A Correlational Study of Jungian Psychological Types and Nineteen

Transcription

A Correlational Study of Jungian Psychological Types and Nineteen
Andrews University
Digital Commons @ Andrews University
Dissertations
Graduate Research
1986
A Correlational Study of Jungian Psychological
Types and Nineteen Spiritual Gifts
Chek Yat Phoon
Andrews University
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations
Part of the Psychology Commons, and the Religion Commons
Recommended Citation
Phoon, Chek Yat, "A Correlational Study of Jungian Psychological Types and Nineteen Spiritual Gifts" (1986). Dissertations. Paper
633.
This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted
for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact
repository@andrews.edu.
Thank you for your interest in the
Andrews University Digital Library
of Dissertations and Theses.
Please honor the copyright of this document by
not duplicating or distributing additional copies
in any form without the author’s express written
permission. Thanks for your cooperation.
INFORMATION TO USERS
W hile th e m ost advanced techn ology has been used to
photograph and reproduce th is manuscript, the quality of
the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of
the material submitted. For example:
•
Manuscript pages m ay have indistinct print. In such
cases, the best available copy has been filmed.
•
M anuscripts m ay not alw ays be com plete. In such
cases, a note w ill indicate that it is not possible to
obtain m issing pages.
•
Copyrighted m aterial may have been removed from
the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the
deletion.
Oversize m aterials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are
photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the
upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in
equal sections w ith sm all overlaps. Each oversize page is
a lso film e d as o n e e x p o su r e an d is a v a ila b le , for an
additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23”
black and white photographic print.
M ost p h o to g ra p h s rep ro d u ce a c c e p ta b ly on p o s itiv e
microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic
copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge,
35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and w hite photographic prints
are available for any photographs or illu stra tio n s that
cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Ord**r N u m b e r 8724216
A correlation al stu d y o f J u n gian p sych ological ty p es and
n in eteen sp iritu a l gifts
Phoon, Chek Yat, Ph.D.
Andrews University, 1987
UMI
300 N. Zecb Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
PLEASE NOTE:
In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible w ay from the available copy.
Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V
1.
Glossy photographs or pages______
2.
Colored illustrations, paper or print_______
3.
Photographs with dark background_____
4.
lustrations are poor copy_______
5.
Pages with black marks, not original cop y_______
6.
Print shows through as there is text on both sides of p a g e _______
7.
Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages.
8.
Print exceeds margin requirements_______
9.
Tightly bound copy wit, i print lost in spine________
.
y
10.
Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______
11.
Page(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or
author.
seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows.
12.
Page(s)
13.
Two pages numbered
14.
Curling and wrinklea pages
15.
Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, rumeo as received
16.
Other
. Text follows.
University
M icrofilm s
International
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Andrews U n iv e rs ity
School o f Graduate Studies
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
AND NINETEEN SPIRITUAL GIFTS
A D is s e rta tio n
Presented in P a rtia l F u lfillm e n t
of the Requirements fo r the Degree
Doctor o f Philosophy
by
Chek Yat Phoon
July 1986
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
AND NINETEEN SPIRITUAL GIFTS
A d is s e rta tio n
presented in p a r tia l f u lf illm e n t
o f the requirements fo r the degree
Doctor o f Philosophy
by
Chek Yat Phoon
APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:
Oean, School o f Graduate Studies
Chai
lerome Q.
External Examiner:
Conrad A. R eichert
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ABSTRACT
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
AND NINETEEN SPIRITUAL GIFTS
by
Chek Yat Phoon
Chairman:
Roy C. Naden, Ed.D.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE RESEARCH
D is s e rta tio n
Andrews U n iv e rs ity
School o f Graduate Studies
T itle :
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES AND
NINETEEN SPIRITUAL GIFTS.
Name of researcher:
Name and degree
o f fa c u lty advisor:
Date completed:
Chek Yat Phoon
Roy C. Naden, Ed.D.
J u ly , 1986
Problem
No known study had examined the c o rre la tio n between the
Jungian psychological types and s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The purpose o f th is
study was to in v e s tig a te the possible c o rre la tio n between the Jungian
psychological types and a s e le c tio n o f 19 s p ir it u a l g if t s o f the New
Testament.
Method
This study employed two instruments to measure the psycho!ogi
cal types and 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s :
The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory.
The Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and
The data which were computed and ana­
lyzed to te s t 38 null hypotheses were provided by a to ta l o f 430
1
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2
undergraduate, graduate, and seminary students from Andrews U n iv e rs ity ,
Berrien Springs, Michigan, and church members from the Beaverton
Seventh-day A dventist Church, Oregon.
Findings
1.
The o ld er the person, the more l i k e l y he w ill manifest the
g if t s o f evangelism, f a i t h , g iv in g , h o s p it a lit y , in te rc e s s io n , know­
ledge, prophecy and teaching.
2.
The e xtra v e rte d -',-n s in g -fe e lin g -ju d g m e n t (ESFJ) type is
more common among those with the g if t s o f prophecy, p astorin g, hospita­
l i t y , and e xh o rtatio n .
3.
S p e c ific a lly fo r males:
a.
The e x tr a v e r te d -in tu itiv e (EN) type is more common
among those with g if t s of h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n ,
mercy, and apostleship.
b.
The e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g -ju d g m e n t (ENTJ)
type is more common among those having g if t s o f adminis­
tr a t io n , ap o stles h ip , and teaching.
c.
The e x tra v e rte d -th in k in g (ET) type is more common
among those having the g i f t o f evangelism.
d.
The e xtrav e rted -fe elin g -ju d g m e n t (EFJ) type is more
common among those having the g i f t o f pastoring.
e.
The introverted-sensing (IS ) type is more common
among those w ith g ifts o f helps and in te rc e s s io n .
f.
The in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (NJ) type is mnre '•ommon w ith
the g i f t o f knowledge.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3
g.
The th in k in g -p e rce p tiv e (TP) type is more common
among those having the g i f t o f wisdom.
4.
S p e c ific a lly fo r females:
The e xtrav e rted type is more
common among those having g if t s o f e x h o rta tio n , a d m in is tra tio n , and
fa ith .
Conclusions
This study v alid a te s th a t psychological types are re le v an t
p redicto rs fo r 16 o f the 19 s p iritu a l g i f t s .
I t in fe rs th a t g if t s of
intercession and helps are more p ra c tic a l fo r one-to-one m in is te rie s .
I t appears th a t the higher the s e lf-p e rc e p tio n o f s p ir itu a l m a tu rity ,
the higher is the perception o f s p iritu a l g ifte d n e s s.
F in a lly , i t
suggests th a t only the g i f t of fa ith is more conr’'-; among women, but
g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , apostleship, evangelism, knowledge, pato rin g ,
and teaching are more common to men.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
BECAUSE YOU HAVE SHARED WITH ME AND YOUR MOTHER
THE STRUGGLES IN COMPLETING OUR DOCTORAL STUDIES,
THIS DISSERTATION IS DEDICATED
TO YOU, MY BELOVED DAUGHTERS, MICHELLE AND RACHEL
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
..........................................................................................................
1
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................
vi
Chapter
T..
II.
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................
1
Statement o f the Problem ........................................................
Purpose o f the S t u d y .................................................................
Theoretical Framework .................................................................
The Jungian Psychological Types .......................................
S p ir itu a l G ifts ..........................................................................
S ig n ific a n c e o f the S tu d y ........................................................
H y p o th e s e s .......................................................................................
A s s u m p tio n .......................................................................................
D e lim ita tio n s of the S t u d y ....................................................
D e fin itio n o f T e rm s .....................................................................
O utline o f the S t u d y .................................................................
4
5
6
6
9
11
14
21
21
22
27
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.....................................................................
29
S p iritu a l G ifts ..............................................................................
A H is to ric a l Background o f the
the Study on S p iritu a l G i f t s .......................................
Meaning o f " S p ir itu a l G ifts "
............................................
G if t o f the S p i r it and S p iritu a l G i f t s .........................
F ru its o f the S p i r it and S p iritu a l Gi f t s
• .
Natural Talents and S p iritu a l G ifts ...............................
The C la s s ific a tio n o f S p iritu a l G ifts ..........................
The Discovery o f S p ir itu a l G ifts
.................................
Psychological Types .....................................................................
A Biographical Sketch o f C. G. J u n g ...............................
Jung and Psychological T y p e s ............................................
M yers-Briggs' Extension o f Jungian
Psychological Types .............................................................
The B ip o la r ity o f Jungian
Psychological Types .............................................................
Psycho1.cg ic a l Types and Humoral
(Em otional) T y p e s .................................................................
29
ii
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
29
30
35
35
36
39
41
43
43
46
47
49
50
III.
Psychological Types With R eligion
S p i r it u a l it y
.........................................................................
Summary...............................................................................................
51
54
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................
56
Type o f S t u d y ..................................................................................
Population and Sample .................................................................
Instrum entation ..............................................................................
Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r ...............................................
F o rm a tio n ..................................................................................
R e l i a b i l i t y ..............................................................................
V a l i d i t y ..................................................................................
The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory ...........................................
F o rm a tio n ..................................................................................
R e l i a b i l i t y ..............................................................................
V a l i d i t y ..................................................................................
Procedures fo r C o lle c tin g D a t a ...........................................
Hypotheses and S t a tis t ic a l Analysis ...................................
Summary...............................................................................................
56
56
57
58
58
59
60
62
62
63
64
65
67
74
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA...........................................
75
Subjects Used in This S t u d y ....................................................
Analysis o f Data and Testing
o f the H ypotheses.....................................................................
Description o f Sample ............................................................
Testing o f Hypotheses and Discussion of
F i n d i n g s ..................................................................................
Summary...............................................................................................
75
80
119
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................
124
..........................................................................................
Summary
The P u rp o s e ..................................................................................
Review o f Related L ite ra tu re and Research ..................
M e th o d o lg y ..................................................................................
Findings o f the S t u d y .............................................................
C o n c lu s io n s ......................................................................................
Im p licatio n s ..................................................................................
Recommendations ..............................................................................
124
124
125
127
128
140
141
143
APPENDICES............................................................................................................
145
IV .
V.
A.
76
76
Permission Form and Personal Data Sheet
w ith Perceived S p iritu a l M a tu rity Scale ......................
Scores fo r the 444 S u b je c ts ........................................................
146
149
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................
160
V I T A .........................................................................................................................
175
B.
iii
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
LIST OF TABLES
1.
Theoretical Framework o f Basic
Functional Types ................................................................
7
2.
Sixteen Psychological Types from the M B T I.................
8
3.
Sixteen Pyschological Types with Dominant
Functions Indicated ............................................................
49
Group R e lia b ilit y C o e ffic ie n ts o f
19 S p iritu a l G i f t s ............................................................
64
Means and Standard Deviations fo r the
V ariables o f the Total Sample (N=430) ......................
77
Means and Standard Deviations fo r the
V ariables of the Male Sample ( N = 2 4 9 ) ......................
78
Means and Standard Deviations fo r the
V ariables of the Female Sample (N=181)
79
Canonical C o rrelatio n o f Psychological Types
& 19 S p iritu a l G ifts fo r the Total Sample . . . .
82
Canonical C o rre latio n o f Psychological Types
& 19 S p iritu a l G ifts fo r the Male Sample . . . .
85
Canonical C o rre latio n of Psychological Types
& 19 S p iritu a l G ifts fo r the Female Sample
88
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Best P rediction Model with the G if t of
A dm inistration as Dependent V ariab le
. . .
......................
90
Best P rediction Model with the G if t of
Apostleship as Dependent V aria b le ..............................
92
Best P rediction Model with the G if t of
Evangelism as Dependent V aria b le ..............................
93
Best P rediction Model with the G if t of
Exhortation as Dependent V aria b le
..........................
95
Best P rediction Model with the G if t of
Faith as Dependent V ariab le
.......................................
96
iv
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Best P rediction Model w ith the G if t of
Giving as (Dependent V a r i a b l e .......................................
97
Best P rediction Model w ith the G if t o f
H o s p ita lity as Dependent V aria b le =
99
Best P rediction Model w ith the G ift of
................................
Intercession as Dependent V ariab le
100
Best P rediction Model w ith the G ift o f
Knowledge as Dependent V aria b le
.....................................
102
Best P rediction Model w ith the G ift o f
Leadership as Dependent V ariable
.................
. . .
103
Best P rediction Model w ith the G if t o f
Pastoring as Dependent V aria b le
.............................
106
Best P rediction Model with the G if t of
Prophecy as Dependent V ariab le
.............................
107
Best P rediction Model w ith the G if t of
.............................
Teaching as Dependent V ariab le
108
Best P rediction Model w ith the G ift o f
Wisdom as Dependent V ariab le .......................................
110
The Standardized C o e ffic ie n ts and M u ltip le
R-Squares fo r the 16 Psychological Types
19 S p iritu a l G i f t s ............................................................
113
Canonical C o rre latio n Between Jungian
Psychological Types & S p iritu a l G ifts ......................
120
Standardized C o e ffic ie n ts and M u ltip le R-Squares
fo r the Jungian Psychological Types, S p iritu a l
M a tu rity , Sex, Age, and 19 S p iritu a l G ifts
. . .
121
v
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Experience has taught us th a t any d is s e rta tio n can never come
to a completion w ithout in s p ira tio n and p e rs p ira tio n .
o f a ll
is s t i l l
the c o n trib u tio n by many people.
Most important
I wisn to express my
g ra titu d e to those who have assisted me in th is research:
To Dr. Roy Nader., Professor o f Religious Education, who has
r.ot only introduced to me the p o s s ib ility helping members o f the body
o f C h ris t to discover th e ir s p iritu a l g i f t s , but also guided me
throughout th is research p ro je c t;
To Rev. Robert Leas, D ire c to r of Pastoral Services a t Memorial
H o s p ita l, South Bend, Indiana, who introduced me to the Jungian
psychological types;
To Rev. George Zornow, CPE re sid e n t a t Memorial H o s p ita l, who
shared w ith me inform ation on the type theory in r e la tio n to
s p iritu a lity ;
To Dr. Jerome Thayer, Professor of Research and S ta tis t ic a l
Methodology, and my fe llo w doctoral student, Mrs. Mei Mei Cho, who
helped me w ith the s t a t is t ic a l analyses;
To Dr. Garth Thompson, Professor o f Pastoral Care and
Chairman, Department of C h ris tia n M in is tr ie s , who has given to me
valuable support em otionally and academ ically w hile I was completing my
coursework and as a member of my d is s e rta tio n committee;
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Special thanks to Elder Ray Ammon, Pastor o f the Beaverton
Seventh-day A dventist Church, who assisted me in the col le c tio n o f data
from his church members;
To a l l those undergraduate, graduate and seminary students a t
Andrews U n iv e rs ity during the spring q u a rte r, 1986, who p a rtic ip a te d in
the research, and to the teachers who allowed me to admi'nisfor the
questionnaires in t h e ir classes;
To my w ife , S a lly , who s t i l l found time to read my d r a ft and
give valuable suggestions, despite her duties as a mother, w ife and
doctoral student;
Above a l l , to God who has given me blessings each day and fo r
His special guidance in the e n tir e p ro je c t.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Psychology, the science o f the study o f human behavior, is a
respected science, but i t has only been recognized as a formal f i e l d of
study since the nineteenth century.
The study o f r e lig io n , on the
o th e r hand, has existed since man's e a r lie s t tim es.
These two
sciences, however, have o ften been viewed as separate d is c ip lin e s ,
seldom to be amalgamated.
Since the epoch o f W illia m James, G. Stanley H a ll, and E.
Starbuck, attempts a t dialogue have been made between r e lig io n and
psychology, and serious work on in te g ra tin g these two sciences was
begun.
James tr ie d to present the v a rie tie s o f re lig io u s experiences
from a psycnological perspective (James, 1952, o r ig in a lly published in
1 9 0 1 ), w hile Starbuck embodied his thoughts in The Psychology o f P .eligion (1 9 01 ).
In te r e s t in in te rfa c in g then tapered o f f t i l l
the 195Qs:
when dialogue between the two f ie ld s revived (Bolsen, 1951; B u tle r,
1958; F le tc h e r, 1952; Mennlnger, 1950; M i l l e r , 1952; Oates, 1949;
Peterson, 1959; e t a l . ) .
In recent years some a tte n tio n has been paid
to the re la tio n s h ip th a t e x is ts between psychology and r e lig io n .
In
f a c t , The Journal o f Psychology and Theology was In i t i a t e d as the
"evangelical forum fo r the In te g ra tio n o f psychology and theology"
(C a rte r & Narramore, 1979, p. 1 3 ).
1
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2
In s p ite o f th is seeming show o f in te g ra tio n , the two fie ld s
have a h is to ry of c o n flic t and, a t tim es, r i v a l r y .
I t is understand­
able then th a t even as re c e n tly as the 1980s, attempts have beer, made
to l i m it "the in te g ra tio n o f psychology and theology [o r r e lig io n ]"
(Timpe, 1983, p. 2 1 ), the ra tio n a le being th a t " tra d itio n a l theology"
has a " v e rtic a l perspective. . . .
ta l in perspective. . . .
T ra d itio n a l psychology is horizon­
Psychology's method and focus have been
e m p iric a l, w hile theology's has been e x is te n tia l" ( i b i d . , pp. 21, 2 8 ).
A fte r studies in "behaviorism" began, the psychological study
of re lig io n decreased in p o p u la rity , although some theological
lib e r a ls — W illiam K e lle r , Richard Cabot, Russell Dicks, and Anton
Boisen— continued to see the importance o f psychology in helping minis
te rs and other church leaders to be more e ffe c tiv e in the care o f the
s ic k , discouraged, and needy.
As a re s u lt c f th is concern, pastoral
psychology was born, and became a s ch o la rly d is c ip lin e .
This move­
ment, however, is a c h ild o f the lib e r a l churches (C a rte r & Narramore,
1979, pp.3 3 -3 7 ), and psychology is s t i l l
the more conservative churches.
viewed w ith apprehension by
Even in it s accepted t e r r i t o r y , psy­
chology is popular only in the realm o f association w ith psychopatho­
logy (Boisen, 1926/71; C arter & Narramore, 1979; Fosdick, 1943; Hodge,
1967; Hulme, 1956, 1966; Menningor, 1975; Narramore, 1974; P a ttis o n ,
1968; S te in , 1969; T o u rn ier, 1957, 1962; Wagner, 1974, 1975).
Recent studies (B ryant, 1983a; Keirsey & Bates, 1984; Joachim, 1984;
Lawrence, 1982; Mamchur, 1984; Myers & Myers, 1980) on psychological
types, temperaments, and s p ir itu a l g if t s hypothesize th a t there is a
re la tio n s h ip between them, s p e c ific a lly among psychological types and
vocational choices, and between temperaments and s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3
H is t o r ic a lly , the psychological types proposed by Jung were
concepts from Furneaux Jordan in his work Character as Seen in Body
and Parentage (1 8 9 6 ), but the psychological types th a t Jung proposed
were unique in t h e ir own way.
They were presented in b ip o la r ity or the
"p rin c ip le o f opposites" (Jung, 1923, p. 7 ).
According to Jung (1 9 2 3 ), "So long as the h is to ric a l world has
existed there has always been psychology, but o b je ctiv e psychology is
only o f recent growth" (p. 8 ) .
Likew ise, "psychological types" have
been in exis te n ce , but they are made o b je c tiv e through the works of
Jung and other Jungian th e o ris ts .
S im ila r ly , the concept o f s p ir itu a l g if t s was not nsvi.
There were m anifestations o f s p iritu a l g if t s in Old Testament tim es.
Joseph was endowed w ith the g i f t o f in te rp re ta tio n of dreams (Gen 40 £
4 1 ).
The same was true with Daniel during the e x i l i c period of the
Jews from BCE 586 to BCE 515 (Dan 2 ).
The young King Solomon was
endowed w ith the g i f t of wisdom (2 Chr 1 :7 -1 2 ).
The m anifestation of
the g i f t was evident in his settlem ent o f the dispute between two women
(1 Kgs 3 :1 6 -2 8 ).
The g i f t o f craftsmanship was given to Bezaleel and
Aholiab in order cnac cney would be able to a s s is t in the b u ild in g of
the Tabernacle of the Wilderness (Exod 3 1 :1 -1 1 ).
However, there was no
"doctrine" o f s p ir itu a l g if t s as such, in the Old Testament.
The
d octrine o f g ifts was developed by the Apostle Paul in New Testament
tim es.
The e a rly Church Fathers continued to expound on th is do ctrin e
fo r the next four centuries (Hummel, 1978; Piepkorn, 1971).
U nfortu­
n a te ly , the teaching o f s p iritu a l g if t s la y dormant again from the
f i f t h century A.D. onwards.
I t was not u n t’ l the P rotestant
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4
Reformation th a t the doctrine of the Holy S p i r it and His g if t s was
revived (Walvoord, 1975).
Statement o f the Problem
Studies have been made since 1942 to t r y to measure the psy­
chological types proposed by Jung.
Psychometric measures such as the
Gray-W heelwright's Jungian Type Survey (GW) (W heelwright, Wheelwright,
& Beuhler, 1964), Eysenck P ers o n a lity Questionnaires (EPQ) (Eysenck &
Eysenck, 1968), Maudsley P ers o n a lity Inventory (MPI) (Eysenck, 1959),
Minnesota M ultiphasic P ers o n a lity Inventory (MMrl) (Dahlstrom & Welsh,
1972; Hathaway & McKinley, 1967), Omnibus Persona l i t y Inventory (OPI)
(H e is t, McConnell, Webster, & Yonge, 1963), Sixteen P ers o n a lity Factor
Questionnaire (16PF) ( C a t t e l l , Eber & Tatsuoka, 1970), Myers-Briggs
Type In d ic a to r (MBTI) (Briggs & Myers, 1977), and the Singer-Loomis
Inventory o f P ers o n a lity (SLIP) (Singer & Loomis, 1984a [experimental
e d itio n ]) were developed to measure the typology or "psychological
types" of Jung.
Occupational in te r e s t in v en to rie s such as the OAIS;
Opinion,
A ttitu d e , and In te re s t Scales (F ric k e , 1963), Kuder Occupational
In te re s t Survey (Kuder, 1 968), Strong-Campbell In te r est Inventory
( S V IB -S C II) (Campbell & Hansen, 1381) and Lne S e lf-D ire c te d Search
(SDS) (H o lla n d , 1985) are measures to in v e s tig a te the occupational
in te re s ts o f in d iv id u a ls with an exhaustive l i s t o f the occupations
th a t are found in the w orld.
C o rre la tio n a l studies have been c arrie d
out between psychological types and these occupations
(V e ls c r £
Campbell, 1984; Kainz, 1976; P erry, 1975; G aster, 1982; Myers £
McCaulley, 1985; e t a l , ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
5
B ib lic a l scholars such as Wagner (1 9 7 9 ), Flynn (1 9 7 4 ), McRae
(1 9 7 6 ), and G r if f it h s (1978) have suggested th a t th ere are between 20
and 25 d iffe r e n t s p ir itu a l g if t s id e n tifia b le in the New Testament
(Naden, C ruise, & Cash, 1 982).
Even though instruments have been
developed to measure some o f these s p ir it u a l g i f t s , only The S p iritu a l
G ifts Inventory (SGI) (Naden & C ru ise, 1981) provides "psychometric
r e l i a b i l i t y and v a lid it y data" ( i b i d . , p. 8 ) .
This instrument id e n ti­
fie s 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
Ammon ( n .d .) researched the re la tio n s h ip s between the "psycho­
lo g ic a l types" and 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s , using the MBTI and the SGI as
instruments w ith a sample o f 42 subjects from an in ta c t group in his
church.
An attempt was made to t r e a t the data s t a t i s t i c a l l y ; however,
the sample size was too sm all.
I t appears, th e re fo re , th a t no s ig n if i ­
cant study has been attempted to c o rre la te the Jungian psychological
types w ith s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
Hence, in th is study, the Myers-Briggs
Type In d ic a to r (M B TI), which uses the " p rin c ip le o f opposites" of Jung
and his "psychological types" arranged in fo u r preference in d ic e s , is
c o rre la te d with the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s id e n tifie d by the S p iritu a l
G ifts Inventory (S G I).
Purpose o f the Study
The purpose of th is study is to examine the c o rre la tio n
between the Jungian psychological types in d icated by the MyersBriggs Type In d ic a to r (MBTI) and the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s id e n tifie d by
The S p ir itu a l G ifts Inventory (S u l),
in eacn case males and females
are considered sep arately and to g eth er as a group.
This study also
in v e s tig a te s the m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between psychological types,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
6
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex w ith each of the 19 s p i r i ­
tu a l g i f t s .
In a d d itio n , the m u ltip le c o rre la tio n o f each o f the 16
psychological types and the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s is explored.
Theoretical Framework
The Jungian Psychological Types
The theory o f "psychological types," according to Jung, can be
grouped according to the preferences o f perception (P) and judgment (J)
and t h e ir "fu n c tio n -ty p e s ."
There are two functions fo r each o f these
two preferences.
For perception, the two function-typ es are sensing and in tu ­
itio n .
Sensing (S ) as a function o f perception is useful in th a t i t
gathers the fa c ts o f a s itu a tio n .
One's v is io n and hearing and other
senses t e l l what is a c tu a lly there and happening.
In tu itio n (N) is the
way one perceives "meaning, re la tio n s h ip s and p o s s ib ilitie s th a t are
beyond the reach" o f the senses (Myers, 1980, p. 2 ).
This function
helps to see what one might do in a s itu a tio n .
There are also two "function-types" in judgment.
th in k in g (T) and fe e lin g ( F ) .
They are
Thinking is re fe rre d to as the imper­
sonal basis o f choices th a t are made.
I t p red icts the lo g ic a l re s u lt
o f any p a r tic u la r action th a t one may take (Myers, p. 2; Jung, 1923,
pp. 4 8 1 -8 2 ).
Thinking can be defined as the lo g ic a l process d irected
a t an impersonal fin d in g .
Feeling is the function th a t taxes in to
account anything th a t is important to oneself or to o th e rs , and i t
decides on the basis o f personal values w ithout applying lo g ic .
and Myers (1980) defined i t as "a p p re c ia tio n ."
Myers
Myers (1980) fu rth e r
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
7
added th a t the function o f bestowing on anything "a personal, subjec­
tiv e value is fe e lin g " (p . 2 ).
Two preferences also e x is t towards the o rie n ta tio n of the
w orld.
One preference is towards the o rie n ta tio n o f the outer world,
which Jung c a lle d extraversion (E) and the other is i t s opposite, the
o rie n ta tio n towards to the inner w orld, or in tro v ers io n ( I ) .
These are
c a lle d "a ttitu d e -ty p e s " ra th e r than "funetion-types" according to Jung
(1923, p. 3 30 ).
Myers (1980) commented th a t
Jung, who invented the terms, looked upon extraversion and
in tro v ers io n as valuable opposites, which everyone uses but not
with equal ease. E xtraverts tend to be more in te re s te d and com­
fo rta b le when they are working a c tiv e ly w ith people or things.
In tro v e rts tend to be in terested and comfortable when t h e ir work
involves ideas and requires a good deal of th e ir a c t iv i t y to take
place q u ie tly inside t h e ir heads,
(p . 6)
Each person is dominant in only one o f the four functions:
th in k in g ,
fe e lin g , sensing, or in tu itio n and only one a ttitu d e -ty p e , thus e ig h t
basic functional types are derived (Table 1 ).
TABLE 1
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF BASIC FUNCTIONAL TYPES
Extraverts with dominant th in kin g (ET)
E xtraverts
with dominant fe e lin g (EF)
E xtraverts
with dominant sensing (ES)
E xtraverts with dominant in tu itio n (EN)
In tro v e rts with dominant
In tro v e rts
with dominant
In tro v e rts
with dominant
In tro v e rts with dominant
thinking (IT )
fe e lin g (IF )
sensing (IS )
in tu itio n (IN )
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
8
With the above framework Myers and Briggs extended t h e ir
theory in to the MBTI preference indexes:
Extraversion vs. In tro v ers io n
( E l ) ; Sensing vs. In tu itio n (SN); Thinking vs. Feeling (T F ); and Per­
ception vs. Judgment (J P ).
Myers-Briggs Jungian types (Myers, 1980)
consider the a u x ilia r y function (o r the second strongest fu n c tio n ) as
w e ll.
Jung did a llu d e to the existence and importance o f these " in fe ­
r io r functions" as they are sometime c a lle d .
a f t e r he had completed describing his "types."
He mentioned them only
Jung said:
In conjunction w ith the most d iffe r e n tia te d fu n c tio n , another
function of secondary importance, and th e re fo re o f in f e r io r d i f f e ­
re n tia tio n in consciousness, is constantly present, and is a
r e la t iv e ly determining fa c to r . . . . Experience shows th a t the
secondary function is always one whose nature is d iffe r e n t from,
though not a n ta g o n istic to , trie leading fu n ctio n ; thus, fo r
example, th in k in g , as prim ary fu n c tio n , can re a d ily p a ir w ith
in tu itio n as a u x ilia r y , or indeed e q u ally well w ith sensation, but
. . . never w ith fe e lin g . (Jung, 1923, pp. 513, 515)
When the a u x ilia r y function is taken in to c o n sid e ra tio n , i t
s p lits each of Jung's types in to two making a to ta l o f 16 types.
These
are the types used by Myers-Briggs in tne MBTI (Table 2 ):
TABLE 2
SIXTEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES FROM THE MBTI
ISTJ
ISFJ
INFJ
INTJ
ISTP
ISFP
INFP
INTP
ESTP
ESFP
ENFP
rki—
tl* i I*
ESTJ
ESFJ
ENFJ
ENTJ
I= In tro v e rs io n ; E *Extraversion; S=Sensing; N = In tu itio n ;
F=Feeling; T=Thinking; P=Perception; J=Judgnent.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
9
The "P" or the "J" a t the end o f the type indicates whether the per­
son's dominant or a u x ilia r y function is perception or judgment.
the person's a ttitu d e -ty p e is e x tra v e rs io n , the
When
"P" a t the end in d i­
cates the dominant function as e ith e r "sensing" or " in tu itio n " and when
i t is "J" a t the end, i t in d icates the dominant function as e ith e r
"th in kin g " or " fe e lin g " .
But when the person has an in tro v e rte d
a ttitu d e -ty p e , the "P" or "J" a t the end in d icates the a u x ilia r y
fu n c tio n .
Thus, the dominant fu n c tio n fo r the in tro v e rte d a tt it u d e -
type w ith a "P" a t the end w i ll be "th in kin g " or " fe e lin g ," and w ith a
"J" a t the end, the dominant function w ill be "sensing" or " in tu itio n ."
S p ir itu a l G ifts
Although the m anifestation o f s p ir itu a l g if t s is a phenomenon
o f the Old Testament, the Old Testament has no word fo r " s p ir itu a l
g ift."
The Greek word
" g i f t , " charisma, appears only twice in the
Greek Septuagint (Hummel, 1975, p. 1 19 ). This word appears
to a l a t e r period.
to belong
Even in the m a te ria ls outside o f the B ib le ,
charisma is a rare word.
In the New Testament, the word occursonly
in the w ritin g s o f the Apostle Paul w ith an echo in 1 Pet 4 :1 0 .
Even
in the w ritin g s o f Paul, it s occurrences are found m ainly in Romans and
1 and 2 Corinthians (Conzelmann, 1974; G r i f f i t h s , 1978; Hummel, 1978;
Piepkorn, 1971; P u rkis e r, 1975; Sweet, 1982).
The concept o f s p iritu a l g if t s is not ju s t a theory but a fa c t
stated e x p l i c it ly in the B ib le .
I t is considered here as a th e o ry , not
because tne researcher
doubts it s occurrence but ra th e r the manner of
how and when the g if t s
are bestowed.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
10
A s p ir itu a l g i f t is defined as the " a b i l i t y to perform a
s p e c ific m in is try fo r God under the d ire c tio n of the Holy S p ir it "
(Naden, 1982, bk. 1, p. 8 ) .
another.
Everyone is " g ifte d 1’ w ith one ta le n t or
This natural "giftedness" is in h e rite d through the genes, but
i t can be traced back to the p o te n tia l th a t was given to man a t
C reatio n .
Such a g i f t is not the same as a s p ir itu a l g i f t .
Natural
t a le n t is not lo s t a t the time o f conversion; but r a th e r , through the
enabling power o f His S p i r it , i t can increase in e ffe c tiv e n e s s .
In
f a c t , from the moment of commitment to C h ris t, the "natural ta le n t"
becomes the " s p iritu a l g if t " because
The work, once performed to honor s e lf now honors C h ris t; the
g lo ry once taken to s e lf is now d irec te d to Him; the strength once
drawn from persistence and a p p lic a tio n is now immeasurably en­
riched by the power o f the Holy S p i r i t ,
( i b i d . , p. 9)
This d istin g u ish in g p o in t between ta le n ts and s p ir itu a l g if t s
and the theology of i t s bestownent is supported by many b ib lic a l scho­
la rs ( i . e . , Barnes, 1984, p. 19; Walvoord, 1975, p. 166).
However, there are some who agree with Gangel (1975) th a t the
"Holy S p ir it may choose a t times to give a g i f t l a t e r in one's m inis­
try " (p . 1 3 ).
" G ifts
Gee (1972a) echoed Gangers proposition and added,
. . . can be bestowed suddenly a t any p o in t in the b e lie v e r 's
experience" (p . 7 0 ).
This proposition may not be a n tith e tic a l to the
concept o f the scholars stated e a r l i e r , because the previous theology
does accommodate a la t e r bestowment o f s p iritu a l g i f t s a t a time deemed
s u ita b le by God H im self.
However, i t is postulated by th is researcher
th a t i t would be more p la u sib le fo r God to bestow g if t s th a t are
cognizant to the re c ip ie n t.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
11
B ib lic a l scholars have id e n tifie d between 20 and 27 separate
s p ir itu a l g if t s
in the New Testament (L a u re n tin , 1978; Naden, 1982;
Wagner, 1979; Wallenkampf, 1978)
Epp l i s t s 11 g if t s
Other authors use a sm aller number:
(1966, 8 1 -9 1 ); R y rie , 14 (1965, pp. 185-191);
Walvoord l i s t s 16 (1975, p. 168); McRae, 16 (1976, p. 8 7 ); and Gangel,
18 (1975, p. 1 1 ).
This study uses the l i s t from The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory
I SGI) (Naden h C ru ise, 1981).
The authors o f th is inventory d e lib e r­
a te ly omitted the g if t s o f "h e alin g , m ira c le s , tongues, in te rp re ta tio n
o f tongues, . . . because they are so spectacular or obvious th a t those
who have them do not need help in recognizing them" (p . 9 ) .
Also
because th is inventory is based on the id e n tific a tio n of s p iritu a l
g if t s from the B ib le , i t does not include a b i l i t i e s common among g ifte d
C h ristian s such as music, sin ging, audiovisual production, or o ra tio n .
As the authors purposely stated:
The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory is only useful to those who have
made a s p e c ific s p iritu a l commitment, fo r i t purports to measure
p r o b a b ilitie s in C h ris tia n , not s ec u la r, s e rv ic e . (Naden, Cruise &
Cash, 1982, p. 8)
S ignificance o f the Study
This study rests on two premises:
(1 )
God has given
s p ir i­
tual g if t s to every in d iv id u a l, although not a ll have tne same s p i r i ­
tu al g i f t s ; and (2 )
God made each in d iv id u a l w ith unique ways of
perceiving and judging.
There has been a surge o f in te r e s t in the discovery of s p i r i ­
tual g if t s
p. 44; )
th a t not
(Adams, 1973, pp. 344-45; McRae, 1976, p. 103; Wagner, 1979,
as c ite d by Joachim (1 9 8 4 ).
The B ible c le a r ly points out
a ll have the same s p iritu a l g if t s :
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
12
Now there are v a rie tie s o f g i f t s , but the same S p i r it ; and
there are v a r ie tie s o f s e rv ic e , but the same Lord; and there are
v a r ie tie s o f working, but i t is the same God who in sp ires them a ll
in everyone. To each is given the m anifestation o f the S p ir it fo r
the common good. . . .
A ll these are inspired by one and the same
S p i r it , who apportions to each one in d iv id u a lly as He w i ll s . . . .
Are a ll apostles? Are a ll prophets? Are a ll teachers? Do a ll
work m iracles? Do a ll possess g if t s of healing? Do a ll speak
w ith tongues? Do a ll in te rp re t?
(1 Cor 1 2 :4 -1 1 , 2 7 -3 0 )*
Despite th is e x p lic it statement in the B ib le , many church leaders tend
to put th e ir l a i t y in to predetermined molds, expecting them to function
in s p e c ific ways, w ith the hope o f accomplishing the task o f e d ifyin g
the church w ithout recognizing the fa c t th a t a l l may not be equipped to
do so.
The second premise th a t every human being is d iffe r e n t is
derived from the work o f Jung and Myers on psychological types.
Jung's types, Myers (1980) noted th a t people f a l l
a ttitu d e -ty p e s :
e x tra v e rts or in tr o v e r ts .
and make judgments very d if f e r e n t ly .
Using
in to two p re fe re n tia l
These two groups perceive
The question o f "what is the
problem and what s itu a tio n creates such a problem" is "an exercise of
p erception."
The question of how one is going to deal with i t is "an
exercise o f judgment" (p . 2 ).
each in d iv id u a l.
These two are basic "preferences" o f
Although everyone uses these preferences, both are
not used a t the same time with the same in te n s ity o f preference.
As
Myers puts i t :
There is a time to perceive and a time to judge, and many
times when e ith e r a ttitu d e might be a p p ro p riate. Most people fin d
one a ttitu d e more comfortable than the o th e r, fe e l more a t home in
i t , and use i t as often as possible in dealing w ith the outer
world. For example, seme readers are s t i l l fo llo w in g th is expla­
nation w ith an open mind; they a re , a t le a s t fo r the moment using
*A11 s c rip tu re quotations are from Revised Standard Version
unless otherwise noted.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
13
perception. Other readers have decided by now th a t they agree or
disagree; they are using judgment.
(Myers & Myers, 1980, pp. 8,
9)
Due to these preferences, people respond d if f e r e n t ly in diverse or even
s im ila r s itu a tio n s .
Furthermore, w ith in these broad categories can be
found four fu n c tio n -typ es :
sensing, i n t u it io n , th in k in g , or fe e lin g .
G en era lly , human beings operate in lin e w ith these preferences.
Likew ise, when church leaders f a i i to understand these in d iv i­
dual d iffe re n c e s , or when sincere converts or b e lie v e rs have the great
d esire to enhance the "work o f God" w ith in the church w ithout a c le a r
understanding o f t h e ir psychological types and t h e ir s p ir itu a l g i f t s ,
many o f them probably fin d themselves l ik e proverbial square pegs in
round holes.
This often leads to fr u s tr a tio n .
When C h ris tian s have a knowledge o f t h e ir psychological types
coupled with a comprehension o f the kinds o f s p ir itu a l g if t s th a t are
c o rre la te d w ith th e ir types, they can make b e tte r judgments in th e ir
co ntributions to the e d ific a tio n o f the church and in f u l f i l l i n g
the
great commission of Matt 28:19-20.
This study seeks to e stab lis h c o rre la tio n between psychologi­
cal types and s p ir itu a l g if t s so as to provide the leaders o f the
church w ith a basis on which to recommend positions in the church and
other in s titu tio n s .
F u rth e r, i t is a n tic ip a te d th a t the re s u lts of
th is study w ill a s s is t the in d iv id u a l C h ris tia n to discover the w ill of
God.
O'Conner (1971) wrote:
We ask to know the w ill o f God w ithout guessing th a t His w ill
is w ritte n in to our very beings. We perceive th a t w ill when we
discern our g i f t s ,
(p . 15)
Also, i t is hoped th a t i t w ill provide a framework w ith in
which to in te rp r e t one's c a l l , since " g ifts are the connection w ith the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
14
e ss e n tia l s e lf o f a person, and out o f the discovery o f th is essential
s e l f emerge the ta le n ts th a t give persons unique and a u th e n tic mis­
sions" (O’ Connor, 1968, c ite d by R o g illio , 1971, pp. 33, 35, 3 6 ).
Wagner (1979) pointed out th a t:
God does not give g if t s which He does not ' c a l l ' the re c ip ie n t
to use, nor does He c a ll someone to do something fo r Him w ithout
equipping th a t person w ith the necessary g i f t or g if t s to do i t .
(P. 42)
Hypotheses
The follo w in g research hypotheses are form ulated:
Hypothesis 1
Among the male and female respondents, there is a s ig n ific a n t
canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f the Jungian
psychological types in d ica te d by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI—
Extraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs. In t u it io n ; Thinking vs.
F e elin g ; Perception vs. Judgment— and a lin e a r combination o f 19 s p i r i ­
tu a l g i f t s — a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stle s h ip , discernment, evangelism,
e x h o rta tio n , f a i t h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n ,
knowledge, lead ersh ip , martyrdom, mercy, mission s e rv ic e , pastorin g,
prophecy, teaching, and wisdom— as indicated by the SGI.
Hypothesis 2
Among the male respondents, there is a s ig n ific a n t canonical
c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination of Jungian psychological types
in d ica te d by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a 1 in e a r combina­
tio n o f 19 s p iritu a l g if t s in d ica te d by the SGI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
15
H y p o th e s is 3
Among female respondents, there is a s ig n ific a n t
c o rre la tio n
between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psychological types indicated
by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a lin e a r combination o f 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
Hypothesis 4
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f a d m in is tra tio n and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, per­
ceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 5
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f apostleship and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 6
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f discernment and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 7
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f evangelism and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
16
H y p o th e s is 8
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f exhortation and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 9
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f fa it h and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 10
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f giving and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 11
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n
of
helps or service and psychological types indicated
between the g if*
by the MBTI,
perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 12
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f h o s p ita lity and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 13
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n
between the g i f t
o f in tercessio n and psychological types indicated bythe MBTI, per­
ceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
17
H y p o th e s is 14
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n Detween the g i f t
o f knowledge and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 15
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f leadership and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 16
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f martyrdom and psychological types in d icated by the M3TI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 17
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f mercy and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 18
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f mission service and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hyaothesis 19
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f pastoring and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
18
Hypothesis 20
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f prophecy and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 21
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f teaching and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 22
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
c f wisdom and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 23
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTJ psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 24
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFJ psychological type
in dicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 25
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
19
H y p o th e s is 26
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTJ psychological type
in dicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 27
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 28
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 29
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 30
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 31
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTP psychological type
in d icated by the MBTI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
20
Hypothesis 32
There 1s a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESFP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 33
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENFP psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 34
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTP psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 35
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 36
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESFJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 37
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENFJ psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
21
H y p o th e s is 38
There is a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTJ psychological type
in dicated by the MBTI.
Assumption
I t is assumed in th is study th a t God, through His Holy S p i r it ,
invests each in d ivid u al d if f e r e n t ly w ith a b i li t i e s or enhances the
n atural a b i li t ie s th a t come through h e re d ity fo r the work o f m in is try
w ith in the framework of the church, or any organization in s titu te d fo r
the propagation o f the Gospel.
Such investments are c a lle d s p iritu a l
g ifts .
D e lim ita tio n s o f the Study
The population is d e lim ited to selected college and graduate
students a t Andrews U n iv e rs ity , students a t the Seventh-day Adventist
Theological Seminary, Andrews U n iv e rs ity , e n ro lle d during the spring
q u arter of 1986, and Seventh-day Adventist members from the Beaverton
Seventh-day A dventist Church, Oregon.
The sample from among the
seminary students w ill be skewed towards the male.
This study 1s fu rth e r d e lim ite d to the fo llo w in g v a ria b le s :
1.
Index preferences o f the Jungian psychological types as
in dicated by the MBTI— Extraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs.
In t u it io n ; Thinking vs. F eelin g ; Perception vs. Judgment.
2.
Nineteen s p iritu a l g if t s indicated in the SGI—
a d m in is tra tio n , ap o stles h ip , discernment, evangelism, e x h o rta tio n ,
f a i t h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, lead ersh ip ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
22
martyrdom, mercy, mission s e rv ic e , p asto rin g , prophecy, teaching, and
wisdom.
3.
In d ivid u a l data o f personal perception o f s p iritu a l m a tu rity ,
ago, and sex.
The perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity scale is a s e lf-re p o rtin g
instrum ent and th e re fo re re fle c ts a com pletely subjective evaluation o f
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity on a scale o f 1 -9 .
D e fin itio n of Terms
A ttitu d e -ty p e re fe rs to the "p re v a ilin g energy used by the
in d iv id u a l" (Singer & Loomis, 1984a, p. 1 ).
types:
There are two a ttitu d e -
extraversion and in tro v e rs io n .
Canonical c o rre la tio n is a technique considered an expansion
o f the m u ltip le -re g re s s io n a n aly s is .
I t seeks to compare two sets of
v aria b les in order to maximize the c o rre la tio n between t h e ir lin e a r
combinations in the to ta l sample (Tatsuoka, 1971; Levine, 1977).
Energy re fe rs to the psychic energy (o r lib id o ) which is
d ire c te d to some goal in l i f e
(Jung, 1960).
Extraversion re fe rs to "an o rie n ta tio n towards the o b je c tiv e ,
physical world" (Singer & Loomis, 1984a, '
i'
An e x tra v e rt is one who "values the physical world more hig h ly
than h is /h e r inner r e a l i t y .
He/she has a p o s itiv e re la tio n s h ip with
the o b je c tiv e world and finds adaptation to others easy.
The flow of
energy is outward" ( i b i d . , pp. 1, 2 ) .
Extraverted fe e lin g is the type which ra d iates "warmth, good
f e e lin g , and pleasure in human re la tio n s h ip s " and one w ith th is type is
" r e la t iv e ly aware o f one's own fe e lin g s and r e la te to the fe e lin g s , not
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
23
id eas, o f others" (M etzner, 1979, p. 6 4 ).
E xtraverted in tu itio n is the type who is e n th u s ia s tic in inno­
vations and w ith the desire to conceive and perceive " p o s s ib ilit ie s ,
and devising im aginative new ways o f g e ttin g things done" ( i b i d . , p.
6 7 ).
E xtraverted sensing is the type "dominated by aim and desire
to touch, grasp, experience, and p h y s ic a lly act upon one's environment
and the people in i t " w ith a "h ig h ly developed perception o f and memory
o f d e ta ils " ( i b i d . , p. 6 6 ).
Extraverted th in kin g is the type which is in te re s te d in lo g i­
cal p rin c ip le s and systems th a t enable one to deal w ith external fa c ts
and data ( i b id . p. 6 3 ).
Feeling is a function process whereby people take in to account
anything th a t matters or is im portant to themselves or to other people,
w ithout re q u irin g th a t i t be lo g ic a l, and make decisions on the basis
o f personal values.
Function-types or functions are defined as the prccesses
whereby a person receives inform ation and processes i t .
functions fo r receivin g inform ation:
There are two
"sensing" and " in t u it in g ."
are also two fo r processing inform ation:
There
"th in k in g " and "fe e lin g "
(S inger & Loomis, 1984a, p. 2 ) .
G if t o f a d m in is tra tio n is defined as the a b i l i t y "to e s ta b lis h
o b jectives and d ire c t a f f a ir s fo r the la rg e r geographic u n its o f the
Lord's work, to promote u n ity and enthusiasm; and to c h e e rfu lly accept
r e s p o n s ib ility fo r decisions made" (Naden, Cruise & Cash, 1982, p. 8 ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
24
G if t o f apostleship is the a b i l i t y "to ra is e up and organize
congregations; to ordain t h e ir lead ersh ip ; and to define and defend the
fa ith " ( i b i d . ) *
G if t o f discernment is the a b i l i t y "to id e n tify motives in
people's actio n s; the prim ary source o f m o tiv atio n — the Lord or Satan;
and the genuineness of appeals made to the church fa m ily " ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f evangelism is the a b i l i t y "re g u la r and w ith o u t d i f f i ­
c u lty to lead people to surrender th e ir liv e s to the claims o f Jesus
and to jo in in fe llo w sh ip w ith the church" ( i b i d . , p. 9 ).
G if t o f exh o rtatio n enables one "to express comfort to the
h u rtin g , problem -resolving advice to the tro u b le d , and to present
encouragement and admonition to walk in the ways of the Lord" ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f f a it h is m anifested in one who "has an unwavering
confidence in the promises and providences o f God and w i ll move ahead
implementing plans fo r His kingdom, even when the way is not c le a r"
(ib id .).
G ift of giving is evid en t in a person who "gives c o n s is te n tly ,
generously, and spontaneously to those who need help" ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f help or service is evident in one who "c o n s is te n tly
and h appily gives assistance to any who need assistance" ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f h o s p ita lity is m anifested in one who "reaches out to
o ffe r frie n d s h ip , food, and/or s h e lte r to those who need such a ss is ­
tance" ( i b i d . ) .
G if t o f in tercessio n is evident in one who "prays re g u la rly
and a t some length fo r the s p e c ific needs o f others" ( i b i d . ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
25
G if t o f knowledge is demonstrated by one who "is comfortable
discovering the B ib le 's teachings— e s p e c ia lly as they re la te to the
plan o f s a lv a tio n — and answering B ible questions" ( i b i d . ) .
G ift o f leadership is the a b i l i t y "to develop and model local
congregational programs o f nurture and outreach; to deal with personal
problems e q u ita b ly ; and to show insights th a t resolve o rg a n izatio n a l
challenges" ( i b i d . ) .
G ift o f martyrdom occurs in one who "is w illin g to la y down
h is /h e r l i f e w ill i n g l y , w ithout fe a r , in order to promote the kingdom
of God" ( i b i d . ) .
G ift o f mercy is evident in one who "has a h ig h ly developed
sense of compassion and w illin g ly m inisters to those in need, including
those considered 'o u tc a s t' by society" ( i b i d . ) .
Gif t o f mission service is demonstrated by a person who "can
leave friends and fa m ily to work in a foreign country, w illin g ly adapt­
ing to a new c u ltu re in order to share the gospel" ( i b i d . ) .
G ift o f pastoring is the a b i l i t y to te n d e rly nurture the con­
gregation "through preaching, home v is it a t io n , and one-to-one contacts"
( ib id .).
G ift o f prophecy is the a b i l i t y "to speak fo r God, to comfort
and encourage the in q u irin g , the tro u b le d , and the h u rtin g ; and to 9 ive
in s tru c tio n regarding the C h ris tia n 's l i f e and r e s p o n s ib ilitie s "
(ib id .).
G ift o f teaching is demonstrated by one who is able to present
and apply " b ib lic a l teachings and p rin c ip le s in any o f a wide v a r ie ty
o f teaching s ettin g s " ( i b i d . ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
26
G if t o f wisdom is evident in a person who "is perceptive in
g iving p ra c tic a l counsel to in d ivid u a ls or groups, foreseeing the
probable, p ra c tic a l outcome o f counseled courses o f action " ( i b i d . ) .
In tro v ers io n re fe rs to an o rie n ta tio n towards one's in n e r,
s u b je :tiv e r e a l i t y .
"The world and its events are less important to
one who p refers in tro v e rs io n than his own p riv a te realms" (Singer &
Loomis, 1984a, p. 1 ).
An in tr o v e r t is one who tends to withdraw, valuing the physi­
cal world p rim a rily to the e xten t th a t i t supports h is /h e r Inner posi­
t io n .
The flow o f energy is inward, from the physical world toward the
in d iv id u a l ( i b i d . ) .
In tro v e rte d fe e lin g is the type hardest to fathom because
those who have th is type have strong "emotions and liv e w ith th e ir
awareness p rim a rily in the emotional realm ."
In tro v e rte d -fe e lin g peo­
ple do not reveal th e ir fe e lin g s openly and when they do so, i t is
always "w ithin the safe c ir c le of close fa m ily , frie n d s , or perhaps
re lig io u s organization" ( i b i d . , p. 65).
In tro v e rte d in tu itio n is the type which is innovative and
c r e a tiv e , but more in r e la tio n to the inner world o f ideas and symbols.
One who has th is type is highly "s en s itiv e to sublim inal s tim u li, or
subtle impressions from other planes of consciousness; thus may have
psychic perception and/or p recogn ltive a b ilit y " ( i b i d . , pp. 67 & 6 8 ).
In tro v e rte d sensing
is the type which has the "amazing, a l ­
most photographic capacity to absorb and r e ta in oeta ile d impressions"
and "perceive and record s u b je c tiv e , inner events and impressions as
w ell as, or b e tte r than, outer fa c ts " .
Introverted-sensing people may
appear to be s ile n t and unusually slow, but base decisions and actions
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
on accumulated factu al data th a t they have ( i b i d . , p. 6 6 ).
In tro v e rte d th in k in g is the type which is concerned with
theory and conceptual exp la n a tio n .
An in tro v e rte d th in k e r is a
" s c ie n tific or philosophical th e o ris t" who is always "examining the
bscic assumptions or form ulating new abstractions to account fo r
observations" ( i b i d . , p. 5 3 ).
In tu itio n is the percepting function which shows meanings and
re la tio n s h ip s and p o s s ib ilitie s th a t are beyond the reach o f one's
senses.
I t is useful fo r seeing what one might do about a s itu a tio n
(Myers, 1980, p. 2 ).
Judgment re fe rs to the ra tio n a l function which processes
in form ation.
The two judging functions are thinking and fe e lin g
(Singer & Loomis, 1984a, p. 2 ).
Perception re fe rs to the ir r a t io n a l or nonrational function
which receives inform ation.
The two perceiving functions are sensing
and in tu itin g ( i b i d . , p. 3 ).
Sensing re fe rs to the fun ctio n o f using the eyes and ears and
other senses to t e l l one what is a c tu a lly there and a c tu a lly happening.
I t is useful fo r fa c t gathering from a s itu a tio n (Myers, 1980, p. 2 ).
Thinking is defined as
basis
of
cause and e f f e c t .
the way one
decides im personally on the
I t p re d icts
the lo g ica l
r e s u lt o f ar.y
p a r tic u la r action one may take ( i b i d . ) .
O u tlin e o f the Study
Five chapters make upth is study.
in tro d u c tio n , statement o f the
problem, the
Chapter 1 comprises the
purpose o f the study, the
th e o re tic a l framework, the s ig n ific a n c e o f the study, hypotheses,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
28
assumptions, d e lim ita tio n s o f the study, d e fin itio n o f term s, and o ut­
lin e o f the study.
The review o f lit e r a t u r e is in chapter 2.
two main sections:
I t is divided in to
s p iritu a l g if t s and psychological types.
The f i r s t section includes a b r ie f h is to r ic a l background o f
the study o f s p ir itu a l g i f t s ; a word-study o f s p ir itu a l g if t s as found
in the Old and New Testaments; a comoarison o f the " g ift" o f the S p ir it
and " s p ir itu a l g if t s " ; f r u i t s o f the S p ir it and s p ir itu a l g i f t s ; natu­
ral ta le n ts and s p iritu a l g i f t s ; the c la s s ific a tio n o f s p ir itu a l g i f t s ;
and the discovery o f s p iritu a l g i f t s .
The second section involves a b r ie f h is to ric a l
sketch of Carl
Jung; his proposition o f the types; M yers-Briggs' extension of Jung's
types; the b ip o la r ity o f Jungian types; psychological types and the
four humoral types; and psychological types w ith re lig io n and s p ir it u ­
a lity .
Chapter 3 discusses the methodology, the p o pulation, the pro­
cedures follow ed in the c o lle c tio n o f d a ta , instrum entation ( MyersBriggs Type In d ic a to r and The S p ir itu a l G ifts In v en to ry ) , the null
hypotheses, and the s t a t is t ic a l analyses.
Chapter 4 presents the analyses o f the data and chapter 5
presents the summaries, im p lic a tio n s , and recommendations.
Appendices
and a b ib lio g rap h y c o n s titu te the balance o f th is research.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I I
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
S p ir itu a l G ifts
A H is to ric a l Background
o f the Study on S p ir itu a l G ifts
The great in te r e s t in the study o f s p ir it u a l g if t s in the
tw e n tie th century was spearheaded by the phenomenon known as the
ch arism atic movement.
Although modern Pentecostal ism or the
charism atic movement has I t s o rig in near the end o f the nineteenth
century due to the "Holiness Movement" (Kinghorn, 1976), i t became a
form idable force in the m id -tw en tieth cen tu ry.
Not only has i t revived
the Pentecostal churches, 1 t has reached almost a l l the established
churches.
Of th is ris e o f in t e r e s t , P urkiser (1975) wrote:
While C h ris tian s throughout the c en tu rie s have used s p ir itu a l
g i f t s , i t has only been in recen t years th a t the Church has given
much a tte n tio n to th is aspect o f i t s m in is try o f the Holy S p ir it
[and] we have been made more aware o f the Importance o f s p ir itu a l
g if t s by the very confusion and misunderstanding th a t has g rw ii up
around them. (p . 16)
Hence, studies o f the Person o f the Holy S p i r i t , baptism o f the Holy
S p i r i t , and functions o f the Holy S p i r it were c a rrie d out in many
churches in order to curb misunderstanding and confusion.
The word "charism atic" was coined by Max Weber, a n in e te en th century German th e o re tic ia n in the f ie ld s o f economics and sociology.
He used the Greek charisma to describe a p a r tic u la r kind o f a u th o rity
29
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
30
which was displayed in leaders o f the w orld.
The dynamism o f th is
q u a lity draws others to a "devotion to the s p e c ific and exceptional
s a n c tity , heroism, or exemplary character" (Weber, 1947, pp. 328, 358).
"Charism atic" is used in re lig io u s c irc le s to describe the
phenomena o f the m anifestations o f the g if t s of the Holy S p ir it ; and
fre q u e n tly is used ju s t o f the Neo-Pentecostal movement.
But the g if t s
o f the Holy S p ir it are not to be coveted only by N eo-P entecostalists.
I f they are g if t s o f God, they ought to be fo r a ll who want them fo r
His g lo ry .
The need now is to understand these g if t s and thus
d iffe r e n tia t e them in order to discover and u t i l i z e them in the
m in is try o f tne Church.
Meaning of " S p iritu a l G ifts "
In the Old Testament, several Hebrew words are tra n s la te d
" g ift" or c a rry the idea of " g i f t , "
Thpy are:
eshkar [tra n s la te d
"rew ard"], minchah [tra n s la te d "present" or " o ff e - in g " ], maseth
[tra n s la te d " l i f t i n g up o f a burden"], mattan and mattena [tra n s la te d
" g i f t " ] , nathar. [tra n s la te d " g if t e d " ] , nedeth [tra n s la te d "impure
g i f t " ] , njisseth [tra n s la te d " g if t " or "thing l i f t e d u p "], shochad
[tra n s la te d " b rib e ," "reward," or " b r ib e r y " ], and terumah [tra n s la te d
" g i f t , " " b rib e ," or "thing l i f t e d up"] (Young, 1970), but none of them
c a rrie s the meaning o f " s p ir itu a l g i f t " as expounded in the New
Testament.
B ib lic a l scholars (Hummel, 1978; L aurentin, 1978; Piepkorn,
1971) have agreed th a t " s p ir itu a l g i f t " as used in the New Testament is
not derived from the Old Testament nor any other source.
Ervin (1968)
noted:
The f i r s t thing th a t catches the a tte n tio n o f the student of
the Greek New Testament is the absence o f the word ' g i f t ' in the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
31
Greek te x t . . . [a ] fa c t th a t the tra n s la to rs o f the English te x t
have noted by i t a lic i z i n g the word (p . 111).
Furthermore, the word and it s d e riv a tiv e s th a t are used to tra n s la te
" s p iritu a l g ifts " are accepted by scholars to be c le a r ly Pauline theo­
logy (Conzelmann, 1974; Feine, Behm, & Kuemmel, 1966; G r i f f i t h s , 1978;
Hummel, 1978; Kaesemann, 1964; Piepkorn, 1971; P u rkis e r, 1975; Sweet,
1982).
Three words w ith th e ir d e riv a tiv e s th a t c a ll fo r the tra n s la ­
tio n of " s p ir itu a l g i f t " in the New Testament are:
doron, pneumatikos,
and charisma.
Doma, dosis, dorea, dorean, doreomai, dorema share the same
root do as doron (Buchsel, 1964; G r if f i t h s , 1978;
Vorlander, 1976;
Young, 1970) and is derived from the verb didomi meaning "to g iv e".
Doron, dosis, and doma are used to r e fe r to men's (m a te ria l) g ifts
to
one another or of s a c rific e s or g if t s in the form o f money to the
temple (Buchsel, 1964; S e lb ie , 1899).
However, doron was used once in
the New Testament fo r divine g i f t (Eph 2 :8 ; V orlander, 1976, p. 4 1 ).
Dorea seems to be used in a legal context as in the case o f a dowry or
"state awards" or "bequests".
Buchsel (1964, p. 167) noted th a t i t is
found in the Greek Septuagint ( LXX) and often in P h ilo , but in the New
Testament, dorea always denotes the g i f t o f God or C h ris t to men,
though i t never occurs in the Synoptic Gospels.
always im plies the grace of God ( i b i d . ) .
He added th a t i t
Dorean is used e ig h t times in
the New Testament and i t is the adverbial form o f dorea.
Doreomai
ra re ly occurs in the LXX, and i t tra n s la te s the Hebrew word nathan,
which means " g ifts by men to one another" (E st 8 :1 ; Prov 4 :2 ).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
32
F in a lly , dgrema used in the NT denotes the d iv in e g i f t to men (Rom
5:16; Jas 1 :1 7 ).
The word pneumatikos in Pauline theology is used to contrast
pneumatikoi (men of the s p i r i t ) and psychikoi (men o f the f le s h ) .
Pneumatikos re fe rs to the men who know God's saving work by v ir tu e of
the S p ir it o f God (Buchsel, 1964).
Thomas (1978) considered the possi­
b i l i t y o f tra n s la tin g pneumatikos as " s p ir itu a l g if t s " or more accu­
r a te ly " s p ir it s ," or "Holy S p ir it m a n ifes ta tio n s ."
Hummel (1978)
tra n s la te d i t as " s p iritu a ls " and "those who possess s p ir it u a l g ifts "
(p . 127).
Fransen (1971) a ttrib u te d pneumatikos to the idea of
"created grace . . . the whole man . . . t o t a l l y renewed by the g i f t of
the S p ir it " (p . 5 2 ), w hile Neighbour (1974) defined pneumatikos as
" s p e c ific c a p a c itie s . . .
by the Holy S p ir it " (p . 2 1 ).
Walvoord
(1975) suggested th a t pneumatikos d ire c ts "a tte n tio n to the Holy
S p ir it " (p . 164).
G r if f it h s
(1978) stated th a t i t does not mean "spi­
r it u a l g i f t " but i t is the d escrip tio n o f a person who is in s p ire d .
Baxter (1983) said th a t ta pneumatika (p lu ra l o f to pneumatikos) ap­
p lie s to :
. . . tninns having t h e ir o rig in and harmony in God, to the
purposes o f God, to songs of the Church, to people who walk so as
to please God, to blessings accruing to C h ris tia n s , and to a ll
th a t is produced and maintained among regenerate men by the S p ir it
o f God. . . . Among it s many uses is th a t which describes the
g if t s o f the S p i r it . They are 's p i r i t u a l ' g i f t s .
Thus, they are
g if t s which are not of man, n e ith e r by man, but o f God. (p . 12)
Vine (1966) stated th a t i t always connotes the idea o f " in v i­
s i b i l i t y and o f power" and i t is an "a fte r-P e n te co s t" word (p . 6 4 ).
Piepkorn (1971) saw a synonymous re la tio n s h ip between
pnaumatikon and charisma and stated th a t pneumatikos is placed in Rom
1:11 as an a d je c tiv a l m odifer to charisma w ith which i t combines to
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
33
form the expression charisma pneumatikon which is tra n s la te d " s p ir itu a l
grace" (p. 3 7 1 ).
However, they are not id e n tic a l.
Gee (1 9 7 2 a ), on the
o ther hand, opposed the tra n s la tio n o f pneumatikos as " s p ir itu a l g i f t . "
He is c o rrec t in s ta tin g th a t pneumatikos 1i t e r a l l y means " s p ir it u a l"
not " s p ir itu a l g i f t "
(p . 7 7 ).
He fu rth e r suggested th a t i t is used in
1 Cor 12:1 as a d ir e c t a n tith e s is to charismata in vs. 4 ( i b i d , p. 77,
7 8 ).
Pearson (1973) has a s im ila r explanation by re fe rrin g to
Schmithals' argument on 1 Cor 12:1:
In a ffirm in g the masculine gender fo r ton pneumatikon
Schmithals states th a t Paul never used the term pneumatika in the
sense o f charism ata. He regards th is passage as a re p ly to a
question from the C orinthian congregation as to whether i t were
possible to make in church such an utterance as "Jesus be cursed"
and s t i l l be speaking en pneumati theou. According to Schmithals
such an acclamation was a regular featu re of C orinthian worship,
and indeed served as a type o f confession o f f a i t h , (pp. 47, 48)
Schweitzer (1968) said th a t pneumatika (p lu ra l o f pneumatikos)
is used fo r "the t o t a l i t y o f the g if t s of S p i r it ."
Pneumatikos l i t e r ­
a l l y means " s p ir itu a l" and only in a p p lic a tio n to " g ifts " when i t
app lies to " s p ir itu a l things" (M o rris , 1966).
However, many
scholars
hold to the view th a t pneumatikos is equated w ith charisma when they
are used to r e fe r to " g if t " or "empowerments given to the Church from
God" (Bultmann, 1952; E l l i s , 1974).
Charisma ( p lu r a l, charism ata) is a verbal noun o f the verb
charizomai meaning "to do something pleasant fo r someone, to be kind,
gracious, or o b lig in g , to ob lig e or g r a t if y someone" when used in
connection w ith men's dealings and i t means "to give graciously" in
connection w ith the d iv in e (E sser, 1976, p. 116).
I t is a rare and
la te word (Conzelmann, 1974, p. 402) which appears in the "preC h ris tia n lit e r a t u r e only in one LXX version" (E sser, 1976, p. 115).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
34
Most scholars a ttr ib u te i t to Pauline theology, and i t is used 17 times
in the New Testament.
Sixteen o f these tim es, i t can be found in the
Pauline e p is tle s and once in 1 Pet 4 :1 0 , which presupposes Pauline
theology (Feine, Behm & Kuemmel, 1966).
Charisma means "a g i f t of
grace; a favor which one receives w ithout any m e rit o f his own; . . .
the g i f t o f divine grace" (Thayer, 1889, p. 667).
Charismata is used in 1 Cor 12:4-6 to describe " s p ir itu a l
g ifts " along with two other words:
and energemata (outw orkings).
diakonia (m in is trie s or services)
B it t lin g e r (1967) suggested th a t
charismata denotes the source o f the g i f t which is "divine grace
becoming concrete," diakonia is "the way in which [th e g if t s are to be]
experienced in the church", and energemata is the purpose fo r these
g if t s (pp. 20, 2 1 ).
Hence,
charismata are " s p ir itu a l g ifts " fo r the
in d iv id u a tio n and concretion o f grace in C hristians (Kaesemann, 1964)
so th a t they can perform the fo llo w in g functions:
Caring fo r one
anothpr (1 Cor 1 2 :2 5 ); e stab lis h in g the fa it h o f each member so as to
encourage one another (Rom 1 :1 1 , 1 2 ); equipping the members fo r the
work of m in is try w ith in and w ithout the Church (Eph 4 :1 2 ); e d ifyin g the
Church u n til each in d iv id u a l w ith in i t a tta in s f u l l s p ir itu a l m a tu rity
as to the "measure o f the s ta tu re o f the fulness o f C hrist" (Eph 4 :1 2 ,
1 3 ); promoting "unity" among the membership through " f a ith and know­
ledge o f the Son o f God" (Eph 4 :1 3 ); teaching the members so th a t they
can d is tin g u ish the r ig h t from the wrong in doctrines (Eph 4 :1 4 ); and,
speaking in love and tru th fo r s p ir itu a l growth (Eph 4 :1 5 ).
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
35
G if t o f the S p i r it and S p iritu a l G ifts
S p iritu a l g if t s ( charism ata) are not the same as the " g i f t o f
the Holy S p ir it" (o fte n the word used is doron) because "the g i f t of
the Holy S p ir it" is s alv atio n i t s e l f .
In the sermon o f Peter on the
day o f Pentecost recorded in Acts 2 :3 8 , we read:
And Peter said to them, "Repent and be baptized every one of
you in the name o f Jesus C h ris t fo r the forgiveness of your sins;
and you shall receive the g i f t o f the Holy S p i r i t .
Barnes (1870) commented th a t the " g i f t of the Holy S p i r it here does not
mean his e xtrao rd in ary g i f t s , o r the power o f working m iracles . . . "
(p. 6 5 ).
In explaining th is t e x t , Baxter (1983) said th a t the " g if t of
the Holy S p ir it was now regarded as received in s alv atio n " (p. 2 6 ).
He
supported his proposition by quoting Acts 19:2 in s ta tin g th a t the
C h ris tian s were questioned by Paul in whether they "received the [ g i f t ]
o f the Holy S p ir it when they believed" (in most modern tra n s la tio n s )
and not "since they believed" a«; used in the King James tr a n s la tio n ,
thus implying th a t " i f they had received 'th e g i f t ' they were saved; i f
they had not, they were not saved" ( i b i d . ) .
th a t "the term ' g i f t o f the S p i r i t , '
Unger (1978) commented
th e re fo re , does not re fe r to some
experience subseouent to s a lv a tio n but to s alv atio n i t s e l f "
Bryant (1973) and C risw ell
(p . 135).
(1967) agreed th a t the foundation fo r
receivin g s p iritu a l g if t s is re ce ivin g the " g i f t of the Holy S p ir it " ,
th a t i s , receiving s a lv a tio n .
F ru its o f the S p i r it and S p iritu a l G ifts
" S p iritu a l g if t s " are not the same as the " f r u it s o f the
s p ir it ."
Sanders (1979) distinguished them thus:
A g i f t may be Imparted from w ith o u t, and may remain separate
and d is tin c t . F r u it , however, is not an extraneous addition to a
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
t r e e , but the issue o f it s l i f e , and is produced from w ith in .
(p . 10)
F ife (1978) conveyed the same idea.
He said:
F r u it is a product of l i f e , and i t is only as the l if e - g iv in g
power o f the Holy S p ir it liv e s f u l l y in us th a t genuine f r u i t w ill
appear in our liv e s . This process o f fr u it-b e a r in g also takes
tim e. A s p ir itu a l g i f t may make i t s presence known im m ediately,
but f r u i t bearing cannot be h u rrie d , (p. 118)
Baxter (1983) added by saying th a t "the presence of s p ir itu a l f r u i t is
a f a r more r e lia b le evidence of s p i r i t u a l i t y than are the g if t s " (p.
4 4 ).
Sweeting (1962) pointed
guarantee s p iritu a l
out th a t "the g if t s o f the S p ir it did not
depth" as was in d ic a tiv e among the Corinthian
C h ristian s (p. 124).
Natural Talents and S p iritu a l G ifts
In understanding the d iffe re n c e s or s im ila r it ie s between natu­
ra l ta le n ts and s p ir itu a l g i f t s , four propositions have been suggested.
In one case s p iritu a l g if t s are c le a r ly supernatural and th e re fo re have
no a f f i n i t y with natural ta le n ts (B a rth , 1969; B axter, 1983; Bryant,
1070*
Cl
i ijriu i,
1A74.
u
/ f ,
U .»
najr*
11_ _ _ • 1
-----
u *t/ t n c b b c iy ra v c ,
i:?ou»
Iro n s id e , 1950; Owen, 1971; Pentecost, 1970).
h
.,j
nuwaru*
* ‘■ ' 7 7 .
u /O ,
They are bestowed upon
the b e lie v e rs regardless o f whatever natural ta le n ts they have or do
not have.
As Hay (1947) said s u c c in tly :
. . . the lack o f a natural a p titu d e in a b e lie v e r does not
l i m i t the Holy S p ir it in using him as he w i ll s . The S p i r it may
m anifest in him any a b i l i t y which he did not n a tu r a lly possess.
Frequently b e lie v ers with no a p titu d e as speakers have been given
the g i f t o f preaching in one form or another and have been g r e a tly
used by the S p i r it , (p . 179)
There i s , however, a v a ria tio n o f th is n otion, although natu­
ra l ta le n ts and s p iritu a l g if t s are s t i l l
held d is t in c t ly d if f e r e n t .
O rja la (1978) is one who held th a t s p ir itu a l g if t s are d iffe r e n t from
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
V
natural ta le n ts , but he added th a t "they may be re la te d 1' (p . 3 4 ).
Neighbour (1974) and Purkiser (1975) also support th is notion.
Many of
these scholars would agree th a t there is a p o s s ib ility to "c h ris ­
tia n iz e " natural ta le n ts , making them in to s p ir itu a l g if t s (E rv in ,
1968; Kinghorn, 1976; Laurentin, 1978; G r i f f i t h s , 1978).
According tc another view s p ir itu a l g if t s are e s s e n tia lly the
same as natural ta le n ts a t a c e rta in p oint in tim e— natural ta le n ts
become s p ir itu a l g if t s a t conversion— in th a t the process o f redemption
" r e d ire c ts , in te n s ifie s and v iv if ie s " these natural ta le n ts in to
s p ir itu a l g if t s
(B a rn e tte , 1965; G r i f f i t h s , 1978; L in d s e ll, 1975;
Mains, 1971; Schweizer, 1961; S c o tt, 1958; S to tt , 1964; Walvoord,
1975).
Naden (1982) said:
From the moment o f commitment, what was once "n a tu ra l" becomes
" s p ir it u a l" ; the work once performed to honor s e lf now honors
C h ris t; the g lo ry once taken to s e lf is now directed to Him; and
the strength once drawn from persistence and a p p lic a tio n is now
immeasurably enriched by the power o f the Holy S p i r it , (p . 9)
A th ir d view sees s p ir itu a l g i f t s as in c lu s iv e o f the superna­
tu ra l a b i l i t i e s
such as the g i f t o f tongues, in te rp re ta tio n o f tongues,
h e a lin g , e t c ., as w ell as natural ta le n ts such as the a b i l i t i e s o f
a d m in is tra tio n , lead ersh ip , teaching, speaking, s e rv ic e , e tc . (Bennett,
1979; Kaesemann, 1964; Kung, 1965; Naden, 1982; C a rte r, 1974; White,
1941).
As Naden said:
. . . a s p iritu a l g i f t m in is try is serving o th e rs , using one's
DEDICATED ta le n ts or g if t s a t the d ire c tio n o f the S p i r i t , and
through His enabling power. These g if t s and ta le n ts may in clu d e,
(1 ) a b i l i t i e s possessed from b ir th and/or (2 ) those bestowed a t or
a f t e r the New B irth a t the d ire c tio n o f the Holy S p i r i t .
In
e ith e r case th is recognizes the o rig in a l source o f every g i f t — our
generous God. (p . 9)
There are others who see a developmental process involved in
s p ir itu a l g i f t s , although they have equated these g if t s to be the same
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
38
as natural ta le n ts .
Pentecost quotes Ryrie as saying th a t "the Holy
S p i r it is sovereign in the giving o f g ifts " but y e t " s e lf-p re p a ra tio n "
and "time" is needed fo r the "developing [ o f ] th a t g i f t "
1971, p. 2 8 ).
(P entecost,
Some have established the p o in t th a t natural ta le n ts
become s p ir itu a l g i f t s a t the reception o f the " g i f t o f the Holy
S p ir it "
(L a u re n tin , 1978; Naden, 1982; Walvoord, 1975).
Very l i k e l y a t
th is p o in t, s p ir itu a l g if t s are being m anifested in m in is try , but i t
would be d i f f i c u l t to present em pirical evidence th a t natural ta le n ts
have become s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
A fo u rth proposition states th a t s p ir itu a l g if t s are not the
same as natural ta le n t s , though they may be s im ila r a t times to natural
ta le n ts .
They are " la te n t p o te n tia lit ie s " (Synder, 1973) given by God
a t b ir th (Barnes, 1984, p. 1 9 ), as is the case w ith natural ta le n ts ,
but they are d irec te d fo r the purposes of higher goals when the Holy
S p i r it c a lls them fo rth from laten c y .
these g if t s
Gangel (1975) believed th a t
"may be la t e n t , w aitin g fo r a c tiv a tio n " (p , 1 3 ).
This w ill
l i k e l y account fo r s im ila r it ie s and d iffe re n c e s between s p ir itu a l
g i f t s and natural ta le n ts because they may be la te n t and may never be
c a lle d u n til the "watering" o f the Holy S p i r it takes place.
This
accounts f o r «.ne reason " s p iritu a l g ifts " may re q u ire "time" [as c ite d
by Pentecost (1 9 7 0 )] to develop; w h ile , a t other tim e s, they are
e xh ib ite d spontaneously in in d iv id u a ls w ithout any previous evidence o f
t h e ir presence.
Gangel (1975) and Gee (1972a) wrote th a t s p ir itu a l g if t s can
be "bestowed" [m anifested] suddenly a t any p oint in the b e lie v e r's
experience.
This may even occur in the liv e s o f those who have not
become "b e lie v ers " per se, but whose liv e s have been honest and who are
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
39
d e f in it e ly under the influence o f the Holy S p i r i t .
F u rth e r, one may
wonder why “s p ir it u a l g ifts " were manifested in the liv e s o f the
"immature" b e lie v ers a t Corinth and in C h ris tia n communities with many
c o n flic ts (Gee, 1972b)— these can be accounted fo r i f s p ir itu a l g ifts
are lik e natural ta le n ts , la te n t u n til used tnrough the Holy S p ir it as
He w ills .
Therefo re, the d iffe re n c e between natural ta le n ts and s p ir i­
tu al g if t s lie s in the source o f m o tiv atio n .
With natural ta le n ts , an
in d ivid u a l may or may not decide to develop them; th e ir growth corres­
ponds with the p h y s ic a l, m ental, and emotional growth o f the in d iv i­
du al.
However, the development o f s p iritu a l g if t s is a r e s u lt of the
power of the Holy S p ir it .
The C la s s ific a tio n o f S p iritu a l G ifts
In the New Testament, four main l i s t s of s p iritu a l g if t s are
given in (a ) 1 Cor 1 2 :8 -1 0 , (b) 1 Cor 12:28, (c ) Rom 1 2 :6 -8 , and (d)
Eph 4 :1 1.
From the study o f these li s t s and other m anifestations of
g i f t s , B ib lic a l scholars have come up with 20 to 27 g if t s (B a x te r,
1983; la u re n tin , 1978; Naden, 1982; Wagner, 1979; Wallenkampf, 1978).
Other authors use a sm aller number:
Epp l i s t s 11 g if t s (1966, pp. 81-
9 1 ); R yrie, 14 (1965, pp. 185-191); Walvoord l i s t s 16 (1975, p. 168);
McRae, also 16 (1976, p. 8 7 ); and Gangel, 18 (1975, p. 11).
D iffe r e n t schemes o f c la s s ific a tio n s are also proposed.
Sanders (1979) categorized the g if t s according to those which q u a lifie d
the re c ip ie n ts fo r m in is try and those which equipped the re c ip ie n ts to
render services o f p ra c tic a l nature (p . 110).
Barnes (1984) organized
s p ir itu a l g if t s according to g if t s of m in is try and miraculous g ifts
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
40
(pp. 2 1 -2 4 ).
categories:
Pentecost (1970) also c la s s ifie d the g if t s in to two
permanent and temporary (p . 166).
Gee (1 9 72 a ), Bloch-
Hoell (1 9 64 ), and Graber (1947) held th a t some g if t s are only seen in
the New Testament and were meant fo r the Apostolic Era— these are the
temporary g i f t s .
However, they may occur in the New Testament forms
today (Graber, 1947, pp. 2 5 -5 5 ).
Therefore, the temporary g ifts are
those which are manifested fo r the purpose o f the New Testament era and
the permanent g if t s are those which extend t i l l
today in the same New
Testament forms (Kaesemann, 1964, pp. 204-205).
Others organized the l i s t of g if t s in tr ia d s .
Stover (1962)
c la s s ife d g if t s in terms o f g if t s th a t meet the needs o f the soul,
body, and s p i r i t (p . 4 9 ); Ford (1977) spoke o f speaking g i f t s , service
g i f t s , and sign g if t s
(p . 8 2 ); Baird lis t e d them as teaching g i f t s ,
supernatural g i f t s , and communication g if t s (c ite d by MacGorman, 1974,
pp. 3 4 -3 5 ); Baxter (1983) c a lle d his l i s t " f u l f i l l i n g s e rv a n t-,
s e rv ic e -, s e rv in g -g ifts " ; (p p .171-230); Beet's (1883) l i s t includes:
in te lle c tu a l g i f t s , miraculous g i f t s , and the g if t s connected with
tongues (p. 215); and MacGorman (1974) c ite s Findlay as categorizing
g if t s o f the s p i r i t working through the mind, s p i r i t working in d is ­
tin c tio n from the mind, and the " s p ir it working in supercession o f the
mind" (p . 3 4 ).
MacGorman him self used a fo u rfo ld c a te g o riza tio n o f the g if t s :
g if t s o f u ttera n c e, o f power, o f s p iritu a l discernment, and o f e c s ta tic
utterance (p. 3 5 ).
Others ranked the g if t s w ithout r e a lly going into
any d e sc rip tiv e c a te g o riza tio n (Hummel, 1978; P ic k fo rd , 1969).
This study used the l i s t from The S p ir itu a l G ifts Inventory
( SGI) (Naden & C ruise, 1981).
The authors of th is inventory
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
41
d e lib e r a te ly omitted the g ifts o f "h e alin g , m ira c le s , tongues,
in te rp re ta tio n o f tongues . . . "
because they are so spectacular or
obvious th a t they "hardly need to be tested by an instrument" ( i b i d . ,
p. 8)
Hence, the authors have c la s s ifie d t h e ir l i s t according to
"spectacular s ig n -g ifts " ( i b i d . ) and " g ifts o f service" (Naden, 1982,
p. 9 ) .
The l i s t of g if t s in the SGI are:
A d m in is tratio n , apo stlesh ip ,
discernment, evangelism, e x h o rta tio n , f a i t h , g iv in g , helps,
h o s p ita lity , in te rce s sio n , knowledge, lead ersh ip , martyrdom, mercy,
m issionary, pastorin g, prophecy, teaching and wisdom (Naden & C ruise,
1981, p. 8 ) .
There is no attem pt to rank these g if t s in terms o f
importance, but a t s p e c ific tim es, one g i f t may be o f more importance
as compared w ith another due to the need fo r a s p e c ific g i f t a t th a t
time (Naden, 1982, pp. 9 -1 0 ).
This is in agreement w ith P ic k fo rd 's
thoughts:
There is a sequence, but i t is time sequence, in which such
g if t s appeared in the church in accordance with the d iv in e purpose;
and one g i f t gives place to another as th a t purpose is f u l f i l l e d .
(P ic k fo rd , 1969, p. 6)
The Discovery o f S p ir itu a l G ifts
Webb (1883) said th a t each one is given some g if t s and a ll are
arranged by God.
The Holy S p ir it can teach what these spec ia l y iftS
are and aid in t h e ir development so th a t they can be manifested (p.
3 2 ).
Baxter (1983) and Pentecost (1970) would agree w ith Webb in
saying th a t i t is God's plan th a t one is to be aware o f God's g i f t to
o n e se lf.
However, not a l l agree on the question o f the
s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
d is c o v e ry
of
Some deny the need to id e n tify one's s p ir itu a l g if t s .
Wagner (1979) mentioned th a t Gene G etz, professor a t D allas Theological
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
42
Seminary and the founding pastor o f the dynamic Fellowship B ible
Church, had e a r lie r stated th a t the discovery o f s p ir itu a l g if t s was of
g re a t importance.
However, a t a l a t e r tim e , he changed his p o s itio n .
Such a discovery, he then purported, is unnecessary because o f:
the
confusion which had occurred among C h ris tian s due to misunderstanding
o f the g i f t theology; r a tio n a liz a tio n leading to fix e d a tte n tio n on
supposed g if t s and neglecting other b ib lic a l r e s p o n s ib ilitie s ; and
s e lf-d e c e p tio n among the s o -c alle d " s p i r i t - f i l l e d "
in d iv id u a ls , when in
a c t u a lit y they did not possess th a t s p e c ific g i f t a t a ll
(pp. 4 5 -4 9 ).
He added th a t i t had dawned on him th a t the three g i f t chapters [1 Cor
12, Rom 12, and Eph 4 ] had no exh o rtatio n fo r C hristian s to "look fo r
o r t r y to discover th e ir s p iritu a l g i f t or g ifts " (G e tz, 1976, p. 9 ).
In s p ite o f the stated problems, many scholars see th a t g i f t
discovery is an in te g ra l p a rt o f the C h ris tia n l i f e .
Wagner (1979)
said th a t g i f t discovery should be "top D r io r ity " and McRae (1976) saw
i t as a way o f perceiving God's w i l l .
Baxter (1 9 8 3 ), Gangel (1 9 7 5 ),
Murphy (1 9 7 5 ), Purkiser (1 9 7 5 ), R o g illio (1 9 7 1 ), Schramm (1 9 8 2 ),
T idw ell (1 9 8 2 ), and
Yohn (1974) emphasized th a t i t is both e ss e n tial
and possible to discover one's g i f t s .
Baxter (1983) proposed six steps in g i f t discovery:
Put the
Lord f i r s t in one's l i f e ; put emphuiis on God's w ill fo r one's l i f e ;
know the B ib le ; ask God to reveal the g i f t s ; expect confirm ation from
o th e rs ; and be prepared to face r e s p o n s ib ility (pp. 6 7 -7 4 ).
Gangel (1975) suggested fo u r guiding questions:
enjoy doing?
What has God been blessing?
What has the Holy S p ir it to ld you? (p . 1 3 ).
w ith three other questions:
What do you
Have others encouraged you?
Laurentin (1978) came up
How competent am I in the area noted as
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
43
giftedness?
Do opp o rtu n ities open fo r me to exercise th is g ift?
my e ffo r ts helping others? (p . 1 12 ).
Are
Along s im ila r lin es o f thought,
Wagner recommended fiv e propositions fo r g i f t discovery:
Explore the
ta le n ts and gifted n ess; experiment w ith them; examine one's fe e lin g s ;
evaluate one's e ffe c tiv e n e s s ; and expect confirm ation from the body o f
C h ris t (p . 7 4 ).
Regardless of whether one has one g i f t or a c lu s te r, one must
recognize as Pache (1957) said:
members o r organs.
In the body, there are no useless
In the Body o f C h ris t, each b e lie v e r receives a
g i f t to c arry out the function a llo te d to him (p. 182).
Bryant (1973)
asserted:
S p ir itu a l g if t s are not to be considered from an egocentric
p o in t o f view, i . e . , in terms of what they do fo r the in d iv id u a l.
Rather they are to be considered from an e c c le s ia lo g ic a l p o in t o f
view , i . e . , in terms o f what they do fo r the Church, the body of
C h ris t, (p . 66)
Psychological Types
A Biographical Sketch o f C. G. Jung
Carl Gustav Jung, the son of a Reformed Pastor Johann Paul
A c h ille s Jung (1842-1896) and Emile nee Preiswerk (1848-1923), was born
in Kessw il, S w itzerlan d , on J u ly 26, 1875, and educated in Basel.
in te r e s t focussed in four f ie ld s :
archaeology.
His
science, h is to ry , philosophy, and
Archaeology was the f i r s t to be elim inated because i t was
not o ffere d in Basel U n iv e rs ity .
Science was chosen, but a f t e r a tte n d ­
ing some classes i t dawned on him th a t he could take medical s tu d ies.
Even in the f i e l d o f medicine, s p e c ia liz a tio n was s t i l l to be decided.
He was in te res te d in surgery and in te rn a l medicine, but e v e n tu a lly they
were also abandoned due to the lack o f funds.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
44
In 1900, w hile reading a textbook on psychiatry by K r a fft Ebing in preparation fo r his fin a l examinations, the f i r s t chapter
struck him and he decided th a t psychiatry would be his destined f i e l d .
At age 24 he s ta rted his career as an a s s is ta n t a t the B urgholzli
Mental C lin ic and the P sych iatric C lin ic o f Zurich U n iv e rs ity , under
the d ire c to rs h ip of Eugen B le u le r, famous fo r his treatm ent o f psy­
choses and his development o f the concept of schizophrenia.
The
w ritin g s by Freud and Breuer on h y s te ria , published in the 1890s, and
Freud’ s The In te rp re ta tio n o f Dreams which appeared in 1900; also
impacted his th in k in g .
He said th a t Freud's book is a "fount of
illu m in a tio n " fo r young p s y c h ia tris ts (c ite d by Hall £ Nordby, 1973).
In 1902, word association research began and in the publica­
tio n o f the Association Tests and papers re la te d to them, he became
well-known.
This earned fo r him many in v ita tio n s to le c tu re abroad as
well as an honorary degree from C lark U n iv e rs ity , Massachusetts, in
1909.
In 1903 he married Emma Rauschenbach (1 8 8< M 95 5 ), his c o lla ­
borator in research and w ritin g u n til her death.
Together they
raised a fa m ily o f fiv e c h ild re n — four daughters and a son.
The year
he m a rrie d , he re-read Freud's The In te rp re ta tio n o f Dreams and th is
resulted in his lif e - lo n g research on dreams, "the most im portant
source o f inform ation concerning the unconscious processes" (R o llin s ,
1983, p. i x ) .
He follow ed Freud's w ritin g s v ery c lo s e ly and sent him copies
of his a r t ic le s and his f i r s t book, The Psychology of Dementia Praecox
(1 9 0 7 ), in which he upheld the Freudian viewpoint but w ith some re s e r­
v atio n .
He and Freud corresponded on a weekly basis and both were
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
45
in v ite d to speak at Clark U n iv e rs ity , Massachusetts, in 1909.
When the
In te rn a tio n a l Congress o f Psychoanalysis was founded, Freud in s is te d
th a t Jung be i t s p re sid e n t.
Due to a complex turn o f events, Jung's
re la tio n s h ip with Freud was broken, and he calle d his own work
"A n a lytica l Psychology" ra th e r than "Psychoanalysis."
The break w ith Freud seemed to have a g re at impact on Jung,
because there was no p u b lica tio n fo r 3 years.
But a f t e r th is dormancy
p e rio d , he became i n t e lle c t u a lly a c tiv e again and wrote one o f his
fin e s t books, The Psychological Types, published in 1921.
In th is
volume, he not only discussed his d iffe re n ce s w ith Freud and with
A d le r, another psychoanalyst who broke with Freud, but more im portantly
he described a taxonomy o f p e rs o n a lity types which he c a lle d "psycholo­
g ic al types"— including the famous d is tin c tio n s between extraversion
and in tro v e rs io n , judgment and perception, thinking and fe e lin g , and
sensing and in t u it io n , which are the types c o rrela te d in th is study.
His s c ie n tific work, his wide in te r e s ts , his p r o l i f i c
w ritin g s , and his readiness to exchange ideas w ith others made him a
leading p e rs o n a lity in in te rn a tio n a l research in the f i e l d o f psycho­
lo gy.
In 1936 he was awarded an honorary degree o f science by Harvard
U n iv e rs ity and, in 1938, an honorary D.Sc. by Oxford U n iv e rs ity (the
f i r s t psychologist ever to receive such an honor in England), and an
honorary doctorate from the U n iv e rs ity of Geneva in 1945.
In 1944, he
founded the c h a ir o f medical psychology a t his alma m ater, Basel
U n iv e rs ity .
As Fordham (1953) put i t :
The story o f Jung's development and career is , however, not so
much o f a man c o lle c tin g honours and f i l l i n g im portant posts, but
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
46
o f an o rig in a l mind and fo rc e fu l p e rs o n a lity , forging its own way,
avoiding the w ell-trodden paths, and paying only the minimum due
the established conventions.
. . . but what struck one most
about him was his humanity and k in d lin e s s , his l i v e l y in te re s t in
a host o f th in g s , and the continuing v i t a l i t y o f his unique
p e rs o n a lity , (pp. 13-14)
In 1957 he published his la s t book, The Undiscovered S e lf .
in 1961, but two other works appeared posthumously:
He died
Memories, Dreams,
R eflectio n s and "Approaching the Unconscious" in Man and His Symbols.
Jung and Psychological Types
In the e a r ly tw entieth c entury, due to the in tro d u ctio n of
psychoanalysis, people l ik e Freud, A d ler, S u lliv a n e t a l . seemed to
b e lie v e th a t people werefundam entally a lik e .
men's drives were sexual
Freud said th a t a ll
in o rie n ta tio n and th is "sexual in s tin c t" was
the m otivator o f a ll human behavior (Freud, 1957, pp. 113, 118-122).
Adler re fle c te d Freud's view:, in his e a rly thought th a t men's persona­
l i t i e s were motivated by " in s tin c ts and d riv e s ."
However, there came a
p artin g o f the ways when he denied the "constant p rin c ip le " o f Freud
and Helmholtz (A d le r, 1964a, p. 47; 1956, pp. 3 0, 38; Jones, 1953, p.
4 1 ).
He maintained th a t people were a lik e , though the i n i t ia t in g
d riv e s , he contended, were not "sexual in s tin c ts " but "c re a tiv e power"
(A d le r, 1964b, p. 219).
Nevertheless, the basic idea was very s im ila r
to the " in s tin c t" proposition o f Freud.
In 1919, Jung adapted the P lato nic-A ugustinian term "arche­
type" to account fo r the
expressions o f the psyche.
Freud and Adler th a t people were a lik e .
He disagreed w ith
He said th a t they were
d iffe r e n t in fundamental ways even though they had "the same m ultitu d e
o f in s tin c ts " (which he c a lle d archetypes), "which d rive from w ith in "
(Jung, 1923, p. 3 76 ).
One in s tin c t was no more important than another.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
47
The important fa c to r was the preference o f "functions" ( i b i d . , p. 4 5 1 ).
These p re fe rre d functions Jung c a lle d "psychological types" ( i b i d . , pp.
482, 481).
The "type" theory which o rig in a te d w ith Hippocrates was the
four-temperament humoral theory.
Empedocles declared the number "four"
a canonical number (Joachim, 1984, p. 38, quoting Ir w in , 1947, pp. 4564; Roback, 1952, pp. 4 1 -4 2 ).
fou r types:
Hippocrates' proposition included the
c h o le ric , phlegm atic, m elancholic, and sanguine. In the
modern e ra , Adickes (1907) said th a t man was divided into fo u r types:
dogmatic, agnostic, t r a d it io n a l, and in n o v ativ e .
Kretschmer's tempera­
ment types (1925) determined th a t abnormal behavior was very s im ila r to
the four types proposed by Adickes:
c h o lic , and hypomanic.
mistaken g o a ls."
In 1920, Adler (1956) spoke about the "four
That same y ea r, Spranger (1928) proposed the four
human values th a t set people ap art:
and a r t i s t i c .
types" theory.
h y p ere s th e tic, a n e s th e tic , melan­
r e lig io u s , th e o r e tic , economic,
At about the same tim e, Jung proposed his "psychological
He saw the number "four" as the " p riv ile g e d alchemical
number" re p re s e n ta tiv e o f the "four functions o f consciousness" (Jung,
1963, pp. 2 1 0 -2 1 7 ).
Combining th is w ith the " p rin c ip le o f opposites,"
he theorized the "psychological types."
Myers-Brlggs' Extension o f
Jungian Psychological Types
By 1930, "dynamic psychology" and "behaviorism" had replaced
"temperaments" or "psychological types" th e o rie s .
In the 1920s, by
coincidence, Katherine C. Briggs read Jung's Psychological Types.
She
discovered th a t Jung's types were a more extensive c a te g o riza tio n o f
the human p e rs o n a lity than her own proposition about which she had
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
48
w ritte n e a r lie r in unpublished research.
The fo u r types she proposed
f e l l n e a tly in to the c a te g o riza tio n o f the "psychological types" of
Jung.
L a te r, together w ith her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, Briggs
theorized the 16 Myers-Briggs types.
These 16 types were a c tu a lly the
Jungian psychological types categorized more p re c is e ly .
About the same
tim e , a resurgence o f in te r e s t in temperamental types based on the
Hippocrates' proposition also occurred.
Myers and Briggs developed the
Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r Types which b a s ic a lly indicated the Jungian
psychological types.
The theory o f Jung's psychological types is
described in chapter 1.
The JP preference index in the MBTI is the
extension o f Jung's theory on the types.
is dominant or a u x ilia r y ( i . e . ,
In determining what function
secondary), th is index is u t i li z e d .
Myers and MaCaulley (1985) described the two uses o f the JP preference
i ndex:
F i r s t , i t describes id e n tifia b le a ttitu d e s and behaviors to
the outside w orld.
Second, i t is used in conjunction with E l, to
id e n tify which o f the two preferred functions is the leading or
dominant function and which is a u x ilia r y , (p . 13)
Hence, th is suggests th a t the JP preference index w ill be indicated
d if f e r e n t ly fo r e x tra v e rts and in tr o v e rts .
JP preference index
r e fle c ts only the a ttitu d e function used in dealing w ith the behaviors
to the outside w orld.
Since the e x tra v e rt's dominant a ttitu d e function
is preference fo r the outside w orld, the JP preference is to be read as
i t is from the p r o file indicated by the MBTI.
For example, i f an
e x tr a v e rt's type ends in J (Judgment), the dominant process is a
judging one, e ith e r T (Thinking) or F (F e e lin g ).
I f the type ends in P
(P e rc e p tio n ), the dominant process is a perceptive one, e ith e r S
(Sensing) or N ( I n t u i t in g ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
49
But fo r the in tr o v e r t , the exact opposite is tru e .
The in tro ­
v e r t's dominant process is not shown on the JP preference index because
the in tro v e r t does not p re fe r the a ttitu d e function of the outside
w orld.
The J (Judgment) or P (P erception) in the type r e fle c ts the
a u x ilia r y instead o f the dominant fu n c tio n .
Therefore, i f an in tr o ­
v e r t 's type ends in J (Judgment), the dominant process is a perceptive
one, S (Sensing) or N ( I n t u i t i n g ) .
I f the type ends in P (P e rc e p tio n ),
the dominant process is a judging one, T (Thinking) or F (F e e lin g ).
The 16 types from the theory o f Myers-Briggs as indicated in chapter 1
are set out in Table 3.
The dominant function is underlined.
TABLE 3
SIXTEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
WITH DOMINANT FUNCTIONS INDICATED
ISTJ
ISFJ
INFJ
INTJ
ISTP
ISFP
INFP
INTP
ESTP
ESFP
ENFP
ENTP
ESTJ
ESFJ
ENFJ
ENTJ
I= In tro v e rs io n ; E»Extraversion; S=Sensing; N = In tu itio n ;
F=Feeling; T*Thinking; P*Perception; J*Judgment
The B ip o la r ity o f Jungian
Psychologic?! Types
Some Jungian th e o ris ts accepted the c a te g o riza tio n o f Jung on
the types but they questioned the b ip o la r framework o f the theory.
J a r r e tt (1972) said:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
50
What I am asking, o f course, is whether the opposites must
(even though they obviously commonly do) exclude each o th e r.
Is
i t simply a psychological fa c t th a t fe e lin g must be s e t aside in
order to th in k c le a r ly — and so on? (p. 325)
These questionings led researchers to te s t the b ip o la r ity o f the
theo ry.
Cook (1969) who used the Q-sorts o f items concluded th a t
in tro v e rs io n -e x tra v e rs io n appeared to be a geniunely b ip o la r continuum,
but the other four functions were not.
Eysenck and Eysenck (1 9 6 9 ),
Loomis and Singer (1 9 8 0 ), and Metzner, Burney and Mahlberg (1981) also
questioned the b ip o la r ity theory o f the Jungian types.
Subsequently,
Metzner, Burney and Mahlberg (1981) proposed a 1 2 -fo ld revised typology
instead o f the 8 - fo ld as suggested by Jung.
However, in the theories
and research by Cook (1969) and Eysenck and Eysenck (1 9 6 9 ), the
b ip o la r ity of the e x tra v e rs io n -in tro v e rs io n continuum was e v id e n t.
Thus f a r c r it ic s have not been able to substantiate a ffir m a tiv e ly th a t
the other functions are not b ip o la r.
Psychological Types and
Humoral (Emotional) Types
Metzner (1979) said th a t " c la s s ific a tio n o f human temperaments
based on body f lu id s , the 'hum ors,1 . . .
is considered the most
im portant aspects o f his character" (p . 3 7 ).
The term describing the
four temperaments a r c - . f . v e d from these "humors" and they are:
the
c h o le ric — fla sh in g hot temper, the m elancholic— su llen depressiveness,
the phlegmatic— unemotional calm, and the sanguine— c h e e rfu lly optim is­
tic
(ib id .).
The most obvious psychological type th a t can be c o rre ­
la te d is the e xtrav e rted fe e lin g type w ith the sanguine, since the
sanguine ra d ia te "warmth, good fe e lin g , and pleasure in human r e la tio n ­
ships. . . . [and] are r e la t iv e ly aware o f t h e ir own fe e lin g s ar.d
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
51
r e la te to the fe e lin g s , not the ideas, o f others" ( i b i d . , p. 6 4 ).
In the research o f Joachim (1984) on the re la tio n s h ip between
the fo u r humoral types and 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s , he discovered th a t
sanguine was the one temperament th a t was s ig n if ic a n tly re la te d to the
g if t s o f adm in istratio n and leadership in a general C h ris tia n
population (pp. 109-113).
Theory o f psychological types suggests th a t
the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g type (EF) is s im ila r to the sanguine type
(K elsey, 1976).
Through the research and theory one may hypothesize
th a t the ext*- v erted -th in kin g type may be re la te d to the g if t s o f
a d m in is tra tio n and leadersh ip.
Psychological Types with
R eligion and S p i r it u a l i t y
Research has been conducted in c o rre la tin g the Jungian psycho­
lo g ic a l types w ith occupations such as counseling supervisors (Beck,
1 97 3 ), psychotherapists (Braun, 1971), a r t is t s (B u rt, 1968), teachers
(C a rly n , 1976; DeNovellis & Lawrence, 1983; Lawrence, 1982), managers
( D i e t l , 1980; Evered, 1973; G aster, 1982),
educational adm in istrators
(F re d e ric k , 1 975), a rc h ite c ts (H a ll & MacKinnon, 1969), engineers and
engineering managers (Hay, 1964), mathematicians (He!son, 1971; Helson
& C r u tc h fie ld , 1970); psychologists (P e rry , 1975), and others (Laney,
1949; also see Myers & McCaulley, 1985, pp. 77-93; 189-203; Stone,
1978).
Research in education, learning s ty le s and other p e rs o n a lity
measures have been popular fo r the la s t 30 years (Myers & Myers, 1980,
p. x i; see Myers & McCaulley, 1985; and Lawrence, 1982).
Clarke (1983) theorized th a t there are c e rta in types o f
prayers fo r c e rta in psychological types.
prayers:
He categorized 3 forms of
The sensing form which includes vocal p ra ye r, "prayer o f
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
52
simple regard" ( i . e . , prayer on accepting the presence o f the d iv in e ) ,
the s ile n t prayer and group prayer (pp. 6 64 -6 6 6); the in tu itin g form
which includes m e d itativ e prayer and spontaneous prayer (p p .6 66 -6 7 0);
and the th in k in g form which includes prayer w ith the deep searching o f
the S criptures (pp. 6 70 -6 7 2).
tio n o f types and prayers.
Page (1981) proposed a fu rth e r d e lib e ra ­
His c a te g o riz a tio n is :
Extraversion—
corporate prayer; in tro v e rs io n — p riv a te p rayer; sensing— prayers th a t
req u ire the use o f the senses such as eyes, nose, hands, mouth
(agreeing w ith Clarke on the m e d ita tiv e type o f p ra y e rs ); in t u it io n —
i n t u it iv e prayer; th in k in g — c o g n itiv e p rayer; fe e lin g — a ffe c tiv e pra­
y e r: judgment— planned prayer; and p erception— spontaneous or
unplanned p rayer.
He fu rth e r aadeo th a t such categories w ill suggest
the fo llo w in g natural s p ir itu a l path: e xtra v e rs io n — a c tio n ;
in tro v e rs io n — r e fle c tio n ; sensing— s e rv ic e ; in t u it io n — awareness;
th in k in g — knowledge, feel in a— devotion; judgment— d is c ip l in e ; and
perception— spontaneity. Bryant (1 9 8 3 a ), G rant, Thompson and Clarke
(1 9 8 3 ), Kelsey (1968, 1976, 1 982), and Repicky (1981) concur w ith Page.
As Fourez (1972) said:
Remembering the categories o f p e rs o n a litie s proposed by Jung,
we can see th a t a good communal c e le b ra tio n w ill t r y to provide a
v a r ie ty o f symbols so th a t each type o f person can fin d something
to which to r e la te : there must be s ile n c e fo r the fe e le r s , some
v is io n fo r the in t u it lv e s , something to understand fo r the th in k ­
e rs , and something to do fo r the "pragm atists", (p . 148)
The only person who has equal development of a l l f a c t io n s
Jesus C h ris t, said Sanford (1 9 7 0 ).
is
He theorized th a t "ordinary man" is
conditioned by a " h is to r ic a lly conditioned m e n ta lity and psychology
which, to a larg e degree, in e v ita b ly determine" one's in s ig h ts ,
influence one's id eas, and shape one's p e rs o n a lity (p. 3 6 ).
However,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
53
such conditioning is not evident in Jesus C h ris t.
"The p e rs o n a lity and
the teachings o f Jesus are not in h e rite d from the c o lle c tiv e s p i r i t of
his tim e , but stand out in c ontrast to i t "
(ib id .).
Research on re lig io u s preferences in r e la tio n to psychological
types has also been conducted.
Harbaugh (1 9 8 4 ), in his study, in fe rre d
th a t ENFJ ty p ifie d those in the m in is try .
Holsworth (1984) studied 146
C atholic college seminarians o f the S t. Meinrad Seminary College and
noted the s h if t o f NT-types in older c le rg y to the NF-types in the
younger clergy=
He submitted:
This s h i f t , e m p iric a lly seen as a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n ific a n t
loss in in te r e s t measures o f "social reform er" and "s ch o la r,"
[ t y p if ie d by T -ty p e ], would seem a ttr ib u ta b le to a change m ti.e
p e rs o n a lity constructs o f the two groups. The o ld e r c le rg y — from
whom one would expect a c le a r e r , more s ta b le preference s tru c ­
tu re — s t a t i s t i c a l l y favor those name in te re s ts th a t younger clergy
and Seminarians are less l i k e l y to fa v o r. This would suggest a
higher proportion o f NT types in the o ld e r c le rg y . The in te rp e r­
sonal, fe e lin g orien ted F's among the younger c le rg y and
Seminarians may well herald a changing church—more p a s to ra l!y
o rie n te d , (p. 35)
In a broader study o f church types, Carskadon 0.981) and
Gerhardt (1983) discovered in separate research th a t the more lib e r a l
re lig io u s preference group yielded more in tu itin g types (N) than
sensing types (S ).
Carskadon (1981) concluded:
. . . conservative, fundam entalist re lig io n s have a g re a te r pro­
portion o f sensing types than do r e la t i v e l y more lib e r a l re lig io n s
or groups o f nonbelievers, p a r t ic u la r ly among persons w ith f a i r l y
strong preferences as to t h e ir psychological types. . . . as the
more fundamental re lig io n s take a much more concrete, l i t e r a l
approach to the Bible and it s teachings, which would be natural
fo r S 's , w h ile the more lib e r a l re lig io n s take things less l i t e ­
r a l l y and more s ym b o lic ally , emphasizing more the broader im plica­
tio n s of C h ris tia n teachings and allow ing room fo r more possi­
b i l i t i e s in t h e ir in te rp re ta tio n s — an approach l i k e l y to have more
appeal to N 's . (p . 77)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
54
Summary
The m anifestation of s p iritu a l g if t s is a phenomena of the Old
Testament but the word used to tra n s la te " s p ir itu a l g i f t " ( charisma) is
due to Pauline term inology and theology.
S p ir it " denotes the g i f t o f s a lv a tio n .
The phrase "the g i f t of the
I t is not the same as " s p ir i­
tu a l g i f t s , " but the foundation o f the m anifestation o f s p iritu a l g ifts
is the reception of the " g i f t o f toe S p ir it ."
Likew ise, the f r u i t of
the s p i r i t is not the Same as " s p ir itu a l g ifts " although both are
m anifestations o f the presence o f the Holy S p ir it in a C h ris tia n 's
life .
" S p iritu a l g ifts " meet s p e c ific needs fo r service in the church
and community, but the " fr u its o f the S p ir it " are evidence o f a
C h ris tia n 's growing s p i r i t u a l i t y .
There have been various propositions fo r d iffe r e n tia tin g
s p ir itu a l g if t s and natural ta le n ts but no consensus has been reached.
However, a ll agree th a t such g if t s which may have an a f f i n i t y to natu­
ra l ta le n ts are manifested only in "born-again" C h ris tia n s .
S im ila rly ,
no consensus has been reached concerning a c la s s ific a tio n of these
g i f t s , but i t is g e n e ra lly believed th a t every C h ris tia n has a t le a s t
one g i f t fu r service in the church and/or community.
agreement on the need fo r g i f t discovery.
There has been no
Those who see the need fo r
the discovery o f s p ir itu a l g ifts recognize i t as an urgent in te g ral
p a rt o f the C h ris tia n s p i r i t u a l i t y .
I t is "top p r io r ity " in order to
understand the w ill o f God.
Psychological types have been c o rrela te d w ith many p e rso n a lity
th e o re tic a l form ulations and vocations.
However, there is s t i l l a need
fo r c o rre la tio n a l studies in s p i r i t u a l i t y and r e lig io n .
Theorists
recognize th a t psychological types c o rre la te with re lig io u s phenomena
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
55
such as p rayer, conversion, and symbolism (B ry a n t, 1983b; Gleason,
1981; Kelsey, 1976, 1982; and Sanford, 1970).
Cabral (1 9 8 4 ), Carskadon
(1 9 8 1 ), Gerhardt (1 9 8 3 ), Harbaugh (1 9 8 4 ), and Holsworth (1984) are
other researchers who have discovered c o rre la tio n between some
perspectives o f the theory o f psychological types w ith r e lig io n and
s p ir itu a lity .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER I I I
METHODOLOGY
Type o f Study
This study has u t i l i z e d a canonical c o rre la tio n and m u ltip le
regression s t a t is t ic a l design to determine whether a re la tio n s h ip
e x is ts between psychological types, s p ir it u a l g i f t s , and other personal
fa c to rs such as age, sex, and personal perception o f s p ir itu a l matu­
rity .
The preference indices taken as a s e t c o n s titu te the f i r s t set
o f v a ria b le s .
Nineteen s p ir it u a l n l f t s , also taken as a s e t, c o n s ti­
tu te the second set o f v a ria b le s .
Sex, age, and personal perception of
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity are the oth er v a ria b le s to be considered.
The ages considered 1n th is study range between 18 and 60 (the
ty p ic a l age range among students a t Andrews U n iv e rs ity ).
Personal
perception o f s p ir it u a l m a tu rity was in d ic a te d on a scale o f 1 to 9
w ith the fo llo w in g d iv is io n s :
Lew s p ir it u a l m a tu rity (1 - 3 ) ; average
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity (4 - 6 ); and high s p ir it u a l m a tu rity ( 7 - 9 ) .
Population and Sample
The population o f th is study consisted o f selected undergra­
duate and graduate students o f Andrews U n iv e rs ity ; students o f the
Seventh-day A dventist Theological Seminary, Andrews U n iv e rs ity , en­
r o lle d during the spring q u a rte r o f 1986; and 42 members from the
faeaverton Seventh-day A dventist Church, Oregon.
S t r a t if ie d random
56
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
57
sampling was employed in s e le c tin g subjects fo r the study from among
the undergraduate, graduate, and seminary students.
A l i s t •">* under­
graduate, graduate, and seminary classes was obtained, from which a
random s ele ctio n o f 10 undergraduate classes and 15 graduate and
seminary classes was made.
In a d d itio n , data c o lle c te d from a previous
study w ith an in ta c t group of the Beaverton Seventh-day Adventist
Church was included.
The sample s ize was planned according to Maurice K endall's
recommendation in M u ltiv a ria te Analysis (1975) to have "at le a s t ten
times as many observations as v a ria b le s " (p . 1 1).
Since there are four
preference indices o f the Jungian psychological types, IS s p ir itu a l
g i f t s , the personal perception o f s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex, the
fo llo w in g formula y ie ld s 260 subjects per group:
(19 + 4 + 3) x 10 = 260.
In order to be more confident o f the s t a b ili t y of the c o rre la tio n
m a trix , a la rg e r sample was sought, approaching 15 times as many obser­
vations as v a ria b le s , i . e . :
(19+4+3)
x 15 = 390 subjects.
Hence, i t was planned th a t the sample o f th is study would to ta l 400 to
450 subjects.
Instrum entation
To measure the Jungian psychological types and the 19 s p i r i ­
tu a l g i f t s , i t t?as necessary to s e le c t appropriate instrum ents.
such instruments were u t iliz e d in th is study:
Two
The Myers-Briggs Type
In d ic a to r ( MBTI) by Katharine C. Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers (1 9 7 7 ),
and The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory ( SGI) by Roy C. Naden and Robert J.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
58
Cruise (1 5 8 1 ).
The respondents were also requested to f i l l
sonal data form containing the fo llo w in g inform ation: Year
in a per­
o f b ir t h ,
sex, race or n a tio n a lity , and the perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity on a
scale o f 1-9 (1 being the lowest and9 being the h ig h e s t). The per­
sonal data sheet appears in Appendix
A.
Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r
Formation
Before Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs developed the MBTI,
they studied Jung's Psychological Types thoroughly and observed fo r
more than 20 years "type preferences" in people.
theory and observations, questions were generated.
Drawing from th e ir
Myers and McCaulley
(1985) said:
Questions were sought not so much fo r meaning as fo r in d ica ­
tin g the basic preference th a t influences the respondent to give
it.
They were d irected to seemingly simple surface behaviors in
the hope th a t they would provide r e lia b le clues to the complex and
profound patterns o f behavior th a t could not otherwise be reached
in a s e lf-r e p o r t instrum ent, (p . 141)
Hence, the questions generated were to evoke intended re a c tio n s .
Based
on the theory o f dichotomy, questions were presented in forced-choice
fo*m at.
Myers and McCaulley (1985) explained the ra tio n a le fo r th is
form at:
A ll questions o ffe r choices between the poles o f the same
preference, E or I , S o r N, T or F , J or P. (No questions cut
across p re feren ces.)
ine forced-choice format was required be­
cause both poles o f a preference are valu a b le. The aim was to
determine which o f two valuable or useful behaviors or a ttitu d e s
is p re fe rre d , (p. 141)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
59
"The i n i t i a l questions were tested on a small c r it e r io n group
o f about 20 r e la tiv e s and frie n d s " whose types were c le a r ly evident to
Myers and Briggs (p . 142).
Between 1942-1977 the instrument underwent
refinem ent and re stan d a rd iza tio n , from Form A through Form G.
research u t iliz e d Form G of the MBTI.
This
I t s standardization was based on
1,114 males and 1,111 females, grades 4 through 12 in three public
schools in Bethesda, Maryland, and in fo u r p riv a te schools in
P h ila d e lp h ia , Pennsylvania.
Form G was published in 1977, w ith a
m odified TF scale o f Form F.
R e lia b ilit y
A v a r ie ty o f s t a t is t ic a l procedures have been used to measure
the in te rn a l consistency r e l i a b i l i t y estim ates o f the type-category
scores and the continuous scores.
S trie k e r and Ross (1963) and Webb
(1964) reported an approach u t i l i z in g the lower-bound estimates of
r e l i a b i l i t y w ith Guttman's procedures and in C arlyn's e v a lu a tio n , such
estimates are "not very inform ative w ithout corresponding upper-bound
estim ates" (C a rly n , 1977, p. 4 6 5 ).
Myers and McCauilcy (1985) reported
the estim ated s p l it - h a lf r e l i a b i l i t i e s by c a lc u la tin g te tra c h o ric cor­
r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts and applying the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula
c o rre c tio n .
The te tra c h o ric c o e ffic ie n ts have been reported fo r the
type-category scores as ranging from .74 to .92 ( E l ) . .77 to .89 (SN),
.66 to .90 (T F ), and .76 to .93 (J P ).
The in te rn a l consistency of
continuous scores based on c o e ffic ie n t alpha ranges from .74 to .83
( E l ) , .74 to .85 (SN), .64 to .82 (T F ), and .78 to .34 (J P ).
In
summarizing the findings of the in te rn a l consistency r e l i a b i l i t y e s t i­
mates, Myers and McCaulley (1985) said:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
60
. . . the estimates o f in te rn a l consistency r e l i a b i l i t i e s fo r
continuous scores o f the four MBTI scales are acceptable fo r most
a d u lt samples. The r e l i a b i l i t i e s are adequate, i f somewhat low er,
fo r younger samples, and fo r other populations o f persons who can
be considered to be performing a t lower le v e ls o f achievement or
type development, (p . 169)
T e s t-r e te s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s o f scales and subscales and c o n ti­
nuous scores were also conducted.
Wright (1966) gave the MBTI to 94
elem entary teachers and repeated the te s t 6 years l a t e r .
Sixty-one
percent of the teachers remained in the same category on a ll four
scales.
Carskadon (1 9 7 7 ), Levy, Murphy, J r . and Carlson (1 9 7 2 ),
McCarley and Carskadon (1 9 8 3 ), and S trie k e r & Ross (1964) stated th a t
the t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s are s a tis fa c to r y .
V a lid it y
The v a l i d i t y o f the MBTI is determined by how well i t can
measure the re la tio n s h ip s and th e o re tic a l constructs o f Jung's typolo­
gy.
Three types of v a l i d i t y are examined:
Construct v a l i d i t y , content
v a l i d i t y , and p re d ic tiv e v a lid it y .
Construct v a l i d i t y
Cohen, Cohen, and Cross (1981) compared the preferences in d i­
cated by the MBTI with the perceptions held by the subject (using
Behavioral S tyles Inventory [B S I] Form S ), the measure o f perceptions
o f t h e ir ideal selves (using BSI Form I ) , and perceptions by th e ir
spouses (using BSI Form M).
S lig h t p o s itiv e to
moderate negative
agreement occurred between the MBTI and the BSI Form I .
However, when
the Kappa c o e ffic ie n ts (c o e ffic ie n ts o f agreement fo r nominal data)
were used in comparing the scales o f the MBTI w ith the BSI Form M
s ig n ific a n t p o s itiv e values re s u lte d :
E - I , Kappa = .7 0 , p < .001;
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
61
T -F , Kappa = .7 8 , p < .001; S-N, Kappa = .4 3 , p < .0 1 .
Only the J-P
scale was not s ig n ific a n t.
Using fa c to r a n a ly s is , Madison, W ilder and Suddiford (1 9 6 3 ),
Russ (1 9 6 6 ), and Saunders (1960) have found s ig n ific a n t loadings on the
d iffe r e n t fa c to rs , thus supporting the v a l i d i t y o f the constructs.
Carlyn (1977) in her evaluation o f the construct v a lid it y o f the MBTI
s ta te s :
. . . the in d ivid u a l scales o f the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r
measure im portant dimensions of p e rs o n a lity whicn seem to be qu ite
s im ila r to those postulated by Jung. . . . The In d ic a to r appears
to be a reasonably v a lid instrument which is p o te n tia lly useful
fo r a v a rie ty o f purposes, (p . 471)
Content v a l i d i t y
S trie k e r and Ross (1962) studied the item content and discovered
th a t the S-N and T-F scales were consistent w ith the th eo ry, but the EI and J-P scales did not measure the intended th e o re tic a l constructs.
Bradway (1964) asked 28 Jungian analysts to c la s s ify themselves accord­
ing to the E - I , S-N, and T-F type categories and then take the MBTI.
In comparison w ith the two methods o f ty p in g , there was 100* agreement
on E -I c la s s if ic a tio n , 68* agreement on S-N c la s s if ic a tio n , 61* agree­
ment on T-F c la s s if ic a tio n , and 43* agreement on a ll
three dimensions.
S trie k e r and Ross (1964) c o rre la te d the MBTI w ith the GrayW heelwright's Jungian Type Survey ( GW) using a sample o f 47 male c o l­
lege students.
The two E -I scales e xh ib ite d a .79 c o r r e la tio n , the S-N
s ca le s , a .58 c o r re la tio n , and the T-F s ca les , a .60 c o r r e la tio n , a t
the 0.01 le v e l o f s ig n ific a n c e .
This lends support to Myers' conten­
tio n th a t both te s ts r e f le c t the same basic Jungian content r e a l i t i e s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
62
P re d ic tiv e v a lid it y
Evaluating the p re d ic tiv e v a l i d i t y , Carlyn (1977) quoted four
studies (Conary, 1965; Goldschmid, 1967; Saunders, 1957; and S tr ie k e r ,
Schiffman & Ross, 1965)
d ic tiv e v a lid it y .
He in fe rre d th a t the MBTI has moderate pre­
He fu rth e r suggested th a t a d d itio n al studies are
needed i f the instrument is to be used to help make decisions about
people (p . 469).
Since the above e v a lu a tio n , many c o rre la tio n a l stu­
dies have been done to te s t the p re d ic tiv e v a lid it y o f the instrum ent.
Myers and McCaulley (1985) gave an example of the p re d ic tiv e v a lid it y :
Isabel Myers' medical sample provides an example o f long-term
p re d ic tio n o f type d iffe re n c e s . She followed up her lo n g itu d in a l
sample o f 5,355 medical students over a decade from admission to
medical school and found s p e c ia lty choices s ig n if ic a n tly in the
d ire c tio n s predicted by type th e o ry . McCaulley (1977) followed up
the sample a decade la t e r and found th a t those who changed spe­
c ia l t y s ig n if ic a n tly more often moved to s p e c ia ltie s appropriate
fo r th e ir types; . . . (p . 223)
The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory
Formation
I t was assumed in the development of the SGI th a t i t woulu be
possible fo r C h ristian s to answer questions regarding past service
experiences th a t would approximate areas of high p r o b a b ility of s p i r i ­
tu a l g ifte d n e s s.
Then, w ith the help o f someone who has the appro­
p r ia te knowledge, a s s is t in g i f t discovery in s p ite of the fa c t th a t a
respondent may not have adequate knowledge o f the New Testament
precedents fo r s p ir itu a l g i f t s (Naden, Cruise 4 Cash, 1982, p. 1 0 ).
T h e refo re, in the construction o f the SGI, 140 statements were formu­
la te d (7 fo r each o f 20 s p ir itu a l g i f t s ) .
Due to resistance on the
p a rt o f respondents in answering questions on c e lib a c y , th is g i f t was
e lim in ated from the l i s t o f g if t s considered in th is inven to ry.
The
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
63
r e s u lt was a 133-item instrum ent.
This 133-item instrument was admin­
is te re d to 1,876 subjects, y ie ld in g 1,766 usable re tu rn s .
Using item
and fa c to r analyses, the number o f items was f i n a l l y reduced to 57 (3
per g i f t ) on the present form o f the SGI used in th is research.
Addi­
tio n a l subjects who completed the SGI yielded a to ta l o f 2,078 usable
returns ( i b i d , p . 11).
The SGI was published in 1981.
In it s published form, i t has
three pages o f inventory statements (pp. 3, 5 , 7 ).
the in s tru c tio n s to evaluate the responses.
Page 9 comprises
Page 11 is the scoring
sheet; page 10 provides space fo r noting the g if t s with the highest
scores and the personal p r o b a b ility o f s p ir itu a l gifted n ess.
This is
intended fo r discussion and fu rth e r study o* the S criptures regarding
s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
The instrument is s e lf-s c o rin g and may be completed in
approxim ately 15 minutes.
The subjects are encouraged to give a spon­
taneous reaction based on t h e ir in c lin a tio n to perform tasks given the
o pportunity and means, and not e xc lu s iv e ly on contemporary experience.
R e l ia b i l i t y
The in te rn a l consistency r e l i a b i l i t y using the alpha c o e f fi­
c ie n t ranges from .435 to .7 8 3 , w ith the s p iritu a l g i f t o f helps as the
lowest and the s p iritu a l g i f t o f mission service as the highest.
r e te s t r e l i a b i l i t y measurement was used.
T e st-
The SGI was administered to
61 subjects tw ic e, with a 10- to 30-day in te rv a l between te s tin g s .
The
group r e l i a b i l i t y c o e ffic ie n ts ( i . e . , taking the 3 items in d ic a tin g the
same g i f t as a group) are found in Table 4 ( i b i d . , p. 18):
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
64
TABLE 4
GROUP RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF
19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS
GROUP RELIABILITY
COEFFICIENT
SPIRITUAL GIFT
A dm inistration
Apostlesnip
Discernment
Evangel ism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Know!edge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wi sdom
.850
.839
.697
.844
.695
.762
.780
.664
.772
.693
.760
.758
.827
.793
.840
.798
.790
.878
.777
V a lid ity
Face v a l i d i t y was c arrie d out in a tw o -p art study.
A panel of
experts was shown the SGI and asked to id e n tify which o f the 19 g if t s
was measured by each item .
A second panel was shown the SGI and to ld
the g i f t which each item was supposed to measure.
Naden e t a l . (1982)
described the procedure as follow s:
H a lf o f the suggested lab els were randomly lis te d in e r ro r .
Through a s p l i t sample, each item was tested e q u ally w ith c o rre c t
and in c o rre c t la b e ls . The subjects were asked whether or not they
concurred w ith the designation, (p . 11)
The f i r s t p a rt o f the study yielded questions on 24 items which were
due p rim a rily to d e fin itio n s o f several g i f t s .
The second p a rt o f the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
65
study yielded c o e ffic ie n ts o f agreement th a t ranged from .61 to 1.00.
C r ite r io n -r e la te d v a l i d i t y was f i r s t examined through the
d is s e rta tio n o f Joachim (1 9 8 4 ), where he in fe rre d th a t leadership is
not the same as a d m in is tra tio n .
He said th a t "ad m in istratio n is essen­
t i a l l y a g i f t o f the sanguine temperament, and leadership th a t o f the
c h o leric" (p . 113).
r e la te d .
The g if t s o f helps and h o s p ita lity also are not
"Helps goes e s s e n tia lly with the c h o le ric temperament and
h o s p ita lity w ith the sanguine type" (pp. 113, 114).
Procedures fo r C o lle c tin g Oata
On March 31, 1986, a form requesting permission
to c a rry out
surveys w ith a cross-section o f the students a t Andrews U n iv e rs ity was
signed by the researcher's d is s e rta tio n chairman, the Dean o f the
Graduate School and the Dean o f Student A f f a ir s .
(See Appendix A .)
The researcher took th is a u th o riza tio n form to the U n iv e rs ity
In s titu tio n a l Research o ffic e to request a l i s t o f a l l the under­
graduate, graduate, and seminary classes w ith the names o f the teachers
and the number o f students in the c la s s , during the spring q u a rte r,
1986.
The undergraduate classes with 15 or more students in the class
were randomly numbered and 10 classes were randomly selected.
S im ila r ly , the graduate and seminary classes with 10 or more students
were randomly numbered, and 15 classes were randomly sele cted .
The
teachers o f the classes were approached fo r permission to adm inister
the questionnaires in th e ir classes.
Three methods were used.
fiv e minutes
o f the class time to
Permission was requested to take
explain the two instruments (the MBTI
and the SGI) and the personal data sheet, and then allow
the students
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
66
to take home and f i l l
next class perio d.
out the questionnaires and bring them back the
Or, permission was requested to spend 30 to 40
minutes o f class time in adm inistering the questionnaires and c o l­
le c tin g them a t the end o f the p e rio d .
did not meet
O r, in classes where students
on a re g u la r b a s is , the students were approached in d i­
v id u a lly to f i l l
out the questionnaires in t h e ir own homes, and the
researcher c o lle c te d them from th e ir homes.
Out o f the 25 classes sele cted , 23 classes were used.
The
classes responding to the a d m in is tra tio n o f the questionnaires were:
B ib lic a l Preaching (th re e c la s s e s ), Church Leadership and
A d m in istratio n , Concepts of F itn e s s, Developmental Psychology and L if e Span, D is s e rta tio n — Th.D. and D.Min. from the Seminary and Ph.D. from
the Graduate School, Human Physiology, In tro d u c tio n to Chem istry, L ife
and Teachings o f Jesus, Managerial Economics and Decision Modules,
Marriage Dynamics and Growth, Master Planning Education F a c i l i t i e s ,
Pastoral Counseling, Philosophy fo r Education, Preparation fo r Mission
S ervice, Professional Ethics fo r Counselors, Typing I , Typing IV ,
Seminar (A d m in is tra tio n ), and Sociology o f Education.
Copies o f the personal data sheet
were sent to the pastor of
the Beaverton Seventh-day A dventist Church, Oregon, to be adm inistered
to the members o f the church, whose data on the Myers-Briggs Type
In d ic a to r and the S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory had been c o lle c te d pre­
v io u s ly .
Out o f the 42 members who responded, 32 f a l l w ith in the age
group considered in th is study.
They also f i l l e d out the perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity scale in the personal data sheet.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
67
Hypotheses and S ta tis t ic a l Analysis
For the purpose o f s t a t is t ic a l analysis the hypotheses are
stated here in the null form.
Hypothesis 1
Among the male and female respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t
canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psycholo­
g ical types indicated by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI— E xtraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs. In tu itio n ; Thinking vs. Feeling;
Perception vs. Judgment— and a 1in e ar combination o f 19 s p iritu a l
g i f t s — a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stlesh ip , discernment, evangelism, exhorta­
tio n , f a it h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, le a ­
dership, martyrdom, mercy, mission s e rv ic e , pasto rin g , prophecy,
teaching, and wisdom— as in d ica te d by the SGI.
Hypothesis 2
Among the male respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t canonical
c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psychological types
ind icated by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a lin e a r combina­
tio n o f 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
Hypothesis 3
Among female respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t
c o rre la tio n
between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psychological types indicated
by the Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a lin e a r combination of 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
68
Hypothesis 4
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f adm in istration and psycnological types indicated by the MBTI, per­
ceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 5
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f apostleship and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 6
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f discernment and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 7
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f evangelism and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 8
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f exhortation and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 9
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f fa ith and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
69
Hypothesis 10
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f g iving and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
sp iritu al
m aturity,
age, and sex.
Hypothesis 11
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f helps (o r serv ice ) and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 12
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f h o s p ita lity and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 13
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f in tercessio n and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, per­
ceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 14
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f knowledge and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 15
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f leadership and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
70
H y p o th e s is 16
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f martyrdom and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 17
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f mercy and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 18
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f mission service and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 19
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f pastoring and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 20
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f prophecy and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 21
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f teaching and psychological types in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
71
H y p o th e s is 22
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f wisdom and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Hypothesis 23
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTJ psychological type
in d icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 24
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir it u a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFJ psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 25
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFJ psychological type
in d icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 26
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTJ psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI and the 19 s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
Hypothesis 27
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
72
H y p o th e s is 28
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFP psychological type
in dicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 29
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 30
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 31
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 32
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESFP psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 33
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENFP psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
73
H y p o th e s is 34
mere is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p iritu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTP psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 35
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p iritu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 36
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESFJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 37
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENFJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Hypothesis 38
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTG psychological type
indicated by the MBTI and the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
The f i r s t three hypotheses were tested by canonical an aly s is .
For each of the null hypotheses, one set o f v a ria b le s was the 19
s p ir itu a l g ifts measured by ^ e SGI and the second set was the 4Preference Indices indicated by the MBTI.
The next 19 hypotheses were
tested with the m u ltip i e-regression stepwise analysis and a ll possible
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
74
subsets regression.
The la s t 16 hypotheses were tested w ith the step­
wise regression a n a ly s is .
From hypotheses 4 -2 2 , each o f the s p iritu a l
g if t s in d icated by the SGI was taken as a dependent v a ria b le with the
4-P reference Indices indicated by the MBTI, age, sex and the perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity as independent v a ria b le s .
For the remaining hypo­
theses, each o f the c la s s ific a tio n s o f the 16 types in d icated by MBTI
was taken as the dependent v a ria b le and the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s as
independent v a ria b le s , disregarding the personal data.
The s t a t is t ic a l treatm ent of data was done on the Xerox Sigma
6 Computer a t Andrews U n iv e rs ity Computing Center and s t a t is t ic a l
programs from the Computer L ib ra ry were used.
The data f i l e
included
scores o f the 4-Preference Indices from the MBTI, scores on each of the
19 s p iritu a l g if t s of the SGI, age, sex, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity ,
and the 16 psychological types.
Summary
This chapter has presented the research design and methodology
of a possible canonical c o rre la tio n between psychological types and 19
s p ir itu a l g i f t s , m u ltip le regression o f each of the 19 s p iritu a l g ifts
w ith psychological types and the personal d a ta , and m u ltip le regression
o f each o f the 16 psychological types with the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
The
Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory used in
th is study were described.
Procedures for s ele ctin g the sample, gath­
erin g the d a ta , and performing the s t a t is t ic a l analyses were also
exp lained.
T h ir ty -e ig h t hypotheses in t h e ir null form were s ta te d .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter presents the analyses o f the data concerning the
c o rre la tio n o f the Jungian psychological types and 19 s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The data are presented w ith the appropriate s t a t is t ic a l analyses and a
discussion of the r e s u lt in the order o f the hypotheses presented in
chapters 1 and 3.
Subjects Used in This Study
The subjects in th is study were undergraduate and graduate
students o f Andrews U n iv e rs ity , B errien Springs, Michigan; seminary
students o f the Theological Seminary, Andrews U n iv e rs ity , e n ro lle d
during the spring q u a rte r o f 1986; and members o f the Beaverton
Seventh-day A dventist Church, Oregon.
Four hundred and f i f t y
sets o f
instrum ents, including personal data sheets w ith the perceived s p i r i ­
tu a l m a tu rity s c a le , were adm inistered to the students in 23 classes
using the three methods discussed in chapter 3.
subjects responded producing 398 usable re tu rn s .
Four hundred and two
Forty-tw o question­
naires (th e personal data sheets w ith the perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity
s ca le) were sent to the pastor o f the Beaverton Seventh-day A dventist
Church, Oregon, to adm in ister to the members of the church, whose data
on the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and The S p ir itu a l G ifts Inventory
had been c o lle c te d p re v io u s ly .
Of the 42 church members who responded,
75
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
76
on ly 32 f e l l w ith in the age group considered in th is study, thus making
a to ta l o f 430 usable re tu rn s .
Analysis o f Data and Testin g
*"
o f the Hypotheses
The MBTI y ie ld s a continuous score ranging from 0 to 200 in
each of the four p re fe ren c e -in d ics s :
E - I , S-N, T -F , J-P , where scores
o f 0 to 100 are la b e lle d E, S, T, or J , and scores o f 101 to 200 are
la b e lle d I , N, F, or P.
s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The SGI y ie ld s scores fo r each o f the 19
The data are found in Appendix B.
D escription o f Sample
Tables 5 through 7 show the means and standard deviations of
the
to ta l sample and o f the male and female samples separately— 249
males and 181 fem ales. The mean age o f the to ta l sample was 2 8 .8 w ith a
standard d e via tio n of 9 .7 .
For the male sample, the mean age was 31.1
w ith a standard d e via tio n o f 1 0 .2 , and fo r the female sample, the mean
age was 25.7 with a standard d e via tio n o f 8 .0 .
The scores fo r the perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity scale were
norm ally
1 .3 .
d is trib u te d w ith a mean o f 5.9 and a standard d e v ia tio n of
(On these scores and a ll o th e rs , visual inspection o f the f r e ­
quency d is trib u tio n was conducted.)
The scores o f perceived s p iritu a l
m a tu rity fo r the male and female samples analyzed separately were also
norm ally d is trib u te d — w ith a mean o f 6 .0 and standard d e via tio n o f 1 .3
fo r the male samples; and a mean o f 5 .8 and standard d eviation o f 1.2
fo r the female samples.
The scores on each o f the 4-P reference Indices o f the MBTI
were norm ally d is tr ib u te d , except th a t o f the T-F Index which was
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
77
TABLE 5
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR THE VARIABLES OF
THE TOTAL SAMPLE (N»430)
V ariable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
E -I Index
S-N Index
T-F Index
J-P Index
Adm inistration
Apostleship
Discernment
Evangelism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
Age
Sex
S p ir itu a l M a tu rity
Mean
Standard D eviation
98.293
87.928
99.933
85.974
10.535
8.870
10.151
7.814
10.705
11.914
9.114
10.912
10.105
9.416
10.865
10.598
10.363
10.791
10.623
9.219
10.623
9.784
10.493
28.812
1.421
5.886
23.666
25.224
20.909
26.917
2.452
2.802
2.293
2.856
2.308
2.192
2.379
2.099
2.841
2.646
2.613
2.231
2.810
2.512
3.035
3.162
2.446
3.251
2.309
9.692
0.494
1.277
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
78
TABLE 6
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR THE VARIABLES OF
THE MALE SAMPLE (N»249)
V ariable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
E -I Index
S-N Index
T-F Index
J-P Index
Adm inistration
Apostleship
Discernment
Evangelism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
Age
S p iritu a l M a tu rity
Mean
Standard D eviation
96.028
88.788
95.197
85.526
11.245
9.811
10.321
8.602
10.735
11.847
9.341
10.892
10.088
9.329
11.639
10.908
10.639
10.763
10.859
10.145
10.867
10.779
10.558
31.088
5.984
22.516
26.033
19.968
27.105
2.196
2.558
2.249
2.908
2.224
2.286
2.373
2.119
2.826
2.590
2.439
2.165
2.792
2.552
3.0'2y
3.235
2.424
3.037
2.221
10.157
1.331
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
79
TABLE 7
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR THE VARIABLES OF
THE FEMALE SAMPLE (N *181)
V ariable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
E -I Index
S-N Index
T-F Index
J-P Index
A dm inistration
Apostleship
Discernment
Evangelism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
Age
S p iritu a l M a tu rity
Mean
Standard D eviation
101.409
86.746
106.448
86.591
9.558
7.575
9.917
6.729
10.663
12.006
8.801
10.939
10.127
9.536
9.801
10.171
9.983
10.829
10.298
7.945
10.287
8.414
10.403
25.679
5.751
24.890
24.088
20.467
26.718
2.455
2.606
2.338
2.396
2.425
2.059
2.358
2.077
2.869
2.725
2.473
2.255
2.798
2.463
3.020
2.568
2.444
3.039
2.428
8.045
1.187
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
80
s lig h t ly skewed towards the higher scores fo r the female sample—means
o f the to ta l sample ranged from 99.9 (standard d e v ia tio n of 2 0.9 ) to
86.0 (standard d e via tio n o f 2 6 .9 ); fo r the male sample, the means
ranged from 9 6.0 (standard d e via tio n of 2 2 .5 ) to 85.5 (standard devia­
tio n o f 2 7 .1 ); and fo r the female sample, the means ranged from 106.4
(standard d e v ia tio n o f 2 0 .5 ) to 8 6.6 (standard d e v ia tio n o f 2 6 .7 ), with
the S-N and J-P Indices sharing s im ila r means and standard deviations
and w ith the T-F Index having the highest means.
Among s p ir itu a l g if t s fo r
highest
the to ta l sample, fa it h had the
mean, 1 1 .9 , and a standard deviatio n o f 2 .2 .
For the male
sample, the mean was 1 1 .8 , and a standard d e v ia tio n o f 2 .3 ; For the
female sample, a mean o f 1 2 .0 , and
Evangelism had the lowest
a standard d e via tio n of 2 .9 .
standard d e v ia tio n o f 2 .1 .
mean fo r the to ta l sample, 7 .8 , and
The male sample had a mean o f 8 .6 , and
standard d e via tio n o f 2 .9 ; the female sample, a mean of 6 .7 , and stan­
dard d e via tio n o f 2 .4 .
Testing o f Hypotheses and Discussion
o f the Findings
Only s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n ific a n t (p < .0 5 ) canonical c o rre la tio n s
have been considered fo r hypotheses 1 -3 .
For ‘ he re s t o f the 35 hypo­
theses, only s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r r e l a t e
>.10 have been considered.
p < .05 ) and R-squares
Each hypothesis is discussed and accepted
or re je c te d according to the findings in the analysis o f the d ata.
hypotheses are presented in the n u ll form.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
A ll
81
H y p o th e s is 1
This hypothesis states th a t among the male and female respon­
dents, there is no s ig n ific a n t canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r
combination o f Jungian psychological types indicated by the Preference
Indexes o f the MBTI— Extraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs. In tu ­
i t i o n ; Thinking vs. F eelin g ; Perception vs. Judgment— and a lin e a r
combination o f 19 s p iritu a l g i f t s — a d m in is tra ti on, ap o stles h ip , d is ­
cernment, evangelism, e x h o rta tio n , f a i t h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity ,
in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, lea d e rsh ip , martyrdom, mercy, mission serv ice ,
pasto rin g , prophecy, teaching, and wisdom— as indicated by the SGI.
Table 8-A shows the canonical c o rre la tio n s fo r the to ta l
sample, the c h i-sq u are , the degrees o f freedom, and the le v e l o f s ig n i­
ficance fo r each c o rre la tio n .
The two s ig n ific a n t functions (p <.05)
are indicated by a sin gle a s te ris k .
Table 8-B shows the standardized
c o e ffic ie n ts of set 1 varia b les (th e 4-Preference Indices from the
MBTI) and set 2 varia b les (th e 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s from the SGI) , fo r
each of the canonical c o rre la tio n s .
The accepted ru le is to take in to
consideration a ll v a ria b le s in each set whose standardized c o e ffic ie n t
is about 50% or more of the maximum c o e ffic ie n t in th a t s e t.
Such
c o e ffic ie n ts are marked w ith double a s te ris k s .
F ir s t fu n c tio n .
According to th is f i r s t fu n c tio n , persons who
scored higher on the E -I Index tended to score lower on the g ifts o f
a d m in is tra tio n , h o s p ita lity , and e x h o rta tio n , and higher on the g i f t of
helps.
Second fu n c tio n .
According to the second fu n c tio n , persons
who scored higher on the T-F Index tended to score lower on the g ifts
o f teaching, evangelism, and helps, and higher on the g if t s o f -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
82
TABLE 8
CANONICAL CORRELATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
& 19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS FOR THE TOTAL SAMPLE (N=430)
A.
Levels o f S ignificance
Canonical C o rrelatio n
1.
2.
.577
.416
2
X
146.35
66.91
B.
df
P
54
34
.00000*
.00064*
Standardized C o e ffic ie n ts
Function
Set
1
2
Variable
E -I
S-N
t -F
J-P
Index
Index
Index
Index
Adm inistration
Apostleship
Di scernment
Evangel ism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
1
.906**
-.2 8 0
.305
2
'.2A9
-.3 0 9
-.2 3 5
.9 2 5 **
:io5
-.6 2 9 * *
-.2 1 0
oi a
• W A V
.045
-.3 3 0 * *
.030
.029
.3 5 9 **
-.3 8 7 * *
.217
-.1 2 3
-.0 6 2
.223
-.1 5 5
-.0 8 9
-.1 9 6
.177
.091
.091
-.1 0 4
-.2 1 4
.050
-.4 0 0 * *
.5 5 3 **
-.0 4 4
-.1 8 6
- .3 5 2 * *
.267
.288
.161
-.1 1 0
.001
.256
.128
.277
.4 3 5 **
-.6 5 6 * *
-.2 7 8
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
83
exh ortation and prophecy.
T h erefo re, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of a d m in is tra tio n , hos­
p i t a l i t y , and exhortation were more common among the extraverted type
and the g i f t o f helps was more common among the in tro v e rte d type.
The
g if t s o f teaching, evangelism, and helps were more common among the
th in kin g type, and the g if t s o f e xhortation and prophecy were more
common among the fe e lin g type.
The re la tio n s h ip evident between the extraverted type and the
g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , h o s p ita lity , and exhortation is probably due
to the fa c t th a t these g if t s would be useful in m in is trie s in a group
s e ttin g , whereas the g i f t o f helps is more appropriate fo r a one-to-one
personal m in is try .
The g if t s * * teaching, evangelism, and helps are
lin ke d with the transference o f id eas, whereas the g ifts of exhortation
and prophecy are more d ir e c t ly associated w ith re la tio n s h ip s .
Hence,
i t is indicated th a t the g ifL s o f teach in g , evangelism, and helps are
more common among the th in kin g ty p e , and the g if t s of exhortation and
prophecy are more common among the fe e lin g type.
This may also account
fo r the findings th a t the g i f t o f exh o rtatio n is re la te d to an e x tra ­
verted type and fe e lin g type, because both these types are appropriate
fo r re la tio n s h ip s .
Hypothesis 2
This hypothesis states th a t among male respondents, there is
no s ig n ific a n t canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f
Jungian psychological types in d ica te d by the Preference Indexes o f the
MBTI and a lin e a r combination o f 19 s p iritu a l g if t s indicated by the
SGI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
84
Table 9-A shows the canonical c o rre la tio n s fo r the male sam­
p le , the ch i-sq u are , the degrees o f freedom, and the le v e ls o f s i g n i f i ­
cance fo r each c o rre la tio n .
I t in d icates th a t the f i r s t two functions
were s ig n ific a n t (p <.05) as in d ica te d by an a s te r is k .
Table 9-B gives
the standardized c o e ffic ie n ts o f set 1 v a ria b le s (the 4-Preference
Indices from the MBTI) and set 2 v aria b les (th e 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s from
the SGI) fo r each o f the canonical fu n c tio n s .
The major c o e ffic ie n ts
considered in the s ig n ific a n t canonical functions are indicated by
double a s te ris k s .
The g i f t o f mission service was not considered even
though it s standardized c o e ffic ie n t (- .2 3 9 ) came very close to the
g if t s of the knowledge (-.2 4 2 ) and
apostleship ( - . 2 4 6 ) , because there
was no p ra c tic a l p re d ictio n model when i t was tested w ith the stepwise
regression and best subset regression analyses.
F ir s t fu n c tio n .
lower
Males who scored higher on the E -I Index and
on the S-N Index tended to
score higher on the g i f t o f helps and
in tercession and lower on the g if t s o f h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n ,
mercy, a p o stles h ip , and knowledge.
Second fu n c tio n .
Males who scored higher on the T-F Index and
lower
in the J-P Index tended to
score higher on the g if t s of pasto-
r in g ,
f a i t h , and exhortation and
lower on the g i f t o f wisdom.
There­
fo re , th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, fo r the males, the g if t s o f hospi­
t a l i t y , a d m in is tra tio n , mercy, a p o s tle s h ip , and knowledge were more
common among the e x tr a v e r te d -in tu itiv e (EN) ty p e , and the g if t s o f
helps and in te rce s sio n were more common among the in tro v erted -se n s in g
(IS ) type.
The g if t s o f p a sto rin g , f a i t h , and exh o rtatio n were more
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
85
TABLE 9
CANONICAL CORRELATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
& 19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS FOR THE MALE SAMPLE (N *249)
A.
Levels o f S ignificance
Canonical C o rre la tio n
1.
2.
2
X
115. 38
59. 48
.568
.459
B.
df
P
54
34
.00000*
.00440*
Standardized1 C o e ffic ie n ts
Functi on
Set
V aria b le
1
E -I
S-H
T-F
J-P
Index
Index
Index
Index
2
Adm inistration
Apostleship
Di scernment
Evangel ism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
1
2
.8 0 6 **
-.4 2 5 * *
.272
.311
-.1 8 7
-.3 3 5
.8 7 1 **
-.5 5 9 * *
-.5 0 2 * *
-.2 4 6 * *
-.0 8 5
.116
-.0 9 8
.142
-.1 1 6
.4 7 2 **
-.5 0 6 * *
.2 5 7 **
-.2 4 2 * *
-.0 4 3
.194
-.2 6 3 * *
-.2 3 9
.099
.112
.070
.008
-.0 8 1
-.0 7 0
-.0 2 2
-.2 0 4
.3 2 9 **
.4 2 7 **
.007
-.0 4 8
.165
.289
-.1 6 4
-.2 0 4
-.1 3 1
.190
-.2 6 2
.6 3 6 **
.309
-.1 7 2
-.4 1 5 * *
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
86
common among the feeling-judgm ent (KJ) ty p e , and the g i f t o f wisdom was
more common among the th in k in g -p e rc e p tiv e (TP) type.
From previous studies o f the general population (data bank
from the Center fo r the A pplications o f Psychological Type [C A PT])*, a
higher percentage o f adm inistrators and managers p re fe r the
e xtraverted-sensing type than any other type (see Myers & McCaulley,
1985, pp. 2 44 -248).
The findings o f th is study suggest a strong
re la tio n s h ip between the e x tr a v e rte d -in tu itiv e type and a d m in is tra tio n ,
probably in d ic a tin g th a t the s p ir itu a l g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n may be
d if f e r e n t from the general a d m in is tra tiv e or managerial vocatio n .
The g if t s o f h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n , mercy, a p o stlesh ip ,
and knowledge are fo r m in is trie s in a group s e ttin g , whereas the g if t s
o f helps and intercession are appropriate fo r a one-to-one personal
m in is try , as indicated by the e x tra v e rte d -in t u it iv e (EN) type being
more common fo r the g if t s o f h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n , mercy,
ap o stles h ip , and knowledge and the in tro v e rte d -sensing (_IS) type fo r
the g if t s o f helps and in te rce s sio n .
Although h o s p ita lity and mercy
would be more appropriate fo r one-to-one personal m in is try according to
general understanding o f these g i f t s , the re s u lt o f th is research seems
to c o n tra d ic t the general n o tio n .
Further research is needed in th is
a rea .
The feeling-judgm ent (FJ) type has a g re ater preference per­
centage among c le rg y o f a ll denominations and the general counseling
♦Center fo r the A pplications o f Psychological Types has
compiled tables fo r d iffe r e n t occupations and percentages of
psychological types found in these occupations.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
87
professions, than the th in k in g -p e rc e p tiv e (TP) type ( ib i d , pp. 250,
2 52 ).
The findings in th is study in d ic a te th a t the feeling-judgm ent
type is re la te d the g i f t o f pastoring (o r the vocation of c le rg y ) and
exho rtation (o r the vocation o f counseling).
This is in agreement with
the preference of the general population on the vocations o f m in is try
and counseling.
Hypothesis 3
This hypothesis states th a t among female respondents there is
no s ig n ific a n t
c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian
psychological types indicated by the 4-Preference Indices o f the MBTI and
a lin e a r combination o f 19 s p iritu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
Table 10-A shows the canonical c o rre la tio n fo r the female
sample, the c hi-sq uare, the degrees o f freedom, and the le v e ls of
s ig n ific a n c e fo r each c o r re la tio n .
Only the f i r s t function was s ig n f i-
cant (p <.05) as indicated by an a s te ris k .
Table 10-B shows the stan­
dardized c o e ffic ie n ts o f the f i r s t set o f v aria b les (the 4-Preference
Indices from the MBTI) and of the second set v ariab les (th e 19 s p i r i ­
tu al g if t s from the SGI) fo r the s ig n ific a n t canonical fu n c tio n .
The
more important weights are indicated by double a steris ks in Table 10-B.
F ir s t fu n c tio n .
Females who scored higher on the E -I Index
tended to score lower on the g if t s o f exhortation and a d m in is tra tio n .
T herefo re, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the extrav e rted type in females
seemed to re la te to the g if t s o f e xhortation and a d m in is tra tio n .
This
fin d in g indicated th a t the g if t s o f e xhortation and ad m in is tra tio n
would be useful fo r m in is trie s in a group s e ttin g .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
88
TABLE 10
CANONICAL CORRELATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
& 19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS FOR THE FEMALE SAMPLE (N=181)
A.
Levels o f S ignificance
2
X
df
72.92
54
Canonical C o rre latio n
1.
.631
B.
Set
P
.04405*
Standardized C o e ffic ie n ts
V aria b le
E -I
S-N
T-F
J-P
Index
Index
Index
Index
A dm inistration
Apostleship
Oiscernment
Evangel ism
Exhortation
Faith
Giving
Helps
H o s p ita lity
Intercession
Knowledge
Leadership
Martyrdom
Mercy
Mission Service
Pastoring
Prophecy
Teaching
Wisdom
Function
1
.9 9 2 **
-.2 2 5
.041
.214
-.6 7 1 * *
-.0 9 1
.092
.171
- .7 1 2 * *
.044
.225
. 3 i4
-.3 2 4
.179
-.0 5 4
-.1 0 0
.242
-.0 5 9
-.0 7 2
-.3 4 6
.353
.204
.253
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
89
For the next 19 hypotheses, the stepw ise-regression and the
best possible subsets-regression analyses were used to s e le c t the best
subset o f p re d icto rs fo r each o f the 19 s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The ta b le fo r
the best p re d ic tio n model o f each hypothesis th a t was considered yave
the standardized c o e ffic ie n t and increased R-squared ( i . e . , the propor­
tio n o f variance explained in ad d itio n to the previous p re d ic to r) fo r
each o f the p re d icto rs from the stepwise regression a n aly s is .
The c r it e r i a in s ele ctin g the best p re d ic tio n model were as
fo llo w s:
(1 )
The score o f the Mallow's Cp was to be close to the
number o f independent v a ria b le s plus 1.
In some cases th is c r it e r io n
was not follow ed i f the v a ria b le entered was a v a ria b le such as age,
sex, or perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity and i t was not a s ig n ific a n t
ad d itio n (p < .1 0 ).
(2 )
The m u ltip le c o rre la tio n was to be s ig n i f i ­
c an t, w ith p < .0 5 .
(3 )
The m u ltip le R-squared was to be >.1000.
(4 )
The scores o f the 4-Preference Indices were to be considered f i r s t ,
the
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity second, then age, and sex.
Hypothesis 4
This hypothesis states th a t th e re is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n and psychological types
in d icated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 11 in d icates the best p re d ic tio n model fo r the g i f t o f
a d m in is tra tio n as the dependent v a r ia b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis,
the E - I , T -F , J -P , S-N In d ice s , sex, and perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity
were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n , and
together they explained 34.6% o f the varia n ce .
th e s is was re je c te d .
Therefo re, th is hypo­
The c o e ffic ie n ts in d ica te d th a t those w ith the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
90
TABLE 11
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF ADMINISTRATION AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's CP
M ult. R-Squared
F - S t a t is t ic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ig n ifican ce
8.33
0.3459
37.27
6
423
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
E -I
T-F
J-P
S-N
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.3 5 3
-.1 6 1
-.0 9 1
.091
.252
-.2 2 9
Increase In
R-Squared
0.1434
0.0598
0.0096
0.0183
u .0675
0.0475
e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g -ju d g m e n t (ENTJ) types, high in the
perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity and male were common among those w ith the
g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n .
According to the data bank from CAPT, the occupations of
a d m in is tra tio n and managering a ttra c te d the highest percentage in the
ESTJ type
(17% o f the a l l adm in istrators
and managers), followed by the
ISTJ type
(15% of a ll a d m in istrato rs and managers), and l a s t l y , the
ENTJ type
(10% o f a ll adm in istrato rs and
managers) ( i b i d , 261-292).
This seems to in d ic a te th a t the occupations o f adm in istratio n and
managing have a f f i n i t y to the g i f t of a d m in is tra tio n , but a high
r e la tio n o f the ENTJ type is re la te d to the g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
91
instead o f the ESTJ or ISTJ which make up a to ta l o f 32% of a l l mana­
gers and adm inistrators in the general population.
This seems to imply
th a t the g i f t o f adm in istration may not be synonymous w ith the occupa­
tio n s o f managing and a d m in is tra tio n .
Hypothesis 5
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f apostleship and psychological types
ind icated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 12 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t o f
apostleship as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the
E - I , T-F, J -P , S-N In d ice s , sex, and perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity were
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d with the g i f t o f a p o stlesh ip , and to g eth er,
they explained 31.7% of the variance.
re je c te d .
Therefore, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the e x tra v e rte d -
in tu itiv e -th in k in g -ju d g m e n t (ENTJ) types, high in s p iritu a l m a tu rity
and male were more common on the g i f t o f apostleship.
An ENTJ, according to the theory would look a t " p o s s ib ilitie s
beyond what is present or obvious or known."
The in tu itio n in th is
type would increase the person's " in te lle c tu a l in te r e s t, c u rio s ity fo r
new ideas, . . . vision and concern fo r long range consequences"-
This
type of person would be "in te re s te d in [th e ] broad p ic tu r e , not in
d e ta ile d procedures or fa c ts "
(Myers, 1980, p. 9 ) .
Hence, the theory
o f th is psychological type is in agreement w ith the c h a ra c te ris tic th a t
would be expected of the person w ith the g i f t o f apostleship.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
92
TABLE 12
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF APOSTLESHIP AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numera^.ir df
Denominator d f
S ignificance
9.48
0.3167
32.67
6
423
0.0000
Variables In Equation
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
E -I
T-F
J-P
S-N.
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Standardi zed
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.2 1 2
-.0 9 8
-.0 9 7
nan
.284
-.3 1 4
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0645
0.0433
0.0117
n.n?ns
0.0879
0.0885
Hypothesis 6
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f discernment and psychological types
ind icated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I and u-P Indices and
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d with the
g i f t of discernment, and together they explained 3.1% o f the variance.
This was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance
explained was too sm all, th e re fo re no ta b le is presented.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
93
H y p o th e s is 7
This hypothesis sta te s th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f evangelism and psychological types
indicated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 13 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t o f
evangelism as the dependent v a r ia b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the
E -I and J-P In d ice s , sex, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity and age, were
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rrela te d w ith the g i f t o f evangelism, and together they
explained 2 5 .8S of the variance.
re je c te d .
T herefore, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those with the e x tra v e rte d -
judgment (EJ) types, high perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , o ld e r in age,
and male were higher on the g i f t o f evangelism.
TABLE 13
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF EVANGELISM AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's CP
M ult. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ignificance
4.94
0.2577
29.44
5
424
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E -I
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.1 5 8
-.0 7 3
.281
-.2 4 0
.145
0.0328
0.0319
0.0985
0.0771
0.0173
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
94
This g i f t is useful fo r m in is trie s in a group s e ttin g ; i t
would, th e re fo re , be lo g ic a l th a t i t be re la te d to an e xtrav e rted type.
The judgment type indicates th a t the person would p re fe r planning and
order which is often ty p ic a l o f p u b lic evangelism.
However, a personal
form o f evangelism would req u ire a re g u la r, systematic stra teg y w ith
what a judgment type would probably be most com fortable.
This would
also imply a dominant function in th in k in g as in d icated by the findings
in hypothesis 1.
Hence, an e x tra v e rte d -th in k in g -judgment type would
l i k e l y be a good p re d ic to r o f the g i f t o f evangelism.
Hypothesis 8
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f e xhortation and psychological types
in d ica te d by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 14 shows the best p re d ic tio n model w ith the g i f t of
exh o rtatio n as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the
E -I and T-F Indices and perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n ific a n tly
c o rre la te d with the g i f t of e x h o rta tio n , and together they explained
18.0% of the variance.
T herefore, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
The
c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g (EF)
ty p e s, high in perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , were more common on the
g i f t o f e xh o rta tio n .
The g i r t o f exh o rtatio n which is s im ila r to the counseling
(more p re c is e ly the d ir e c tiv e form counseling) would be useful in a
m in is try in a group s e ttin g wiiicn includes a development o f r e la tio n ­
s h ip s, thus the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g type would r e la te to i t .
This
r e s u lt is in agreement w ith the CAPT data o f the general population
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
95
c o lle c te d on a ll types o f counseling professions.
TABLE 14
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF EXHORTATION AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ignificance
0.67
0.1801
31.19
3
426
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
Variables
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
1. E -I
2. T -c
3. Sp. M a tu rity
-.2 5 0
.105
.318
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0727
0.0070
0.1003
Hypothesis 9
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f fa it h and psychological types indicated
by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 15 shows the best p re d ic tio n model w ith the g i f t of
f a ith as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I
Index, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex were s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d with the g i f t of f a i t h , and together they explained 15.8% of
the v aria n ce .
Therefore, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
The c o e f f i­
cients indicated th a t those w ith the e x tra v e rte d ty p e , high in
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
96
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , older in age, and female were more common
on the g i f t o f f a it h .
The g i f t o f f a it h is probably associated w ith e ith e r ty p e -e xtraverted o r in tro v e rte d — but the findings in th is research in d ic a te
a preference fo r the extraverted type.
This is l i k e l y due to the
in te n t o f th is g i f t th a t it s u ltim a te goal is more e x trin s ic than
in t r in s ic , and a d e fin itio n of f a it h involves moving ahead w ith unwa­
vering confidence in the implementation o f plans fo r God's kingdom.
Although one might expect the element o f u n c e rta in ty would require the
in t u it iv e dimension, th is is not revealed in the fin d in g s .
Further
research w ith subjects e x h ib itin g th is s p ir itu a l g i f t may y ie ld more
inform ation on th is .
TABLE 15
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF FAITH AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ignificance
3.35
0.1583
19.98
4
425
0.0000
Variables In Equation
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Sex
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.1 0 0
.318
.176
.124
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0087
0.1014
0.0342
0.0140
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
97
H y p o th e s is 10
In is hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t of giving and psychological types in d i­
cated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 16 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t of
giving as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I
and J-P Indices, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and age were s ig n if i ­
c a n tly c o rrela te d w ith the g i f t o f g iv in g , and together they explained
19.5% o f the variance.
Therefore, th is hypothesis was re.iected.
The
c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the extraverted-judgm ent (EJ)
type, high in perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and o ld e r in age were more
common on the g i f t o f g iv in g .
TABLE 16
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF GIVING AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ignificance
2.06
0.1951
25.75
4
425
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.0 9 0
-.0 6 8
.228
.296
0.0387
0.0075
0.0779
0.0709
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
98
One might hypothesize th a t the g i f t o f giving would be asso­
c ia te d w ith e ith e r type— e xtraverted or in tro v e rte d — but the findings
in th is study in d ic a te a preference fo r the e xtrav e rted type.
This is
l i k e l y due to the o rie n ta tio n o f the person w ith th is g i f t th a t the
focus is not on the in te rn a l s e lf but others.
The judgment type might
in d ic a te a planned and systematic type of g ivin g p a tte rn , ra th e r than a
spontaneous form o f g iv in g .
proposed fo r th is study.
This seems to c o n tra d ic t the d e fin itio n
Further research on a la rg e r sample o f church
members e x h ib itin g th is g i f t is needed.
Hypothesis 11
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f helps or service and psychological
types indicated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and
sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I and S-N In d ic e s , age, and
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the
g i f t o f helps and together they explained 6.7% o f the variance.
This
was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance
explained was too s m all, th e re fo re , no d e ta ile d re s u lts are reported.
Hypothesis 12
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f h o s p ita lity and psychological types
indicated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 17 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t of
h o s p ita lity as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the
E - I , J -P , T-F In d ic e s , perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and age were
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
99
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the g i f t o f h o s p it a lit y , and together
they explained 12.1? o f the variance.
re je c te d .
Therefo re, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n t indicated th a t those w ith the e x tra v e rte d -
fe e l in g - judgment (EFJ) types, s p ir it u a lly m ature, and o ld er were more
common on the g i f t of h o s p ita lity .
This g i f t would be useful fo r m in is trie s in a group s e ttin g
and would include development o f re la tio n s h ip s as in d ic a tiv e o f the
e x tra v e rt and fe e lin g dimensions o f the type.
According to the general
notion o f the g i f t of h o s p ita lity , however, a personal one-to-one
m in is try is also p o s sib le , w ithout involving the e n tir e church fa m ily .
A possible explanation to th is is th a t the o rie n ta tio n o f the EFJ type
TABLE 17
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF HOSPITALITY AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M ult. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ignificance
5.44
0.1211
11.69
5
424
U.uuuu
V ariables In Equation
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E -I
T-F
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.2 6 0
.094
-.0 9 1
.138
.089
0.0699
0.0067
0.0155
0.0219
0.0071
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
100
is e xtern al ra th e r than in te r n a l— those w ith the g i f t o f h o s p ita lity do
not th in k of th e ir own comfort or inconveniences but o f others f i r s t .
Besides, there is a great in te r e s t in re la tio n s h ip s as indicated by the
fe e lin g fu n c tio n , which is the dominant.
Hypothesis 13
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f intercession and psychological types
in d icated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 18 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t o f
in tercession as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis,
the S-N and T-F In d ice s , perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and age were
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rrela te d with the g i f t o f in te rce s sio n , and together
TABLE 18
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF INTERCESSION AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator df
S ignificance
5.46
0.1230
14.91
4
425
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
S-N
T-F
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.0 6 7
.169
.272
.135
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0043
0.0143
0.0742
0.0302
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
101
they explained 12.3% o f the variance.
re je c te d .
Therefore, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the sensing-
fe e lin g ($►} types, s p ir it u a lly
m atu re,
and older were more common to
the g i f t of in tercessio n .
According to theory, the sensing-feeiing types would focus
th e ir a tte n tio n on fa c ts , handling the fa c ts personally w ith warmth,
and tending to become sympathetic and fr ie n d ly (Myers, 1980, p. 3 ).
This would be c h a ra c te ris tic o f those people who might have the g i f t of
in te rce s sio n , who are concerned over the needs o f others and in
bringing them to God in prayer.
Hypothesis 14
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f knowledge and psychological types
indicated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 19 shows the best p rediction model w ith the g i f t of
knowledge as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the
S-N and J-P In d ice s , sex, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , and age were
s ig n ific a n tly c o rrela te d with the g i f t of knowledge, and together they
explained 24.4% o f the variance. Therefore, th is hypothesis was
re je c te d .
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the in t u i t i v e -
judgment (NJ) types, s p ir it u a lly mature, o ld e r, and male were more
common on the g i f t o f knowledge.
The in t u it iv e types are concerned with ideas and p o s s ib ili­
t ie s ; and as the theory suggests, these types value im agination, in s p ir a t le n , rs u d ily prccc^ 5 new ideas, p ro je c ts , and are good a t problem­
solving (Myers, 1980, p. 2 ).
The in t u it iv e appear to be in d ic a tiv e o f
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
TABLE 19
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF KNOWLEDGE AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ig n ifican ce
5.86
0.2407
26.89
5
424
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
S-N
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
.175
-.0 7 9
.235
-.2 8 3
.127
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0252
0.0313
0.0696
0.1012
0.0134
the g i f t of knowledge which involves "discovery" o f the b ib lic a l
ideas
and in sights which often are not concrete but are only discerned by the
s p iritu a l-m in d e d as stated by the S crip tu re s :
The u n s p iritu a l man does not receive the g if t s o f the S p ir it
o f God, fo r they are f o l l y to him, and he is not able to under­
stand them because they are s p i r i t u a l l y discerned.
(1 Cor 2:14)
The .judgment types would look fo r systematic and o rd e rly
methodology which is important in the p u rs u it o f b ib lic a l
knowledge.
Hence, t!- - 'intuitive-judgm ent (NJ) type is appropriate fo r p re d ic tin g
the g i f t o f knowledge.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
103
H y p o th e s is 15
This hypothesis states th a t there is nc s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f leadership and psychological types
in dicated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 20 shows the best p re d ic tio n model w ith the g i f t o f
leadership as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, E - I ,
S-N, T-F In d ic e s , and perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d with the g i f t o f lea d e rsh ip , and together they explained
21.1% o f the v aria n ce .
T h erefo re, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
The
c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those w ith the e x t r a v e r t e d - in tu itiv e th in kin g (ENT) types and perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity were more common
on the g i f t o f lead ersh ip .
TABLE 20
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF LEADERSHIP AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S t a t is t ic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ig n ifican ce
5.28
0.2107
28.36
4
425
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
S-N
T-F
Sp. M a tu rity
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.2 3 4
.139
-.1 1 9
.333
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0633
0.0177
0.0200
0.1096
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
104
From the data bank o f CAPT, the EST type is in d ic a tiv e o f the
general preference o f leadership vocations o f adm in istratio n and man­
aging ( i b i d ) .
The re s u lt o f th is fin d in g indicated th a t although the
g i f t o f leadership has a f f i n i t y w ith these vocations in th e o ry , i t is
d iffe r e n t due to the strong preference o f a e x t r a v e r te d -in tu itiv e th in king (ENT) psychological type needed to acquire th is g i f t .
Fur­
thermore, th is g i f t is d iffe r e n t from the g if t s o f adm in istration and
apostleship because there is no canonical c o rre la tio n s between them as
indicated in hypotheses 1 -3 .
This is in agreement with the findings of
Joachim (1 9 3 4 ).
Hypothesis 16
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f martyrdom and psychological types
indicated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the T-F Index, sex, age, and
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d with the
g i f t of martyrdom, and together they explained 7.4% o f the variance.
This was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion of variance
explained was too sm all, th e re fo re , no d e ta ile d re s u lts are presented.
Hypothesis 17
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f mercy and psychological types indicated
by the MBTI, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I and T-F Indices and
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the
g i f t o f mercy, and together they explained 6.3% o f the variance.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
This
105
was not a p ra c tic a l model to use because the proportion o f variance
explained was too sm all, th e re fo re , no d e ta ile d re s u lts are given.
Hypothesis 18
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f mission service and psychological types
ind icated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E -I and S-N Indices and
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d with the
g i f t of mission s e rv ic e , and together they explained 5.3% o f the
varian ce.
This was not a p ra c tic a l model to use because the proportion
o f variance explained was too sm all, th e re fo re , no d e ta ile d re s u lts are
repo rted.
Hypothesis 19
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t of pastoring and psychological types
in d icated by the MB'i I , perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 21 shows the best p re d ic tio n model w ith the g i f t of
pastoring as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the
E -I and J-P In d ic e s , sex, and perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity were s ig ­
n if ic a n t ly c o rre la te d w ith the g i f t o f pastorin g, and together they
explained 25.3% o f the variance.
re je c te d .
Therefo re, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts indicated th a t those with the e x tra v e rte d -
judgment (EJ) types, s p ir it u a lly m ature, and male were more common on
the g i f t of pastoring.
The r e s u lt o f th is fin d in g is s im ila r to the re s u lts from the
data bank from CAPT regarding the c le rg y from a ll denominations
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
106
(ib id .) >
I t shows th a t an extraverted-judgm ent (EJ) type is a good
p re d ic to r fo r the g i f t o f pasto rin g .
Drawing from the fin d in g s o f the
canonical c o rre la tio n s o f hypothesis 2 , the fe e lin g type is co rrelated
w ith the g i f t o f p astorin g.
Hence, the e x tra v e rte d -f e e lin g - jugdment
( EFJ) type is l i k e l y to r e la te to the g i f t o f pastorin g.
This is in
agreement w ith the fin d in g s from the data bank from CAPT, and research
o f Holsworth (1984) and Harbaugh (1984) on the clerg y type.
TABLE 21
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF PASTORING AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ignificance
5.60
0.2530
35.99
4
425
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.1 7 3
-.1 5 5
.258
-.2 9 8
0.0424
0.0466
0.0770
0.0871
Hypothesis 20
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f prophecy and psychological types in d i­
cated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
107
Table 22 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t o f
prophecy as the dependent v a r ia b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, E -I
and T-F In d ic e s , perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , and age were s i g n i f i ­
c a n tly c o rrela te d w ith the g i f t of prophecy, and together they
explained 20.3% o f the v aria n ce .
re je c te d .
T h e refo re, th is hypothesis was
The c o e ffic ie n ts in d ica te d th a t the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g (EF)
types, s p ir it u a lly m ature, ano wider were more common to the g i f t of
prophecy.
This g i f t involves m in is trip *: fo r a group s e ttin g and the
developing of re la tio n s h ip s beyond the transference o f ideas or fa c ts ,
thus a e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g (EF) type would be a good p re d ic to r fo r th is
g ift.
TAQI C
• n v b b
OO
U tm
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF PROPHECY AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S ta tis tic
Numerator df
Denominator df
S ignificance
4.74
0.2026
27.00
4
425
0.0000
V ariables In Equation
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E -I
T-F
Sp. M a tu rity
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.1 7 7
.0S6
.356
.138
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0359
0.0045
0.1445
0.0178
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
108
H y p o th e s is 21
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o r r e la tir n between the g i f t o f teaching and psychological types in d i­
cated by the MBTI, perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 23 shows the best p re d ic tio n model w ith the g i f t o f
teaching as the dependent v a r ia b le .
I,
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E-
S-N, J-P In d ice s , sex, perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , and age were
s ig n if ic a n tly c o rrela te d w ith the g i f t o f teaching, and tog eth er they
explained 33.5% o f the v aria n ce , th e re fo re , th is hypothesis was
re je c te d .
The c o e ffic ie n ts in d ic a te d th a t those with the e x tra v e rte d -
in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (ENJ) types, s p i r i t u a l l y mature, o ld e r, and male
were more common on the g i f t o f teaching.
TABLE 23
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF TEACHING AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mallow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F - S t a t is t ic
Numerator d f
Denominator df
S ig n ific a n c e
8.02
0.3348
34.48
6
423
0.0000
V aria b les In Equation
V ariables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
J-P
S-N
E -I
Sp. M a tu rity
Sex
Age
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
Increase In
R-Squared
-.1 1 4
.118
-.1 0 7
.324
-.2 6 4
.171
0.0345
0.0358
0.0206
0.1253
0.0945
0.0240
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
109
From the data hank n f CAPT. the ESJ type is re la te d to
teachers in general; however, from the same data bank, the ENJ type is
in d ic a tiv e of re lig io u s educators o f a ll denominations.
This would
in d ic a te th a t those teachers who are involved in teaching s p iritu a l
ideas and fa c ts are d iffe r e n t from other types of teachers.
This is in
agreement w ith th is research fin d in g th a t the ENJ type is re la te d to
the g i f t of teaching.
A fu rth e r inference is th a t the g i f t o f teaching
may have a f f i n i t y to the teaching professions, but yet be d if f e r e n t .
Drawing from the findings of the canonical c o rre la tio n in hypothesis 1,
the th in kin g type is also c o rre la te d with the g i f t o f teaching.
Hence,
very l i k e l y the e x tr a v e rte d -ln tu itiv e -th in k in g -judgment type is re la te d
to the g i f t o f teaching.
Hypothesis 22
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the g i f t o f wisdom and psychological types in d i­
cated by the MBTI, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Table 24 shows the best p re d ictio n model w ith the g i f t o f
wisdom as the dependent v a ria b le .
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the E - I ,
T -F , J-P In d ices, and s p ir itu a l m a tu rity were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d
w ith the g i f t of wisdom, and together they explained 1 2 . 6% o f the
variance.
Therefore, th is hypothesis was re je c te d .
The c o e ffic ie n ts
in d icated th a t those with the extraverted-thinking -judgm ent (ETJ) types
and s p i r i t u a l l y mature were more common on the g i f t o f wisdom.
According to the d e fin itio n o f the g i f t o f wisdom, th is g i f t
would probably look fo r types th a t would "foresee the probable, p r a c t i­
cal outcome o f counseled course o f action" (Naden e t a l . , 1982, p. 8 ) ,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
110
and the re s u lts of th is study show a th in kin g and judgment type which
would be in agreement with c h a ra c te ris tic s th a t c a ll fo r an impersonal
analysis o f cause and e f f e c t , considering a ll the consequences o f the
a lte rn a te s o lu tio n s , pleasant and unpleasant, and examining every angle
w ithout b ia s .
This appears to be the most appropriate type th a t fo r
th is g i f t .
TABLE 24
BEST PREDICTION MODEL WITH
THE GIFT OF WISDOM AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
M allow's Cp
M u lt. R-Squared
F -S t a t is t ic
Numerator df
Denominator d f
S ig n ifican ce
4.95
0.1228
14.07
4
425
0.0000
Variables In Equation
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
E-I
T-F
J-P
Sp. M a tu rity
Standardized
C o e ffic ie n ts
-.1 2 5
.071
.132
.318
Increase In
R-Squared
0.0179
0.0047
0.0048
0.0954
In a ll the best s t a t is t ic a l models tested by the stepwise and
best subset regression analyses, perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity was a
s ig n ific a n t p re d ic to r, and the proportion o f the variance explained in
a d d itio n to the psychological types by th is v a ria b le ranged from 2% to
14% (mean, 9%).
Furthermore, the c o e ffic ie n t o f the perceived s p i r i ­
tu a l m a tu rity in re la tio n with each o f the s p ir itu a l g if t s ranged from
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I ll
.356 to .089.
In most cases, the standardized c o e ffic ie n t o f the
perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity is higher than the psychological types.
S p i r it u a l i t y has always been assumed by b ib lic a l scholars to be the
basic c r it e r io n fo r the m anifestation or receivin g of s p ir itu a l g ifts
(B a rn e tte , 1965; G r i f f it h s , 1979; L in d s e ll, 1975; Naden, 1982;
Schweizer, 1961; S c o tt, 1958; Walvoord, 1978), but no em pirical
fin din gs have supported th is notion.
The fin d in g s of th is research
appear to v e r if y the assumption.
These re s u lts suggest th a t the older the persons, the more
l i k e l y they w ill possess the g if t s o f evangelism, f a i t h , g iv in g , hospi­
t a l i t y , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, prophecy, and teaching.
Further
research is needed in th is area using a la rg e r middle aged or older
a d u lt sample.
G ifts of a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stle s h ip , evangelism, knowledge,
pasto rin g , and teaching are s p e c ific a lly more common to males than to
females according to the findings o f t h i r- study, but the g i f t o f f a it h
is more common with females.
I t may be th a t the women in th is study
may not be aware o f the p o s s ib ility o f t h e ir acquiring such g if t s and
they may perceive these g if t s as ty p ic a l o f the male domain.
Stereo­
typing o f female roles may have influenced the way the respondents
answered the questions.
The females may be am bivalent about what is
expected of them by s o c ie ty , p a r tic u la r ly the church.
Women, th e re ­
fo r e , often question t h e ir own a b i l i t i e s and fe e lin g s , and a lt e r t h e ir
judgments in deference to the opinion o f others (G illig a n , 1982).
Women today are going through a tr a n s itio n o f wanting to be lib e r a te d ,
but a t the same time they fe e l comfortable in the same stereotyping o f
g if t s th a t the women o f the ancient church m anifested.
Possible
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
112
follow -up studies could v e r if y the findings o f th is study, exam ne
whether the Pauline l i s t o f s p iritu a l g if t s is m a le -o rie n te d , and
whether s o cie ta l expectations and ro le d e fin itio n s may have any
influence on the understanding o f the a c q u is it io n o f s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
The next 16 hypotheses were tested w ith the stepwiseregression analyses.
Table 25 shows the standardized c o e ffic ie n ts of
a ll s ig n ific a n t s p iritu a l g if t s in p re d ictin g each o f c la s s ific a tio n of
the 16 psychological types, the F - s t a t is t ic s , and the m u ltip le Rsquares fo r each equation are also in d ic a te d .
Hypothesis 23
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the
19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n
ISTJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
as the
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f evangelism, f a i t h ,
g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , martyrdom, and prophecy were s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d with the ISTJ pyschological typ e, and together they pre­
d icted 5.7% o f the v arian ce.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model
to use since the proportion o f variance p redicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 24
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the
19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n
ISFJ psychological type
ind icated by the MBTI.
as the
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g i f t s o f a d m in is tra tio n ,
helps, and mercy were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the ISFJ pyscholo­
g ical type, and together they explained 5.1% o f the v arian ce.
However,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
113
n
PP
•
o
r**
A
p*
1J?J
0
n
K
M
IVi
mm
1
B
•
a
P
s
1
u»
A
5
P3
IM
5
S- «
amm
■r
E
M
*
£
p
%
tf>
&
p*
1
3
mm
»
N
r*.
pp
i
m*
n
!M
P8
S9*
m
I* P OA•
i
r»
M
s
If*
A
bp
P n9•
r
as.
Sas
_
ft
8O5
3i
" I p : sS
assist
2*5*S
p
«
5
mm
mm
•*
%
P
*
IO
■*
•*
=
2pp
•
s
•
m
£
I
•
3
^1
*5
m
M
1*
N
i*
•*
•*
R
£
m
pp
3
•
W
mm
t
t
i l
I I
&
1
2
5
h
t . 2 S
»pS I
3 3
5
1*
>
5
«*
&
i
P
e
i i ^ s
«• ^ 3 S
S3 53 i t
!**
P
■
M
•
•
1
W
3 a
fc
35 i *
»»
£
c
3
S
P3
8
PI. F
^>3
E
M
•
•
P
»A
wCi
C-2
sEM
1
1
8
P«
f
a
M
•
Kp
E
M
p.
*
M
*
»
PI
b
Pa
A
i
P a•
19
i
m
P5
1
S - ’ s >.
8 ^ 1 |5
2 *: r
a s s 's *
a a s f-
g
5
e m
o u
s c 52
E<3 e x
W
A
p*
1
»*
U
8
3
PS
?
C
2
5
9
m
•
i
p
5
|
«
K
M
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
e
114
th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance
predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 25
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g ifts and c la s s ific a tio n as the
INFJ psychological type in d icated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of ap o stles h ip , d is ­
cernment, f a i t h , knowledge, lea d e rsh ip , and wisdom were s ig n if ic a n tly
c o rre la te d with the INFJ pyschological type, and together they
explained 4.6% of the variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l
model to use since the proportion o f variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 26
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
INTJ psychological type ind icated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f evangelism, exhorta­
t io n , p a sto rin g , and teaching were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the
INTJ pyschological typ e, and together they explained 4.9% o f the
variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the
proportion of variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 27
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ISTP psychological type in d icated by the MBTI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
115
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of discernment, f a i t h ,
helps, and pastoring were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d with the ISTP pys­
chological ty p e , and together they explained 3 . IS o f the variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f
variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 28
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p iritu a l
g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n
ISFP psychological type indicated by
tiie MBTI.
as the
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of a d m in istratio n and
mercy were s ig n ific a n tly c o rre la te d with the ISFP pyschological type,
and together they explained 3.7% o f the variance.
However, th is was
not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance predicted
was too sm all.
Hypothesis 29
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p iritu a l
g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n
<>s the
INFP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f mission service and
pastoring were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the INFP pyschological
ty p e , and together they explained 1.7% o f the variance.
However, th is
was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance
predicted was too sm all.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
116
H y p o th e s is 30
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l
g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
INTP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f ap o stles h ip , d is ­
cernment, and helps were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the INTP Dyscholo g ic a l type, and together they explained 3.8% o f the variance.
How­
eve r, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion of
variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 31
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l
g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ESTP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f f a i t h , h o s p ita lity ,
in te rc e s s io n , and prophecy were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the ESTP
psychological type, and together they explained 3.2% o f the v arian ce.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f
variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 32
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ESFP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g i f t o f exhortation was s ig n i­
f ic a n t ly c o rre la te d with the ESFP pyschological ty p e , and i t explained
1.0% o f the variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use
since the proportion o f variance p redicted was too sm all.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
117
H y p o th e s is 33
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ENFP psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f exhortation and
in tercessio n were s ig n ific a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the ENFP pyschological
typ e, and together they explained 1.62 o f the variance.
However, th is
was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f variance
predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 34
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l 'j i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ENTP psychological type in d icated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n ,
f a i t h , g iv in g , knowledge, and wisdom were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith
the ENTP pyschological type, and together they explained 6.12 o f the
variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model tc use s i nco the
proportion o f variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 35
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ESTJ psychological type in d icated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , apostle s h ip , and prophecy were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the ESTJ pys­
chological ty p e , and together they explained 6.22 o f the v arian ce.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
118
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f
variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 36
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ESFJ psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of evangelism, exhorta­
tio n , ‘'a lp s , h o s p ita lity , mission s e rv ic e , p asto rin g , prophecy,
teaching, and wisdom were s ig n ific a n tly c o rre la te d with the ESFJ
pyschological
type, and together they explained 11.1% o f the variance.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The c o e ffic ie n ts in d icated th a t the ESFJ
psychological type p redicts lower scores on the g if t s o f evangelism,
h elp s, teaching and wisdom, and higher scores on the g if t s o f exhorta­
tio n , h o s p ita lity , p astorin g, and prophecy.
From the data bank o f CAPT, there is a high percentage o f the
ESFJ type in the occupation preference o f teachers in g e n era l, r e l i ­
gious teach ers, and personal service workers, but average preference in
the occupations o f counselers and c le rg y of a ll denominations.
The
fin d in g s o f th is research in d ica te th a t the ESFJ type has a low r e la ­
tio n to the g if t s in teaching and helps (assumed by th is researcher to
have a f f i n i t y w ith personal service w orkers), but a high re la tio n to
the g if t s o f exh o rtatio n (assumed to be s im ila r to the d ire c tiv e form
o f counseling) and pastorin g.
o f CAPT.
This appears to c o n tra d ic t the findings
This seems to in d ic a te th a t although the g if t s may have
a f f i n i t y with these vocations, yet s p iritu a l g if t s and vocations are
two d if f e r e n t e n t i t i e s , hence th is apparent d is p a r ity .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
119
Hypothesis 37
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ENFJ psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of helps, in te rc e s s io n ,
knowledge, martyrdom, and mercy were s ig n if ic a n tly c o rre la te d w ith the
ENFJ pyschological type, and together they explained 4.2% o f the
variance.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the
proportion o f variance predicted was too sm all.
Hypothesis 38
This hypothesis states th a t there is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le
c o rre la tio n between the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the
ENTJ psychological type indicated by the MBTI.
In te s tin g th is hypothesis, the g if t s of evangelism, in te rc e s ­
sio n, and knowledge were s ig n ific a n tly c o rrela te d with the ENTJ pyscho­
lo g ic a l ty p e , and together they explained 4.7% o f the v arian ce.
However, th is was not a p ra c tic a l model to use since the proportion o f
variance predicted was too sm all.
Summary
This chapter described the subjects used in the study and
reported the te s tin g o f the hypotheses.
Hypotheses which were s ig n if i ­
cant a t p <.05 and predicted more than 10% o f the variance were
considered.
Table 26 summarizes the canonical c o rre la tio n s and Table 27
summarizes the standandized c o e ffic ie n ts and m u ltip le R-squares between
the 4-P reference In d ice s , the perceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , sex, age,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CANONICAL CORRELATION BETWEEN JUNGIAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES & SPIRITUAL GIFTS
Samp!es
Variables
Psychological
Types
F irs t Function
-Extraversion vs.Introvercion* (+)
Second Function
-Thinking vs. Feeling* (+)
Total Sample
S piritual G ifts
t
Psychological
Types
Adninlstratlon ( - )
H ospitality (-1
Exhortation ( - )
Helps (♦)
-Extravers Ion vs. Introversion* (+)
-Sensing vs. In tu itin g * ( - )
Teaching ( - )
Evangelism ( - )
Helps ( - )
Exhortation ( * )
Prophecy ( * )
-Thinking vs. Feeling* ( * )
-Judgment vs. Perception* ( - )
A ll Males
S piritual G ifts
Psychological
Types
H ospitality ( - )
Adninlstratlon ( - )
Mercy ( - )
Apostleship ( - )
Knowledge ( - )
Helps (* )
Intercession ( * )
-Extraversion vs. Introversion* (♦) •
All Females
S piritual G ifts
Exhortation ( - )
Administration ( - )
(+) and ( - ) = Positive and negative indicates the quality of
contribution of the element in the function.
Pastoring ( * )
Faith (♦)
Exhortation ( * )
Wisdom ( - )
120
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
TABLE 26
121
TABLE 27
STANDARDIZED COEFFICIENTS AND MULTIPLE R-SQUARES FOR THE JUNGIAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES, SPIRITUAL MATURITY, SEX,
AGE AND 19 SPIRITUAL GIFTS
S p iritu a l
Gi fts
E-I
Index
S-N
Index
Adminis­
- .353
.091
-.1 6 1
-.0 9 1
tra tio n
Apostle-
.252
-.229
0.3459*
-.2 1 2
.090
-.09 8
-.0 9 7
.284
"T 314
0.3167*
.109
.137
0386'
T-F
J-P
Index
Index
S p iritu a l
M aturity
ship
Discern­
ment
Evange­
lism
Exhorta­
tion
Faith
Giving
Helps
Hospi­
tal i t y
In te r­
cession
Know­
ledge
Leaaer-
-.101
Age
M ultiple
R-Square
-.1 5 8
-.0 7 3
.281
-.240 ' ".145 0 5 7 7 *
-.* 5 0
.105
.318
0.1801*
~-TiOcT
-.0 9 0
.129
-.0 6 8
-.0 6 0
-.250
.094
-.0 6 7
.139
-.0 9 1
.169
.175
-.2 3 4
.124
.318
5h
i5
Martyr­
dom
Mercy
Sex
-.0 7 9
-.0 9 6
-.177
.096
Teaching
-.107
.118
Wisdom
-.1 2 5
“
.037
- . 173
-.1 5 5
.071
.089
'“ 165 OTO‘688-
.138
.089 0.1211*
.272
.135 0.1230*
'-.2 8 3
.127 013*41*
OTO'9'*'
"TH'2 " ”
.112
Mission
Service
Pasto­
ring
Prophecy
.296 0.1951*
.333
.074
-.1 3 1
.228
.235
-.1 1 9
.176 0 5 8 3 *
093
.085 0.0740
:i77
0.0631
.198
0527'
.258
"-.298
0530*
.356
'.'136 0.2026*
-.1 1 4
.324
-.28 4 ' .171 0.3348*
.132
.318
0.1261*
♦Models th a t are p ra c tic a l to use because they can p re d ic t variance o f
10% and more.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
122
and the 19 s p iritu a l g i f t s .
Table 25 summarizes the m u ltip le c o rre la ­
tio n s fo r each of the c la s s ific a tio n o f the 16 psychological types and
the 19 s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
The findings can be summarized as follo w s:
The extravert.od type is in d ic a tiv e o f almost a ll o f the g ifts
th a t were considered except fo r the g i f t s o f helps and intercession
which are more common among the in tro v e rte d type.
F u rth e r, each of the
4-Preference Indices has c o rre la tio n w ith the s p ir itu a l g if t s under
study, in d ic a tin g th a t s p e c ific psychological types may be h e lp fu l in
p re d ic tin g s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
I t has been the assumotion o f b ib lic a l scholars th a t s p ir itu a ­
lity
is the basic c r it e r io n fo r the m anifestation or re ce ivin g o f
s p ir itu a l g i f t s , and the em pirical fin d in g s in th is study appear to
support th a t notion.
Although psychological types are s ig n ific a n t p re d icto rs fo r
the s p ir itu a l g i f t s , in many instances age is also a good p re d ic to r.
The o ld e r the person, the stronger is the re la tio n w ith evanqelism,
f a i t h , g iv in g , h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, prophecy, and
teaching.
G ifts o f a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stlesh ip , evangelism, knowledge,
p a sto rin g , and teaching appear to be stronger in m ales, perhaps in d ic a ­
tin g th a t these are m ale-ro le o rien ted g i f t s .
I t may be possible th a t
the female sample in th is study are not be aware o f the p o s s ib ility of
t h e ir acquiring such g if t s and perceive these g if t s as ty p ic a l o f the
male domain.
The general population o f teachers has an ESFJ type (Hoffman &
Betkouski, 1981).
However, in th is research, the ESFJ was n e g ative ly
c o rre la te d with the g i f t of teaching as shown in hypothesis 36; instead
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
123
an ENTJ might be the l i k e l y type fo r those w ith the g i f t o f teaching.
The same is tru e fo r the g if t s o f helps and exhortation shown in
hypothesis 36.
The occupations o f a d m in is tra to rs , managers, and super­
visors have a high percentage o f the EST type according to CAPT (Myers
& McCaulley, 1985), but in th is research, the ENT type was re la te d with
the g i f t o f a d m in is tra tio n .
This seems to in d ic a te th a t though the
g i f t of ad m in is tra tio n may have a f f i n i t y w ith a d m in is tra tiv e occupa­
tio n s , s p ir itu a l g if t s and occupations are not ne ce s sa rily the same.
Other vocations with leadership ro les tend to have a higher EST type,
but the g i f t o f leadership has an ENT type.
This seems to a ffirm the
notion th a t s p iritu a l g if t s and natural ta le n ts (re la te d to vocation
and occupation) are re la te d but are not one and the same th in g .
The
fin d in g s o f th is research support th is in feren ce.
The g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stlesh ip , and leadership seem
to r e la te to one another; however, they are d iffe r e n t as indicated by
the fin d in g s of the types th a t c o rre la te w ith each of them, and there
are no canonical c o rre la tio n functions th a t indicated th a t they are
r e la te d .
This is in agreement w ith the fin d in g s o f Joachim (1984)
and v e r ifie s the hypothesis th a t they are d if f e r e n t .
F in a lly , most o f the s p ir itu a l g if t s seem to be re la te d to the
e xtrav e rted type except fo r the g if t s o f intercession and helps.
This
suggests th a t most o f the g if t s may be useful in m in is trie s in a group
s e ttin g , but these two g if t s may be more appropriate in personal
m in is try , or a t le a s t be i n it ia t e d through the personal m in is try
channel.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary o f the study, with conclu­
sio ns, im p lic a tio n s , and recommendations drawn from the fin d in g s .
This
study was concerned with the possible c o rre la tio n between the Jungian
psychological types and 19 s p iritu a l g if t s o f the New Testament.
Summary
The purpose o f the study, t.ie review o f re la te d lit e r a t u r e and
research, the methodology, and the fin d in g s are b r ie f ly summarized
below.
The Purpose
Although i t has been assumed th a t temperament and s p iritu a l
g if t s are r e la te d , only one known em pirical study had been conducted to
v e r if y th is assumption (Joachim, 1984).
The construct of the tempera­
mental type theorized by Jung and his proponents had been researched by
Ammon on a lim ite d basis to fin d a re la tio n s h ip between these types
w ith s p ir itu a l g i f t s , however his sample s ize was small (n=42).
It
appears th a t there has been no s ig n ific a n t study to research the r e la ­
tio n sh ip between the Jungian psychological types and s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
I t was, th e re fo re , the purpose of th is research to determine whether a
c o rre la tio n e x is ts between the Jungian psychological types and 19
124
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
125
s p ir itu a l
g if t s o f the New Testament on the basis o f two e m p iric a lly
developed instrum ents, the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and The S p ir i­
tu al G ifts In v en to ry .
This study was designed to fin d whether persons
o f a c e rta in psychological type tend t-o hp stronger in the same
g ift(s ).
Review o f Related L ite ra tu re and Research
The review o f lit e r a t u r e was divided in to two sections.
The
f i r s t d e a lt w ith s p iritu a l g ifts and the second w ith psychological
types.
The m anifestation of s p iritu a l g if t s was m anifestated in the
Old Testament, but the word used to tra n s la te " s p ir itu a l g i f t "
( charisma) is b a s ic a lly a Pauline expression and r e fle c ts Pauline
theology.
Other words such as pneumatika and doron were also
tra n s la te d " g ift" in the New Testament, however, charisma was the most
e x te n s iv e ly used and tra n s la te d as " s p ir itu a l g i f t " ; pnuematika was
tra n s la te d as " s p ir it u a l," and only " s p ir itu a l g ifts " when i t was used
w ith charismata and doron l i t e r a l l y means " g i f t " , not necessarily
" s p ir itu a l g i f t . "
A " s p ir itu a l g i f t " is not the same as "the g i f t o f the Holy
S p ir it" which denotes the g i f t of s a lv a tio n ; nor is i t the same as "the
f r u i t of the s p ir it " which is the evidence o f a C h ris tia n 's growing
s p ir itu a lity .
A " s p ir itu a l g i f t " is a God-given a b i l i t y to be o f
service in the church and community to meet s p e c ific needs.
There have been various propositions fo r d iffe r e n tia t in g
s p ir itu a l g if t s and natural ta le n ts , but no consensus has been reached.
However, a ll
agree th a t such g if t s which might have a f f i n i t y to natural
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
126
ta le n ts are manifested only in "born-again" C h r i s t i a n * .
S im ila r ly , no
consensus has been reached concerning a c ld s s if ’ cr.tion o f these g i f t s ,
but i t is g e n e ra lly believed th a t every C h ris tia n has a t le a s t one g i f t
fo r service in the church and/or community.
agreement on the need fo r g i f t discovery.
There has been no
Those who see the need fo r
the discovery o f s p ir itu a l g if t s consider i t as an urgent and in te g ra l
p a rt o f C h ris tia n s p i r i t u a l i t y .
The constructs o f temperamental types have been proposed since
the days o f Hippocrates, but the construct o f psychological types is a
c h ild o f the 20th century through the works o f Jung and researchers who
took his proposition s e rio u s ly .
There have been some questions on the
b ip o la r ity of the c o n stru ct, but em pirical research has not negated
such b ip o la r ity .
The psychological types have been c o rre la te d w ith many per­
s o n a lity th e o re tic a l form ulations and vocations.
The re la tio n s h ip s
between the humoral temperamental types and the psychological types
have been theorized but have not been e m p iric a lly v e r if ie d .
S im ila rly ,
th e o ris ts suggest th a t psychological types tend to r e la te w ith r e l i ­
gious phenomena such as p rayer, conversion, and symbolism; but
em pirical v e r ific a t io n is lac k in g .
However, c e rta in psychological
types such as in t u it iv e - f e e lin g type ty p ify those in m in is trie s ; and
d iffe r e n t types— such as the in t u it iv e type who p re fe rs the more
lib e r a l churches and the sensing type who p refers fo r the more
conservative churches— have been v e r ifie d b_
'S 'ja-ch.
E m p iric a lly
based lit e r a t u r e on the re la tio n s h ip between the psychological types
and s p iritu a l g ifts
is v ir t u a l l y n o n -e x isten t, but l i t e r a t u r e and
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
127
research dealing with psychological types and s p ir itu a l g if t s
s ep a ra te ly is a v a ila b le .
Methodology
A c o rre la tio n a l research design was used to determine the
re la tio n s h ip between the psychological types and 19 s p iritu a l g ifts o f
the New Testament.
1.
The instruments used were:
The Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r (Form G) from Consulting
Psychological Press.
This has 126 questions; each o ffe rs only a bino­
mial choice.
2.
The C ^ iritu a l G ifts Inventory by Naden and C ruise.
This
has 57 questions; each o ffe rs a choice on a 5 -p o in t continuum between
fa ls e and tru e .
These instruments were used because of the considerable sta­
tis tic a l
inform ation a v a ila b le on th e ir v a l id i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y .
Four hundred and ninety-tw o subjects p a rtic ip a te d in the
study.
They were students from Andrews U n iv e rs ity and church members
from the Beaverton Seventh-day Adventist Church, Oregon.
Four hundred
and fo r t y -f o u r sets were returned and o f these, 430 (87%) were usable.
The other sets were e ith e r incomplete or the subjects did not f a l l
in
the age bracket considered in th is study.
The subjects were divided into three groups:
sample, (2) to ta l males, (3 ) to ta l females.
three sets:
(1)
(1 )
to ta l
The data were divided into
the 4-Preference In d ices, (2 ) the 19 s p ir it u a l g i f t s ,
and (3 ) the personal data which included age, sex, and perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity on a scale o f i - y .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
128
T h ir ty -e ig h t null hypotheses were formulated to be tested
s ta tis t ic a lly .
The f i r s t three hypotheses were tested by a canonical
c o rre la tio n a n a ly s is .
The next 19 hypotheses were tested w ith a step­
wise regression and the best subset regression analyses.
The la s t 16
hypotheses were tested w ith the stepwise regression a n a ly s is .
For each
o f the hypotheses, only those with a s ig n ific a n ce le v e l o f p <.05 were
considered.
For the m u ltip le regression hypotheses, only those with a
s ig n ific a n c e lev e l o f p <.05 and m u ltip le R-squares o f >.1000 were
considered.
Findings o f the Study
This section presents a summary or the findings regarding the
38 hypotheses.
For hypotheses 1 -3 , Table 26 presents an overview of
the re s u lts .
Hypothesis 1
Among the male and female respondents, v.here is no s ig n ific a n t
canonical c o rre la tio n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psycholo­
g ical types indicated by the 4-Preference Indices o f the MBTI— E xtraversion vs. In tro v e rs io n ; Sensing vs. In tu itio n ; Thinking vs. Feeling;
Perception vs. Judgment— and a lin e a r combination o f 19 s p ir itu a l
g i f t s — a d m in is tra tio n , apo stlesh ip , discernment, evangelism, exhorta­
tio n , f a i t h , g iv in g , helps, h o s p ita lity , in te rc e s s io n , knowledge, le a ­
d ership, martyrdom, mercy, mission s e rv ic e , p a s to rin g , prophecy,
teaching, and wisdom— as indicated by the SGI.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
For the to ta l sample, the g if t s
o f a d m in is tra tio n , h o s p ita lity , and exhortation are more common among
the extrav e rted ty p e , and the g i f t of helps is more common among the
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
129
in tro v e rte d type.
I t is also indicated th a t the g if t s of teaching,
evangelism, and helps are more common among the th in k in g ty p e , and the
g if t s o f exhortation and prophecy are more common among the fe e lin g
type.
Hypothesis 2
Among the male respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t canonical
c o rre V *io n between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psychological types
indicated by the 4-Preference Indices o f the MBTI and a lin e a r combina­
tio n o f 19 s p ir itu a l g ifts indicated by the SGI.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
For males, the g if t s of hospi­
t a l i t y , a d m in is tra tio n , mercy, apo stlesh ip , and knowledge are more
common among the e x tr a v e r te d -in tu itiv e type, and the g if t s o f helps and
intercession are more common among the introverted-sensing type.
In
a d d itio n , the g if t s o f p astorin g, f a i t h , and exhortation are more
common among the feeling-judgm ent type, and the g i f t o f wisdom is more
common among the th in k in g -p e rc e p tiv e type.
Hypothesis 3
Among female respondents, there is no s ig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n
between a lin e a r combination o f Jungian psychological types indicated
by the 4-Preference Indices o f tne MBTI and a lin e a r combination of 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the Sg i .
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
For the fem ales, the g if t s of
exh ortation and a d m in is tra tio n are more common among the extrav e rted
type.
Table 27 (p . 121, above) summarizes the re s u lts fo r the next
19 hypotheses.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
130
H y p o th e s is 4
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f a d m in is tra tio n and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, per­
ceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t o f ad m in is tra tio n
would more commonly be found among the e x tr a v e r te d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g judgment (ENTJ) types, high in perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity and male.
Hypothesis 5
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f apostleship and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t o f apostleship would
more commonly oe found among the e x tr a v e rte d -in c u itiv e -th in k in g judgment (ENTJ) types, high in perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , and male.
Hypothesis 6
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f discernment and psycnological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rr e la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was
too small fo r the model
p r a c tic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
to be
Hypothesis 7
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f evangelism and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
131
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t of evangelism would
more commonly be found among the extraverted-judgm ent (JP) types, high
perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , older in age, and m ale.
Drawing from the
fin d in g s o f the canonical c o rre la tio n s in hypothesis 1, the
e x tra v e rte d -th in k in g -judgment (ETJ) would more commonly be found among
those having the g i f t o f evangelism.
Hypothesis 8
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
of
exh o rtatio n and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t o f exh o rtatio n would
more commonly be found among the e x tra v e rte d -fe e lin g (EF) types and
high in perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity .
Hypothesis 9
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the
of
g ift
f a it h and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t o f f a it h would more
commonly be found among the extrav e rted types, high in s p ir itu a l
m a tu rity , older in age, and fem ale.
Hypothesis 10
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f g iving and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
132
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t of giving would more
commonly be found among the extraverted-judgm ent (EJ) ty p e , high in
perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , and o ld er in age.
Hypothesis 11
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f helps or service and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
perceived s p ir it u a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r re la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 12
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f h o s p ita lity and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age,
This
and sex.
hypothesis was re je c te d .
The
g i f t of h o s p ita lity would
more commonly be found among the e xtrav e rted -fe elin g -ju d g m e n t (JFP)
types, s p i r i t u a l l y mature, and older in age.
Hypothesis 13
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f intercession and psychological types in d icated by the MBTI, per­
ceived s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
This
more
hypothesis was re je c te d .
commonly be found among
The
g i f t of intercession would
the sen s in g -fee lin g (SF) types, s p ir it u ­
a l l y mature, and o ld er in age.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
133
H y p o th e s is 14
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f knowledge and psychological types ind icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t
o f knowledge would
more commonly be found among the in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (NJ) types, s p i r i ­
t u a lly mature, older in age, and male.
Hypothesis 15
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f leadership and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , agp, and sex.
T h if hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t
o f leadership would
more commonly be found among the e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g (ENT)
t y .e s , and s p i r i t u a l l y mature.
Hypothesis 16
Tnere is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f martyrdom and psychological types ind icated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rr e la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c tic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 17
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f mercy and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p ir itu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
134
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r re la tio n , the
proportion
of variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c tic a l,
th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 18
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the
g i f t of mission service and psychological types indicated by the MBTI,
perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r re la tio n , the
proportion
of variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c tic a l,
th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 19
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f pastoring and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t of pastoring would
more commonly be found among the extraverted-judgm ent (EJ) types,
s p ir it u a lly mature, and male.
Drawing from the canonical c o rre la tio n s
in hypothesis 2 , the e x tra v e rte d -f e e lin g -judgment type would commonly
be found among those having the g i f t o f pastoring.
Hypothesis 20
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
o f prophecy and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and sex.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
135
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The g i f t of prophecy would more
commonly be found among the e x tra v e ^ te d -fe e lin g (EF) types, s p ir it u a lly
mature, and o ld e r.
Hypothesis 21
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the g i f t
of teaching and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and
This hypothesis was
sex.
re je c te d . The g i f t o f teaching would
more
commonly be found among the e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (ENJ) types,
s p ir it u a lly mature, o ld e r, and male.
Hypothesis 22
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the
g i f t of wisdom and psychological types indicated by the MBTI, perceived
s p iritu a l m a tu rity , age, and
This hypothesis was
sex.
re je c te d . The g i f t of wisdomwould more
commonly be found among the extraverted-thinking -judgm ent (ETJ) types,
and thp s p ir it u a lly mature.
For hypotheses 2 3 -3 8 , Table 25 (p . 113, above) shows the
standardized c o e ffic ie n ts o f a ll
s ig n ific a n t s p iritu a l g if t s in
p red ictin g each o f the 16 psychological types, the F - s t a t i s t i e s , and
the m u ltip le R-squares fo r each equation.
Hypothesis 23
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p iritu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISTJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
136
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n , the
p roportion o f variance explained was
too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
Hypothesis 24
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFJ psychological type
in d ica te d by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r re la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was
too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was nor considered.
Hypothesis 25
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFJ psychological type
in d ica te d by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n , the
proportion
o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l,
th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 26
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir it u a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTJ psychological type
in d ica te d by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n , the
p roportion
o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to
p r a c t ic a l,
th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
be
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
137
H y p o th e s is 27
There is no s i g n i f i c a n t m u lt ip le c o r r e la t io n between th e 19
s p ir itu a l
g ifts
and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n as th e ISTP p s y c h o lo g ic a l ty p e
in d ic a t e d by th e MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r re la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l, therefore th is hypothesis was not considered.
Hypothesis 28
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g ifts and c la s s ific a tio n as the ISFP psychological type
in d icated by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r re la tio n , the
proportion
o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to
p r a c t ic a l,
therefore th is hypothesis was not considered.
be
Hypothesis 29
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g ifts and c la s s ific a tio n as the INFP psychological type
in d ica te d by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r re la tio n , the
proportion
o f variance explained was too small fo r the model to
p r a c t ic a l,
th erefo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
be
Hypothesis 30
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g ifts and c la s s ific a tio n as the INTP psychological type
in d icated by the MBTI.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
138
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was
too small fo r the model to be
p r a c tic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
Hypothesis 31
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTP psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n , the
proportion of variance explained was
too small fo r the model to be
p r a c tic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
Hypothesis 32
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESFP psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n , the
proportion
of variance explained was too small fo r the model to
p r a c tic a l,
th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
be
Hypothesis 33
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENFP psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n , the
proportion
of variance explained was too small fo r the model to
p r a c tic a l,
th e re fo re th is hypothesis was not considered.
be
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
139
H y p o th e s is 34
There is no s i g n i f i c a n t m u lt ip le c o r r e la t io n between th e 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s
and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
as th e ENTP p s y c h o lo g ic a l ty p e
in d ic a te d by th e MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rr e la tio n , the
proportion of variance explained was
too small fo r the model to be
p r a c tic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
Hypothesis 35
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESTJ psychological type
indicated by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rr e la tio n , the
proportion of variance explained was
too small fo*' the model to be
p r a c tic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
Hypothesis 36
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g if t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ESFJ psychological type
in dicated by the MBTI.
This hypothesis was re je c te d .
The ESFJ psychological type
would be less common among those having the g if t s o f evangelism, helps,
teaching, and wisdom and more common among those having the g if t s of
e x h o rta tio n , h o s p ita lity , p a sto rin g , and prophecy.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
140
H y p o th e s is 37
T here is no s i g n i f i c a n t m u lt ip le c o r r e la t i o n between th e 19
s p ir itu a l
g ifts
and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
as th e ENFJ p s y c h o lo g ic a l ty p e
in d ic a t e d by th e MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was
too small fo r the model to be
p r a c t ic a l, th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
Hypothesis 38
There is no s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o rre la tio n between the 19
s p ir itu a l g i f t s and c la s s ific a tio n as the ENTJ psychological type
in d icated by the MBTI.
Although there was a s ig n ific a n t m u ltip le c o r r e la tio n , the
proportion o f variance explained was
too small fo r the model to
p ra c tic a l , th e re fo re th is hypothesis
was not considered.
be
Conclusions
Emerging from the study the fo llo w in g conclusions are
drawn:
1.
The e xtra v e rte d type is more common among those having the
g if t s o f a d m in is tra tio n , h o s p ita lity , and exh o rtatio n and the in tr o ­
verted type is common among those w ith the g i f t of helps.
2.
The e xtrav e rted -se n s in g -fe e lin g -ju d g m e n t (ESFJ) type is
more common among those w ith the g if t s o f prophecy, p a sto rin g , hospi­
t a l i t y , and e x h o rta tio n .
3.
The higher the s e lf-p e rc e p tio n o f « t n i r i t n a l m a t u r i t y , the
higher the perception o f s p ir itu a l g ifte d n e s s.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
4.
The o ld e r the person, the more s tro n g ly he seems to re la te
to the g if t s o f evangelism, f a i t h , g iv in g , h o s p ita lity , in te rce s sio n ,
knowledge, prophecy, and teaching.
5.
S p e c ific a lly fo r males:
a.
The e x tr a v e rte d -in tu itiv e (EN) type is more common
among those with the g if t s o f h o s p ita lity , a d m in is tra tio n ,
mercy, and apostleship.
b.
The e x tra v e rte d -in tu itiv e -th in k in g -ju d g m e n t (ENTJ)
type is more common among those having the g i f t s of adminis­
tr a t io n , a p o s tle s h ip , and teaching.
c.
The e x tra v e rte d -th in k in g (ET) type is more common
among those having the g i f t o f evangelism.
d.
The e xtra v e rte d -fe e lin g -ju d g m e n t (EFJ) type is more
common among those having the g i f t o f p a s to rin g .
e.
The in tro verted -sen sin g (IS ) type is more common among
those w ith the g if t s of helps and in te rc e s s io n .
f.
The in tu itiv e -ju d g m e n t (NJ) type is more common among
those having the g i f t o f knowledge.
g.
The th in k in g -p e rc e p tiv e (TP) type is more common among
those having the g i f t o f wisdom.
6.
S p e c ific a lly fo r females:
The e x tra v e rte d type is more
common among those having the g if t s o f e x h o rta tio n , ad m in is tra tio n and
fa ith .
Im p!ications
1.
G ifts o f a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stle s h ip , evangelism, know­
ledge, p a sto rin g , and teaching seem to be stronger in males in d ic a tin g
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
142
th a t these are m ale-oriented g i f t s .
I t may be possible th a t the female
sample in th is study is not aware o f the p o s s ib ility o f t h e ir acquiring
o f such g if t s and perceived these g if t s as ty p ic a l o f the male domain
even though i t may be true th a t females may also possess such g i f t s .
This is an area th a t needs fu rth e r research.
2.
The g if t s o f teaching, a d m in is tra tio n , lead ersh ip , helps,
and exhortation are not the same as the vocations o f a d m in is tra tio n ,
managing, teaching in general, counseling or personal service work,
even though they may have a f f i n i t y to them.
I t may, th e re fo re , imply
th a t natural ta le n ts are not the same as s p iritu a l g i f t s , even though
they may be s im ila r .
3.
The g if t s of a d m in is tra tio n , a p o stlesh ip , and leadership
seem to be re la te d with each o th e r, however, they are d is t in c t ly d i f ­
fe re n t from one another as indicated by the fin d in g s o f the canonical
c o rre la tio n s .
This is in agreement with the findings o f Joachim
(1 9 8 4 ), thus v e rify in g the hypothesis th a t they are d iffe r e n t g i f t s .
4.
The d iffe re n c e between s p ir itu a l g if t s and vocations may
imply th a t to u t i l i z e the e xp e rtis e o f the secular world w ith in the
functions o f the church or anything s p iritu a l may not be e n tir e ly
a p p ro p riate, because the focus may be d if f e r e n t .
This is an area th a t
needs fu r th e r research.
5.
F in a lly , most of the s p ir itu a l g if t s seem to be more
common w ith the e xtraverted type except fo r the g i f t s of intercession
and helps.
This im plies th a t most 0* the g if t s may be useful in
m in is trie s fo r a group s e ttin g , but these two g if t s may be used in
personal m in is try , or a t le a s t be in it ia t e d through personal m in is try .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
143
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions o f the study the f o l ­
lowing recommendations are proposed:
For research
1.
The study should be re p lic a te d w ith a la rg e r sample, using
churches ra th e r than educational in s titu tio n s , and seeking middle age
adults ra th e r than young a d u lts .
2.
A s im ila r study should be conducted to see whether the
psychological types would p re d ic t the same type g if t s
in a d iffe r e n t
c u ltu re .
3.
A study could be conducted to see whether c e rta in g if t s
are ty p ic a l of a s p e c ific sex-group and/or age-group.
4.
A study to compare the c o rre la tio n s of psychologi­
cal types and s p ir itu a l g if t s w ith the c o rre la tio n s o f psychological
types and vocations would also be u s e fu l.
5.
A study should be in it ia t e d to c o rre la te the psychological
types indicated by the MBTI, the 4-humoral temperamental types in d i­
cated by the Temperament Inventory by Cruise and 31itchington (1 9 7 7 ),
and the 19 s p ir itu a l g if t s indicated by the SGI.
6.
An instrum ent to evaluate s p i r i t u a l i t y , since s p i r i t u a l i t y
is a d is tin c t in d ic a to r fo r the reception and m anifestatio n o f s p i r i ­
tual g i f t s , needs development.
For p ra c tic e
7.
Classes should be conducted w ith in the church to aid in
the understanding o f psychological types and th e ir re la tio n s h ip s to
s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
144
8.
Members o f the church should be encouraged to discover
t h e ir s p ir it u a l g i f t s according to t h e ir psychological types.
9.
The fu n c tio n s w ith in the church th a t re q u ire m in is try
in vo lvin g a group s e ttin g and those th a t are b e tte r u t i l i z e d
in o n e -to -
one m in is try should be d i s t i n c t ly s p elle d o u t, then the members should
be helped to channel t h e i r work according to t h e ir g i f t s ; th a t i s , tne
in tro v e rte d type to the one-to-one m in is try and the e x tra v e rte d to the
m in is try in v o lv in g a group s e ttin g .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDICES
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX A
PERMISSION FURN
PERSONAL DATA SHEET WITH
PERCEIVED SPIRITUAL MATURITY SCALE
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
147
Andrews U n iv e r s it y
REQUEST FOR PERMISSION TO MAKE A SURVEY OF STUDENT OPINION
CAjf (dL.
Name
Date 6£ Request
Course Number and T i t l e
if
S u rvey is
f o r a C lass
gprvvr
Date
D ate S u r v d y 'w i ll be Taken
P o lic ie s :
1.
A l l q u e s tio n n a ire s used a t Andrews U n i v e r s i t y f o r s tu d e n t o p in io n surveys o u s t
be approved by the V ic e - P r e s id e n t f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s a f t e r c o u n s e lin g w it h th e
p erson i n ch arge o f th e a r e a where th e su rv ey w i l l be ta k e n .
!£ th e su rv ey is
f o r a c la s s , th e a p p ro v a l o f th e te a c h e r and dean o f th e sc h o o l must a ls o be
secured b e fo r e the V ic e - P r e s id e n t f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s g iv e s f i n a l a p p ro v a l.
S urveys conducted by s tu d e n t o r g a n iz a tio n s o u s t be approved by th e f a c u l t y
sponsor and th e V ic e -P r e s id e n t f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s .
2.
The s tu d e n t making th e su rv ey ag rees n o t to r e le a s e in fo r m a tio n p u b l ic ly ab o u t
th e r e s u l t s
o f th e s u rv e y w ith o u t th e p e rm is s io n o f th e t e a c h e r , th e d ean , and
th e V ic e -P r e s id e n t f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s .
A r e p o r t o f th e s u rv e y w i l l be g iv e n to
th e s e th r e e in d i v i d u a l s .
3.
The q u e s tio n n a ir e should be c l e a r l y I d e n t i f i e d as to th e purpose f o r making th e
s u rv e y , th e name o f th e c la s s , and th e name o f th e te a c h e r who has approved th e
q u e s tio n n a ir e and th e p r o je c t .
Request f o r In fo r m a tio n about S u rv e y :
1.
D e s c rib e th e p r o je c t proposed ic .r w h ich th e su rv e y i s ta k e n and a tt a c h a copy
o f th e q u e s tio n n a ir e to be u sed .
D a te
Dean' S
/A p p ro v a l
e s id e n t £'
S tu d e n t A f f a i r s ' A p p ro v a l
1 -1 -7 4
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
D ate
D ate
148
Dear fellow students:
Thank
you for your w il lin gn ess to respond to
the
following questionnaires:
The per ceived spiritual maturity
scale,
the
M yer s-Briggs Type Indicator and the
Spiritual
Gift
Inventory.
The information received will be treated
with the grea tes t confidentiality.
Y ou need not write your
name on these instruments, but if you would like a personal
copy of the results, then
include your name, class and home
address; I will be most happy to send it to you.
Personal
Information
PLEASE
PRINT in the appropriate blanks below,
or PLACE
A
CIRCLE
around the number, indicating the information about
yourself.
1.
Year of birth:__ _________
Year
2.
Sex:
3.
Race/Nationality:
Male
1
4 Oriental
Female 2
1
White 2 Black 3 Spanish
5 Oth er
__.
P erceived Spiritual M a t uri ty Scale
Instructions
The
following
q uestion
is a study of
what
you
think and feel about your present spiritual
maturity.
It
is important that you do not dep~reciate nor over appreciate
yourself in your evaluation.
Mark on the scale b e l o w of 1
to
9 your
honest perception of
your
present
spiritual
maturity.
1
2
Low
3
4
5
6
Average
7
8
9
High
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX B
DATA ON THE 444 SUBJECTS
(430 USABLE RETURNS FOR THIS STUDY INDICATED AS 1)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
FORMAT FOR SAMPLE OF 444 SUBJECTS
Columns
-3
=
the
number of the subject
Columns
—6
=
E -I
Index
Columns
-9
=
S-N
Index
Columns
.0-12
=
T-F
Index
Columns
3-15
=
J-P
Index
Columns
.6-53
=
Scores from the SGI
(each g i f t occupies 2 columns)
Columns
>4-55
=
Subject age
Column
*
Subject sex
(1 fo r male, 2 fo r female)
Column
=
Perceived s p iritu a l m a tu rity
Column
=
The u s a b ility o f the data
(1 fo r complete d a ta ,
2 fo r incomplete d a ta ,
0 fo r subject over 60 y r-o ld )
Columns
-86
=
score
16 dummy v aria b les in d ic a tin g
each o f the 16 types (IS T J , ISFJ,
INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, INTP
ESTP, ESFP, tNFP, ENTP, ESTJ, ESFJ
ENFJ, ENTJ)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
151
001095101065051100911091013091009101010140911101112106117 0 0000000000000001
002111119067073130710060710081009091009100914050906114016 1 0001000000000000
003143081109115090611070911061209091410131208101012103413 1 0000010000000000
004100059079137110811060910091110081211060607060706093514 1 0000000000001000
005131061107061030308030711081411110705131010030905095013 1 0100000000000000
006093065117103070709100814031013131308151309090807085215 1 0000000001000000
007077141041081141008061010120612061115060804061112143116 1 0000000000000001
008065125119093131112061213091310091112101110121310113916 1 0000000000000010
0090S7087115073101009111013101215120909111310100909085315 1 0000000000000100
010121047099055070507071113091311121209091109060909075426 1 1000000000000000
011143085111071010306040513110906121206121106020807067515 0 0100000000000000
012100093107129080411060810091012090907050609080807083113 1 0000000001000000
01313505704708109081009101511121012120911100710121211S027 1 1000000000000000
01407510910709313141114131514111009141308111114131510501
2 0000000000000010
015121107071097090606040811061311081409141213120613104416 1 0001000000000000
016135073099079130810101312101113131312131413131312133015 1 1000000000000000
017097051123145111211131313121412111412131414131313113717 1 0000000000000100
0 1 8 0 8 9 0 9 1 0 7 :0 5 5 1 1 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 8 1 5 0 9 1 1 1 1 0 9 1 5 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 8 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
01912S071097055100S0604061413120910141113131508091208362
2 1000000000000000
020097065057077101009080711101010071309070606080913093518 1 0000000000001000
021055059077043120910041211111006050910081310090809103916 1 0000000000001000
02207906304906313^709060710091308080809100911070807074115 1 0000000000001000
023123051071077080708040912101310120807121312080704096916 0 1000000000000000
024099055087053070606070612100810100908101009080806097117 0 0000000000001000
025127089135095080909050914091407101405091309090811085517 1 0000010000000000
026109059099083100513040708050807060709080706050505103516 1 1000000000000000
027121045121085050309030912091509151106151315050505076016 1 0100000000000000
028151049093088101111090913091006111210120607070908093117 1 1000000000000000
0 2 9 1 0 5 0 5 9 1 0 7 0 7 7 1 0 0 9 1 0 0 8 0 8 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 0 0 9 1 1 0 7 1 1 0 8 0 9 1 0 0 8 0 9 1 1 6 0 1 5 1 OICCCCCOCCOOOOOO
030059099099089131208050912090810051512100707090812125017 1 0000000000001000
031101099099077121011121515111310141112101109081513134826 1 1000000000000000
032121093103119100810071011091312101310131011101210124218 1 0000010000000000
033125089113139080813051315111413111110150914071407154425 1 0000010000000000
034085075095070060608060807071208100606151211101007074218 1 0000000000001000
03509105307^061111010050710121312091108110912120811093815 1 0000000000001000
036083043115115100708040914131414121008101311111107103626 1 0000000001000000
037097055111059130909101214151315151413151514121312115917 1 0000000000000100
0 3 8 0 6 3 0 5 3 1 0 1 0 6 5 0 6 0 3 0 9 0 5 0 5 1 3 1 3 1 3 0 3 1 1 1 2 0 5 1 5 1 3 1 3 0 5 0 7 0 6 0 7 6 4 1 6 0 OOOOOOOOOOOOCIOO
039097100109075080810070710080806101307100907071011093715 1 0000000000000010
040125065095061100912080715141409110909101103060704066014 1 1000000000000000
041075073137113070506060714111414140806121111110806057027 0 0000000001000000
042123065075077080407050415101211110807121013141006056917 0 1000000000000000
04312504308105310081008091311110913110912101111090909361
2 1000000000000000
044139067103055070709050812121209080911100810070807113525 1 0100000000000000
045131131113111090911071314131111111210131411071311103627 1 0000001000000000
046089113073051111008091115111109141212080608101111093627 1 0000000000000010
047095061079111110811061011090908070711090809060907113215 1 0000000010000000
048129067069065090813061014070807070810090708060806112626 1 1000000000000000
049089093123081091008071009091007100909100811091109112225 1 0000000000000100
050071089097049141511141414091213111315101110141415113818 1 0000000000001000
051109079079063110809080812101110101009111111091110104326 1 1000000000000000
052099089117067141108101014111313091312141414121110104417 1 0000000000000100
0 5 3 0 S 1 1 2 5 1 0 ill5 1 S 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 S lS 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 4 4 3 l5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
152
054121067105053090806071013101008090908130908091110083217
055061127097087131112101114121015131513091211151314132617
056113103111085111011081108101110091109120810121012092615
057069103091087111212111214111214111312131315151314102918
058093131117087121312121109100914101412100508131212132716
059115063079059121010051115121212081111141015131010112516
06008111910111913111104120906080907131108080S121313092S13
061059117129087131112071214141314121412111409141313113917
062105085089103100713061012101011091215071211071209122425
063113127099103110911081210090906061013060909081411124827
064125077079049121107111012131512101508131015151015094617
065069085093061121111121114131110091412120814121013125516
C S 6 0 S 2 C 7 7 1 0 3 C 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 C 3 1 1 1 4 C 9 1 2 1 1 0 3 1 -V . 2 1 1 v ? l C ' l l l l l S l C S S i o
067117075091069151411121515151415140814151515081515153327
068105069091055131311121413121108071410131314141215083816
069065143111119120911050808100810080811100813080805092515
070107087081063121110121213131009091210081009131212102517
071063127115099141111081209090909081213091010101212102516
072093053105055110809101009111012091211131414131213092916
073103111109133101010111009091012090811111111091212112716
074083101087061131312141413131314131413141414151414113017
075107109113085121110121112111111091211101111131112122516
076065069111057141111071214111114111513121211151214122418
07705313109S101131111081213111414091414151515151214112524
078055129111071131212121214091011121512111011121213123217
079081119113145081304111011131310111409131215131312103716
080071091105065121109111014120809071111121111121310062714
081063069113067121209101111091112101411111008131212112815
082127089073093101110081213131313131209111113111313102617
083099103117081080709060710081007071209111112100708072715
0840810S9089069081008070815100907091007100908080907053216
085089101107137121308050910070807091411040704141015092616
086085069105061141011101312131412101314111208141313132415
087073065083075131112041114081204061414131415121111142015
088105091045053131210121209101313121412101111091314124815
089091087117111121012101215091211101414121209141113112516
090099077081047151211131115131414141514151415141415145218
091075107113051121012111213120909111113101212121312124817
092059099125081131009091414110912121113081312111111112127
093099129103129080713051314091011061011101312091109142125
094089073111079070506030612040707050604131007050603032025
095129061111085070609081212081308091109081312071109112026
096099079095077091008081515071408150913081108101506122225
097125127129103070308081112070512110607070906081107102126
098141057105065060312040613081007121206111009080906061926
099113065071045080707051109121307070810090614071109104126
100103069099125070610071011061209080710111409071205092224
101117089089071090908090911101112131310071012100911102325
102105063083063060410030711051106061195060703030608102224
103149063077053050504060509061206070809070707100604062224
104139061069079120906091115091103111110111512091413113829
105127079097069080310050609071310050514131009040504112127
106129091125081090910081014091012111311141115101009101826
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0100000000000000
0000000000000001
0010000000000000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
0000000000000010
1000000000000000
0000000000100000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
0000100000000000
OOOOOOOIOOOOOOOO
1000000000000000
0000000000001000
00000000000C C 100
1000000000000000
1000000000000000
OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
1000000000000000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
0000000000000100
0000001000000000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
OOIOOOOOOOOOOOOO
0000000000000100
0000000000010000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
0000000000000100
0000000000000100
1000000000000000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
0000000000001000
OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1000000000000000
OOOOOOOOOIOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
0100000000000000
OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
0000010000000000
0100000000000000
1000000000000000
OOOOlOOOOOOOnoOO
1000000000000000
0100000000000000
OlOOOOOOOOOOOOCC
1000000000000000
1000000000000000
OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
153
10707306512312108040704070605110405060906061105090708202"
108117081117093060509040609040905090806110710050503061923
109093119127085090912041010070808050508070908040704101924
110143053125051080507030913131312080707100805081105092326
111103099107095090811031011111512100911061211081204082723
112071US1117021090911061111081011080811111112091208082425
113093077077105100505030910090612040206031303070603092426
114109105121105101112091212091211151411141414121214092718
115097085129091101211081314071213121310121212101312102226
116097097033081101114111113121110080809121214121107102327
117155121089055030512030908081311051107080812080908092427
118119087117129090509050912081009090807091009060807091826
11910308107707710070906081409061S08C 709091013031105082024
120099077089083131112101115111214131211151313111210112928
121125063119067040410031412091412140908120912071107102226
122115087143103040308030507040706080805050806030303041925
123113125135091040308060709060805060406091111070603071924
124113099079099151215141515141513141515111315151215152228
125065143113083131114091415091214131414151511141212153027
126079107113107100611040914110913101010121215090806102125
127069113083089121112111314101212101112121214131115132426
128089083075047120511060912080909101111141514090809082525
129125083101059121007080912101110101009080810091111083127
130121079109077110908091214091212121212121213101211082226
131071085115101101011101112101115111112081009111208102127
132147119073065121012050315070715121511131110080715082927
133097073071055131314121314091112101412131213121214122417
13 4 1 3 3 0 6 3 0 7 7 1 0 9 0 S 0 3 0 9 0 4 0 6 0 9 0 7 1 2 0 7 0 9 0 7 0 7 1 0 0 9 0 9 0 4 0 6 0 3 0 8 2 3 2 5
135147043135065050408060711081109060607091210050707072424
136079063059073111110080814090708091412100910090612102914
137071079109071111208081013061008071312111012121212092415
138109055105101121509141312080809101111111411141413112715
139091055083067121415151514151312141313141214151515132516
140105047093043131010091208091210090910090706141310092615
141089047097065131012041211101209101211101312121512122718
142131057071071090612050712051408081107051413141111102614
1 4 3 0 9 3 0 7 5 0 9 7 0 9 3 1 2 .2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 9 1 6
144059067085047131312121213111113121312121212151214124016
145069067079087070509060715121314071009131215070711053926
146113067093071121013131311101408111113111313121313142917
147077073099045131209131315121413121513151415141515103615
148085077105069141409111214111214111412111115141415123215
149133089087071121109080912091306051310101315131211092715
150085075103081111412091315101109071012071114111511152625
1S11331270930791108050S1311041005061214151507031513114027
152093079111101080710111011061106121111111012051012092226
153079065087107090811091415051311131413131114111010141425
1540490S 9C C 31451413121115060508101C 1515111009071315151317
155079067131093140708051013091415120811141514130912092016
156087101079047100907050813060703071009101112070609112215
15710S041103111080907091013121010061108151215110910122011
158143097113077100814111214101311121113121212081210122126
159139095101109111211111111111210071212101010131212123017
1 0000000001000000
1 0100000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
1 0100000000000000
1 0100000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0000000010000000
1 0000001000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 0001000000000000
1 0000010000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 0100000000000000
1 S000010000000000
1 0000001000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 0100000000000000
1 0100000000000000
1 0000000001000000
1 0001000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 OOOOIOOOOOCOOOOO
1 0100000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0000010000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 0100000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0001000000000000
1 0000000001000000
1 0000000010000000
1 0000000000010000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
1 0000010000000000
1 0100000000000000
1 0000010000000000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
154
160127109085095121311120915091412091411121111121115113316 1 0001000000000000
1 6 1 0 8 9 1 0 5 1 1 3 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 8 1 0 1 4 1 1 0 8 1 1 0 8 1 4 1 3 1 2 0 8 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
1 6 2 0 7 9 0 8 9 0 7 9 0 9 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 9 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 5 0 9 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 4 1 3 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 6 3 0 8 5 0 6 1 1 0 1 0 7 3 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 3 0 9 1 3 0 8 0 9 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 9 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 0 7 3 4 1 5 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
164135079109053130912131213131412121311151414131513122726 1 0100000000000000
165103101101081100906070911060908081311040715061013112815 1 0010000000000000
166077109079109151212131113111412121411131412151415122616 1 0000000000010000
167107109105083120810071112060909081412090812121011132716 1 0010000000000000
168115097089079121009101112091210121110111113151112112616 1 1000000000000000
1 6 9 0 7 5 1 2 5 0 9 7 0 7 7 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 1 0 8 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 4 1 3 3 5 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
170103099097065131211131214111314131213131213121411122917 1 1000000000000000
1 7 1 0 9 5 0 6 7 1 0 1 0 6 7 1 1 1 1 0 9 1 1 1 0 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 7 0 8 1 2 1 0 0 8 0 8 0 6 1 3 1 2 1 2 0 9 3 1 1 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 7 2 0 8 3 0 5 1 1 0 9 0 6 3 1 0 1 2 0 9 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 3 1 4 1 0 3 4 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 7 3 0 8 3 0 8 5 0 9 5 0 7 1 1 4 1 3 0 9 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 3 0 8 4 1 1 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 7 4 0 8 5 0 5 1 0 9 1 0 4 7 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 9 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 3 6 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 7 5 0 9 9 1 1 9 0 9 5 0 5 7 1 3 0 8 0 6 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 0 1 5 1 2 0 9 0 8 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 3 0 9 2 8 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
176113113115097131311121214101212121115141213131411153419 1 0010000000000000
1 7 7 0 8 5 0 5 9 1 0 9 0 6 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 9 1 0 1 2 0 9 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 9 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 0 2 9 1 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 7 8 0 8 1 0 8 9 0 6 7 0 4 7 1 4 1 3 0 6 0 9 1 1 1 5 0 9 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 0 2 5 1 8 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
179115085109103141413141314141314140912131415151113134615 1 0000010000000000
180077097091133121211101111110912091411111212131213122615 1 0000000010000000
181107117083129090813041013061006091108111108050907112025 1 0000000100000000
1 8 2 0 8 9 0 4 9 1 1 1 0 4 5 1 5 0 9 1 1 0 9 1 2 1 5 0 8 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 1 0 7 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 8 2 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 8 3 0 6 7 1 0 5 1 3 1 0 8 5 1 1 0 9 0 9 0 8 1 3 0 9 0 7 1 1 0 9 1 1 0 7 1 0 0 7 1 2 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 6 0 9 1 9 2 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
18406713109711113121211111510131209111209151S121110142117 1 0000000100000000
1 8 5 0 5 1 0 6 1 1 1 3 0 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 0 6 1 2 1 2 0 9 1 0 0 9 0 9 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 0 0 8 1 4 1 0 1 2 1 9 2 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 8 6 0 8 3 1 0 7 1 4 1 0 9 1 0 8 0 5 0 9 0 5 1 1 1 4 0 5 1 0 0 9 1 0 1 0 0 8 0 7 1 1 0 6 0 5 0 8 0 7 1 0 2 1 2 8 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
187113133133131111009061212101108071111141013041208141927 1 0000001000000000
1 8 8 0 8 5 0 7 7 1 0 5 0 9 9 0 9 0 5 1 3 0 4 0 7 1 3 0 3 1 2 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 7 1 1 0 8 1 1 0 6 0 9 0 3 0 7 1 9 2 5 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
189105085085071100706080713090914151410131112130913102025 1 1000000000000000
1 9 0 1 1 5 1 2 1 0 8 3 1 2 3 0 8 0 4 1 2 0 5 1 2 1 0 0 5 1 2 0 7 0 7 0 7 1 0 0 7 0 8 0 8 0 7 1 3 0 4 1 0 2 7 2 5 1 OOOOOOOIOOOOOOOO
1 9 1 0 7 1 0 7 7 1 0 3 0 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 3 0 7 1 0 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 5 0 9 1 0 0 4 0 3 1 1 0 5 1 2 2 0 2 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
192117089133127060710060912071008101308111008090808082017 1 0000010000000000
1 9 3 0 7 1 1 4 5 0 7 3 0 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 9 1 3 1 5 1 3 1 0 1 3 0 7 1 5 1 1 1 5 1 4 1 1 0 8 1 4 0 8 1 2 2 1 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
194069099117131130912081215081214121113141515131213131927 1 0000000001000000
1 9 5 0 6 3 0 6 3 1 0 3 0 7 7 0 9 0 8 1 0 0 8 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 7 1 0 1 1 0 8 1 1 0 8 1 0 1 9 2 5 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
196081071117121120913090711090907070908110909061006102415 1 0000000001000000
197121087073095090809071008090909080910080910071008122617 1 1000000000000000
1 9 8 0 6 7 1 1 1 1 2 5 0 7 5 1 0 0 7 1 0 0 7 1 2 1 2 0 9 0 9 1 0 0 7 1 3 1 3 0 9 1 2 0 6 1 2 1 0 0 8 1 2 1 9 2 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
1 9 9 0 7 5 0 1 9 1 1 7 0 9 9 1 0 0 6 1 0 0 4 1 2 1 1 0 7 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 5 1 0 0 9 1 0 2 4 2 4 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
200079113083137110811101214050704071013090710071106122016 1 0000000000010000
2 0 1 0 7 5 1 2 7 x 1 3 1 4 5 0 9 0 8 1 1 0 5 1 2 0 9 0 6 0 9 1 2 0 8 0 7 0 9 0 8 1 1 0 5 0 5 0 9 0 7 0 8 1 9 2 5 1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
20211308513310107031Q 070815091109101008080809080804062127 1 0000010000000000
2 0 3 0 5 9 0 7 1 1 3 7 0 5 9 1 0 0 7 0 6 0 5 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 0 0 9 1 0 0 8 0 9 3 3 2 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
2 0 4 0 6 3 1 0 7 1 2 5 1 0 7 1 2 0 4 1 2 0 5 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 0 4 0 3 0 9 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 0 5 1 0 0 5 1 3 2 4 2 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
2 0 5 0 9 1 0 7 5 0 9 9 0 5 9 1 3 1 2 0 9 0 7 1 2 1 0 0 8 1 3 1 1 0 9 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 0 6 0 6 0 9 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
2 0 6 0 8 5 0 6 9 0 6 9 0 9 9 1 0 1 0 0 9 0 7 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 9 1 0 0 7 0 9 1 0 0 8 0 9 0 7 0 7 0 8 0 6 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
207095091097113141113090808101212070711101008100911092215 1 0000000010000000
208129089095111070712091212071008090807060611061107102215 1 0000100000000000
2 0 9 1 0 9 0 8 3 1 2 7 0 9 5 1 1 0 8 0 8 0 6 1 1 1 1 0 9 1 3 1 1 0 9 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 8 0 9 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 6 1 OlOOOOOCOGOOOOOO
210133109131105110812051114061207101210111011090910122216 1 0000001000000000
211119075085083060906061111081007100910051303050605102016 1 1000000000000000
212
2314 0 0000000000000000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
155
213099083087113090809050713081212080909141013070704051924 1 0000000010000000
2 1 4 0 6 7 0 6 3 1 0 7 0 7 9 1 1 1 0 1 3 0 8 0 8 1 3 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 7 0 7 0 6 0 6 0 8 1 0 0 9 1 9 2 4 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
215081091119059101110091414111215131010151314111308082926 1 3000000000000100
216131049099055050411040612101009050810071010050704102226 1 1000000000000000
2 1 7 0 7 9 1 0 5 0 9 3 0 5 9 1 3 1 0 0 8 0 9 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 3 0 9 0 9 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
2 1 8 0 5 9 1 0 1 1 4 1 1 0 3 1 i0 8 1 0 0 8 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 4 1 1 1 0 0 9 1 0 0 8 1 2 1 3 0 7 1 3 1 0 1 1 2 3 2 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
219117129117087110506061214070604091013111207041011102226 1 0010000000000000
220111109111137070312050909030903031109071107030704062112 1 0000000100000000
2 2 1 0 8 7 1 1 9 1 2 7 0 7 9 1 3 0 8 1 5 0 8 1 5 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 5 1 5 1 3 0 9 1 2 1 0 1 3 2 0 2 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
2 2 2 0 7 5 0 7 1 1 1 5 0 7 9 0 8 0 6 1 2 0 3 0 8 1 1 0 4 0 8 1 1 1 0 0 9 0 7 0 8 1 1 0 9 0 9 1 1 0 5 1 3 2 2 2 5 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
223089077109109090610090710090810060811090808100709071916 1 3000000001000000
2 2 4 0 6 7 1 2 1 1 1 9 1 1 5 1 2 0 8 1 0 0 7 1 0 1 3 0 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 2 1 4 0 6 0 7 1 0 0 5 1 0 2 0 2 4 1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
225115093129109080411051009070809100608080809060806101924 1 0000010000000000
226101063073111090404030403040605040304050405050403042013 1 0000100000000000
227147079117055
3 1 2 7 0 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOCO
228129081123085060613051207061105080609090706061008132014 1 0100000000000000
229117063097053070503050812061012060808040711050704092125 1 1000000000000000
230101057109083131008061510060704050915050407071307131917 1 0100000000000000
231117107141095060408040710090810101009101010051007101923 1 0010000000000000
2321170831070730905110507110711070911070813080S 0707052222 1 0100000000000000
233143099091115111011060714081306081210120910070709112117 1 0000100000000000
2 3 4 0 9 5 0 9 5 0 7 3 0 4 7 1 1 0 7 0 8 0 8 1 0 0 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 7 0 8 0 8 1 0 0 7 0 6 1 1 0 9 0 9 1 9 2 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
435105123095133050408031212081212081006100712030809112625 1 0000000100000000
2 3 6 0 8 7 0 7 9 0 8 7 0 9 5 1 3 1 3 1 1 0 9 1 0 1 4 0 9 0 9 0 6 0 9 1 4 1 2 1 2 0 9 0 5 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 7 1 7 1 OOOOOoOOOOOOlOOO
2 3 7 0 S 9 1 3 3 1 2 7 0 8 5 1 3 1 2 C 8 1 2 1 5 1 4 0 9 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 0 0 7 1 4 1 2 0 6 1 4 1 2 0 9 5 5 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
238113075075051121109111211110813131011101109081313112816 1 1000000000000000
239111055095071120908071012091209061211110912091012104716 1 1000000000000000
2 4 0 0 9 7 0 7 5 1 0 5 0 5 5 1 0 0 8 0 8 0 6 0 7 1 0 0 9 1 2 1 2 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 9 0 8 0 9 1 2 0 8 0 6 5 2 1 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
241133085135109120910080911081308091410091210081210142325 1 0000010000000000
2 4 2 0 9 3 0 9 7 1 0 9 0 6 3 1 0 0 8 1 0 0 7 1 1 1 3 0 9 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 9 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 7 2 5 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
2431090S 9103057101109101111111010101010121011121213116017 1 0100000000000000
2 4 4 0 7 3 1 3 3 1 2 9 0 8 5 1 4 1 5 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 3 1 5 1 4 1 5 3 7 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
2 4 5 0 8 7 0 9 3 0 8 7 0 6 3 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 2 3 6 1 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
246085099077101121211101114131112091111091214121311112827 1 0000000010000000
247127057075071071014090711091508121111121214120908134127 1 1000000000000000
2 4 8 0 5 5 0 6 9 0 9 7 0 6 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 9 1 1 1 0 0 4 1 3 1 4 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 7 1 5 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
2 4 9 0 6 1 0 7 3 1 0 9 0 6 5 1 0 0 7 0 9 0 8 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 8 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 5 0 1 6 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
2S014311909508711061004101208060305101109091106101012571S 1 0001000000000000
251111067083057131007100915111210081211081513131313113018 1 1000000000000000
2S 2115085065045100710040710101104041212030706040609124216 1 1000000000000000
253103083119097110612071015071014121010121109090807122525 1 0100000000000000
2 5 4 0 5 3 0 7 7 1 2 3 0 9 5 0 7 0 6 0 9 0 4 1 5 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 0 0 7 0 7 1 3 1 5 1 1 0 7 1 1 0 3 1 4 2 0 1 4 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
2 5 5 0 6 7 0 9 7 0 9 9 0 6 1 1 1 0 6 0 9 0 5 0 9 0 8 0 6 0 7 0 9 1 0 0 8 1 1 0 8 1 1 1 1 0 5 0 6 0 8 0 8 2 1 1 4 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
256107075109073100712061110101211081011131111091109132024 1 0100000000000000
2 5 7 0 8 3 0 6 9 1 1 9 0 9 5 1 2 0 8 0 9 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 9 1 1 0 9 0 4 0 7 1 2 0 6 0 9 1 2 0 5 1 1 0 7 1 2 2 3 2 4 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
258103113059065131108080913111410081110140915111213104615 1 0001000000000000
259107079097105110612031206071008040911050904030805112016 1 0000100000000000
260143093137137060708071010090911090707121113050906062325 1 0000010000000000
261135089117103090812061010091310121110141506040906132113 1 0000010000000000
262125061109067120912071114091109111112111305051113114326 1 0100000000000000
263123087087047060709060911061105080908060708060805072527 1 1000000000000000
26412709S065099
411
0 1000000000000000
2 6 5 0 8 9 0 8 S 1 1 9 0 8 7 0 9 0 5 1 2 0 3 1 2 1 4 0 7 1 4 1 4 1 2 0 5 0 8 1 3 1 3 1 2 0 5 1 2 0 4 1 0 2 1 2 7 1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
156
266109095085057
18
267141147125077111210071010101010101513141308121212114117
268103061095049100907061013111314121009081307061007103027
269077085085051120910091012101109101210101111111013104417
270117123095111110710041212101307101112111208080909113115
271085141137137110715081511101315101210111105031305152317
272065127065121151012071112080907061013111412061108132315
273101119089135100810061210101308121012071108051006122125
274125103111143080610081311081210091008101112071108102126
275055085091123090S110S1213071111080809111005070507111926
276097115075095101012071209061206081311081010081010112116
277077063065097120611040907050606050610050604060606112112
278081085107083110911061111101009070809121009080704092016
279123061085047101009101012100911091210111312101012124416
280091069079079131212091311121110091312091012091113113627
281097049051053141212121013131111101214121315091111114416
282069085111127151115071215110805121515131110101514133517
283111079079109100612091312111309111009131308100909112817
284119055091067110709081010070708080810080807071010094317
285117069087053100910121215071208111210151308071312113915
286089073087075121215121415091112140910121515151513143119
287083101083083131213111214081109121512110913141515122617
288049131129077151412121009070911091409081111121112072514
289101109119055121208071109090809071212070706111212092416
290081145137097121209071113091210141312141112141215112516
291079125123063131413121014070413131515050905121215122818
292115063085097100910091212121112131109101011121111092817
293131093091093101007081212080912101212110807071009113216
294097055073063131211040814071104051414070811111314112516
295107091087089121211090814111011091212151110151214102318
29612506907705312121111132 5141411131112131115111314125718
297O 87O 97093099100805100811121414121209111412121312073814
2S8097099139065101010071011081106061311080513121211C 9271C
299105083119059091210091112110610080913121411121315124128
300081057129055131213121214141314121412111312151412133716
301059147105161121311070810090806061011130715151212082414
302087077109091130907100915090905101513081311141112112617
303091085097093150703071107071115030307031111030703073115
3 0 4 0 9 7 1 0 1 0 8 9 1 0 S 0 9 1 0 0 7 1 2 0 8 0 8 1 2 1 0 0 6 0 8 1 2 0 6 0 9 0 8 1 0 C e lC llC 9 3 2 1 S
305123085079097100610061010101006061008070908050705082515
3061010810S105507040604080S070707040S07030603030503033016
307099053093085110915071313061010091311120603041211132426
308081149131099100814081111101312071112111415101214124215
309107045059057120909100913110807111309110512100911102616
310107087081049131013121215131111111114141513091211132917
311079139101131120811070910050906041311080707050810092317
312099117103127120912091114081011061214130913081209113416
3130730891290410804060408110709090604070S12060S0605062725
31407706708905713C 51007C 810090809101310081009080708102325
3151490S7077049090604030409111109081006080809090704033015
316085073073061130707061014091111090910151314101008103117
317115099091055120712090911081106070911100912080911093317
318107081103081091010091209101212070809111012111209092627
0 1000000000000000
1 0010000000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 0000000100000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
1 0000000000010000
1 OOOCCOCIOCCCOOOO
1 0000001000000000
1 0000000010000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
I OOOOOOCOOOOOIOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 0000000001000000
1 0000100000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOl
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
1 0010000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
1 1000000000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 1000000000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0100000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 0000000000010000
1 1000000000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIO
1 1000000000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOO
1 0000000001000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 1000000000000000
X OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
1 1000000000000000
1 0100000000000000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
157
319005091061135120911071215090913060812111109071109112225
320001109139157100910081112081011091212111112091211121926
321009123096083070512080912081210061207131513130812102117
322111053069065080809051311121109100510040703081104132127
323125101115079100709060815111212121311131214091013132126
324091145097125091008061409081008091213101007091210122016
32513510S075059050606050810071407080809061110070808102424
326097075077075110910070705071110040606000807050807062213
327095069095117101207071315061014111114091515101411112126
3290771390771191208110614090406120S0912071210090912082317
329113083105075090909091212111112091110090910081009083825
320113091085101070810081111071510100909081107091009103525
331089043119067090506031014081009140908110612061009092626
3 3 2 1 1 7 0 5 1 1 1 7 0 6 1 1 0 0 9 0 *1 0 1 1 1 2 0 9 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 9 0 9 2 2 1 6
333085109083067110812070611081113091309101112101012083616
334143111077109091011090910091310081410101108090913112115
335103037081113121311061312071407060712131111051209132316
336087133129135091005051112081304111309080604091108092127
337089077067053151211121315151413141412101213111413124528
338093089099103130810060813091008111410151114101014112217
339085089131091090810061212091108110710120910110909112226
340127069097121120614030913121208150912111309090709132327
341135051079055120909060913081100051110151013180907102415
342093065087081080608031212111208101010071511080910123326
343059061109047150810081312091015141114130409101308122427
344087093121155090709080912081209110908080909050806082326
345103079105061090712081313041109101212081406061308142226
346077137105141110608070912081009081111081413060709092716
347141087107049151313051214070906040615140615071107142825
348069077121083121208071512070914141014111411131310142426
349093087117087091010101210091009081212111212080915122626
350067109087077131111121114121211101111141212111210124417
3 S 1 0 8 9 0 9 7 i:? S 7 3 G 5 1 0 0 6 0 4 1 2 1 2 0 8 1 2 0 9 1 0 1 1 0 8 1 S 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 0 9 3 4 2 7
3S2103051C 3308910071209131304061109151410140903131311431S
353103135097103121009091212121006081112101112111212105517
354147123143069070309050910071310100809141311080907092526
355073135109049111009071314101314101113121313081011083216
3 S 6 1 2 7 0 8 5 0 S 3 0 5 7 1 4 1 2 9 8 0 4 0 6 1 5 1 1 1 0 0 7 C 5 i4 1 5 1 5 0 7 i2 0 9 0 7 1 2 1 1 3 5 1 8
357103123083077121208111314121213111412131313121113093917
358079117111087121209101010101011090912111214101212123426
35911708710312S13060405081306110610090912121S061008052516
360057071123079100405051012110806060912101109071009092327
361085153141129100710101409121013140813101512091307122727
36206504111104912041310151210101S130614031212091403113727
363091105089135100612091311081309091111131012091107132517
364079077087085121312131413121315131212131215141312133417
365111103073089100607060810080707060606050706050605044425
366069109093065141212141212091114121511151215111415132916
3670790S9123111110909091112100914081107081210071111113526
368085083089099070306030811090903030709071103070503103125
369151099079083080506030811061304080909111310060704082425
3701470631190570403080S0607061003040806Q 50503030603062725
371143095103095121202091210061309121211071013131214063317
1 0000000010000000
1 0000000000100000
1 0000000000000001
1 lOOOOOuOOOOOOOOO
1 0010000000000000
1 0000000000010000
1 0001000000000000
1 0000000000001000
1 0000000010000000
1 0000000000010000
1 0100000000000000
1 0000100000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0100000090000000
1 0000000000000001
1 OOOOOOOCIOOOOOOO
1 0000100000000000
1 0000000000100000
1 0000000000001000
1 0000000010000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0000100000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 0000000000001000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0000000001000000
1 0100000000000000
1 0000001000000000
1 0100000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0000000000000001
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 1000000000000000
1 0000000100000000
1 0010000000000000
1 0000000000000010
1 1000000000000000
1 0001030000000000
1 0000000000000010
1 0000010000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OOOOOOOOOQIOOOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0000000000010000
1 0000000000001000
1 0001000000000000
1 0000000000000001
1 0000000001000000
1 0000000000001000
1 1000000000000000
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
158
372069079093061111112121314101210091313121312131313123216
373121089117123111109111012121113121412131415131211104117
374109083121097100713051212071006121211081311061209102025
375113121121129100509060914071214151010101010081210132125
376095073053093120511031208111113080812081007090908112016
377099093127071070313041213110915081507071305111006071926
378091081053099141114090910080806051113110908060810141917
379117083111073111114111311121411111214101311151415113318
380099069071055110912091112110910111211121312121210112026
381115141101079070909061309071210081314111209051010132016
382113077083095131012070712091314111011131214071003131924
383061069077069101112081209081011091011081208071008122315
384099107059071131209081114090911081312151114090812102017
385077047101059101113071213081012111011151115091011092127
386117091091077121112151315081013151312091515111515122018
387085099081107090911051114081412061210081015101112112215
388055133143095080407041309050607061111061107040907112124
389103079121083130812061411060909091014061010060912132617
390119075097061121214131415131412111215141515121514142019
391131105069137060712080912071009101110090907081007062113
3920870650970S513071104141310141212080913141108111011192S
39310104310S135100812081214091208110612111507090909092414
394121127139111070711070808050910061009090809060707121925
395095097083121120813071112111209110911081308090909121923
396079063133091130910061009081013100907091312081107081925
397103083093071080713071013081013111009111109080911122226
398109079121047100513061212081009071010111312090908091927
399129065093087070913081411081209081110070906060906102115
400125077097133070506050909050905051007070807050607062113
431125055059051071313081513051109080910110706071208142017
402065065117089100711061013081114090809101013071108112216
4 0 3 0 7 3 1 1 7 1 3 1 0 9 7 ]0 0 9 1 0 0 8 1 0 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 9 0 7 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 6
4 0 4 0 9 9 0 6 7 0 8 7 0 6 7 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 8 0 9 1 3 0 9 0 9 1 1 0 7 1 2 1 0 0 9 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 9 1 2 1 0 2 -ilC
4050790811051430908110^1213091211081112111210071206122116
406103091093103121314101314131113151314141315141413143118
407145099141137081015061511131411121215141312071510153627
408091061121091050414091514081412080512091412071205152216
409121069115057060406041109071311071105060411061006082025
410131105131097120810091212091409101311101414101011111927
411133081111091110809071012071007101311080910080810113626
412135075123059120907081214141312091011130912121109114326
413073075075065151414151414111415111515141413141515143617
414101089117071121113111212100809091411080812141413114317
415133087071083151410081414091110081411100710101314124317
416127083107055111213101115111413140911151515141314142726
417101057089073140910121414141514131113081114121314143127
418071081097081151212101314131115131313091315151415123716
4191130731030571211111212140808100S150911081S131314085316
420059101079067131311121313091110111513060910111215134516
421081103109081090809080813111012131211141514101208102215
422061105123095121011071213070808071112060710080806112015
423083113121105090909091009090808100709060908070706091923
424097121057123120613060711060703041411080708090609142117
1 0000000000001000
1 0000010000000000
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 0000001000000000
1 0000000000001000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0000000000001000
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OOIOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 1000000000000000
i CC 3C O O 0000001000
1 0000000000000001
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 1000000000000000
1 0000000010000000
1 0000000000100000
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 1000000000000000
1 0000000100000000
1 0000000000001000
1 0000010000000000
1 0000001000000000
1 0000000010000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
i 1000000000000000
1 OlOOuCOCCOOOOOOO
1 1000000000000000
1 0000100000000000
1 1000000000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 0000000000000010
1 C C C C C J0000001000
1 0000000001000000
1 0000100000000000
1 0000010000000000
1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 OOIOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 0000000000001000
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 1000000000000000
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 0000000000001000
1 0000000000001000
1 OlOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1 0000000000000001
1 OOOOOOCOOOOOOOIO
1 0000000000000010
1 0000000000100000
1 0000000000010000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
425083089111093111007091415101012131313111013111211132127
426123085085105081109101008081012081010101109071112122627
427089119117105080710080910110811081010101011090907092025
428075103115143080507041211061410050508060811060907072024
429089073097087101312101209111109111313130813091113112017
430089087125087091009081213090808070911130909091305122127
431129101127127100712060713101409101207150912090808092317
432079053091049091010071209090810090910080812060907132126
433099067107089120911081211071010081012101311071209132126
434089107075111131011081209061212101112131015081108112314
435119085113143090612060912071311081110091214061009092114
436103147071063151515151515141314141515151115111515153718
437067117141087111011101214121312131312081114091209114325
438061131109103100810071313071013080912101215091307152227
439055129137161121310091313111312101212101213101411132116
440113065053049091111121211091009111211061207111112124915
441121127099143090713040709121206080709080912070905122215
442091079077095060808071107060709140908111211081009092116
443089099117093090611061309101114111011050814121408122016
444131089121117050512031506091306070314081304061404152224
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
0000100000000000
0000000000100000
0000000000100000
0000000000001000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
0000001000000000
0000000000001000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
0000000000010000
0000010000000000
0000100000000000
0000000000000010
OOOOOOCOOOIOOOOO
0000000000100000
1000000000000000
0000000100000000
0000000000001000
OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO
0000010000000000
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Adams, J. E.
MI:
Adickes, E.
A d le r, A.
(1 9 7 3 ). The C h ris tia n counselor's manual.
Baker Book House.
(1 9 0 7 ).
(1 9 6 4 ).
Character und Weltanschauung.
Problems o f neurosis.
. (1964b). Social in te re s t:
7cr.c: Capricorn Books.
New York:
Grand Rapids,
Tubingen: n.p.
Harper and Row.
A challenge to mankind.
___________• (1 9 5 6 ). The in d iv id u a l psychology o f A lfre d A d le r.
£ Rowena Ansbacher (E d s .). New York: Basic Books.
New
Heinz
Barnes, A. (1 8 7 0 ). Notes, explanatory and p ra c tic a l
on the Acts o f
the A postlesT" Designed fo r Sunday-School teachers and Bible
classes. New York: Harper & Brothers.
B arn ette, H. H.
(1 9 6 5 ). C h ris tia n c a llin g and v o catio n .
Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.
B arth,
Grand
K. (1 9 6 9 ). Baptism w ith the Holy S p i r i t .
In
G. W. Bromiley
and T. F. Torrance (Eds. and T ra n s .), Church Dogmatics.
Edinburgh: T & T C la rk.
B axter, R. E. (1 9 8 3 ).
P u b lic a tlo n s .
G ifts o f the s p i r i t .
Grand Rapids, MI:
Kregel
Beet, J. A. (1 8 8 3 ). A commentary on S t. P a u l's e p is tle s to the
C orinthians (2nd e d .) . London: Hodder and Stoughton.
B it t lin g e r , A.
(1 9 6 7 ). A commentary on 1 C orinthians 12-14:
and graces. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
G ifts
B lo c h -H o e ll, N. (1 9 6 4 ). The Pentecostal movement: I t s o r ig in , deve­
lopment and d is tin c t iv e c h a ra c te r. New York: humanities
Press.
Boisen, A. (1 9 7 1 ). The e xp lo ra tio n o f the inner w o rlg . P h ila d e lp h ia ,
PA: U n iv e rs ity o f Pennsylvania Press.
(O r ig in a lly published,
1926.)
160
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
161
Briggs, K. C ., & Myers, I . B.
(1 9 7 7 ). Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r
(Form G ). Palo A lto , CA: Consulting Psychologists Press,
Inc.
Bryant, C. (1 9 83 a ). Jung and the C h ris tia n way.
Seabury Press.
M inneapolis, MN:
_________ .
(1983b). Prayer and d iffe r e n t types o f people.
G a in e s v ille , FL: Center fo r A pplications o f Psychological
Type.
Bryant, J. W. (1 9 7 3 ). The d o c trin e o f the Holy S p i r it in the New
Testament. D a lla s , TX: Crescendo Book .
Bultmann, R.
(1 9 5 2 ).
Theology o f the New Testament.
London:
SPCK.
Campbell, D. P ., & Hansen, J . C. (1 9 81 ). Manual fo r the SVIB-SCII
Strong-Campbell In te r e s t Inventory (3rd e d .) .
S tanford, CA:
Stanford U n iv e rs ity Press.
Carskadon, T. ( E d .). (1 9 7 7 ). B u lle tin o f research in psychological
typ e. V o l. I , no. 1 , M ississippi State U n iv e rs ity .
C a rte r, C. W. (1 9 7 4 ). The person and m in is try o f the Holy S p i r i t .
Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.
C a rte r,
J. D ., & Narramore, B. (1 9 7 9 ).
and theology: An in tro d u c tio n .
Books.
The in te g ra tio n o f psychology
Grand Rapids, MI: Academie
C a t t e l l , R. 8 . , Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1 9 7 0 ). Handbook o f
the Sixteen P e rs o n a lity Factor Questionnaire (1 6 P F ).
Champaign, IL:
In s t it u t e fo r P ers o n a lity and A b i l i t y Testing.
C ris w e ll, W. A.
(1 9 6 7 ). The Holy S p ir it in today's w o rld .
Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Grand
C ruise, R. J . , & 81itc h in g to n , W. P. (1 9 77 ). Temperament In v en to ry .
B errien Springs, MI: Andrews U n iv e rs ity .
Dahlstrom, W. G ., & Welsh, G. S. (1 9 7 2 ). An MMPI handbook.
M inneapolis, MN: U n iv e rs ity o f Minnesota Press.
Epp, T. H. (1 9 6 6 ).
B ib le .
The oth er com forter.
L in c o ln , NE:
Back to the
E rv in , H. M. (1 9 6 8 ). These are not drunken as ye suppose.
f i e l d , NJ: Howard M. E rvin.
Eysenck, H. J.
(1 9 5 9 ). Mauds!ey P ers o n a lity In v e n to ry .
U n iv e rs ity of London Press.
P la in ­
London:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Eysenck, H. J . , & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1 9 6 8 ). Eysenck P ers o n a lity In ­
ventory. San Diego, CA: Educational and In d u s tria l Testing
Service.
(1 9 6 9 ). P ers o n a lity s tru c tu re and measurement.
TTiego, CA: Robert R. Knapp.
San
Feine, P , Behm, J . , & Kuemmel, W. G. (1 9 6 6 ). In tro d u c tio n to the
New Testament. (Ed. and Trans. A. J . M a t t i l l , J r . ; 14th
re v. e d .) .
N a s h v ille , TN: Abingdon.
F if e , E. S.
(1 9 7 8 ).
The Holy S p i r i t .
Grand Rapids, MI:
Flynn, L
B.
(1 9 7 4 ).
Books.
Ford, L.
(1 9 77 ). Good news is fo r sharing.
Pub!ishing Co.
19 g if t s o f the s p i r i t .
Zondervan.
Wheaton, IL ’E lg in , IL:
David C. Cook
Fordham, T
(1 9 5 3 ). An intro d u ctio n to Jung's Psychology.
MD: Penguin Books.
Fosdick, H.
(1 9 4 3 ).
On being a real person.
New York:
Fransen, P ., S .J.
(1 9 7 1 ). The new l i f e o f grace.
London: G eoffrey Chapman.
V ic to r
Baltim ore,
Harper & Row.
Trans. G. Dupont,
Freud, S
(1 9 5 7 ). On the h is to ry o f the psychoanalytic movement,
papers on metapsychology, and other works' (r e v . e d .).
James Strachery v^d«) New York: Basic Books.
F ric k e ,
i. G. (1 9 6 3 ). OAIS handbook (p re lim , e d .).
MI: OAIS Testing Program.
Gangel,
0.
(1 9 7 5 ). You and your s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
Moody B ib le In s t it u t e .
Gee, 0.
(1972a). Concerning s p ir itu a l g i f t s .
Publishing House.
Ann Arbor,
Chicago, IL:
S p r in g fie ld , MO: Gospel
(1972b ). Now th a t you have been baptized in the s p i r i t .
"S p rin g fie ld , MIT: Gospel Publishing House.
G etz, G. A. (1 9 7 6 ).
Books.
B uilding up one another.
Wheaton, IL:
V ic to r
G illig a n , C. (1 S 82 ).
In a d iffe r e n t voice: Psychological theory and
women1s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U n iv e rs ity
"Press’!
Gleason, J. •]., J r .
(1 9 8 1 ). Consciousness and the u ltim a te .
N a s h v ille , TN: Abingdon.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
163
Grant, W. H ., Thompson, M ., & C la rke ,
T. E. (1 9 83 ). From image to
likeness; A Jungian path in the gospel journey.
New York:
P a u lis t Press.
G r i f f i t h s , M.
(1 9 78 ).
G ra c e -g ifts .
Grand Rapids, MI:
Eerdmans.
H a ll, C. S ., & Nordby, V. J. (1 9 73 ).
A primer o f Jungian psychology.
New York: Taplinger Publishing to”
Hathaway, S. R ., & McKinley, J. C. (1967). Minnesota M ultiphasic In ­
ventory. New York: Psychological Corpur-ation.
Hay, A. R. (1 9 47 ). The New Testament order fo r the church and mis­
sionary (3rd e d .) .
Temper)ey, Argentina: New Testament
Missionary Uni o r.
H e is t, P. A ., McConnell.. T. R ., Webster, H ., & Yonge, G. D.
(1 9 63 ).
Omnibus P ers o n a lity Inventory. New York: The Psychological
Corporation..
Hesselgrave, D. J. (1 9 8 0 ). Planting churches c ro s s -c u ltu r a lly .
guide fo r home and fo reig n missions"! Grand Rapids, MI:
Book House.
Hodge, M.
(1 9 67 ).
Your fe a r o f lo v e .
Garden C ity , NY:
Holland, J. L. (1 9 85 ). The s e lf-d ire c te d search.
Psychological Assessment Resources.
(1 9 56 ).
_________ .
(1 9 66 ).
Augsburg.
Hummel,
Counseling and theology.
Doubleday.
Odessa, FL:
Howard, D. M. (1 9 73 ). By the power o f the Holy S p i r i t .
Grove, IL :
In te r -V a r s ity Press.
Hulme, W.
A
fa k er
Downer's
P h ilad elp h ia:
The dynamics of s a n c tific a tio n .
F o rtress.
M inneapolis, MN:
Charles E. (1 9 7 8 ). F ire in the fire p la c e : Contemporary
charism atic renewal. “ Towners Grove, IL:
In te r -V a r s ity Press.
Iro n s id e , H. A. (1 9 5 0 ). The mission o f and praying in the Holy
S p ir it (V o l. 2 ) . New York: Loizeaux Brothers.
James, W.
(1 9 52 ). The v a r ie tie s o f re lig io u s experience.
Longman. ( F ir s t published in 1901.)
Jones. E.
(1 9 53 ).
(V o l. 1 ).
Jordan, F. (1 8 96 ).
n.p.
London:
The l i f e and work o f Sigmund Freud
New York: Basic Books.
Character as seen in body and parentage.
London:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
164
Jung, C. G. (1 9 63 ). Mysterium co n iu n ctio n is . In H. Read, M Fordham,
& G. Adler (F d s .). The c o lle c te d works o f C. G. Jung (V o l.
14, Boll ingen series-)-! New York: Pantheon Books.
___________.
(1 3 23 ).
Psychological Types.
New York:
Harcourt, Brace.
___________. (1 9 58 ).
Psychology and re lig io n :
West and e a s t.
In H.
Read, M. Fordham, & G. Adler (E d s .). The c o lle c te d works of
C. G. Jung (V o l. 11, Boll ingen s e rie s )-! New York: Pantheon
Books.
___________. (1 9 60 ).
The s tru c tu re and dynamics of the psyche. In H.
Read, M. Fordham, & G. Adler (E d s .), The c o lle c te d works
o f C. G. Jung (V o l. 8 , Boll ingen s e r ie s ). New York: Pantheon
Books.
K eirsey, D ., & Bates, M. (1 9 84 ). Please understand me: Character
and temperament types. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis.
Kelsey, M. T.
(1 9 68 ).
Chris '. o-psychology.
New York:
___________.
(1 9 8 2 ).
Prophetic m in is try .
New York:
___________.
(1 9 7 6 ).
The other side o f s ile n c e .
Crossroad.
Crossroad.
New York:
P a u lis t
Pres s.
K endall,
M. G.
Press.
(1 9 75 ). M u ltiv a ria te a n a ly s is .
Kinghorn, K. C.
(1976).
Abingdon.
Kuder, G. F. (1 9 68 ).
Chicago, IL:
Kretschmer, E.
Brace.
Kung, H.
G ifts o f the s p i r i t .
New York:Hafner
N a s h v ille , TN:
Kudar Occupational In te re s t Survey: Manual.
Science Research Associates.
(1 9 2 5 ). Physique and c h a ra c te r.
New York: Harcourt
(1 9 65 ). The
charism atic s tru c tu re o f the church. In H.
Kung (E d.) and T. L Westow (T r a n s .), The Church and Ecumenism,
New York: P a u lis t Press, 1965.
Lawrence, G. D. (1 9 82 ). People types and tig e r s trip e s : A p ra c tic al
guide to learning s ty le s . G a in e s v ille , FL: Center fo r A p p li­
cations of Psychological Types.
Levine, M. S. (1 9 77 ). Canonical analysis anJ fa c to r comparison.
v e rly H i l l s , CAl SAGE P u b lic a tio n s , Inc.
MacGorman, J. W. (1 9 74 ).
Broadman press.
The g if t s of the s p i r i t .
N a s h v ille , TN:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Be­
165
Mains, D. R.
(1 9 71 ).
Full c i r c l e .
Waco, TX:
Word Books.
Mamchur, C. M. (1 9 8 4 ).
In s ig h ts : Understanding y o u rs e lf and o th e rs .
Toronto, O ntario! Tne Ontario In s titu te fo r Studies in Educatio n .
McRae, W. J.
MI:
Menninger, K.
Metzner, R.
(1 9 7 6 ). The dynamics o f s p ir it u a l g i f t s .
Zondervan.
(1 9 7 5 ).
(1 9 79 ).
Whatever became o f sin?
Know your ty p e .
Grand Rapids,
New York:
Garden C ity , NY:
Hawthorn.
Anchor Books.
M o rris ,
L.
(1 9 66 ). The f i r s t e p is tle o f Paul to the C o rin th ia n s .
Grand Rapids, Hi: Eerdmans.
Murphy,
E. F. (1 9 7 5 ). S p iritu a l g if t s and the g re at commission.
South Pasadena, CA: Mandate Press.
Myers, I . B. (1 9 8 0 ).
Introduction to Type (3rd e d .) .
Consulting Psychologists Press.
Palo A lto , CA:
Myers, I . B ., & McCaulley, M. H. (1 9 8 5 ). Manual: A guide to the
development and use o f the Myers-Briggs type In d ic a to r. Palo
A lto , CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Myers, I . B ., & Myers, P. B. (1 9 8 0 ). G ifts d if f e r in g .
CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Palo A lto ,
Naden, R. C. (1S 82). Discovering your s p ir itu a l g if t s
B errien Springs, Ml: Roy C. Naden.
(Book 1 ).
Naden, R. C ., & C ruise, R. J .
B errien Springs, MI:
(1 9 8 1 ). The S p iritu a l G ifts Inventory.
Roy C. Naden & Robert J. Cruise.
Naden, R. C ., C ruise, R. J . , & Cash, R. W. (1 9 8 2 ).
The s p ir itu a l
g if t s manual. Berrien Springs, MI: Roy C. Naden, Robert J.
C ruise, & R. W illiam Cash.
Neighbour, R. W.
Press
O'Connor, E.
(1 9 7 4 ).
(1 9 7 1 ).
This g i f t is mine.
Eighth day o f c re a tio n .
N a s h v ille , TN:
Waco, TX:
_________ .
(1 9 68 ). Journey inward, journey outward.
Harper & Row.
O r ja la , P. R. (1 9 7 8 ). Ge t ready to grow.
H ill Press o f Kansas C ity .
Owen, J .
(1 9 71 ). The Holy S p i r i t .
Pub!ishers.
Word Books.
New York:
Kansas C ity , MO:
Grand Rapids, MI:
Broadman
Beacon
Sovereign Grace
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Pache, R.
(1 9 5 7 ). The person and work o f the Holy S p i r i t . Chicago,
IL: Moody Press.
Pearson, A. B.
(1973) The pneumatikos-psychikos term inology in
1 C o rin th ian s: ~A study in the theology o f the C orinthian op­
ponents of Paul and i t s r e la tio n to Gnosticism. M issoula, MT:
The S ociety o f B ib lic a l L ite r a tu r e .
Pentecost, J. D.
Press.
__________ .
(1 9 7 0 ).
(1 9 7 1 ).
The d iv in e co m fo rte r.
W ill man survive?
Chicago, IL :
Chicago, Moody Press.
P u rk is e r, W. T.
(1 9 7 5 ). The g if t s o f the s p i r i t .
Beacon H ill Press.
Roback. A.
(1 9 5 2 ).
The psychology o f c h a ra c te r.
R o llin s , W. G. (1 9 8 3 ).
Press.
R y rie, C. C.
(1 9 6 5 ).
Jung and the B ib le .
The Holy S p i r i t .
Mooay
Kmsas C ity , KS:
London:
A tla n ta , GA:
Chicago, IL:
Sanders, J. 0 .
(1 9 7 9 ). The Holy S p i r it and his g i f t s .
MI: Zondervan.
Sanford, J. A. (1 9 7 0 ). The kingdom w ith in .
L ip p in c o tt Co.
Kegan Paul.
John Knox
Moody Press.
Grand Rapids,
P h ila d e lp h ia , PA:
J . B.
Schramm, M. R.
(1 9 8 2 ). Discovering and using your unique a b i l i t i e s
g if t s o f grace. M inneapolis, MN: Augsburg.
Schweizer, E.
(1 9 6 1 ). Church order in the New Testament.
T r a n s .). N a p e rv ille , IL : Aiex R. Allenson.
(F. C larke,
S c o tt,
E. F. (1 9 5 8 ). I believe in the Holy S p i r i t .
Abingdon Press.
New York:
S inger,
J . , & Loomis, M. (1984a). The Singer-Loomis Inventory o f Per­
sonal i t y . Palo A lto , CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
__________ .
(1984b ).
In te r p r e tiv e Guide fo r the Singer-Loomis Inven­
to ry o f P e rs o n a lity . Palo A lto , CA: Consulting Psychologists
Press.
Spranger, E.
S te in , E.
(1 9 2 8 ).
Types o f men.
(1 9 6 9 ). G u ilT:
Westminster.
Starbuck, E. D.
(1 9 0 1 ).
S crib n e r.
H a lle , Niemeyer, V erlag.
Theory and th erap y.
P h ila d e lp h ia , PA:
The psychology o f r e lig io n .
New York:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
S t o t t , J . R. (1 9 6 4 ).
S tover,
Baptism and fu lln e s s .
London:
In te r V a r s ity .
G. L. (1 9 6 2 ).
The power fo r C h ris tia n l i v i n g .
s tu d e n t.) Denver, CO: B a p tis t P u b lic a tio n s .
Sweet, L. I .
(1 9 8 2 ).
Westminster.
New l i f e
in the s p i r i t .
(A dult
P h ila d e lp h ia , PA:
Sweeting, W. J.
(1 9 6 2 ). The power o f C h ris tia n l i v i n g .
te a c h e r.) Denver, CO: B a p tis t P u b lic a tio n s .
(A dult
Tatsuoka, M. M. (1 9 7 1 ). M u ltiv a ria te a n a ly s is ; techniques fo r edu­
cation al and psychological researcn. New York: John W iley &
Sons.
Thayer, J. H. (1 8 8 9 ). A Greek-English lexicon o f the New
Testament oeing"Grimm's W ilk e ’ s Clovis Novi Testam enti.
(R ev., tr a n s ., & e n lr g .) . New York: American Book.
Thomas, R. L.
(1 9 7 8 ). Understanding s p ir itu a l g i f t s : An exegetical
study of 1 Corinthians 1 2-14 . Chicago, IL : Moody Bible
In s t it u t e .
T id w e ll, C. A. (1 9 8 2 ). Educational m in is try o f a church.
TN: Broadman Press.
T o u rn ie r, P.
_
.
(1 9 5 7 ).
(1 9 6 2 ).
G u ilt and grace.New York:
The meaning o f persons.
Sow.
Unger, M. F. (1 9 7 8 ).
Chicago, IL :
New York:
N a s h v ille ,
Harper and Row.
Harper and
The baptism &g if t s o f the Holy S p i r i t .
Moody Press
V ine, W. E. (1 9 6 6 ). An expository d ic tio n a ry of the New Testament.
(V o l. 4 ) .
Old Tappan, NJ: Fleming H. Revel 1 Co.
Wagner,
_
.
M. (1 9 7 4 ).
Zondervan.
Put i t a ll to g e th e r.
(1 9 7 5 ). The sensation o f being somebody.
ffl: Zondervan.
Wagner,
P. C. (1 9 7 9 ).
G lendale, CA:
Grand Rapids, MI:
Grand Rapids,
Your s p ir itu a l g if t s can help your church
Regal Books.
Wallenkampf, A. V.
(1 9 78 ).
New by the s p i r i t .
P a c ific Press Publishing Association.
Walvoord, J. F.
(1 9 7 5 ).
MI: Zondervan.
The Holy S p i r i t .
grow.
Mountain View, CA:
(3rd e d .)
GrandRapids,
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
168
Webb, A. B. (1 8 8 3 ). The presence and o ffic e o f the Holy S p i r it .
London: S keffington & Sons.
Weber, M.
(1 9 4 7 ). The theory o f social and economic o rg a n iza tio n .
(A. M. Henderson & T. Parsons, T ra n s .). New York: The Free
Press.
Wheelwright, J. B ., Wheelwright, J. H ., & Beuhler, H. A. (1 9 64 ).
Jungian Type Survey: The Gray-Wheelwright Test (16th
re v . ) .
San Francisco, CA: Society o f Jungian Analysts of
Northern C a lifo r n ia .
W hite, E. G. (1 9 41 ).
and H erald.
C h ris t's o b ject lessons.
Washington, DC:
Yohn, R.
(1 9 7 4 ). Discover your s p ir itu a l g i f t and use i t .
IL : Tyndale House.
Young. R.
(1 9 7 0 ). A n a ly tic a l concordance to the B ib le .
MI: Eerdmans.
Review
Wheaton,
Grand Rapids,
ARTICLES AND PERIODICALS
Barnes, R. S. (1 9 8 4 ). The miraculous g ifts c f the Holy S p i r it — Have
they ceased? The Journal o f Pastoral P ra c tic e , 7_U)» 18-33.
Boisen, A. T.
(1 9 5 1 ). Cooperation in q u iry in r e lig io n .
Pastoral C are, .5 (1 ), 17-26.
Journal o f
Bradway, K. (1 9 6 4 ). Jung's psychological types: C la s s ific a tio n by
te s t versus c la s s ific a tio n by s e lf . Journal o f A n a lytic a l
Psychology, £ , 129-135.
Buchsel, F.
(1 9 6 4 ). Didomi, doron, doreomai, dorema, dorea, dorean.
In G. K itte l & G. F ried ric h (Eds.) & G. Bromiley (T r a n s .),
Theological d ic tio n a ry o f the New Testament (V o l. 2, pp. 166167). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
B u tle r, J.
(1958, Autumn). Theology and psychology:
convergence. Encounter, 19, 391-406.
Some points o f
C abral, G. (1 9 8 4 ). Psychological types in a C atholic convent: A p p li­
cations to community liv in g and congregational d a ta . Journal
o f Psychological Type, 8, 16-22.
C arlyn, M. (1 9 7 7 ). An assessment of the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r.
Journal of P ers o n a lity Assessment, 41 ( 5 ) , 461-473.
Carskadon, T. G. (1 9 8 1 ). Psychological type and re lig io u s p re fe r­
ences. Research in Psychological Type, £ , 73-78.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
C larke, T. E.
(1983) Ju n g ian types and forms o f prayers.
R e lig io u s , 42 ( 5 ) , 661-676.
Review fo r
Cohen, D ., Cohen, M ., & Cross, H. (1 9 8 1 ). A construct v a l i d i t y study
o f the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r. Educational and Psycholo­
gical Measurement, 41^(3), 883-891.
Conzelmann, H. (1 9 7 4 ). Charisma, charism ata.
In G. K itt e l & G.
F rie d ric h (Eds.) & G. Bromiley (T r a n s .), Theological d ic tio n a ­
ry o f the New Testament (V o l. 9 , pp. 4 02 -4 0 6). Grand Rapids,
m"i Eerdmans.
DeN ovellis, R ., & Lawrence, G. (1 9 8 3 ). C orrelates o f teacher persona­
l i t y v aria b les (Myerst-B rig g s) and classroom observation data.
Research in Psychological Types, j j , 37-46.
E l l i s , E. E. (Jan, 1974).
'S p ir it u a l' g if t s in the Pauline community.
New Testament S tu d ies, 20,128-144.
Esser, H. H. (1 9 7 6 ). Grace, s p iritu a l g i f t s .
In Colin Brown (E d .),
The new in te rn a tio n a l d ic tio n a ry o f New Testament theology,
iyo \ . 2, pp. 1 15 -1 2 3). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
F le tc h e r, J. F. (1 9 5 2 ). P sychiatry and r e lig io n : C o n flic t or
synthesis? Journal o f Pastoral Care,
( 2 ) , 12-18.
Fourez, G. (1 9 7 2 ). Prayer and c e le b ra tio n in the C h ris tia n community.
Worship, 46 ( 3 ) , 141-148.
Gaster, W., Tobacyk, J . , & Dawson, I .
(1 9 8 4 ). Jungian type in r e t a il
store managers. Journal o f Psychological Type, ]_, 19-24.
Gerhardt, R. (1 9 83 ). L ib e ral re lig io n and p e rs o n a lity typ e.
search in Psychological Type, j>, 47-53.
Re­
Goldschmid, M, L.
(1 9 6 7 ). P red ic tio n o f college majors by p e rs o n a lity
type. Journal o f Counseling Psychology, 14, 302-308.
h 'a ll, W. B ., & MacKinnon, D. W. (1 9 6 9 ). P e rs o n a lity inventory corre­
la te s of c r e a t iv it y among a rc h ite s ts . Journal o f Applied
Psychology, 53 ( 4 ) , 322-326.
Harbaugh, G. L. (1 9 8 4 ). The person in m in is try : Psychological type
and the seminary. Journal o f Psychological Type, j3, 23-32.
Helson, R. (1 9 7 1 ). Women mathematicians and the c re a tiv e p e rs o n a lity .
Journal o f Consulting and C lin ic a l Psychology, 36 ( 4 ) , 589607.
Helson, R ., & C ru tc h fie ld , R. S. (1 9 7 0 ). C reative types in
mathematics. Journal o f P e rs o n a lity , 38 ( 2 ) , 177-197.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
170
Hoffman,
J. L ., & Betkouski, M. (1 9 8 1 ). A summary o f Myers-Briggs Type
In d ic a to r research a p p lic a tio n s in education. Research in
Psychological Type,
3-41.
Holsworth, T. E.
narian s.
(1 9 8 4 ). Type preferences among Roman C atholic semi­
Journal o f Psychological Type, j3, 33-35.
Ir w in , J . R. (1 9 4 7 ). Galen on the temperaments.
Psychology, 36, 45-64.
Journal o f General
J a r r e t t , J. T.
(1 9 72 ). The lo g ic of psychological opposition: Or how
opposite is opposite? Journal o f A n a ly tic a l Psychology, 24,
318-325.
—
Kaesemann, E. (1 9 6 4 ). M in is try and community in the New Testament.
In W. J . Montague (T r a n s .), Essays on New Testament Themes,
N a p e rv ille , IL : Alec R. Allenson.
L a u ren tin , R. (1 9 7 8 ). Term inological p re c is io n .
In C. Duquoc & C.
F lo ris ta n (E d s .), Chari sms in the church (pp. 3 -1 1 2 ). New
York: Seabury.
Levy, N ., Murphy, C ., J r . , & Carlson, R. (1 9 7 2 ). P ers o n a lity types
among negro college students. Educational and Psychological
Measurement, 32, 641-653.
L in d s e ll, Harold.
(1975, January).
Today, 1 9 ,5 -9 .
S p iritu a l g i f t s .
C h r is tia n ity
Loomis, M ., & S inger, J.
(1 9 8 0 ). Testing the b ip o la r assumption in
Jung's Typology. Journal of A n a ly tic a l Psychology, 25, 351356.
Madison, P ., W ild e r, D. H ., & S tu d d ifo rd , W. B. (1 9 6 3 ). The MyersBriggs Type In d ic a to r in academic coun;*i!inq ( S t a t is t ic a l U nit
Research Report No. 1 3 ). P rin ceton, NJ: Princeton
U n iv e rs ity , Counseling S ervice.
McCarley, N. G ., & Carskadon, T. G. (1 9 8 3 ). T e s t-re te s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s
o f scales and subscales o f the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r and
c r it e r i a fo r c lin ic a l in te r p r e tiv e hypotheses involving them.
Research in Psychological Type, 6_, 24-36.
Menninger, W. C. (1950, F a l l ) .
Psychiatry and re lig io n : Both aim a t
the re-establishm ent o f a sense o f relatedness, o f : c l f d ig n ity , o f self-acceotance in man. Pastoral Psychology, 1,
------------------- ---------14-16.
M etzner, R ., Burney, C ., & Mahlberg, A.
(1981) Towards a reform ulation
o f the typology o f fu n c tio n s . Journal o f A n a ly tic a l Psycholo26, 3 3 -4 7 .' *
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
171
M i l l e r . S. H. (1 9 52 ).
Exploring the boundary between r e lig io n and
p s y c h ia try . Journal o f Pastoral Care. j5 ( 2 ) , 1-11.
Narramore, B. (1 9 7 4 ). Where theology and psychology meet.
o f Psychology and Theology, 2_, 18-25'.
Oates, W.
(1 9 4 9 ). The ro le of r e lig io n in psychoses.
chology, ^ U ) . 21-30.
Journal
P astoral Psy-
Page, E. C.
(1 9 81 ). Finding your s p ir itu a l path and fo llo w in g your
s p ir itu a l path. G a in e s v ille , FL: CAPT.
P a ttis o n , M.
(1968).
Ego m o ra lity . An emerging psychotherapeutic
concept. Psychoanalytic Review, 5C, 187-222.
Peterson, N. L. (1959, November).
C h r is tia n ity Today, 9-12
C h r is tia n ity and p s y c h ia try .
P ic k fo rd , J. H. (1S69, December). B ap tist ind the charism atic
movement. Evangelical B a p tis t, 1 7 (2 ), 6 -9 .
Piepkorn, A.
(1971, May). Charisma in the New Testament and the
Apostolic F a th e rs." Concordia Theological Monthly, 42, 369-89.
Repicky,
R. A. (1 9 8 1 ). Jurgian typology andC h ris tia n s p i r i t u a l i t y .
Review fo r R e lig io u s , 40 ( 3 ) , 422-435.
Ross, J.
(1 9 6 6 ). The re la tio n s h ip between a Jungian p e rs o n a lity
inventory and te s ts of a b i l i t y , p e rs o n a lity , and in te r e s t.
A u s tra lia n Journal o f Psychology. 18 ( 1 ) , 1-17.
Saunders, D. R. ( i9 6 0 ) . Evidence bearing on the existence o f a r a t io ­
nal correspondence between the p e rs o n a lity typologies o f
Spranger and Jung (ETS RB 6 0 -6 ). P rin ceton, NJ: Educational
Testing S ervice.
___________.
(1 9 5 7 ). Evidence bearing on use o f the Myers-Briggs Type
In d ic a to r to s e le c t persons fo r advanced re lig io u s tra in in g
(ETS Rfi 5 7 -8 ). P rin ceto n , Nd:
Educational Testing S erv ice .
S chw eitzer, E. (1 9 6 8 ). Pneuma, pneumatikos.
In G. K itt e l & G.
F rie d ric h (E ds.) & G. Bromiley (T r a n s .), Theological d ic tio n a ­
ry o f the New Testament (V o l. 4, pp. 3 89 -451). Grand Rapids,
ml
Eerdmans.
S e lb ie , J . A. (1 8 9 9 ). G i f t .
In James Hastings (E d .), A d ic tio n a ry
o f the B ible dealing w ith it s language, l i t e r a t u r e , and
contents including B ib lic a l theology (V o l. 2 , pp. 172, 1 7 3 ).
New York: Charles S crib n e r's Sons.
Snyder, H. A.
(November 1973). The fe llo w s h ip o f the s p i r i t .
t i a n i t y Today, 15, 4 -7 .
C h ris -
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
172
S tr ie k e r , L. J . , & Ross, J.
(1 9 6 2 ). A d e sc rip tio n and evaluation of
the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r. Research B u lle tin RB-62-6.
P rin ceton, NJ: Educational Testing S ervice.
. (1 9 6 3 ). In te rc o rre la tio n s and r e l i a b i l i t y o f the MyersFriggs Type In d ic a to r scales. Psychological Reports, 12, 287293
(1 9 6 4 ). Some c o rre la te s o f a Jungian p e rs o n a lity
inventory. Psychological Reports, 14, 623-643.
S tr ie k e r , L. J . , Schiffman, H ., & Ross, J .
(1 9 6 5 ). P red ictio n o f
college performance w ith the Myers-Briggs Type In d ic a to r.
Educational and Psychological Measurement, 25 ( 4 ) , 1081-1095.
Timpe, R. L.
(1983, F a l l) .
Epistemological and metaphysical lim it s to
in te g ra tio n o f psychology and theology." Journal o f Psycholo­
gy and C h r is tia n it y , Z , 3.
V orlander, H.
(1 9 76 ). Doron. In C olin Brown (E d .), The new in te rn a ­
tio n a l d ic tio n a ry o f New Testament theology (V o l. 2, pp. 404 3 ).
Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Webb, S. C.
(1 9 6 4 ). An analysis o f the scoring system o f the MyersBriggs Type In d ic a to r.
Educational and Psychological Measure­
ment, 24, 765-781.
UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Ammon, Ray. ( n . d . ) . R elationship between p e rs o n a lity types & nine­
teen s p iritu a l g i f t s . Unpublished manuscript. Andrews
U n iv e rs ity , Berrien Springs, MI.
Beck, F. S. (1 9 7 3 ). A ffe c tiv e s e n s it iv it y o f counselor supervisors as
a dimension of growth in t h e ir tra in e e groups (Doctoral
d is s e rta tio n . U n iv e rs ity o f Southern C a lifo r n ia , 1972).
D is s e rta tio n Abstracts In te r n a tio n a l, 33, 3277A.
(U n iv e rs ity
HTcrofilm s "Nb'l 73-720)-------------------------------Bennett, L. L. (J u ly 1979). A study o f s p ir it u a l g if t s w ith a program
designed fo r it s understanding and implementation by a local
congregation. Unpublished Doctor o f M in is try p ro je c t,
Andrews U n iv e rs ity , B errien Springs, Ml.
Braun, J. A.
(1 9 71 ). The emphatic a b i l i t y o f psychotherapists as
re la te d to th e ra p is t perceptual f l e x i b i l i t y and professional
experience, p a tie n t in s ig h t, and th e r a p is t-p a tie n t s im ila r it y
(Doctoral d is s e rta tio n , Fordham U n iv e r s ity ). D is s e rta tio n
Abstracts In te rn a tio n a l, 32, 2391B. (U n iv e rs ity M icrofilm s
HoT 71-26, 956)--------------------
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
173
B u rt, R.
B. (1 9 6 8 ).
An e xp lo ra to ry study o f p e rso n a lity
m anifestations in pairiLiriys (Doctoral d is s e rta tio n , Duke
U n iv e rs ity , 1968). D is s e rta tio n Abstracts In te r n a tio n a l, 29,
1493B. (U n iv e rs ity M icrofilm s No. 6 8-14, 298)
Carlyn, M.
(1 9 7 6 ).
The re la tio n s h ip between Myers-Briggs p e rs o n a lity
c h a ra c te ris tic s and teaching preferences o f prospective
teachers.
(Doctoral d is s e rta tio n , Michigan State U n iv e rs ity ,
1976). D is s e rta tio n Abstracts In te r n a tio n a l, 37, 3493A.
(U n iv e rs ity M icrofilm s No. 76-27, 081)
Conary, F. M. (1 9 6 5 ). An in v e s tig a tio n of the v a r i a b ili t y of
behavioral response o f Jungian psychological types to s elect
educational variables (Doctoral d is s e rta tio n , Auburn
U n iv e rs ity , 1965). D i s s e r t a t i o n Abstracts In te rn a tio n a l, 26,
5222. (U n iv e rs ity M icrofilm s No. 82-06, lS l)
Cook, D.
A. (1 9 6 9 ).
Is Jung's typology true?
A th e o re tic a l
and
experimental TEudy of some assumptions im p lic it in a theory of
Benrsiv oe nr saitylity,
types jUnpublished doctoral d is s e rta tio n , Duke
Nov. 1969).
D ie t l, J. A. (1 9 8 0 ). A study r e fle c tin g the dominant p e rs o n a lity
s ty le most successful in exem plifying e ffe c tiv e s itu a tio n a l
leadership w ith in a corporate organization (Doctoral
d is s e rta tio n , United States In te rn a tio n a l U n iv e rs ity ).
D is s e rta tio n Abstracts In te r n a t io n a l, 42, (1 0 ), 4509A.
Everd, R. D. (1 9 7 3 ). Conceptualizing the fu tu re :
Im plications fo r
s tra te g ic management in a tu rb u le n t environment (Doctoral
d is s e r ta tio n , U n iv e rs ity o f C a lifo r n ia , 1973). D is s e rta tio n
Abstracts In te r n a tio n a l, 37, 1875B. (U n iv e rs ity M icrofilm s
NoV 76-22, 381)-------------------F re d eric k, A. H.
(1 9 75 ). S e lf-a c tu a liz a tio n and p e rs o n a lity type:
comparative study o f doctoral majors in educational
ad m in is tra tio n and the helping re la tio n s (Doctoral
d is s e rta tio n , U n iv e rs ity o f Alabama, 1974). D is s e rta tio n
A bstracts In te rn a tio n a l, 35, 7055A-7056A. (U n iv e rs ity
M icrofilm s too. 75-9896)
A
G aster, W. D. (1982, December). A study o f p e rs o n a lity type as a
p re d ic to r o f success in r e t a il store management (Doctoral
d is s e rta tio n , Louisiana Technical U n iv e rs ity , 1982). D isserta tio n Abstracts In te r n a tio n a l, 43, 4020A.
Graber, J. B. (1 9 4 7 ). The temporary g if t s o f the Holy S p i r i t . Unpu­
blished m aster's th e s is , Dallas Theological Seminary, D a lla s ,
TX.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
174
Hay, 0. (i .
(1 9 64 ). The re la tio n s h ip o f c e rta in p e rs o n a lity v ariab les
to managerial le v e l and job performance among engineering
managers (Doctoral d is s e rta tio n . Temple U n iv e rs ity , 1964).
D is s e rta tio n Abstracts In te r n a tio n a l, 25, 3973. (U n iv e rs ity
M icrofilm s No. 64-13, 684)
Joachim, R. L. (1 9 84 ). R elationship between four temperament types
and nineteen s p ir itu a l g ifts (Doctoral d is s e rta tio n , Andrews
U n iv e rs ity , August, 1984).
Kainz, R
I.
(1 9 7 6 ). A comparison o f the Myers-Briggs Type In d ica ­
to r and the Vocational Preference Inventory in 405 high
school s en io rs . Unpublisned paper.
Laney, A
R. (1949) Occupational im p lic a tio n s o f the Jungian persona­
l i t y fu n ctio n -typ es as id e n tifie d by the Myers-Briggs Type
In d ic a to r-! Unpublished m aster's th e s is , George Washington
U n iv e rs ity , 1949.
P erry, H W. (1 9 7 5 ). Relationships among selected p e rs o n a lity
v aria b les o f psychologists and t h e ir professional o rie n ta tio n .
(Doctoral d is s e r ta tio n , Notre Dame U n iv e rs ity , 1974.
D is s e rta tio n Abstracts In te r n a tio n a l, 35, 6080B.
(U n iv e rs ity
M icrofilm s No. 75-13, 100)
R o g illio , B. L.
(1 9 7 1 ). How the s p ir itu a l g if t s of the LAOS can be
c a lle d f o r t h , developed, anti u t iliz e d in the local church.
(Doctoral d is s e r ta tio n , Southern B a p tis t Theological Seminary,
December 1971).
(U n iv e rs ity M icrofilm s No. 72-6483)
Stone, R
B.
(1 9 7 8 ). A lo n g itu d in a l study o f e ffe c ts o f selected
p e rs o n a lity and in te re s t te s tin g on c u rr ic u la r choice and
progress level of students (Doctoral d is s e r ta tio n , Western
Michigan U n iv e rs ity , 1978). D is s e rta tio n Abstracts In te r ­
national , 39, 599A. (U n iv e rs ity M icrofilm s No. 78-12307)
V elsor,
'. V ., & Campbell, D. (1 9 8 4 ). Pearson c o rre la tio n s : MyersBriggs continuous scores and C a lifo rn ia P e rs o n a lity Inventory.
Unpublished raw d ata.
W right,
I. A. (1 9 6 6 ). The re la tio n s h ip o f rated a d m in is tra to r and
teacher e ffectiven ess to p e rs o n a lity as measured by the MyersBriggs p e rs o n a lity type in d ic a to r (Doctoral d is s e r ta tio n ,
Claremont Graduate School, 1966). D is s e rta tio n Abstracts In ­
te rn a tio n a l , 28, 981A.
(U n iv e rs ity M icrofilm s flo. 6 7-10 , 765)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
VITA
Name:
Chek Yat Phoon
Place o f b irth :
Penang, Malaysia
Date o f b ir th :
March 4, 1948
M a rita l status:
Married to S a lly Lam Chow Hin
Education:
Southeast Asia Union C o lle g e, Singapore
1971 Bachelor o f Theology (cum laude)
Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary (F ar E a s t),
P h ilip p in e s
1980 Master o f Arts in R eligion (magna cum laude)
1980 Master o f D iv in it y (magna cum laude)
Andrews U n iv e rs ity ; Berrien Springs, Michigan
1987 Doctor o f Philosophy, Religious Education
Experience:
1967-68 - Nurse a id e , Penang A dventist H o s p ita l, Malaysia
1972-74 - B ib le teacher and school c h ap lain , Sunny H ill
School, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia
Associate p a s to r, Kuching Seventh-day A dventist Church
East Malaysia
1975-76 - Church p a sto r, Seventh-day A dventist Churches
of Kuala Lumpur and Seremban, Malaysia
1977
- Church p a sto r, Seventh-day A dventist Churches o f
Melaka and Muar, Malaysia
Acting Youth and Temperance D ire c to r, West
Malaysia-Singapore Mission
1978-82 - In s tru c to r, Theology Department, Southeast Asia
Union C o lleg e, Singapore
1983-84 - Asst. Professor and Chairman o f Theology
Department, Southeast Asia Union C o lle g e,
Singapore
1984
- Graduate a s s is ta n t, School of Education,
(s p rin g ) Religious Education, Andrews U n iv e rs ity ,
Michigan
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Professional
Memberships: 1981-84
Member, Samaritans o f Singapore
1982-84
Associate member, Singapore Association o f
Social Workers
1985-86
Member, R eligious Research A sso ciatio n , Storrs
Connecticut
Appointment: 1986 -
Chairman o f Theology Department, Southeast Asi
Union C ollege, Singapore
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.