Jurnal Pendidikan dan Praktik

Moving forward
improving nursing
education
Jurnal Pendidikan dan Praktik
Keperawatan Indonesia
IN DON ESIAN NURS'ruG JOU RNAL
OF EDUCATION AND CLINIC
(tNJEC)
a
r
r
e
r
r
r
o
lncreasing Self Empowerment
Education Based on Health Promotion Model
Wound Care Using Honey Toward Calculation Value and Type of Leukocyte in Post-Herniotomy Patients
The Braden 5cale, Norton Scale and the Cubbin-Jackson Scale in Assessing the Risk of Pressure Ulcer in the Intensive Care
unit (tcu)
Coping Stategy and Children Characteristic to Parental Acceptance in Parents of Children with Leukernia Using Transactional
Theory Approach
Best Parenting-Parents to Diet and Food-consumption on Toddlers
Plastic Bag Wrap for Prevention of Hypothermia in Preterm and Low-Birth Weight lnfants
The Provison of Orientation to the Anxiety Levels of the New Patient at the Ponek (Obgyn) General Hospital Jombang
Therapy for Auditory Hallucination Patients
Jurnal Pendidikan dan Praktik
Keperawatan Indonesia
Volume
Nomor
02
01
Halaman
t- t4b
Bulan
April 2015
ISSN
2302-8920
ISSN 2302-8920
JURNAL PENDIDIKAN DAN PRAKTIK KEPERAWATAN INDONESIA
INDONESIA'V NURS'TVG JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND CLINIC (INJEC)
ISSN 2302 - 8920
Vol.2No.1April2015
SUSUNAN PENGURUS INJEC
Penasehat (Patron)
Muh. Hadi, SKM, M.Kep (KetuaAIPNI)
Prof. Dra. Elly Nurachmah, DNSc.
Pengarah
Kusman lbrahim, S.Kp., MNS., Ph.D (Wakil Ketua AIPNI)
Dr. Enie Noviastari, S.Kp., MN. (Sekretaris AIPNI)
Hajul Kamil, S.Kp., M.Kep. (Wakil Sekretaris Aipni)
Setiawan, S.Kp., MNS., PhD (Ketua Bidang Litbang AIPNI)
Penyunting (Etlitor)
Ketua: Prof. Dr. Nursalam, M.Nurs (Hons)
Sekretaris: Dr. Saryono, S.Kp., M.Kes.
Penyunting Pelaksana (Review er)
Mamat Lukman, S.Kp., M.Kes.; Dr, Fitri Haryanti, S.Kp., M.Kes.;
Dr. Kusnanto, S.Kp., M.Kes.;Purwaningsih, S.Kp., M.Kes; Dr. Suriadi, AWCS.;
Elsi Dwi Hapasari, S.Kp., MSN., PhD.;Dr. Ahsan, S.Kp., M.Kes';
Teuku Tahlil, Ph.D; Edy Susanto, S.Kp., M.Kes.;
Uswatun Hasanah, Ns. MNS; Ririn Probowati, S.Kp., M.Kes.
Asisten Penyunting
Sri Erniasih, Andi Analia Wildani, Sonya Fianna Indra, Anriyatun
Pendanaan (Tleasure)
Emiliana Tarigan, S.Kp., M.Kes. (Bendahara);
Wahyu Hidayati, S.Kp., M.Kep (Wakil Bendahara); Dr. Tonika Tohri.
Fatmawati, S.Kp., M.Kes.; Sri Wahyuni, Ns, M.Kep, Sp.Kep.Anak
Pemasaran (semua Regional)
Secretary Office:
Asosiasi Institusi Pendidikan Ners Indonesia (AIPNI)
The Association of Indonesian Nurse Education Center (AINEC)
Jl. Rawa Bambu Blok A No. 01 RT.07/07 Komplek BATAN
Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan 12520
Telephone/Fax: 021-7806091, 021-7806095
E-mail: secretary-ainec@yahoo.co.id
Website: www.aipni-ainec.com
oc 04v03.t51AUP-5758
ISSN 2302-8920
JURNAL PENDIDIKAN DAN PRAKTIK KEPERAWATAN INDONESIA
INDONESIAN NURSING JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND CLINIC (INJEC)
ISSN 2302 - 8920
Vol.2 No.
1
April2015
DAFTAR ISI GONTENN
HALAMAN
(PAGES)
1. Metacognition Approach Methode Towards Problem Solving Skills and Attitude
Performance for Practicioner Students Nurse Tanjungpura University
(Model Pendekatan Metakognisi terhadap Kemampuan Mengatasi Masalah dan
Penampilan Sikap pada Mahasiswa Profesi Ners Universitas Tanjungpura)
Arina Nurfianti, Suhaimi Fauzan, Berthy Adiningsih
2.
l-4
Standardized Patients Experience (SPE) in Improving Therapeutic Communication
Skill of Undergraduate Nursing Students Compared Io Early Clinical Exposure
(ECE)
(Metode Standardized Patients Experience (SPE) untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan
Komunikasi Terapeutik pada Mahasiswa Sarjana Keperawatan Dibandingkan
dengan Early Clinical Exposure (ECE))
Ryan Hara Permana, Made Sumarwati
3.
5-13
Students Interest in Continuing Professional Education Nurses in Health Education
Institutions in Banyumas
(Minat Mahasiswa dalam Melanjutkan Pendidikan Profesi Ners di Institusi
Pendidikan Kesehatan di Banyumas)
Rahmaya Nova Handayani, Adiratna
4.
Sekarsiwi..
1410
Nurses' Caring Behaviors in the Implementation of Perioperative Nursing Care in
Public Hospitals of Bahteramas Kendari
(Perilaku Caring Perawat dalam Pelaksanaan Asuhan Keperawatan Perioperatif
di BLUD RSU Bahteramas Kendari)
Heltty
5.
2l-31
Aerobic Exercise on Body Mass Index (BMI) Change in Person with Overweight
and Obesity
(Latihan Aerobik Terhadap Perubahqn Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) pada Individu
Overweight dan Obesitas)
A
Muriyati, Patima, A.
6.
Suswani
Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Wound Cleansing Solution
..
3216
in Diabetic
Wound Care
(Studi Komparatif Efektivilas Cairan Pencucian Luka Diabetes Mellitus)
Achmad Fauji, Puji Sarwati, Nur Miladiyah Rahmah, Aluwi Sani Nirwana....... 37-41
7.
Overcome Constipation of Stroke Non Haemorrhagic Patient by Applying Range
of Motion (ROM) and Abdomen Warm Compress
(Mengatasi Konstipasi Posien Stroke Non Hemoragik Melalui ROM Pasif dan
Terapi Kompres Air Hangat pada Abdomen)
Mazly Astuty, Dameria
Ginting......
42-47
T
8. Diabetes Self Management Education
Against 'fype 2 DM Patients Independence
in Managing Diet
(Diabetes Self Management Education terhadap Kemandirian Pasien DM Tipe 2
dalam Mengelola Diet)
48-5r
Hariyono, 0karia Nur Sababa
Quality of Life of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus with Diabetes Empowerment Education Based on Health Promotion
Model
(peningkatan Self Empowerment dan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Diabetes Mellitus
Tipe 2 dengan Pendekatan DEE Berbasis Health Promotion Model)
9. Increasing Self Empowerment and
Nian Afrian Nuari......
10.
Wound Care Using Honey Toward Calculation Value and Type of Leukocyte in
Post-herniotomY Patients
(Perawatan Luka Menggunakan Madu terhadap Nilai Hitung dan Jenis Leukosit
pada Pasien Pasca HerniotomY)
Eni Kusyati, Ni Nyoman Martaningtyas.'."""'
11.
The Braden Scale, Norton Scale and the Cubbin-Jackson Scale in Assessing the
Risk of Pressure Ulcer in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
(Skala Braden, Skala Norton, dan Skata Cubbin-Jackson dalam Mengkaii Risiko
Dekttbitus pada Pasien di Ruang Intensive Care Unit)
Dini Rudini..................
in Parents
12. Coping Strategy and Children Characteristic to Parental Acceptance
6t-65
66-69
of
Children with Leukemia Using Transactional Theory Approach
(Coping Strategy dan Karakteristik Anak terhadap Parental Acceptance Orang Tua
)"ig M".punyai Anak Leukemia dengan Pendekatan Transactional Theory)
Iqlima Drvi Kurnia, Yuni Sufyanti Arief, Kristiawati
13.
s2-60
70-:76
Best Parenting-parents to Diet and Food-consumption on Toddlers
(Pola Asuh orang Tua Terbaik untuk Pola Makan dan Konsumsi Makanan pada
Balita)
Heri Bahtiar, Maelina Ariyanti, Aswati.'.""
77-8r
t4. Plastic Bag Wrap for Prevention of Hypothermia in Preterm and Low-Birth Weight
Infants
(Plastic Bag Wrap untuk Mencegah Terjadinya Hipotermi pada Bayi Prematur
dan Berat Lahir Rendah)
15.
Dian Ramawati, Hikmi Muharromah Pratiwi, Candra Andodo
The provison of Orientation to the Anxiety Levels of the New Patient at the Ponek
(Obgyn) General HosPital Jombang
(Pemrberian orientasi terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan pada Pasien Baru di Ruang
Ponek RSUD Jombang)
88-91
Rodiyah, SupriliYah Praningsih
16.
82-87
Spouse's Counter Pressure Practice Method for Reducing Pain of Mother's in First
Stage Labour
Uetode Counter Pressure oleh Suqmi untuk Mengurangi Nyeri lbu dalam
Proses Persalinqn Kala I)
(fiktik
Sri Rejeki, Tri Hartiti, Nikmatul
Khayati
17. Acceptance of Music Stimulation Therapy for Auditory Hallucination Patients
(Tingkat Penerimaan Terapi stimulasi suara pada Pasien Halusinasi Dengar)
Arum Pratiwi, Agus Sudaryanto
92-96
97-102
18. Psychopoetry Therapy Model Towards Enhancing Cognitive's Insight Clients on
Mental Disorders in Psychiatric Hospital
(Modet Terapi Psychopoetry terhadap Peningkatan Daya Tilik Diri secara Kognitif
pada Klien Gangguan Jiwa di Rumah Sakit Jiwa)
Yeni Hendriani............
103-107
19. Physical Exercise Towards the changing Score of Risk Falls on Elderly
(Senam Kebugaran Jasmani Lansia terhadap Perubahan Skor Risiko Jatuh
Lansia)
Silvia Malasari, Nuurhidayat Jafar, Ade Irma Rahayu
108-112
20. Logotheraphy to Elderly Dependence
(Logoterapi terhadap Ketergantungan Lans ia)
Nia Restiana, Rosy Rosnawanty.................
113-lI7
21. Ergonomic Exercises to Decrease Joint Pain Scale and Muscle Strength in
Elderly
(Senam Ergonomis terhadap Penurunan Skala Nyeri Sendi dan Kekuatan Otot
pada Lanjut Usia)
Titih Huriah, Ema Waliyanti, Afiani Septina Rahmawati, Yuliana Mz Matoka.... 118-125
RGO (Rendam Gosok Oleslsook Rub TopicalsRT) on the Self Care
Level of Leprosy Clients
(Coaching: RGO (Rendam, Gosok, Oles) terhadap Tingkat Kemandirian Perawatan
22. Coaching:
Diri Klien Kusta)
Tantut Susanto, Wantiyah..
23.
126-132
Service Quality of Nurse in the Scope ofNational Health Insurance in Batu City
(Kualitas Pelayanan Keperawatan dalam Konteks Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional
di Kota Batu)
Sih Ageng Lumadi, Pipin Shintya
24. Mental
Wu1andari..............
133-138
Stress Management Based on Audio-Visual Media
(Manajemen Stres Berbasis Media Audio Visual)
Maria Frani Ayu A.D, Heri
Kristianto...........
139-146
PHYSICALEXERCISETOWARDSTHECHANGINGSCORE
OF RISK FALLS ON ELDERLY
(Senam Kebugaran Jasmani Lansiu terhadap Perubahan Skor Risiko Jatuh Lunsia)
Silvia Malasari*, Nuurhidayat Jafar*, Ade Irma Rahayu**
*Lecturer of Gerontology and Community Nursing, Nursing Study Program,
Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University
**Students of Nursing Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University
E-mail: ners.silvi@gmail.com
ABSTRAK
pendahuluan. Kejadian jatuh pada lanjut usia yang berusia 65 tahun ke atas di Indonesia adalah sekitar 30-50%
jatuh pada lansia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
setiap tahunnya. Latihan fisik iiharapkan dapat meigurangi risiko
perubah4n skor risiko jatuh di Kelurahan
terhadap
mengidentifikasi pengaruh senam kebugaranjasmanilSKJflansia
ini menggunakan quasi-experimental design dengan
Tammua, Kecamatan Tallo, Kota Makassar. Metode. Penelitian
menggunakan purposive sampling' di mana diperoleh
rancangan one group pretest-posttest design. Sampel diambil
T-Test. Hasil. Didapatkan pengaruh bermakna sKJ
Sample
sampel sebanyak 17 lansia. Data diuji menggunakan Paired
pengaruh SKJ lansia-terhadap perubahan
Diskusi'.Ada
(p
0,000).
jatul
=
lansia
lansia terhadap perubahan skor risiko
jatuh lansia, diharapkan kepada para kader untuk tetap rutin
skor risiko jatuh yang dilihat dari p.nurl'rnun sko, iisiko
pencegahan jatuh sejak dini'
melaksanakan SIif mi minimal sekali seminggu di sebagai upaya
Kata kunci: Senam lansia, risiko jatuh, lansia
ABSTRACT
in Indonesia is approximately 30-50% annually'
Introduction. Incidence offalls in elderly whose above 65 years old
influence of
physical exercise might rliuce the risk offatl in elderly. Th" purpor" of this study was to determine the
Tallo
Tammua'
in
of
elderly
score
risk
regular physical exercise or "Senam Keiugaran Jasmini" $kl-nwards falt
with one group pretest-posttest design' 17 elderly
District, Makassar. Method. This study was quasi-experimen'tal design
used Paired Sample T-Test' Results' There
people were collected by purposive sampliig technically. Data processing
score alteration (p -- 0'000; eta square =
risk
elderly fall
was significant influence of regulo, phyiical exercise towards
towards fall risk score change' This
exercises
physical
of
effect
an
0,64). Discussion. This stiay"reveaied that there ,was
a regular physical exercise once a week
research suggests health vilunteer workers (kader) of fi*^ui ti accomodate
as an early Prevention
offalls.
Keywords: Regular physical exercise,fall risk, elderly
exercise that can increase muscle strength and
endurance in elderlY.
INTRODUCTION
Falling is a major cause of most
accidents in elderly aged 65 years and over
Tammua village, is one of the villages
that activate the SKJ for elderly in their working
area. But there are still some Rukun Warga
(RW) does not organize it routinely. Based on
(Forsyth, Quon & Konkle,2011). Aging causes
a decrease in lower extremity muscle strength'
This can lead to slowness of movement, short
steps, the feet cannot tread stronger and more
the report of the activities of Geriatric Nursing
Practice from Nursing School of Hasanuddin
volatile (Darmojo, 2011), resulting in falls in
University (PSIK UNHAS) in 2012, it
is known that the number of elderly in the
elderly.
Physical exercise is a component of
interventions designed to identify the risk and
fall prevention (American Geriatric Society
quoted in Forsyth, Quon & Konkle, 2011)'
According to Suhardo (cited in Widyantoro,
Rosdiana & Fasitasari, 2012), gymnastics/
physical exercise (SKJ) is one form ofphysical
116 people and those with
18 people. Through
were
a history of falling
this research proposal the authors intend to
examine the effect of SKJ on the prevention
of fall in elderly in Tammua Village, Tallo
District. Makassar.
village Tamua were
108
Physical Exercise Towards the Changing Score of Risk Falls on Elderly (Silvia Malasari, dkk.)
METHOD
(SAFE), which has been modified, in which the
elderly fall into the high-risk criteria are with
This research was a quantitative study
of Quasi-experimental design with the design
a score> 11. Collecting data using functional
fall risk assessment, the Timed Up and Go test
of one group pretest-posttest design. The study
(TUG), which marked a high fall risk elderly
when completing this test > 14 seconds. Leg
muscle strength was measured using a leg
dynamometer brand Takei 45402. Bivariate
was conducted in RW 3 and RW 4 Tammua
Village, District Tallo, Makassar from the
date of July 14, 2014 until August 10, 2014
every Wednesday and Sunday. The sample
analyze by using Paired-Samples T Test using
collection used purposive sampling technique.
Sampling was based on the results of screening
the data in the form of numerical significance
value ofp < 0.005 and eta square to see the
dsing the multifactorial falls risk assessment
Screening Assessment for Falls Evaluation
strength of the effect of SKJ elderly.
RESULT
Table 1. Frequency Distribution of Fall Risk based on Characteristics of Respondents in RW 3 and
RW 4 Tammua, Tallo, Makassar, July-August,2014 (n : 17)
Risk of Fall
Low
Characteristics
High
./,
t/"
Age
60-74years (elderly)
s3.8
7
6
46.2
a
J
't5.0
I
25.0
8
47.r
9
52.9
Male
I
50.0
1
50.0
Female
7
46.7
8
53.3
52.9
5
38.s
-)
a
100
I
100
old
Total
Gender
47.l
Total
History of Fall (12 months)
Never
61.5
0
0
Once
More than once
52.9
47.r
Total
Table 2.LegMuscle Strength pretest and posttest of Respondents in RW 3 and RW 4 Ex' Tammua'
district. Tallo, Makassar, July-August, 2014 (n: l7)
Leg Muscle
Strength Mesn
Pretest
Posttest
Std. Error
SD
Mean
of
Minimum
Maximum
24.824
7.780r
1.886
12.5
41.0
28.424
8.9407
2.168
12.5
46.5
4 Ex'
Table 3. The distribution of fall Risk at pretest and posttest among elderly ts in RW 3 and RW
Tammua. district. Tallo, Makassar, July-August,2014 (n: 17)
Low (< 14 second)
High (Z t4
Total (n
Posttest
Prestest
Fall risk
oh
"h
8
47.r
l4
82.4
9
52.8
100.0
t7
100.0
t'l
109
r7.6
Jurnal INJEC Vol. 2 No. 1April2015: 108-112
Table 4. Paired-Sample T Test (Pre-Post) of risk falls among respondents before and after SKJ Elderly
in RW 3 and RW 4, Tammua, district. Tallo, Makassar, in July - August 2014 (n: l7)
Pretest-Posttest
Pair PrePost
n
11
SD
95% Confidence fnterval
of the DWrence
L541
Lower
Upper
1.208
2.792
I
showed that the majority of
respondents (8 respondents) who did not have
a history of falling can complete the TUG test
Table
Sig.
p value Eta Square
0.000
0,64
four respondents had high risk of falling. The
majority of respondents (8 respondents) who
did not have a history of falling can complete
the TUG test with fine score (< 14 seconds).
with fine score (< 14 seconds).
Significance value for the p value of the
These results are consistent with Farabi's study
Q007) which examined the relationship of the
TUG test and the frequency of falls. It is stated
that the respondents who having slow motion
or walking impairment, the incidence of falls
increases as TUG test time takes longer. This
statistical test is 0.000, smaller than alpha value
of 0.05, indicating a significant influence. The
table above showed that half numbers of the
respondents have high fall risk before starting
SKJ elderly (52.8%). After the SKJ elderly,
the number of respondents with a low risk of
falling increased to largely (82.4%).
occurs due to the aging process that occurs in
elderly result in changing of postural control
that may play a significant role for most falls.
All respondents were in the category of
less muscle strength (< 65 kg). Along with the
increase of age, the function of musculoskeletal
system of elderly was deacrease. One ofthem is
a lack of muscle strength caused by a decrease
in muscle mass (muscle atrophy). Decrease in
muscle size and loss of muscle mass in elderly
is more common in the lower extremities. Bone,
joint, and muscle is associated components. If
a joint is not used as well as a decrease in
bone mass, then the bones and muscles that
cross the joints will be shortened, resulting
in muscle also weakened. Decrease fall risk
score is closely associated with increase of
muscle strength. This makes the elderly more
powerful in supporting the body.
DISCUSSION
The risk of falling among respondents by
half of respondents (52.9%),
age was less than
risk of falling. This indicates
that, with age, the elderly have risk of falls
(mean age was 70.41 years). These results
are consistent with the theory expressed by
Darmojo (2011) who says that fall is one of the
main problems for elderly, caused by changes
in the physiology of intrinsic factor elderly
musculoskeletal system began to decrease.
Three-quarters of female respondents
(76.5%) had high-risk fall before doing SKJ
for elderly. As Elanor (cited in Fatmah, 2009)
'claimed that the generally elderly men are
less at risk of falling than women. Women
also have less muscle mass than men. Males
had a peak bone mass (peak bone mass)
is larger and not accelerating bone loss as
experienced by women due to loss of estrogen
after menopause. Iinattiniemi, Jokelainen &
Luukinen (2008) also state that female can
increase the risk of falls in the elderly.
Overall, there are four respondents with
a history of falling (once and more than once
to fall) who completed the test Timed Up and
Go (TUG) > 14 seconds indicating that the
have a high
All
respondents were in the category
of less leg muscle strength (< 65 kg), however
it also illustrates that almost all respondents
had an increase in muscle strength scores
from pretest to posttest. The lowest score of
leg muscles strength, which is 12.5 kg before
SKJ elderly and remains 12.5 kg after SKJ
elderly. This is because the respondents have
a fever and the lack of appetite that could
have an impact on the decline in the energy
metabolism of the respondents. These results
are similar to Akmal (2013) which says that
ll0
fr
T
Physical Exercise Towards the Changing Score of Risk Falls on Elderly (Silvia Malasari, dkk.)
energy is a major intake required by the body
for metabolic processes at the cellular level to
maintain balance and to working muscles.
the exercise proved to be safe and benefit to
reduce the risk offalls due to fracture.
The results of this study indicate that
SKJ for elderly have an influence on the
decrease of falls risks which increases muscle
strength. This is supported by the continuity
and duration of SKJ. Muscle strength is very
supportive for elderly to support the body so
that can reduce the fall risk scores which is
seen from the decline in the elderly TUG test
score in RW 3 and RW 4, Village Tammua,
District Tallo, Makassar.
Half numbers of the respondents have
high fall risk before starting SKJ elderly
(52.8%). After the SKJ elderly, the number of
respondents with a low risk of falling increases
to largely (82.4%). The opposite occurs in the
number of respondents to the high risk of falls
decreased from half of the respondents (52.
ta
17.60/o.
8%o)
This means there is significant
changes in the number of respondents in the
category of risk of falling. The significant
reduction in the mean value of the risk of falls
in elderly SKJ respondents after purchase, ie
from 13.24 seconds before giving SKJ elderly
to 10.75 seconds after administration of SKJ
CONCLUSION
Physical exercise (SKJ) could affect the
score of fall risk of elderly in Tammua village,
District Tallo, Makassar.
elderly.
Significance value for the p value
of the statistical test is 0.000, smaller than
alpha value of 0.05, indicating a significant
RECOMMENDATION
Health Program for elderly should be
prioritized in anticipation of the incidents
of falls. This includes such actions of
influence. Eta square value of 0.64 is obtained,
is greater than 0.14 indicate a strong effect.
This means Physical Exercise/SKJ elderly
preventive health education, gymnastics, and
Therapeutic Activity Group (TAK). In addition
rehabilitative measures should be developed
to prevent the permanent effects of falls in
elderly. Elderly Physical fitness (SKJ) is highly
recommended to be conducted regularly. The
involvement of a kader is expected to facilitate
the implementation of this SKJ at least once
have a strong influence and effects ofchanges
in the elderly offall risk score. Fall risk score
of respondents before and after SKJ elderly
decreased significantly. This is shown in table
4.4 which states fall risk ratio pretest and
posttest respondents, where there is an increase
in the number of respondents with a lower risk
of falls, from 8 respondents (47.1%) before
the administration of SKJ to 14 respondents
(82.4%) after SKJ.
a week.
offalls each respondent
is also displayed numerically which shows
the mean values of 13.24 seconds before
the treatment becomes 10.76 seconds after
Decreased risk
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protein, aktivitas fsik, dan status gizi
antqra lansia lansia yang mengikuti
dan tidak mengikuti senam bugar
treatment. Changes in the mean values indicate
significant changes regarding the effect of SKJ
I ons
elderly towards the changing score of fall
Diponegoro: Semarang, diakses
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to Kam,
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Smulders &
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density. As also expressed by linattiniemi,
Jokelainen & Luukinen (2008) in their study
Indonesia: Jakarta.
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lll
Jurnal INJEC Vol. 2 No. I April2015: 108-112
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