים רבי יצחק ורבי אהרן מדויד–הורודוק תלמידי מרן הרא"ש הגדול‪ .‬רבי‬
‫ישראל יוסף אב"ד דויד–הורדוק – תלמיד של מרן הרש"ק זיע"א ורבי שלום מדויד–הורודוק – תלמיד של מרן‬
‫הרא"ש הגדול‪.‬‬
‫הרה"ק רבי משה מהורדוק היה בנו של רבי אליהו מייזל (אילן היוחסין של משפחת מייזל באנגלית) ואביו של‬
‫הגאון רבי אליהו חיים מייזל רבה של לודז‪.‬‬
‫על כך בקובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪ ,‬קסב‪ ,‬עמ' קלג‪.‬‬
‫לר' מאיר היו מהלכים וקשרים עם המלך ושריו‪' .‬כי יודע מוצאות ומובאות הכלל‪ ,‬להיטיב‬
‫במה דאפשר'‪ .‬וחסידי הרה"ק הרש"ז ראו בו עוגן הצלה שיצליח להטות את לב המלך‬
‫ולהדוף את המלשינות שנרקמת על ידי הרב מפינסק‪' :‬ומי יודע אם לעת כזאת הגיע‬
‫למלכות'‪ ,‬הם אף תכננו לפנות אליו כדי לסייע בידם נגד המלשינות של הרב מפינסק‪' :‬כי‬
‫באמת בעת ששמענו שכבוד מעלתו הוא בע"מ פ"ב [בעיר מלוכה פטרבורג] שמחנו כמוצא‬
‫ש"ר [שלל רב]'‪.‬‬
‫רבי מאיר היה מודע היטב לתעלולי המתנגדים בווילנא‪' :‬וגם בהיותו פה קהלתינו [בווילנא]‬
‫בקיץ העבר‪ ,‬דיברנו הרבה בנדון ענינים דפה‪ ,‬וידעתי שהבין וראה וחקר לעמוד על לב‬
‫אנשי קהלתינו‪ ,‬אשר באמת לדמים יארובו‪ ,‬וכל מיני קרבות יחפצון‪ ,‬בכל מיני טצדקי לפי‬
‫מחשבותם להפק מזימותם‪ ,‬עד אשר סמכו ידים על ראש הרשע המפורסם‪ ...‬ומריצים איג'‬
‫לו שיטעה את לב הקיסר יר"ה‪ ,‬ואיני צריך להודיע למעלתו מרשעת‪ ...‬אשר יודע בעצמו‬
‫הרבה יותר ממני'‪' .‬כי יודע הנגיד מ' מאיר את הצרות והתלאות שעברו עלינו‪ ,‬הכל היה‬
‫בתחבולות אנשי רשע'‪.‬‬
‫החסידים מקווים כי ר' מאיר כי מעתה יסייע בידם להדוף את המלשינות‪' :‬אכן אחר העיון‬
‫דנתי למעלתו לזכות‪ ,‬כי אימת המלך שאני‪ ,‬וכשגגה שיצאה מלפני השליט הוא‪ ,‬אבל להבא‬
‫בקשתי לתקן במה שאפשר'‪.‬‬
‫הזדמנות לשלום שהוחמצה‬
‫מתוך צרור המכתבים שנכתבו באותה שעה‪ ,‬בין וילנא לפטרבורג‪ ,‬מתברר‪ ,‬כי באותם ימים‬
‫הייתה הזדמנות פז לכרות ברית שלום בין המתנגדים לחסידים‪ .‬הגאון רבי חיים מוואלזין‬
‫הגיע למטרה זו לוילנא כדי להשכין את השלום‪ .‬ובקשת החסידים מווילנא מאת ר' מאיר‬
‫היא‪' :‬שיגיע לשלום ולמנוע ולהכרית את כל המרחקים את השלום‪ .‬לכן גם עתה במה‬
‫שלעתיד יעשה לטובת הכלל והיה זה שלום'‪.‬‬
‫אך הידיעות שהגיעו מפטרבורג כי הרב מפינסק נשא חן בעיני הצאר פאבל הראשון‪,‬‬
‫הקשיחו את לב המתנגדים להמשיך במלחמתם‪.‬‬
‫'כעת יושב בכאן הרב דוולאזין‪ ,‬והי' קרוב לגמר לשלוח אחרי אדומו"ר שיבוא לפה קהלתינו‬
‫בוודאי הי' נעשה שלום לא קטיעה‪ ,‬אכן כעת בבוא איג' של ר' ליב מלוטשין הנ"ל נסוגו‬
‫אחור‪ ,‬ולא ידעתי איך שיוגמר‪ ,‬כי הם מצפים לחידושים שונים ח"ו ולדמים יארובו כאשר‬
‫ידעת רוע לבבם'‪.17‬‬
‫פטרבורג עיר מלוכה‬
‫עם יסוד העיר פטרבורג בתס"ג‪ ‬נאסר על היהודים להתיישב בה‪ .‬הישיבה בה הותרה רק‬
‫ליהודים שהמירו דתם‪ ,‬או לפי היתר מיוחד מהצאר‪ – .‬בשנת תקס"ד חוייבו היהודים‬
‫שנוסעים לערי הבירה‪ ,‬לשהות זמנית‪ ,‬בפטרבורג או במוסקבה‪ ,‬להתלבש בלבוש הגויים‪.‬‬
‫וכך הוא לשונו של חוק זה‪' :‬יותר לבעלי תעשיה‪ ,‬בעלי מלאכה‪ ,‬אומנים וסוחרים לנסוע‪,‬‬
‫לזמן קצוב לפלכים הפנימיים‪ ,‬ואף לבירות (פטרבורג ומוסקבה)‪ ...‬יהודים אלה‪ ,‬המגיעים‬
‫‪' 17‬המאסר הראשון' שם‪.‬‬
‫לזמן קצר‪ ,‬וכן נשיהם וילדיהם‪ ,‬חייבים ללבוש לבוש גרמני כדי לא להיות שונים מאחרים‪,‬‬
‫אם ישתמשו בלבוש שלהם‪ ,‬אין לסבול אותם‪ ,‬ויגורשו מיד על–ידי המשטרה'‪.18‬‬
‫לא ידוע אם גזירה זו יושמה במלואה‪ ,‬כי במכתב קודש‪ 19‬של הרה"ק הרש"ז הוא מתייחס‬
‫לדבריו של אחד מאנשיו‪ 20‬של הרה"ק רבי ברוך ממזבוז‪ ,‬במכתב שכתב לחסידי רבו‪ ,‬ובו‬
‫הוא מתאר את הוויכוח שבפגישת הצדיקים‪ ,‬אך שינה את 'הדברים מן הקצה אל הקצה'‪.‬‬
‫בגלל כך נאלץ אפוא הרש"ז לכתוב לחסידיו באזור‪ ,21‬ולהעמיד דברים על דיוקם‪' :‬כי‬
‫בהמכתב הנ"ל היה כתוב שביקשתי מר"ב הסכמתו על נסיעתי לפ"ב‪ ,‬והוא אמר לי שכל מי‬
‫שנוסע לפ"ב צריך ללבוש בגדי רוסיא ולגדל בלורית‪ ,‬וקבלתי עלי לעשות כן בשביל טובת‬
‫ישראל‪ ,‬וזהו השקר ידוע ומפורסם לכל במדינתינו‪ ,‬כי רבים הנוסעים ממדינתנו לפ"ב ואינם‬
‫צריכים כלל זה‪ ,‬גם מה צריך לי הסכמתו‪ ,‬הלא יש תחת ידי כתב חירות מהקיר"ה על כל‬
‫הנהגותי'‪ .‬העולה מהדברים‪ ,‬כי עיר הבירה פטרבורג נתפסה אצל החסידים לא רק רחוקה‬
‫פיזית‪ ,‬אלא בעיקר זרה ומנוכרת רוחנית‪.‬‬
‫הארמון וגן המלך בגאטשין‬
‫בשנת תקכ"ו החלו לבנות את הארמון הגדול בגאטשין הסמוכה לפטרבורג הבירה‪ .‬הארמון‬
‫ענק ממדים נבנה במודל של טירות בריטיות‪ .‬הצארית יקטרינה השנייה‪ ,‬רכשה את הארמון‬
‫והגנים בשנת תקמ"ג‪ .‬והעניקה אותה לבנה פאבל הראשון‪.‬‬
‫הגנים משתרעים על שטח ענק של כ–‪ 150‬דונם‪ .‬כמעט רבע מהשטח של הפארק הוא פני‬
‫מים של נהרות הזורמים בערוצים קטנים ותעלות‪ .‬בהם שוכנים ארבעה איים מלאכותיים‬
‫קטנים ועליהם נטועים גנים‪ .‬הגנים מורכבים מכמה חלקים קשורים‪ .‬הגן אנגלי – החלק‬
‫הגדול ביותר של פרק הארמון‪ .‬גינה פרטית צמודה לקבינט המגדל‪ .‬שלושה גנים ממוקמים‬
‫בסמוך לארמון‪ ,‬ופריסה של גנים בוטניים תחתון והעליון‪ .‬משם מובילה רמפה המחוברת‬
‫למבוך היער‪ .‬הארמון ולידו הגנים עדיין קיימים כיום‪.‬‬
‫לסיכום הדברים‪ ,‬הודות לספרו המונומנטלי של הרב י‪ .‬מונדשיין הצלחנו לחשוף גרעיני‬
‫אמת נוספים בינות לסיפורי בדים לתולדות ה'מאסר השני' של הרה"ק הרש"ז‪.22‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫ש‪ .‬אטינגר‪ ,‬בין פולין לרוסיה‪ ,‬תקנות ‪ 1804‬סעיף ‪ ,28‬עמ' ‪.253‬‬
‫אג"ק אדה"ז‪ ,‬תשע"ב‪ ,‬אביב תק"ע‪ ,‬אגרת צח‪.‬‬
‫ששמו ר' דוד‪ ,‬אך איננו יודעים פרטים כלשהם לגביו‪.‬‬
‫מאהילוב שבפודוליה‪.‬‬
‫בקובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪ ,‬קסב‪ ,‬עמ' קמא–ב הארכתי בענין הזיקה הקרלינית ב'מאסרו הראשון' של הרה"ק הרש"ז‪.‬‬
‫על האשמות שהטילו השלטונות בחסידי קרלין ושתלו בהם את הקולר להיותם תלמידים וקשורים למרן הר"א‬
‫הגדול מקארלין ולמרן הרש"ק‪ .‬כשלא היינו מגיעים לכך לולא חשיפת תיק החקירות בספרו של הרב י‪ .‬מונדשיין‬
‫'המאסר הראשון'‪ ,‬שתוכנו מעלה לפנינו מסכת שלמה של חקירות והאשמות המכוונות נגד רבותינו הקוה"ט‬
‫מסטולין קרלין וחסידיהם שנימנו עם קבוצת כ"ב החסידים שנאסרו בגין המלשינות ב'מאסר הראשון'‪.‬‬
‫ד ‪' /‬החצר החדשה' של הרה"ק רבי מנחם מנדל מויטבסק‬
‫בעבר‪ 23‬העליתי את 'תולדות בית הכנסת העתיק 'בית אהרן' לחסידי קארלין בעיה"ק טבריא‬
‫ת"ו' מראשית השתלשלות בנייתו יחד עם הבית שמתחתיו על ידי הרה"ק רבי מנחם מנדל‬
‫מויטבסק בשנת תקמ"ה‪ ,‬הריסתו של ביהכ"נ ברעש אדמה שפקד את הגליל בשנת תקצ"ז‪,‬‬
‫רכישת הבית מתחתיו בשנת תרכ"ט ושיקומו על–ידי חסידי קרלין בפקודת מרן אדמו"ר‬
‫הזקן בעל ה'בית אהרן'‪ ,‬ופעילותו כמרכז לתורה ותפילה עד עצם היום הזה‪ .‬אלא שנעלם‬
‫ממני פרק חשוב וקדום לתולדות 'החצר החדשה' אשר בשטחה הקים הרמ"מ את ביתו ובית‬
‫הכנסת שמעליו‪.‬‬
‫במכתבים ששלח הרה"ק הרמ"מ לחסידים ברוסיה הלבנה (רייסין)‪ ,‬בה הוא מספר על‬
‫הצלתו שלו ושל החסידים מהמגיפה שהשתוללה בגליל בשנת תקמ"ו‪ .‬מצויה התייחסותו‬
‫ל'חצר החדשה' וממנה משתמע כי עליה הקים ביתו ובית הכנסת שבנה בשנת תקמ"ה‪:‬‬
‫'ותהלות ה' לבשר בתודות והלל‪ ,‬בקול גדול להריע‪ ,‬מיד ה' אשר הויה והחל הנגף פה עיה"ק‬
‫טבריא ת"ו‪ .‬אם אמנם לא נמשך הזמן כי אם מעט ורעים‪ ,‬המה היו בערך שבועים שבעה‪,‬‬
‫מימי הפורים עד כמה ימים בחודש אייר‪ ,‬יקד יקוד כיקוד אש‪ ,‬ועצת ה' היא תקום אותנו‬
‫בעיר בתווך‪ ,‬שלא לנוס אל אחת הערים‪ ,‬כי אנה מפניו נברח‪ ,‬כ"א חבי כמעט רגע עד יעבור‬
‫זעם‪ .‬סגרנו עצמינו בחצר החדשה שלי יותר מערך מנין‪ ,‬כדי להתפלל בציבור‪ ,‬תמיד‬
‫תפילותינו בפינו אקצירי ואמריעי כדרכינו מעולם‪ ,‬ומצלינן בחיי דכל בית ישראל‪.24'...‬‬
‫'והנה חסדי ה' אזכיר‪ ,‬אשר בנה לי בית נכון ונשא‪ ,‬אשר נאספו אלי חברים מקשיבים‬
‫לקולי בחצרי‪ ,‬גם כי קטן הוא מהכיל‪ ,‬המועט החזיק את המרובה‪ ,‬והתפללנו במנין ערב‬
‫ובקר וצהרים‪ ,‬וראיתי בעיני כי דבר ה' הוא אשר הי' סיבת הבית בהבנותו לסיבת‬
‫הצלתינו‪.25'...‬‬
‫לא נתפרש עד עתה מה היא אותה 'חצר חדשה' שעליה הקים הרה"ק הרמ"מ את ביתו‪.26‬‬
‫אלא לאחר עיון נוסף במכתבו של רבי אליעזר זוסמאן מצאנו קטעים מעניינים העוסקים‬
‫בגלגולם של סיבות שגרמו להרחבת הישוב היהודי בטבריה באמצעות שכירת אותה 'חצר‬
‫חדשה'‪.‬‬
‫רבי אליעזר זוסמאן סופרו ומקורבו של הרה"ק רבי מנחם מנדל מויטבסק‪ ,27‬במכתבו‬
‫מחורף תקמ"ד‪ ,‬שכתב אל החסיד רבי יעקב מסמוליין גזבר מעות א"י ברייסין‪ ,28‬מעלה‬
‫פרטים רבים שיש בהם כדי ליצור תמונה שלימה מקורות הימים שהתרחשו בשנת תקמ"ג‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫‪27‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫קובאו"י גליון ט'‪ ,‬שבט–אדר תשמ"ז‪.‬‬
‫יסוד המעלה‪ ,‬בני ברק תש"ס‪ ,‬כרך ב‪ ,‬אגרת כט‪.‬‬
‫שם אגרת ל‪.‬‬
‫ב'ראשיתן של עליות חסידים'‪ ,‬ח‪ .‬שטימן–כץ‪ ,‬ירושלים תשמ"ז‪ ,‬עמ' ‪ ,78–75‬יש התייחסות ל'חצר החדשה'‪ ,‬אך לא‬
‫נזכר בו כל קשר בין 'החצר החדשה' לבין בניית ביתו ובית הכנסת של הרה"ק רבי מנחם מנדל מויטבסק‪.‬‬
‫עלה יחד עם הרה"ק הרמ"מ והר"א מקליסק והר"י מפולוצק בשנת תקל"ז‪ ,‬היה ממקורבי רבותיו הקדושים‪ .‬נסע‬
‫כשד"ר מספר פעמים‪ ,‬סידר וערך לדפוס את הספר הקדוש 'פרי הארץ'‪ .‬סופר וכותב מכתביהם של הצדיקים‬
‫הקדושים הרמ"מ והרא"ק‪ .‬בי"ז שבט תקנ"ט מופיע חתימתו על הסכמה לספר 'שבחי ירושלים'‪ ,‬ובמכתב מעשה‬
‫אלעזר מדיסנא שלהי תקס"א‪ ,‬הוא נזכר כ'המנוח ר' זוסמאן'‪ ,‬אגרות בעל התניא‪ ,‬אגרת צד‪ .‬ייתכן מאד כי גם הוא‬
‫נספה במגיפה בשנת תקנ"ט‪.‬‬
‫יסוה"מ אגרת יג‪.‬‬
‫רא"ז היה שד"ר בחו"ל בעת שאירעו הדברים‪ ,‬והגיע חזרה לארץ בראשית תקמ"ד‪ ,29‬סמוך‬
‫להתרחשות המאורעות‪.‬‬
‫רא"ז העלה את הדברים על הכתב לאחר שהרמ"מ ציווה עליו לכתוב את פרטי רצף מאורעות‬
‫ומצוקות קשות שעברו אז על החסידים בטבריה‪ ,‬תוך גילויי שרשרת נסים ונפלאות שאירעו‬
‫לבסוף‪ ,‬כפי שכתב הרה"ק הרמ"מ לחסידים ברייסין בחורף שנת תקמ"ד והעיד על אמתותם‬
‫של הדברים‪:‬‬
‫'‪...‬ועתה אתם ברוכי ה'‪ ,‬ידוע להוי לכון דרך כללות‪ ,‬כי הברכה אשר הובאת לנו מידכם‪ ,‬הגיעה‬
‫לידינו בשלימות‪ ,‬לא תחסר כל בה אפי' פ"א‪ ,‬והחייתם את נפשותינו‪ ,‬ואורו עינינו מגודל‬
‫הרפתקאות שהיו לנו בשנה זו‪ 30‬יותר מן הקודמות‪ ,‬ולבסוף עשה לנו הש"י נסים ונפלאות‪,‬‬
‫כאשר יתוודע לכם בפרטות ע"י מכתב אהובינו ידידינו הרבני המופלג בתורה וביראה‬
‫הותיק מ' אליעזר זוסמאן אשר צויתי לו לכתוב כל דבר בפרטות‪ ,‬ומה שמבואר שם‬
‫הכל אמת צלול וברור‪ ,‬רב לכם‪ ,‬אשריכם‪ ,‬מה טוב חלקיכם ומה נעים גורליכם‪.31'...‬‬
‫גם רבי אליעזר זוסמאן עצמו במכתבו המפורט‪ 32‬מציין‪:‬‬
‫'עתה באתי לספר מעשה ה' כי נורא הוא‪ ,‬על הנסים ועל הנפלאות ועל התשועות אשר עשה‬
‫ה' עמנו‪ ,‬על אשר חלפו ועברו עלינו בימים ההם ובזמן הזה‪ ,‬והנה חידושי הזמן רבים הם‪,‬‬
‫ואי אפשר לפורטם‪ ,‬אעפ"כ אפס קצהו תראה באגרת הלז למען תספר באזני כל החברים‬
‫המקשיבים לקול ה' שלום‪ ,‬כי כן צוותי מכבוד אדמו"ר בהיר בשחקים להגיד לך‪ ,‬כי‬
‫חמודות אתה‪.'...‬‬
‫במכתבו הוא מספר כי באופן פלא ומוזר הגיע אשכנזי עלום–שם שעלה 'ממדינת‬
‫פאבירעזנא[?‪ ']33‬ושכר את ה'חצר החדשה'‪ ,‬הנמצאת סמוך ל'חצר היהודים'‪ ,‬עבור‬
‫האשכנזים בטבריה‪ ,‬לאחר שהבטיח לשלם סך אלף 'אריות'‪ 34‬ל'פאסע' הוא הפחה אחמד‬
‫פאשה אל–ג'זאר‪ ,‬שמשל על צפון ארץ ישראל מטעם האימפריה העות'מאנית בין השנים‬
‫תקל"ה–תקס"ד‪ 35‬וקבע את העיר עכו כבירתו‪.36‬‬
‫‪29‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪31‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫דבריו נכתבו לאחר הגיעו לטבריה ביום כ"ד חשון תקמ"ד‪ .‬ומשתמע כי כל הפרשה של שכירת 'החצר החדשה'‬
‫שעליה הוא מספר‪ ,‬התרחשה בשלהי תקמ"ג‪.‬‬
‫דהיינו תקמ"ג‪.‬‬
‫יסוה"מ אגרת יב‪.‬‬
‫שם אגרת יג‪.‬‬
‫פוברזנא‪ ,‬על גדות הנהר 'דנייפר'‪ ,‬בארץ רוסיה (הערת יסו"ה)‪.‬‬
‫הגרוש‪ ,‬מטבע כסף‪ ,‬נקרא גם אריה בגלל הצורה‪ .‬מתוכנו של מכתב זה עולה כי אדום–זהב (דוקאט) היה שווה‬
‫בתקופה זו כ–‪ 5‬אריות‪ .‬בעוד שבשנות תק"כ היה שווה ‪ 3.62‬אריות‪ .‬ראה גם ח‪ .‬שטימן–כץ‪ ,‬ראשיתן של עליות‬
‫החסידים‪ ,‬עמ' ‪.50‬‬
‫'ההיסטוריה של ארץ ישראל' שם‪ ,‬עמ' ‪' .150–131‬ירושלים' א‪ .‬לונץ‪ ,‬כרך שנת תר"ע‪ ,‬עמ' ‪.218–216‬‬
‫ומנהגו להטיל מומים בנתיניו כונה 'אל–ג'זאר' – 'הקצב'‪ .‬יועצו הקרוב של אל–‬
‫רשע עריץ אשר בשל אכזריותו ִ‬
‫ג'זאר היה היהודי הגביר רבי חיים פרחי‪ .‬עליו סמך בכול‪ ,‬אך בעת חימה הורה לנקר את עינו ולחתוך את חוטמו‪.‬‬
‫רבי יהוסף שווארץ‪ ,‬שחי בירושלים באותם הימים‪ ,‬מעיד‪' :‬ויהי אז בעכו הרשע והאכזר אחמד ג'יזר פאשא‪ ,‬וישם‬
‫על הגביר הנ"ל (פרחי) עלילות דברים עד ששלח ידו בו וינקרהו עין אחת וחתך ראש חטמו‪ ,‬ולא יוכל לו‪ ,‬כי האכזר‬
‫מרד גם במלך ויירא המלך מללחום בו'‪ .‬זכרונות ארץ ישראל‪ ,‬כרך ראשון ‪ ,‬עמ' ‪ .101‬על גזירותיו של אל–ג'זאר‪,‬‬
‫משנת תקנ"ט‪ ,‬על החסידים בטבריה ראה 'קארלין בתקופת גלות תקמ"ו–תקס"א' פרק ה‪ ,‬קובץ בית אהרן וישראל‪,‬‬
‫קעב‪ ,‬עמ' קמב–קמו‪.‬‬
‫אלא שכאשר נודע הדבר ל'פקיד' של טבריה‪ ,‬הטיל אימה על הצדיקים והחסידים בעיר‬
‫בהאשימם כי במעשה זה הם עברו על איסור שייחסוהו לרבי חיים אבולעפיה‪ – ,‬מחדש‬
‫היישוב היהודי בטבריה – שקבע שלא להגדיל את תחום מושבם של היהודים בעיר‪ .‬ועל אף‬
‫שידם של החסידים לא הייתה במעשה‪ ,‬הוא הפחיד אותם כל כך‪ ,‬עד שהרה"ק רבי מנחם‬
‫מנדל נאלץ לנסוע עם כמה מהאשכנזים–חסידים לעכו להיפגש עם הפחה אל–ג'זאר‪:‬‬
‫'והנה נתגלגל הדבר מאיש אחד אשכנזי בליעל ממדינת 'פאבירעזנא'‪ ,‬והוא יושב בעכו‪ ,‬כי‬
‫שכר אצל ה'פאסע' היושב בעכו עוד חצר גדול עם בתים מרווחים בטבריה‪ ,‬סמוך לחצר‬
‫היהודים הראשון‪ ,‬בסך אלף אריות לשנה‪ ,‬ואמר שהוא עבור האשכנזים‪ ,‬והדבר ידוע בהסכמה‬
‫אצל כל ספרדי עיה"ק טבריא באיסור וחרם חמור‪ ,‬שלא להגדיל גבול העיר מכמות שהיא‪,‬‬
‫והפריזו על מידותיהם להתיר דמים ולמסור ממון ונפשות העוברים על זה‪ ,‬ויהי כשמוע‬
‫ה'פקיד' את הדבר הזה וכו'‪ ,‬הגם שידע באמת מן האיש הבליעל כי מדעתו עשה הדבר הזה‪,‬‬
‫ולא היה לשום אשכנזי חלק עמו אעפ"כ פסק ואמר שכל האשכנזים חייבים על מעשה אשכנזי‬
‫אחד‪ ,‬ושלח לכבוד רבותינו שבאה"ק בפחדים גדולים כל כך‪ ,‬עד שהוכרחו לנסוע בעצמם עם‬
‫עוד כמה אשכנזים לה'פאסע'‪.‬‬
‫'פקיד' זה של הקהילה היהודית בטבריה‪ ,‬אשר לא אהד את החסידים‪ ,‬התחבר ל'פקיד'‬
‫הקהילה בצפת שהיה מכבר שונאם המר של החסידים בגליל‪ .37‬כשהם מאוחדים בשנאתם‬
‫לחסידים‪ ,‬הגיעו יחד לעכו‪ ,‬כדי לסכל את הופעתו והשפעתו של הרה"ק הרמ"מ על אל–‬
‫ג'זאר‪ ,‬ובכך בקשו למנוע את הרחבת הקהילה האשכנזית–החסידית בטבריה‪.‬‬
‫הרה"ק הרמ"מ תינה את צערו הגדול בעת שהותו בעיר עכו‪ ,‬ואמר בכאב רב לחסידים‪,‬‬
‫כי אם חלילה יעלה בידם ויתקבלו דבריהם ויצליחו למנוע את התרחבות ישוב החסידים‬
‫ב'חצר החדשה'‪ ,‬יש בכך משום סכנה גדולה לעצם קיום הישוב החסידי בגליל‪ ,‬ועלולים הם‬
‫לגרש כליל את החסידים מארץ הקודש‪ .‬למרבה הפליאה‪ ,‬אירע נס והפחה קיבל את בקשת‬
‫משלחת החסידים שנשאו חן בעיניו‪ ,‬ואף פטרם מכל תשלום של שכירות 'החצר החדשה'‪,‬‬
‫וכפי שאנו קוראים בדברי הרא”ז‪:‬‬
‫'והנה כבוד אדומ"ו מוהרמ"מ נשתומם על המראה ותפעם רוחו‪ ,‬וכן אמר בהיותו בעכו עם‬
‫כמה אשכנזים‪' :‬הנני רואה בעינא פקיחא צלול וברור‪ ,‬שהוא מעשה בעל דבר העומד עלינו כל‬
‫האשכנזים‪ ,‬לעקור ולגרש את כולם מאה"ק ממש שלא להניח אף פרסת רגל אחת‪ .‬כי היטבתי‬
‫לראות כל הענין‪ ,‬והנולד ממנו בגלגל החוזר‪ ,‬כי הוא הדבר אשר דיברתי‪ ,‬והבעל דבר לא נתן‬
‫עיניו בממון להפסידנו‪ ,‬כי אם על עיקר שרשינו בארץ‪ ,‬ודעתו לשרש אחרינו‪ ,‬ואני תחילה‬
‫לכל מוכרח לברוח ולנוס ברגליי‪ ,‬והיה כשמוע האשכנזים‪ ,‬הלכו מהרה לה'פאסע'‪ ,‬ואדומ"ו‬
‫העתירו לה' בעדינו‪ ,‬וה' נתן חן האשכנזים בעיני ה'פאסע'‪ ,‬ופטר אותם משכירות החצר‬
‫בלי שום פרוטה ושוה פרוטה'‪.‬‬
‫אך 'פקידי' טבריה וצפת שמלכתחילה רצו לבטל את שכירת 'החצר החדשה' ולמנוע בכך‬
‫הרחבת הישוב האשכנזי בטבריה‪ .‬אף שלא עלתה בידם מזימתם‪ ,‬עדיין לא שקטו וביקשו‬
‫בתואנות מרמה לקבל לידם דמי השכירות של אלף אריות שהובטחו על ידי אותו אשכנזי‬
‫‪' 37‬כי 'הפקיד' מעיה"ק טבריא מבין הי' נקודת האמת‪ ,‬והתנגד באמת שלא ימשכנו לבו לעזוב אהבת עולם‪.'...‬‬
‫'ש'הפקיד' מצפת מגודל שנאתו שלא רצה הרב הנ"ל [הרה"ק הר"א מקאליסק] לאכול משחיטתו‪ ,‬באיבה הדפו‬
‫מעיה"ק צפת תוב"ב ביד רמה'‪ .‬שם באגרת יג‪.‬‬
‫עלום–שם‪ ,‬ושאותם פטר הפחה מלשלם‪ .‬באמצעות קשריהם עם 'שרים רבים ונכבדים של‬
‫ה'פאסע'‪ ,‬הצליחו למנוע פגישה נוספת של החסידים עם הפחה אל–ג'זאר‪ .‬היות ובידי‬
‫הפקיד מטבריה היו מאתיים אדומים שהגיעו אליו מ'מעות אנשי ווילנא שבאו לידו על דרך‬
‫דמשק'‪ 38‬עיקל אותם אצלו תמורת דמי השכירות של 'החצר החדשה'‪:‬‬
‫'ומאלקים היתה תבוסת ה'פקיד' של עיה"ק טבריא תובב"א‪ ,‬שהיטה שכם אחד עם ה'פקיד'‬
‫מעיה"ק צפת תובב"א‪ ,‬שהיו שניהם בעכו באותו פרק‪ ,‬בשביל אותו מעשה‪ ,‬בכדי להתגולל‬
‫עלינו ולהתנפל עלינו לקחת מאתנו סך הנ"ל בערמה‪ ,‬דהיינו שהעמידו עם שרים‪ 39‬רבים‬
‫ונכבדים של ה'פאסע'‪ ,‬שלא להניח האשכנזים עוד הפעם אל ה'פאסע'‪ ,‬ובין כך וכך תבעו‬
‫אותנו בחזקה עם אנשי חיל ופחדים‪ .‬סוף דבר‪ ,‬שהיו ביד ה'פקיד' מעות אנשי ווילנא שבאו‬
‫לידו על דרך דמשק‪ ,‬ועיכב בידו לערך מאתים אדומים‪ ,‬והיו מודים לה' כי טוב כי לעולם‬
‫חסדו‪ ,‬שכילה חמתו על עפרות זהב ונתן לנו שארית בארץ‪ ,‬וה'פקיד' מעיה"ק טברי' לקח‬
‫המעות‪ ,‬ואמר שהוכרח ליתן לה'פאסע' עבור שכירות החצר‪ ,‬ונתאחד עם ה'פקיד' דעיה"ק‬
‫צפת תובב"א‪ ,‬הגם שמעולם היו שונאים זע"ז‪ ,‬עשו שלום ביניהם‪ ,‬בכדי לרדוף אותנו כמשל‬
‫כו'‪ 40‬אעפ"כ לא עזבנו ה' אלקינו‪ ,‬ולא הניח בידם‪ ,‬יהי שם ה' מבורך'‪.‬‬
‫רבי אליעזר זוסמאן שהיה בדרכו לארץ ישראל‪ ,‬שמע על כל המאורעות עוד בהיותו‬
‫באיסטנבול‪ ,‬בדרכו חזרתו משליחותו כשד"ר החסידים‪ ,‬ועוד טרם עלותו לספינה שתיקח‬
‫אותו לארץ הקודש‪ ,‬עודכן כי עם בואו לארץ ישראל מתכננים ה'פקידים' איך לשדוד את‬
‫הכספים שהוא מביא עמו ו'איך שכל 'הפקידים' אורבים אותנו על כל המוצאות ומובאות‬
‫מן הים ליבשה'‪ .‬אך רצה מסבב הסיבות‪ ,‬והספינה עגנה בנמל חיפה‪ ,‬במקום בנמל יפו כפי‬
‫שתוכנן‪ ,‬ורא"ז הצליח להגיע בזריזות בשלום משליחותו בחו"ל עם צרור כספו לטבריה‪,‬‬
‫מיד בתחילת חורף תקמ"ד‪.‬‬
‫עתה התעורר קושי בדבר מאתיים אדומים שעיקל 'פקיד' טבריה שהיו בידו מ'מעות אנשי‬
‫ווילנא שבאו לידו על דרך דמשק'‪:‬‬
‫‪ 3‬בשנת תקל"ח‪ ,‬מיד לאחר עלייתם‪ ,‬כותב הרה"ק הרמ"מ אל ק"ק וילנא בבקשת עזרה לעולים העניים‪' :‬והנה נא‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫אדוני‪ ,‬ידעתי גם ידעתי‪ ,‬כי מפתחות העזרה בידם לכל סביבותיכם‪ ,‬לכן עמדתי לבקש על האביונים האלה‪.'...‬‬
‫יסוה"מ אגרת ג‪ .‬עוד קודם לעליית הפרושים (תקס"ח) כבר תמכו ה'מתנגדים' בהרמת תרומותיהם למען ישוב‬
‫ארץ ישראל‪ .‬כמו שכתב הרה"ק רבי שניאור זלמן מלאדי 'בדברי העדות' לצאר הרוסי במאסר הראשון‪ ,‬בראשית‬
‫תקנ"ט‪' :‬אך בשאר מדינות ליטא כולן כמו סלוצק פינסק מינסק סלאנים ושאר עיירות גדולות וקטנות מסבב שם‬
‫שליח א'[חד] משליח א"י אשר בוואלין ומקבץ נדבותיהם ומביא אליו לבראד‪ .‬וגם אנשי וילנא שולחי' נדבותיהם‬
‫לא"י כשאר כל ישראל‪ ,‬רק שאיני יודע אם מוסרי' ליד שליח השליח שמא"י הנ"ל או שולחין בעצמן לשליח א"י‬
‫או שולחין לבראד ומשם לסטאמבול ע"י סוחרי'[ם]‪ .'...‬אג"ק אדה"ז אגרת נח‪ ,‬עמ' רכח‪' .‬ושם היו עיקרי המנהיגים‬
‫של ישוב האשכנזים דטבריא וצפת מכולל אנשי רוסיא‪ ,‬ורבם הרב המפורסם רבי אברהם רב דקאליסק רבן של‬
‫חסידים‪ ,‬והיו לוקחים מעות אר"י מווילנא והמדינה דליטא וזאמוט‪ .'....‬הגאון רבי ישראל משקלוב‪ ,‬האמת מארץ‬
‫תצמח‪ ,‬עמ' ‪ .130‬עדיין לא ראיתי שדנו בנושא מעניין זה‪ .‬שממרכז ההתנגדות וילנא הגיעו כספים להחזקת ישוב‬
‫א"י שנוהל על ידי החסידים‪ ,‬באותן שנים שההתנגדות לחסידות הייתה במלוא עוזה‪.‬‬
‫‪ 39‬אין אנו יודעים האם השר רבי חיים פרחי יד ימינו של אל–ג'זאר היה ביניהם‪ ,‬או אם עמד לימינם של החסידים‪ .‬כפי‬
‫שראינו מאוחר יותר‪ ,‬בשנת תקנ"ט‪' ,‬כששמע הרה"צ מו' הר"א [מקאליסק] שרבינו [מוהר"ן מברסלב] ז"ל רוצה‬
‫לנהוג נסיעות לביתו‪ ,‬שלח שליח מיוחד אליו עם אגרתו‪ ,‬וגם אגרת הכוללות‪ ,‬ואח"ז יצאו מצפת ובאו לעכו‪ ,‬והלכו‬
‫להגביר שהיה להם אגרת אליו מהרב הקליסקר הנ"ל‪ ,‬ונתארחו אצלו‪ .'...‬חיי מוהר"ן פרק 'נסיעתו לא"י' אות לז‪.‬‬
‫קרוב לוודאי שהכוונה להגביר רבי חיים פרחי שהתגורר בעכו‪.‬‬
‫‪ 40‬כנראה הכוונה לסנהדרין דף קה ע"א‪( .‬הערת יסוה"מ)‬
‫'ואחר שהשלמתי כל כסף היחידים לכל אחד בשלימות‪ ,‬הוכרחתי לשלם לאנשי ק"ק ווילנא‬
‫את המאתים אדומים הנ"ל ממעות הכולל שהי' בידי‪ ,‬כי גם הם עניים הם‪ ,‬אם לא יתנו להם‬
‫אשר להם והיתה צעקה גדולה בעיר'‪.‬‬
‫'‪...‬אח"כ התחילו מדיינים זה עם זה‪ ,‬צעקת העניים היתה‪ ,‬למה יקחו כל האלף אריות מן‬
‫החלוקה‪ ,‬יתנו לזה כל הבעלי בתים שאינם מקבלים‪ ,‬כמו שארי מסים‪ ,‬ושאינם מקבלים‬
‫משיבים‪ ,‬די לכם שאין אנו מחסרים מן המעט הנשאר לחלק יצא‪ ,‬ואין אנו מקבלים‪ ,‬הרי שלכם‬
‫לפניכם‪ ,‬והנה טענת העניים נכנס בלב אדומו"ו עד שהוכרח לקבל על עצמו חובות שהי' מגיע‬
‫מן הכללות בערך מאה אדומים‪ ,‬והחליפו השטרות‪ ,‬ונחה ושקטה הארץ'‪.‬‬
‫אלא שאז ראו כולם את השגחת ה' על יראיו‪:‬‬
‫'אז ראה ה' וישפוט שפוט‪ ,‬והשיב אפו מעלינו על שכנגדינו‪ ,‬הוא ה'פקיד' דפה עיה"ק טבריא‪,‬‬
‫שהי' איש בריא ושמן ופתאום חלה זמן מועט‪ ,‬ובאותו יום שהשלמתי המעות לאנשי ווילנא‬
‫בו ביום נפטר ה'פקיד' ושבק חיים לנו ולכל ישראל‪ ,‬ויראו כל העדה כי בעוונו מת‪ ,‬וגם כמה‬
‫גביות עדות יש תחת יד אדומ"ו [הרה"ק הרמ"מ] שלקח המעות מאתנו חנם‪ ,‬ועדיין מובטחני‬
‫שיבואו המעות לידי גוביינא בהמשך הזמן מן היורש‪ ,‬כי אדיר הוא מלכנו‪ ,‬וה' שופטינו הוא‬
‫יושיענו'‪.‬‬
‫את החובות שהצטברו בגין שכירת 'החצר החדשה' הצליחו החסידים לסלק בשנה‬
‫שלאחריה‪ ,‬בשנת תקמ"ה‪ ,‬ובמכתב ששלחו הצדיקים וגדולי החבריא בשלהי אותה שנה‪,‬‬
‫לאחר שהגיע השד"ר עם צרור התמיכה‪ ,‬הם כותבים‪:‬‬
‫'‪...‬והיא שעמדה לנו בחיזוק הארץ בשנה דאשתקד‪ ,‬ביום המעשה שהוכרחנו מן ה'פאשה'‬
‫לקחת מאיתו חצר החדשה‪ ,‬הוצאנו סך עצום ורב‪ ,‬ורבה העזובה בקרב הארץ'‪.41‬‬
‫עם סיום פרשת שכירת 'החצר החדשה'‪ ,‬שהייתה רצופה מצוקות קשות וגילויי נסי נסים‪,‬‬
‫שכך צערו של הרה"ק הרמ"מ ובני החבריא‪ ,‬וכפי שמתאר זאת רבי אליעזר זוסמאן בסיום‬
‫התרחשות בשנת תקמ"ד‪:‬‬
‫'עתה באתי להודיעך אהובי אחי מרוב טובה של ה'מנין' מיוחד שנעשה בחצר של אדומ"ו‪,‬‬
‫וגודל החירות תורה ותפילה ושמחה של מצוה ועבודה‪ ,‬אין מעצור בעם‪ ,‬כי אם דבר אחד‬
‫לדור‪ ,‬הוא אדמו"ר שי'‪ ,‬ובעצמם עומדים לפני התיבה על פי רוב בשבת ובחול‪ ,‬ותפילתנו זכה‪,‬‬
‫עכ"פ כל אחד ואחד יוצא ידי רצונו ומחשבתו מקום הישג יד שכלו בלהב השמים‪ ,‬בקול גדול‬
‫ולא יסף‪ ,‬והקול מעורר הכוונה עד לב השמים‪ ,‬ברוך ה' אשר לא הסיר תפילתו וחסדו מאיתנו'‪.‬‬
‫'החצר החדשה' שנפלה בחלקם של החסידים בטבריה הייתה 'חצר גדול עם בתים מרווחים‪...‬‬
‫סמוך לחצר היהודים הראשון'‪ ,‬הרחיבה את הישוב החסידי בטבריה‪ ,‬ויכלה עתה לקלוט‬
‫את החסידים שעקרו מצפת‪ ,‬מקום התיישבותם הראשון בארץ ישראל‪ ,‬ובראשם הרה"ק רבי‬
‫אברהם מקאליסק‪ ,‬שבא מצפת באותו חורף תקמ"ד להתיישב בטבריה‪.‬‬
‫'החצר החדשה' עמדה כולה ברשות החסידים‪ ,‬כי הספרדים מנועים היו להתיישב בה‪ ,‬בגלל‬
‫האיסור שלא להגדיל את תחום מושבם של היהודים בטבריה‪ ,‬שיוחס לרבי חיים אבולעפיה‪,‬‬
‫ועל כך מלינים ראשי העדה הספרדית בטבריה במכתבם משנת תקמ"ה‪:‬‬
‫‪ 41‬שם אגרת טו‪.‬‬
‫'אין אנו יכולים לעבור גם בשתיקה על האכזריות שהממשלה נוהגת בנו בכדי למצץ כעלוקה‬
‫רעבה את דמינו‪ ,‬ולרוות מלשד עצמותינו במרמה בצורת מעשי חסד‪ ,‬היות והממשלה רוצה‬
‫להרחיב את תחום מושבנו ואנו באין ביכלתנו ליהנות מההרחבה הזו‪ ,‬בשום לב‬
‫לאסור החמור שהשאיר לנו הרב הגדול המפורסם בעל עץ החיים‪ ,‬כידוע לכל אחד‪,‬‬
‫היינו מוכרחים לסבול‪ ,‬לדאבון לבנו‪ ,‬הכבדת מסים הקשה ולבזבז סכומים לא קטנים בכדי‬
‫להנצל מצרות גדולות יותר‪ ,‬וככה גדלו חובותינו לסדך העצום של חמשה עשר אלף אריות‬
‫שהרבית שלהם‪ ,‬הקשה מנשוא‪ ,‬גוזלת את כל התמיכות המתקבלות מאת אחינו האהובים קהל‬
‫עדת ישראל‪.42'...‬‬
‫בשנת תקמ"ה הקים הרה"ק הרמ"מ את ביתו ובית הכנסת מעליו‪ ,‬כשאף אחד אינו מפריע‬
‫להתפתחות הברוכה‪ .‬ה'פקיד' החדש שנתמנה לקהילת טבריה‪ ,‬הוא‪ ,‬כלשון רבי אליעזר‬
‫זוסמאן‪' :‬איש פשוט‪ ,‬ואינו יודע משום התנגדות בעולם‪ ,‬ובימיו נחה ושקטה הארץ‪ ,‬ולכל‬
‫בני ישראל היה אור במושבותם‪.'...‬‬
‫ביתו העתיק של הרה"ק הרמ"מ שהוקם על 'החצר החדשה' ושרד את ה'רעש' בשנת תקצ"ז‬
‫ושוקם בשנת תרכ"ט בידי חסידי קארלין בפקודתו של מרן אדמו"ר הזקן‪ ,‬שהקימו מחדש‬
‫את בית הכנסת כמרכז לתורה ותפילה העומד עד עצם היום הזה – מהווה לא רק ציון דרך‬
‫ראשונה בעליית החסידים בהנהגתו של הרה"ק הרמ"מ מויטבסק בשנת תקל"ז‪ ,‬אלא אף‬
‫מסמל את ראשית הרחבת הישוב בטבריה בשכירת 'החצר החדשה' בשנת תקמ"ג‪.‬‬
‫‪ 42‬י‪ .‬ריבקינד‪ ,‬דפים בודדים‪ ,‬ציון תרצ"ג‪ ,‬עמ' קסב‪ .‬המכתב מתורגם מאיטלקית‪.‬‬
‫מכון בית אהרן וישראל‬
‫שע"י מרכז מוסדות קרלין סטולין‬
‫בנשיאות כ"ק מרן אדמו"ר שליט"א‬
‫ספרים הנמצאים בשלבי עריכה שונים‬
‫שו"ת שיבת ציון להגאון רבי שמואל לנדא זלה"ה ‪ -‬אבד"ק פראג‬
‫קמא‪ ,‬אשר יצא לאור ע"י המחבר‪ ,‬בתוספות מכתב יד‪ ,‬יחד עם שאלות‬
‫השואלים הרבנים הגאונים אשר נמצאים בכת"י‬
‫תנינא‪ ,‬ובו תשובות חדשות מכתב יד קודש המחבר זצ"ל‬
‫שו"ת וחידושי רבי זרחיה גוטה זלה"ה‬
‫תלמיד המהרי"ט‪ ,‬מחכמי קושטא‬
‫שו"ת‪ ,‬חידושי בבלי וירושלמי‪ ,‬ושולחן ערוך‪ ,‬מתוך כתב ידו‬
‫שו"ת רבי שלמה ברוך זלה"ה‬
‫מחכמי ארטא שביוון‪ ,‬מבית דינו של בעל 'משפטי שמואל'‬
‫כולל שאלות ותשובות מכתב ידו וחכמי דורו בתחילת שנות הש'‬
‫נכדי וצאצאי הגאונים ומוקירי זכרם אשר רוצים ליטול חלק ולהטות שכם‬
‫למלאכת הקודש‪ ,‬וכן מי אשר בידו מכתב יד הגאונים הנ"ל ורוצה לשלבם‬
‫ולהוציאם לאור עולם‪ ,‬מתבקשים לפנות למשרדי המכון‬
‫ספרי וקבצי המכון לישיבות ובתי מדרש‬
‫הננו להודיע כי בעז"ה והודות לתרומת נדיבי לב מתאפשרת חלוקת‬
‫גליונות 'קובץ בית אהרן וישראל' וכן ספרים שיצאו לאור על ידי מכוננו‪,‬‬
‫לבתי כנסת‪ ,‬בתי מדרשות‪ ,‬ישיבות‪ ,‬היכלי תורה‪ ,‬אוצר הספרים‪ ,‬וספריות‬
‫זמני ומקום החלוקה יפורסמו בעז"ה במועדם‬
‫גבאים בתי עקד ספרים ואחראים המעוניינים להעשיר את הספריה‬
‫התורנית שבאחריותם מתבקשים לשלוח בקשה במייל ייעודי לחלוקה‪,‬‬
‫בכתובת ‪ chaluka5776@gmail.com‬או בפקס ‪ ,053-7978992‬עם‬
‫פירוט ברור של שם בית הכנסת או הספריה וכדו'‪ ,‬תוך ציון מספר‬
‫המתפללים ‪ /‬הלומדים‪ .‬יש לפרט האם מעוניינים בספרי המכון או‬
‫בגליונות 'קובץ בית אהרן וישראל' מהשנים שעברו‬

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