Kigali, 13 Ukwakira 2011 Lemigo Hotel

Transcription

MIJESPOC - MIGEPROF
Promoting freedom, responsibility and
professionalism of the media
INAMA NYUNGURANA-BITEKEREZO KU
ITANGAZAMAKURU N’UMUCO WA KINYARWANDA
Kigali, 13 Ukwakira 2011
Lemigo Hotel
Promoting freedom, responsibility and
professionalism of the media
©Media High Council, 2012
P.O. Box 6929, Kigali - Rwanda
Phone: +250 252 570 333/4
Email: info@mhc.gov.rw Website: www.mhc.gov.rw
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the MHC.
IBIRIMO
1. Gufungura inama ku mugaragaro .............................................................................1
Intangiriro ..............................................................................................................................2
2 .Ibiganiro .............................................................................................................................3
2.1. Itsinda rya 1 ...............................................................................................................3
2.1.1. Kugereranya umuco wa kinyarwanda mu gihe cyo hambere no
muri iki gihe............................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Politiki y’igihugu yo kwimakaza umuco w’u Rwanda mu muryango nyarwanda..............................................................................................................4
2.1.3 Kungurana ibitekerezo.........................................................................................5
2.2. Itsinda rya Kabiri.....................................................................................................6
2.2.2. Isesengura ry’ibiganiro, inkuru, n’amafoto bitambuka mu
bitangazamakuru byo mu Rwanda.................................................................7
2.2.3: Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru (media freedom)
n’uburenganzira bw’abana urubyiruko n’abagore.......................................8
2.2.4 Kungurana ibitekerezo.........................................................................................9
Abanyamakuru batanga ibiganiro birebana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere
batanze ibitekerezo bikurikira ...................................................................................13
2.3. Itsinda rya gatatu....................................................................................................15
2.3.1 Uruhare rw‘itangazamakuru mu gutanga inyigisho zirebana
n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, habungabungwa umuco
w’abanyagihugu ..................................................................................................15
2.3.1. Itangazamakuru, umuco n’amahoro ..............................................................16
2.3.2. Agaciro k’umuco nyarwanda mu nkubiri y’iterambere mu
ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho ................................................................................16
Raporo y’Inama nyungurana-bitekerezo ku Itangazamakuru n’umuco wa Kinyarwanda
iii
Imyanzuro y’Inama ................................................................................................................17
IMIGEREKA : IBIGANIRO BIRAMBUYE ............................................................... 19
IKIGANIRO CYA MBERE: Kugereranya umuco wa kinyarwanda
mu gihe cyo hambere n’uko uhagaze muri iki gihe ......................................................... 21
IKIGANIRO CYA KABIRI: Politiki y’igihugu mu kwimakaza umuco
nyarwanda mu muryango nyarwanda .................................................................................24
IKIGANIRO CYA GATATU: Uruhare rw’itangazamakuru mu guteza
imbere umuco............................................................................................................................ 28
IKIGANIRO CYA KANE: Isesengura ry’inkuru, ibiganiro n’amafoto
bitambuka mu bitangazamakuru byo mu Rwanda muri iki gihe ................................. 36
IKIGANIRO CYA GATANU: Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru
n’uburenganzira bw’abana urubyiruko n’abagore ............................................................45
IKIGANIRO CYA GATANDATU: Uruhare rw’itangazamakuru mu
gutanga inyigisho zirebana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, habungabungwa
umuco w’igihugu ......................................................................................................................48
iv
Ijambo ry’ibanze
Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru (MHC) ni urwego rwigenga, rufite inshingano ruhabwa
n’itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 4 Kamena 2003 mu ngingo yaryo ya
34, zikaba zarasobanuwe ku buryo burambuye mu ngingo ya 6 y’itegeko N° 30/2009 ryo ku wa
16/09/2009 rigena inshingano, imiterere n’imikorere by’Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru. Mu
ngingo yaryo ya 6 (8) MHC yahawe inshingano yo kugenzura ko ibitangazamakuru biha agaciro
umuco w’igihugu.
Mu Rwanda, itangazamakuru rifite uruhare rukomeye mu guha agaciro umuco nyarwanda
binyuze mu biganiro, ibitaramo, imivugo, inyandiko zigisha ndetse n’izisesengura. Mu
igenzura (monitoring ) Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru yakoze yasanze hari ibitangazamakuru
bitambutsa ibiganiro, imvugo n’amashusho biganisha ku mibonano mpuzabitsina. Ibyo
rero bikaba bitavugwa ho rumwe n’abantu batandikanye n’uko babigejeje ku Nama Nkuru
y’Itangazamakuru, aho bamwe bemeza ko ari hari mo inyigisho zikenewe kandi ko n’uburyo
bukoreshwa ntacyo butwaye. Ku rundi ruhande, hari ababyamagana babona ko ishyano
ryaguye, ko ari ukwangiza umuco nyarwanda.
Ni muri urwo rwego hateguwe inama nyungurana-bitekerezo ku itangazamakuru n’umuco wa
kinyarwanda kugirango harebwe igikwiye gukorwa kugira ngo inyigisho ziri muri ibyo biganiro
zitangwe bitabangamiye umuco w’ u Rwanda. Iyo nama yateguwe ku bufatanye bwa MHC,
MIJESPOC na MIGEPROF nk’inzego zirebwa cyane n’iki kibazo, kugirango hasuzumwe uburyo
itangazamakuru ryaba umusemburo w’umuco w’igihugu aho kuwubangamira. Uyu kandi wari
umwanya wo kureba uburyo habaho ubwisanzure mu kugaragaza ibitekerezo bitabangamiye
imibereho y’umuryago, urubyiruko, abana n’abagore.
Muri iyi nama hatumiwemo impuguke mu birebana n’ubuzima, umuco, uburezi, inzego
zinyuranye za Leta, ibitangazamakuru byose bikorera mu Rwanda, abanyamakuru batanga
ibiganiro biganisha ku mibonano mpuzabitsina n’abandi.
Bikorewe i Kigali kuwa 12 Kamena 2012
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
v
1. Gufungura inama ku mugaragaro:
Afungura inama, Minisitiri w’urubyiruko,
umuco na siporo yerekanye ko abanyarwanda
barangwa n’ umuco n’ururimi rwabo aribyo
ndangagihugu byabo. Ni yo mpamvu ibyinjizwa
mu muco wa kinyarwanda bigomba kuba ari
ibiwubaka bishingiye ku bunyangamugayo,
ikinyabupfura n’izindi ndangagaciro z’umuco
w’abanyarwanda.
MITALI Protais,
Minisitiri w’Umuco na Siporo
Yahwituye abanyamakuru batanga ibiganiro
bavuga amagambo y’urukozasoni, ndetse
n’abayobozi babo bemera ko bitambuka mu
bitangazamakuru byabo. Yavuze ariko ko
ntawakwanga inyigisho zirebana n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokere nyamara ko zigomba
gutangwa mu buryo bw’ikinyabupfura,
hirindwa imvugo nyandagazi, kuko zisenya
ingo n’ubwo ababitegura bo batekereza ko
bazubaka.
Kuri we asanga umuco wa kinyarwanda utari wajegajega, utari wahura cyane
n’umutingito n’ubwo hari ibibazo bituruka ku ruhurirane rw’imico inyuranye ituruka
mu bindi bihugu.
Minisitiri MITALI Protais yakanguriye abanyamakuru kwita ku nshingano nziza zabo
zo kwigisha, no guhugura, bubahiriza amategeko agenga umwuga w’itangazamakuru
n’agenga umuryango nyarwanda.
Yifuje ko muri iyo nama abantu basasa inzobe ntihagire abatsimbarara ku bitekerezo
runaka, ahubwo ko habaho kungurana inama kugirango habeho abavugizi b’umuco
nyarwanda. Yakomeje asaba ko inama yavamo imyanzuro isobanutse, asaba abakora
ibiganiro nabo bari bitabiriye inama bose ko baza kwerekana ukuri kw’ibiganiro
batanga maze habeho kungurana inama ziganisha ku bumuntu, ku bunyangamugayo
no ku bupfura.
Yashoje agaragaza ko itangazamakuru ari umusingi w’iterambere, asaba ko iyo nama
ikwiye kuvamo inama zifatika ziteza imbere umuco.
1
Intangiriro
Mu ijambo nsobanurampumvu, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
w’Inama Nkuru
y’Itangazamakuru Patrice MULAMA yagejeje
ku bitabirye inama, yashimiye MIJESPOC na
MIGEPROF kuba barakiriye igitekerezo cyo
gufatanya iyo nama kandi bakakigira icyabo.
Yakomeje agaragaza imvano y’iyo nama ndetse
n’akamaro kayo, ashimira cyane abayitabiriye.
Yagarutse ku biganiro, inkuru n’amafoto
bitambuka mu bitangazamakuru byo mu Rwanda,
bibangamiye umuco w’igihugu, akaba ari na cyo
cyatumye hategurwa iyi nama kugirango iki kibazo
kiganirweho, maze itangazamakuru ryisanzure
ritabangamira umuco ahubwo riwubaka.
Patrice MULAMA,
Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa wa MHC
Nyuma y’uko bimaze kugaragara ko bimwe mu bitangazamakuru mu Rwanda; amaradiyo,
ibinyamakuru ndetse n’imbuga za interneti bisigaye birangwamo ibiganiro n’inkuru
birebana n’imibonano mpuzabitsina, ku bufatanye bw’Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru
(MHC) Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko, Umuco na Siporo (MIJESPOC) ndetse na Minisiteri
y’Uburinganire n’Iterambere ry’Umuryango hateguwe inama nyungurana-bitekerezo
ku itangazamakuru n’umuco wa kinyarwanda. Iyo nama yabaye tariki 13 Ukwakira 2011
ibera muri Lemigo Hotel, ihuza inzego zinyuranye arizo zikurikira:
•
Inzego zitandukanye za Leta;
•
Abayobozi b’ibitangazamakuru bikorera mu Rwanda;
•
Amashuri makuru;
•
Ibigo by’ubushakashatsi;
•
Impuguke zinyuranye;
•
n’izindi.
Iyo nama yari igamije kungurana ibitekerezo ku biganiro bitambuka ku maradiyo, inkuru
n’amafoto bitambuka mu binyamakuru n’imbuga za internet, kugirango harebwe uko
byajya bikorwa bitabangamiye umuco wa kinyarwanda.
2
2 .Ibiganiro:
2.1. Itsinda rya 1:
Umuyobozi w’ibiganiro (Moderator):
Ku birebana na biriya biganiro, umuyobozi
wa ORINFOR Bwana Willy RUKUNDO abona
hakwiye kubaho ahantu hihariye hatangirwa
ubujyanama mu bashakanye (Marriage
counseling) nk’uko bimeze mu bihugu byateye
imbere, kuko umunyamakuru atabihugukiwe,
bityo akaba atasimbura umunjyanama
w’abubatse ingo (marriage counselor).
Willy RUKUNDO,
Umuyobozi wa ORINFOR.
2.1.1. Kugereranya umuco wa kinyarwanda mu gihe cyo hambere no muri iki gihe.
GASANA Vincent, umwe mu bagize Inteko izirikana yagaragaje
ko umuco wacu usigaye ufite ibyonnyi byinshi bituruka hanze,
tukaba tugomba kuwusigasira.
GASANA Vincent,
Inteko izirikana
Umuco wacu ni umurage gakondo twasigiwe n’abatubanjirije,
ngo na twe tuzawusigire abazadukomokaho kuko ari nk’ifumba,
ugenda urandaranda. Yerekanye ko abakobwa ba kera batorezwaga mu rubohero bakahigira n’imirimo bazakora mu ngo
zabo; mu gihe abahungu bajyaga mu itorero bakabavanamo
ubufura, bakigishwa kuba inyangamugayo
Ingero z’ibyo umuco wacu udashobora gutsimburwaho:
• Nta gihe umuco wacu uzemera ko umwana asuzugura umuntu mukuru;
• Kumena amabanga, kutagira rutangira ni ubupfura bucye;
• Nta gihe umuco uzemerera abagore kuvuga amazina ya ba nyirabukwe;
Gasana yavuze ko nyamara umuco wacu ugomba kujyana n’igihe tugezemo bityo atanga
urugero ko kera nta mugore wuriraga inzu kuko batabaga bafite umwenda w’imbere, bityo
uri hasi akaba yamurunguruka, na ho ubu bambara n’amapantalo kandi barubaka.
Yagaragaje ingamba zafatwa kugira ngo umuco nyarwanda usigasirwe:
• Kwibanda ku burere cyane cyane bw’urubyiruko,
• Kumenya indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda,
• Kumenya amateka y’ingenzi yaranze uru Rwanda,
• Kugira umuco wo gukunda igihugu.
Yasoje avuga ko abanyamakuru batanga ibiganiro bavuga amagambo y’urukozasoni bashora
kuba babura ubumenyi buhagije ku muco nyarwanda.
3
2.1.2 Politiki y’igihugu yo kwimakaza umuco w’u Rwanda
mu muryango nyarwanda.
NSANZABAGANWA Straton, Umuhuzabikorwa w’Inteko
Nyarwanda y’Ururimi n’Umuco/ MIJESPOC, yasobanuye
umuco icyo ari cyo:
Ni isangano ry’ibimenyetso byihariye biranga umuryango runaka w’abantu bikagaragarira mu mitekerereze
no mu mikorere, mu bumenyi no mu marangamutima
by’imbaga igize uwo muryango.
NSANZABAGANWA Straton,
Umuhuzabikorwa w’Inteko
Nyarwanda y’Ururimi
n’Umuco/ MIJESPOC
Umuco wacu uhura n’inzitizi nk’ubukene, no kubura
abashoramari mu nganda z’umuco. Ati “mu bindi bihugu
inganda z’umuco zinjiza amafaranga menshi kurusha
iz’intwaro”.
Yerekanye icyo amategeko avuga ku muco wa kinyarwanda, aho mu Itegeko Nshinga rya
Repubulika y’u Rwanda riwuvuga mu ngingo zikurikira:
Ingingo ya 50: Umwene gihugu wese afite uburenganzira ku biteza imbere umuco
w’igihugu.
Hashyizweho Inteko Nyarwanda y’Ururimi n’Umuco.
Itegeko rigena inshingano, imiterere n’imikorere byayo.
Ingingo ya 51: Leta ifite inshingano zo guteza imbere imigenzo myiza gakondo ishingiye
ku mibereho no ku mitekerereze gakondo ndetse no ku biranga umuco w’igihugu muri
rusange, mu gihe bitabangamiye uburenganzira bwa muntu, ituze rusange n’imyifatire
iboneye. Leta kandi ifite inshingano zo kwita ku mutungo ndangamurage w’igihugu no ku
nzibutso za Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Yerekanye kandi ibiranga umuco ari byo ibi bikurikira:
• Umurage dukomora ku basokuru;
• Ibyo abantu bahanga mu gihe barimo;
• Ibitirano.
Yagaragaje akamaro ko kubaha umuco, ko bituma iterambere ryihuta nk’ubudehe, imihigo,
n’ibindi. Naho ku birebana n’amahame y’umuco, yavuze ko ukwiye kugaragara mu byo
dukora byose.
Yerekanye icyakorwa kugirango gahunda ya Leta igerweho:
• Kurengera no guteza imbere imirage;
• Kwita ku ndangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda;
• Gushyiraho ibyangombwa byose bituma abantu bashobora guhanga;
• Kubahiriza umurage, inzu ndangamurage, inteko nyarwanda y’ururimi, gushyiraho
amategeko n’amabwiriza ateza imbere umuco.
4
2.1.3 Kungurana ibitekerezo
Mu mwanya wo kungurana ibitekerezo habajijwe ibibazo hatangwa
n’ibitekerezo bikurikira:
CYIZANYE Allen,
GMO
CYIZANYE
Allen ushinzwe
amategeko
n’imiyoborere
myiza/GMO,
yavuze ko mu
bushakashatsi
bakoze basanze
umuco nyarwanda
ariwo utuma
gahunda nyinshi
z’uburinganire
zitubahirizwa.
UWIMANA Noëlla,
Umutara Polytechnic
UWIMANA Noëlla
yabajije niba hari
gahunda ihari yo
gukora urutonde
rw’amagambo
akwiye
gukoreshwa,
mu rwego
rwo kwirinda
kwerura amazina
y’imyanya
ndangagitsina.
Tom NDAHIRO yabajije impamvu abantu babuzwa
kuvuga amazina y’ibitsina kandi na musenyeri
Bigirumwami yarabyandikaga mu bitabo ntibigire
ikibazo bitera.
Mu gusubiza ibibazo, Straton yashubije Allen ko
bishoboka ko mu bushakashatsi bakoze barebye
ku bisubizo byihariye (exception) maze bakabigira
rusange (General ) kuko ubusanzwe umuco
nyarwanda ariwo utuma iterambere ryihuta.
Tom NDAHIRO
Ku kibazo cya Tom, Straton yasubije ko
amagambo Musenyeri Bigirumwami yakoreshaga,
ntawayagenderaho kuko inzego z’ururimi zigomba kubahirizwa. Umunyamakuru uri kuri
radiyo we agomba gukoresha ururimi abantu bose bumva. Niba umwalimu yigisha isomo
ry’umubiri w’umuntu we agomba kubivuga byose ntacyo asize inyuma.
Ku kibazo cya Noella, straton yamusubije ko amagambo ahari kandi ko impamvu atari byiza
kwatura ngo uvuge ibitsina mu mazina ari uko ariho abantu baturuka, akaba ari ahantu ho
kubahwa ari nako kubaha umuntu.
5
2.2. Itsinda rya Kabiri:
Umuyobozi w’ibiganiro:
Faustin GACINYA,
umwe mu bagize
inama y’ubutegetsi
ya MHC yagaragaje
ko muri iyo nama
hagiye hagarukwaho
ko itangazamakuru
rihohotera umuco,
rigahungabanya
abana, abagore,
abagabo ndetse
n’abantu bose.
Faustin GACINYA,
Umwe mu bagize inama y’ubutegetsi ya MHC.
Musangabatware Clément yakomeje yerekana uko
itangazamakuru ryariho kuva na kera aho ryavugaga
ibyabereye ku rugamba, uwari urikuriye akaba
yaritwaga “UMUVUZI W’AMACUMU’’, naho irindi
tangazamakuru ryari iry’ibwami, rishinzwe gutangaza
gahunda zose z’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu ndetse
n’amatwara mashya igihugu cyabaga kigezemo. Uwari
ukuriye iryo tangazamakuru bakaba baramwitaga
’’UMUMOTSI’’.
Clément MUSANGABATWARE
Komisiyo y’Igihugu ikorana na
UNESCO.
6
Yasabye ko abanyamakuru bakwihatira gukoresha
ururimi mu buryo buboneye kuko itangazamakuru
rigera ku bantu benshi kandi imvugo ikoreshwa ihita
ifatwa nkaho iboneye na bamwe kandi yenda atari
ko bimeze.
2.2.2.: Isesengura ry’ibiganiro, inkuru, n’amafoto bitambuka mu
bitangazamakuru byo mu Rwanda.
Bwana Eugène RUHINGUKA, umuyobozi w’ishami ryo kugenzura
no gutanga uburenganzira ku bitangazamakuru/MHC, yerekanye
zimwe mu nshingano za MHC zishingirwaho mu gukora isesengura
ry’ibiganiro bitambuka mu bitangazamakuru arizo zikurikira:
- Kureba ko amategeko n’amahame agenga umwuga
w’itangazamakuru yubahirizwa;
- Kugenzura ko ibitangazamakuru biha agaciro umuco
nyarwanda;
- Guharanira ko uburenganzira bw’itangazamakuru
bwubahirizwa;
RUHINGUKA Eugène,
MHC.
Yavuze ko mu igenzura ryakozwe byagaragaye ko bimwe mu
biganiro, inkuru n’amafoto bibangamiye umuco, bikaba bigiye
kwerekanwa kugirango abari mu nama babitangaho ibitekerezo.
MUGABE Rachelle ushinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge mu
bitangazamakuru/MHC, yerekanye amagambo n’amafoto
by’urukozasoni bigaragara muri ibyo biganiro n’inkuru,ndetse
yumvisha abari aho uduce duto twa bimwe biganiro bivuga mu
mibonano mpuzabitsina.
MUGABE Rachelle,
MHC.
Yakomeje yerekana amategeko n’amahame bigenga umwuga
w’itangazamakuru yabangamiwe mu gutangaza inkuru
n’ibiganiro byavuzwe haruguru.
Ibiganiro, inkuru n’amafoto bitambuka mu bitangazamakuru bivuga ku muco nyarwanda, ku
mibanire y’abantu no ku buzima bw’imyororokere.
No.
Ikiganiro
Umunyamakuru ugitanga
Igitangazamakuru
1
Imenye nawe
Emma Claudine
Salus
2
Mu mabanga y’umutima
Mugabushaka Jeanne de Chantal, uzwi
Isango Star
cyane ku izina rya Eminente
3
Zirara zishya
UWINEZA Liliane na DUSABE Vestine.
Radiyo Flash FM
4
Ijoro ry’urukundo
Eddy Mwerekande
City Radio
5
Inkuru n’amafoto mu binyamakuru
-
6
Inkuru n’amafoto kuri interineti
Emma Claudine
Umusingi
Ishema
Emmaclaudine.blogspot.com
i). Amahame
Ingingo ya 25: Umunyamakuru akwiye kwirinda inkuru cyangwa amafoto n’amashusho
y’urukozasoni, yahungabanya umuco n’ituze by’igihugu.
ii). Itegeko ry’Itangazamakuru
Ingingo ya 12 (4): Umunyamakuru afite inshingano yo gutangaza amakuru afitiye
gihamya
7
2.2.3: Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru (media freedom)
n’uburenganzira bw’abana urubyiruko n’abagore.
Hon. Ignatiènne Nyirarukundo, umwe mu bagize ihuriro
ry’abanyarwandakazi bari mu Nteko-Nshingamategeko (FFRP),
yavuze ko abanyamakuru bakwiye kugaragaza ubuhanga
mu mwuga wabo bamenya abo babwira ; aha ni ukuvuga ko
bagomba kuzirikana ko babwira abana n’abakuze.
Yifuje ko mu Rwanda, abana bajya bigishwa itangazamakuru mu
mashuri kugirango bakure bazi ko ikivuzwe mu itangazamakuru
atari ugupfa kwakira ahubwo ko habaho gusesengura. Yatanze
urugero rw’aho bikorwa mu gihugu cya Canada.
Hon.Ignatiènne
NYIRARUKUNDO
FFRP
Hon.Ignatiènne yerekanye ingingo z’itegeko-nshinga zivuga ku
mwana n’umuryango, arizo zikurikira:
Ingingo ya 27: umuryango, ni wo shingiro kamere ry’imbaga
y’abanyarwanda, urengerwa na Leta, ababyeyi bombi bafite
uburenganzira n’inshingano zo kurera abana babo.
Leta ishyiraho amategeko n’inzego bikwiye bishinzwe kurengera umuryango, by’umwihariko
umwana na nyina, kugirango umuryango ugire ubwisanzure;
Ingingo ya 28: umwana wese afite uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa ku buryo bwihariye
n’umuryango we, abandi banyarwanda na Leta, bitewe n’ikigero n’imibereho ndetse
n’amategeko mpuzamahanga.
Yifashishije itegeko mpanabyaha (penal code), Hon.Ignaciènne yerekanye ibihano bigendanye
n’ibyaha by’urukozasoni:
Ibyaha by’urukozasoni (umutwe wa vi: ibyaha binyuranyije n’imyifatire myiza)
Ingingo ya 181: Ibyaha by’urukozasoni: ni ibikorwa cyangwa imyitwarire itandukanye
n’imyitwarire myiza n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura bitesha umuntu agaciro kandi
bikamubangamira mu muco;
Yakomeje yerekana kandi ibirebana n’Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mvugo yifashishije itegeko
mpanabyaha (penal code) ingingo ya 201:
Ibihano ku cyaha cy’ihohoterwa rikoresheje imiti, ibiyobyabwenge, amashusho, ibimenyetso,
imvugo cyangwa inyandiko :
Umuntu wese ukoresha imiti, ibiyobyabwenge, amashusho, ibimenyetso, imvugo cyangwa
inyandiko, agamije gukora ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku
mezi atandatu (6) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu (500.000-2.000.000) cyangwa kimwe
gusa muri ibyo bihano.
8
Yerekanye inzitizi ziri mu iyubahiriza ry’aya mategeko:
• Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera abatangazamakuru ntarengere abayabwirwa :
(art.19, Déclaration universel des droits de l’homme, 1948: « tout individu a droit a
la liberté, ce qui implique le droit de ne pas être inquiété par ses opinions et celui de
chercher, de recevoir et de répandre les informations et les idées par quelques moyens
d’expression »; art.11, decl.des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, 1789: « tout citoyen
peut parler, écrire et imprimer librement»
• Kutamenya amategeko.
2.2.4 Kungurana ibitekerezo :
Muri uyu mwanya hagaragaye ishyaka ry’abitabiriye inama mu kubaza no gutanga
ibitekerezo mu buryo bukurikira:
We yavuze ko mu byavuzwe byose hakubiyemo ubumenyi,
ubushobozi no kujyana n’igihe (update).
Yasobanuye ko bagiye mu itangazamakuru babikunze ariko
ko usanga bose badafite ubumenyi mu itangazamakuru.
Yifuje ko MHC itaha agaciro igice cy’amakuru gusa, ngo
yibagirwe ibindi biganiro.
Yasabye ko babategurira amahugurwa kuko umurimo
bakora ufitiye abanyarwanda akamaro.
Mugabushaka Jeanne
de Chantal (Eminente)
Ikindi ni uko hashyirwaho umurongo ngenderwaho
(Framework)
w’ibiganiro
birebana
n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokere, uburyo byatangwamo (Methodology)
na n’inyobozi (Guidelines).
--------------------------------------------Karasira yavuze ko adashidikanya ko hari abanyarwanda
bakunze ibiganiro bivuga ku mibonano mpuzabitsina,
kuko ubutumwa bohereza muri iryo joro byerekana ko
bataryama.
Hari n’abandi noneho bumva biriya biganiro bibabaza,
bishengura umutima.
Yakomeje agira ati:”Icyo twakora kugirango abo bantu
bose bahurizwe hamwe n’uko twakwigana ibindi bihugu
usanga hari aho ugera bakakubwira ko umwana uri hasi
y’imyaka 18 ntiyemerewe kwinjira muri iyi nzu”.
KARASIRA Peter,
Ushinzwe itumanaho
Transparency
9
Pasteur Jean Pierre
Uwimana, Umwalimu
w’itangazamakuru
(NUR), akaba n’umuyobozi
wa GLMC.
Willy RUKUNDO,
ORINFOR
Pasteur Jean Pierre yatavuze ko ku birebana n’amategeko
yabangamiwe n’ibiganiro byavuzwe harimo n’ingingo ya 71
y’itegeko ry’itangazamakuru: Ibitangazamakuru bigenewe
abana ntibigomba gutangaza amashusho, amajwi, inkuru
mu birebana n’ubujura, ibinyoma n’ubusambanyi, kuko
biriya biganiro byerekeza ku busambanyi. We yavuze ko
n’ubwo mu muco habaho gutira, hajya habaho kujora,
ntidutire ibibonetse byose ngo ni uko turi mu ihuzasi
(Globalisation).
Yongeyeho ko Umunyamakuru nyawe agomba gutangaza
akurikije ibyo abo abwira bakeneye (Les besoins du public/
Public needs). N’ubwo itangazamakuru ari ubutegetsi
bwa kane, ubwa gatanu ni abaturage. Ntacyo tugomba
gutagaza rero kibangamiye abaturage. Ati:” Mu muco
icyo utabwira umwana wawe imbonankubone ntugomba
kukibwire rubanda”.
Yagarutse ku nshingano z’umunyamakuru: Gutangaza
amakuru, kwigisha cyangwa kurangaza(Entertainment),
abaza niba ibyo biganiro biri muri izo nshingano.
Ati:”Bibaye bitarimo bikwiye kuvaho”.
----------------------------------------Willy RUKUNDO yavuze ko abona ibiganiro ubwabyo
ntacyo bitwaye, ahubwo ikibazo ari uburyo ibyo biganiro
bikorwa n’amagambo akoreshwamo. Yagaye abayobozi
b’amaradiyo n’abashinzwe gahunda (Programmes)
batumva isoko (trade) barimo, kuko yibaza niba
umunyamakuru uzanye igitekerezo cyo gutangiza icyo
kiganiro abayobozi babanza gusesengura, bakemeranya
uburyo icyo kiganiro kizajya gikorwa n’uko abanyamakuru
babiri kuri radiyo bagomba kuvugana ubwabo.
Yasabye Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru (MHC) gutegura
ku buryo bwihuse amahugurwa y’abanyamakuru
n’abayobozi b’ibiganiro, aho kugaragaza amakosa yakozwe
gusa. Yagaragaje icyakora amahirwe ahari ko ari uko mu
mpinduka z’itangazamakuru (Media reform) iri gukorwa
MHC irebwa cyane no kwigisha kuruta uko yari imeze nka
polisi yo mu muhanda n’ubwo yo iha abantu uburenganzira
bwo gutwara ibinyabiziga, maze igahana abatubahiriza
amategeko yabigishije.
Ku birebana n’uko ikinyarwanda cya cyera gikomeye,
Rukundo yavuze ko abona nta mpamvu n’imwe sosiyete
ifite yo gutakaza ireme ry’ururimi rwayo, ahubwo urwo
10
rurimi buri wese yigishe umwana we kugirango ayo
magambo amufashe mu buzima bwa buri munsi aho
kuyatakaza.
Gregg Schoof
Radiyo Ubuntu
butangaje
Gregg yishimiye ibiganiro byabaye, avuga ko akunda u
Rwanda cyane kuko ari igihugu cyiyubashye (Honorable),
gifite gahunda (Organised), kandi cyateye imbere, kuko
tutarebera iterambere ku mafaranga gusa ahubwo n’umuco.
Yakomeje yerekana ko abona ibyavuzwe byose birimo ibice
bibiri: Ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga ibyo ushaka (freedom of
expression) no gutanga abana bacu ho ibitambo. Yatanze
urugero rw’aho mu Budage imiryango ibiri yahunze igihugu
kuko basabwaga gushyira abana babo mu mashuri ya leta
kandi muri ayo mashuri abana batozwa gukora imibonano
mpuzabitsina y’abahuje ibitsina (Homosexuality) kandi
ubyanze akabihanirwa. Yavuze ko iyo uhisemo gutanga
uburenganzira busesuye uba unahisemo gutanga abana
bawe ho ibitambo. Ati: “Ni nako bizaba biri, mu Rwanda
nibemera itegeko ryo gukuramo inda, bazaba batanze
abana ho ibitambo”.
Gregg yongeye gutanga urugero rwo muri Amerika, ahitwa
San Francisco, aho abantu baje ku rusengero batera hejuru
ngo babahe abana bakorane imibonano mpuzabitsina
ku bahuje ibitsina, kandi polisi nayo yari ihari ntiyagira
icyo ikora. Yarangije avuga ko izo ngero yumva zitazaba
mu Rwanda nk’uko biriho muri Amerika. Yatanze ibyifuzo
bikurikira:
• Guverinoma y’u Rwanda ikwiye gufunga burundu
imbuga za interneti zerekana filimu z’urukozasoni
(Pornography) kandi biroroshye.
• Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru igomba kugira
umurongo utishyurwa (Hot line), abaturage bajya
batangaho ibitekerezo n’amakuru kuri radiyo yaba
yatanze ibiganiro by’urukozasoni radiyo izagaragaza
ibirego byinshi izafungwe.
--------------------------------------------------
NIYOMUGABO cyprien
Umwalimu
n’umushakashatsi, KIE
NIYOMUGABO Cyprien yavuze ko ashyigikiye amaradiyo
yafashe iya mbere mu gutanga ibiganiro byavuzwe haruguru
n’ubwo zaciye inzira y’ubusamo. Yerekanye ko imvugo
Clément yise iz’ibyononnyi nka “wamukura he” “jama”
“wangu”, atari izo kurwanywa, ahubwo ko icy’ingenzi ari
11
ukumenya ko zidakoreshwa ahariho hose. Zakoreshwa
nko mu rungano abantu basabanye, ariko, ntizakoreshwa
mu ruhame cyangwa kuri Radiyo. Yavuze ko ashyigikiye ko
hashakwa amagambo yakoreshwa n’agomba kwirindwa,
yongeraho ko hashakwa ibyiciro byakorerwamo biriya
biganiro, atari kuri radio. Yongeyeho ko muri iyo nama
abantu batakumva ko byacitse, kuko ari ubuzima abantu
babamo. Icyakorwa:
 Kwandikira abantu imfashanyigisho zibereka uko
izo mvugo zikoreshwa n’aho zikoreshwa, kandi
abanyamakuru bagahabwa amahugurwa.
 Gukora ubushakashatsi ku bumva (Public), abana,
abasore, ingimbi, abakuru, abagabo n’abagore,
kugirango hagaragare niba bakeneye inyigisho ku
buzima bw’imyororokere cyangwa ku mibonano
mpuzabitsina.
 Gutegura amahugurwa ku bantu batanga izo
nyigisho mu mashuri mu matsinda yo kuganira
(Club), nk’abagore bakuze mu midugudu
n’abandi.
--------------------------------------------------KAGEMANYI Léonard yavuze ko biriya biganiro babikura
kuri interneti uko byakabaye badashunguye ngo bamenye
igikwiye gutangazwa kuri Radiyo.
Nawe yifuje ko haba amahugurwa y’abanyamakuru kuko
abona biriya biganiro bisenya ingo. Ati:”iyo bavuze ngo
ufite igitsina giteye gutya niwe ushimisha uwo bakorana
imibonano mpuzabitsina, bituma buri wese areba
mugenzi we yasanga atabyujuje akabona ko yibeshye,
akajya gushakira ahandi”. Yatanze ibyifuzo bibiri:
Kagemanyi Léonard,
Ishuri ry’ubuzima
KHI:
12
• Hakwiye kubaho abajyanama mu mibonano
mpuzabitsina bihariye kandi babisobanukiwe;
• Abanyamakuru mbere yo kuvuga ikiganiro kuri
radiyo bagomba kujya kubaza ababizi kandi
bagakoresha imvugo idasesereza.
Abanyamakuru batanga ibiganiro birebana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere batanze
ibitekerezo bikurikira:
UWINEZA Liliane
Radio Flash FM
DUSABE Vestine
Radio Flash FM
UWINEZA Liliane yasobanuye ko izina
ry’ikiganiro akora rituruka ku mugani mugufi
w’ikinyarwanda ukurikira: “Zirara zishya
bwacya zikazima”. Yagaragaje ko intego
yacyo ari ukureba igituma ingo zisenyuka,
zirara zishya bwacya zikazima. Akaba avuga
ko muri izo mpamvu harimo n’uburyo bwo
gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina. Yongeyeho
ko nyuma y’ikiganiro begera abaturage
kugirango bumve uko bacyakiriye. Avuga
ko icyo babonye ari uko inyito y’ibitsina mu
kinyarwanda iremereye, iryana mu matwi.
Ikindi, ngo urubyiruko ntiruzi n’ibice bigize
umubiri wabo.Yifuje ko habaho amagambo
yumvikanyweho ashobora kuba yakoreshwa
ntakomeretse amatwi y’abantu.
Emma Claudine yabajije niba ibiganiro birebana n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokere byavuzwe bikwiye guhagarara?
Emma CLAUDINE
Radiyo Salus
Eddy MWEREKANDE
City radio
Aha Gacinya Faustin wari uyoboye itsinda yamusubijwe ko ikibazo
cye cyasubijwe, ko ibiganiro ubwabyo bidateye ikibazo ahubwo
uburyo bikorwa ari cyo kibazo.
Emma yakomeje avuga ko leta ariyo yabashishikarije gukora ibyo
biganiro, kuko hari ubukangurambaga bwakozwe cyane mu minsi
yashize, busaba ababyeyi kuganiriza abana ku birebana n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokere, kandi bababwira ibintu uko biri batabahishahisha.
Ati: “Iyo ukoze ubushakashatsi usanga kutabwira umwana ibintu
uko bimeze uba umugirira nabi, ni nko kuvuga ngo umwana
ava mu mukondo”. Yakomeje avuga ko baganira n’abayobozi
b’ibitangazamakuru n’ababakurikira, bakareba ibikwiriye kuvugwa
n’ibidakwiye.
-------------------------------------------------------Eddy Mwerekande yavuze ko hari ikiganiro yakoze maze umuturage
avuga amagambo y’urukozasoni, akaba yumva atari kumubuza
uburenganzira bwe.Yasabye Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru
kujya yerekana ibiganiro bifite icyo byamaze, kandi haba hari
ikiganiro kirimo ibidashimishije abanyarwanda, bikamenyeshwa
ubuyobozi bw’igitangazamakuru cyangwa umunyamakuru ku
giti cye hatarindiriwe ibiganiro nk’ibi. Ibyo bizatuma mu kiganiro
cy’ubutaha umunyamakuru agitegura azirikana impanuro yahawe.
13
Museminali Marcel umuyobozi w’ikinyamakuru Business Daily
yavuze ko ibiganiro birebana n’imibonano mpuzabitsina iyo umuntu
abigezemo agira impinduka mu mubiri ku buryo adashobora no
kwicunga (control). Yemeje ko amafilimu y’urukozasoni ari mabi
haba ku mwana haba n’umuntu mukuru. Yagaragaje impungenge
zihari ko abantu bakora ibi biganiro batari inararibonye (Experts)
ko bashobora kuba bataranashatse. Yatanze icyifuzo cy’uko bajya
bahamagara ababifitemo ubumenyi bakabisobanura, bitabaye ibyo
byaba ari ugusenya sosiyeti nyarwanda.
MUSEMINALI Marcel
Business Daily
---------------------------------------------------
Bahati Innocent, umunyamakuru kuri radiyo 10 akaba n’umuyobozi
wa ABASIRWA (Ihuriro ry’abanyamakuru barwanya SIDA) yatanze
igitekerezo cy’uko hazakorwa ubushashatsi kugira ngo herekanywe
niba abaturage babyishimira cyangwa se niba babirwanya, maze
hashakwe uko byagororwa. Yasabye kandi ko abayobozi b’amaradiyo
nabo bahugurwa kuko bashobora kubitambutsa kubera amafaranga;
nka PSI ibasaba kwigisha agakingirizo bavuga ibitsina mu mazina
yabyo.
Bahati Enock,
Radiyo 10
----------------------------------------------------
Hon. NYIRARUKUNDO
Ignatiènne (FFRP)
14
Hon. NYIRARUKUNDO yavuze ko abanyamakuru bavuze ko
batanga biriya biganiro kugirango bafashe leta babwira abana uko
ibintu bimeze, bari mu murongo utariwo kuko itegeko nshinga
ribisobanura: Uburere bw’umwana ni ubwa se na nyina, byavaho
hakajyaho ishuri. Ntabwo amaradiyo akwiye gusimbura izi nzego
zombi, hanyuma ngo ajye kwigisha abana batarebye ikigero.
Yongeye ho nta mubyeyi wakwishimira ko abana bumva biriya
biganiro. Yashyigikiye ko habaho ubushakashatsi hakamenyekana
icyo ibyo biganiro byakijije n’icyo byangije. Yongeyeho nyamara ko
abanyarwanda batandukanye babagejejeho impungenge z’uko ibyo
biganiro bibangamira uburere bw’abana babo.
Gacinya yasoje itsinda rya kabiri agaragaza ko abari mu nama
bahurije ku gitekerezo cy’uko ibiganiro birebana n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokera bikenewe ariko ko bigomba guhabwa umurongo,
n’uburyo byakorwamo.
2.3. Itsinda rya gatatu:
Umuyobozi w’ibiganiro:
Alphonse NKUSI yerekanye ko mu biganiro byatanzwe harimo
inama y’uko niba twifuza amahoro mu muco w’u Rwanda tugomba
kunonosora ururimi rwacu, kandi ko twakosora amakosa cyane cyane
avugirwa kuri radiyo na televiziyo kuko urwo rurimi arirwo rujya no
mu miryango y’abantu kandi ho tukaba tutashobora kuhagera
Alphonse NKUSI,
RGAC
Ku kibazo yabajije Nsanzabaganwa cy’aho inteko nyarwanda
y’ururimi nyarwanda n’umuco igeze ngo itangire, yamusubije ko
kuva yakwemezwa mu ngingo ya 50 y’ Itegeko Nshinga, ikemezwa
n’Inteko-Nshingamategeko mu itegeko riyishyira mu bikorwa mu
itegeko rwo mu 2010, ubu ari igihe cyo gushaka abakozi n’uko inzego
z’imikorere yayo zemezwa n’inama y’abaminisitiri.
2.3.1 Uruhare rw‘itangazamakuru mu gutanga inyigisho zirebana n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokere, habungabungwa umuco w’abanyagihugu
Bahati Innocent,
Radiyo 10
Gatabazi J.M.V,
RBC/IHDPC
Muri iki kiganiro Gatabazi JMV yabanje gusobanura ubuzima
bw’imyororokere icyo ari cyo: “Ni ubuzima bujyanye no kwibaruka
kandi tuzi ko kororoka biterwa n’uko imyanya myibarukiro ikora
ndetse n’uko ikoreshwa”.
Yakomeje agaragaza ko iyo umwana yumvise neza akiri muto
imikorere y’umubiri we ntihagire ikimutungura, bimufasha
kudashaka gufindura ngo abe yakwibeshya bimuviremo gukoresha
nabi imyanya myibarukiro ye.
Aha umwana agomba gutozwa guha agaciro imyanya myibarukiro
ye no kuyirinda ibyayangiza aho byaturuka hose.
Yerekanye kandi imyitwarire ikwiye yafasha abangavu n’ingimbi kudahungabana:
• Kwimenyereza kuganiriza abana b’ibitsina byombi mbere yuko baba abangavu cyangwa
ingimbi ku byerekeye ihinduka ry’imibiri yabo aho kubacyaha cyangwa kubabeshya;
• Kubera ingimbi n’abangavu urugero rwiza muri byose, kubabera inshuti zikomeye,
bityo bakababitsa amabanga y’iyo mihindukire y’imibiri yabo;
• Guhumuriza abangavu n’ingimbi babumvisha ko ibibabaho atari ishyano ryabagiyeho.
Kubasobanurira ko ari inzira buri mwana wese anyuramo kugira ngo azabe umuntu
ukuze
Muri icyo kiganiro hagaragajwemo ko bishoboka kwigisha ibijyanye n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokere hakoreshejwe ikinyarwanda kiboneye.
Yasoje avuga ko ibiganiro biganisha ku buzima bisaba kuba ubitanga afite ubumenyi
ku bumenyamuntu . RBC yemeye ko abazajya bashaka kwigisha ibijyanye n’ubuzima
bw’imyororokere bashobora kuzajya babisaba bagahabwa inzobere.
15
2.3.1. Itangazamakuru, umuco n’amahoro.
Tom NDAHIRO
Muri iki kiganiro, Tom NDAHIRO yagarutse ku makosa y’ururimi
rw’ikinyarwanda ajya aboneka mu bitangazamakuru, nko kuvuga:
“ingo, igo”. Yasabye ko muri buri gitangazamakuru habamo ishami
risinzwe kugenzura amakosa akorwa (monitoring). Bityo gukosora
amakosa mu itangazamakuru bizaba ari no kuyakosora mu muryango
nyarwanda. Yakomeje avuga ko kandi Minisiteri ifite Umuco mu
nshingano zayo (MIJESPOC), Minisiteri y’Uburinganire n’Iterambere
ry’umuryango (MIGEPROF) na Minisiteri y’Uburezi, zifatanyije
n’Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru (MHC), byashyiraho politiki yo
gukosora amakosa yabayeho mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda, akaba
amaze agihe. Izo nzego kandi zose zikwiye kongera gucapa igitabo
cy’urutonde rw’amuga rukazaza rwuzuza urwakozwe na Minisiteri
y’uburezi mu 1983, kuko gishobora gufasha abanyamakuru no muri
ibi biganiro tubasaba gutsinda amagambo amwe n’amwe.
2.3.2. Agaciro k’umuco nyarwanda mu nkubiri y’iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga
n’itumanaho.
NKURIKIYIMFURA
Didier, RDB
16
Nkurikiyimfura Didier yerekanye imikoreshereze y’ibitangazamakuru
nyamubano bigezweho “Social media”(Facebook na twitter). Izo
akaba arizo zizwi kandi zinakoreshwa cyane n’ubwo atari zo zonyine.
Yerekanye ko ubu “facebook” ikoreshwa n’abantu bagera kuri miliyoni
Magana abiri na mirongo itanu (250,000,000), naho “twitter” imaze
imyaka itanu ikaba ikoreshwa n’abantu bagera kuri miliyoni ijana
(100,000,000).
Ubutumwa butambuka kuri “twitter” burenga miliyoni maganabiri
na mirongo itatu (230,000,000) buri munsi. Abantu batohereza
ubutumwa ariko bakurikira abandi kuri internet, kuva uyu mwaka
watangira biyongereye ho abarenga mirongo inani ku ijana (80%)
ugereranyije n’umwaka ushize. Abakurikiranira ibintu hafi, bavuga ko
umubare w’abakoresha “facebook” umwaka utaha wa 2012 uzagera
kuri Miliyali (1,000,000,000). Bakaba bagereranya urwo rubuga
nk’igihugu cya gatatu nyuma y’Ubushinwa n’Ubuhinde.
Yavuze ko ikoranabuhanga ryari rikwiye guhuzwa n’umuco
nyarwanda, kugirango rifashe mu iterambere.
Kubera ko bishobora kuyobya urubyiruko hagomba kubaho ingamba
zikurikira :
• Gushyiraho amategeko ahana abashora urubyiruko mu
myitwarire mibi bifashishije ikoranabuhanga;
• Gushyira imbaraga mu burezi hagamijwe kwerekana ko iyo
ikoranabuhanga rikozwe nabi riyobya aho kubaka;
• Kongera ibishyirwa ku mbuga za interineti mu rurimi rw’
ikinyarwanda (Local content).
Imyanzuro y’Inama:
• Abanyamakuru bakwiye guhugurwa ku mvugo ikwiye gukoreshwa igihe
batanga ibiganiro byabo muri rusange, n’ibirebana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere
by’umwihariko, ndetse no ku muco wa Kinyarwanda;
• Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru igomba gutegura amahugurwa yihuse
y’abanyamakuru n’abayobozi b’ibiganiro, ku magambo n’imvugo zigomba
gukoreshwa mu ibiganiro.
• Umunyamakuru w’Umunyarwanda agomba kubahiriza indangagaciro z’umuco
nyarwanda.
• Itangazamakuru rigomba kwita ku nkingi z’umuco nyarwanda arizo umuryango
nyarwanda, ururimi, uburezi n’uburere, ibiganiro, amategeko n’izindi.
• Ibihangano bivuga ku buzima bw’imyororokere bikwiye kubanza kwemezwa na
komite ishinzwe ubutumwa bugamije guhindura imyifatire y’abantu mu Rwanda;
• Kwinjiza muri za kaminuza n’amashuri makuru gahunda zigisha zikanakora
ubushakashatsi ku byerekeye umuco wa kinyarwanda ubuhanzi na muzika;
• Kwandika imfashanyigisho ku nzego z’imvugo;
• Hifujwe ko haba abashoramari mu nganda z’umuco zaha n’abantu akazi;
• Inama yifuje ko hakorwa ubushakashatsi ku myumvire y’abantu kuri ibi biganiro
birebana n’imibonano mpuzabitsina (audience survey);
• Guharanira ko uburenganzira bw’abanyamakuru butabangamire ubw’abana,
urubyiruko n’abagore;
• Guhuza n’igihe ibya gakondo n’amajyambere (modernisme);
• Kwita ku iyubahirizwa ry’ itegeko ribuza gutambutsa ibiterasoni mu
itangazamakuru;
• Indangagaciro z’intirano ntizimire bunguri iza gakondo n’ubwo turi mu ihuzasi
(Globalization);
• Itangazamakuru rikwiye kwigishwa abana mu mashuri kugira ngo bakure bazi
uko ikivuzwe mu itangazamakuru atari ugupfa kwakira ahubwo ko habaho
gusesengura;
• Hakwiye gukorwa Integanyangigisho ku buzima bw’imyororokere kuva umwana
avutse kugeza aminuza;
• Hagomba gushyirwaho ibigo bitanga inama ku mibanire y’abashakanye n’imibonano
mpuzabitsina ;
• MHC igomba gushyiraho “aho” (reference) abanyamakuru bajya bakura ubumenyi
mu ngeri zinyuranye;
• Hakwiye gushyirwaho inyobozi (Guidelines) n’amagambo byafasha abanyamakuru
mu gukora ibiganiro birebana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere;
• Ibiganiro birebana n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere byakomeza gutangwa ariko
bitangirwa ahantu hihariye atari mu ruhame cyangwa kuri radiyo, aho bashobora
kubuza abana kubyitabira;
• Abayobozi b’ibitangazamakuru bakwiye kujya babanza gusesengura ibiganiro biba
byateguwe n’abanyamakuru, bareba niba bitabangamiye umuco wa Kinyarwanda,
amahame n’amategeko y’itangazamakuru;
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• Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru igomba kugira umurongo utishyurwa (Hot line),
abaturage bajya batangaho ibitekerezo mu gihe babangamiwe n’itangazamakuru
maze Radiyo yaba yaragaragaye ho ibirego byinshi igahanwa;
• Gushyiraho amategeko ahana abashora urubyiruko mu myitwarire mibi bifashishije
ikoranabuhanga;
• Inama Nkuru y’Itangazamakuru (MHC) na Minisiteri ifite umuco mu nshingano
zayo bagomba gukora isesengura ry’imvugo z’ikinyarwanda zikoreshwa mu
bitangazamakuru;
• Itangazamakuru ntirigomba kubangamira umuco w’amahoro.
• Kongera ibishyirwa ku mbuga biri mu Kinyarwanda (Local content) kuko usanga
ibiriho byinshi biri mu ndimi z’amahanga.
• Muri buri gitangazamakuru hakwiye kubamo ishami rishinzwe kugenzura amakosa
akorwa (monitoring).
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IMIGEREKA : IBIGANIRO BIRAMBUYE
IKIGANIRO CYA MBERE
KUGERERANYA UMUCO WA KINYARWANDA MU GIHE CYO HAMBERE N’UKO UHAGAZE MURI IKI GIHE
Muri iki kiganiro kigamije kungurana ibitekerezo ku muco wa Kinyarwanda, tuwugereranya n’uko wari umeze mu gihe cyo hambere, n’uko wifashe muri iki gihe turimo; ni
amahirwe cyane, kuko biduhaye uburyo bwo gusuzuma uko umuco wacu wakurikizwaga, n’uko uhagaze ubungubu, cyane cyane ko ufite ibyonnyi byinshi biwugarije, ari
ibiva hanze y’u Rwanda cyangwa se ibiri no mu gihugu cyacu; ibyo bigatuma tugomba
gufata ingamba zihamye zo kuwubumbatira ngo utaducika.
Nk’uko tubizi, umuco nyarwanda ni umurage gakondo twasigiwe n’abakurambere ngo
ujye uturanga aho turi hose, uzatubeho karande; tukaba twawugereranya n’ifumba,
abasokuru badushyize mu biganza, tugahora tuyipfumbatije ngo itazima; maze izahore itumurikira mu mibereho yacu, natwe tuzayirage abazadukomokaho, uko ibihe
bizahora bisimburana iteka.
Nk’uko byari bisanzwe kuva kera, umuco nyarwanda watorezwaga mu miryango
abantu bakomokamo kuva bakiri bato; bamara gukura, abahungu bamaze kuba ingaragu bakajya mu matorero, bakigishwa indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda; bagahabwa imyitozo ngororamubiri ibategura kuzaba intwari zizarengera igihugu kandi
zikazagura amarembo yacyo. Naho mu bitaramo bagatozwa kuba intore n’ingenzi,
kugirango batazaba ibifura n’ibigwari.
Naho abana b’abakobwa, iyo bamaraga kuba abangavu, bajyaga mu rubohero, bakahasanga ababyeyi b’inzobere, bakabigisha umuco wa Kinyarwanda; bakabaha uburere bwuzuye bagamije kubategura ngo ejo hazaza bazavemo ababyeyi, mu Kinyarwanda bita umutima w’urugo; banabatozaga kumenya imyuga n’ubukorikori bizabafasha
mu mirimo yo kubaka ingo zabo, bataretse no kubatoza kuba intore: bakiga kubyina,
kuririmba n’imidiho inyuranye, bakamenya kwizihiza ibirori.
Muri iki kiganiro, ni ukureba icyatuma umuco wacu usugira, tugafata ingamba zo kuwubungabunga, kugirango udahungabana tugafatanya n’itangazamakuru kubera ko
rigera ku mbaga nyinshi y’abanyarwanda.
Iyo usomye mu nyandiko zisohoka mu binyamakuru, cyangwa ukabona amashusho
abirimo, niho wibuka wa mugani wa Kinyarwanda ugira uti “Umuco ntuvukanwa urarerwa, kandi ntawe utanga icyo adafite”.
Ariko muri iki gihe, bitewe n’uko hari abanyarwanda benshi batagize amahirwe yo
gutozwa umuco, bivuye ku mpamvu nyinshi kandi tuzi tutakwirirwa turondora muri
iki kiganiro amwe mu makosa akorwa mu itangazamakuru niho akomoka.
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Hakaba kandi ko muri iki gihe, ibihugu byacu byabaye isibaniro ry’amahanga, n’abantu
babikomokamo bakaba barangwa n’imico n’uburere butandukanye n’ibyacu; ukongeraho n’ibyo ikoranabuhanga ritwoherereza, ari mu majwi, ari mu binyamakuru cyangwa mu mashusho, noneho ba bantu batigeze bigishwa umuco nyarwanda kandi bakora umurimo w’ubwanditsi bakabura icyo bafata n’icyo bareka, akaba ariyo mpamvu
usanga abantu babinuba kuko baziko umunyamakuru wese afite inshingano zikomeye
zo kwigisha no kurerera igihugu ari nta mpamvu ituma yatambamira umuco.
Mu kugereranya uko umuco wacu wubahirizwaga n’uko bimeze kuri ubu, reka dutange ingero zimwe zifatika, zerekana ibyo umuco wacu udatsimburwaho, kandi bigomba kubahirizwa n’ibyo wemera guhindura bitewe n’uko ujyana n’ibihe ugezemo.
Dore zimwe mu ngero umuco wacu udashobora gutsimburwaho:
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Nta gihe umuco uzemerera umuntu uwo ariwe wese kutubaha abakuru, ari
ababyeyi cyangwa se abandi bakuriye umuryango w’abanyarwanda: aha
twavuga nk’abayobozi.
Ariko muri iki gihe hari abanyamakuru batinyuka gusebya no kwandarika
abo bari bakwiye kubaha no kubahiriza, ngo bitewe n’uko bafite uburenganzira busesuye, ari mu maradiyo cyangwa mu binyamakuru. Ibyo ni ugutatira
umuco wa Kinyarwanda.
Nta gihe umuco wa Kinyarwanda uzemerera abantu kutubahiriza kirazira,
cyangwa kuziririza ikizira, twavuga nko kumena ibanga cyangwa gutangaza
icyo utagombaga kuvuga.
Ariko hari abiha kumena amabanga ndetse babigendereye, ngo kugirango
abantu bamenye ko ari ba “nyiranzakaha”. ��
Ibyo ni ukuzimura, si umuco. Kutagira rutangira ni ubupfura buke.
Nta gihe umuco wa Kinyarwanda uzigera wemerera abategarugori guhamagara ba nyirabukwe mu mazina, kuko babagomba icyubahiro kubera ko bababyariye abagabo. Uwabitinyukaga bavugaga ko atazabyara ngo aheke, ari
ukubiremereza.
Hari n’amagambo akoreshwa batabanje kuyatoranya ugasanga kuyavuga ku
mugaragaro ari nko ugushira amanga. Urugero rwa hafi: aho kuvuga imibonano mpuzabitsina wavuga imyororokere y’abantu.
Ibintu tubona mu binyamakuru by’urukozasoni, bita pornographie mu ndimi
z’amahanga ntibikwiye kwerekwa abana kuko ari ukubatesha umuco.
Niyo mpamvu abashinzwe kurengera umuco nyarwanda, bagomba guhora bari maso,
kugirango amaherezo umuco utazacika, ukaba “akari aha kajya he!”
Twavuze ko umuco wacu ugomba kujyana n’ibihe ugezemo,kugirango udasigara inyuma nabyo bikaba byaba bibi. Ingero ziriho:
- Kera nta mutegarugori wuriraga inzu cyangwa ngo ajye mu nsi y’inka ashaka
kuzikama, cyaraziraga, bitewe nuko birindaga kumutesha icyubahiro, kubera
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ko icyo gihe nta myenda y’imbere bagiraga, bambaraga inkanda.
Ubu biremewe ko abari n’abategarugori bashobora kurira amazu, kubera ko
babyiga mu mashuri kandi hakaba n’imyenda ijyanye n’uwo mwuga, twavuga
nk’ingofero, amasalopette n’amapantalo nta cyubahiro bibatesha kandi ni
byiza.
- Kera nta mutegarugori wavuzaga ingoma, kuko zavugiraga Umwami na Karinga;
ariko ubu biremewe ko abategarugori bavuza ingoma mu matorero anyuranye,
ari ay’amadini cyangwa mu bitaramo ndetse baranabyiga mu mashuri.
- Kuvuga ko nta mugore urya ihene ngo ayiriye yamera ubwanwa, cyangwa ngo
intama ziribwa n’Abatwa, ibyo ntibikiriho ni umuco ushaje.
Nonese ko uburere aribwo burera ubupfura, kandi imfura ikaba ihora yirinda ikintu
kibi cyose cyayiturukaho cyangwa kikayivugwaho; ingamba zikwiye gufatwa ni izihe,
kugirango duhore tubungabunga ubusugire bw’umuco nyarwanda?
Iz’ingenzi ni izi:
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Kwibanda ku burere, kuko aribwo burera ubupfura, tukabutoza cyane cyane
urubyiruko rw’u Rwanda kugirango ruzakurane umuco.
Kumenya indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda, kuko arizo abakurambere bacu
bashingiyeho bubaka u Rwanda, n’abana b’u Rwanda.
Kumenya amateka y’ingenzi yaranze u Rwanda n’abanyarwanda, kugirango
atubere urugero, tumenye uko twitwara mu mibereho yacu.
Kugira umuco wo gukunda igihugu cyatubyaye, kuko igihugu atari ubutaka
ari abantu bagituye.
Ubwo rero umwana w’u Rwanda namara kumenya izo nkingi z’ingenzi, maze akazigira ize, azumva afite ishema ryo kuba umunyarwanda, aharanire kubaka igihugu
gishimwa n’abagituye, ndetse n’abakigenderera; yihatire no kugiteza imbere, kugirango kigire ijabo n’ijambo mu ruhando rw’amahanga.
GASANA Vincent
Inteko Izirikana
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IKIGANIRO CYA KABIRI
Politiki y’igihugu mu kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda mu muryango nyarwanda.
1. INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONSIDERATION
After recovering their independence, African people came back to their culture, destroyed by colonialism, as the source of their behavior, welfare and thinking.
Rwanda did the same. In fact, since its independence recovery, bad political trends,
as sectarianism and divisionism, have transformed culture in activities of propaganda, praising high authorities and mobilizing the population.
But, since more than ten years ago, new leadership really came back to national cultural values and deemed necessary to elaborate a national cultural policy as the way
to political, economic and social sustainable development.
1.1. DEFINITION OF CULTURE
The definition given by UNESCO is preferred: “Culture is set of distinctive spiritual,
material, intellectual and emotional features of a society or a social group, and that it
encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value
systems, traditions and beliefs.“
1.2. PLACE OF CULTURE
1.2.1. At national level
Rwandan culture has to be dynamic so that it could give responses to situations faced
and orientations for the future. It is the basis of political, social and economic national development.
1.2.2. In welfare and governance
Some cultural factors utilized to praise ant values of sectarianism and divisionism
shall be used in instilling main cultural values like unity, democracy, fight against
genocide and corruption.
1.2.3. In welfare and economy
Cultural values could be used to restore national social fabric destroyed by genocide
and promote economy.
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2. NATIONAL GENERAL ORIENTATIONS
2.1. 2020 VISION
Government of Rwanda gives to culture the mission of being the spearhead of national development and fundamental change aiming to shape a new destiny.
2.2. POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY AND NATIONAL INVESTMENT STRATEGY
Cultural sector, as one field of production, will attract investors for creative (cultural)
industries.
2.3. SEVEN YEARS GOVERNMENT PROGRAMME
As a cross-cutting issue culture will be implemented in different areas of activities: in
education, mass mobilization, cultural heritage institutions, and other institutions to
be set up like Academy and Chancellery.
2.4. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
• NEPAD (New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development)
NEPAD promotes Culture as source of peace, good governance and democracy. As far as globalization is considered, NEPAD recommends to enter in
new era of thinking and doing without abandoning his culture.
• UNESCO (United Nations Science and Culture organization)
UNESCO, in its different gatherings and documents, recommends that a great
role be attributed to culture in national and international development.
3. CULTURAL SECTOR SITUATION ANALYSIS
Cultural values have been neglected, the role of culture in development has been
ignored: in general, during these past fifty years culture has been sullied so that it
needs to be purified.
3.1. CULTURAL SECTOR PROBLEMS
• Insufficient and inadequate personnel
• Insufficient infrastructures, structures and funding
• Lack of investment in cultural sector
• Neither cultural education nor emulation
• Destruction of cultural monuments and sites
3.2. STRENGTHS AND CONSTRAINTS
3.2.1. Strengths and opportunities
• Rich cultural field.
• Visible political will.
• Important cultural heritage and developing cultural tourism.
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3.2.1. Constraints
• Poverty impeding population to accede to cultural products
• Lack of interactions in cultural issues between the three sectors: public, private and civil society.
4. CULTURAL POLICY PRINCIPLES
Culture and human rights
Culture and gender equity
Culture and youth
Culture and development
Culture and language
Culture and education
Culture and health
Culture and tourism
Culture and research
Culture and national fundamental principles
Culture and information and communication technologies (ict)
Culture and globalization
5. CULTURAL SECTOR VISION
As culture has to be engine of development, it has to be renewed and reinforced so
that professionalism and cultural industries could be developed in manner to create
employment.
6. CULTURAL SECTOR MISSION
Rwandan and universal cultural values have to be engine of individuals and nations
progress.
7. CULTURAL SECTOR OBJECTIVES
7.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES
• Instilling cultural values in all sectors of national life
• Protecting and promoting tangible and intangible heritage
• Putting in place good conducive conditions to creativity and to access to
cultural products.
7.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• Developing adequate and qualified human resources
• Instilling culture of peace in Rwandan Community
• Reviewing or adopting laws
• Rendering culture the basis of development and promoting investment in
cultural industries
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Promoting reading culture and promoting cultural curricula in education
Creating conducive conditions of cultural relations, competitions and meetings
Creating or reinforcing cultural structures, organs, infrastructures and fundraising and equipment acquisition
Promoting cultural international cooperation
8. CULTURAL SECTOR STRATEGIES
8.1. Strategies on developing adequate and qualified human resources
8.2. Strategies on instilling culture of peace in Rwandan community
8.3. Strategies on reviewing or adopting laws
8.4. Strategies on rendering culture the basis of development and promoting investment in cultural industries
8.5. Strategies on promoting reading culture and promoting cultural curricula in
education
8.6. Strategies on creating conducive conditions of cultural relations, competitions
and meetings
8.7. Strategies on creating or reinforcing cultural structures, organs, infrastructures
and fund-raising and equipment acquisition
8.8. Strategies on promoting cultural international cooperation
9. CULTURAL SECTOR PROGRAMS
9.1. Progr.1: reinforcing cultural heritage structures
9.2. Progr.2: culture as the basis of national development
9.3. Progr.3: reviewing or adopting laws
10. NATIONAL CULTURAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
10.1. Responsibilities and partnerships
10.2. Monitoring and evaluation
NSANZABAGANWA Straton
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IKIGANIRO CYA GATATU
URUHARE RW’ITANGAZAMAKURU MU GUTEZA IMBERE UMUCO
UMUCO NI IKI ?
Umuco ni ihuriro ry’ ibigize imibereho y’ abantu ya buri munsi, ni uburyo bw’ uko
abenegihugu aba n’ aba, babona ibintu.
Umuco ni isangano ry’ ibyiza nyabyo by’ igihe cyahise, ibihangwa ubu n’ ibizagerwaho by’ ahazaza :
uburyo abanyarwanda basaba umugeni,uburyo abanyarwanda biyogoshesha.
Umuco ni urwunge rw’ ibitekerezo-hame n’ umurage dukomora ku bakurambere.
Umuco ni intera igenda igerwaho, ivuka ku myivugururire y’ imibereho y’ ububanyi
n’ amahanga.
Umuco ni urusobe rw’ imyihariko abantu baba bafite ibatandukanya n’ abandi batari
bo. Birumvikana ko umuco w’ abatuye igihugu iki n’ iki ari ya ngingo ituma bagira
bati : “Ni aba ,ni bariya”. Bityo bakaba batakwitiranya Abanyarwanda n’ Abatanzaniya, Abazambiya n’ ababirigi.
Umuco ni icyo abantu babura ntibabe icyo bari bo. Ni ukuvuga ko iyo umuntu abuze
umuco, abura ubumuntu akaba nk’ inyamaswa.
Umuco si ikintu umuntu amenya mu mutwe we cyangwa ngo agisome mu bitabo by’
imitumba myinshi(Ibitabo binini kandi byinshi), ahubwo ni ukumvira umutimanama
mu byo ukuyoboramo byo gukora iki cyangwa kudakora kiriya, kidatunganye :Gutegura no gukora genocide si umuco.
Muri make, umuco ni imitekerereze, imigenzereze , imyifatire yihariye y’ umuryango
w’ abantu aba n’ aba, byaba mu mibereho isanzwe, mu kwidagadura, iyobokamana
n’ ibindi.
Ugaragarira kandi mu mateka no mu bindi birangamuco, nk’ inzibutso, ahantu nteramatsiko nk’ amatongo, ibisigazwa by’ abakurambere, ibikoresho byabo n’ ibindi
2. INKINGI Z’UMUCO NYARWANDA
URURIMI
Ururimi ni intwaro ikomeye ifasha mu gusobanura no gukwirakwiza amahame ngenderwaho y’umuco. Ururimi nirwo ruhuza abantu, rukanabasabanisha.
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Ururimi nirwo ntangiriro y’umuco kubera ko arirwo rukubiyemo imigenzereze, imikorere n’imyifatire y’abantu. Uririmi ni inganzo y’umuco, umuco nawo ukaba inganzo
y’ururimi. Ibyo bigatuma umuco uha byose ireme rirema ubwenge bw’ingeri zose.
UMURYANGO
Umuryango ni ihuriro ry’abantu benshi baba basangiye isano cyangwa ntaho bahuriye, abakiri bato bakunze gufata inyigisho zivuye ku rugero rwiza bahabwa n’ababakuriye. Niyo mpamvu ababyeyi mu muryango barebwa ku buryo bwihariye n’uburere mbonezamuco bw’ababakomokaho n’abo bashinzwe muri rusange.
Umuryango ni inkingi y’umuco ikomeye ,ni isoko nyamukuru y’umuco.Abanyarwanda
bakunze kugaragaza ko iyo umwana adafite umuco no mu muryango ntabwo uba
uharangwa.
« wirenganya umwana wawe ngo yifashe nabi uko wamureze ni ko azakura », « isuku
igira isoko », «umwana wa samusuri avukana isunzu »….
UBUREZI
Burya “Uburezi bw’umwana butangirira ku kiriri, bugakomereza mu mashuri, bukarangirira ku kiriyo”. Niyo mpamvu abarezi mu mashuri batagomba gutanga ubumenyi
gusa, ahubwo bagomba no gutanga uburere mbonezamuco bigisha amahame remezo y’umuco ari nako ubwabo bagaragara nk’intangarugero, kuko “Isuku igira isoko,
umwanda ukagira akazu.”
Mgr Bigirumwami yavugaga ko bana ari batatu :Baribwira Tereriyo na Ntamwete.
AMATORERO/ITORERO
Amatorero niyo yari amashuri yo hambere, akaba ari naho higishirizwaga bimwe mu
biri mu nkingi z’umuco, bakanigiramo uburere mbonera bw’umuryango nyarwanda,
tutibagiwe n’imwe mu myuga yo mu Rwanda rwo hambere nk’ubucuzi, ububaji, kuboha, kubaka n’ibindi.
Mu matorero niho bigiraga gutarama, guhamiriza, gukirana, imirimo ikorerwa ku
rugamba n’ibindi. Ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko kera habagaho amatorero n’ibitaramo
byigishirizwagamo umuco. Ay’ubu nk’ayo hambere agomba kuba umuyoboro wanyuzwamo uburere mbonezamuco, dore ko kenshi aba agizwe n’abantu b’ibitsina
byombi ndetse bakaba bari no mu ngeri zitandukanye (abakuru n’abato).
UBUVANGANZO
Ubuvanganzo niho havuye izina ubuhanzi, akaba ari kimwe mu nganda zikomeye zaRaporo y’Inama nyungurana-bitekerezo ku Itangazamakuru n’umuco wa Kinyarwanda
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curirwagamo ibintu byinshi bikomoka ku rurimi nyarwanda, ibyavaga muri iryo curiro
nibyo byafashaga abanyarwanda mu bitaramo byabo bya buri munsi, bikanabafasha
kurushaho guha agaciro ibibakomokaho, bakanabyifashisha mu gushyiraho amategeko y’imiyoborere ndetse n’ay’imbonezamubano.
Muri ubwo buvanganzo twavuga : Ubusizi, amazina y’inka, ibyivugo, ubwiru, imbyino,
ingoma, imbyino n’ubundi buvanganzo. Ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko ubuhanzi nyabwo
ari ubuhangira ku muco, ibyo bikaba bishaka kuvuga guha agaciro umuco w’igihugu
cyawe no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abagituye.
ITANGAZAMAKURU
Mu Rwanda rwo hambere, narwo rwabagamo itangazamakuru, hakaba hariho uburyo bw’itangazamakuru bubiri : itangazamakuru ry’ibyabereye ku rugamba, uwari
urikuriye akaba yaritwaga “UMUVUZI W’AMACUMU’’, naho irindi tangazamakuru
ryari iry’ibwami, rishinzwe gutangaza gahunda zose z’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu ndetse
n’amatwara mashya igihugu cyabaga kigezemo. Uwari ukuriye iryo tangazamakuru
bakaba baramwitaga ’’UMUMOTSI’’
Itangazamakuru ni umwe mu miyoboro y’ingenzi yanyuzwagamo ubutumwa bujyanye n’ibyiza bikubiye mu muco nyarwanda ndetse rifite uruhare rukomeye mu gucengeza uburere mbonezamuco mu Banyarwanda. Itangazamakuru rigomba kugira
gahunda ihamye y’ibiganiro mbonezamuco.
INYANDIKO
Ubu buryo bwo kunyuzamo inyigisho mbonezamuco ntiwabagaho mu Rwanda rwa
mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu. Bwadutse nyuma yaho abanyarwanda bamaze gucengererwa n’umuco wo gusoma no kwandika.
Akenshi umuntu yandika ibyo atekereza,ibyo akunda n’ibyo yemera.Niyo mpamvu
inyandiko zose zikwiye kugusha kenshi ku burere mbonezamuco, kuko aribwo buranga umunyarwanda nyawe.
AMATEGEKO
Uruganda rw’amategeko,nirwo rwari icuriro nyaryo ry’amategeko ahamye yo kurinda umuco nyarwanda no kuwusengasira ngo usugire ,usagambe mu benegihugu n’abanyamahanga.Icyo yari ashinzwe cyane,ni ukurinda ukwangirika k’uburere
mbonezamuco,umuco n’ubusugire bwawo mu benegihugu n’abanyamahanga.
Haba mu muryango,haba mu gihugu muri rusange,amategeko agaragara nk’umuyoboro uboneye ushimangira amahame y’umuco no kuyarinda.
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Aya mategeko mu muco wacu akaba agamije ahanini guca umuco wo kudahana,ntabwo
aca iteka,ahubwo arahanura.Ubwo buryo bukumira umuntu n’imbaga y’abanyarwanda ngo batikorera ibyo bishakiye.Itangazamakuru rifite uruhare rukomeye mu kwigisha amategeko n’amabwiriza atandukanye bigomba kubahirizwa.
IBIGANIRO
Ibiganiro nabyo ni uruganda rukomeye mu muco niho hunguranirwa inama zubaka
igihugu n’umuco wacyo ,bityo kigasugira kigasagamba.Ibiganiro ni uburyo abantu
babiri cyangwa benshi bungurana ibitekerezo ku bintu runaka bakabifatira n’umwanzuro runaka,ku bwumvikane bw’abagize ikiganiro,ni ukuvuga uwatanze igitekerezo
n’ibitekerezo byagitanzweho n’abandi bari kumwe,abagikurikiranye n’abazashyira
imyanzuro yacyo mu bikorwa.
3. AKAMARO K’ITANGAZAMAKURU MURI SOSIYETI
Itangazamakuru ni uburyo bwose bukoresheje inyandiko, amashusho, amajwi, cyangwa amajwi n’amashusho, amarenga cyangwa interineti, bukwirakwiza kandi bumenyekanisha muri rubanda ibyabaye, ibyo umuntu yemera, n’ibindi bitekerezo byose
bishyizwe ahagaragara, hagamijwe cyane cyane kumenyesha amakuru, kwigisha no
guhugura, guteza imbere imyidagaduro cyangwa kuruhura abantu;
Umunyamakuru ni umuntu ukora nibura umurimo wo gutara inkuru ; kunonosora
inkuru ; gutangaza inkuru agamije gukwirakwiza amakuru cyangwa ibitekerezo muri
rubanda.
Agomba kandi kuba yarize itangazamakuru cyangwa itumanaho abifitiye nibura
impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya mbere cya Kaminuza cyangwa impamyabushobozi y’icyiciro cya mbere cy’Ishuri Rikuru ry’Itangazamakuru n’itumanaho cyangwa
iy’ikindi kigo gitanga impamyabushobozi yo muri urwo rwego yemewe na Leta cyangwa akaba afite nibura impamyabumenyi cyangwa impamyabushobozi y’icyiciro
cya mbere cya Kaminuza mu ishami iryo ari ryo ryose ariko akaba afite impamyabushobozi y’amahugurwa mu itangazamakuru yatanzwe n’ishuri cyangwa ikigo cyemewe
na Leta.
(ingingo ya 2 ITEGEKO N° 22/2009 RYO KUWA RIGENGA ITANGAZAMAKURU ).
itangazamakuru rigamije kwigisha no kuyobora abaturage mu nzira igamije iterambere.Itangazamakuru rigamije guhugura abaturage rikabagezaho amakuru y’ukuri
kandi yuzuye yerekeye politiki,ubukungu,imibereho myiza y’abaturage ,umuco,….
Mwalimu Malonga Pacifique yigisha abantu igiswayire,itangazamakuru ritandukanye
ryigisha kuboneza urubyaro,ubuhinzi,ubworozi,..
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Itangazamakuru rimenyesha abaturarwanda ibintu bishya bifitiye akamaro abanyarwanda ,amakuru agezweho ivugururwa mu nzego z’imiyoborere,…
Itangazamakuru rifasha abantu kuruhuka mu biganiro bitandukanye bibasetsa ,urwenya,
4. GAHUNDA YA GUVERINOMA MU GUTEZA IMBERE UMUCO NÌTANGAZMAKURU
Guverinoma izakomeza guhesha agaciro umuco nyarwanda ,indangagaciro zawo zibe
umusemburo wìterambere.Kugira ngo bigerweho Guverinoma izibanda kuri izi ngingo zikurikira:
Guteza imbere umuco wù Rwanda cyane cyane binyuze mu rwego rwùburezi
nìtorero
Gushyiraho Inteko yùrurimi nùmuco ,no gushyiraho urwego rwÌgihugu rushinzwe
intwari z Igihugu,impeta nìmidari byìshimwe
Gushyiraho ingamba zifatika zo guteza imbere ibigo ndangamuco na ndangamateka
ndetese nùbukererugendo bubishingiyeho
Guverinoma ifite umugambi wo gukomeza kubaka itangazamakuru ryùmwuga rifite
ubushake ,ubumenyi nùbushobozi byo kugeza ku banyarwanda amakuru abafitiye
akamaro,azamura imyumvire igamije kubageza ku majyambere arambye. Guverinoma kandi izafasha mu kubaka itangazamakuru ryìngeri zinyuranye rimenyekanisha
isura nyayo yù Rwanda mu mahanga. .
5.ITANGAZAMAKURU RYATEZA GUTE IMBERE UMUCO NYARWANDA?
INSHINGANO Z’ITANGAZAMAKURU
Umunyamakuru afite inshingano z’ingenzi zikurikira: kumenyesha amakuru; kwigisha
abaturage, kubahugura no guteza imbere imyidagaduro; guharanira ubwisanzure mu
gutangaza amakuru, mu kugira icyo ayo makuru avugwaho no mu gusesengura ibiriho; gutangaza amakuru afitiye gihamya; guha ijambo buri ruhande ruvugwa mu
nkuru; gukosora inkuru yose yatangajwe bikaza kugaragara ko itari iy’ukuri; kubahiriza ibiteganywa n’amategeko akurikizwa mu Rwanda; kubahiriza imibereho bwite
y’umuntu ku giti cye igihe cyose iyo mibereho idahura n’imirimo ashinzwe y’igihugu;
kubahiriza ibanga ry’imibereho bwite ya buri muturage; kubahiriza uburenganzira
ku mutungo bwite mu by’ubwenge. (ingingo ya 12 ITEGEKO N° 22/2009 RYO KUWA
12/08/2009 RIGENGA ITANGAZAMAKURU ).
IBYO UMUNYAMAKURU ABUJIJWE
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Umunyamakuru abujijwe: gukoresha uburyo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kugira ngo
abone cyangwa atangaze amakuru, amafoto n’izindi nyandiko nk’igihe hagomba
kubahirizwa ibihangano, inyandiko z’abandi cyangwa gusaba uruhushya; kwirengagiza amakuru ya ngombwa, guhindura ibitekerezo bikubiye mu nkuru cyangwa inyandiko iyi n’iyi; kwitiranya umwuga w’umunyamakuru n’uwo kwamamaza; gutangaza amafoto cyangwa inyandiko z’abandi uziyitirira; gusesereza, gutukana no
gusebanya; gutanga ruswa no kuyakira; kurigisa no kwiba inyandiko, amajwi cyangwa amashusho byagombye gutangazwa no gukwirakwizwa ahandi; kwivanga mu
buzima bwite bw’undi muntu hakoreshejwe itangazamakuru ari byo gufata amajwi,
amafoto cyangwa amashusho yerekeye ubuzima bwe bwite no kuyatangaza nyirayo
atabishaka;guca urubanza mu gihe atangaza amakuru. (ingingo ya 13 ITEGEKO N°
22/2009 RYO KUWA 12/08/2009 RIGENGA ITANGAZAMAKURU ).
ESE ITANGAZAMAKURU RIBIFITIYE UBUSHOBOZI?
Itangazamakuru rifite ubushobozi bwo guteza imbere umuco nyarwanda kuko rifite
imbaraga kandi aho rikora neza rifatwa nk’ubutegetsi bwa kane nyuma y’ubutegetsi
nshingamategeko ,nyubahirizategeko n’ubucamanza .Itangazamakuru ryagaragaje
ko rishobora gukora impinduka zikomeye mu buzima bw’imiyoborere:Ahagana mu
myaka ya 1970 mu gihugu cya USA abanyamakuru Bob Woodward na and Carl Bernstein bakoreraga The Washington Post batangaje amakuru yatumye Perezida NIXON
yegura asimburwa na Gerald Ford. Impinduramatwara mu bihugu by’abarabu ,….
URURIMI
Itangazamakuru rigomba gukoresha
UMURYANGO
Umuryango ni ingobyi iduhetse tuvukiramo tugakuriramo.Itangazamakuru rigomba
kwigisha no gutoza umuryango umuco uboneye :kuvuga neza , kwambara neza ,
kwitabira umurimo ,kwihesha agaciro,ubusugire bw’umuryango ,
Inyandiko zigomba kwitonderwa .Akarenze umunwa karushya ihamagara.Ibyanditswe byose mu nyandiko zitandukanye si ko bigomba kunyuzwa mu itangazamakuru
hagomba ubushishozi, gushungura no gusesengura.Kudafata amafoto y’urukozasoni
ngo tuyashyire mu binyamakuru naho twagaragaza inkomoko y’inkuru nkuko amategeko abisaba.
AMATEGEKO N’AMABWIRIZA
Amategeko agenga umwuga w’itangazamakuru agomba kubahirizwa .Uburenganzira
n’inshingano by’abanyamakuru bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa nta rengayobora.
ITEGEKO N° 22/2009 RYO KUWA 12/08/2009 RIGENGA ITANGAZAMAKURU
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Amasezerano Nyafurika Agenga Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu n’ubw’abaturage
yo kuwa 27 Kamena 1981,
Itegeko-Teka n° 21/77 ryo kuwa 18 Kanama 1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’Amategeko
Ahana; Itegeko nº 13/2004 ryo kuwa 17 Gicurasi 2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize
y’Imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu;
UBUREZI
Itangazamakuru rifite inshingano ikomeye yo kurera no kwigisha .Uburere butegura
umuntu urangwa nùbunyangamugayo nìcyubahiro.Ibi bigaragazwa ni ingingo zikurikira ;kumenya gusesengura ibintu,gucunga neza igihe ,kwifata aho bikwiye,kugira
isuku,kujyana nìbihe byiza no kugira umuco wìpiganwa.Ibi bikorwa byose itangazamakuru rigomba kubitoza abaturarwanda mu biganiro bitandukanye nàmakuru.
Itangazamakuru rigomba kudufasha kugira uburere bugira uruhare mu kubaka
umuryango urangwa nùbumwe,gukunda igihugu,kubaha uburenganzira bwa
muntu,kubaha ibidukikije no gukunda umurimo ukozwe neza.Ibi bikagaragazwa no
gusabana,gufatanya nàbandi,kugira ubutwari bwo kuvuga ibitangenda no gusaba ko
bikosorwa , kugira ishyaka ryo guharanira ukuri mu biganironàmakuru ,kutarangwa
nìmvugo ndetse nìmyyitwarire yàmacakubiri nìvangura nkìbishingiye ku giitsina
,idini akarere ,…Kubaha amategeko nàmabwiriza,kubaha ibitekerezo nìmyemerere
byàbandi,ubwihanganirane,ubworoherane mu biganiro ,guha buri wese ibyo akwiye
no kutabogama,kwitwara neza mu bihe byose no kugira ikinyabupfura ntusabirize
cyangwa se ngo urangwe nùbuzinzi.
IBIGANIRO N’AMAHUGURWA
Ibiganiro byafasha mu gusesengura inyandiko n’imvugo zitandukira hagatangwa ibitekerezo uko bigomba gukorwa .Amahugurwa yafasha mu kongerera ubumenyi abanyamakuru kugira ngo bashobore kwigisha uko bikwiye bakoresha imvugo inoze.Muri
buri gitangazamakuru habaho kujya inama gusobanuza no gutegura ibyo umunyamakuru aributangaze.
UMWANZURO
Itangazamakuru rifite uruhare rukomeye muguteza imbere umuco.Umuco ni umurage w’abaturage bahabwa n’abobakomotseho bakagenda bawuhererekanya.Umuco
urakura ukagira ingingo zitakara n’izindi zigenda ziyongera.Itangazamakuru nk’umuyoboro ufite imbaraga ugera kuri benshi ryafasha mu guteza imbere umuco mu biganiro
,mu makuru byigisha abaturage.Kugira ngo abanyamakuru bashobore kuzuza inshingano zabo bagomba kugira ubumenyi buhagije.Umuntu atanga icyo afite.
Kuki hatabaho ishyirahamwe ry’abanayamakuru bashinzwe by’umwihariko gutara no
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gutangaza amakuru ku muco ?
Ibyo twifashishije mugutegura iki kiganiro :
1.inyandiko za NSANZABERA Jean de Dieu ku muco
2. itegeko n° 22/2009 ryo kuwa 12/08/2009 rigenga itangazamakuru
3. Dickinson, William B.; Mercer Cross, Barry Polsky (1973). Watergate: chronology of
a crisis. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc.. pp. 8 133 140 180 188
4.Gahunda ya guverinoma 2010-2017
MUSANGABATWARE Clément
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IKIGANIRO CYA KANE
Isesengura ry’inkuru, ibiganiro n’amafoto bitambuka mu bitangazamakuru byo mu
Rwanda muri iki gihe
INTANGIRIRO
ZIMWE MUSHINGANO ZA MHC
- MHC ifite inshingano yo kureba ko amategeko n’amahame agenga umwuga
w’itangazamakuru rikoresha inyandiko, amajwi, amajwi n’amashusho cyangwa
irikoresha interineti yubahirizwa;
- MHC ifite inshingano kandi yo kugenzura ko ibitangazamakuru biha agaciro umuco w’Igihugu;
Ikiganiro cyatambutse tariki ya 27 Gashyantare 2011, kivuga kikanigisha abantu uburyo bakwiye kwitwara mu mibonano-mpuzabitsina.
Muri iki kiganiro hakoreshejwe amwe mu magambo y’urukozasoni no kutiyubaha
akurikira:
- imboro ;
- imishino yarese
- igituba kimeze nk’amabya y’ingurube
- ibituba biteye nk’ipapayi
- kurigata imboro
- kunyaza
Muri iki kiganiro havuzwe ibirebana no kwikinisha, abayoboye ikiganiro bageza ku
bagikiriye ibyo baganiriye na Dr Kanimba ari we. Amoko y’ibitsina by’abakobwa n’ibibiranga na byo byagarutsweho, uburyo bwo kurongora (positions) n’ibindi.
Muri iki kiganiro hagaragayemo amagambo y’urukozasoni, adakwiriye kuvugirwa kuri
radio yumvwa n’abantu benshi nk’uko biri mu muco nyarwanda .Ayo magambo ni
akurikira:
-Konka igitsina cy’umugabo
-Imishino
-Amabya
-Kumena amazi
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-Kunyaza
-Kurigata imboro
Mu kiganiro “Ijoro ry’urukundo”,cyo kuwa 05/10/2011, umunyamakuru yahaye ijambo abaturage bo mu Karere ka Nyamagabe aho baganira ku rukundo muri rusange.
Abaturage bavuganye n’umunyamakuru bagiye basobanura uko bakunda abo bashakanye, uko babashimisha mu gihe cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina, uko abatarashaka basobanukiwe n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere.
Amagambo y’urukozasoni yagaragayemo
Ijambo ry’urukozasoni ryumvikanyemo ni IGITUBA. Umunyamakuru yagombye kuba
yararikuyemo na cyane cyane ko ikiganiro yari yabanje kugifata mbere, nyuma akagikosora (editing)
37
AMWE MU MASHUSHO Y’RUKOZASONI AGARAGARA MU KINYAMAKURU ISHEMA
Mu kinyamakuru ISHEMA No.16 cyasohotse tariki ya 29 Mutarama ku rupapuro rwa
15 haboneka inkuru ifite umutwe w’amagambo akurikira“ Ibyo Ugomba kumenya ku
ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo”.
Iyo nkuru iherekejwe n’ifoto y’urukozasoni, ku buryo umuntu yavuga ko ari ifoto
« pornographique »(Umukobwa wambaye imyenda y’imbere gusa “ikariso, isutiye”,
yegamiye imodoka, asutamye, atandaraje). Indi foto iri hepfo yayo nayo ntijyanye
neza n’ibyo umwanditsi yavuze ku ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo, kandi ntigaragaza inkomako yayo.
Mu Kinyamakuru ” Ishema n˚19 cyo kuwa 12-22 Mata 2011, urup.15 handitswemo
inkuru ifite umutwe w’amagambo akurikira: “ Sobanukirwa n’imvugo y’abagore”
umwanditsi avuga uburyo abagore n’abakobwa bakunze gukoresha imvugo zijimije
(Zidahita zumvikanisha igisobanuro) buri gihe iyo bafite icyo bashaka kubwira aba38
kunzi babo mu birebana n’imibonano mpuza bitsina. Iyo nkuru iherekejwe n’ifoto
y’umukobwa.
Mu kinyamakuru ISHEMA No.18 cyo kuwa 18-31 Werurwe 2011, harimo inkuru ifite
umutwe: Icyitonderwa: icyo ukwiye kumenya mbere yo kwifuza umukobwa cyangwa
umusore!, yanditswe na Eddie.
- Umwanditsi yakoresheje amagambo y’urukozasoni: “ruboro, imboro”
- Inkuru iherekejwe n’ifoto y’umukobwa wambaye ubusa
- Umwanditsi agira inama abantu yo kwikinisha.
39
40
41
42
Zimwe mu ngero zigaragara ku mbuga za interineti zikorera mu Rwanda
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INGINGO Z’ AMAHAME AGENGA ABANYAMAKURU N’UMWUGA W’ITANGAZAMAKURU NDETSE N’IZ’ITEGEKO RIGENGA ITANGAZAMAKURU MU RWANDA BYABANGAMIWE
1. Amahame
Ingingo ya 25: Umunyamakuru akwiye kwirinda inkuru cyangwa amafoto n’amashusho y’urukozasoni, yahungabanya umuco n’ituze by’igihugu.
2. Itegeko ry’Itangazamakuru
Ingingo ya 12 (4): Umunyamakuru afite inshingano yo gutangaza amakuru afitiye gihamya
Ingingo ya 29(4): Amafoto cyangwa inyandiko bitangajwe bikuwe ahandi bigomba
kwandikwaho amazina y’ukuri cyangwa ikiranga uwayafashe cyangwa uwanditse inkuru cyangwa iby’uwatanze uburenganzira bwo gutubura amafoto cyangwa gukoporora inyandiko.
UMWANZURO
Mu Rwanda itangazamakuru rigomba kugira uruhare rukomeye mu guha agaciro,
gusigasira no kwimakaza umuco nyarwanda haba mu biganiro, ibitaramo, imivugo,
inyandiko zigisha, bityo rikagera ku ntego yo guteza imbere no gusakaza hose umuco
nyarwanda ukamenyekana mu mahanga. Ibyo bizagerwaho mu gihe abakora uwo
mwuga baharaniye ubwisanzure bw’Itangazamakuru bubahiriza umuco nyarwanda,
bazirikana uburenganzira bw’abwarubanda rwokubona amakuru ayunguruye.
RUHINGUKA Eugène, na
MUGABE Rachelle
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IKIGANIRO CYA GATANU
UBWISANZURE BW’ITANGAZAMAKURU N’UBURENGANZIRA BW’ABANA URUBYIRUKO N’ABAGORE
INTANGIRIRO
Itangazamakuru ni iki?
Uburyo bwose bukoresheje inyandiko, amashusho, amajwi, cyangwa amajwi
n’amashusho, amarenga cg internet, bukwirakwiza kandi bumenyekanisha muri
rubanda ibyabaye, ibyo umuntu yemera n’ibindi bitekerezo byose bishyizwe ahagaragara, hagamijwe cyane cyane kumenyesha amakuru, kwigisha no guhugura, guteza
imbere imyidagaduro cg kuruhura abantu.(art.2. loi 22/2009);
Umunyamakuru ni nde?
Ni umuntu ukora nibura umurimo wo gurara inkuru, kuyinonosora, gutangaza inkuru
agamije gukwirakwiza amakuru cg ibitekerezo muri rubanda;
Agomba kuba yarize itangazamakuru cg itumanahoabifitiye nibura impamyabumenyi
cg
impamyabushobozi(itangazamakuru&itumanaho&
indi
mpamyabushobozi₊amahugurwa mu itangazamakuru mu ishuri cg ikigo cyemewe na
Leta.
Umwana ni muntu ki?
Umuntu wese utarageza ku myaka cumi n’umunani (18) y’amavuko uretse mu gihe
andi mategeko abiteganya ukundi.(art. 216)
Inyito y’urubyiruko isobanuye iki?
Umuryango w’Abibumbye(ONU): rugizwe n’abantu babarirwa mu gice cy’imyaka iva
kuri 15 ikagera kuri 19(abo ni ingimbi) no kuva ku myaka 20 ukagera kuri 24 (urubyiruko rw’abakuze).
Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Afurika: guhera ku myaka 15 kugeza kuri 35.
Mu Rwanda itegeko rigena inshingano, imiterere n’imikorere y’Inama y’Igihugu
y’Urubyiruko rivuga ko umuntu wese ufite kuva ku myaka 14 kugera ku myaka 35
y’amavuko ari urubyiruko;
•
Imyaka y‘ubukure mu by‘imbonezamubano ni 21.
ITEGEKO NSHINGA, 4 Kamena 2003
Umwana n’umuryango
Art.27: umuryango , ari wo shingiro kamere ry’imbaga y’abanyarwanda, urengerwa
na Leta, ababyeyi bombi bafite uburenganzira n’inshingano zo kurera abana babo.
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Leta ishyiraho amategeko n’inzego bikwiye bishinzwe kurengera umuryango,
by’umwihariko umwana na nyina, kugirango umuryango ugire ubwisanzure;
Art.28: umwana wese afite uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa ku buryo bwihariye
n’umuryango we, abandi banyarwanda na Leta, bitewe n’ikigero n’imibereho ndetse
n’amategeko mpuzamahanga;
Ubwisanzure
Art.33: Ubwisanzure mu bitekerezo, mu kubigaragaza, mu mutimanama, mu guhitamo idini, mu gusenga no kubigaragaza mu ruhame burengerwa na Leta mu buryo
buteganywa n’amategeko;
Art.34: ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru n’ubwo kumenya amakuru buremewe kandi
bwubahirizwa na Leta.
Ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo kumenyaamakuru ntibugomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire iboneye, uburenganzira
bw’ubwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro mu maso y’abandi, ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we; bwemerwa kandi iyo butabangamiye irengerwa ry’urubyiruko n’abana;
Umuco w’igihugu
Art.5o: Umwenegihugu afite uburenganzira ku biteza imbere umuco w’igihugu…
Art. 51: Leta ifite inshingano zo kurengera no guteza imbere imigennzo myiza gakondo, ishingiye ku mibereho no ku mitekerereze gakondo ndetse no ku biranga umuco
w’igihugu muri rusange mu gihe bitabangamiye uburenganzira bwa muntu, ituze rusange n’imyifatire iboneye
ITEGEKO MPANABYAHA(penal code)
Ibyaha by’urukozasoni (UMUTWE WA VI: IBYAHA BINYURANYIJE N’IMYIFATIRE
MYIZA)
Art. 181:Ibyaha by’urukozasoni ni ibikorwa cyangwa imyitwarire itandukanye
n’imyitwarire myiza n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura bitesha umuntu agaciro kandi bikamubangamira mu muco;
Art. 182(art. 30 GBV): Icyaha cy’urukozasoni cyakozwe ku mwana cyangwa
kitashoboye gusozwa gihanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka ibiri (2) kugeza ku myaka
itanu (5) n’ihazabu -100.000-200.000;
Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mvugo
Art. 201: Ibihano ku cyaha cy’ihohoterwa rikoresheje imiti, ibiyobyabwenge,
amashusho, ibimenyetso, imvugo cyangwa inyandiko
Umuntu wese ukoresha imiti, ibiyobyabwenge, amashusho, ibimenyetso, imvugo cyangwa inyandiko, agamije gukora ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku mezi atandatu (6) kugeza ku myaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu (500.000-2.000.000)
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cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano.
INZITIZI (gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko)
Urwego rw’amategeko
Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera abatangazamakuru ntarengere abayabwirwa (art.19, Déclaration universel des droits de l’homme, 1948: « tout
individu a droit a la liberté, ce qui implique le droit de ne pas être inquiété
par ses opinions et celui de chercher, de recevoir et de répandre…les informations et les idées par quelques moyens d’expression »; art.11, decl.des
droits de l’homme et du citoyen, 1789: « tout citoyen peut parler, écrire et
imprimer librement »
Kutamenya amategeko
Umwuga w’itangazamakuru
Ubuhanga mu mwuga w’itangazamakuru;
Kumenya uwo ubwira (utandukanya abana n’abakuze)
Umuco n’uburezi
Umuco w’itangazamakuru(eg. Canada, enseignement sur les medias a l’ecole
Urwego rw’amategeko
Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera abatangazamakuru ntarengere abayabwirwa (art.19, Déclaration universel des droits de l’homme, 1948: « tout
individu a droit a la liberté, ce qui implique le droit de ne pas être inquiété
par ses opinions et celui de chercher, de recevoir et de répandre…les informations et les idées par quelques moyens d’expression »; art.11, decl.des
droits de l’homme et du citoyen, 1789: « tout citoyen peut parler, écrire et
imprimer librement »
Kutamenya amategeko
Umwuga w’itangazamakuru
Ubuhanga mu mwuga w’itangazamakuru;
Kumenya uwo ubwira (utandukanya abana n’abakuze)
Umuco n’uburezi
Umuco w’itangazamakuru(eg. Canada, enseignement sur les medias a l’ecole
INGAMBA
Kubahiriza amategeko (abanyamakuru abanyarwanda;
Kwinjiza umuco w’itangazamakuru mu muco nyarwanda binyuze mu iteganyanyigisho mu byiciro byose by’uburezi;
• Integanyangigisho ku buzima bw’imyororokere kuva umwana avutse kugeza
amashuri makuru;
Gushyiraho ibigo bitanga inama ku mibanire y’abashakanye n’imibonano mpuzabitsina bikava mu ruhame cg ku karubanda; kugana abaganga
NYIRARUKUNDO Ignatiènne
47
IKIGANIRO CYA GATANDATU
URUHARE RW’ITANGAZAMAKURU MU GUTANGA INYIGISHO ZIREBANA
N’UBUZIMA BW’IMYOROROKERE, HABUNGABUNGWA UMUCO W’IGIHUGU
UBUZIMA BW’IMYOROROKERE MURI RUSANGE (REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH)
Ibisobanuro
Iyo havuzwe ubuzima bw’imyororokere umuntu akwiye kumva ubuzima bujyanye no
kwibaruka kandi tuzi ko kororoka biterwa n’uko imyanya myibarukiro ikora ndetse
n’uko ikoreshwa.
Ibyiciro abantu banyuramo kuva bavuka kugeza bashaje
Kuva umwana akivuka hari ibigenda bihinduka mu buzima bwe ari nayo mpamvu
ubuzima bw’imikurire ye bunyura mu byiciro binyuranye.
KU GITSINA GORE
KU GITSINA GABO
Uruhinja
Igisekeramwanzi
Umwana ukurikira abandi
Umwana uragira inyana
Umwangavu
Inkumi
Umwari
Ikirongore
Ijigija
Uruhinja
Igisekeramwanzi
Umwana ukurikira abandi
Umwana uragira inyana
Ingimbi
Umusore
Umusore
Umugabo
Igikwerere
Igicambyaro
Umukecuru
Nyogokuru
Igihumuza
Umusaza -umukambwe
Umukambwe
•
Ubuzima bw’imyororokere bujyanye n’imiterere y’ imyanya myibarukiro
y’umuhungu n’iy’umukobwa, uko bikura akamaro kayo n’uko ikora kugeza
mu busaza n’ubukecuru bw’abantu.
Ubwana (kugeza nko ku myaka icumi):
• N’ubwo icyiciro cy’ubwana kidakunze kwitabwaho mu kwigisha ibijyanye
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•
•
n’uburere mbonerabitsina (Education sexuelle), nyamara ni igice cy’ingenzi
ababyeyi bakwiye kwitaho bakagaragariza urukundo ruhagije abana ndetse
bakabasobanurira bikwiye itandukaniro riri hagati y’umuhungu n’umukobwa
n’uko buzuzanya.
Iyo umwana yumvise neza akiri muto imikorere y’umubiri we ntihagire
ikimutungura bimufasha kudashaka gufindura ngo abe yakwibeshya bimuviremo gukoresha nabi imyanya myibarukiro ye.
Aha umwana agomba gutozwa guha agaciro imyanya myibarukiro ye no
kuyirinda ibyayangiza aho byaturuka hose.
Ubwangavu n’ubugimbi:
• Ubwangavu n’ubugimbi ni ibyiciro by’imikurire y’umuntu, muri rusange
bibarirwa hagati y’imyaka 10 na 14, kikaba hagati y’ubwana n’ubukumi cyangwa n’ubusore.
• Iriya myaka ivugwa si ko ihura ku bantu bose hari abo ibimenyetso by’icyo
kigero bibaho kare cyangwa bagakererwa. None se ntimwumvishije umwana
wabyaye (umukobwa) afite imyaka icyenda gusa!
Ibiranga ubwangavu
• Muri rusange, abakobwa bari muri iki kigero barangwa no: • Gukura mu gihagararo
• Gutangira kumera amabere agenda akura uko n’umukobwa akura,
• Kumera insya
• Kumera inshakwaha
• Kugara kw’amatako, mu rukenyerero hakaba hato,
• Guhinduka k’uruhu rwo mu maso; rugira amavuta menshi, ibyo bigatera umwangavu kugira ibishishi cyangwa ibiheri (Na byo n’ibisanzwe kandi birikiza
nyuma y’igihe kitari kirekire).
• Kujya mu mihango bwa mbere. Imihango ni amaraso ava mu gitsina
cy’umukobwa cyangwa icy’umugore buri kwezi igihe adatwite cyangwa
atonsa nk’ikimenyetso ko atasamye kandi byashobokaga). • Muri rusange kujya mu mihango bwa mbere biba hagati y’imyaka 12 na 14.
Iyo mihango ishobora no kuboneka mbere y’icyo gihe nko ku myaka 9, 10
cyangwa nyuma nko hafi y’imyaka 16.
Ibiranga ubugimbi
• Muri rusange iki kigero kirangwa no:
• Gukura ku gihagararo,
• Kwiyongera kw’ingifu z’umubiri,
• Kumera insya n’inshakwaha,
• Guhinduka kw’ijwi: riragara, rikaba imvange y’ijwi ry’umwana n’iry’umugabo,
rigahindagurika (rifite amakaraza).
• Kugara kw’ibitugu n’igituza
49
•
•
Guhinduka k’uruhu rwo mu maso no mu mugongo; rugira ibinure bigatera
ibishishi. Kimwe no ku bakobwa bo muri iki kigero, ibyo bishishi n ’ibiheri biza
ku mubiri, ahanini ku ruhu rwo mu maso ahagaragara. Bikunze kubangamira
ubifite, ariko kandi ntacyo bitwaye, ni ibisanzwe kandi bigeraho bigakira nta
n’inkovu bisize iyo utabishimye cyangwa ngo ubimene. Ariko iyo bikabije
kuba binini cyangwa byinshi bigomba kuvuzwa kwa muganga.
Icyitonderwa: Mu gihe umwangavu cyangwa ingimbi abonye ku mubiri we
ibishishi yihangayika ngo abeshywe ko hari ukundi byakira
Imyitwarire ikwiye ifasha abangavu n’ingimbi kudahungabana
• Kwimenyereza kuganiriza abana b’ibitsina byombi mbere yuko baba abangavu cyangwa ingimbi ku byerekeye ihinduka ry’imibiri yabo aho kubacyaha
cyangwa kubabeshya;
• Kubera ingimbi n’abangavu urugero rwiza muri byose, kubabera inshuti zikomeye, bityo bakababitsa amabanga y’iyo mihindukire y’imibiri yabo;
• Guhumuriza abangavu n’ingimbi babumvisha ko ibibabaho atari ishyano ryabagiyeho. Kubasobanurira ko ari inzira buri mwana wese anyuramo kugira
ngo azabe umuntu ukuze
• Gufasha abangavu mu myambarire igihe bari mu mihango, kubaha ibikoresho by’isuku bya ngombwa no kubakangurira kugira isuku nyinshi muri iki
gihe;
• Ku bigo by’amashuri n’ahandi hahurira abantu benshi hagategurwa aho
abangavu bakwiherera n’aho bajugunya imyanda (hari ahao usanga hari imisarane ya kizungu nta kindi cyateguwe bikagorana).
• Kubafasha no kubasobanurira kumenya neza kwirinda uwabashuka ashaka
kubagusha mu ngeso mbi zibaviramo gutakaza ubusugi n’ubumanzi, gutwita
cyangwa kwandura indwara zandurirwa mu mibonano mpuzabitsina harimo
na Virusi itera SIDA.
Uruhare rw’ababyeyi, abarezi, abanyamakuru mu burere mbonerabitsina
Ababyeyi/abarezi bagomba kugira ubumenyi buhagije ku birebana n’mikorere
y’umubiri cyane cyane ku bijyanye n’ibitsina kugira ngo babe biteguye guzubiza ibibazo bisanzwe abana bababaza.
• Guha abana ibisobanuro nyabyo bikumira amakuru atari yo yerekeye ku burere mbonera bitsina. Usanga mu rungano, hatemberamo amakuru avanze
n’ibihuha bishobora kuyobya abana.
• Ababyeyi/abarezi bagomba kubera abana babo isoko y’ibanze yo kumenya
no kubona amakuru yose yizewe baba bakeneye, cyane cyane ku birebana
n’iby’ibitsina. Ukuri ni ko kugomba kuranga ababyeyi/abarezi igihe cyose
baganira n’abana babo.
Isano iri hagati y’ubuzima bw’imyororokere na Virusi itera SIDA
• Mu mikurire y’ingimbi n’abangavu, umubiri wabo kubera imisemburo iba
itari imenyerewe bamwe bumva bagize irari n’ishyushyu ryo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina. Iyo imyitwarire imwe yabo ishobora kubaganisha ku
50
•
•
•
•
kwandura Virusi itera SIDA.
Ikigero baba bagezemo cyo kwiyitaho no kugaragara neza imbere y’abo badahuje igitsina cyane cyane bishobora kubashora mu gufatiranwa mu bukene bagakoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina bahawe ubuhendabana.
Gutangira gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina bakiri bato batuma kubyigobotora bitoroha bikaba byongera ibyago byo kandura Virusi itera SIDA.
Igisabwa abayobozi, Abakangurambaga n’Abavuga rikumvikana (harimo
n’abanyamakuru) Guha abana amakuru nyayo barinda ko batwarwa
n’ibihuha bigira ingaruka ziremereye ku buzima bwabo. kubarinda ba Shuga Mami na ba shuga dadi.
Kuganiriza abato bigomba gushyirwa imbere aho kubahisha no kubereka ko
ibijyanye n’ibitsina ari ibitavugwa (ibishitani).
Ibi byose bizagerwaho abakuru batojwe kuba urugero rwiza.
•
UKO RBC IBONA AMAKURU YATANGWA
Ushaka kwigisha abaturarwanda nabanze asubize yitonze ibibazo umunani bikurikira:
1. Ni iyihe myitwarire cyangwa imyumvire itari myiza ubu butumwa bugamije guhindura?
2. Ni irihe tsinda ry’abantu rigenewe ubu butumwa? ( Mukugaragaza ibibatandukanya n’abandi mu byiciro harebwa : ibijyanye n’iterambere mu bukungu n’imibereho myiza, imiterere y’ahantu baba, ibijyanye n’imiterere y’ibyiciro by’abaturage
cyangwa ibindi)
3. Ese ubutumwa bw’ingenzi bugamije guteza imbere iyihe myumvire cyangwa
imyitwarire (imyiza yatezwa imbere)?
4. Ni iyihe nyigo mbonezabumenyi( study) yagufashije gutegura ubu butumwa (Garagaza uko yitwa, umwaka yakorewemo, icyiciro cy’abantu cyari kingenderewe
kigwaho ni ikihe?)
2. Ni irihe tsinda ry’abantu rigenewe ubu butumwa? ( Mukugaragaza ibibatandukanya n’abandi mu byiciro harebwa : ibijyanye n’iterambere mu bukungu n’imibereho myiza, imiterere y’ahantu baba, ibijyanye n’imiterere y’ibyiciro by’abaturage
cyangwa ibindi)
3. Ese ubutumwa bw’ingenzi bugamije guteza imbere iyihe myumvire cyangwa
imyitwarire (imyiza yatezwa imbere)?
4. Ni iyihe nyigo mbonezabumenyi( study) yagufashije gutegura ubu butumwa (Garagaza uko yitwa, umwaka yakorewemo, icyiciro cy’abantu cyari kingenderewe
kigwaho ni ikihe?)
RBC mu gutanga ubutumwa
• 5. Garagaza impamvu zatumye muhitamo uwo muyoboro wo guhana ibitekerezo/
ubutumwa mugereranyije n’icyiciro cy’abantu mushaka kubugezaho.
• 6. Garagaza neza ubutumwa muteganya ko bugezwa ku bantu benshi mwifuza
51
• 7. Ese hari igerageza ry’ubutumwa mushaka gutanga mwakoreye ku itsinda ry
‘abantu mushaka kugezaho ubutumwa ? ��
Mugaragaze aho byakorewe kandi mutange raporo irambuye ibigaragaza.
• 8. Ese haba hari igeragezwa rya gihanga ryakozwe ku bafatanya bikorwa cyangwa
izindi mpuguke (bagaragazwe, kandi bikorerwe raporo)
Umwanzuro
•
•
•
Ibiganiro biganisha ku buzima bisaba kuba ufite ubumenyi scientifique hakiyongeraho talents
Ubutumwa (ibiganiro, films, Adverts, indirimbo etc…. kuri SIDA na HR no ku
buzima mbere yo gutangazwa byemezwa na CNCCC/NCBCC umuntu azana
CD ,DVD ngo nshyiriramo ntibikwiye kwakirwa
Diversity VS generation conflict
Umurongo uterefonaho ku buntu
•
•
•
•
52
Telefona RBC-IHDPC kuva kuwa mbere kugeza kuwa gatandatu
3334
3335
Kuva saa moya kugeza saa mbiri

Kigali, 13 Ukwakira 2011 Lemigo Hotel

Transcription

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