A Correlational Study of Jungian Psychological Types and Nineteen

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1986
A Correlational Study of Jungian Psychological
Types and Nineteen Spiritual Gifts
Chek Yat Phoon
Andrews University
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Ord**r N u m b e r 8724216
A correlation al stu d y o f J u n gian p sych ological ty p es and
n in eteen sp iritu a l gifts
Phoon, Chek Yat, Ph.D.
Andrews University, 1987
UMI
300 N. Zecb Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
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Andrews U n iv e rs ity
School o f Graduate Studies
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
AND NINETEEN SPIRITUAL GIFTS
A D is s e rta tio n
Presented in P a rtia l F u lfillm e n t
of the Requirements fo r the Degree
Doctor o f Philosophy
by
Chek Yat Phoon
July 1986
A d is s e rta tio n
presented in p a r tia l f u lf illm e n t
o f the requirements fo r the degree
Doctor o f Philosophy
by
Chek Yat Phoon
APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:
Oean, School o f Graduate Studies
Chai
lerome Q.
External Examiner:
Conrad A. R eichert
ABSTRACT
by
Chek Yat Phoon
Chairman:
Roy C. Naden, Ed.D.
ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE RESEARCH
D is s e rta tio n
Andrews U n iv e rs ity
School o f Graduate Studies
T itle :
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES AND
NINETEEN SPIRITUAL GIFTS.
Name of researcher:
Name and degree
o f fa c u lty advisor:
Date completed:
Chek Yat Phoon
Roy C. Naden, Ed.D.
J u ly , 1986
Problem
No known study had examined the c o rre la tio n between the
Jungian psychological types and s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The purpose o f th is
study was to in v e s tig a te the possible c o rre la tio n between the Jungian
psychological types and a s e le c tio n o f 19 s p ir it u a l g if t s o f the New
Testament.
Method
This study employed two instruments to measure the psycho!ogi
cal types and 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s :
The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory.
The Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and
The data which were computed and ana
lyzed to te s t 38 null hypotheses were provided by a to ta l o f 430
1
2
undergraduate, graduate, and seminary students from Andrews U n iv e rs ity ,
Berrien Springs, Michigan, and church members from the Beaverton
Seventh-day A dventist Church, Oregon.
Findings
1.
The o ld er the person, the more l i k e l y he w ill manifest the
g if t s o f evangelism, f a i t h , g iv in g , h o s p it a lit y , in te rc e s s io n , know
ledge, prophecy and teaching.
2.
The e xtra v e rte d -',-n s in g -fe e lin g -ju d g m e n t (ESFJ) type is
more common among those with the g if t s o f prophecy, p astorin g, hospita
l i t y , and e xh o rtatio n .
3.
S p e c ific a lly fo r males:
a.
The e x tr a v e r te d -in tu itiv e (EN) type is more common
among those with g if t s of h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n ,
mercy, and apostleship.
b.
The e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g -ju d g m e n t (ENTJ)
type is more common among those having g if t s o f adminis
tr a t io n , ap o stles h ip , and teaching.
c.
The e x tra v e rte d -th in k in g (ET) type is more common
among those having the g i f t o f evangelism.
d.
The e xtrav e rted -fe elin g -ju d g m e n t (EFJ) type is more
common among those having the g i f t o f pastoring.
e.
The introverted-sensing (IS ) type is more common
among those w ith g ifts o f helps and in te rc e s s io n .
f.
The in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (NJ) type is mnre '•ommon w ith
the g i f t o f knowledge.
3
g.
The th in k in g -p e rce p tiv e (TP) type is more common
among those having the g i f t o f wisdom.
4.
S p e c ific a lly fo r females:
The e xtrav e rted type is more
common among those having g if t s o f e x h o rta tio n , a d m in is tra tio n , and
fa ith .
Conclusions
This study v alid a te s th a t psychological types are re le v an t
p redicto rs fo r 16 o f the 19 s p iritu a l g i f t s .
I t in fe rs th a t g if t s of
intercession and helps are more p ra c tic a l fo r one-to-one m in is te rie s .
I t appears th a t the higher the s e lf-p e rc e p tio n o f s p ir itu a l m a tu rity ,
the higher is the perception o f s p iritu a l g ifte d n e s s.
F in a lly , i t
suggests th a t only the g i f t of fa ith is more conr’'-; among women, but
g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , apostleship, evangelism, knowledge, pato rin g ,
and teaching are more common to men.
BECAUSE YOU HAVE SHARED WITH ME AND YOUR MOTHER
THE STRUGGLES IN COMPLETING OUR DOCTORAL STUDIES,
THIS DISSERTATION IS DEDICATED
TO YOU, MY BELOVED DAUGHTERS, MICHELLE AND RACHEL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
..........................................................................................................
1
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................
vi
Chapter
T..
II.
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................
1
Statement o f the Problem ........................................................
Purpose o f the S t u d y .................................................................
Theoretical Framework .................................................................
The Jungian Psychological Types .......................................
S p ir itu a l G ifts ..........................................................................
S ig n ific a n c e o f the S tu d y ........................................................
H y p o th e s e s .......................................................................................
A s s u m p tio n .......................................................................................
D e lim ita tio n s of the S t u d y ....................................................
D e fin itio n o f T e rm s .....................................................................
O utline o f the S t u d y .................................................................
4
5
6
6
9
11
14
21
21
22
27
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.....................................................................
29
S p iritu a l G ifts ..............................................................................
A H is to ric a l Background o f the
the Study on S p iritu a l G i f t s .......................................
Meaning o f " S p ir itu a l G ifts "
............................................
G if t o f the S p i r it and S p iritu a l G i f t s .........................
F ru its o f the S p i r it and S p iritu a l Gi f t s
• .
Natural Talents and S p iritu a l G ifts ...............................
The C la s s ific a tio n o f S p iritu a l G ifts ..........................
The Discovery o f S p ir itu a l G ifts
.................................
Psychological Types .....................................................................
A Biographical Sketch o f C. G. J u n g ...............................
Jung and Psychological T y p e s ............................................
M yers-Briggs' Extension o f Jungian
Psychological Types .............................................................
The B ip o la r ity o f Jungian
Psychological Types .............................................................
Psycho1.cg ic a l Types and Humoral
(Em otional) T y p e s .................................................................
29
ii
29
30
35
35
36
39
41
43
43
46
47
49
50
III.
Psychological Types With R eligion
S p i r it u a l it y
.........................................................................
Summary...............................................................................................
51
54
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................
56
Type o f S t u d y ..................................................................................
Population and Sample .................................................................
Instrum entation ..............................................................................
Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r ...............................................
F o rm a tio n ..................................................................................
R e l i a b i l i t y ..............................................................................
V a l i d i t y ..................................................................................
The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory ...........................................
F o rm a tio n ..................................................................................
R e l i a b i l i t y ..............................................................................
V a l i d i t y ..................................................................................
Procedures fo r C o lle c tin g D a t a ...........................................
Hypotheses and S t a tis t ic a l Analysis ...................................
Summary...............................................................................................
56
56
57
58
58
59
60
62
62
63
64
65
67
74
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA...........................................
75
Subjects Used in This S t u d y ....................................................
Analysis o f Data and Testing
o f the H ypotheses.....................................................................
Description o f Sample ............................................................
Testing o f Hypotheses and Discussion of
F i n d i n g s ..................................................................................
Summary...............................................................................................
75
80
119
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................
124
..........................................................................................
Summary
The P u rp o s e ..................................................................................
Review o f Related L ite ra tu re and Research ..................
M e th o d o lg y ..................................................................................
Findings o f the S t u d y .............................................................
C o n c lu s io n s ......................................................................................
Im p licatio n s ..................................................................................
Recommendations ..............................................................................
124
124
125
127
128
140
141
143
APPENDICES............................................................................................................
145
IV .
V.
A.
76
76
Permission Form and Personal Data Sheet
w ith Perceived S p iritu a l M a tu rity Scale ......................
Scores fo r the 444 S u b je c ts ........................................................
146
149
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................
160
V I T A .........................................................................................................................
175
B.
iii
LIST OF TABLES
1.
Theoretical Framework o f Basic
Functional Types ................................................................
7
2.
Sixteen Psychological Types from the M B T I.................
8
3.
Sixteen Pyschological Types with Dominant
Functions Indicated ............................................................
49
Group R e lia b ilit y C o e ffic ie n ts o f
19 S p iritu a l G i f t s ............................................................
64
Means and Standard Deviations fo r the
V ariables o f the Total Sample (N=430) ......................
77
V ariables of the Male Sample ( N = 2 4 9 ) ......................
78
V ariables of the Female Sample (N=181)
79
Canonical C o rrelatio n o f Psychological Types
& 19 S p iritu a l G ifts fo r the Total Sample . . . .
82
Canonical C o rre latio n o f Psychological Types
& 19 S p iritu a l G ifts fo r the Male Sample . . . .
85
Canonical C o rre latio n of Psychological Types
& 19 S p iritu a l G ifts fo r the Female Sample
88
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Best P rediction Model with the G if t of
A dm inistration as Dependent V ariab le
. . .
......................
90
Apostleship as Dependent V aria b le ..............................
92
Evangelism as Dependent V aria b le ..............................
93
Exhortation as Dependent V aria b le
..........................
95
Faith as Dependent V ariab le
.......................................
96
iv
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Best P rediction Model w ith the G if t of
Giving as (Dependent V a r i a b l e .......................................
97
Best P rediction Model w ith the G if t o f
H o s p ita lity as Dependent V aria b le =
99
Best P rediction Model w ith the G ift of
................................
Intercession as Dependent V ariab le
100
Best P rediction Model w ith the G ift o f
Knowledge as Dependent V aria b le
.....................................
102
Leadership as Dependent V ariable
.................
. . .
103
Best P rediction Model w ith the G if t o f
Pastoring as Dependent V aria b le
.............................
106
Prophecy as Dependent V ariab le
.............................
107
Best P rediction Model w ith the G if t of
.............................
Teaching as Dependent V ariab le
108
Wisdom as Dependent V ariab le .......................................
110
The Standardized C o e ffic ie n ts and M u ltip le
R-Squares fo r the 16 Psychological Types
19 S p iritu a l G i f t s ............................................................
113
Canonical C o rre latio n Between Jungian
Psychological Types & S p iritu a l G ifts ......................
120
Standardized C o e ffic ie n ts and M u ltip le R-Squares
fo r the Jungian Psychological Types, S p iritu a l
M a tu rity , Sex, Age, and 19 S p iritu a l G ifts
. . .
121
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Experience has taught us th a t any d is s e rta tio n can never come
to a completion w ithout in s p ira tio n and p e rs p ira tio n .
o f a ll
is s t i l l
the c o n trib u tio n by many people.
Most important
I wisn to express my
g ra titu d e to those who have assisted me in th is research:
To Dr. Roy Nader., Professor o f Religious Education, who has
r.ot only introduced to me the p o s s ib ility helping members o f the body
o f C h ris t to discover th e ir s p iritu a l g i f t s , but also guided me
throughout th is research p ro je c t;
To Rev. Robert Leas, D ire c to r of Pastoral Services a t Memorial
H o s p ita l, South Bend, Indiana, who introduced me to the Jungian
psychological types;
To Rev. George Zornow, CPE re sid e n t a t Memorial H o s p ita l, who
shared w ith me inform ation on the type theory in r e la tio n to
s p iritu a lity ;
To Dr. Jerome Thayer, Professor of Research and S ta tis t ic a l
Methodology, and my fe llo w doctoral student, Mrs. Mei Mei Cho, who
helped me w ith the s t a t is t ic a l analyses;
To Dr. Garth Thompson, Professor o f Pastoral Care and
Chairman, Department of C h ris tia n M in is tr ie s , who has given to me
valuable support em otionally and academ ically w hile I was completing my
coursework and as a member of my d is s e rta tio n committee;
Special thanks to Elder Ray Ammon, Pastor o f the Beaverton
Seventh-day A dventist Church, who assisted me in the col le c tio n o f data
from his church members;
To a l l those undergraduate, graduate and seminary students a t
Andrews U n iv e rs ity during the spring q u a rte r, 1986, who p a rtic ip a te d in
the research, and to the teachers who allowed me to admi'nisfor the
questionnaires in t h e ir classes;
To my w ife , S a lly , who s t i l l found time to read my d r a ft and
give valuable suggestions, despite her duties as a mother, w ife and
doctoral student;
Above a l l , to God who has given me blessings each day and fo r
His special guidance in the e n tir e p ro je c t.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Psychology, the science o f the study o f human behavior, is a
respected science, but i t has only been recognized as a formal f i e l d of
study since the nineteenth century.
The study o f r e lig io n , on the
o th e r hand, has existed since man's e a r lie s t tim es.
These two
sciences, however, have o ften been viewed as separate d is c ip lin e s ,
seldom to be amalgamated.
Since the epoch o f W illia m James, G. Stanley H a ll, and E.
Starbuck, attempts a t dialogue have been made between r e lig io n and
psychology, and serious work on in te g ra tin g these two sciences was
begun.
James tr ie d to present the v a rie tie s o f re lig io u s experiences
from a psycnological perspective (James, 1952, o r ig in a lly published in
1 9 0 1 ), w hile Starbuck embodied his thoughts in The Psychology o f P .eligion (1 9 01 ).
In te r e s t in in te rfa c in g then tapered o f f t i l l
the 195Qs:
when dialogue between the two f ie ld s revived (Bolsen, 1951; B u tle r,
1958; F le tc h e r, 1952; Mennlnger, 1950; M i l l e r , 1952; Oates, 1949;
Peterson, 1959; e t a l . ) .
In recent years some a tte n tio n has been paid
to the re la tio n s h ip th a t e x is ts between psychology and r e lig io n .
In
f a c t , The Journal o f Psychology and Theology was In i t i a t e d as the
"evangelical forum fo r the In te g ra tio n o f psychology and theology"
(C a rte r & Narramore, 1979, p. 1 3 ).
1
2
In s p ite o f th is seeming show o f in te g ra tio n , the two fie ld s
have a h is to ry of c o n flic t and, a t tim es, r i v a l r y .
I t is understand
able then th a t even as re c e n tly as the 1980s, attempts have beer, made
to l i m it "the in te g ra tio n o f psychology and theology [o r r e lig io n ]"
(Timpe, 1983, p. 2 1 ), the ra tio n a le being th a t " tra d itio n a l theology"
has a " v e rtic a l perspective. . . .
ta l in perspective. . . .
T ra d itio n a l psychology is horizon
Psychology's method and focus have been
e m p iric a l, w hile theology's has been e x is te n tia l" ( i b i d . , pp. 21, 2 8 ).
A fte r studies in "behaviorism" began, the psychological study
of re lig io n decreased in p o p u la rity , although some theological
lib e r a ls — W illiam K e lle r , Richard Cabot, Russell Dicks, and Anton
Boisen— continued to see the importance o f psychology in helping minis
te rs and other church leaders to be more e ffe c tiv e in the care o f the
s ic k , discouraged, and needy.
As a re s u lt c f th is concern, pastoral
psychology was born, and became a s ch o la rly d is c ip lin e .
This move
ment, however, is a c h ild o f the lib e r a l churches (C a rte r & Narramore,
1979, pp.3 3 -3 7 ), and psychology is s t i l l
the more conservative churches.
viewed w ith apprehension by
Even in it s accepted t e r r i t o r y , psy
chology is popular only in the realm o f association w ith psychopatho
logy (Boisen, 1926/71; C arter & Narramore, 1979; Fosdick, 1943; Hodge,
1967; Hulme, 1956, 1966; Menningor, 1975; Narramore, 1974; P a ttis o n ,
1968; S te in , 1969; T o u rn ier, 1957, 1962; Wagner, 1974, 1975).
Recent studies (B ryant, 1983a; Keirsey & Bates, 1984; Joachim, 1984;
Lawrence, 1982; Mamchur, 1984; Myers & Myers, 1980) on psychological
types, temperaments, and s p ir itu a l g if t s hypothesize th a t there is a
re la tio n s h ip between them, s p e c ific a lly among psychological types and
vocational choices, and between temperaments and s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
3
H is t o r ic a lly , the psychological types proposed by Jung were
concepts from Furneaux Jordan in his work Character as Seen in Body
and Parentage (1 8 9 6 ), but the psychological types th a t Jung proposed
were unique in t h e ir own way.
They were presented in b ip o la r ity or the
"p rin c ip le o f opposites" (Jung, 1923, p. 7 ).
According to Jung (1 9 2 3 ), "So long as the h is to ric a l world has
existed there has always been psychology, but o b je ctiv e psychology is
only o f recent growth" (p. 8 ) .
Likew ise, "psychological types" have
been in exis te n ce , but they are made o b je c tiv e through the works of
Jung and other Jungian th e o ris ts .
S im ila r ly , the concept o f s p ir itu a l g if t s was not nsvi.
There were m anifestations o f s p iritu a l g if t s in Old Testament tim es.
Joseph was endowed w ith the g i f t o f in te rp re ta tio n of dreams (Gen 40 £
4 1 ).
The same was true with Daniel during the e x i l i c period of the
Jews from BCE 586 to BCE 515 (Dan 2 ).
The young King Solomon was
endowed w ith the g i f t of wisdom (2 Chr 1 :7 -1 2 ).
The m anifestation of
the g i f t was evident in his settlem ent o f the dispute between two women
(1 Kgs 3 :1 6 -2 8 ).
The g i f t o f craftsmanship was given to Bezaleel and
Aholiab in order cnac cney would be able to a s s is t in the b u ild in g of
the Tabernacle of the Wilderness (Exod 3 1 :1 -1 1 ).
However, there was no
"doctrine" o f s p ir itu a l g if t s as such, in the Old Testament.
The
d octrine o f g ifts was developed by the Apostle Paul in New Testament
tim es.
The e a rly Church Fathers continued to expound on th is do ctrin e
fo r the next four centuries (Hummel, 1978; Piepkorn, 1971).
U nfortu
n a te ly , the teaching o f s p iritu a l g if t s la y dormant again from the
f i f t h century A.D. onwards.
I t was not u n t’ l the P rotestant
4
Reformation th a t the doctrine of the Holy S p i r it and His g if t s was
revived (Walvoord, 1975).
Statement o f the Problem
Studies have been made since 1942 to t r y to measure the psy
chological types proposed by Jung.
Psychometric measures such as the
Gray-W heelwright's Jungian Type Survey (GW) (W heelwright, Wheelwright,
& Beuhler, 1964), Eysenck P ers o n a lity Questionnaires (EPQ) (Eysenck &
Eysenck, 1968), Maudsley P ers o n a lity Inventory (MPI) (Eysenck, 1959),
Minnesota M ultiphasic P ers o n a lity Inventory (MMrl) (Dahlstrom & Welsh,
1972; Hathaway & McKinley, 1967), Omnibus Persona l i t y Inventory (OPI)
(H e is t, McConnell, Webster, & Yonge, 1963), Sixteen P ers o n a lity Factor
Questionnaire (16PF) ( C a t t e l l , Eber & Tatsuoka, 1970), Myers-Briggs
Type In d ic a to r (MBTI) (Briggs & Myers, 1977), and the Singer-Loomis
Inventory o f P ers o n a lity (SLIP) (Singer & Loomis, 1984a [experimental
e d itio n ]) were developed to measure the typology or "psychological
types" of Jung.
Occupational in te r e s t in v en to rie s such as the OAIS;
Opinion,
A ttitu d e , and In te re s t Scales (F ric k e , 1963), Kuder Occupational
In te re s t Survey (Kuder, 1 968), Strong-Campbell In te r est Inventory
( S V IB -S C II) (Campbell & Hansen, 1381) and Lne S e lf-D ire c te d Search
(SDS) (H o lla n d , 1985) are measures to in v e s tig a te the occupational
in te re s ts o f in d iv id u a ls with an exhaustive l i s t o f the occupations
th a t are found in the w orld.
C o rre la tio n a l studies have been c arrie d
out between psychological types and these occupations
(V e ls c r £
Campbell, 1984; Kainz, 1976; P erry, 1975; G aster, 1982; Myers £
McCaulley, 1985; e t a l , ) .
5
B ib lic a l scholars such as Wagner (1 9 7 9 ), Flynn (1 9 7 4 ), McRae
(1 9 7 6 ), and G r if f it h s (1978) have suggested th a t th ere are between 20
and 25 d iffe r e n t s p ir itu a l g if t s id e n tifia b le in the New Testament
(Naden, C ruise, & Cash, 1 982).
Even though instruments have been
developed to measure some o f these s p ir it u a l g i f t s , only The S p iritu a l
G ifts Inventory (SGI) (Naden & C ru ise, 1981) provides "psychometric
r e l i a b i l i t y and v a lid it y data" ( i b i d . , p. 8 ) .
This instrument id e n ti
fie s 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
Ammon ( n .d .) researched the re la tio n s h ip s between the "psycho
lo g ic a l types" and 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s , using the MBTI and the SGI as
instruments w ith a sample o f 42 subjects from an in ta c t group in his
church.
An attempt was made to t r e a t the data s t a t i s t i c a l l y ; however,
the sample size was too sm all.
I t appears, th e re fo re , th a t no s ig n if i
cant study has been attempted to c o rre la te the Jungian psychological
types w ith s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
Hence, in th is study, the Myers-Briggs
Type In d ic a to r (M B TI), which uses the " p rin c ip le o f opposites" of Jung
and his "psychological types" arranged in fo u r preference in d ic e s , is
c o rre la te d with the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s id e n tifie d by the S p iritu a l
G ifts Inventory (S G I).
Purpose o f the Study
The purpose of th is study is to examine the c o rre la tio n
between the Jungian psychological types in d icated by the MyersBriggs Type In d ic a to r (MBTI) and the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s id e n tifie d by
The S p ir itu a l G ifts Inventory (S u l),
in eacn case males and females
are considered sep arately and to g eth er as a group.
This study also
in v e s tig a te s the m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between psychological types,
6
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex w ith each of the 19 s p i r i
tu a l g i f t s .
In a d d itio n , the m u ltip le c o rre la tio n o f each o f the 16
psychological types and the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s is explored.
Theoretical Framework
The Jungian Psychological Types
The theory o f "psychological types," according to Jung, can be
grouped according to the preferences o f perception (P) and judgment (J)
and t h e ir "fu n c tio n -ty p e s ."
There are two functions fo r each o f these
two preferences.
For perception, the two function-typ es are sensing and in tu
itio n .
Sensing (S ) as a function o f perception is useful in th a t i t
gathers the fa c ts o f a s itu a tio n .
One's v is io n and hearing and other
senses t e l l what is a c tu a lly there and happening.
In tu itio n (N) is the
way one perceives "meaning, re la tio n s h ip s and p o s s ib ilitie s th a t are
beyond the reach" o f the senses (Myers, 1980, p. 2 ).
This function
helps to see what one might do in a s itu a tio n .
There are also two "function-types" in judgment.
th in k in g (T) and fe e lin g ( F ) .
They are
Thinking is re fe rre d to as the imper
sonal basis o f choices th a t are made.
I t p red icts the lo g ic a l re s u lt
o f any p a r tic u la r action th a t one may take (Myers, p. 2; Jung, 1923,
pp. 4 8 1 -8 2 ).
Thinking can be defined as the lo g ic a l process d irected
a t an impersonal fin d in g .
Feeling is the function th a t taxes in to
account anything th a t is important to oneself or to o th e rs , and i t
decides on the basis o f personal values w ithout applying lo g ic .
and Myers (1980) defined i t as "a p p re c ia tio n ."
Myers
Myers (1980) fu rth e r
7
added th a t the function o f bestowing on anything "a personal, subjec
tiv e value is fe e lin g " (p . 2 ).
Two preferences also e x is t towards the o rie n ta tio n of the
w orld.
One preference is towards the o rie n ta tio n o f the outer world,
which Jung c a lle d extraversion (E) and the other is i t s opposite, the
o rie n ta tio n towards to the inner w orld, or in tro v ers io n ( I ) .
These are
c a lle d "a ttitu d e -ty p e s " ra th e r than "funetion-types" according to Jung
(1923, p. 3 30 ).
Myers (1980) commented th a t
Jung, who invented the terms, looked upon extraversion and
in tro v ers io n as valuable opposites, which everyone uses but not
with equal ease. E xtraverts tend to be more in te re s te d and com
fo rta b le when they are working a c tiv e ly w ith people or things.
In tro v e rts tend to be in terested and comfortable when t h e ir work
involves ideas and requires a good deal of th e ir a c t iv i t y to take
place q u ie tly inside t h e ir heads,
(p . 6)
Each person is dominant in only one o f the four functions:
th in k in g ,
fe e lin g , sensing, or in tu itio n and only one a ttitu d e -ty p e , thus e ig h t
basic functional types are derived (Table 1 ).
TABLE 1
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF BASIC FUNCTIONAL TYPES
Extraverts with dominant th in kin g (ET)
E xtraverts
with dominant fe e lin g (EF)
E xtraverts
with dominant sensing (ES)
E xtraverts with dominant in tu itio n (EN)
In tro v e rts with dominant
In tro v e rts
with dominant
In tro v e rts
with dominant
In tro v e rts with dominant
thinking (IT )
fe e lin g (IF )
sensing (IS )
in tu itio n (IN )
8
With the above framework Myers and Briggs extended t h e ir
theory in to the MBTI preference indexes:
Extraversion vs. In tro v ers io n
( E l ) ; Sensing vs. In tu itio n (SN); Thinking vs. Feeling (T F ); and Per
ception vs. Judgment (J P ).
Myers-Briggs Jungian types (Myers, 1980)
consider the a u x ilia r y function (o r the second strongest fu n c tio n ) as
w e ll.
Jung did a llu d e to the existence and importance o f these " in fe
r io r functions" as they are sometime c a lle d .
a f t e r he had completed describing his "types."
He mentioned them only
Jung said:
In conjunction w ith the most d iffe r e n tia te d fu n c tio n , another
function of secondary importance, and th e re fo re o f in f e r io r d i f f e
re n tia tio n in consciousness, is constantly present, and is a
r e la t iv e ly determining fa c to r . . . . Experience shows th a t the
secondary function is always one whose nature is d iffe r e n t from,
though not a n ta g o n istic to , trie leading fu n ctio n ; thus, fo r
example, th in k in g , as prim ary fu n c tio n , can re a d ily p a ir w ith
in tu itio n as a u x ilia r y , or indeed e q u ally well w ith sensation, but
. . . never w ith fe e lin g . (Jung, 1923, pp. 513, 515)
When the a u x ilia r y function is taken in to c o n sid e ra tio n , i t
s p lits each of Jung's types in to two making a to ta l o f 16 types.
These
are the types used by Myers-Briggs in tne MBTI (Table 2 ):
TABLE 2
SIXTEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES FROM THE MBTI
ISTJ
ISFJ
INFJ
INTJ
ISTP
ISFP
INFP
INTP
ESTP
ESFP
ENFP
rki—
tl* i I*
ESTJ
ESFJ
ENFJ
ENTJ
I= In tro v e rs io n ; E *Extraversion; S=Sensing; N = In tu itio n ;
F=Feeling; T=Thinking; P=Perception; J=Judgnent.
9
The "P" or the "J" a t the end o f the type indicates whether the per
son's dominant or a u x ilia r y function is perception or judgment.
the person's a ttitu d e -ty p e is e x tra v e rs io n , the
When
"P" a t the end in d i
cates the dominant function as e ith e r "sensing" or " in tu itio n " and when
i t is "J" a t the end, i t in d icates the dominant function as e ith e r
"th in kin g " or " fe e lin g " .
But when the person has an in tro v e rte d
a ttitu d e -ty p e , the "P" or "J" a t the end in d icates the a u x ilia r y
fu n c tio n .
Thus, the dominant fu n c tio n fo r the in tro v e rte d a tt it u d e -
type w ith a "P" a t the end w i ll be "th in kin g " or " fe e lin g ," and w ith a
"J" a t the end, the dominant function w ill be "sensing" or " in tu itio n ."
S p ir itu a l G ifts
Although the m anifestation o f s p ir itu a l g if t s is a phenomenon
o f the Old Testament, the Old Testament has no word fo r " s p ir itu a l
g ift."
The Greek word
" g i f t , " charisma, appears only twice in the
Greek Septuagint (Hummel, 1975, p. 1 19 ). This word appears
to a l a t e r period.
to belong
Even in the m a te ria ls outside o f the B ib le ,
charisma is a rare word.
In the New Testament, the word occursonly
in the w ritin g s o f the Apostle Paul w ith an echo in 1 Pet 4 :1 0 .
Even
in the w ritin g s o f Paul, it s occurrences are found m ainly in Romans and
1 and 2 Corinthians (Conzelmann, 1974; G r i f f i t h s , 1978; Hummel, 1978;
Piepkorn, 1971; P u rkis e r, 1975; Sweet, 1982).
The concept o f s p iritu a l g if t s is not ju s t a theory but a fa c t
stated e x p l i c it ly in the B ib le .
I t is considered here as a th e o ry , not
because tne researcher
doubts it s occurrence but ra th e r the manner of
how and when the g if t s
are bestowed.
10
A s p ir itu a l g i f t is defined as the " a b i l i t y to perform a
s p e c ific m in is try fo r God under the d ire c tio n of the Holy S p ir it "
(Naden, 1982, bk. 1, p. 8 ) .
another.
Everyone is " g ifte d 1’ w ith one ta le n t or
This natural "giftedness" is in h e rite d through the genes, but
i t can be traced back to the p o te n tia l th a t was given to man a t
C reatio n .
Such a g i f t is not the same as a s p ir itu a l g i f t .
Natural
t a le n t is not lo s t a t the time o f conversion; but r a th e r , through the
enabling power o f His S p i r it , i t can increase in e ffe c tiv e n e s s .
In
f a c t , from the moment of commitment to C h ris t, the "natural ta le n t"
becomes the " s p iritu a l g if t " because
The work, once performed to honor s e lf now honors C h ris t; the
g lo ry once taken to s e lf is now d irec te d to Him; the strength once
drawn from persistence and a p p lic a tio n is now immeasurably en
riched by the power o f the Holy S p i r i t ,
( i b i d . , p. 9)
This d istin g u ish in g p o in t between ta le n ts and s p ir itu a l g if t s
and the theology of i t s bestownent is supported by many b ib lic a l scho
la rs ( i . e . , Barnes, 1984, p. 19; Walvoord, 1975, p. 166).
However, there are some who agree with Gangel (1975) th a t the
"Holy S p ir it may choose a t times to give a g i f t l a t e r in one's m inis
try " (p . 1 3 ).
" G ifts
Gee (1972a) echoed Gangers proposition and added,
. . . can be bestowed suddenly a t any p o in t in the b e lie v e r 's
experience" (p . 7 0 ).
This proposition may not be a n tith e tic a l to the
concept o f the scholars stated e a r l i e r , because the previous theology
does accommodate a la t e r bestowment o f s p iritu a l g i f t s a t a time deemed
s u ita b le by God H im self.
However, i t is postulated by th is researcher
th a t i t would be more p la u sib le fo r God to bestow g if t s th a t are
cognizant to the re c ip ie n t.
11
B ib lic a l scholars have id e n tifie d between 20 and 27 separate
s p ir itu a l g if t s
in the New Testament (L a u re n tin , 1978; Naden, 1982;
Wagner, 1979; Wallenkampf, 1978)
Epp l i s t s 11 g if t s
Other authors use a sm aller number:
(1966, 8 1 -9 1 ); R y rie , 14 (1965, pp. 185-191);
Walvoord l i s t s 16 (1975, p. 168); McRae, 16 (1976, p. 8 7 ); and Gangel,
18 (1975, p. 1 1 ).
This study uses the l i s t from The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory
I SGI) (Naden h C ru ise, 1981).
The authors o f th is inventory d e lib e r
a te ly omitted the g if t s o f "h e alin g , m ira c le s , tongues, in te rp re ta tio n
o f tongues, . . . because they are so spectacular or obvious th a t those
who have them do not need help in recognizing them" (p . 9 ) .
Also
because th is inventory is based on the id e n tific a tio n of s p iritu a l
g if t s from the B ib le , i t does not include a b i l i t i e s common among g ifte d
C h ristian s such as music, sin ging, audiovisual production, or o ra tio n .
As the authors purposely stated:
The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory is only useful to those who have
made a s p e c ific s p iritu a l commitment, fo r i t purports to measure
p r o b a b ilitie s in C h ris tia n , not s ec u la r, s e rv ic e . (Naden, Cruise &
Cash, 1982, p. 8)
S ignificance o f the Study
This study rests on two premises:
(1 )
God has given
s p ir i
tual g if t s to every in d iv id u a l, although not a ll have tne same s p i r i
tu al g i f t s ; and (2 )
God made each in d iv id u a l w ith unique ways of
perceiving and judging.
There has been a surge o f in te r e s t in the discovery of s p i r i
tual g if t s
p. 44; )
th a t not
(Adams, 1973, pp. 344-45; McRae, 1976, p. 103; Wagner, 1979,
as c ite d by Joachim (1 9 8 4 ).
The B ible c le a r ly points out
a ll have the same s p iritu a l g if t s :
12
Now there are v a rie tie s o f g i f t s , but the same S p i r it ; and
there are v a r ie tie s o f s e rv ic e , but the same Lord; and there are
v a r ie tie s o f working, but i t is the same God who in sp ires them a ll
in everyone. To each is given the m anifestation o f the S p ir it fo r
the common good. . . .
A ll these are inspired by one and the same
S p i r it , who apportions to each one in d iv id u a lly as He w i ll s . . . .
Are a ll apostles? Are a ll prophets? Are a ll teachers? Do a ll
work m iracles? Do a ll possess g if t s of healing? Do a ll speak
w ith tongues? Do a ll in te rp re t?
(1 Cor 1 2 :4 -1 1 , 2 7 -3 0 )*
Despite th is e x p lic it statement in the B ib le , many church leaders tend
to put th e ir l a i t y in to predetermined molds, expecting them to function
in s p e c ific ways, w ith the hope o f accomplishing the task o f e d ifyin g
the church w ithout recognizing the fa c t th a t a l l may not be equipped to
do so.
The second premise th a t every human being is d iffe r e n t is
derived from the work o f Jung and Myers on psychological types.
Jung's types, Myers (1980) noted th a t people f a l l
a ttitu d e -ty p e s :
e x tra v e rts or in tr o v e r ts .
and make judgments very d if f e r e n t ly .
Using
in to two p re fe re n tia l
These two groups perceive
The question o f "what is the
problem and what s itu a tio n creates such a problem" is "an exercise of
p erception."
The question of how one is going to deal with i t is "an
exercise o f judgment" (p . 2 ).
each in d iv id u a l.
These two are basic "preferences" o f
Although everyone uses these preferences, both are
not used a t the same time with the same in te n s ity o f preference.
As
Myers puts i t :
There is a time to perceive and a time to judge, and many
times when e ith e r a ttitu d e might be a p p ro p riate. Most people fin d
one a ttitu d e more comfortable than the o th e r, fe e l more a t home in
i t , and use i t as often as possible in dealing w ith the outer
world. For example, seme readers are s t i l l fo llo w in g th is expla
nation w ith an open mind; they a re , a t le a s t fo r the moment using
*A11 s c rip tu re quotations are from Revised Standard Version
unless otherwise noted.
13
perception. Other readers have decided by now th a t they agree or
disagree; they are using judgment.
(Myers & Myers, 1980, pp. 8,
9)
Due to these preferences, people respond d if f e r e n t ly in diverse or even
s im ila r s itu a tio n s .
Furthermore, w ith in these broad categories can be
found four fu n c tio n -typ es :
sensing, i n t u it io n , th in k in g , or fe e lin g .
G en era lly , human beings operate in lin e w ith these preferences.
Likew ise, when church leaders f a i i to understand these in d iv i
dual d iffe re n c e s , or when sincere converts or b e lie v e rs have the great
d esire to enhance the "work o f God" w ith in the church w ithout a c le a r
understanding o f t h e ir psychological types and t h e ir s p ir itu a l g i f t s ,
many o f them probably fin d themselves l ik e proverbial square pegs in
round holes.
This often leads to fr u s tr a tio n .
When C h ris tian s have a knowledge o f t h e ir psychological types
coupled with a comprehension o f the kinds o f s p ir itu a l g if t s th a t are
c o rre la te d w ith th e ir types, they can make b e tte r judgments in th e ir
co ntributions to the e d ific a tio n o f the church and in f u l f i l l i n g
the
great commission of Matt 28:19-20.
This study seeks to e stab lis h c o rre la tio n between psychologi
cal types and s p ir itu a l g if t s so as to provide the leaders o f the
church w ith a basis on which to recommend positions in the church and
other in s titu tio n s .
F u rth e r, i t is a n tic ip a te d th a t the re s u lts of
th is study w ill a s s is t the in d iv id u a l C h ris tia n to discover the w ill of
God.
O'Conner (1971) wrote:
We ask to know the w ill o f God w ithout guessing th a t His w ill
is w ritte n in to our very beings. We perceive th a t w ill when we
discern our g i f t s ,
(p . 15)
Also, i t is hoped th a t i t w ill provide a framework w ith in
which to in te rp r e t one's c a l l , since " g ifts are the connection w ith the
14
e ss e n tia l s e lf o f a person, and out o f the discovery o f th is essential
s e l f emerge the ta le n ts th a t give persons unique and a u th e n tic mis
sions" (O’ Connor, 1968, c ite d by R o g illio , 1971, pp. 33, 35, 3 6 ).
Wagner (1979) pointed out th a t:
God does not give g if t s which He does not ' c a l l ' the re c ip ie n t
to use, nor does He c a ll someone to do something fo r Him w ithout
equipping th a t person w ith the necessary g i f t or g if t s to do i t .
(P. 42)
Hypotheses
The follo w in g research hypotheses are form ulated:
Hypothesis 1
Among the male and female respondents, there is a s ig n ific a n t
canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f the Jungian
psychological types in d ica te d by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI—
Extraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs. In t u it io n ; Thinking vs.
F e elin g ; Perception vs. Judgment— and a lin e a r combination o f 19 s p i r i
tu a l g i f t s — a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stle s h ip , discernment, evangelism,
e x h o rta tio n , f a i t h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n ,
knowledge, lead ersh ip , martyrdom, mercy, mission s e rv ic e , pastorin g,
prophecy, teaching, and wisdom— as indicated by the SGI.
Hypothesis 2
Among the male respondents, there is a s ig n ific a n t canonical
c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination of Jungian psychological types
in d ica te d by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a 1 in e a r combina
tio n o f 19 s p iritu a l g if t s in d ica te d by the SGI.
15
H y p o th e s is 3
Among female respondents, there is a s ig n ific a n t
c o rre la tio n
between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psychological types indicated
by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a lin e a r combination o f 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
Hypothesis 4
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f a d m in is tra tio n and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, per
ceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 5
o f apostleship and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 6
o f discernment and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 7
o f evangelism and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
16
H y p o th e s is 8
o f exhortation and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 9
o f fa it h and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 10
o f giving and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 11
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n
of
helps or service and psychological types indicated
between the g if*
by the MBTI,
perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 12
o f h o s p ita lity and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 13
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n
between the g i f t
o f in tercessio n and psychological types indicated bythe MBTI, per
17
H y p o th e s is 14
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n Detween the g i f t
o f knowledge and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 15
o f leadership and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 16
o f martyrdom and psychological types in d icated by the M3TI, perceived
Hypothesis 17
o f mercy and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 18
o f mission service and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hyaothesis 19
o f pastoring and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
18
Hypothesis 20
o f prophecy and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 21
o f teaching and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 22
c f wisdom and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 23
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTJ psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 24
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFJ psychological type
in dicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 25
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTJ psychological type
Hypothesis 27
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTP psychological type
Hypothesis 28
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFP psychological type
Hypothesis 29
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFP psychological type
Hypothesis 30
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTP psychological type
Hypothesis 31
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTP psychological type
in d icated by the MBTI.
20
Hypothesis 32
There 1s a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESFP psychological type
Hypothesis 33
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENFP psychological type
Hypothesis 34
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTP psychological type
Hypothesis 35
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTJ psychological type
Hypothesis 36
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESFJ psychological type
Hypothesis 37
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENFJ psychological type
21
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTJ psychological type
Assumption
I t is assumed in th is study th a t God, through His Holy S p i r it ,
invests each in d ivid u al d if f e r e n t ly w ith a b i li t i e s or enhances the
n atural a b i li t ie s th a t come through h e re d ity fo r the work o f m in is try
w ith in the framework of the church, or any organization in s titu te d fo r
the propagation o f the Gospel.
Such investments are c a lle d s p iritu a l
g ifts .
D e lim ita tio n s o f the Study
The population is d e lim ited to selected college and graduate
students a t Andrews U n iv e rs ity , students a t the Seventh-day Adventist
Theological Seminary, Andrews U n iv e rs ity , e n ro lle d during the spring
q u arter of 1986, and Seventh-day Adventist members from the Beaverton
The sample from among the
seminary students w ill be skewed towards the male.
This study 1s fu rth e r d e lim ite d to the fo llo w in g v a ria b le s :
1.
Index preferences o f the Jungian psychological types as
in dicated by the MBTI— Extraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs.
In t u it io n ; Thinking vs. F eelin g ; Perception vs. Judgment.
2.
Nineteen s p iritu a l g if t s indicated in the SGI—
a d m in is tra tio n , ap o stles h ip , discernment, evangelism, e x h o rta tio n ,
f a i t h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, lead ersh ip ,
22
martyrdom, mercy, mission s e rv ic e , p asto rin g , prophecy, teaching, and
wisdom.
3.
In d ivid u a l data o f personal perception o f s p iritu a l m a tu rity ,
ago, and sex.
The perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity scale is a s e lf-re p o rtin g
instrum ent and th e re fo re re fle c ts a com pletely subjective evaluation o f
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity on a scale o f 1 -9 .
D e fin itio n of Terms
A ttitu d e -ty p e re fe rs to the "p re v a ilin g energy used by the
in d iv id u a l" (Singer & Loomis, 1984a, p. 1 ).
types:
There are two a ttitu d e -
extraversion and in tro v e rs io n .
Canonical c o rre la tio n is a technique considered an expansion
o f the m u ltip le -re g re s s io n a n aly s is .
I t seeks to compare two sets of
v aria b les in order to maximize the c o rre la tio n between t h e ir lin e a r
combinations in the to ta l sample (Tatsuoka, 1971; Levine, 1977).
Energy re fe rs to the psychic energy (o r lib id o ) which is
d ire c te d to some goal in l i f e
(Jung, 1960).
Extraversion re fe rs to "an o rie n ta tio n towards the o b je c tiv e ,
physical world" (Singer & Loomis, 1984a, '
i'
An e x tra v e rt is one who "values the physical world more hig h ly
than h is /h e r inner r e a l i t y .
He/she has a p o s itiv e re la tio n s h ip with
the o b je c tiv e world and finds adaptation to others easy.
The flow of
energy is outward" ( i b i d . , pp. 1, 2 ) .
Extraverted fe e lin g is the type which ra d iates "warmth, good
f e e lin g , and pleasure in human re la tio n s h ip s " and one w ith th is type is
" r e la t iv e ly aware o f one's own fe e lin g s and r e la te to the fe e lin g s , not
23
id eas, o f others" (M etzner, 1979, p. 6 4 ).
E xtraverted in tu itio n is the type who is e n th u s ia s tic in inno
vations and w ith the desire to conceive and perceive " p o s s ib ilit ie s ,
and devising im aginative new ways o f g e ttin g things done" ( i b i d . , p.
6 7 ).
E xtraverted sensing is the type "dominated by aim and desire
to touch, grasp, experience, and p h y s ic a lly act upon one's environment
and the people in i t " w ith a "h ig h ly developed perception o f and memory
o f d e ta ils " ( i b i d . , p. 6 6 ).
Extraverted th in kin g is the type which is in te re s te d in lo g i
cal p rin c ip le s and systems th a t enable one to deal w ith external fa c ts
and data ( i b id . p. 6 3 ).
Feeling is a function process whereby people take in to account
anything th a t matters or is im portant to themselves or to other people,
w ithout re q u irin g th a t i t be lo g ic a l, and make decisions on the basis
o f personal values.
Function-types or functions are defined as the prccesses
whereby a person receives inform ation and processes i t .
functions fo r receivin g inform ation:
There are two
"sensing" and " in t u it in g ."
are also two fo r processing inform ation:
There
"th in k in g " and "fe e lin g "
(S inger & Loomis, 1984a, p. 2 ) .
G if t o f a d m in is tra tio n is defined as the a b i l i t y "to e s ta b lis h
o b jectives and d ire c t a f f a ir s fo r the la rg e r geographic u n its o f the
Lord's work, to promote u n ity and enthusiasm; and to c h e e rfu lly accept
r e s p o n s ib ility fo r decisions made" (Naden, Cruise & Cash, 1982, p. 8 ) .
24
G if t o f apostleship is the a b i l i t y "to ra is e up and organize
congregations; to ordain t h e ir lead ersh ip ; and to define and defend the
fa ith " ( i b i d . ) *
G if t o f discernment is the a b i l i t y "to id e n tify motives in
people's actio n s; the prim ary source o f m o tiv atio n — the Lord or Satan;
and the genuineness of appeals made to the church fa m ily " ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f evangelism is the a b i l i t y "re g u la r and w ith o u t d i f f i
c u lty to lead people to surrender th e ir liv e s to the claims o f Jesus
and to jo in in fe llo w sh ip w ith the church" ( i b i d . , p. 9 ).
G if t o f exh o rtatio n enables one "to express comfort to the
h u rtin g , problem -resolving advice to the tro u b le d , and to present
encouragement and admonition to walk in the ways of the Lord" ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f f a it h is m anifested in one who "has an unwavering
confidence in the promises and providences o f God and w i ll move ahead
implementing plans fo r His kingdom, even when the way is not c le a r"
(ib id .).
G ift of giving is evid en t in a person who "gives c o n s is te n tly ,
generously, and spontaneously to those who need help" ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f help or service is evident in one who "c o n s is te n tly
and h appily gives assistance to any who need assistance" ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f h o s p ita lity is m anifested in one who "reaches out to
o ffe r frie n d s h ip , food, and/or s h e lte r to those who need such a ss is
tance" ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f in tercessio n is evident in one who "prays re g u la rly
and a t some length fo r the s p e c ific needs o f others" ( i b i d . ) .
25
G if t o f knowledge is demonstrated by one who "is comfortable
discovering the B ib le 's teachings— e s p e c ia lly as they re la te to the
plan o f s a lv a tio n — and answering B ible questions" ( i b i d . ) .
G ift o f leadership is the a b i l i t y "to develop and model local
congregational programs o f nurture and outreach; to deal with personal
problems e q u ita b ly ; and to show insights th a t resolve o rg a n izatio n a l
challenges" ( i b i d . ) .
G ift o f martyrdom occurs in one who "is w illin g to la y down
h is /h e r l i f e w ill i n g l y , w ithout fe a r , in order to promote the kingdom
of God" ( i b i d . ) .
G ift o f mercy is evident in one who "has a h ig h ly developed
sense of compassion and w illin g ly m inisters to those in need, including
those considered 'o u tc a s t' by society" ( i b i d . ) .
Gif t o f mission service is demonstrated by a person who "can
leave friends and fa m ily to work in a foreign country, w illin g ly adapt
ing to a new c u ltu re in order to share the gospel" ( i b i d . ) .
G ift o f pastoring is the a b i l i t y to te n d e rly nurture the con
gregation "through preaching, home v is it a t io n , and one-to-one contacts"
( ib id .).
G ift o f prophecy is the a b i l i t y "to speak fo r God, to comfort
and encourage the in q u irin g , the tro u b le d , and the h u rtin g ; and to 9 ive
in s tru c tio n regarding the C h ris tia n 's l i f e and r e s p o n s ib ilitie s "
(ib id .).
G ift o f teaching is demonstrated by one who is able to present
and apply " b ib lic a l teachings and p rin c ip le s in any o f a wide v a r ie ty
o f teaching s ettin g s " ( i b i d . ) .
26
G if t o f wisdom is evident in a person who "is perceptive in
g iving p ra c tic a l counsel to in d ivid u a ls or groups, foreseeing the
probable, p ra c tic a l outcome o f counseled courses o f action " ( i b i d . ) .
In tro v ers io n re fe rs to an o rie n ta tio n towards one's in n e r,
s u b je :tiv e r e a l i t y .
"The world and its events are less important to
one who p refers in tro v e rs io n than his own p riv a te realms" (Singer &
Loomis, 1984a, p. 1 ).
An in tr o v e r t is one who tends to withdraw, valuing the physi
cal world p rim a rily to the e xten t th a t i t supports h is /h e r Inner posi
t io n .
The flow o f energy is inward, from the physical world toward the
in d iv id u a l ( i b i d . ) .
In tro v e rte d fe e lin g is the type hardest to fathom because
those who have th is type have strong "emotions and liv e w ith th e ir
awareness p rim a rily in the emotional realm ."
In tro v e rte d -fe e lin g peo
ple do not reveal th e ir fe e lin g s openly and when they do so, i t is
always "w ithin the safe c ir c le of close fa m ily , frie n d s , or perhaps
re lig io u s organization" ( i b i d . , p. 65).
In tro v e rte d in tu itio n is the type which is innovative and
c r e a tiv e , but more in r e la tio n to the inner world o f ideas and symbols.
One who has th is type is highly "s en s itiv e to sublim inal s tim u li, or
subtle impressions from other planes of consciousness; thus may have
psychic perception and/or p recogn ltive a b ilit y " ( i b i d . , pp. 67 & 6 8 ).
In tro v e rte d sensing
is the type which has the "amazing, a l
most photographic capacity to absorb and r e ta in oeta ile d impressions"
and "perceive and record s u b je c tiv e , inner events and impressions as
w ell as, or b e tte r than, outer fa c ts " .
Introverted-sensing people may
appear to be s ile n t and unusually slow, but base decisions and actions
on accumulated factu al data th a t they have ( i b i d . , p. 6 6 ).
In tro v e rte d th in k in g is the type which is concerned with
theory and conceptual exp la n a tio n .
An in tro v e rte d th in k e r is a
" s c ie n tific or philosophical th e o ris t" who is always "examining the
bscic assumptions or form ulating new abstractions to account fo r
observations" ( i b i d . , p. 5 3 ).
In tu itio n is the percepting function which shows meanings and
re la tio n s h ip s and p o s s ib ilitie s th a t are beyond the reach o f one's
senses.
I t is useful fo r seeing what one might do about a s itu a tio n
(Myers, 1980, p. 2 ).
Judgment re fe rs to the ra tio n a l function which processes
in form ation.
The two judging functions are thinking and fe e lin g
(Singer & Loomis, 1984a, p. 2 ).
Perception re fe rs to the ir r a t io n a l or nonrational function
which receives inform ation.
The two perceiving functions are sensing
and in tu itin g ( i b i d . , p. 3 ).
Sensing re fe rs to the fun ctio n o f using the eyes and ears and
other senses to t e l l one what is a c tu a lly there and a c tu a lly happening.
I t is useful fo r fa c t gathering from a s itu a tio n (Myers, 1980, p. 2 ).
Thinking is defined as
basis
of
cause and e f f e c t .
the way one
decides im personally on the
I t p re d icts
the lo g ica l
r e s u lt o f ar.y
p a r tic u la r action one may take ( i b i d . ) .
O u tlin e o f the Study
Five chapters make upth is study.
in tro d u c tio n , statement o f the
problem, the
Chapter 1 comprises the
purpose o f the study, the
th e o re tic a l framework, the s ig n ific a n c e o f the study, hypotheses,
28
assumptions, d e lim ita tio n s o f the study, d e fin itio n o f term s, and o ut
lin e o f the study.
The review o f lit e r a t u r e is in chapter 2.
two main sections:
I t is divided in to
s p iritu a l g if t s and psychological types.
The f i r s t section includes a b r ie f h is to r ic a l background o f
the study o f s p ir itu a l g i f t s ; a word-study o f s p ir itu a l g if t s as found
in the Old and New Testaments; a comoarison o f the " g ift" o f the S p ir it
and " s p ir itu a l g if t s " ; f r u i t s o f the S p ir it and s p ir itu a l g i f t s ; natu
ral ta le n ts and s p iritu a l g i f t s ; the c la s s ific a tio n o f s p ir itu a l g i f t s ;
and the discovery o f s p iritu a l g i f t s .
The second section involves a b r ie f h is to ric a l
sketch of Carl
Jung; his proposition o f the types; M yers-Briggs' extension of Jung's
types; the b ip o la r ity o f Jungian types; psychological types and the
four humoral types; and psychological types w ith re lig io n and s p ir it u
a lity .
Chapter 3 discusses the methodology, the p o pulation, the pro
cedures follow ed in the c o lle c tio n o f d a ta , instrum entation ( MyersBriggs Type In d ic a to r and The S p ir itu a l G ifts In v en to ry ) , the null
hypotheses, and the s t a t is t ic a l analyses.
Chapter 4 presents the analyses o f the data and chapter 5
presents the summaries, im p lic a tio n s , and recommendations.
Appendices
and a b ib lio g rap h y c o n s titu te the balance o f th is research.
CHAPTER I I
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
S p ir itu a l G ifts
A H is to ric a l Background
o f the Study on S p ir itu a l G ifts
The great in te r e s t in the study o f s p ir it u a l g if t s in the
tw e n tie th century was spearheaded by the phenomenon known as the
ch arism atic movement.
Although modern Pentecostal ism or the
charism atic movement has I t s o rig in near the end o f the nineteenth
century due to the "Holiness Movement" (Kinghorn, 1976), i t became a
form idable force in the m id -tw en tieth cen tu ry.
Not only has i t revived
the Pentecostal churches, 1 t has reached almost a l l the established
churches.
Of th is ris e o f in t e r e s t , P urkiser (1975) wrote:
While C h ris tian s throughout the c en tu rie s have used s p ir itu a l
g i f t s , i t has only been in recen t years th a t the Church has given
much a tte n tio n to th is aspect o f i t s m in is try o f the Holy S p ir it
[and] we have been made more aware o f the Importance o f s p ir itu a l
g if t s by the very confusion and misunderstanding th a t has g rw ii up
around them. (p . 16)
Hence, studies o f the Person o f the Holy S p i r i t , baptism o f the Holy
S p i r i t , and functions o f the Holy S p i r it were c a rrie d out in many
churches in order to curb misunderstanding and confusion.
The word "charism atic" was coined by Max Weber, a n in e te en th century German th e o re tic ia n in the f ie ld s o f economics and sociology.
He used the Greek charisma to describe a p a r tic u la r kind o f a u th o rity
29
30
which was displayed in leaders o f the w orld.
The dynamism o f th is
q u a lity draws others to a "devotion to the s p e c ific and exceptional
s a n c tity , heroism, or exemplary character" (Weber, 1947, pp. 328, 358).
"Charism atic" is used in re lig io u s c irc le s to describe the
phenomena o f the m anifestations o f the g if t s of the Holy S p ir it ; and
fre q u e n tly is used ju s t o f the Neo-Pentecostal movement.
But the g if t s
o f the Holy S p ir it are not to be coveted only by N eo-P entecostalists.
I f they are g if t s o f God, they ought to be fo r a ll who want them fo r
His g lo ry .
The need now is to understand these g if t s and thus
d iffe r e n tia t e them in order to discover and u t i l i z e them in the
m in is try o f tne Church.
Meaning of " S p iritu a l G ifts "
In the Old Testament, several Hebrew words are tra n s la te d
" g ift" or c a rry the idea of " g i f t , "
Thpy are:
eshkar [tra n s la te d
"rew ard"], minchah [tra n s la te d "present" or " o ff e - in g " ], maseth
[tra n s la te d " l i f t i n g up o f a burden"], mattan and mattena [tra n s la te d
" g i f t " ] , nathar. [tra n s la te d " g if t e d " ] , nedeth [tra n s la te d "impure
g i f t " ] , njisseth [tra n s la te d " g if t " or "thing l i f t e d u p "], shochad
[tra n s la te d " b rib e ," "reward," or " b r ib e r y " ], and terumah [tra n s la te d
" g i f t , " " b rib e ," or "thing l i f t e d up"] (Young, 1970), but none of them
c a rrie s the meaning o f " s p ir itu a l g i f t " as expounded in the New
Testament.
B ib lic a l scholars (Hummel, 1978; L aurentin, 1978; Piepkorn,
1971) have agreed th a t " s p ir itu a l g i f t " as used in the New Testament is
not derived from the Old Testament nor any other source.
Ervin (1968)
noted:
The f i r s t thing th a t catches the a tte n tio n o f the student of
the Greek New Testament is the absence o f the word ' g i f t ' in the
31
Greek te x t . . . [a ] fa c t th a t the tra n s la to rs o f the English te x t
have noted by i t a lic i z i n g the word (p . 111).
Furthermore, the word and it s d e riv a tiv e s th a t are used to tra n s la te
" s p iritu a l g ifts " are accepted by scholars to be c le a r ly Pauline theo
logy (Conzelmann, 1974; Feine, Behm, & Kuemmel, 1966; G r i f f i t h s , 1978;
Hummel, 1978; Kaesemann, 1964; Piepkorn, 1971; P u rkis e r, 1975; Sweet,
1982).
Three words w ith th e ir d e riv a tiv e s th a t c a ll fo r the tra n s la
tio n of " s p ir itu a l g i f t " in the New Testament are:
doron, pneumatikos,
and charisma.
Doma, dosis, dorea, dorean, doreomai, dorema share the same
root do as doron (Buchsel, 1964; G r if f i t h s , 1978;
Vorlander, 1976;
Young, 1970) and is derived from the verb didomi meaning "to g iv e".
Doron, dosis, and doma are used to r e fe r to men's (m a te ria l) g ifts
to
one another or of s a c rific e s or g if t s in the form o f money to the
temple (Buchsel, 1964; S e lb ie , 1899).
However, doron was used once in
the New Testament fo r divine g i f t (Eph 2 :8 ; V orlander, 1976, p. 4 1 ).
Dorea seems to be used in a legal context as in the case o f a dowry or
"state awards" or "bequests".
Buchsel (1964, p. 167) noted th a t i t is
found in the Greek Septuagint ( LXX) and often in P h ilo , but in the New
Testament, dorea always denotes the g i f t o f God or C h ris t to men,
though i t never occurs in the Synoptic Gospels.
always im plies the grace of God ( i b i d . ) .
He added th a t i t
Dorean is used e ig h t times in
the New Testament and i t is the adverbial form o f dorea.
Doreomai
ra re ly occurs in the LXX, and i t tra n s la te s the Hebrew word nathan,
which means " g ifts by men to one another" (E st 8 :1 ; Prov 4 :2 ).
32
F in a lly , dgrema used in the NT denotes the d iv in e g i f t to men (Rom
5:16; Jas 1 :1 7 ).
The word pneumatikos in Pauline theology is used to contrast
pneumatikoi (men of the s p i r i t ) and psychikoi (men o f the f le s h ) .
Pneumatikos re fe rs to the men who know God's saving work by v ir tu e of
the S p ir it o f God (Buchsel, 1964).
Thomas (1978) considered the possi
b i l i t y o f tra n s la tin g pneumatikos as " s p ir itu a l g if t s " or more accu
r a te ly " s p ir it s ," or "Holy S p ir it m a n ifes ta tio n s ."
Hummel (1978)
tra n s la te d i t as " s p iritu a ls " and "those who possess s p ir it u a l g ifts "
(p . 127).
Fransen (1971) a ttrib u te d pneumatikos to the idea of
"created grace . . . the whole man . . . t o t a l l y renewed by the g i f t of
the S p ir it " (p . 5 2 ), w hile Neighbour (1974) defined pneumatikos as
" s p e c ific c a p a c itie s . . .
by the Holy S p ir it " (p . 2 1 ).
Walvoord
(1975) suggested th a t pneumatikos d ire c ts "a tte n tio n to the Holy
S p ir it " (p . 164).
G r if f it h s
(1978) stated th a t i t does not mean "spi
r it u a l g i f t " but i t is the d escrip tio n o f a person who is in s p ire d .
Baxter (1983) said th a t ta pneumatika (p lu ra l o f to pneumatikos) ap
p lie s to :
. . . tninns having t h e ir o rig in and harmony in God, to the
purposes o f God, to songs of the Church, to people who walk so as
to please God, to blessings accruing to C h ris tia n s , and to a ll
th a t is produced and maintained among regenerate men by the S p ir it
o f God. . . . Among it s many uses is th a t which describes the
g if t s o f the S p i r it . They are 's p i r i t u a l ' g i f t s .
Thus, they are
g if t s which are not of man, n e ith e r by man, but o f God. (p . 12)
Vine (1966) stated th a t i t always connotes the idea o f " in v i
s i b i l i t y and o f power" and i t is an "a fte r-P e n te co s t" word (p . 6 4 ).
Piepkorn (1971) saw a synonymous re la tio n s h ip between
pnaumatikon and charisma and stated th a t pneumatikos is placed in Rom
1:11 as an a d je c tiv a l m odifer to charisma w ith which i t combines to
33
form the expression charisma pneumatikon which is tra n s la te d " s p ir itu a l
grace" (p. 3 7 1 ).
However, they are not id e n tic a l.
Gee (1 9 7 2 a ), on the
o ther hand, opposed the tra n s la tio n o f pneumatikos as " s p ir itu a l g i f t . "
He is c o rrec t in s ta tin g th a t pneumatikos 1i t e r a l l y means " s p ir it u a l"
not " s p ir itu a l g i f t "
(p . 7 7 ).
He fu rth e r suggested th a t i t is used in
1 Cor 12:1 as a d ir e c t a n tith e s is to charismata in vs. 4 ( i b i d , p. 77,
7 8 ).
Pearson (1973) has a s im ila r explanation by re fe rrin g to
Schmithals' argument on 1 Cor 12:1:
In a ffirm in g the masculine gender fo r ton pneumatikon
Schmithals states th a t Paul never used the term pneumatika in the
sense o f charism ata. He regards th is passage as a re p ly to a
question from the C orinthian congregation as to whether i t were
possible to make in church such an utterance as "Jesus be cursed"
and s t i l l be speaking en pneumati theou. According to Schmithals
such an acclamation was a regular featu re of C orinthian worship,
and indeed served as a type o f confession o f f a i t h , (pp. 47, 48)
Schweitzer (1968) said th a t pneumatika (p lu ra l o f pneumatikos)
is used fo r "the t o t a l i t y o f the g if t s of S p i r it ."
Pneumatikos l i t e r
a l l y means " s p ir itu a l" and only in a p p lic a tio n to " g ifts " when i t
app lies to " s p ir itu a l things" (M o rris , 1966).
However, many
scholars
hold to the view th a t pneumatikos is equated w ith charisma when they
are used to r e fe r to " g if t " or "empowerments given to the Church from
God" (Bultmann, 1952; E l l i s , 1974).
Charisma ( p lu r a l, charism ata) is a verbal noun o f the verb
charizomai meaning "to do something pleasant fo r someone, to be kind,
gracious, or o b lig in g , to ob lig e or g r a t if y someone" when used in
connection w ith men's dealings and i t means "to give graciously" in
connection w ith the d iv in e (E sser, 1976, p. 116).
I t is a rare and
la te word (Conzelmann, 1974, p. 402) which appears in the "preC h ris tia n lit e r a t u r e only in one LXX version" (E sser, 1976, p. 115).
34
Most scholars a ttr ib u te i t to Pauline theology, and i t is used 17 times
in the New Testament.
Sixteen o f these tim es, i t can be found in the
Pauline e p is tle s and once in 1 Pet 4 :1 0 , which presupposes Pauline
theology (Feine, Behm & Kuemmel, 1966).
Charisma means "a g i f t of
grace; a favor which one receives w ithout any m e rit o f his own; . . .
the g i f t o f divine grace" (Thayer, 1889, p. 667).
Charismata is used in 1 Cor 12:4-6 to describe " s p ir itu a l
g ifts " along with two other words:
and energemata (outw orkings).
diakonia (m in is trie s or services)
B it t lin g e r (1967) suggested th a t
charismata denotes the source o f the g i f t which is "divine grace
becoming concrete," diakonia is "the way in which [th e g if t s are to be]
experienced in the church", and energemata is the purpose fo r these
g if t s (pp. 20, 2 1 ).
Hence,
charismata are " s p ir itu a l g ifts " fo r the
in d iv id u a tio n and concretion o f grace in C hristians (Kaesemann, 1964)
so th a t they can perform the fo llo w in g functions:
Caring fo r one
anothpr (1 Cor 1 2 :2 5 ); e stab lis h in g the fa it h o f each member so as to
encourage one another (Rom 1 :1 1 , 1 2 ); equipping the members fo r the
work of m in is try w ith in and w ithout the Church (Eph 4 :1 2 ); e d ifyin g the
Church u n til each in d iv id u a l w ith in i t a tta in s f u l l s p ir itu a l m a tu rity
as to the "measure o f the s ta tu re o f the fulness o f C hrist" (Eph 4 :1 2 ,
1 3 ); promoting "unity" among the membership through " f a ith and know
ledge o f the Son o f God" (Eph 4 :1 3 ); teaching the members so th a t they
can d is tin g u ish the r ig h t from the wrong in doctrines (Eph 4 :1 4 ); and,
speaking in love and tru th fo r s p ir itu a l growth (Eph 4 :1 5 ).
35
G if t o f the S p i r it and S p iritu a l G ifts
S p iritu a l g if t s ( charism ata) are not the same as the " g i f t o f
the Holy S p ir it" (o fte n the word used is doron) because "the g i f t of
the Holy S p ir it" is s alv atio n i t s e l f .
In the sermon o f Peter on the
day o f Pentecost recorded in Acts 2 :3 8 , we read:
And Peter said to them, "Repent and be baptized every one of
you in the name o f Jesus C h ris t fo r the forgiveness of your sins;
and you shall receive the g i f t o f the Holy S p i r i t .
Barnes (1870) commented th a t the " g i f t of the Holy S p i r it here does not
mean his e xtrao rd in ary g i f t s , o r the power o f working m iracles . . . "
(p. 6 5 ).
In explaining th is t e x t , Baxter (1983) said th a t the " g if t of
the Holy S p ir it was now regarded as received in s alv atio n " (p. 2 6 ).
He
supported his proposition by quoting Acts 19:2 in s ta tin g th a t the
C h ris tian s were questioned by Paul in whether they "received the [ g i f t ]
o f the Holy S p ir it when they believed" (in most modern tra n s la tio n s )
and not "since they believed" a«; used in the King James tr a n s la tio n ,
thus implying th a t " i f they had received 'th e g i f t ' they were saved; i f
they had not, they were not saved" ( i b i d . ) .
th a t "the term ' g i f t o f the S p i r i t , '
Unger (1978) commented
th e re fo re , does not re fe r to some
experience subseouent to s a lv a tio n but to s alv atio n i t s e l f "
Bryant (1973) and C risw ell
(p . 135).
(1967) agreed th a t the foundation fo r
receivin g s p iritu a l g if t s is re ce ivin g the " g i f t of the Holy S p ir it " ,
th a t i s , receiving s a lv a tio n .
F ru its o f the S p i r it and S p iritu a l G ifts
" S p iritu a l g if t s " are not the same as the " f r u it s o f the
s p ir it ."
Sanders (1979) distinguished them thus:
A g i f t may be Imparted from w ith o u t, and may remain separate
and d is tin c t . F r u it , however, is not an extraneous addition to a
t r e e , but the issue o f it s l i f e , and is produced from w ith in .
(p . 10)
F ife (1978) conveyed the same idea.
He said:
F r u it is a product of l i f e , and i t is only as the l if e - g iv in g
power o f the Holy S p ir it liv e s f u l l y in us th a t genuine f r u i t w ill
appear in our liv e s . This process o f fr u it-b e a r in g also takes
tim e. A s p ir itu a l g i f t may make i t s presence known im m ediately,
but f r u i t bearing cannot be h u rrie d , (p. 118)
Baxter (1983) added by saying th a t "the presence of s p ir itu a l f r u i t is
a f a r more r e lia b le evidence of s p i r i t u a l i t y than are the g if t s " (p.
4 4 ).
Sweeting (1962) pointed
guarantee s p iritu a l
out th a t "the g if t s o f the S p ir it did not
depth" as was in d ic a tiv e among the Corinthian
C h ristian s (p. 124).
Natural Talents and S p iritu a l G ifts
In understanding the d iffe re n c e s or s im ila r it ie s between natu
ra l ta le n ts and s p ir itu a l g i f t s , four propositions have been suggested.
In one case s p iritu a l g if t s are c le a r ly supernatural and th e re fo re have
no a f f i n i t y with natural ta le n ts (B a rth , 1969; B axter, 1983; Bryant,
1070*
Cl
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1A74.
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u *t/ t n c b b c iy ra v c ,
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Iro n s id e , 1950; Owen, 1971; Pentecost, 1970).
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nuwaru*
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They are bestowed upon
the b e lie v e rs regardless o f whatever natural ta le n ts they have or do
not have.
As Hay (1947) said s u c c in tly :
. . . the lack o f a natural a p titu d e in a b e lie v e r does not
l i m i t the Holy S p ir it in using him as he w i ll s . The S p i r it may
m anifest in him any a b i l i t y which he did not n a tu r a lly possess.
Frequently b e lie v ers with no a p titu d e as speakers have been given
the g i f t o f preaching in one form or another and have been g r e a tly
used by the S p i r it , (p . 179)
There i s , however, a v a ria tio n o f th is n otion, although natu
ra l ta le n ts and s p iritu a l g if t s are s t i l l
held d is t in c t ly d if f e r e n t .
O rja la (1978) is one who held th a t s p ir itu a l g if t s are d iffe r e n t from
V
natural ta le n ts , but he added th a t "they may be re la te d 1' (p . 3 4 ).
Neighbour (1974) and Purkiser (1975) also support th is notion.
Many of
these scholars would agree th a t there is a p o s s ib ility to "c h ris
tia n iz e " natural ta le n ts , making them in to s p ir itu a l g if t s (E rv in ,
1968; Kinghorn, 1976; Laurentin, 1978; G r i f f i t h s , 1978).
According tc another view s p ir itu a l g if t s are e s s e n tia lly the
same as natural ta le n ts a t a c e rta in p oint in tim e— natural ta le n ts
become s p ir itu a l g if t s a t conversion— in th a t the process o f redemption
" r e d ire c ts , in te n s ifie s and v iv if ie s " these natural ta le n ts in to
(B a rn e tte , 1965; G r i f f i t h s , 1978; L in d s e ll, 1975;
Mains, 1971; Schweizer, 1961; S c o tt, 1958; S to tt , 1964; Walvoord,
1975).
Naden (1982) said:
From the moment o f commitment, what was once "n a tu ra l" becomes
" s p ir it u a l" ; the work once performed to honor s e lf now honors
C h ris t; the g lo ry once taken to s e lf is now directed to Him; and
the strength once drawn from persistence and a p p lic a tio n is now
immeasurably enriched by the power o f the Holy S p i r it , (p . 9)
A th ir d view sees s p ir itu a l g i f t s as in c lu s iv e o f the superna
tu ra l a b i l i t i e s
such as the g i f t o f tongues, in te rp re ta tio n o f tongues,
h e a lin g , e t c ., as w ell as natural ta le n ts such as the a b i l i t i e s o f
a d m in is tra tio n , lead ersh ip , teaching, speaking, s e rv ic e , e tc . (Bennett,
1979; Kaesemann, 1964; Kung, 1965; Naden, 1982; C a rte r, 1974; White,
1941).
As Naden said:
. . . a s p iritu a l g i f t m in is try is serving o th e rs , using one's
DEDICATED ta le n ts or g if t s a t the d ire c tio n o f the S p i r i t , and
through His enabling power. These g if t s and ta le n ts may in clu d e,
(1 ) a b i l i t i e s possessed from b ir th and/or (2 ) those bestowed a t or
a f t e r the New B irth a t the d ire c tio n o f the Holy S p i r i t .
In
e ith e r case th is recognizes the o rig in a l source o f every g i f t — our
generous God. (p . 9)
There are others who see a developmental process involved in
s p ir itu a l g i f t s , although they have equated these g if t s to be the same
38
as natural ta le n ts .
Pentecost quotes Ryrie as saying th a t "the Holy
S p i r it is sovereign in the giving o f g ifts " but y e t " s e lf-p re p a ra tio n "
and "time" is needed fo r the "developing [ o f ] th a t g i f t "
1971, p. 2 8 ).
(P entecost,
Some have established the p o in t th a t natural ta le n ts
become s p ir itu a l g i f t s a t the reception o f the " g i f t o f the Holy
S p ir it "
(L a u re n tin , 1978; Naden, 1982; Walvoord, 1975).
Very l i k e l y a t
th is p o in t, s p ir itu a l g if t s are being m anifested in m in is try , but i t
would be d i f f i c u l t to present em pirical evidence th a t natural ta le n ts
have become s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
A fo u rth proposition states th a t s p ir itu a l g if t s are not the
same as natural ta le n t s , though they may be s im ila r a t times to natural
ta le n ts .
They are " la te n t p o te n tia lit ie s " (Synder, 1973) given by God
a t b ir th (Barnes, 1984, p. 1 9 ), as is the case w ith natural ta le n ts ,
but they are d irec te d fo r the purposes of higher goals when the Holy
S p i r it c a lls them fo rth from laten c y .
these g if t s
Gangel (1975) believed th a t
"may be la t e n t , w aitin g fo r a c tiv a tio n " (p , 1 3 ).
This w ill
l i k e l y account fo r s im ila r it ie s and d iffe re n c e s between s p ir itu a l
g i f t s and natural ta le n ts because they may be la te n t and may never be
c a lle d u n til the "watering" o f the Holy S p i r it takes place.
This
accounts f o r «.ne reason " s p iritu a l g ifts " may re q u ire "time" [as c ite d
by Pentecost (1 9 7 0 )] to develop; w h ile , a t other tim e s, they are
e xh ib ite d spontaneously in in d iv id u a ls w ithout any previous evidence o f
t h e ir presence.
Gangel (1975) and Gee (1972a) wrote th a t s p ir itu a l g if t s can
be "bestowed" [m anifested] suddenly a t any p oint in the b e lie v e r's
experience.
This may even occur in the liv e s o f those who have not
become "b e lie v ers " per se, but whose liv e s have been honest and who are
39
d e f in it e ly under the influence o f the Holy S p i r i t .
F u rth e r, one may
wonder why “s p ir it u a l g ifts " were manifested in the liv e s o f the
"immature" b e lie v ers a t Corinth and in C h ris tia n communities with many
c o n flic ts (Gee, 1972b)— these can be accounted fo r i f s p ir itu a l g ifts
are lik e natural ta le n ts , la te n t u n til used tnrough the Holy S p ir it as
He w ills .
Therefo re, the d iffe re n c e between natural ta le n ts and s p ir i
tu al g if t s lie s in the source o f m o tiv atio n .
With natural ta le n ts , an
in d ivid u a l may or may not decide to develop them; th e ir growth corres
ponds with the p h y s ic a l, m ental, and emotional growth o f the in d iv i
du al.
However, the development o f s p iritu a l g if t s is a r e s u lt of the
power of the Holy S p ir it .
The C la s s ific a tio n o f S p iritu a l G ifts
In the New Testament, four main l i s t s of s p iritu a l g if t s are
given in (a ) 1 Cor 1 2 :8 -1 0 , (b) 1 Cor 12:28, (c ) Rom 1 2 :6 -8 , and (d)
Eph 4 :1 1.
From the study o f these li s t s and other m anifestations of
g i f t s , B ib lic a l scholars have come up with 20 to 27 g if t s (B a x te r,
1983; la u re n tin , 1978; Naden, 1982; Wagner, 1979; Wallenkampf, 1978).
Other authors use a sm aller number:
Epp l i s t s 11 g if t s (1966, pp. 81-
9 1 ); R yrie, 14 (1965, pp. 185-191); Walvoord l i s t s 16 (1975, p. 168);
McRae, also 16 (1976, p. 8 7 ); and Gangel, 18 (1975, p. 11).
D iffe r e n t schemes o f c la s s ific a tio n s are also proposed.
Sanders (1979) categorized the g if t s according to those which q u a lifie d
the re c ip ie n ts fo r m in is try and those which equipped the re c ip ie n ts to
render services o f p ra c tic a l nature (p . 110).
Barnes (1984) organized
s p ir itu a l g if t s according to g if t s of m in is try and miraculous g ifts
40
(pp. 2 1 -2 4 ).
categories:
Pentecost (1970) also c la s s ifie d the g if t s in to two
permanent and temporary (p . 166).
Gee (1 9 72 a ), Bloch-
Hoell (1 9 64 ), and Graber (1947) held th a t some g if t s are only seen in
the New Testament and were meant fo r the Apostolic Era— these are the
temporary g i f t s .
However, they may occur in the New Testament forms
today (Graber, 1947, pp. 2 5 -5 5 ).
Therefore, the temporary g ifts are
those which are manifested fo r the purpose o f the New Testament era and
the permanent g if t s are those which extend t i l l
today in the same New
Testament forms (Kaesemann, 1964, pp. 204-205).
Others organized the l i s t of g if t s in tr ia d s .
Stover (1962)
c la s s ife d g if t s in terms o f g if t s th a t meet the needs o f the soul,
body, and s p i r i t (p . 4 9 ); Ford (1977) spoke o f speaking g i f t s , service
g i f t s , and sign g if t s
(p . 8 2 ); Baird lis t e d them as teaching g i f t s ,
supernatural g i f t s , and communication g if t s (c ite d by MacGorman, 1974,
pp. 3 4 -3 5 ); Baxter (1983) c a lle d his l i s t " f u l f i l l i n g s e rv a n t-,
s e rv ic e -, s e rv in g -g ifts " ; (p p .171-230); Beet's (1883) l i s t includes:
in te lle c tu a l g i f t s , miraculous g i f t s , and the g if t s connected with
tongues (p. 215); and MacGorman (1974) c ite s Findlay as categorizing
g if t s o f the s p i r i t working through the mind, s p i r i t working in d is
tin c tio n from the mind, and the " s p ir it working in supercession o f the
mind" (p . 3 4 ).
MacGorman him self used a fo u rfo ld c a te g o riza tio n o f the g if t s :
g if t s o f u ttera n c e, o f power, o f s p iritu a l discernment, and o f e c s ta tic
utterance (p. 3 5 ).
Others ranked the g if t s w ithout r e a lly going into
any d e sc rip tiv e c a te g o riza tio n (Hummel, 1978; P ic k fo rd , 1969).
This study used the l i s t from The S p ir itu a l G ifts Inventory
( SGI) (Naden & C ruise, 1981).
The authors of th is inventory
41
d e lib e r a te ly omitted the g ifts o f "h e alin g , m ira c le s , tongues,
in te rp re ta tio n o f tongues . . . "
because they are so spectacular or
obvious th a t they "hardly need to be tested by an instrument" ( i b i d . ,
p. 8)
Hence, the authors have c la s s ifie d t h e ir l i s t according to
"spectacular s ig n -g ifts " ( i b i d . ) and " g ifts o f service" (Naden, 1982,
p. 9 ) .
The l i s t of g if t s in the SGI are:
A d m in is tratio n , apo stlesh ip ,
discernment, evangelism, e x h o rta tio n , f a i t h , g iv in g , helps,
h o s p ita lity , in te rce s sio n , knowledge, lead ersh ip , martyrdom, mercy,
m issionary, pastorin g, prophecy, teaching and wisdom (Naden & C ruise,
1981, p. 8 ) .
There is no attem pt to rank these g if t s in terms o f
importance, but a t s p e c ific tim es, one g i f t may be o f more importance
as compared w ith another due to the need fo r a s p e c ific g i f t a t th a t
time (Naden, 1982, pp. 9 -1 0 ).
This is in agreement w ith P ic k fo rd 's
thoughts:
There is a sequence, but i t is time sequence, in which such
g if t s appeared in the church in accordance with the d iv in e purpose;
and one g i f t gives place to another as th a t purpose is f u l f i l l e d .
(P ic k fo rd , 1969, p. 6)
The Discovery o f S p ir itu a l G ifts
Webb (1883) said th a t each one is given some g if t s and a ll are
arranged by God.
The Holy S p ir it can teach what these spec ia l y iftS
are and aid in t h e ir development so th a t they can be manifested (p.
3 2 ).
Baxter (1983) and Pentecost (1970) would agree w ith Webb in
saying th a t i t is God's plan th a t one is to be aware o f God's g i f t to
o n e se lf.
However, not a l l agree on the question o f the
s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
d is c o v e ry
of
Some deny the need to id e n tify one's s p ir itu a l g if t s .
Wagner (1979) mentioned th a t Gene G etz, professor a t D allas Theological
42
Seminary and the founding pastor o f the dynamic Fellowship B ible
Church, had e a r lie r stated th a t the discovery o f s p ir itu a l g if t s was of
g re a t importance.
However, a t a l a t e r tim e , he changed his p o s itio n .
Such a discovery, he then purported, is unnecessary because o f:
the
confusion which had occurred among C h ris tian s due to misunderstanding
o f the g i f t theology; r a tio n a liz a tio n leading to fix e d a tte n tio n on
supposed g if t s and neglecting other b ib lic a l r e s p o n s ib ilitie s ; and
s e lf-d e c e p tio n among the s o -c alle d " s p i r i t - f i l l e d "
in d iv id u a ls , when in
a c t u a lit y they did not possess th a t s p e c ific g i f t a t a ll
(pp. 4 5 -4 9 ).
He added th a t i t had dawned on him th a t the three g i f t chapters [1 Cor
12, Rom 12, and Eph 4 ] had no exh o rtatio n fo r C hristian s to "look fo r
o r t r y to discover th e ir s p iritu a l g i f t or g ifts " (G e tz, 1976, p. 9 ).
In s p ite o f the stated problems, many scholars see th a t g i f t
discovery is an in te g ra l p a rt o f the C h ris tia n l i f e .
Wagner (1979)
said th a t g i f t discovery should be "top D r io r ity " and McRae (1976) saw
i t as a way o f perceiving God's w i l l .
Baxter (1 9 8 3 ), Gangel (1 9 7 5 ),
Murphy (1 9 7 5 ), Purkiser (1 9 7 5 ), R o g illio (1 9 7 1 ), Schramm (1 9 8 2 ),
T idw ell (1 9 8 2 ), and
Yohn (1974) emphasized th a t i t is both e ss e n tial
and possible to discover one's g i f t s .
Baxter (1983) proposed six steps in g i f t discovery:
Put the
Lord f i r s t in one's l i f e ; put emphuiis on God's w ill fo r one's l i f e ;
know the B ib le ; ask God to reveal the g i f t s ; expect confirm ation from
o th e rs ; and be prepared to face r e s p o n s ib ility (pp. 6 7 -7 4 ).
Gangel (1975) suggested fo u r guiding questions:
enjoy doing?
What has God been blessing?
What has the Holy S p ir it to ld you? (p . 1 3 ).
w ith three other questions:
What do you
Have others encouraged you?
Laurentin (1978) came up
How competent am I in the area noted as
43
giftedness?
Do opp o rtu n ities open fo r me to exercise th is g ift?
my e ffo r ts helping others? (p . 1 12 ).
Are
Along s im ila r lin es o f thought,
Wagner recommended fiv e propositions fo r g i f t discovery:
Explore the
ta le n ts and gifted n ess; experiment w ith them; examine one's fe e lin g s ;
evaluate one's e ffe c tiv e n e s s ; and expect confirm ation from the body o f
C h ris t (p . 7 4 ).
Regardless of whether one has one g i f t or a c lu s te r, one must
recognize as Pache (1957) said:
members o r organs.
In the body, there are no useless
In the Body o f C h ris t, each b e lie v e r receives a
g i f t to c arry out the function a llo te d to him (p. 182).
Bryant (1973)
asserted:
S p ir itu a l g if t s are not to be considered from an egocentric
p o in t o f view, i . e . , in terms of what they do fo r the in d iv id u a l.
Rather they are to be considered from an e c c le s ia lo g ic a l p o in t o f
view , i . e . , in terms o f what they do fo r the Church, the body of
C h ris t, (p . 66)
Psychological Types
A Biographical Sketch o f C. G. Jung
Carl Gustav Jung, the son of a Reformed Pastor Johann Paul
A c h ille s Jung (1842-1896) and Emile nee Preiswerk (1848-1923), was born
in Kessw il, S w itzerlan d , on J u ly 26, 1875, and educated in Basel.
in te r e s t focussed in four f ie ld s :
archaeology.
His
science, h is to ry , philosophy, and
Archaeology was the f i r s t to be elim inated because i t was
not o ffere d in Basel U n iv e rs ity .
Science was chosen, but a f t e r a tte n d
ing some classes i t dawned on him th a t he could take medical s tu d ies.
Even in the f i e l d o f medicine, s p e c ia liz a tio n was s t i l l to be decided.
He was in te res te d in surgery and in te rn a l medicine, but e v e n tu a lly they
were also abandoned due to the lack o f funds.
44
In 1900, w hile reading a textbook on psychiatry by K r a fft Ebing in preparation fo r his fin a l examinations, the f i r s t chapter
struck him and he decided th a t psychiatry would be his destined f i e l d .
At age 24 he s ta rted his career as an a s s is ta n t a t the B urgholzli
Mental C lin ic and the P sych iatric C lin ic o f Zurich U n iv e rs ity , under
the d ire c to rs h ip of Eugen B le u le r, famous fo r his treatm ent o f psy
choses and his development o f the concept of schizophrenia.
The
w ritin g s by Freud and Breuer on h y s te ria , published in the 1890s, and
Freud’ s The In te rp re ta tio n o f Dreams which appeared in 1900; also
impacted his th in k in g .
He said th a t Freud's book is a "fount of
illu m in a tio n " fo r young p s y c h ia tris ts (c ite d by Hall £ Nordby, 1973).
In 1902, word association research began and in the publica
tio n o f the Association Tests and papers re la te d to them, he became
well-known.
This earned fo r him many in v ita tio n s to le c tu re abroad as
well as an honorary degree from C lark U n iv e rs ity , Massachusetts, in
1909.
In 1903 he married Emma Rauschenbach (1 8 8< M 95 5 ), his c o lla
borator in research and w ritin g u n til her death.
Together they
raised a fa m ily o f fiv e c h ild re n — four daughters and a son.
The year
he m a rrie d , he re-read Freud's The In te rp re ta tio n o f Dreams and th is
resulted in his lif e - lo n g research on dreams, "the most im portant
source o f inform ation concerning the unconscious processes" (R o llin s ,
1983, p. i x ) .
He follow ed Freud's w ritin g s v ery c lo s e ly and sent him copies
of his a r t ic le s and his f i r s t book, The Psychology of Dementia Praecox
(1 9 0 7 ), in which he upheld the Freudian viewpoint but w ith some re s e r
v atio n .
He and Freud corresponded on a weekly basis and both were
45
in v ite d to speak at Clark U n iv e rs ity , Massachusetts, in 1909.
When the
In te rn a tio n a l Congress o f Psychoanalysis was founded, Freud in s is te d
th a t Jung be i t s p re sid e n t.
Due to a complex turn o f events, Jung's
re la tio n s h ip with Freud was broken, and he calle d his own work
"A n a lytica l Psychology" ra th e r than "Psychoanalysis."
The break w ith Freud seemed to have a g re at impact on Jung,
because there was no p u b lica tio n fo r 3 years.
But a f t e r th is dormancy
p e rio d , he became i n t e lle c t u a lly a c tiv e again and wrote one o f his
fin e s t books, The Psychological Types, published in 1921.
In th is
volume, he not only discussed his d iffe re n ce s w ith Freud and with
A d le r, another psychoanalyst who broke with Freud, but more im portantly
he described a taxonomy o f p e rs o n a lity types which he c a lle d "psycholo
g ic al types"— including the famous d is tin c tio n s between extraversion
and in tro v e rs io n , judgment and perception, thinking and fe e lin g , and
sensing and in t u it io n , which are the types c o rrela te d in th is study.
His s c ie n tific work, his wide in te r e s ts , his p r o l i f i c
w ritin g s , and his readiness to exchange ideas w ith others made him a
leading p e rs o n a lity in in te rn a tio n a l research in the f i e l d o f psycho
lo gy.
In 1936 he was awarded an honorary degree o f science by Harvard
U n iv e rs ity and, in 1938, an honorary D.Sc. by Oxford U n iv e rs ity (the
f i r s t psychologist ever to receive such an honor in England), and an
honorary doctorate from the U n iv e rs ity of Geneva in 1945.
In 1944, he
founded the c h a ir o f medical psychology a t his alma m ater, Basel
U n iv e rs ity .
As Fordham (1953) put i t :
The story o f Jung's development and career is , however, not so
much o f a man c o lle c tin g honours and f i l l i n g im portant posts, but
46
o f an o rig in a l mind and fo rc e fu l p e rs o n a lity , forging its own way,
avoiding the w ell-trodden paths, and paying only the minimum due
the established conventions.
. . . but what struck one most
about him was his humanity and k in d lin e s s , his l i v e l y in te re s t in
a host o f th in g s , and the continuing v i t a l i t y o f his unique
p e rs o n a lity , (pp. 13-14)
In 1957 he published his la s t book, The Undiscovered S e lf .
in 1961, but two other works appeared posthumously:
He died
Memories, Dreams,
R eflectio n s and "Approaching the Unconscious" in Man and His Symbols.
Jung and Psychological Types
In the e a r ly tw entieth c entury, due to the in tro d u ctio n of
psychoanalysis, people l ik e Freud, A d ler, S u lliv a n e t a l . seemed to
b e lie v e th a t people werefundam entally a lik e .
men's drives were sexual
Freud said th a t a ll
in o rie n ta tio n and th is "sexual in s tin c t" was
the m otivator o f a ll human behavior (Freud, 1957, pp. 113, 118-122).
Adler re fle c te d Freud's view:, in his e a rly thought th a t men's persona
l i t i e s were motivated by " in s tin c ts and d riv e s ."
However, there came a
p artin g o f the ways when he denied the "constant p rin c ip le " o f Freud
and Helmholtz (A d le r, 1964a, p. 47; 1956, pp. 3 0, 38; Jones, 1953, p.
4 1 ).
He maintained th a t people were a lik e , though the i n i t ia t in g
d riv e s , he contended, were not "sexual in s tin c ts " but "c re a tiv e power"
(A d le r, 1964b, p. 219).
Nevertheless, the basic idea was very s im ila r
to the " in s tin c t" proposition o f Freud.
In 1919, Jung adapted the P lato nic-A ugustinian term "arche
type" to account fo r the
expressions o f the psyche.
Freud and Adler th a t people were a lik e .
He disagreed w ith
He said th a t they were
d iffe r e n t in fundamental ways even though they had "the same m ultitu d e
o f in s tin c ts " (which he c a lle d archetypes), "which d rive from w ith in "
(Jung, 1923, p. 3 76 ).
One in s tin c t was no more important than another.
47
The important fa c to r was the preference o f "functions" ( i b i d . , p. 4 5 1 ).
These p re fe rre d functions Jung c a lle d "psychological types" ( i b i d . , pp.
482, 481).
The "type" theory which o rig in a te d w ith Hippocrates was the
four-temperament humoral theory.
Empedocles declared the number "four"
a canonical number (Joachim, 1984, p. 38, quoting Ir w in , 1947, pp. 4564; Roback, 1952, pp. 4 1 -4 2 ).
fou r types:
Hippocrates' proposition included the
c h o le ric , phlegm atic, m elancholic, and sanguine. In the
modern e ra , Adickes (1907) said th a t man was divided into fo u r types:
dogmatic, agnostic, t r a d it io n a l, and in n o v ativ e .
Kretschmer's tempera
ment types (1925) determined th a t abnormal behavior was very s im ila r to
the four types proposed by Adickes:
c h o lic , and hypomanic.
mistaken g o a ls."
In 1920, Adler (1956) spoke about the "four
That same y ea r, Spranger (1928) proposed the four
human values th a t set people ap art:
and a r t i s t i c .
types" theory.
h y p ere s th e tic, a n e s th e tic , melan
r e lig io u s , th e o r e tic , economic,
At about the same tim e, Jung proposed his "psychological
He saw the number "four" as the " p riv ile g e d alchemical
number" re p re s e n ta tiv e o f the "four functions o f consciousness" (Jung,
1963, pp. 2 1 0 -2 1 7 ).
Combining th is w ith the " p rin c ip le o f opposites,"
he theorized the "psychological types."
Myers-Brlggs' Extension o f
Jungian Psychological Types
By 1930, "dynamic psychology" and "behaviorism" had replaced
"temperaments" or "psychological types" th e o rie s .
In the 1920s, by
coincidence, Katherine C. Briggs read Jung's Psychological Types.
She
discovered th a t Jung's types were a more extensive c a te g o riza tio n o f
the human p e rs o n a lity than her own proposition about which she had
48
w ritte n e a r lie r in unpublished research.
The fo u r types she proposed
f e l l n e a tly in to the c a te g o riza tio n o f the "psychological types" of
Jung.
L a te r, together w ith her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, Briggs
theorized the 16 Myers-Briggs types.
These 16 types were a c tu a lly the
Jungian psychological types categorized more p re c is e ly .
About the same
tim e , a resurgence o f in te r e s t in temperamental types based on the
Hippocrates' proposition also occurred.
Myers and Briggs developed the
Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r Types which b a s ic a lly indicated the Jungian
psychological types.
The theory o f Jung's psychological types is
described in chapter 1.
The JP preference index in the MBTI is the
extension o f Jung's theory on the types.
is dominant or a u x ilia r y ( i . e . ,
In determining what function
secondary), th is index is u t i li z e d .
Myers and MaCaulley (1985) described the two uses o f the JP preference
i ndex:
F i r s t , i t describes id e n tifia b le a ttitu d e s and behaviors to
the outside w orld.
Second, i t is used in conjunction with E l, to
id e n tify which o f the two preferred functions is the leading or
dominant function and which is a u x ilia r y , (p . 13)
Hence, th is suggests th a t the JP preference index w ill be indicated
d if f e r e n t ly fo r e x tra v e rts and in tr o v e rts .
JP preference index
r e fle c ts only the a ttitu d e function used in dealing w ith the behaviors
to the outside w orld.
Since the e x tra v e rt's dominant a ttitu d e function
is preference fo r the outside w orld, the JP preference is to be read as
i t is from the p r o file indicated by the MBTI.
For example, i f an
e x tr a v e rt's type ends in J (Judgment), the dominant process is a
judging one, e ith e r T (Thinking) or F (F e e lin g ).
I f the type ends in P
(P e rc e p tio n ), the dominant process is a perceptive one, e ith e r S
(Sensing) or N ( I n t u i t in g ) .
49
But fo r the in tr o v e r t , the exact opposite is tru e .
The in tro
v e r t's dominant process is not shown on the JP preference index because
the in tro v e r t does not p re fe r the a ttitu d e function of the outside
w orld.
The J (Judgment) or P (P erception) in the type r e fle c ts the
a u x ilia r y instead o f the dominant fu n c tio n .
Therefore, i f an in tr o
v e r t 's type ends in J (Judgment), the dominant process is a perceptive
one, S (Sensing) or N ( I n t u i t i n g ) .
I f the type ends in P (P e rc e p tio n ),
the dominant process is a judging one, T (Thinking) or F (F e e lin g ).
The 16 types from the theory o f Myers-Briggs as indicated in chapter 1
are set out in Table 3.
The dominant function is underlined.
TABLE 3
SIXTEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
WITH DOMINANT FUNCTIONS INDICATED
ISTJ
ISFJ
INFJ
INTJ
ISTP
ISFP
INFP
INTP
ESTP
ESFP
ENFP
ENTP
ESTJ
ESFJ
ENFJ
ENTJ
I= In tro v e rs io n ; E»Extraversion; S=Sensing; N = In tu itio n ;
F=Feeling; T*Thinking; P*Perception; J*Judgment
The B ip o la r ity o f Jungian
Psychologic?! Types
Some Jungian th e o ris ts accepted the c a te g o riza tio n o f Jung on
the types but they questioned the b ip o la r framework o f the theory.
J a r r e tt (1972) said:
50
What I am asking, o f course, is whether the opposites must
(even though they obviously commonly do) exclude each o th e r.
Is
i t simply a psychological fa c t th a t fe e lin g must be s e t aside in
order to th in k c le a r ly — and so on? (p. 325)
These questionings led researchers to te s t the b ip o la r ity o f the
theo ry.
Cook (1969) who used the Q-sorts o f items concluded th a t
in tro v e rs io n -e x tra v e rs io n appeared to be a geniunely b ip o la r continuum,
but the other four functions were not.
Eysenck and Eysenck (1 9 6 9 ),
Loomis and Singer (1 9 8 0 ), and Metzner, Burney and Mahlberg (1981) also
questioned the b ip o la r ity theory o f the Jungian types.
Subsequently,
Metzner, Burney and Mahlberg (1981) proposed a 1 2 -fo ld revised typology
instead o f the 8 - fo ld as suggested by Jung.
However, in the theories
and research by Cook (1969) and Eysenck and Eysenck (1 9 6 9 ), the
b ip o la r ity of the e x tra v e rs io n -in tro v e rs io n continuum was e v id e n t.
Thus f a r c r it ic s have not been able to substantiate a ffir m a tiv e ly th a t
the other functions are not b ip o la r.
Psychological Types and
Humoral (Emotional) Types
Metzner (1979) said th a t " c la s s ific a tio n o f human temperaments
based on body f lu id s , the 'hum ors,1 . . .
is considered the most
im portant aspects o f his character" (p . 3 7 ).
The term describing the
four temperaments a r c - . f . v e d from these "humors" and they are:
the
c h o le ric — fla sh in g hot temper, the m elancholic— su llen depressiveness,
the phlegmatic— unemotional calm, and the sanguine— c h e e rfu lly optim is
tic
(ib id .).
The most obvious psychological type th a t can be c o rre
la te d is the e xtrav e rted fe e lin g type w ith the sanguine, since the
sanguine ra d ia te "warmth, good fe e lin g , and pleasure in human r e la tio n
ships. . . . [and] are r e la t iv e ly aware o f t h e ir own fe e lin g s ar.d
51
r e la te to the fe e lin g s , not the ideas, o f others" ( i b i d . , p. 6 4 ).
In the research o f Joachim (1984) on the re la tio n s h ip between
the fo u r humoral types and 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s , he discovered th a t
sanguine was the one temperament th a t was s ig n if ic a n tly re la te d to the
g if t s o f adm in istratio n and leadership in a general C h ris tia n
population (pp. 109-113).
Theory o f psychological types suggests th a t
the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g type (EF) is s im ila r to the sanguine type
(K elsey, 1976).
Through the research and theory one may hypothesize
th a t the ext*- v erted -th in kin g type may be re la te d to the g if t s o f
a d m in is tra tio n and leadersh ip.
Psychological Types with
R eligion and S p i r it u a l i t y
Research has been conducted in c o rre la tin g the Jungian psycho
lo g ic a l types w ith occupations such as counseling supervisors (Beck,
1 97 3 ), psychotherapists (Braun, 1971), a r t is t s (B u rt, 1968), teachers
(C a rly n , 1976; DeNovellis & Lawrence, 1983; Lawrence, 1982), managers
( D i e t l , 1980; Evered, 1973; G aster, 1982),
educational adm in istrators
(F re d e ric k , 1 975), a rc h ite c ts (H a ll & MacKinnon, 1969), engineers and
engineering managers (Hay, 1964), mathematicians (He!son, 1971; Helson
& C r u tc h fie ld , 1970); psychologists (P e rry , 1975), and others (Laney,
1949; also see Myers & McCaulley, 1985, pp. 77-93; 189-203; Stone,
1978).
Research in education, learning s ty le s and other p e rs o n a lity
measures have been popular fo r the la s t 30 years (Myers & Myers, 1980,
p. x i; see Myers & McCaulley, 1985; and Lawrence, 1982).
Clarke (1983) theorized th a t there are c e rta in types o f
prayers fo r c e rta in psychological types.
prayers:
He categorized 3 forms of
The sensing form which includes vocal p ra ye r, "prayer o f
52
simple regard" ( i . e . , prayer on accepting the presence o f the d iv in e ) ,
the s ile n t prayer and group prayer (pp. 6 64 -6 6 6); the in tu itin g form
which includes m e d itativ e prayer and spontaneous prayer (p p .6 66 -6 7 0);
and the th in k in g form which includes prayer w ith the deep searching o f
the S criptures (pp. 6 70 -6 7 2).
tio n o f types and prayers.
Page (1981) proposed a fu rth e r d e lib e ra
His c a te g o riz a tio n is :
Extraversion—
corporate prayer; in tro v e rs io n — p riv a te p rayer; sensing— prayers th a t
req u ire the use o f the senses such as eyes, nose, hands, mouth
(agreeing w ith Clarke on the m e d ita tiv e type o f p ra y e rs ); in t u it io n —
i n t u it iv e prayer; th in k in g — c o g n itiv e p rayer; fe e lin g — a ffe c tiv e pra
y e r: judgment— planned prayer; and p erception— spontaneous or
unplanned p rayer.
He fu rth e r aadeo th a t such categories w ill suggest
the fo llo w in g natural s p ir itu a l path: e xtra v e rs io n — a c tio n ;
in tro v e rs io n — r e fle c tio n ; sensing— s e rv ic e ; in t u it io n — awareness;
th in k in g — knowledge, feel in a— devotion; judgment— d is c ip l in e ; and
perception— spontaneity. Bryant (1 9 8 3 a ), G rant, Thompson and Clarke
(1 9 8 3 ), Kelsey (1968, 1976, 1 982), and Repicky (1981) concur w ith Page.
As Fourez (1972) said:
Remembering the categories o f p e rs o n a litie s proposed by Jung,
we can see th a t a good communal c e le b ra tio n w ill t r y to provide a
v a r ie ty o f symbols so th a t each type o f person can fin d something
to which to r e la te : there must be s ile n c e fo r the fe e le r s , some
v is io n fo r the in t u it lv e s , something to understand fo r the th in k
e rs , and something to do fo r the "pragm atists", (p . 148)
The only person who has equal development of a l l f a c t io n s
Jesus C h ris t, said Sanford (1 9 7 0 ).
is
He theorized th a t "ordinary man" is
conditioned by a " h is to r ic a lly conditioned m e n ta lity and psychology
which, to a larg e degree, in e v ita b ly determine" one's in s ig h ts ,
influence one's id eas, and shape one's p e rs o n a lity (p. 3 6 ).
However,
53
such conditioning is not evident in Jesus C h ris t.
"The p e rs o n a lity and
the teachings o f Jesus are not in h e rite d from the c o lle c tiv e s p i r i t of
his tim e , but stand out in c ontrast to i t "
(ib id .).
Research on re lig io u s preferences in r e la tio n to psychological
types has also been conducted.
Harbaugh (1 9 8 4 ), in his study, in fe rre d
th a t ENFJ ty p ifie d those in the m in is try .
Holsworth (1984) studied 146
C atholic college seminarians o f the S t. Meinrad Seminary College and
noted the s h if t o f NT-types in older c le rg y to the NF-types in the
younger clergy=
He submitted:
This s h i f t , e m p iric a lly seen as a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n ific a n t
loss in in te r e s t measures o f "social reform er" and "s ch o la r,"
[ t y p if ie d by T -ty p e ], would seem a ttr ib u ta b le to a change m ti.e
p e rs o n a lity constructs o f the two groups. The o ld e r c le rg y — from
whom one would expect a c le a r e r , more s ta b le preference s tru c
tu re — s t a t i s t i c a l l y favor those name in te re s ts th a t younger clergy
and Seminarians are less l i k e l y to fa v o r. This would suggest a
higher proportion o f NT types in the o ld e r c le rg y . The in te rp e r
sonal, fe e lin g orien ted F's among the younger c le rg y and
Seminarians may well herald a changing church—more p a s to ra l!y
o rie n te d , (p. 35)
In a broader study o f church types, Carskadon 0.981) and
Gerhardt (1983) discovered in separate research th a t the more lib e r a l
re lig io u s preference group yielded more in tu itin g types (N) than
sensing types (S ).
Carskadon (1981) concluded:
. . . conservative, fundam entalist re lig io n s have a g re a te r pro
portion o f sensing types than do r e la t i v e l y more lib e r a l re lig io n s
or groups o f nonbelievers, p a r t ic u la r ly among persons w ith f a i r l y
strong preferences as to t h e ir psychological types. . . . as the
more fundamental re lig io n s take a much more concrete, l i t e r a l
approach to the Bible and it s teachings, which would be natural
fo r S 's , w h ile the more lib e r a l re lig io n s take things less l i t e
r a l l y and more s ym b o lic ally , emphasizing more the broader im plica
tio n s of C h ris tia n teachings and allow ing room fo r more possi
b i l i t i e s in t h e ir in te rp re ta tio n s — an approach l i k e l y to have more
appeal to N 's . (p . 77)
54
Summary
The m anifestation of s p iritu a l g if t s is a phenomena of the Old
Testament but the word used to tra n s la te " s p ir itu a l g i f t " ( charisma) is
due to Pauline term inology and theology.
S p ir it " denotes the g i f t o f s a lv a tio n .
The phrase "the g i f t of the
I t is not the same as " s p ir i
tu a l g i f t s , " but the foundation o f the m anifestation o f s p iritu a l g ifts
is the reception of the " g i f t o f toe S p ir it ."
Likew ise, the f r u i t of
the s p i r i t is not the Same as " s p ir itu a l g ifts " although both are
m anifestations o f the presence o f the Holy S p ir it in a C h ris tia n 's
life .
" S p iritu a l g ifts " meet s p e c ific needs fo r service in the church
and community, but the " fr u its o f the S p ir it " are evidence o f a
C h ris tia n 's growing s p i r i t u a l i t y .
There have been various propositions fo r d iffe r e n tia tin g
s p ir itu a l g if t s and natural ta le n ts but no consensus has been reached.
However, a ll agree th a t such g if t s which may have an a f f i n i t y to natu
ra l ta le n ts are manifested only in "born-again" C h ris tia n s .
S im ila rly ,
no consensus has been reached concerning a c la s s ific a tio n of these
g i f t s , but i t is g e n e ra lly believed th a t every C h ris tia n has a t le a s t
one g i f t fu r service in the church and/or community.
agreement on the need fo r g i f t discovery.
There has been no
Those who see the need fo r
the discovery o f s p ir itu a l g ifts recognize i t as an urgent in te g ral
p a rt o f the C h ris tia n s p i r i t u a l i t y .
I t is "top p r io r ity " in order to
understand the w ill o f God.
Psychological types have been c o rrela te d w ith many p e rso n a lity
th e o re tic a l form ulations and vocations.
However, there is s t i l l a need
fo r c o rre la tio n a l studies in s p i r i t u a l i t y and r e lig io n .
Theorists
recognize th a t psychological types c o rre la te with re lig io u s phenomena
55
such as p rayer, conversion, and symbolism (B ry a n t, 1983b; Gleason,
1981; Kelsey, 1976, 1982; and Sanford, 1970).
Cabral (1 9 8 4 ), Carskadon
(1 9 8 1 ), Gerhardt (1 9 8 3 ), Harbaugh (1 9 8 4 ), and Holsworth (1984) are
other researchers who have discovered c o rre la tio n between some
perspectives o f the theory o f psychological types w ith r e lig io n and
s p ir itu a lity .
CHAPTER I I I
METHODOLOGY
Type o f Study
This study has u t i l i z e d a canonical c o rre la tio n and m u ltip le
regression s t a t is t ic a l design to determine whether a re la tio n s h ip
e x is ts between psychological types, s p ir it u a l g i f t s , and other personal
fa c to rs such as age, sex, and personal perception o f s p ir itu a l matu
rity .
The preference indices taken as a s e t c o n s titu te the f i r s t set
o f v a ria b le s .
Nineteen s p ir it u a l n l f t s , also taken as a s e t, c o n s ti
tu te the second set o f v a ria b le s .
Sex, age, and personal perception of
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity are the oth er v a ria b le s to be considered.
The ages considered 1n th is study range between 18 and 60 (the
ty p ic a l age range among students a t Andrews U n iv e rs ity ).
Personal
perception o f s p ir it u a l m a tu rity was in d ic a te d on a scale o f 1 to 9
w ith the fo llo w in g d iv is io n s :
Lew s p ir it u a l m a tu rity (1 - 3 ) ; average
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity (4 - 6 ); and high s p ir it u a l m a tu rity ( 7 - 9 ) .
Population and Sample
The population o f th is study consisted o f selected undergra
duate and graduate students o f Andrews U n iv e rs ity ; students o f the
Seventh-day A dventist Theological Seminary, Andrews U n iv e rs ity , en
r o lle d during the spring q u a rte r o f 1986; and 42 members from the
faeaverton Seventh-day A dventist Church, Oregon.
S t r a t if ie d random
56
57
sampling was employed in s e le c tin g subjects fo r the study from among
the undergraduate, graduate, and seminary students.
A l i s t •">* under
graduate, graduate, and seminary classes was obtained, from which a
random s ele ctio n o f 10 undergraduate classes and 15 graduate and
seminary classes was made.
In a d d itio n , data c o lle c te d from a previous
study w ith an in ta c t group of the Beaverton Seventh-day Adventist
Church was included.
The sample s ize was planned according to Maurice K endall's
recommendation in M u ltiv a ria te Analysis (1975) to have "at le a s t ten
times as many observations as v a ria b le s " (p . 1 1).
Since there are four
preference indices o f the Jungian psychological types, IS s p ir itu a l
g i f t s , the personal perception o f s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex, the
fo llo w in g formula y ie ld s 260 subjects per group:
(19 + 4 + 3) x 10 = 260.
In order to be more confident o f the s t a b ili t y of the c o rre la tio n
m a trix , a la rg e r sample was sought, approaching 15 times as many obser
vations as v a ria b le s , i . e . :
(19+4+3)
x 15 = 390 subjects.
Hence, i t was planned th a t the sample o f th is study would to ta l 400 to
450 subjects.
Instrum entation
To measure the Jungian psychological types and the 19 s p i r i
tu a l g i f t s , i t t?as necessary to s e le c t appropriate instrum ents.
such instruments were u t iliz e d in th is study:
Two
The Myers-Briggs Type
In d ic a to r ( MBTI) by Katharine C. Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers (1 9 7 7 ),
and The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory ( SGI) by Roy C. Naden and Robert J.
58
Cruise (1 5 8 1 ).
The respondents were also requested to f i l l
sonal data form containing the fo llo w in g inform ation: Year
in a per
o f b ir t h ,
sex, race or n a tio n a lity , and the perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity on a
scale o f 1-9 (1 being the lowest and9 being the h ig h e s t). The per
sonal data sheet appears in Appendix
A.
Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r
Formation
Before Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs developed the MBTI,
they studied Jung's Psychological Types thoroughly and observed fo r
more than 20 years "type preferences" in people.
theory and observations, questions were generated.
Drawing from th e ir
Myers and McCaulley
(1985) said:
Questions were sought not so much fo r meaning as fo r in d ica
tin g the basic preference th a t influences the respondent to give
it.
They were d irected to seemingly simple surface behaviors in
the hope th a t they would provide r e lia b le clues to the complex and
profound patterns o f behavior th a t could not otherwise be reached
in a s e lf-r e p o r t instrum ent, (p . 141)
Hence, the questions generated were to evoke intended re a c tio n s .
Based
on the theory o f dichotomy, questions were presented in forced-choice
fo*m at.
Myers and McCaulley (1985) explained the ra tio n a le fo r th is
form at:
A ll questions o ffe r choices between the poles o f the same
preference, E or I , S o r N, T or F , J or P. (No questions cut
across p re feren ces.)
ine forced-choice format was required be
cause both poles o f a preference are valu a b le. The aim was to
determine which o f two valuable or useful behaviors or a ttitu d e s
is p re fe rre d , (p. 141)
59
"The i n i t i a l questions were tested on a small c r it e r io n group
o f about 20 r e la tiv e s and frie n d s " whose types were c le a r ly evident to
Myers and Briggs (p . 142).
Between 1942-1977 the instrument underwent
refinem ent and re stan d a rd iza tio n , from Form A through Form G.
research u t iliz e d Form G of the MBTI.
This
I t s standardization was based on
1,114 males and 1,111 females, grades 4 through 12 in three public
schools in Bethesda, Maryland, and in fo u r p riv a te schools in
P h ila d e lp h ia , Pennsylvania.
Form G was published in 1977, w ith a
m odified TF scale o f Form F.
R e lia b ilit y
A v a r ie ty o f s t a t is t ic a l procedures have been used to measure
the in te rn a l consistency r e l i a b i l i t y estim ates o f the type-category
scores and the continuous scores.
S trie k e r and Ross (1963) and Webb
(1964) reported an approach u t i l i z in g the lower-bound estimates of
r e l i a b i l i t y w ith Guttman's procedures and in C arlyn's e v a lu a tio n , such
estimates are "not very inform ative w ithout corresponding upper-bound
estim ates" (C a rly n , 1977, p. 4 6 5 ).
Myers and McCauilcy (1985) reported
the estim ated s p l it - h a lf r e l i a b i l i t i e s by c a lc u la tin g te tra c h o ric cor
r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts and applying the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula
c o rre c tio n .
The te tra c h o ric c o e ffic ie n ts have been reported fo r the
type-category scores as ranging from .74 to .92 ( E l ) . .77 to .89 (SN),
.66 to .90 (T F ), and .76 to .93 (J P ).
The in te rn a l consistency of
continuous scores based on c o e ffic ie n t alpha ranges from .74 to .83
( E l ) , .74 to .85 (SN), .64 to .82 (T F ), and .78 to .34 (J P ).
In
summarizing the findings of the in te rn a l consistency r e l i a b i l i t y e s t i
mates, Myers and McCaulley (1985) said:
60
. . . the estimates o f in te rn a l consistency r e l i a b i l i t i e s fo r
continuous scores o f the four MBTI scales are acceptable fo r most
a d u lt samples. The r e l i a b i l i t i e s are adequate, i f somewhat low er,
fo r younger samples, and fo r other populations o f persons who can
be considered to be performing a t lower le v e ls o f achievement or
type development, (p . 169)
T e s t-r e te s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s o f scales and subscales and c o n ti
nuous scores were also conducted.
Wright (1966) gave the MBTI to 94
elem entary teachers and repeated the te s t 6 years l a t e r .
Sixty-one
percent of the teachers remained in the same category on a ll four
scales.
Carskadon (1 9 7 7 ), Levy, Murphy, J r . and Carlson (1 9 7 2 ),
McCarley and Carskadon (1 9 8 3 ), and S trie k e r & Ross (1964) stated th a t
the t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s are s a tis fa c to r y .
V a lid it y
The v a l i d i t y o f the MBTI is determined by how well i t can
measure the re la tio n s h ip s and th e o re tic a l constructs o f Jung's typolo
gy.
Three types of v a l i d i t y are examined:
Construct v a l i d i t y , content
v a l i d i t y , and p re d ic tiv e v a lid it y .
Construct v a l i d i t y
Cohen, Cohen, and Cross (1981) compared the preferences in d i
cated by the MBTI with the perceptions held by the subject (using
Behavioral S tyles Inventory [B S I] Form S ), the measure o f perceptions
o f t h e ir ideal selves (using BSI Form I ) , and perceptions by th e ir
spouses (using BSI Form M).
S lig h t p o s itiv e to
moderate negative
agreement occurred between the MBTI and the BSI Form I .
However, when
the Kappa c o e ffic ie n ts (c o e ffic ie n ts o f agreement fo r nominal data)
were used in comparing the scales o f the MBTI w ith the BSI Form M
s ig n ific a n t p o s itiv e values re s u lte d :
E - I , Kappa = .7 0 , p < .001;
61
T -F , Kappa = .7 8 , p < .001; S-N, Kappa = .4 3 , p < .0 1 .
Only the J-P
scale was not s ig n ific a n t.
Using fa c to r a n a ly s is , Madison, W ilder and Suddiford (1 9 6 3 ),
Russ (1 9 6 6 ), and Saunders (1960) have found s ig n ific a n t loadings on the
d iffe r e n t fa c to rs , thus supporting the v a l i d i t y o f the constructs.
Carlyn (1977) in her evaluation o f the construct v a lid it y o f the MBTI
s ta te s :
. . . the in d ivid u a l scales o f the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r
measure im portant dimensions of p e rs o n a lity whicn seem to be qu ite
s im ila r to those postulated by Jung. . . . The In d ic a to r appears
to be a reasonably v a lid instrument which is p o te n tia lly useful
fo r a v a rie ty o f purposes, (p . 471)
Content v a l i d i t y
S trie k e r and Ross (1962) studied the item content and discovered
th a t the S-N and T-F scales were consistent w ith the th eo ry, but the EI and J-P scales did not measure the intended th e o re tic a l constructs.
Bradway (1964) asked 28 Jungian analysts to c la s s ify themselves accord
ing to the E - I , S-N, and T-F type categories and then take the MBTI.
In comparison w ith the two methods o f ty p in g , there was 100* agreement
on E -I c la s s if ic a tio n , 68* agreement on S-N c la s s if ic a tio n , 61* agree
ment on T-F c la s s if ic a tio n , and 43* agreement on a ll
three dimensions.
S trie k e r and Ross (1964) c o rre la te d the MBTI w ith the GrayW heelwright's Jungian Type Survey ( GW) using a sample o f 47 male c o l
lege students.
The two E -I scales e xh ib ite d a .79 c o r r e la tio n , the S-N
s ca le s , a .58 c o r re la tio n , and the T-F s ca les , a .60 c o r r e la tio n , a t
the 0.01 le v e l o f s ig n ific a n c e .
This lends support to Myers' conten
tio n th a t both te s ts r e f le c t the same basic Jungian content r e a l i t i e s .
62
P re d ic tiv e v a lid it y
Evaluating the p re d ic tiv e v a l i d i t y , Carlyn (1977) quoted four
studies (Conary, 1965; Goldschmid, 1967; Saunders, 1957; and S tr ie k e r ,
Schiffman & Ross, 1965)
d ic tiv e v a lid it y .
He in fe rre d th a t the MBTI has moderate pre
He fu rth e r suggested th a t a d d itio n al studies are
needed i f the instrument is to be used to help make decisions about
people (p . 469).
Since the above e v a lu a tio n , many c o rre la tio n a l stu
dies have been done to te s t the p re d ic tiv e v a lid it y o f the instrum ent.
Myers and McCaulley (1985) gave an example of the p re d ic tiv e v a lid it y :
Isabel Myers' medical sample provides an example o f long-term
p re d ic tio n o f type d iffe re n c e s . She followed up her lo n g itu d in a l
sample o f 5,355 medical students over a decade from admission to
medical school and found s p e c ia lty choices s ig n if ic a n tly in the
d ire c tio n s predicted by type th e o ry . McCaulley (1977) followed up
the sample a decade la t e r and found th a t those who changed spe
c ia l t y s ig n if ic a n tly more often moved to s p e c ia ltie s appropriate
fo r th e ir types; . . . (p . 223)
The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory
Formation
I t was assumed in the development of the SGI th a t i t woulu be
possible fo r C h ristian s to answer questions regarding past service
experiences th a t would approximate areas of high p r o b a b ility of s p i r i
tu a l g ifte d n e s s.
Then, w ith the help o f someone who has the appro
p r ia te knowledge, a s s is t in g i f t discovery in s p ite of the fa c t th a t a
respondent may not have adequate knowledge o f the New Testament
precedents fo r s p ir itu a l g i f t s (Naden, Cruise 4 Cash, 1982, p. 1 0 ).
T h e refo re, in the construction o f the SGI, 140 statements were formu
la te d (7 fo r each o f 20 s p ir itu a l g i f t s ) .
Due to resistance on the
p a rt o f respondents in answering questions on c e lib a c y , th is g i f t was
e lim in ated from the l i s t o f g if t s considered in th is inven to ry.
The
63
r e s u lt was a 133-item instrum ent.
This 133-item instrument was admin
is te re d to 1,876 subjects, y ie ld in g 1,766 usable re tu rn s .
Using item
and fa c to r analyses, the number o f items was f i n a l l y reduced to 57 (3
per g i f t ) on the present form o f the SGI used in th is research.
Addi
tio n a l subjects who completed the SGI yielded a to ta l o f 2,078 usable
returns ( i b i d , p . 11).
The SGI was published in 1981.
In it s published form, i t has
three pages o f inventory statements (pp. 3, 5 , 7 ).
the in s tru c tio n s to evaluate the responses.
Page 9 comprises
Page 11 is the scoring
sheet; page 10 provides space fo r noting the g if t s with the highest
scores and the personal p r o b a b ility o f s p ir itu a l gifted n ess.
This is
intended fo r discussion and fu rth e r study o* the S criptures regarding
The instrument is s e lf-s c o rin g and may be completed in
approxim ately 15 minutes.
The subjects are encouraged to give a spon
taneous reaction based on t h e ir in c lin a tio n to perform tasks given the
o pportunity and means, and not e xc lu s iv e ly on contemporary experience.
R e l ia b i l i t y
The in te rn a l consistency r e l i a b i l i t y using the alpha c o e f fi
c ie n t ranges from .435 to .7 8 3 , w ith the s p iritu a l g i f t o f helps as the
lowest and the s p iritu a l g i f t o f mission service as the highest.
r e te s t r e l i a b i l i t y measurement was used.
T e st-
The SGI was administered to
61 subjects tw ic e, with a 10- to 30-day in te rv a l between te s tin g s .
The
group r e l i a b i l i t y c o e ffic ie n ts ( i . e . , taking the 3 items in d ic a tin g the
same g i f t as a group) are found in Table 4 ( i b i d . , p. 18):
64
TABLE 4
GROUP RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF
19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS
GROUP RELIABILITY
COEFFICIENT
SPIRITUAL GIFT
A dm inistration
Apostlesnip
Discernment
Evangel ism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Know!edge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wi sdom
.850
.839
.697
.844
.695
.762
.780
.664
.772
.693
.760
.758
.827
.793
.840
.798
.790
.878
.777
V a lid ity
Face v a l i d i t y was c arrie d out in a tw o -p art study.
A panel of
experts was shown the SGI and asked to id e n tify which o f the 19 g if t s
was measured by each item .
A second panel was shown the SGI and to ld
the g i f t which each item was supposed to measure.
Naden e t a l . (1982)
described the procedure as follow s:
H a lf o f the suggested lab els were randomly lis te d in e r ro r .
Through a s p l i t sample, each item was tested e q u ally w ith c o rre c t
and in c o rre c t la b e ls . The subjects were asked whether or not they
concurred w ith the designation, (p . 11)
The f i r s t p a rt o f the study yielded questions on 24 items which were
due p rim a rily to d e fin itio n s o f several g i f t s .
The second p a rt o f the
65
study yielded c o e ffic ie n ts o f agreement th a t ranged from .61 to 1.00.
C r ite r io n -r e la te d v a l i d i t y was f i r s t examined through the
d is s e rta tio n o f Joachim (1 9 8 4 ), where he in fe rre d th a t leadership is
not the same as a d m in is tra tio n .
He said th a t "ad m in istratio n is essen
t i a l l y a g i f t o f the sanguine temperament, and leadership th a t o f the
c h o leric" (p . 113).
r e la te d .
The g if t s o f helps and h o s p ita lity also are not
"Helps goes e s s e n tia lly with the c h o le ric temperament and
h o s p ita lity w ith the sanguine type" (pp. 113, 114).
Procedures fo r C o lle c tin g Oata
On March 31, 1986, a form requesting permission
to c a rry out
surveys w ith a cross-section o f the students a t Andrews U n iv e rs ity was
signed by the researcher's d is s e rta tio n chairman, the Dean o f the
Graduate School and the Dean o f Student A f f a ir s .
(See Appendix A .)
The researcher took th is a u th o riza tio n form to the U n iv e rs ity
In s titu tio n a l Research o ffic e to request a l i s t o f a l l the under
graduate, graduate, and seminary classes w ith the names o f the teachers
and the number o f students in the c la s s , during the spring q u a rte r,
1986.
The undergraduate classes with 15 or more students in the class
were randomly numbered and 10 classes were randomly selected.
S im ila r ly , the graduate and seminary classes with 10 or more students
were randomly numbered, and 15 classes were randomly sele cted .
The
teachers o f the classes were approached fo r permission to adm inister
the questionnaires in th e ir classes.
Three methods were used.
fiv e minutes
o f the class time to
Permission was requested to take
explain the two instruments (the MBTI
and the SGI) and the personal data sheet, and then allow
the students
66
to take home and f i l l
next class perio d.
out the questionnaires and bring them back the
Or, permission was requested to spend 30 to 40
minutes o f class time in adm inistering the questionnaires and c o l
le c tin g them a t the end o f the p e rio d .
did not meet
O r, in classes where students
on a re g u la r b a s is , the students were approached in d i
v id u a lly to f i l l
out the questionnaires in t h e ir own homes, and the
researcher c o lle c te d them from th e ir homes.
Out o f the 25 classes sele cted , 23 classes were used.
The
classes responding to the a d m in is tra tio n o f the questionnaires were:
B ib lic a l Preaching (th re e c la s s e s ), Church Leadership and
A d m in istratio n , Concepts of F itn e s s, Developmental Psychology and L if e Span, D is s e rta tio n — Th.D. and D.Min. from the Seminary and Ph.D. from
the Graduate School, Human Physiology, In tro d u c tio n to Chem istry, L ife
and Teachings o f Jesus, Managerial Economics and Decision Modules,
Marriage Dynamics and Growth, Master Planning Education F a c i l i t i e s ,
Pastoral Counseling, Philosophy fo r Education, Preparation fo r Mission
S ervice, Professional Ethics fo r Counselors, Typing I , Typing IV ,
Seminar (A d m in is tra tio n ), and Sociology o f Education.
Copies o f the personal data sheet
were sent to the pastor of
the Beaverton Seventh-day A dventist Church, Oregon, to be adm inistered
to the members o f the church, whose data on the Myers-Briggs Type
In d ic a to r and the S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory had been c o lle c te d pre
v io u s ly .
Out o f the 42 members who responded, 32 f a l l w ith in the age
group considered in th is study.
They also f i l l e d out the perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity scale in the personal data sheet.
67
Hypotheses and S ta tis t ic a l Analysis
For the purpose o f s t a t is t ic a l analysis the hypotheses are
stated here in the null form.
Hypothesis 1
Among the male and female respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t
canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psycholo
g ical types indicated by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI— E xtraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs. In tu itio n ; Thinking vs. Feeling;
Perception vs. Judgment— and a 1in e ar combination o f 19 s p iritu a l
g i f t s — a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stlesh ip , discernment, evangelism, exhorta
tio n , f a it h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, le a
dership, martyrdom, mercy, mission s e rv ic e , pasto rin g , prophecy,
teaching, and wisdom— as in d ica te d by the SGI.
Hypothesis 2
Among the male respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t canonical
c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psychological types
ind icated by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a lin e a r combina
tio n o f 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
Hypothesis 3
Among female respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t
c o rre la tio n
by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a lin e a r combination of 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
68
Hypothesis 4
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f adm in istration and psycnological types indicated by the MBTI, per
ceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 5
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 6
o f discernment and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 7
Hypothesis 8
o f exhortation and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 9
o f fa ith and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
69
Hypothesis 10
o f g iving and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
sp iritu al
m aturity,
age, and sex.
Hypothesis 11
o f helps (o r serv ice ) and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
Hypothesis 12
o f h o s p ita lity and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 13
o f in tercessio n and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, per
Hypothesis 14
o f knowledge and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 15
o f leadership and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
70
o f martyrdom and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 17
o f mercy and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 18
o f mission service and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
Hypothesis 19
o f pastoring and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 20
o f prophecy and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 21
o f teaching and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
71
o f wisdom and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
Hypothesis 23
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTJ psychological type
Hypothesis 24
s p ir it u a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFJ psychological type
Hypothesis 25
s p ir itu a l g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFJ psychological type
Hypothesis 26
s p ir itu a l g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTJ psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI and the 19 s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
Hypothesis 27
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTP psychological type
72
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFP psychological type
Hypothesis 29
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFP psychological type
Hypothesis 30
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTP psychological type
Hypothesis 31
Hypothesis 32
Hypothesis 33
73
mere is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p iritu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTP psychological type
Hypothesis 35
s p iritu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTJ psychological type
Hypothesis 36
Hypothesis 37
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENFJ psychological type
Hypothesis 38
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTG psychological type
indicated by the MBTI and the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
The f i r s t three hypotheses were tested by canonical an aly s is .
For each of the null hypotheses, one set o f v a ria b le s was the 19
s p ir itu a l g ifts measured by ^ e SGI and the second set was the 4Preference Indices indicated by the MBTI.
The next 19 hypotheses were
tested with the m u ltip i e-regression stepwise analysis and a ll possible
74
subsets regression.
The la s t 16 hypotheses were tested w ith the step
wise regression a n a ly s is .
From hypotheses 4 -2 2 , each o f the s p iritu a l
g if t s in d icated by the SGI was taken as a dependent v a ria b le with the
4-P reference Indices indicated by the MBTI, age, sex and the perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity as independent v a ria b le s .
For the remaining hypo
theses, each o f the c la s s ific a tio n s o f the 16 types in d icated by MBTI
was taken as the dependent v a ria b le and the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s as
independent v a ria b le s , disregarding the personal data.
The s t a t is t ic a l treatm ent of data was done on the Xerox Sigma
6 Computer a t Andrews U n iv e rs ity Computing Center and s t a t is t ic a l
programs from the Computer L ib ra ry were used.
The data f i l e
included
scores o f the 4-Preference Indices from the MBTI, scores on each of the
19 s p iritu a l g if t s of the SGI, age, sex, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity ,
and the 16 psychological types.
Summary
This chapter has presented the research design and methodology
of a possible canonical c o rre la tio n between psychological types and 19
s p ir itu a l g i f t s , m u ltip le regression o f each of the 19 s p iritu a l g ifts
w ith psychological types and the personal d a ta , and m u ltip le regression
o f each o f the 16 psychological types with the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
The
Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory used in
th is study were described.
Procedures for s ele ctin g the sample, gath
erin g the d a ta , and performing the s t a t is t ic a l analyses were also
exp lained.
T h ir ty -e ig h t hypotheses in t h e ir null form were s ta te d .
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter presents the analyses o f the data concerning the
c o rre la tio n o f the Jungian psychological types and 19 s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The data are presented w ith the appropriate s t a t is t ic a l analyses and a
discussion of the r e s u lt in the order o f the hypotheses presented in
chapters 1 and 3.
Subjects Used in This Study
The subjects in th is study were undergraduate and graduate
students o f Andrews U n iv e rs ity , B errien Springs, Michigan; seminary
students o f the Theological Seminary, Andrews U n iv e rs ity , e n ro lle d
during the spring q u a rte r o f 1986; and members o f the Beaverton
Four hundred and f i f t y
sets o f
instrum ents, including personal data sheets w ith the perceived s p i r i
tu a l m a tu rity s c a le , were adm inistered to the students in 23 classes
using the three methods discussed in chapter 3.
subjects responded producing 398 usable re tu rn s .
Four hundred and two
Forty-tw o question
naires (th e personal data sheets w ith the perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity
s ca le) were sent to the pastor o f the Beaverton Seventh-day A dventist
Church, Oregon, to adm in ister to the members of the church, whose data
on the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and The S p ir itu a l G ifts Inventory
had been c o lle c te d p re v io u s ly .
Of the 42 church members who responded,
75
76
on ly 32 f e l l w ith in the age group considered in th is study, thus making
a to ta l o f 430 usable re tu rn s .
Analysis o f Data and Testin g
*"
o f the Hypotheses
The MBTI y ie ld s a continuous score ranging from 0 to 200 in
each of the four p re fe ren c e -in d ics s :
E - I , S-N, T -F , J-P , where scores
o f 0 to 100 are la b e lle d E, S, T, or J , and scores o f 101 to 200 are
la b e lle d I , N, F, or P.
s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The SGI y ie ld s scores fo r each o f the 19
The data are found in Appendix B.
D escription o f Sample
Tables 5 through 7 show the means and standard deviations of
the
to ta l sample and o f the male and female samples separately— 249
males and 181 fem ales. The mean age o f the to ta l sample was 2 8 .8 w ith a
standard d e via tio n of 9 .7 .
For the male sample, the mean age was 31.1
w ith a standard d e via tio n o f 1 0 .2 , and fo r the female sample, the mean
age was 25.7 with a standard d e via tio n o f 8 .0 .
The scores fo r the perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity scale were
norm ally
1 .3 .
d is trib u te d w ith a mean o f 5.9 and a standard d e v ia tio n of
(On these scores and a ll o th e rs , visual inspection o f the f r e
quency d is trib u tio n was conducted.)
The scores o f perceived s p iritu a l
m a tu rity fo r the male and female samples analyzed separately were also
norm ally d is trib u te d — w ith a mean o f 6 .0 and standard d e via tio n o f 1 .3
fo r the male samples; and a mean o f 5 .8 and standard d eviation o f 1.2
fo r the female samples.
The scores on each o f the 4-P reference Indices o f the MBTI
were norm ally d is tr ib u te d , except th a t o f the T-F Index which was
77
TABLE 5
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR THE VARIABLES OF
THE TOTAL SAMPLE (N»430)
V ariable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
E -I Index
S-N Index
T-F Index
J-P Index
Adm inistration
Apostleship
Discernment
Evangelism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
Age
Sex
S p ir itu a l M a tu rity
Mean
Standard D eviation
98.293
87.928
99.933
85.974
10.535
8.870
10.151
7.814
10.705
11.914
9.114
10.912
10.105
9.416
10.865
10.598
10.363
10.791
10.623
9.219
10.623
9.784
10.493
28.812
1.421
5.886
23.666
25.224
20.909
26.917
2.452
2.802
2.293
2.856
2.308
2.192
2.379
2.099
2.841
2.646
2.613
2.231
2.810
2.512
3.035
3.162
2.446
3.251
2.309
9.692
0.494
1.277
78
TABLE 6
THE MALE SAMPLE (N»249)
V ariable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
E -I Index
S-N Index
T-F Index
J-P Index
Adm inistration
Apostleship
Discernment
Evangelism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
Age
S p iritu a l M a tu rity
Mean
Standard D eviation
96.028
88.788
95.197
85.526
11.245
9.811
10.321
8.602
10.735
11.847
9.341
10.892
10.088
9.329
11.639
10.908
10.639
10.763
10.859
10.145
10.867
10.779
10.558
31.088
5.984
22.516
26.033
19.968
27.105
2.196
2.558
2.249
2.908
2.224
2.286
2.373
2.119
2.826
2.590
2.439
2.165
2.792
2.552
3.0'2y
3.235
2.424
3.037
2.221
10.157
1.331
79
TABLE 7
THE FEMALE SAMPLE (N *181)
V ariable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
E -I Index
S-N Index
T-F Index
J-P Index
A dm inistration
Apostleship
Discernment
Evangelism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
Age
S p iritu a l M a tu rity
Mean
Standard D eviation
101.409
86.746
106.448
86.591
9.558
7.575
9.917
6.729
10.663
12.006
8.801
10.939
10.127
9.536
9.801
10.171
9.983
10.829
10.298
7.945
10.287
8.414
10.403
25.679
5.751
24.890
24.088
20.467
26.718
2.455
2.606
2.338
2.396
2.425
2.059
2.358
2.077
2.869
2.725
2.473
2.255
2.798
2.463
3.020
2.568
2.444
3.039
2.428
8.045
1.187
80
s lig h t ly skewed towards the higher scores fo r the female sample—means
o f the to ta l sample ranged from 99.9 (standard d e v ia tio n of 2 0.9 ) to
86.0 (standard d e via tio n o f 2 6 .9 ); fo r the male sample, the means
ranged from 9 6.0 (standard d e via tio n of 2 2 .5 ) to 85.5 (standard devia
tio n o f 2 7 .1 ); and fo r the female sample, the means ranged from 106.4
(standard d e v ia tio n o f 2 0 .5 ) to 8 6.6 (standard d e v ia tio n o f 2 6 .7 ), with
the S-N and J-P Indices sharing s im ila r means and standard deviations
and w ith the T-F Index having the highest means.
Among s p ir itu a l g if t s fo r
highest
the to ta l sample, fa it h had the
mean, 1 1 .9 , and a standard deviatio n o f 2 .2 .
For the male
sample, the mean was 1 1 .8 , and a standard d e v ia tio n o f 2 .3 ; For the
female sample, a mean o f 1 2 .0 , and
Evangelism had the lowest
a standard d e via tio n of 2 .9 .
standard d e v ia tio n o f 2 .1 .
mean fo r the to ta l sample, 7 .8 , and
The male sample had a mean o f 8 .6 , and
standard d e via tio n o f 2 .9 ; the female sample, a mean of 6 .7 , and stan
dard d e via tio n o f 2 .4 .
Testing o f Hypotheses and Discussion
o f the Findings
Only s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n ific a n t (p < .0 5 ) canonical c o rre la tio n s
have been considered fo r hypotheses 1 -3 .
For ‘ he re s t o f the 35 hypo
theses, only s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r r e l a t e
>.10 have been considered.
p < .05 ) and R-squares
Each hypothesis is discussed and accepted
or re je c te d according to the findings in the analysis o f the d ata.
hypotheses are presented in the n u ll form.
A ll
81
H y p o th e s is 1
This hypothesis states th a t among the male and female respon
dents, there is no s ig n ific a n t canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r
combination o f Jungian psychological types indicated by the Preference
Indexes o f the MBTI— Extraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs. In tu
i t i o n ; Thinking vs. F eelin g ; Perception vs. Judgment— and a lin e a r
combination o f 19 s p iritu a l g i f t s — a d m in is tra ti on, ap o stles h ip , d is
cernment, evangelism, e x h o rta tio n , f a i t h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity ,
in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, lea d e rsh ip , martyrdom, mercy, mission serv ice ,
pasto rin g , prophecy, teaching, and wisdom— as indicated by the SGI.
Table 8-A shows the canonical c o rre la tio n s fo r the to ta l
sample, the c h i-sq u are , the degrees o f freedom, and the le v e l o f s ig n i
ficance fo r each c o rre la tio n .
The two s ig n ific a n t functions (p <.05)
are indicated by a sin gle a s te ris k .
Table 8-B shows the standardized
c o e ffic ie n ts of set 1 varia b les (th e 4-Preference Indices from the
MBTI) and set 2 varia b les (th e 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s from the SGI) , fo r
each of the canonical c o rre la tio n s .
The accepted ru le is to take in to
consideration a ll v a ria b le s in each set whose standardized c o e ffic ie n t
is about 50% or more of the maximum c o e ffic ie n t in th a t s e t.
Such
c o e ffic ie n ts are marked w ith double a s te ris k s .
F ir s t fu n c tio n .
According to th is f i r s t fu n c tio n , persons who
scored higher on the E -I Index tended to score lower on the g ifts o f
a d m in is tra tio n , h o s p ita lity , and e x h o rta tio n , and higher on the g i f t of
helps.
Second fu n c tio n .
According to the second fu n c tio n , persons
who scored higher on the T-F Index tended to score lower on the g ifts
o f teaching, evangelism, and helps, and higher on the g if t s o f -
82
TABLE 8
CANONICAL CORRELATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
& 19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS FOR THE TOTAL SAMPLE (N=430)
A.
Levels o f S ignificance
Canonical C o rrelatio n
1.
2.
.577
.416
2
X
146.35
66.91
B.
df
P
54
34
.00000*
.00064*
Standardized C o e ffic ie n ts
Function
Set
1
2
Variable
E -I
S-N
t -F
J-P
Index
Index
Index
Index
Adm inistration
Apostleship
Di scernment
Evangel ism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
1
.906**
-.2 8 0
.305
2
'.2A9
-.3 0 9
-.2 3 5
.9 2 5 **
:io5
-.6 2 9 * *
-.2 1 0
oi a
• W A V
.045
-.3 3 0 * *
.030
.029
.3 5 9 **
-.3 8 7 * *
.217
-.1 2 3
-.0 6 2
.223
-.1 5 5
-.0 8 9
-.1 9 6
.177
.091
.091
-.1 0 4
-.2 1 4
.050
-.4 0 0 * *
.5 5 3 **
-.0 4 4
-.1 8 6
- .3 5 2 * *
.267
.288
.161
-.1 1 0
.001
.256
.128
.277
.4 3 5 **
-.6 5 6 * *
-.2 7 8
83
exh ortation and prophecy.
T h erefo re, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of a d m in is tra tio n , hos
p i t a l i t y , and exhortation were more common among the extraverted type
and the g i f t o f helps was more common among the in tro v e rte d type.
The
g if t s o f teaching, evangelism, and helps were more common among the
th in kin g type, and the g if t s o f e xhortation and prophecy were more
common among the fe e lin g type.
The re la tio n s h ip evident between the extraverted type and the
g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , h o s p ita lity , and exhortation is probably due
to the fa c t th a t these g if t s would be useful in m in is trie s in a group
s e ttin g , whereas the g i f t o f helps is more appropriate fo r a one-to-one
personal m in is try .
The g if t s * * teaching, evangelism, and helps are
lin ke d with the transference o f id eas, whereas the g ifts of exhortation
and prophecy are more d ir e c t ly associated w ith re la tio n s h ip s .
Hence,
i t is indicated th a t the g ifL s o f teach in g , evangelism, and helps are
more common among the th in kin g ty p e , and the g if t s of exhortation and
prophecy are more common among the fe e lin g type.
This may also account
fo r the findings th a t the g i f t o f exh o rtatio n is re la te d to an e x tra
verted type and fe e lin g type, because both these types are appropriate
fo r re la tio n s h ip s .
Hypothesis 2
This hypothesis states th a t among male respondents, there is
no s ig n ific a n t canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f
Jungian psychological types in d ica te d by the Preference Indexes o f the
MBTI and a lin e a r combination o f 19 s p iritu a l g if t s indicated by the
SGI.
84
Table 9-A shows the canonical c o rre la tio n s fo r the male sam
p le , the ch i-sq u are , the degrees o f freedom, and the le v e ls o f s i g n i f i
cance fo r each c o rre la tio n .
I t in d icates th a t the f i r s t two functions
were s ig n ific a n t (p <.05) as in d ica te d by an a s te r is k .
Table 9-B gives
the standardized c o e ffic ie n ts o f set 1 v a ria b le s (the 4-Preference
Indices from the MBTI) and set 2 v aria b les (th e 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s from
the SGI) fo r each o f the canonical fu n c tio n s .
The major c o e ffic ie n ts
considered in the s ig n ific a n t canonical functions are indicated by
double a s te ris k s .
The g i f t o f mission service was not considered even
though it s standardized c o e ffic ie n t (- .2 3 9 ) came very close to the
g if t s of the knowledge (-.2 4 2 ) and
apostleship ( - . 2 4 6 ) , because there
was no p ra c tic a l p re d ictio n model when i t was tested w ith the stepwise
regression and best subset regression analyses.
lower
Males who scored higher on the E -I Index and
on the S-N Index tended to
score higher on the g i f t o f helps and
in tercession and lower on the g if t s o f h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n ,
mercy, a p o stles h ip , and knowledge.
Second fu n c tio n .
Males who scored higher on the T-F Index and
lower
in the J-P Index tended to
score higher on the g if t s of pasto-
r in g ,
f a i t h , and exhortation and
lower on the g i f t o f wisdom.
There
fo re , th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, fo r the males, the g if t s o f hospi
t a l i t y , a d m in is tra tio n , mercy, a p o s tle s h ip , and knowledge were more
common among the e x tr a v e r te d -in tu itiv e (EN) ty p e , and the g if t s o f
helps and in te rce s sio n were more common among the in tro v erted -se n s in g
(IS ) type.
The g if t s o f p a sto rin g , f a i t h , and exh o rtatio n were more
85
TABLE 9
& 19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS FOR THE MALE SAMPLE (N *249)
A.
Canonical C o rre la tio n
1.
2.
2
X
115. 38
59. 48
.568
.459
B.
df
P
54
34
.00000*
.00440*
Standardized1 C o e ffic ie n ts
Functi on
Set
V aria b le
1
E -I
S-H
T-F
J-P
Index
Index
Index
Index
2
Adm inistration
Apostleship
Di scernment
Evangel ism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
1
2
.8 0 6 **
-.4 2 5 * *
.272
.311
-.1 8 7
-.3 3 5
.8 7 1 **
-.5 5 9 * *
-.5 0 2 * *
-.2 4 6 * *
-.0 8 5
.116
-.0 9 8
.142
-.1 1 6
.4 7 2 **
-.5 0 6 * *
.2 5 7 **
-.2 4 2 * *
-.0 4 3
.194
-.2 6 3 * *
-.2 3 9
.099
.112
.070
.008
-.0 8 1
-.0 7 0
-.0 2 2
-.2 0 4
.3 2 9 **
.4 2 7 **
.007
-.0 4 8
.165
.289
-.1 6 4
-.2 0 4
-.1 3 1
.190
-.2 6 2
.6 3 6 **
.309
-.1 7 2
-.4 1 5 * *
86
common among the feeling-judgm ent (KJ) ty p e , and the g i f t o f wisdom was
more common among the th in k in g -p e rc e p tiv e (TP) type.
From previous studies o f the general population (data bank
from the Center fo r the A pplications o f Psychological Type [C A PT])*, a
higher percentage o f adm inistrators and managers p re fe r the
e xtraverted-sensing type than any other type (see Myers & McCaulley,
1985, pp. 2 44 -248).
The findings o f th is study suggest a strong
re la tio n s h ip between the e x tr a v e rte d -in tu itiv e type and a d m in is tra tio n ,
probably in d ic a tin g th a t the s p ir itu a l g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n may be
d if f e r e n t from the general a d m in is tra tiv e or managerial vocatio n .
The g if t s o f h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n , mercy, a p o stlesh ip ,
and knowledge are fo r m in is trie s in a group s e ttin g , whereas the g if t s
o f helps and intercession are appropriate fo r a one-to-one personal
m in is try , as indicated by the e x tra v e rte d -in t u it iv e (EN) type being
more common fo r the g if t s o f h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n , mercy,
ap o stles h ip , and knowledge and the in tro v e rte d -sensing (_IS) type fo r
the g if t s o f helps and in te rce s sio n .
Although h o s p ita lity and mercy
would be more appropriate fo r one-to-one personal m in is try according to
general understanding o f these g i f t s , the re s u lt o f th is research seems
to c o n tra d ic t the general n o tio n .
Further research is needed in th is
a rea .
The feeling-judgm ent (FJ) type has a g re ater preference per
centage among c le rg y o f a ll denominations and the general counseling
♦Center fo r the A pplications o f Psychological Types has
compiled tables fo r d iffe r e n t occupations and percentages of
psychological types found in these occupations.
87
professions, than the th in k in g -p e rc e p tiv e (TP) type ( ib i d , pp. 250,
2 52 ).
The findings in th is study in d ic a te th a t the feeling-judgm ent
type is re la te d the g i f t o f pastoring (o r the vocation of c le rg y ) and
exho rtation (o r the vocation o f counseling).
This is in agreement with
the preference of the general population on the vocations o f m in is try
and counseling.
Hypothesis 3
This hypothesis states th a t among female respondents there is
no s ig n ific a n t
c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian
psychological types indicated by the 4-Preference Indices o f the MBTI and
a lin e a r combination o f 19 s p iritu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
Table 10-A shows the canonical c o rre la tio n fo r the female
sample, the c hi-sq uare, the degrees o f freedom, and the le v e ls of
s ig n ific a n c e fo r each c o r re la tio n .
Only the f i r s t function was s ig n f i-
cant (p <.05) as indicated by an a s te ris k .
Table 10-B shows the stan
dardized c o e ffic ie n ts o f the f i r s t set o f v aria b les (the 4-Preference
Indices from the MBTI) and of the second set v ariab les (th e 19 s p i r i
tu al g if t s from the SGI) fo r the s ig n ific a n t canonical fu n c tio n .
The
more important weights are indicated by double a steris ks in Table 10-B.
Females who scored higher on the E -I Index
tended to score lower on the g if t s o f exhortation and a d m in is tra tio n .
T herefo re, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the extrav e rted type in females
seemed to re la te to the g if t s o f e xhortation and a d m in is tra tio n .
This
fin d in g indicated th a t the g if t s o f e xhortation and ad m in is tra tio n
would be useful fo r m in is trie s in a group s e ttin g .
88
TABLE 10
& 19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS FOR THE FEMALE SAMPLE (N=181)
A.
2
X
df
72.92
54
Canonical C o rre latio n
1.
.631
B.
Set
P
.04405*
Standardized C o e ffic ie n ts
V aria b le
E -I
S-N
T-F
J-P
Index
Index
Index
Index
A dm inistration
Apostleship
Oiscernment
Evangel ism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
Function
1
.9 9 2 **
-.2 2 5
.041
.214
-.6 7 1 * *
-.0 9 1
.092
.171
- .7 1 2 * *
.044
.225
. 3 i4
-.3 2 4
.179
-.0 5 4
-.1 0 0
.242
-.0 5 9
-.0 7 2
-.3 4 6
.353
.204
.253
89
For the next 19 hypotheses, the stepw ise-regression and the
best possible subsets-regression analyses were used to s e le c t the best
subset o f p re d icto rs fo r each o f the 19 s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The ta b le fo r
the best p re d ic tio n model o f each hypothesis th a t was considered yave
the standardized c o e ffic ie n t and increased R-squared ( i . e . , the propor
tio n o f variance explained in ad d itio n to the previous p re d ic to r) fo r
each o f the p re d icto rs from the stepwise regression a n aly s is .
The c r it e r i a in s ele ctin g the best p re d ic tio n model were as
fo llo w s:
(1 )
The score o f the Mallow's Cp was to be close to the
number o f independent v a ria b le s plus 1.
In some cases th is c r it e r io n
was not follow ed i f the v a ria b le entered was a v a ria b le such as age,
sex, or perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity and i t was not a s ig n ific a n t
ad d itio n (p < .1 0 ).
(2 )
The m u ltip le c o rre la tio n was to be s ig n i f i
c an t, w ith p < .0 5 .
(3 )
The m u ltip le R-squared was to be >.1000.
(4 )
The scores o f the 4-Preference Indices were to be considered f i r s t ,
the
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity second, then age, and sex.
Hypothesis 4
This hypothesis states th a t th e re is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n and psychological types
in d icated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 11 in d icates the best p re d ic tio n model fo r the g i f t o f
a d m in is tra tio n as the dependent v a r ia b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis,
the E - I , T -F , J -P , S-N In d ice s , sex, and perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity
were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n , and
together they explained 34.6% o f the varia n ce .
th e s is was re je c te d .
Therefo re, th is hypo
The c o e ffic ie n ts in d ica te d th a t those w ith the
90
TABLE 11
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF ADMINISTRATION AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's CP
M ult. R-Squared
F - S t a t is t ic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ig n ifican ce
8.33
0.3459
37.27
6
423
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
E -I
T-F
J-P
S-N
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.3 5 3
-.1 6 1
-.0 9 1
.091
.252
-.2 2 9
Increase In
R-Squared
0.1434
0.0598
0.0096
0.0183
u .0675
0.0475
e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g -ju d g m e n t (ENTJ) types, high in the
perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity and male were common among those w ith the
g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n .
According to the data bank from CAPT, the occupations of
a d m in is tra tio n and managering a ttra c te d the highest percentage in the
ESTJ type
(17% o f the a l l adm in istrators
and managers), followed by the
ISTJ type
(15% of a ll a d m in istrato rs and managers), and l a s t l y , the
ENTJ type
(10% o f a ll adm in istrato rs and
managers) ( i b i d , 261-292).
This seems to in d ic a te th a t the occupations o f adm in istratio n and
managing have a f f i n i t y to the g i f t of a d m in is tra tio n , but a high
r e la tio n o f the ENTJ type is re la te d to the g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n
91
instead o f the ESTJ or ISTJ which make up a to ta l o f 32% of a l l mana
gers and adm inistrators in the general population.
This seems to imply
th a t the g i f t o f adm in istration may not be synonymous w ith the occupa
tio n s o f managing and a d m in is tra tio n .
Hypothesis 5
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f apostleship and psychological types
ind icated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 12 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t o f
apostleship as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the
E - I , T-F, J -P , S-N In d ice s , sex, and perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity were
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d with the g i f t o f a p o stlesh ip , and to g eth er,
they explained 31.7% of the variance.
re je c te d .
Therefore, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the e x tra v e rte d -
in tu itiv e -th in k in g -ju d g m e n t (ENTJ) types, high in s p iritu a l m a tu rity
and male were more common on the g i f t o f apostleship.
An ENTJ, according to the theory would look a t " p o s s ib ilitie s
beyond what is present or obvious or known."
The in tu itio n in th is
type would increase the person's " in te lle c tu a l in te r e s t, c u rio s ity fo r
new ideas, . . . vision and concern fo r long range consequences"-
This
type of person would be "in te re s te d in [th e ] broad p ic tu r e , not in
d e ta ile d procedures or fa c ts "
(Myers, 1980, p. 9 ) .
Hence, the theory
o f th is psychological type is in agreement w ith the c h a ra c te ris tic th a t
would be expected of the person w ith the g i f t o f apostleship.
92
TABLE 12
THE GIFT OF APOSTLESHIP AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numera^.ir df
Denominator d f
S ignificance
9.48
0.3167
32.67
6
423
0.0000
Variables In Equation
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
E -I
T-F
J-P
S-N.
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Standardi zed
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.2 1 2
-.0 9 8
-.0 9 7
nan
.284
-.3 1 4
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0645
0.0433
0.0117
n.n?ns
0.0879
0.0885
Hypothesis 6
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f discernment and psychological types
ind icated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I and u-P Indices and
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d with the
g i f t of discernment, and together they explained 3.1% o f the variance.
This was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance
explained was too sm all, th e re fo re no ta b le is presented.
93
H y p o th e s is 7
This hypothesis sta te s th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f evangelism and psychological types
indicated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
evangelism as the dependent v a r ia b le .
E -I and J-P In d ice s , sex, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity and age, were
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rrela te d w ith the g i f t o f evangelism, and together they
explained 2 5 .8S of the variance.
re je c te d .
T herefore, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those with the e x tra v e rte d -
judgment (EJ) types, high perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , o ld e r in age,
and male were higher on the g i f t o f evangelism.
TABLE 13
THE GIFT OF EVANGELISM AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's CP
M ult. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ignificance
4.94
0.2577
29.44
5
424
0.0000
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E -I
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.1 5 8
-.0 7 3
.281
-.2 4 0
.145
0.0328
0.0319
0.0985
0.0771
0.0173
94
This g i f t is useful fo r m in is trie s in a group s e ttin g ; i t
would, th e re fo re , be lo g ic a l th a t i t be re la te d to an e xtrav e rted type.
The judgment type indicates th a t the person would p re fe r planning and
order which is often ty p ic a l o f p u b lic evangelism.
However, a personal
form o f evangelism would req u ire a re g u la r, systematic stra teg y w ith
what a judgment type would probably be most com fortable.
This would
also imply a dominant function in th in k in g as in d icated by the findings
in hypothesis 1.
Hence, an e x tra v e rte d -th in k in g -judgment type would
l i k e l y be a good p re d ic to r o f the g i f t o f evangelism.
Hypothesis 8
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f e xhortation and psychological types
in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 14 shows the best p re d ic tio n model w ith the g i f t of
exh o rtatio n as the dependent v a ria b le .
E -I and T-F Indices and perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n ific a n tly
c o rre la te d with the g i f t of e x h o rta tio n , and together they explained
18.0% of the variance.
T herefore, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
The
c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g (EF)
ty p e s, high in perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , were more common on the
g i f t o f e xh o rta tio n .
The g i r t o f exh o rtatio n which is s im ila r to the counseling
(more p re c is e ly the d ir e c tiv e form counseling) would be useful in a
m in is try in a group s e ttin g wiiicn includes a development o f r e la tio n
s h ip s, thus the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g type would r e la te to i t .
This
r e s u lt is in agreement w ith the CAPT data o f the general population
95
c o lle c te d on a ll types o f counseling professions.
TABLE 14
THE GIFT OF EXHORTATION AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ignificance
0.67
0.1801
31.19
3
426
0.0000
Variables
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
1. E -I
2. T -c
3. Sp. M a tu rity
-.2 5 0
.105
.318
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0727
0.0070
0.1003
Hypothesis 9
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f fa it h and psychological types indicated
by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
f a ith as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I
Index, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex were s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d with the g i f t of f a i t h , and together they explained 15.8% of
the v aria n ce .
Therefore, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
The c o e f f i
cients indicated th a t those w ith the e x tra v e rte d ty p e , high in
96
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , older in age, and female were more common
on the g i f t o f f a it h .
The g i f t o f f a it h is probably associated w ith e ith e r ty p e -e xtraverted o r in tro v e rte d — but the findings in th is research in d ic a te
a preference fo r the extraverted type.
This is l i k e l y due to the
in te n t o f th is g i f t th a t it s u ltim a te goal is more e x trin s ic than
in t r in s ic , and a d e fin itio n of f a it h involves moving ahead w ith unwa
vering confidence in the implementation o f plans fo r God's kingdom.
Although one might expect the element o f u n c e rta in ty would require the
in t u it iv e dimension, th is is not revealed in the fin d in g s .
Further
research w ith subjects e x h ib itin g th is s p ir itu a l g i f t may y ie ld more
inform ation on th is .
TABLE 15
THE GIFT OF FAITH AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ignificance
3.35
0.1583
19.98
4
425
0.0000
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Sex
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.1 0 0
.318
.176
.124
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0087
0.1014
0.0342
0.0140
97
In is hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t of giving and psychological types in d i
cated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 16 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t of
giving as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I
and J-P Indices, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and age were s ig n if i
c a n tly c o rrela te d w ith the g i f t o f g iv in g , and together they explained
19.5% o f the variance.
Therefore, th is hypothesis was re.iected.
The
c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the extraverted-judgm ent (EJ)
type, high in perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and o ld e r in age were more
common on the g i f t o f g iv in g .
TABLE 16
THE GIFT OF GIVING AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ignificance
2.06
0.1951
25.75
4
425
0.0000
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.0 9 0
-.0 6 8
.228
.296
0.0387
0.0075
0.0779
0.0709
98
One might hypothesize th a t the g i f t o f giving would be asso
c ia te d w ith e ith e r type— e xtraverted or in tro v e rte d — but the findings
in th is study in d ic a te a preference fo r the e xtrav e rted type.
This is
l i k e l y due to the o rie n ta tio n o f the person w ith th is g i f t th a t the
focus is not on the in te rn a l s e lf but others.
The judgment type might
in d ic a te a planned and systematic type of g ivin g p a tte rn , ra th e r than a
spontaneous form o f g iv in g .
proposed fo r th is study.
This seems to c o n tra d ic t the d e fin itio n
Further research on a la rg e r sample o f church
members e x h ib itin g th is g i f t is needed.
Hypothesis 11
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f helps or service and psychological
types indicated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and
sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I and S-N In d ic e s , age, and
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the
g i f t o f helps and together they explained 6.7% o f the variance.
This
was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance
explained was too s m all, th e re fo re , no d e ta ile d re s u lts are reported.
Hypothesis 12
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f h o s p ita lity and psychological types
Table 17 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t of
h o s p ita lity as the dependent v a ria b le .
E - I , J -P , T-F In d ic e s , perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and age were
99
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the g i f t o f h o s p it a lit y , and together
they explained 12.1? o f the variance.
re je c te d .
Therefo re, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n t indicated th a t those w ith the e x tra v e rte d -
fe e l in g - judgment (EFJ) types, s p ir it u a lly m ature, and o ld er were more
common on the g i f t of h o s p ita lity .
This g i f t would be useful fo r m in is trie s in a group s e ttin g
and would include development o f re la tio n s h ip s as in d ic a tiv e o f the
e x tra v e rt and fe e lin g dimensions o f the type.
According to the general
notion o f the g i f t of h o s p ita lity , however, a personal one-to-one
m in is try is also p o s sib le , w ithout involving the e n tir e church fa m ily .
A possible explanation to th is is th a t the o rie n ta tio n o f the EFJ type
TABLE 17
THE GIFT OF HOSPITALITY AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M ult. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ignificance
5.44
0.1211
11.69
5
424
U.uuuu
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E -I
T-F
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.2 6 0
.094
-.0 9 1
.138
.089
0.0699
0.0067
0.0155
0.0219
0.0071
100
is e xtern al ra th e r than in te r n a l— those w ith the g i f t o f h o s p ita lity do
not th in k of th e ir own comfort or inconveniences but o f others f i r s t .
Besides, there is a great in te r e s t in re la tio n s h ip s as indicated by the
fe e lin g fu n c tio n , which is the dominant.
Hypothesis 13
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f intercession and psychological types
in d icated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
in tercession as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis,
the S-N and T-F In d ice s , perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and age were
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rrela te d with the g i f t o f in te rce s sio n , and together
TABLE 18
THE GIFT OF INTERCESSION AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator df
S ignificance
5.46
0.1230
14.91
4
425
0.0000
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
S-N
T-F
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.0 6 7
.169
.272
.135
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0043
0.0143
0.0742
0.0302
101
they explained 12.3% o f the variance.
re je c te d .
Therefore, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the sensing-
fe e lin g ($►} types, s p ir it u a lly
m atu re,
and older were more common to
the g i f t of in tercessio n .
According to theory, the sensing-feeiing types would focus
th e ir a tte n tio n on fa c ts , handling the fa c ts personally w ith warmth,
and tending to become sympathetic and fr ie n d ly (Myers, 1980, p. 3 ).
This would be c h a ra c te ris tic o f those people who might have the g i f t of
in te rce s sio n , who are concerned over the needs o f others and in
bringing them to God in prayer.
Hypothesis 14
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f knowledge and psychological types
indicated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 19 shows the best p rediction model w ith the g i f t of
knowledge as the dependent v a ria b le .
S-N and J-P In d ice s , sex, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , and age were
s ig n ific a n tly c o rrela te d with the g i f t of knowledge, and together they
explained 24.4% o f the variance. Therefore, th is hypothesis was
re je c te d .
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the in t u i t i v e -
judgment (NJ) types, s p ir it u a lly mature, o ld e r, and male were more
common on the g i f t o f knowledge.
The in t u it iv e types are concerned with ideas and p o s s ib ili
t ie s ; and as the theory suggests, these types value im agination, in s p ir a t le n , rs u d ily prccc^ 5 new ideas, p ro je c ts , and are good a t problem
solving (Myers, 1980, p. 2 ).
The in t u it iv e appear to be in d ic a tiv e o f
TABLE 19
THE GIFT OF KNOWLEDGE AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ig n ifican ce
5.86
0.2407
26.89
5
424
0.0000
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
S-N
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
.175
-.0 7 9
.235
-.2 8 3
.127
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0252
0.0313
0.0696
0.1012
0.0134
the g i f t of knowledge which involves "discovery" o f the b ib lic a l
ideas
and in sights which often are not concrete but are only discerned by the
s p iritu a l-m in d e d as stated by the S crip tu re s :
The u n s p iritu a l man does not receive the g if t s o f the S p ir it
o f God, fo r they are f o l l y to him, and he is not able to under
stand them because they are s p i r i t u a l l y discerned.
(1 Cor 2:14)
The .judgment types would look fo r systematic and o rd e rly
methodology which is important in the p u rs u it o f b ib lic a l
knowledge.
Hence, t!- - 'intuitive-judgm ent (NJ) type is appropriate fo r p re d ic tin g
the g i f t o f knowledge.
103
This hypothesis states th a t there is nc s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f leadership and psychological types
in dicated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 20 shows the best p re d ic tio n model w ith the g i f t o f
leadership as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, E - I ,
S-N, T-F In d ic e s , and perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d with the g i f t o f lea d e rsh ip , and together they explained
21.1% o f the v aria n ce .
T h erefo re, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
The
c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the e x t r a v e r t e d - in tu itiv e th in kin g (ENT) types and perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity were more common
on the g i f t o f lead ersh ip .
TABLE 20
THE GIFT OF LEADERSHIP AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S t a t is t ic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ig n ifican ce
5.28
0.2107
28.36
4
425
0.0000
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
S-N
T-F
Sp. M a tu rity
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.2 3 4
.139
-.1 1 9
.333
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0633
0.0177
0.0200
0.1096
104
From the data bank o f CAPT, the EST type is in d ic a tiv e o f the
general preference o f leadership vocations o f adm in istratio n and man
aging ( i b i d ) .
The re s u lt o f th is fin d in g indicated th a t although the
g i f t o f leadership has a f f i n i t y w ith these vocations in th e o ry , i t is
d iffe r e n t due to the strong preference o f a e x t r a v e r te d -in tu itiv e th in king (ENT) psychological type needed to acquire th is g i f t .
Fur
thermore, th is g i f t is d iffe r e n t from the g if t s o f adm in istration and
apostleship because there is no canonical c o rre la tio n s between them as
indicated in hypotheses 1 -3 .
This is in agreement with the findings of
Joachim (1 9 3 4 ).
Hypothesis 16
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f martyrdom and psychological types
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the T-F Index, sex, age, and
g i f t of martyrdom, and together they explained 7.4% o f the variance.
This was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion of variance
explained was too sm all, th e re fo re , no d e ta ile d re s u lts are presented.
Hypothesis 17
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f mercy and psychological types indicated
by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I and T-F Indices and
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the
g i f t o f mercy, and together they explained 6.3% o f the variance.
This
105
was not a p ra c tic a l model to use because the proportion o f variance
explained was too sm all, th e re fo re , no d e ta ile d re s u lts are given.
Hypothesis 18
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f mission service and psychological types
ind icated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I and S-N Indices and
g i f t of mission s e rv ic e , and together they explained 5.3% o f the
varian ce.
This was not a p ra c tic a l model to use because the proportion
o f variance explained was too sm all, th e re fo re , no d e ta ile d re s u lts are
repo rted.
Hypothesis 19
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t of pastoring and psychological types
in d icated by the MB'i I , perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
pastoring as the dependent v a ria b le .
E -I and J-P In d ic e s , sex, and perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity were s ig
n if ic a n t ly c o rre la te d w ith the g i f t o f pastorin g, and together they
explained 25.3% o f the variance.
re je c te d .
Therefo re, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those with the e x tra v e rte d -
judgment (EJ) types, s p ir it u a lly m ature, and male were more common on
the g i f t of pastoring.
The r e s u lt o f th is fin d in g is s im ila r to the re s u lts from the
data bank from CAPT regarding the c le rg y from a ll denominations
106
(ib id .) >
I t shows th a t an extraverted-judgm ent (EJ) type is a good
p re d ic to r fo r the g i f t o f pasto rin g .
Drawing from the fin d in g s o f the
canonical c o rre la tio n s o f hypothesis 2 , the fe e lin g type is co rrelated
w ith the g i f t o f p astorin g.
Hence, the e x tra v e rte d -f e e lin g - jugdment
( EFJ) type is l i k e l y to r e la te to the g i f t o f pastorin g.
This is in
agreement w ith the fin d in g s from the data bank from CAPT, and research
o f Holsworth (1984) and Harbaugh (1984) on the clerg y type.
TABLE 21
THE GIFT OF PASTORING AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ignificance
5.60
0.2530
35.99
4
425
0.0000
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.1 7 3
-.1 5 5
.258
-.2 9 8
0.0424
0.0466
0.0770
0.0871
Hypothesis 20
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f prophecy and psychological types in d i
107
prophecy as the dependent v a r ia b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, E -I
and T-F In d ic e s , perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , and age were s i g n i f i
c a n tly c o rrela te d w ith the g i f t of prophecy, and together they
explained 20.3% o f the v aria n ce .
re je c te d .
T h e refo re, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts in d ica te d th a t the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g (EF)
types, s p ir it u a lly m ature, ano wider were more common to the g i f t of
prophecy.
This g i f t involves m in is trip *: fo r a group s e ttin g and the
developing of re la tio n s h ip s beyond the transference o f ideas or fa c ts ,
thus a e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g (EF) type would be a good p re d ic to r fo r th is
g ift.
TAQI C
• n v b b
OO
U tm
THE GIFT OF PROPHECY AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator df
S ignificance
4.74
0.2026
27.00
4
425
0.0000
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
T-F
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.1 7 7
.0S6
.356
.138
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0359
0.0045
0.1445
0.0178
108
c o r r e la tir n between the g i f t o f teaching and psychological types in d i
cated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 23 shows the best p re d ic tio n model w ith the g i f t o f
teaching as the dependent v a r ia b le .
I,
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E-
S-N, J-P In d ice s , sex, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , and age were
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rrela te d w ith the g i f t o f teaching, and tog eth er they
explained 33.5% o f the v aria n ce , th e re fo re , th is hypothesis was
re je c te d .
The c o e ffic ie n ts in d ic a te d th a t those with the e x tra v e rte d -
in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (ENJ) types, s p i r i t u a l l y mature, o ld e r, and male
were more common on the g i f t o f teaching.
TABLE 23
THE GIFT OF TEACHING AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F - S t a t is t ic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ig n ific a n c e
8.02
0.3348
34.48
6
423
0.0000
V aria b les In Equation
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
J-P
S-N
E -I
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.1 1 4
.118
-.1 0 7
.324
-.2 6 4
.171
0.0345
0.0358
0.0206
0.1253
0.0945
0.0240
109
From the data hank n f CAPT. the ESJ type is re la te d to
teachers in general; however, from the same data bank, the ENJ type is
in d ic a tiv e of re lig io u s educators o f a ll denominations.
This would
in d ic a te th a t those teachers who are involved in teaching s p iritu a l
ideas and fa c ts are d iffe r e n t from other types of teachers.
This is in
agreement w ith th is research fin d in g th a t the ENJ type is re la te d to
the g i f t of teaching.
A fu rth e r inference is th a t the g i f t o f teaching
may have a f f i n i t y to the teaching professions, but yet be d if f e r e n t .
Drawing from the findings of the canonical c o rre la tio n in hypothesis 1,
the th in kin g type is also c o rre la te d with the g i f t o f teaching.
Hence,
very l i k e l y the e x tr a v e rte d -ln tu itiv e -th in k in g -judgment type is re la te d
to the g i f t o f teaching.
Hypothesis 22
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f wisdom and psychological types in d i
wisdom as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E - I ,
T -F , J-P In d ices, and s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d
w ith the g i f t of wisdom, and together they explained 1 2 . 6% o f the
variance.
Therefore, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
The c o e ffic ie n ts
in d icated th a t those with the extraverted-thinking -judgm ent (ETJ) types
and s p i r i t u a l l y mature were more common on the g i f t o f wisdom.
According to the d e fin itio n o f the g i f t o f wisdom, th is g i f t
would probably look fo r types th a t would "foresee the probable, p r a c t i
cal outcome o f counseled course o f action" (Naden e t a l . , 1982, p. 8 ) ,
110
and the re s u lts of th is study show a th in kin g and judgment type which
would be in agreement with c h a ra c te ris tic s th a t c a ll fo r an impersonal
analysis o f cause and e f f e c t , considering a ll the consequences o f the
a lte rn a te s o lu tio n s , pleasant and unpleasant, and examining every angle
w ithout b ia s .
This appears to be the most appropriate type th a t fo r
th is g i f t .
TABLE 24
THE GIFT OF WISDOM AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
M allow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S t a t is t ic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ig n ifican ce
4.95
0.1228
14.07
4
425
0.0000
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E-I
T-F
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.1 2 5
.071
.132
.318
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0179
0.0047
0.0048
0.0954
In a ll the best s t a t is t ic a l models tested by the stepwise and
best subset regression analyses, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity was a
s ig n ific a n t p re d ic to r, and the proportion o f the variance explained in
a d d itio n to the psychological types by th is v a ria b le ranged from 2% to
14% (mean, 9%).
Furthermore, the c o e ffic ie n t o f the perceived s p i r i
tu a l m a tu rity in re la tio n with each o f the s p ir itu a l g if t s ranged from
I ll
.356 to .089.
In most cases, the standardized c o e ffic ie n t o f the
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity is higher than the psychological types.
S p i r it u a l i t y has always been assumed by b ib lic a l scholars to be the
basic c r it e r io n fo r the m anifestation or receivin g of s p ir itu a l g ifts
(B a rn e tte , 1965; G r i f f it h s , 1979; L in d s e ll, 1975; Naden, 1982;
Schweizer, 1961; S c o tt, 1958; Walvoord, 1978), but no em pirical
fin din gs have supported th is notion.
The fin d in g s of th is research
appear to v e r if y the assumption.
These re s u lts suggest th a t the older the persons, the more
l i k e l y they w ill possess the g if t s o f evangelism, f a i t h , g iv in g , hospi
t a l i t y , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, prophecy, and teaching.
Further
research is needed in th is area using a la rg e r middle aged or older
a d u lt sample.
G ifts of a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stle s h ip , evangelism, knowledge,
pasto rin g , and teaching are s p e c ific a lly more common to males than to
females according to the findings o f t h i r- study, but the g i f t o f f a it h
is more common with females.
I t may be th a t the women in th is study
may not be aware o f the p o s s ib ility o f t h e ir acquiring such g if t s and
they may perceive these g if t s as ty p ic a l o f the male domain.
Stereo
typing o f female roles may have influenced the way the respondents
answered the questions.
The females may be am bivalent about what is
expected of them by s o c ie ty , p a r tic u la r ly the church.
Women, th e re
fo r e , often question t h e ir own a b i l i t i e s and fe e lin g s , and a lt e r t h e ir
judgments in deference to the opinion o f others (G illig a n , 1982).
Women today are going through a tr a n s itio n o f wanting to be lib e r a te d ,
but a t the same time they fe e l comfortable in the same stereotyping o f
g if t s th a t the women o f the ancient church m anifested.
Possible
112
follow -up studies could v e r if y the findings o f th is study, exam ne
whether the Pauline l i s t o f s p iritu a l g if t s is m a le -o rie n te d , and
whether s o cie ta l expectations and ro le d e fin itio n s may have any
influence on the understanding o f the a c q u is it io n o f s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The next 16 hypotheses were tested w ith the stepwiseregression analyses.
Table 25 shows the standardized c o e ffic ie n ts of
a ll s ig n ific a n t s p iritu a l g if t s in p re d ictin g each o f c la s s ific a tio n of
the 16 psychological types, the F - s t a t is t ic s , and the m u ltip le Rsquares fo r each equation are also in d ic a te d .
Hypothesis 23
c o rre la tio n between the
19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n
ISTJ psychological type
as the
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f evangelism, f a i t h ,
g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , martyrdom, and prophecy were s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d with the ISTJ pyschological typ e, and together they pre
d icted 5.7% o f the v arian ce.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model
to use since the proportion o f variance p redicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 24
c o rre la tio n between the
19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n
ISFJ psychological type
as the
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g i f t s o f a d m in is tra tio n ,
helps, and mercy were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the ISFJ pyscholo
g ical type, and together they explained 5.1% o f the v arian ce.
However,
113
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th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance
predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 25
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g ifts and c la s s ific a tio n as the
INFJ psychological type in d icated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of ap o stles h ip , d is
cernment, f a i t h , knowledge, lea d e rsh ip , and wisdom were s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d with the INFJ pyschological type, and together they
explained 4.6% of the variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l
model to use since the proportion o f variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 26
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
INTJ psychological type ind icated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f evangelism, exhorta
t io n , p a sto rin g , and teaching were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the
INTJ pyschological typ e, and together they explained 4.9% o f the
variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the
proportion of variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 27
ISTP psychological type in d icated by the MBTI.
115
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of discernment, f a i t h ,
helps, and pastoring were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d with the ISTP pys
chological ty p e , and together they explained 3 . IS o f the variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f
variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 28
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p iritu a l
g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n
ISFP psychological type indicated by
tiie MBTI.
as the
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of a d m in istratio n and
mercy were s ig n ific a n tly c o rre la te d with the ISFP pyschological type,
and together they explained 3.7% o f the variance.
However, th is was
not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance predicted
was too sm all.
Hypothesis 29
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p iritu a l
g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n
<>s the
INFP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f mission service and
pastoring were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the INFP pyschological
ty p e , and together they explained 1.7% o f the variance.
However, th is
116
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l
g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
INTP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f ap o stles h ip , d is
cernment, and helps were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the INTP Dyscholo g ic a l type, and together they explained 3.8% o f the variance.
How
eve r, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion of
Hypothesis 31
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l
g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ESTP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f f a i t h , h o s p ita lity ,
in te rc e s s io n , and prophecy were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the ESTP
psychological type, and together they explained 3.2% o f the v arian ce.
Hypothesis 32
ESFP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g i f t o f exhortation was s ig n i
f ic a n t ly c o rre la te d with the ESFP pyschological ty p e , and i t explained
1.0% o f the variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use
since the proportion o f variance p redicted was too sm all.
117
ENFP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f exhortation and
in tercessio n were s ig n ific a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the ENFP pyschological
typ e, and together they explained 1.62 o f the variance.
However, th is
Hypothesis 34
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l 'j i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ENTP psychological type in d icated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n ,
f a i t h , g iv in g , knowledge, and wisdom were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith
the ENTP pyschological type, and together they explained 6.12 o f the
variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model tc use s i nco the
proportion o f variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 35
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ESTJ psychological type in d icated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , apostle s h ip , and prophecy were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the ESTJ pys
chological ty p e , and together they explained 6.22 o f the v arian ce.
118
Hypothesis 36
ESFJ psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of evangelism, exhorta
tio n , ‘'a lp s , h o s p ita lity , mission s e rv ic e , p asto rin g , prophecy,
teaching, and wisdom were s ig n ific a n tly c o rre la te d with the ESFJ
pyschological
type, and together they explained 11.1% o f the variance.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The c o e ffic ie n ts in d icated th a t the ESFJ
psychological type p redicts lower scores on the g if t s o f evangelism,
h elp s, teaching and wisdom, and higher scores on the g if t s o f exhorta
tio n , h o s p ita lity , p astorin g, and prophecy.
From the data bank o f CAPT, there is a high percentage o f the
ESFJ type in the occupation preference o f teachers in g e n era l, r e l i
gious teach ers, and personal service workers, but average preference in
the occupations o f counselers and c le rg y of a ll denominations.
The
fin d in g s o f th is research in d ica te th a t the ESFJ type has a low r e la
tio n to the g if t s in teaching and helps (assumed by th is researcher to
have a f f i n i t y w ith personal service w orkers), but a high re la tio n to
the g if t s o f exh o rtatio n (assumed to be s im ila r to the d ire c tiv e form
o f counseling) and pastorin g.
o f CAPT.
This appears to c o n tra d ic t the findings
This seems to in d ic a te th a t although the g if t s may have
a f f i n i t y with these vocations, yet s p iritu a l g if t s and vocations are
two d if f e r e n t e n t i t i e s , hence th is apparent d is p a r ity .
119
Hypothesis 37
ENFJ psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of helps, in te rc e s s io n ,
knowledge, martyrdom, and mercy were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the
ENFJ pyschological type, and together they explained 4.2% o f the
variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the
proportion o f variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 38
ENTJ psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of evangelism, in te rc e s
sio n, and knowledge were s ig n ific a n tly c o rrela te d with the ENTJ pyscho
lo g ic a l ty p e , and together they explained 4.7% o f the v arian ce.
Summary
This chapter described the subjects used in the study and
reported the te s tin g o f the hypotheses.
Hypotheses which were s ig n if i
cant a t p <.05 and predicted more than 10% o f the variance were
considered.
Table 26 summarizes the canonical c o rre la tio n s and Table 27
summarizes the standandized c o e ffic ie n ts and m u ltip le R-squares between
the 4-P reference In d ice s , the perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , sex, age,
CANONICAL CORRELATION BETWEEN JUNGIAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES & SPIRITUAL GIFTS
Samp!es
Variables
Psychological
Types
F irs t Function
-Extraversion vs.Introvercion* (+)
Second Function
-Thinking vs. Feeling* (+)
Total Sample
S piritual G ifts
t
Psychological
Types
Adninlstratlon ( - )
H ospitality (-1
Exhortation ( - )
Helps (♦)
-Extravers Ion vs. Introversion* (+)
-Sensing vs. In tu itin g * ( - )
Teaching ( - )
Evangelism ( - )
Helps ( - )
Exhortation ( * )
Prophecy ( * )
-Thinking vs. Feeling* ( * )
-Judgment vs. Perception* ( - )
A ll Males
S piritual G ifts
Psychological
Types
H ospitality ( - )
Adninlstratlon ( - )
Mercy ( - )
Apostleship ( - )
Knowledge ( - )
Helps (* )
Intercession ( * )
-Extraversion vs. Introversion* (♦) •
All Females
S piritual G ifts
Exhortation ( - )
Administration ( - )
(+) and ( - ) = Positive and negative indicates the quality of
contribution of the element in the function.
Pastoring ( * )
Faith (♦)
Exhortation ( * )
Wisdom ( - )
120
TABLE 26
121
TABLE 27
STANDARDIZED COEFFICIENTS AND MULTIPLE R-SQUARES FOR THE JUNGIAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES, SPIRITUAL MATURITY, SEX,
AGE AND 19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS
S p iritu a l
Gi fts
E-I
Index
S-N
Index
Adminis
- .353
.091
-.1 6 1
-.0 9 1
tra tio n
Apostle-
.252
-.229
0.3459*
-.2 1 2
.090
-.09 8
-.0 9 7
.284
"T 314
0.3167*
.109
.137
0386'
T-F
J-P
Index
Index
S p iritu a l
M aturity
ship
Discern
ment
Evange
lism
Exhorta
tion
Faith
Giving
Helps
Hospi
tal i t y
In te r
cession
Know
ledge
Leaaer-
-.101
Age
M ultiple
R-Square
-.1 5 8
-.0 7 3
.281
-.240 ' ".145 0 5 7 7 *
-.* 5 0
.105
.318
0.1801*
~-TiOcT
-.0 9 0
.129
-.0 6 8
-.0 6 0
-.250
.094
-.0 6 7
.139
-.0 9 1
.169
.175
-.2 3 4
.124
.318
5h
i5
Martyr
dom
Mercy
Sex
-.0 7 9
-.0 9 6
-.177
.096
Teaching
-.107
.118
Wisdom
-.1 2 5
“
.037
- . 173
-.1 5 5
.071
.089
'“ 165 OTO‘688-
.138
.089 0.1211*
.272
.135 0.1230*
'-.2 8 3
.127 013*41*
OTO'9'*'
"TH'2 " ”
.112
Mission
Service
Pasto
ring
Prophecy
.296 0.1951*
.333
.074
-.1 3 1
.228
.235
-.1 1 9
.176 0 5 8 3 *
093
.085 0.0740
:i77
0.0631
.198
0527'
.258
"-.298
0530*
.356
'.'136 0.2026*
-.1 1 4
.324
-.28 4 ' .171 0.3348*
.132
.318
0.1261*
♦Models th a t are p ra c tic a l to use because they can p re d ic t variance o f
10% and more.
122
and the 19 s p iritu a l g i f t s .
Table 25 summarizes the m u ltip le c o rre la
tio n s fo r each of the c la s s ific a tio n o f the 16 psychological types and
the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
The findings can be summarized as follo w s:
The extravert.od type is in d ic a tiv e o f almost a ll o f the g ifts
th a t were considered except fo r the g i f t s o f helps and intercession
which are more common among the in tro v e rte d type.
F u rth e r, each of the
4-Preference Indices has c o rre la tio n w ith the s p ir itu a l g if t s under
study, in d ic a tin g th a t s p e c ific psychological types may be h e lp fu l in
p re d ic tin g s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
I t has been the assumotion o f b ib lic a l scholars th a t s p ir itu a
lity
is the basic c r it e r io n fo r the m anifestation or re ce ivin g o f
s p ir itu a l g i f t s , and the em pirical fin d in g s in th is study appear to
support th a t notion.
Although psychological types are s ig n ific a n t p re d icto rs fo r
the s p ir itu a l g i f t s , in many instances age is also a good p re d ic to r.
The o ld e r the person, the stronger is the re la tio n w ith evanqelism,
f a i t h , g iv in g , h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, prophecy, and
teaching.
G ifts o f a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stlesh ip , evangelism, knowledge,
p a sto rin g , and teaching appear to be stronger in m ales, perhaps in d ic a
tin g th a t these are m ale-ro le o rien ted g i f t s .
I t may be possible th a t
the female sample in th is study are not be aware o f the p o s s ib ility of
t h e ir acquiring such g if t s and perceive these g if t s as ty p ic a l o f the
male domain.
The general population o f teachers has an ESFJ type (Hoffman &
Betkouski, 1981).
However, in th is research, the ESFJ was n e g ative ly
c o rre la te d with the g i f t of teaching as shown in hypothesis 36; instead
123
an ENTJ might be the l i k e l y type fo r those w ith the g i f t o f teaching.
The same is tru e fo r the g if t s o f helps and exhortation shown in
hypothesis 36.
The occupations o f a d m in is tra to rs , managers, and super
visors have a high percentage o f the EST type according to CAPT (Myers
& McCaulley, 1985), but in th is research, the ENT type was re la te d with
the g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n .
This seems to in d ic a te th a t though the
g i f t of ad m in is tra tio n may have a f f i n i t y w ith a d m in is tra tiv e occupa
tio n s , s p ir itu a l g if t s and occupations are not ne ce s sa rily the same.
Other vocations with leadership ro les tend to have a higher EST type,
but the g i f t o f leadership has an ENT type.
This seems to a ffirm the
notion th a t s p iritu a l g if t s and natural ta le n ts (re la te d to vocation
and occupation) are re la te d but are not one and the same th in g .
The
fin d in g s o f th is research support th is in feren ce.
The g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stlesh ip , and leadership seem
to r e la te to one another; however, they are d iffe r e n t as indicated by
the fin d in g s of the types th a t c o rre la te w ith each of them, and there
are no canonical c o rre la tio n functions th a t indicated th a t they are
r e la te d .
This is in agreement w ith the fin d in g s o f Joachim (1984)
and v e r ifie s the hypothesis th a t they are d if f e r e n t .
F in a lly , most o f the s p ir itu a l g if t s seem to be re la te d to the
e xtrav e rted type except fo r the g if t s o f intercession and helps.
This
suggests th a t most o f the g if t s may be useful in m in is trie s in a group
s e ttin g , but these two g if t s may be more appropriate in personal
m in is try , or a t le a s t be i n it ia t e d through the personal m in is try
channel.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary o f the study, with conclu
sio ns, im p lic a tio n s , and recommendations drawn from the fin d in g s .
This
study was concerned with the possible c o rre la tio n between the Jungian
psychological types and 19 s p iritu a l g if t s o f the New Testament.
Summary
The purpose o f the study, t.ie review o f re la te d lit e r a t u r e and
research, the methodology, and the fin d in g s are b r ie f ly summarized
below.
The Purpose
Although i t has been assumed th a t temperament and s p iritu a l
g if t s are r e la te d , only one known em pirical study had been conducted to
v e r if y th is assumption (Joachim, 1984).
The construct of the tempera
mental type theorized by Jung and his proponents had been researched by
Ammon on a lim ite d basis to fin d a re la tio n s h ip between these types
w ith s p ir itu a l g i f t s , however his sample s ize was small (n=42).
It
appears th a t there has been no s ig n ific a n t study to research the r e la
tio n sh ip between the Jungian psychological types and s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
I t was, th e re fo re , the purpose of th is research to determine whether a
c o rre la tio n e x is ts between the Jungian psychological types and 19
124
125
s p ir itu a l
g if t s o f the New Testament on the basis o f two e m p iric a lly
developed instrum ents, the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and The S p ir i
tu al G ifts In v en to ry .
This study was designed to fin d whether persons
o f a c e rta in psychological type tend t-o hp stronger in the same
g ift(s ).
Review o f Related L ite ra tu re and Research
The review o f lit e r a t u r e was divided in to two sections.
The
f i r s t d e a lt w ith s p iritu a l g ifts and the second w ith psychological
types.
The m anifestation of s p iritu a l g if t s was m anifestated in the
Old Testament, but the word used to tra n s la te " s p ir itu a l g i f t "
( charisma) is b a s ic a lly a Pauline expression and r e fle c ts Pauline
theology.
Other words such as pneumatika and doron were also
tra n s la te d " g ift" in the New Testament, however, charisma was the most
e x te n s iv e ly used and tra n s la te d as " s p ir itu a l g i f t " ; pnuematika was
tra n s la te d as " s p ir it u a l," and only " s p ir itu a l g ifts " when i t was used
w ith charismata and doron l i t e r a l l y means " g i f t " , not necessarily
" s p ir itu a l g i f t . "
A " s p ir itu a l g i f t " is not the same as "the g i f t o f the Holy
S p ir it" which denotes the g i f t of s a lv a tio n ; nor is i t the same as "the
f r u i t of the s p ir it " which is the evidence o f a C h ris tia n 's growing
s p ir itu a lity .
A " s p ir itu a l g i f t " is a God-given a b i l i t y to be o f
service in the church and community to meet s p e c ific needs.
There have been various propositions fo r d iffe r e n tia t in g
s p ir itu a l g if t s and natural ta le n ts , but no consensus has been reached.
However, a ll
agree th a t such g if t s which might have a f f i n i t y to natural
126
ta le n ts are manifested only in "born-again" C h r i s t i a n * .
S im ila r ly , no
consensus has been reached concerning a c ld s s if ’ cr.tion o f these g i f t s ,
but i t is g e n e ra lly believed th a t every C h ris tia n has a t le a s t one g i f t
fo r service in the church and/or community.
agreement on the need fo r g i f t discovery.
There has been no
Those who see the need fo r
the discovery o f s p ir itu a l g if t s consider i t as an urgent and in te g ra l
p a rt o f C h ris tia n s p i r i t u a l i t y .
The constructs o f temperamental types have been proposed since
the days o f Hippocrates, but the construct o f psychological types is a
c h ild o f the 20th century through the works o f Jung and researchers who
took his proposition s e rio u s ly .
There have been some questions on the
b ip o la r ity of the c o n stru ct, but em pirical research has not negated
such b ip o la r ity .
The psychological types have been c o rre la te d w ith many per
s o n a lity th e o re tic a l form ulations and vocations.
The re la tio n s h ip s
between the humoral temperamental types and the psychological types
have been theorized but have not been e m p iric a lly v e r if ie d .
S im ila rly ,
th e o ris ts suggest th a t psychological types tend to r e la te w ith r e l i
gious phenomena such as p rayer, conversion, and symbolism; but
em pirical v e r ific a t io n is lac k in g .
However, c e rta in psychological
types such as in t u it iv e - f e e lin g type ty p ify those in m in is trie s ; and
d iffe r e n t types— such as the in t u it iv e type who p re fe rs the more
lib e r a l churches and the sensing type who p refers fo r the more
conservative churches— have been v e r ifie d b_
'S 'ja-ch.
E m p iric a lly
based lit e r a t u r e on the re la tio n s h ip between the psychological types
and s p iritu a l g ifts
is v ir t u a l l y n o n -e x isten t, but l i t e r a t u r e and
127
research dealing with psychological types and s p ir itu a l g if t s
s ep a ra te ly is a v a ila b le .
Methodology
A c o rre la tio n a l research design was used to determine the
re la tio n s h ip between the psychological types and 19 s p iritu a l g ifts o f
the New Testament.
1.
The instruments used were:
The Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r (Form G) from Consulting
Psychological Press.
This has 126 questions; each o ffe rs only a bino
mial choice.
2.
The C ^ iritu a l G ifts Inventory by Naden and C ruise.
This
has 57 questions; each o ffe rs a choice on a 5 -p o in t continuum between
fa ls e and tru e .
These instruments were used because of the considerable sta
tis tic a l
inform ation a v a ila b le on th e ir v a l id i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y .
Four hundred and ninety-tw o subjects p a rtic ip a te d in the
study.
They were students from Andrews U n iv e rs ity and church members
from the Beaverton Seventh-day Adventist Church, Oregon.
Four hundred
and fo r t y -f o u r sets were returned and o f these, 430 (87%) were usable.
The other sets were e ith e r incomplete or the subjects did not f a l l
in
the age bracket considered in th is study.
The subjects were divided into three groups:
sample, (2) to ta l males, (3 ) to ta l females.
three sets:
(1)
(1 )
to ta l
The data were divided into
the 4-Preference In d ices, (2 ) the 19 s p ir it u a l g i f t s ,
and (3 ) the personal data which included age, sex, and perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity on a scale o f i - y .
128
T h ir ty -e ig h t null hypotheses were formulated to be tested
s ta tis t ic a lly .
The f i r s t three hypotheses were tested by a canonical
c o rre la tio n a n a ly s is .
The next 19 hypotheses were tested w ith a step
wise regression and the best subset regression analyses.
The la s t 16
hypotheses were tested w ith the stepwise regression a n a ly s is .
For each
o f the hypotheses, only those with a s ig n ific a n ce le v e l o f p <.05 were
considered.
For the m u ltip le regression hypotheses, only those with a
s ig n ific a n c e lev e l o f p <.05 and m u ltip le R-squares o f >.1000 were
considered.
Findings o f the Study
This section presents a summary or the findings regarding the
38 hypotheses.
For hypotheses 1 -3 , Table 26 presents an overview of
the re s u lts .
Hypothesis 1
Among the male and female respondents, v.here is no s ig n ific a n t
canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psycholo
g ical types indicated by the 4-Preference Indices o f the MBTI— E xtraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs. In tu itio n ; Thinking vs. Feeling;
Perception vs. Judgment— and a lin e a r combination o f 19 s p ir itu a l
g i f t s — a d m in is tra tio n , apo stlesh ip , discernment, evangelism, exhorta
tio n , f a i t h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, le a
d ership, martyrdom, mercy, mission s e rv ic e , p a s to rin g , prophecy,
teaching, and wisdom— as indicated by the SGI.
For the to ta l sample, the g if t s
o f a d m in is tra tio n , h o s p ita lity , and exhortation are more common among
the extrav e rted ty p e , and the g i f t of helps is more common among the
129
in tro v e rte d type.
I t is also indicated th a t the g if t s of teaching,
evangelism, and helps are more common among the th in k in g ty p e , and the
g if t s o f exhortation and prophecy are more common among the fe e lin g
type.
Hypothesis 2
Among the male respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t canonical
c o rre V *io n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psychological types
indicated by the 4-Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a lin e a r combina
tio n o f 19 s p ir itu a l g ifts indicated by the SGI.
For males, the g if t s of hospi
t a l i t y , a d m in is tra tio n , mercy, apo stlesh ip , and knowledge are more
common among the e x tr a v e r te d -in tu itiv e type, and the g if t s o f helps and
intercession are more common among the introverted-sensing type.
In
a d d itio n , the g if t s o f p astorin g, f a i t h , and exhortation are more
common among the feeling-judgm ent type, and the g i f t o f wisdom is more
common among the th in k in g -p e rc e p tiv e type.
Hypothesis 3
Among female respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n
by the 4-Preference Indices o f tne MBTI and a lin e a r combination of 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the Sg i .
For the fem ales, the g if t s of
exh ortation and a d m in is tra tio n are more common among the extrav e rted
type.
Table 27 (p . 121, above) summarizes the re s u lts fo r the next
19 hypotheses.
130
H y p o th e s is 4
o f a d m in is tra tio n and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, per
The g i f t o f ad m in is tra tio n
would more commonly be found among the e x tr a v e r te d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g judgment (ENTJ) types, high in perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity and male.
Hypothesis 5
The g i f t o f apostleship would
more commonly oe found among the e x tr a v e rte d -in c u itiv e -th in k in g judgment (ENTJ) types, high in perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and male.
Hypothesis 6
o f discernment and psycnological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rr e la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was
too small fo r the model
p r a c tic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
to be
Hypothesis 7
131
The g i f t of evangelism would
more commonly be found among the extraverted-judgm ent (JP) types, high
perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , older in age, and m ale.
Drawing from the
fin d in g s o f the canonical c o rre la tio n s in hypothesis 1, the
e x tra v e rte d -th in k in g -judgment (ETJ) would more commonly be found among
those having the g i f t o f evangelism.
Hypothesis 8
of
exh o rtatio n and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
The g i f t o f exh o rtatio n would
more commonly be found among the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g (EF) types and
high in perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity .
Hypothesis 9
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the
of
g ift
f a it h and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
The g i f t o f f a it h would more
commonly be found among the extrav e rted types, high in s p ir itu a l
m a tu rity , older in age, and fem ale.
Hypothesis 10
o f g iving and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
132
The g i f t of giving would more
commonly be found among the extraverted-judgm ent (EJ) ty p e , high in
perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , and o ld er in age.
Hypothesis 11
o f helps or service and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r re la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 12
o f h o s p ita lity and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age,
This
and sex.
hypothesis was re je c te d .
The
g i f t of h o s p ita lity would
more commonly be found among the e xtrav e rted -fe elin g -ju d g m e n t (JFP)
types, s p i r i t u a l l y mature, and older in age.
Hypothesis 13
o f intercession and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, per
This
more
hypothesis was re je c te d .
commonly be found among
The
g i f t of intercession would
the sen s in g -fee lin g (SF) types, s p ir it u
a l l y mature, and o ld er in age.
133
o f knowledge and psychological types ind icated by the MBTI, perceived
The g i f t
o f knowledge would
more commonly be found among the in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (NJ) types, s p i r i
t u a lly mature, older in age, and male.
Hypothesis 15
o f leadership and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , agp, and sex.
T h if hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t
o f leadership would
more commonly be found among the e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g (ENT)
t y .e s , and s p i r i t u a l l y mature.
Hypothesis 16
Tnere is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f martyrdom and psychological types ind icated by the MBTI, perceived
p r a c tic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 17
o f mercy and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
134
proportion
of variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c tic a l,
th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 18
g i f t of mission service and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
proportion
of variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c tic a l,
Hypothesis 19
o f pastoring and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
The g i f t of pastoring would
more commonly be found among the extraverted-judgm ent (EJ) types,
s p ir it u a lly mature, and male.
Drawing from the canonical c o rre la tio n s
in hypothesis 2 , the e x tra v e rte d -f e e lin g -judgment type would commonly
be found among those having the g i f t o f pastoring.
Hypothesis 20
o f prophecy and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
135
The g i f t of prophecy would more
commonly be found among the e x tra v e ^ te d -fe e lin g (EF) types, s p ir it u a lly
mature, and o ld e r.
Hypothesis 21
of teaching and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and
This hypothesis was
sex.
re je c te d . The g i f t o f teaching would
more
commonly be found among the e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (ENJ) types,
s p ir it u a lly mature, o ld e r, and male.
Hypothesis 22
g i f t of wisdom and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and
This hypothesis was
sex.
re je c te d . The g i f t of wisdomwould more
commonly be found among the extraverted-thinking -judgm ent (ETJ) types,
and thp s p ir it u a lly mature.
For hypotheses 2 3 -3 8 , Table 25 (p . 113, above) shows the
standardized c o e ffic ie n ts o f a ll
s ig n ific a n t s p iritu a l g if t s in
p red ictin g each o f the 16 psychological types, the F - s t a t i s t i e s , and
the m u ltip le R-squares fo r each equation.
Hypothesis 23
s p iritu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTJ psychological type
136
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n , the
p roportion o f variance explained was
too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
Hypothesis 24
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFJ psychological type
in d ica te d by the MBTI.
was nor considered.
Hypothesis 25
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFJ psychological type
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n , the
proportion
o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l,
Hypothesis 26
s p ir it u a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTJ psychological type
p roportion
o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to
p r a c t ic a l,
be
137
There is no s i g n i f i c a n t m u lt ip le c o r r e la t io n between th e 19
s p ir itu a l
g ifts
and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n as th e ISTP p s y c h o lo g ic a l ty p e
in d ic a t e d by th e MBTI.
p r a c t ic a l, therefore th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 28
s p ir itu a l g ifts and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFP psychological type
proportion
p r a c t ic a l,
therefore th is hypothesis was not considered.
be
Hypothesis 29
s p ir itu a l g ifts and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFP psychological type
proportion
p r a c t ic a l,
th erefo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
be
Hypothesis 30
s p ir itu a l g ifts and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTP psychological type
138
was not considered.
Hypothesis 31
proportion of variance explained was
was not considered.
Hypothesis 32
proportion
of variance explained was too small fo r the model to
p r a c tic a l,
be
Hypothesis 33
proportion
of variance explained was too small fo r the model to
p r a c tic a l,
be
139
There is no s i g n i f i c a n t m u lt ip le c o r r e la t io n between th e 19
and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
as th e ENTP p s y c h o lo g ic a l ty p e
in d ic a te d by th e MBTI.
was not considered.
Hypothesis 35
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTJ psychological type
too small fo*' the model to be
was not considered.
Hypothesis 36
The ESFJ psychological type
would be less common among those having the g if t s o f evangelism, helps,
teaching, and wisdom and more common among those having the g if t s of
e x h o rta tio n , h o s p ita lity , p a sto rin g , and prophecy.
140
T here is no s i g n i f i c a n t m u lt ip le c o r r e la t i o n between th e 19
s p ir itu a l
g ifts
and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
as th e ENFJ p s y c h o lo g ic a l ty p e
in d ic a t e d by th e MBTI.
was not considered.
Hypothesis 38
s p ir itu a l g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTJ psychological type
too small fo r the model to
p ra c tic a l , th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
be
Conclusions
Emerging from the study the fo llo w in g conclusions are
drawn:
1.
The e xtra v e rte d type is more common among those having the
g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , h o s p ita lity , and exh o rtatio n and the in tr o
verted type is common among those w ith the g i f t of helps.
2.
The e xtrav e rted -se n s in g -fe e lin g -ju d g m e n t (ESFJ) type is
more common among those w ith the g if t s o f prophecy, p a sto rin g , hospi
t a l i t y , and e x h o rta tio n .
3.
The higher the s e lf-p e rc e p tio n o f « t n i r i t n a l m a t u r i t y , the
higher the perception o f s p ir itu a l g ifte d n e s s.
4.
The o ld e r the person, the more s tro n g ly he seems to re la te
to the g if t s o f evangelism, f a i t h , g iv in g , h o s p ita lity , in te rce s sio n ,
knowledge, prophecy, and teaching.
5.
S p e c ific a lly fo r males:
a.
The e x tr a v e rte d -in tu itiv e (EN) type is more common
among those with the g if t s o f h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n ,
mercy, and apostleship.
b.
The e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g -ju d g m e n t (ENTJ)
type is more common among those having the g i f t s of adminis
tr a t io n , a p o s tle s h ip , and teaching.
c.
The e x tra v e rte d -th in k in g (ET) type is more common
among those having the g i f t o f evangelism.
d.
The e xtra v e rte d -fe e lin g -ju d g m e n t (EFJ) type is more
common among those having the g i f t o f p a s to rin g .
e.
The in tro verted -sen sin g (IS ) type is more common among
those w ith the g if t s of helps and in te rc e s s io n .
f.
The in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (NJ) type is more common among
those having the g i f t o f knowledge.
g.
The th in k in g -p e rc e p tiv e (TP) type is more common among
those having the g i f t o f wisdom.
6.
S p e c ific a lly fo r females:
The e x tra v e rte d type is more
common among those having the g if t s o f e x h o rta tio n , ad m in is tra tio n and
fa ith .
Im p!ications
1.
G ifts o f a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stle s h ip , evangelism, know
ledge, p a sto rin g , and teaching seem to be stronger in males in d ic a tin g
142
th a t these are m ale-oriented g i f t s .
I t may be possible th a t the female
sample in th is study is not aware o f the p o s s ib ility o f t h e ir acquiring
o f such g if t s and perceived these g if t s as ty p ic a l o f the male domain
even though i t may be true th a t females may also possess such g i f t s .
This is an area th a t needs fu rth e r research.
2.
The g if t s o f teaching, a d m in is tra tio n , lead ersh ip , helps,
and exhortation are not the same as the vocations o f a d m in is tra tio n ,
managing, teaching in general, counseling or personal service work,
even though they may have a f f i n i t y to them.
I t may, th e re fo re , imply
th a t natural ta le n ts are not the same as s p iritu a l g i f t s , even though
they may be s im ila r .
3.
The g if t s of a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stlesh ip , and leadership
seem to be re la te d with each o th e r, however, they are d is t in c t ly d i f
fe re n t from one another as indicated by the fin d in g s o f the canonical
c o rre la tio n s .
This is in agreement with the findings o f Joachim
(1 9 8 4 ), thus v e rify in g the hypothesis th a t they are d iffe r e n t g i f t s .
4.
The d iffe re n c e between s p ir itu a l g if t s and vocations may
imply th a t to u t i l i z e the e xp e rtis e o f the secular world w ith in the
functions o f the church or anything s p iritu a l may not be e n tir e ly
a p p ro p riate, because the focus may be d if f e r e n t .
This is an area th a t
needs fu r th e r research.
5.
F in a lly , most of the s p ir itu a l g if t s seem to be more
common w ith the e xtraverted type except fo r the g i f t s of intercession
and helps.
This im plies th a t most 0* the g if t s may be useful in
m in is trie s fo r a group s e ttin g , but these two g if t s may be used in
personal m in is try , or a t le a s t be in it ia t e d through personal m in is try .
143
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions o f the study the f o l
lowing recommendations are proposed:
For research
1.
The study should be re p lic a te d w ith a la rg e r sample, using
churches ra th e r than educational in s titu tio n s , and seeking middle age
adults ra th e r than young a d u lts .
2.
A s im ila r study should be conducted to see whether the
psychological types would p re d ic t the same type g if t s
in a d iffe r e n t
c u ltu re .
3.
A study could be conducted to see whether c e rta in g if t s
are ty p ic a l of a s p e c ific sex-group and/or age-group.
4.
A study to compare the c o rre la tio n s of psychologi
cal types and s p ir itu a l g if t s w ith the c o rre la tio n s o f psychological
types and vocations would also be u s e fu l.
5.
A study should be in it ia t e d to c o rre la te the psychological
types indicated by the MBTI, the 4-humoral temperamental types in d i
cated by the Temperament Inventory by Cruise and 31itchington (1 9 7 7 ),
and the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
6.
An instrum ent to evaluate s p i r i t u a l i t y , since s p i r i t u a l i t y
is a d is tin c t in d ic a to r fo r the reception and m anifestatio n o f s p i r i
tual g i f t s , needs development.
For p ra c tic e
7.
Classes should be conducted w ith in the church to aid in
the understanding o f psychological types and th e ir re la tio n s h ip s to
144
8.
Members o f the church should be encouraged to discover
t h e ir s p ir it u a l g i f t s according to t h e ir psychological types.
9.
The fu n c tio n s w ith in the church th a t re q u ire m in is try
in vo lvin g a group s e ttin g and those th a t are b e tte r u t i l i z e d
in o n e -to -
one m in is try should be d i s t i n c t ly s p elle d o u t, then the members should
be helped to channel t h e i r work according to t h e ir g i f t s ; th a t i s , tne
in tro v e rte d type to the one-to-one m in is try and the e x tra v e rte d to the
m in is try in v o lv in g a group s e ttin g .
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
PERMISSION FURN
PERSONAL DATA SHEET WITH
PERCEIVED SPIRITUAL MATURITY SCALE
147
Andrews U n iv e r s it y
REQUEST FOR PERMISSION TO MAKE A SURVEY OF STUDENT OPINION
CAjf (dL.
Name
Date 6£ Request
Course Number and T i t l e
if
S u rvey is
f o r a C lass
gprvvr
Date
D ate S u r v d y 'w i ll be Taken
P o lic ie s :
1.
A l l q u e s tio n n a ire s used a t Andrews U n i v e r s i t y f o r s tu d e n t o p in io n surveys o u s t
be approved by the V ic e - P r e s id e n t f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s a f t e r c o u n s e lin g w it h th e
p erson i n ch arge o f th e a r e a where th e su rv ey w i l l be ta k e n .
!£ th e su rv ey is
f o r a c la s s , th e a p p ro v a l o f th e te a c h e r and dean o f th e sc h o o l must a ls o be
secured b e fo r e the V ic e - P r e s id e n t f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s g iv e s f i n a l a p p ro v a l.
S urveys conducted by s tu d e n t o r g a n iz a tio n s o u s t be approved by th e f a c u l t y
sponsor and th e V ic e -P r e s id e n t f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s .
2.
The s tu d e n t making th e su rv ey ag rees n o t to r e le a s e in fo r m a tio n p u b l ic ly ab o u t
th e r e s u l t s
o f th e s u rv e y w ith o u t th e p e rm is s io n o f th e t e a c h e r , th e d ean , and
th e V ic e -P r e s id e n t f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s .
A r e p o r t o f th e s u rv e y w i l l be g iv e n to
th e s e th r e e in d i v i d u a l s .
3.
The q u e s tio n n a ir e should be c l e a r l y I d e n t i f i e d as to th e purpose f o r making th e
s u rv e y , th e name o f th e c la s s , and th e name o f th e te a c h e r who has approved th e
q u e s tio n n a ir e and th e p r o je c t .
Request f o r In fo r m a tio n about S u rv e y :
1.
D e s c rib e th e p r o je c t proposed ic .r w h ich th e su rv e y i s ta k e n and a tt a c h a copy
o f th e q u e s tio n n a ir e to be u sed .
D a te
Dean' S
/A p p ro v a l
e s id e n t £'
S tu d e n t A f f a i r s ' A p p ro v a l
1 -1 -7 4
D ate
D ate
148
Dear fellow students:
Thank
you for your w il lin gn ess to respond to
the
following questionnaires:
The per ceived spiritual maturity
scale,
the
M yer s-Briggs Type Indicator and the
Spiritual
Gift
Inventory.
The information received will be treated
with the grea tes t confidentiality.
Y ou need not write your
name on these instruments, but if you would like a personal
copy of the results, then
include your name, class and home
address; I will be most happy to send it to you.
Personal
Information
PLEASE
PRINT in the appropriate blanks below,
or PLACE
A
CIRCLE
around the number, indicating the information about
yourself.
1.
Year of birth:__ _________
Year
2.
Sex:
3.
Race/Nationality:
Male
1
4 Oriental
Female 2
1
White 2 Black 3 Spanish
5 Oth er
__.
P erceived Spiritual M a t uri ty Scale
Instructions
The
following
q uestion
is a study of
what
you
think and feel about your present spiritual
maturity.
It
is important that you do not dep~reciate nor over appreciate
yourself in your evaluation.
Mark on the scale b e l o w of 1
to
9 your
honest perception of
your
present
spiritual
maturity.
1
2
Low
3
4
5
6
Average
7
8
9
High
APPENDIX B
DATA ON THE 444 SUBJECTS
(430 USABLE RETURNS FOR THIS STUDY INDICATED AS 1)
FORMAT FOR SAMPLE OF 444 SUBJECTS
Columns
-3
=
the
number of the subject
Columns
—6
=
E -I
Index
Columns
-9
=
S-N
Index
Columns
.0-12
=
T-F
Index
Columns
3-15
=
J-P
Index
Columns
.6-53
=
Scores from the SGI
(each g i f t occupies 2 columns)
Columns
>4-55
=
Subject age
Column
*
Subject sex
(1 fo r male, 2 fo r female)
Column
=
Perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity
Column
=
The u s a b ility o f the data
(1 fo r complete d a ta ,
2 fo r incomplete d a ta ,
0 fo r subject over 60 y r-o ld )
Columns
-86
=
score
16 dummy v aria b les in d ic a tin g
each o f the 16 types (IS T J , ISFJ,
INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, INTP
ESTP, ESFP, tNFP, ENTP, ESTJ, ESFJ
ENFJ, ENTJ)
151
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VITA
Name:
Chek Yat Phoon
Place o f b irth :
Penang, Malaysia
Date o f b ir th :
March 4, 1948
M a rita l status:
Married to S a lly Lam Chow Hin
Education:
Southeast Asia Union C o lle g e, Singapore
1971 Bachelor o f Theology (cum laude)
Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary (F ar E a s t),
P h ilip p in e s
1980 Master o f Arts in R eligion (magna cum laude)
1980 Master o f D iv in it y (magna cum laude)
Andrews U n iv e rs ity ; Berrien Springs, Michigan
1987 Doctor o f Philosophy, Religious Education
Experience:
1967-68 - Nurse a id e , Penang A dventist H o s p ita l, Malaysia
1972-74 - B ib le teacher and school c h ap lain , Sunny H ill
School, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia
Associate p a s to r, Kuching Seventh-day A dventist Church
East Malaysia
1975-76 - Church p a sto r, Seventh-day A dventist Churches
of Kuala Lumpur and Seremban, Malaysia
1977
- Church p a sto r, Seventh-day A dventist Churches o f
Melaka and Muar, Malaysia
Acting Youth and Temperance D ire c to r, West
Malaysia-Singapore Mission
1978-82 - In s tru c to r, Theology Department, Southeast Asia
Union C o lleg e, Singapore
1983-84 - Asst. Professor and Chairman o f Theology
Department, Southeast Asia Union C o lle g e,
Singapore
1984
- Graduate a s s is ta n t, School of Education,
(s p rin g ) Religious Education, Andrews U n iv e rs ity ,
Michigan
Professional
Memberships: 1981-84
Member, Samaritans o f Singapore
1982-84
Associate member, Singapore Association o f
Social Workers
1985-86
Member, R eligious Research A sso ciatio n , Storrs
Connecticut
Appointment: 1986 -
Chairman o f Theology Department, Southeast Asi
Union C ollege, Singapore

A Correlational Study of Jungian Psychological Types and Nineteen

Transcription

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