6.5. improving solid waste management

Transcription

Qena Governorate
Environmental Action Plan
February 2005
FOREWORD BY THE MINISTER OF
STATE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS
The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of Egypt recognizes that the protection of the environment and natural resources is integral to achieving sustainable
development. It also recognises that sustainable development can only be achieved with
the full participation and involvement of local people. With this in mind the NEAP provides a National framework that supports the implementation of locally prioritized environmental strategies and actions that have been identified in a participatory manner
through Governorate Environmental Action Plans (GEAPs).
The National Government has recently given greater attention to the importance of decentralised environmental management and it is with this aim that the Ministry of Environment is keen to promote the introduction of GEAPs in all Governorates. It therefore gives me great pleasure to endorse Qena’s Environmental
Action Plan which I am sure will be of tremendous help in tackling environmental problems and the protection of natural resources while achieving sustainable development.
I would like to extend my thanks to UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the
Support for Environmental Assessment and Management Programme (SEAM) for all their hard work and
generous support in helping Qena Governorate and its stakeholders, beneficiaries and citizens prepare their
GEAP.
I would also like to extend my thanks to General Adel Labib, Governor of Qena, and everyone who contributed to the preparation of the GEAP for all the sincere effort they put into it hoping that supporting and
implementing the proposed actions in the GEAP will improve environmental planning and services in Qena
Governorate and preserve the natural resources and contribute to sustainable development in Egypt.
Eng. Maged George Elias
Minister of State for Environmental Affairs
FOREWORD BY THE GOVERNOR OF
QENA
The last century has seen deterioration in the environmental conditions of different
countries worldwide, in addition to an increase in pollution with its different types. Due
to the threats posed by such events and the escalating need to face them, there came our
concern with the environment to protect human’s health and other living organisms'
existence.
With this in mind, central government realized that only through partnership with
different local departments can such challenges be met and in order to promote decentralization. This is mainly due to local departments' ability to engage community participation in developing
environmental policies and plans and in translating them into practical actions in order to realize environmental targets.
I was pleased together with all the citizens of Qena that the Governorate's Building and development projects in Qena City were awarded the ISO 14001 in Environmental Management Systems. This award crowned
our efforts which resulted in various achievements based on the directions of His Excellency President
Housni Mubarak.
In the end I would like to thank all those- from the Executive, Popular and Political leadership including
different stakeholders from the community and the private sector- who exerted hard efforts during the implementation phase; efforts which improved community livelihoods and made them proud of the achievements.
General Adel Labeb
Governor of Qena
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Support for Environmental Assessment and Management Programme
(SEAM) implemented by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)
would like to offer special thanks to all those who contributed to the development
of Qena Governorate’s Environmental Action Plan (GEAP).
Every attempt has been made to reflect the contributions that primary and
secondary stakeholder groups who participated in its preparation made during the
GEAP process. This is based on our recognition that the Environmental Action
Plan is owned and managed by the people of Qena.
We would like to offer particular thanks to the Governor of Qena, without
whose personal interest and generous support this GEAP would not have been
possible.
GLOSSARY / ACRONYMS
AOYE
BEPO
BCM
BOD
CDA
CEP
COD
Danida
DFID
dB
EA
EC
EEAA
EHDR
EIA
ELO
EMD
EMPS
EMS
EMU
EPAP
EQI
Feddan
GDEA
GEAP
GIS
GOFI
GOPP
HCE
K
LE
LGU
M
Markaz
MCM
mmhos/cm
MSME
NA
na
NEAP
NGO
NO2
NOPWASD
ppm
PM
PEA
RPC
SEAM
SS
STW
SWM
TOR
TSP
WHO
WTP
USAID
Arab Office for Youth and Environment
Best Environmentally Practical Option
Billion Cubic Metres
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Community Development Association
Community Environment Project
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Danish International Development Agency
Department for International Development
decibel
Environmental Audit
Electrical Conductivity
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
Egyptian Human Development Report
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Liaison Officer
Environmental Management Department
Environmental Management and Planning System
Environmental Management System
Environmental Management Unit
Environmental Pollution Abatement Programme
Environmental Quality International
Area of Land (4,200 m2)
General Department for Environmental Affairs
Governorate Environmental Action Plan
Geographical Information Systems
General Organisation for Industrialisation
General Organisation for Physical Planning
High Council for the Environment.
One thousand
Abbreviation for Egyptian pound
Local Government Unit
One million
Administrative District
Million cubic metres
millimhos per centimetre
Micro Small Medium Enterprises
Not Applicable
not available
National Environmental Action Plan
Non-Governmental Organisation
Nitrogen Dioxide
National Organisation of Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage
Parts per million
Particulate Matter
Public Economic Authority
Regional Planning Centre
Support for Environmental Assessment and Management
Suspended Solids
Sewage Treatment Works
Solid Waste Management
Terms of Reference
Total Suspended Particles
World Health Organisation
Water Treatment Plant
US Agency for International Development
CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0
Qena at a Glance
1
2.0
Setting the Scene
2.1 What is this plan
2.2 Why does Qena Governorate need an Environmental Action Plan
2.3 Principles of GEAP Preparation
2.4 How was the plan prepared
2.5 Whose Plan is it
2
2
2
3
3
4
3.0
The 25 Year Vision
5
4.0
Priority Issues
6
5.0
Annual Cost of Environmental Degradation
8
6.0
What Actions are Needed
6.1 Objectives, Policies, Targets, Actions and Programmes
6.2 Delivering the Plan
6.3 The GEAP is a Flexible, Adaptable Tool
6.4 Improving Sanitation
6.5 Improving Solid Waste Management
6.6 Improving Potable Water supplies
6.7 Water Resource Management (surface and ground water resources)
6.8 Developing Agriculture and Fisheries
6.9 Industry
6.10 Preservation of the Governorates Biodiversity
6.11 Preservation of the Natural Environment and Cultural Heritage
10
10
10
10
11
14
18
22
25
29
33
35
7.0
What Actions Can We Take Now?
7.1 Developing partnerships
7.2 Government’s role
7.3 An important role for the private sector
7.4 Community based actions
39
39
39
40
40
8.0
Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building
8.1 Environmental Management and Planning System
8.2 Key Environmental Directorates
8.3 Institutional strengthening of other organisations
8.3 Public awareness and education
8.4 Training
44
44
46
48
48
50
9.0
Implementing the Plan
9.1 Implementation priorities
9.2 Responsibilities
52
52
53
10.0
Financing the Plan
10.1 Risks of doing nothing
10.2 Costs of implementation
10.3 Mechanisms for raising resources
55
55
56
57
Page No.
11.0
The GEAP Cycle
11.1 Monitoring the plan
11.2 Annual Evaluation
11.2 GEAP as an ongoing process
59
59
59
59
12.0
Conclusions
61
Boxes
Box 2.1
Box 8.1
Box 9.1
Box 10.1
Box 11.1
Box 12.1
GEAP Methodology
Environmental Management System
GEAP Implementation Responsibilities
Mechanisms For Raising Environmental Funds
GEAP Cycle
GEAP Benefits to be expected by Stakeholder Groups
4
49
53
58
60
62
Appendix
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Acknowledgements
List of GEAP Publications
63
69
1 QENA AT A GLANCE
Location
Agriculture
• Upper Egypt north of Aswan Governorate and south of Sohag
Governorate. This GEAP does not include Luxor, which was
originally part of the Qena Governorate but in 1989 became
a separate administration known as the ‘Supreme Council of
Luxor’.
• The Governorates Capital is Qena City.
• 10,261 km2 , approximately 15% of the land lies on the Nile
Valley.
• Main crops include: sugarcane (49.8% of Egypt’s total); wheat
(24.6% of Egypt’s total); tomatoes (28.8% of Egypt’s total); sesame
(15.4% of Egypt’s total); and bananas (22.4% of Egypt’s total).
• 15% of the total land area is agricultural.
• In 2000, production of Qena’s main crops was valued at LE
588.5 million.
• 2001 total viable land reclamation amounted to 124 841 feddans.
• The majority of land holdings (86.4%) are less than 2 feddans.
Climate
Fisheries
Area
• Mean air temperature is 21.3º C ranging from a maximum of
40º C in August to a minimum of 8º C in January.
• Average annual rainfall is 4.7mm with precipitation greatest
in winter.
Population
• Total population is 2.7 million expected to rise to 6 million
in 2020.
• 79% rural, 21% urban.
• Population growth rate is 2.2%.
• Population density reaches up to 1,581 person/km2 in some
places.
• Age distribution: 42% <14 years (19% 0-6 years), 51% 1559 years, 7% > 60 years.
Settlements
• There are 11 Markazes, 12 Cities, 51 mother villages and 137
satellite villages.
• 15% of the Governorate is inhabited and cultivated, 5% is
devoted to residential areas and dwellings.
• Population in top 5 Markazes: Qena (19.2%); Naga
Hammady (16.3%); Qus (12.7%); Abu Tesht (12.4%); Isna
(12.3%).
Economic base
• GDP per Capita LE 2692.0 in 2001-2 (Ranked 22 out of 26
Egyptian Governorates)
• Number of Ultra Poor living in the Governorate is 15.1%.
• Agriculture contributes 36.6% of GDP and is the major sector.
• Per capita share of cultivated land is 0.11 feddan (462m2).
• Fisheries and Aquaculture also contribute to Qena’s economy. In 2000 the total fish catch was 1,531 tons. This equates
to an annual revenue of between LE 7,655,000. Artisinal fishing brings in an annual revenue of between LE 7,655,000 and
LE 30,620,000.
Industry
• Four of Qena’s main sugar factories contribute close to 50% of
Egypt’s sugar production. The Governorate houses the only primary
Aluminium industry in Egypt. The Governorate has two industrial
zones one in Qeft and the other near Naga Hammady. Two further
zones are currently being built in Armant and Isna. Of the remaining
industries 98% consist of micro, small and medium sized industrial
operations.
28 % of MSMEs are engaged in the manufacturing of clothes.
Employment
• 40% of the workforce is employed in Agriculture, 6.4 % in
Industrial activities and the remainder work in micro, small
and medium size industries.
• 25% of Adults between 15-29 are unemployed.
Essential services
• Water Supply – 60% from the Nile, 40% ground water
sources. Supply meets 80% of demand.
• Sanitation – 73% of the population are not connected to any
type of sewerage system.
• Power – 94% of the population has access to electricity.
Education
• Adult literacy rate is 50%
• 2.15% of population are University Graduates and 11.5%
have high school education.
1
2 SETTING THE SCENE
2.1
What is the Plan?
This document describes Qena Governorate’s Environmental
Action Plan (GEAP). The plan lays the foundations for actions
that will enhance the quality of life of those living in Qena
Governorate by providing a set of locally prioritized environmental strategies and actions that will result in real environmental and public health improvements. The plan will also protect
the environment from adverse environmental impacts that might
be associated with existing or new development, thus integrating
social, economic and environmental elements of sustainable
development. The GEAP approach delivers benefits to local people, and facilitates a particular focus on the needs of the poorest.
The plan reflects the views and aspirations of primary and secondary stakeholders that have participated in its preparation. It
identifies issues that will need to be addressed to achieve the
Governorate’s future environmental vision. It adopts practical
and affordable solutions to prioritise environmental problems
that are of concern to the Governorate and through a set of
objectives, strategic policies and improvement programmes gives
direction and guidance to agencies, organisations and individuals
whose actions will determine whether the vision is achieved.
The plan proposes actions in line with the national 5-year plan
(2002-2007) for Economic and Social Development, in particular in providing adequate sanitation facilities for all urban centres.
The priority issues of the draft National Environmental Action
Plan, released in 1992, are also addressed in the areas of
improved solid waste management, water and land use. The
actions also contribute towards Egypt meeting its obligations
under international protocols, including Agenda 21 of the Rio
Convention and the Millennium Development Goals.
Other reports produced during the GEAP’s preparation include:
- Qena’s Environmental Profile, which outlines the Governorates
environmental conditions and priority issues, and;
- Supporting reports covering sustainable development themes,
on issues related to water, sanitation, land, air quality, health,
social development, and environmental economics.
Contributions to the GEAP are numerous. A list of some of the
individuals and organisations involved are provided in Appendix 1.
A full list of the reports held in the Governorate’s
Environmental Management Unit (EMU) is provided in
Appendix 2.
2.2
Why does Qena Governorate need an
Environmental Action Plan?
Like other Governorates in Egypt, Qena is only in the early
stages of developing an environmental action planning system.
The GEAP process aims to support this development by providing Governorate departments involved in environmental management with a practical approach to environmental planning
and management. It is based on extensive consultation and participation amongst the widest possible range of stakeholders,
which ensures that the GEAP takes account of the needs of the
poorest and most disadvantaged groups that are not routinely
part of the planning and decision-making process.
If successfully implemented, the GEAP should help the
Governorate better address:
- The equitable provision and efficient management of
Governorate infrastructure and environmental services (solid
waste; potable water; sanitation);
Qena Governorate Building
2
- The planning, management and sustainable management of
the Governorate’s natural resources and heritage (e.g. land,
2 SETTING THE SCENE
water, air, fisheries, biodiversity and culture);
- The prevention and control of pollution impacts on the
Governorate’s natural resource base;
These improvements will be done in a way that demonstrably
targets improvements in the wellbeing and livelihoods security
of the poorest, most marginalised groups in Qena society, giving them the means to articulate their needs and priorities
through participatory GEAP processes.
Besides helping the Governorate prioritise and implement a set
of agreed actions and targets, the environmental planning and
management system also introduces monitoring and evaluation
procedures that are designed to help the Governorate assess the
performance of prioritized initiatives. Feedback mechanisms
built into GEAP processes allow actions and programs that are
not achieving their objectives to be adjusted when the plan is
updated and the next set of prioritised actions are agreed. This
sets in place a sustainable environmental action planning
process, with substantial benefits, including:
Qena Beautification Scheme
Economic /financial benefits - such as improved planning and resource allocation, optimising the efficiency of current utility
services, avoiding excessive costs for treating increasingly polluted waters and contaminated areas, reduced medical and lost
productivity costs due to environmentally related illness, optimised land use planning for better returns, and improved opportunities to identify and invest in environmentally appropriate technology;
Human and social benefits - such as improved health through provision of environmental services, reduced pollution and
training/awareness-raising, better living and working environments (especially for those living in the greatest poverty),
increased civic pride, and greater scope to participate in project and programme design and implementation. This will come
from consultation, involvement and an increased awareness of environmental issues, and an understanding of the impacts of
bad practices, and the benefits of improved habits;
Natural environmental benefits - such as improved and safer quantities/quality of irrigation and industrial water, improved
land drainage and soil conservation, and reduced pressures on fisheries resources and biodiversity..
2.3
Principles of GEAP Preparation
Qena Governorates GEAP has been prepared according to the
following set of widely-recognised guiding principles:
- Participatory – preparation of the GEAP relies on stakeholder
participation, which occurs through workshops, focus group
discussions and interviews held throughout the Governorate;
- Transparent – preparation of GEAP priorities reflects the interests and aspirations of a wide range of stakeholder groups;
- Focused on the prioritisation of environmental concerns – by using
participatory processes, the GEAP creates a list of prioritised
actions and targets to address the needs of all stakeholder
groups, especially those whose concerns are often overlooked
(the poor and marginalized);
- Targeted at mainstreaming environment – the GEAP is a mechanism through which a sustainable system of environmental
management and planning is institutionalized.
- Strategic – the GEAP supports decentralised environmental planning and management which provides the Governorate with a
long-term strategic vision for environmental improvement.
2.4
How was the Plan Prepared?
The GEAP process began with the formation of environmental sector working groups comprised of representatives from government,
communities, NGOs and the private sector. Once formed, the
groups prepared technical reports on the status of each of Qena’s
environmental sectors (the main issues and concerns). This process
was supplemented by extensive consultation with a wide range of
stakeholders across Qena’s Markazes, which led to the preliminary
identification of a number of environmental issues and priorities.
Information from technical reports and stakeholder consultations
was then drawn together to create Qena’s Environmental Profile,
which provides the GEAP’s baseline. The consultation process,
which provided a means for the poorest and most marginal groups
to take part in the GEAP process, began in Nov. 2001, and over the
following nine months produced the following outputs.
- A GEAP Survey (in 11 cities and 119 villages, with a total of
3000 respondents) to provide quantitative information mainly related to the problems individuals face with environmental service delivery. The information collected focused on
water, waste and sanitation systems.
- Village Profiles (in 119 villages) to provide secondary statistics
3
2 SETTING THE SCENE
and primary village level data related to environmental service
delivery and related problems.
- Focus Group Discussions (in 22 villages in 11 Markazes) with local
government unit (LGU) officials, farmers, students and male and
female employees to substantiate findings from the above, and to
provide data on the causes and effects of environmental problems.
By using participatory and community-based methodologies to
collect quantitative and qualitative information the above GEAP
processes have proven invaluable. They have not only helped
refine aspects of the environmental profile, but have also started to provide decision-makers with information they can use to
improve their capability to address people’s real needs. The
consultation process also helped to raise environmental awareness in the community and has already stimulated action.
The GEAP methodology is illustrated in Box 2.1, and shows that
consultation and participation are central to the GEAP preparation process. During the GEAP’s periodic updating, participatory methodologies will ensure that it continues to reflect the interests and priorities of all stakeholder groups (see Section 11).
2.5
Whose Plan is it?
This GEAP belongs to Qena Governorate residents. It was
prepared through a participatory process that collected and
considered the views and interests of a wide number of different stakeholder groups living across the Governorate and
as such reflects their environmental concerns and aspirations.
It provides a vehicle through which all stakeholder groups in
Qena can contribute to the improvement of their well-being
and their environment according to the principles of sustainable development.
BOX 2.1: GEAP METHODOLOGY
Endorse Consultation
Establish HCE
Establish Working
Groups
Appoint Coordinator
Village Profile
Capmas and CIP data
Structured interviews
Village Observations
ENVIRONMENT
PROFILE
Consultation
Stakeholder analysis
Community surveys
Focus groups
Stakeholder meetings
Working Groups
Elect facilitator, establish baseline
conditions, identify key issues,
address cross cutting issues.
Establish priorities, targets, actions,
projects.
Integrate consultation
DRAFT GEAP
Review GEAP by :
HCE
Central Line Ministries
Community groups
MPs
Environmental Management
& Planning System
Institutional strengthening
Capacity building
Sustain GEAP actions
Community Priorities
Establish priorities
Identify community projects
GIS
FINAL GEAP
Provide system
Train staff
EMU Development
Establish EU / ELOs
Provide training
Systems & monitoring equipment
GEAP Implementation by Relevant Organisations
4
3
THE 25 YEAR VISION
The overall aim of the GEAP is to improve the quality of the
environment and the lives of all people living in the
Governorate. Key sustainable development issues affecting people and their environment must be addressed in ways that bring
about environmental improvement and enhance people’s quality of life. In the short-term, these two objectives can be in conflict, and one of the key objectives of the GEAP process is to
balance them out so that the needs of environmental protection
and economic development can both be met. It provides a
foundation for natural resources to be used wisely, ensuring that
future generations are still able to reap the benefits of a wellmanaged environment.
Community Consultation
In fulfilling this vision the GEAP recognises that people have a
right to secure livelihoods: they require education and gainful
employment, as well as access to services including good water
supply, health facilities, waste collection and disposal, electricity and leisure facilities.
The GEAP Vision is that within the Governorate there will be:
A Healthy Environment:
in which every Qena Citizen has access to a clean and healthy living environment including access to clean
regular and adequate drinking water and adequate sanitation systems.
Sustainable Development:
where natural resources are managed and conserved in a manner that is compatible with continued economic
development, without jeopardising the needs of Qena’s future generations.
Integrated Development:
in which government departments and wider stakeholder groups involved in environmental management (e.g.
farmers, industry, communities) communicate and coordinate their efforts in an effective and planned manner.
Institutional Sustainability: in which all responsible organizations (Governorate departments, private sector, NGOs, communities) are
provided with sufficient human and financial resources to carry out their environmental management duties
effectively
An Involved Community:
in which Qena Citizens through effective participation are fully integrated into a decision making process
which supports the establishment of a decentralised approach to environmental management.
5
4
PRIORITY ISSUES
Extensive stakeholder consultation throughout the GEAP process identified seven top priority issues. These are listed below, in
order of perceived importance. Of the top seven, five were regarded as critical areas where early interventions are needed.
High Priority
Rank
Issue
Typical Concerns
Sanitation
The majority of Villages lack a sewage network, municipal evacuation systems are
overstretched, evacuation fees and other services are too expensive, vacuum vehicles
are poorly equipped and too large for narrow streets, sullage spills onto streets/ canals
and fields, the number of dumpsites are inadequate and sanitation problems in some
Markazes are further worsened by rising ground water.
2
Solid Waste
Management
Most villages lack solid waste collection and disposal systems, the number of collection
trucks, bins and workers are inadequate, waste is dumped and burnt indiscriminately,
waste related disease spreads into communities, hygiene awareness among villagers is
poor.
3/4
Water Supply and
Water Quality
Low water pressure, poorly maintained and unclean pipes, polluted ground water,
seepage into water pipes from poorly maintained sanitation systems, water leakages.
5
Lack of
environmental
awareness
Lack of environmental awareness among government staff and the general public, inadequate coordination among government departments responsible for service delivery,
insufficient funding, poor provision of basic services, unhygienic behavioural practices.
1
Lower Priority
6
Rank
Issue
Typical Concerns
6
Industrial Pollution
Inadequate enforcement of pollution controls, spread of respiratory and
liquid pollutant related disease.
7
Canals and drain
coverings
Disposal of waste into canals and drains and the spread of related disease.
Locations of Community Consultation in Qena Governorate
integrated wastewater system. At present, most other cities
and villages depend on poorly designed un-networked sanitation services (e.g. septic tanks and soakaways) and lack
solid waste collection services which both lead to significant
health problems.
The adverse health consequences from ongoing environmental degradation in both urban and rural areas can be
substantial. The health impacts can affect all strata of society, but are particularly serious among the poor whose
livelihoods are more vulnerable: they are generally less able
to mitigate or prevent poor environmental conditions, and
may be poorly nourished and more susceptible to disease.
More than three-quarters of Qena’s population live in rural
areas, and although the overall population density is not
very high (248 inhabitants/km2) it is heavily concentrated
along the Nile’s fertile floodplain where population densities reach 1,581 inhabitants/km2. In these areas demands
on water resources, sanitation and solid waste management
systems are high and they are difficult to manage and maintain.
Waste Water Collection, Taramsa Village
Many rural communities rely on compact units for drinking
water; these are generally poorly maintained, which impacts
on their immediate living environment and on their health.
The situation regarding sanitation and refuse disposal is
comparable, with only Qena City and its surrounding villages having access to proper waste disposal services and an
7
5
ANNUAL COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
An economic study to identify the costs of environmental
degradation in Qena Governorate was undertaken as part of
the GEAP process. Whilst the study was able to identify and
cost a number of important environmental problems its
findings were limited by time and the lack of available data.
This said, it does provide the Governorate with useful information that it can use to address a number of very important environmentally related issues that cost the
Governorate close to LE 260 million pa.
The monetary valuation of environmental degradation, and
quantification of environmental degradation, involves many
scientific disciplines including environmental, physical and
biological, health sciences and epidemiology, and environmental economics. Environmental economics relies heavily on other fields within economics, such as econometrics,
welfare economics, public economics, and project economics. Some costs are economic. These include reduced productivity of agricultural land due to erosion, salinity or
other forms of land degradation; medical treatment costs
and lost work days for illnesses associated with environmental pollution; reduced fishery catch due to pollution and
overexploitation; and losses in tourism revenues due to pollution and/or natural resource degradation. Other costs are
associated with reduced well-being and quality of life.
These include an unclean environment such as inadequate
waste management; pain and suffering from ill health and
disability; the risk of mortality from pollution; and the loss
of recreational quality and natural heritage due to degradation of natural resources.
When estimating the cost of degradation a distinction is
made between financial and economic costs. To the extent
feasible, economic cost should be applied because it captures the cost and reduced welfare to society as a whole.
For instance, the financial cost of health services that an
individual pays may be substantially less than the cost of
providing these services. It is therefore important to estimate the real cost to society of providing those services.
Another example is time lost to illness or provision of care
for ill family members. If the person being ill or providing
8
care for an ill individual does not earn income, the financial
cost of time losses is zero. However, the person is normally engaged in activities that are valuable for the family, and
time losses impair these activities or reduce the amount of
time available for leisure activities. Thus there is an economic cost of time loss to the family. In economics and
welfare analysis, this is normally valued at the opportunity
cost of time, i.e. the salary, or a fraction of the salary that
the individual could earn if choosing to work for income.
When estimating the cost of environmental degradation in a
Governorate a question may be raised about the extent to
which the cost is internal to the Governorate or absorbed by
central government. On the one hand, the central government may provide transfers to the Governorate for subsidized health services, or some health services might be fully
financed by the central government. On the other hand, the
Governorate and its citizens may pay direct or indirect taxes
to the central government that help pay for services provided or subsidized by the central government. This might be
in the form of income taxes, value added or sales taxes, or
taxes levied on imported goods and services. Thus it is difficult to precisely estimate the cost of environmental degradation borne by the Governorate itself
Data limitations have prevented estimation of degradation
costs for fresh water fisheries, and inappropriate solid waste
disposal and inadequate industrial and hospital waste management. It is however very doubtful that aggregate costs of
degradation and health risks arising from these issues are
anywhere close to the costs associated with inadequate
water, sanitation, and hygiene, land degradation, and indoor
and urban air pollution.
The following Box provides a summary of the estimated
socio-economic costs of environmental degradation in Qena
Governorate. More detailed information can be found in
the main cost of environmental degradation report.
5 ANNUAL COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Annual Cost of Environmental Degradation – Qena Governorate (million LE per year)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Water Sanitation
Hygiene
Indoor Air Pollution
Land Degradation
Urban Air Pollution
Waste Management
The estimated cost of inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene represents 57% of total cost. The cost of indoor air pollution is estimated at 15 % the cost of land degradation at 12 %, the cost of urban air pollution at 11% and the cost of inadequate
household waste management at 5%.
- More than 80 % of the estimated costs of environmental degradation are associated with health impacts, and less than 20% with
natural resources.
- With regard to health impacts, the social and economic cost of mortality is estimated at close to LE 130 million.
- The estimated cost of morbidity is close to LE 90 million. The cost of morbidity mainly includes the cost of health services, medication, value of time lost to illness and care giving, and reduced well-being. More than 70 % of these costs are associated with
inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene.
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
- The annual cost associated with health effects of water, sanitation and hygiene is estimated at LE 123-173 million, with a mean
estimate of almost LE 150 million.
- The estimated total annual cost of diarrheoal illness is between LE114 – 161 million.
- The estimated total annual cost of bilharzia is between LE8 - 12 million. The cost of medication (mass administration and treatment of detected cases) is reported as being around LE 3 million.
- Diarrhoeal child mortality represents 57 % of this cost, diarrheoal morbidity 36 %, and bilharzia 7 %. Annual diarrheoal child
deaths represent 18-21 % of child mortality.
Indoor Air Pollution
- The estimated total annual health impact and cost of indoor air pollution is between LE28 - 53 million with a mean estimate of
LE 40 million.
- The vast majority of those affected by indoor air pollution are affected by Acute respiratory associated illnesses (ARI) with fewer
suffering from Chronic obstructive pulmonary related diseases (COPD).
Land Degradation
(Information on the possible extent of land degradation and impact on agricultural productivity in Qena is very limited hence the
wide range in estimated costs.)
- The estimated annual cost of land degradation is between LE 9 – 54 million.
- A 5-15 % yield loss on 45 thousand feddans of cropped land, corresponding to new lands and some old lands, would represent LE
9-27 million. A 5-15 % yield decline on 90 thousand feddans of cropped land, or close to 20 % of total cropped land, would
represent LE 18-54 million.
Urban Air Pollution
- The total annual Health effects and costs of Urban Air Pollution are estimated to be in the range of LE 23-35 million, with a mean
estimate of LE 29 million. The cost of mortality is based on the value of statistical life (VSL), and represents about 78 % of the
total costs
- The air pollutant that has shown the strongest association with health implications is particulate matter (PM or Total Suspended
Particulates TSP), and especially particulate matter of less than 10 microns (PM 10) and 2.5 microns (PM 2.5) in diameter.
Waste Management
- The annual cost of inadequate household waste management is estimated in the range of LE 11-15 million, with a mean estimate
of LE 13 million. (This amount is associated with inadequate waste collection only)
A study in Qena, conducted by SEAM, found that rural and urban households were willing to pay LE 2-3 per month for improved
waste collection services, with a rural average of LE 2.40 and an urban average of LE 2.85 per month. This represents the cost of
not having adequate waste collection.
Other costs associated with waste management (i.e. dredging of canals due to inappropriate waste disposal, inadequate management
of industrial, hazardous, and hospital waste, and inappropriate land fills and dumpsites with consequences to nearby residents and/or
land and water resources, rodent control etc) have not been calculated due to lack of available data.
9
6
6.1
WHAT ACTIONS ARE NEEDED?
Objectives, Policies, Targets, Actions
and Programmes
In order to achieve the Governorate’s GEAP vision it is important to set in place a series of measures: objectives and ten
year targets have been agreed to address priority issues and
policies and programmes have been designed to enable practical and affordable actions to be taken to meet the established
targets and objectives. In brief these are:
Objectives outline what should be achieved over the next 25
years. The objectives should therefore relate to improving the
provision, management, and maintenance of key environmental services, or to protecting, conserving, and sustainably
developing the Governorate’s natural resources.
Policies outline how the objective(s) will be met, the framework in which actions are to be taken, and indicate how
actions can be implemented.
Targets which aim to address the objective(s), are set over a
10-year time period. As far as possible they should be quantified and measurable, so that proposed actions can be assessed
in terms of their contribution to meeting the targets.
Programmes are actions that will contribute towards meeting the targets. They vary widely in their scale, from
Governorate-wide to very local, and can address not only
generic, long-standing problems but also issues or topics
where more immediate action is required.
This Action Plan framework has been established for each of
Qena’s main environmental issues, which include: Water
Resources; Water Supply and Sanitation; Agriculture; Solid Waste
Management; Industrial Pollution; Natural Resources and Biodiversity,
and Cultural Heritage.
The Action Plan also includes a number of representative
projects, many of which are at community level. They are
outlined in Section 7, and are presented in more detail in the
individual community CEP (Community Environmental
Project) case study reports (see Appendix 2).
6.2
Delivering on the Plan
To successfully deliver on its GEAP objectives and targets the
Governorate must strengthen its organisational capacity, with
10
the aim of raising environmental awareness amongst stakeholder groups and facilitating increased involvement in GEAP actions
by organizations and communities throughout Qena. The consultation process confirmed that, in addressing the priority
issues, the GEAP programmes should focus on institutional
strengthening, awareness raising and extension services backed
up by enforcement of environmental standards. This could
involve introducing incentives to encourage the adoption of
environmentally friendly practices that comply with environmental standards or enforcing environmental regulations and
imposing fines on those who break the law.
6.3
The GEAP is a Flexible, Adaptable Tool
This GEAP document is not intended to be a complete list of
all the environmental issues that need to be addressed in Qena.
It is a living document, which at any moment in time reflects a
synthesis of the Governorate’s prioritised environmental issues
identified by representatives from a wide range of different
stakeholder groups throughout Qena. To operate effectively,
the custodians of the Plan must bear the following in mind:
Environmental action planning is an iterative and pragmatic process: the
GEAP should be reviewed regularly to assess whether priorities
have changed, or the emphasis needs to be shifted by modifying
existing actions or introducing new ones. All targets need to be
realistic and achievable.
Partnerships between various stakeholders will add value to GEAP
actions: inevitably, if improvements to environmental services
are to be made a lead needs to be taken by directorates and
departments at Governorate and Markaz level. However, this
does not preclude the fact that other major stakeholders like
local communities, businesses and NGOs all have significant
contributions to make in improving the Governorate’s environmental services. With this in mind it is clear that wherever possible partnership approaches should be encouraged.
The importance of this approach is further emphasised in
Chapter 7.
The costs, and potential benefits, of GEAP actions and outcomes should
be assessed: the estimated level of investment required to achieve
the kind of environmental service improvements that are needed, is described in further detail in Chapter 10.
6 WHAT ACTIONS ARE NEEDED?
6.4 IMPROVING SANITATION
shortage of vacuum emptying. Vacuum tanks are often either
too small or infrequent, which can cause septic tanks to overflow resulting in localized pollution.
Rationale
The provision of sewerage systems has for a long time lagged
behind the development of Qena Governorates potable water
supplies. Qena City is the only place in the Governorate with an
integrated wastewater system. The system covers 100% of the
city and the surrounding villages of Bayadiya, Naga Abu-Arab
Dughaymat and Naga Alhamedat. It consists of a gravity sewer
network, 6 large and 3 small pump stations and a “Trickling
Filters” treatment plant with a rated capacity of 25,000m3/day,
although it is currently running well over this rate at
35,000m3/day. Plans to extend the system which include a gravity sewer and a large (no7) and small capacity pumping station
(at Salhiya) to serve the villages of Shiekh Rekab, Shiekh
Hussen, Salhiya and Shuwain are currently underway. Plans to
increase the treatment plants capacity are also being considered.
The Governorates waste/wastewater department has set aside
LE 2 million in its current fiscal year plan (2002-3) to improve
condition of Qena city’s gravity sewers.
NOPWASD plan to construct a wastewater treatment plant in
every city in Qena. Seven wastewater systems are currently
under construction and are expected to be completed before
the end of the current five-year plan. The 2002 – 2007 fiveyear economic and social development plan has allocated LE
180 million for this purpose (LE45 million from the 20022003 fiscal year), however the total cost of the 7 plants according to 2004 prices is likely to be around LE 985 million.
Despite this progress NOPWASD still has no local plans to
build wastewater systems to service the Markazes of Al Waqf,
Qeft and Naqada. All other cities and villages depend on poorly designed and installed on-site facilities. Approximately 20 %
of houses have septic tanks, whilst others either have vault, dry
pit latrines or no sanitation facilities at all. Septic tanks and
vaults are emptied by vacuum tankers and the resultant waste is
supposed to be transported to the nearest sewage treatment
works for treatment but often ends up being disposed of in agriculture drains or canals without treatment (e.g. the Al Waqf
uses El Marashda canal). Almost all Markazes suffer from a
Sanitation Project Oxidation Pond, Kom El Dabei
In the longer-term the Governorate aims to connect as many
rural villages to networked sanitation systems as possible however this is likely to take some time to deliver. During the interim period measures need to be taken to improve current village
sanitation systems. This might include the introduction of larger/or more vacuum tankers in village areas and increasing the
number of visits they make to sewage treatment works.
The discharge of a large portion of untreated domestic and/or
industrial wastewater into agriculture drains/canals has significant health and environmental consequences, canals and drains
become highly polluted, and seepage into shallow groundwater
may pollute some drinking water supplies. Examples include;
the El Shaikhiya agriculture drain which discharges waste 2 km
upstream of Qeft Water Treatment Plant (WTP) intake and a
paper factory in Qus, which discharges approximately
20,000m3/day of industrial waste upstream of the city’s WTP
intake.
It was evident from the GEAP survey that sanitation is a much
greater problem in Isna, Qena, Nakada, Qus and El Wakf
Markazes than other parts of Qena. Other areas that experience
particularly poor sanitation include villages around the Isna and
Naga Hammady Barrages where high ground water levels pre-
Location and Capacity of Qena’s Seven Wastewater Treatment Plants
Location
Capacity m3/day
%
Abu Tesht
Farshut
Naga Hammady
Dishna
Qus
Armant
Isna
30,000
30,000
55,000
55,000
30,000
30,000
35,000
11.3
11.3
20.8
20.8
11.3
11.3
13.2
Total
265000
100
11
dominate and seepage from septic tanks is common place.
USAID is currently supporting a project to improve the sanitary
conditions of 9 affected villages in Naga Hammady (see Map)
whilst in Isna, Danida are supporting a similar initiative.
At the time of writing this GEAP, the newly established industrial
zones within Qena and Naga Hammady Markazes did not have
access to any wastewater collection, treatment or disposal facility,
which is hazardous if industrial waste infiltrates into the ground
Objectives
- To extend integrated wastewater collection and treatment systems to Qena’s other cities either through the public or private sector. Treated water and sludge use possibilities should
be assessed.
- Develop a plan to ensure that all villages have access to adequate sanitation and link as many villages to networked sanitation where economically and technically feasible.
Villages affected by high water levels around Naga Hammady
Key
Irrigation Canals, Affected Settlements extent of Impact (I)
75<I<100,
Depth to groundwater < 100m,
water. Qena’s El Salhiya industrial zone is 2 km away from the
existing wastewater treatment plant. A gravity sewer and pump station is currently under construction in this area; however, a connection to the existing sewerage system cannot be made because
there is pre-treatment facility for the industrial waste. Long construction periods brought about by funding shortages indicate that
an enormous task is still ahead. Apart from the environmental
issues, this situation affects potential investment and employment
opportunities in these zones.
The Governorate’s 2002-2007 development plan estimates that
LE248 million is needed to provide urban and rural residential
areas with wastewater collection and treatment facilities. A further
LE28 million is also required to install new wastewater systems in
the industrial zones at Kallahen and Hoo. The actual allocation for
the five-year plan is only LE180 million representing a significant
short fall in required investment.
12
% I<25
Open Drain,
, 25<I<50,
50<I<75
Irrigation Canal.
- Connect Industry to the sewer system in accordance with
national discharge standards. Secondary treatment systems
may need to be installed in the main urban centres.
Policies
- Improve coordination between the relevant stakeholders who
currently work in this sector such as NOPWASD, Governorate,
city and village local administration units and the housing
department to optimise the utilisation of available funds, land,
human resources and appropriate treatment technologies to
successfully deliver sustainable wastewater projects.
- Optimise the use of treated wastewater and sewage sludge by
optimizing the use of surrounding desert land as a potential
disposal route.
- Strengthen the institutional capacity of the water and
wastewater sector at Governorate level to effectively plan
and manage the sewage systems including resources for
advanced training of employees so they are better able to
deal with the newly constructed sewage system.
- Provide adequate collection and treatment facilities to small villages
and remote settlements that are not connected to the sewer network.
- Apply Egyptian standards to domestic and industrial wastewater discharged into public sewer systems and provide adequate treatment facilities for industrial waste.
- Consider affordable wastewater charges in the process of
restructuring the water tariff to ensure long-term sustainability, this should include industrial waste charges.
- Encourage and coordinate foreign donor assistance and private sector participation in investment and wastewater reuse.
10 Year Targets and Programmes
- Attention should be given to sector reform by establishing a
public economic authority or company at Governorate level.
Consideration should be given towards establishing a central
body, which would be responsible for managing water and
wastewater. Private sector participation should be considered.
- Use appropriate treatment technologies and improve the
design and installation of sewer networks to avoid wastewater
backups, overflows and high Operation &Maintenance costs.
- Produce drawings of the sewer network to facilitate inspection, cleaning and maintenance of sewer pipes and manholes
etc.
- Provide technical assistance to the Governorates wastewater
management service including training, preparation of O&M
manuals and identification of cost centres.
Extend Sanitation Services to all Urban and Rural Areas
- Complete 7 wastewater projects presently under construction
before the end of 2007.
- Consider construction of wastewater systems in Al Waqf, Qeft
and Naqada.
- Develop an action plan to deal with the sanitation needs of villages and rural areas where it is either not technically or economically feasible to connect them to a sewer network. This
may include introducing larger or more vacuum tankers and
increasing the frequency of visits they make to Sewage
Treatment Works.
- Construct wastewater collection networks in villages surrounding urban centres and connect them to local treatment
plants.
- Consider a feasibility study to investigate the cost of constructing pre-treatment facilities for industrial zones where
appropriate, so that industrial effluent may be safely discharged into the main sewer network.
- Introduce measures to prevent seepage from septic tanks, particularly in areas experiencing high groundwater levels (i.e.
Around Isna, Naga Hammady Barrage) or where groundwater provides the main source of drinking water.
Maximize Reuse of Treated Wastewater and Sewage
Sludge
- Assess possibilities of safely using treated wastewater and
sludge in land reclamation and watering certain crops.
- Assess the feasibility of using modern technologies such as
micro-organisms as effective additives to septic tanks and vaults
to reduce the sludge size and increase the opportunity of its safe
reuse.
- Raise public awareness of the environmental implications of
poor sanitation to improve hygiene around septic tanks and
prevent sanitary waste being dumped into agricultural canals/
drains.
Strengthen the Sector Institutional Capacity Building at
Governorate Level.
- Strengthen sector-planning capabilities to facilitate network
expansion into village areas.
- Introduce training and capacity building programmes aimed at
building up the capacity of Local Government Units. Training
programmes should include; training in short and long term
planning techniques, budgeting, operation and maintenance
etc.
13
6.5. IMPROVING SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Rationale
Collected Waste by Markaz (2004)
In addition to this Qena city has purchased 10 Suzuki trucks to
facilitate waste collection from narrower streets. The existing
dump truck fleet of 25 vehicles has been fully overhauled and
maintained and 4 new dump trucks purchased. The majority of
the City is covered by a daily collection round which has made
the streets some of the cleanest in Egypt. Funds have been raised
to implement this program through fee collection from residents,
shop owners, and other sources. There is also a plan to replicate
this system in Qena’s second largest city, Naga Hammady.
Money collected by Cleansing fund by Markaz (2004)
180
160
180
140
121
LE (000)
120
100
84
80
73
60
46
40
13
12
0
Abu Tisht Farshout Naga Hamady Dishna
El-Waqf
Qeft
Qus
Markaz
In spite of this achievement, waste collection in the Governorate
more generally needs further attention. Quantities of waste being
generated continue to rise, and only a small portion of this waste
is currently being collected (as little as 20% in some cities) and
waste that is collected is not properly managed or disposed of.
Waste Generated by Markaz (2004)
14.00
13.20
11.90
12.00
Ton
10.00
9.60
8.90
8.00
6.00
5.60
4.80
4.00
3.20
2.00
0.00
Abu Tisht Farshout Naga Hamady
Dishna
El-Waqf Qeft
Qus
Markaz
Rural and urban municipal solid waste generation is estimated to
be in the region of 329,000 tonnes per year (annual urban gen-
14
80
68
70
60
62
60
55
50
(%)
Qena City has initiated an ambitious waste collection and transfer system which has resulted in significant improvements in the
coverage of street sweeping and waste collection. The Governor
has restructured the cleansing section inside Qena City enabling
direct supervision by the Deputy Secretary General.
Approximately 700 sweepers are now employed to keep the
streets of the Governorate capital clean.
20
eration rate 0.6kg/capita, annual rural generation rate
0.25kg/capita), with only approximately 88,000 tones (27%) of
the generated waste actually collected. Poor management and
disposal practices raise significant public health risks, which
need to be addressed.
47
40
31
30
20
12
10
0
Abu Tisht Farshout Naga Hamady Dishna
El-Waqf
Qeft
Qus
Markaz
Present transfer sites are not formally designated and have few
controls in place leading to unsightly and unhealthy accumulations of waste which is often left burning. The disposal of waste
is both unregulated and opportunistic. Random dumping of
waste in the streets is a common phenomenon. There is also an
increasing trend for waste to be tipped into canals and drainage
channels. Improved disposal facilities and specially located sites
with onsite management and control, are a paramount need for
the Governorate.
Two landfill sites have already been approved by EEAA, but are
awaiting final EIA approval before they can be built. To make
best use of these future landfills it is essential that a proper waste
management strategy and dump management system be put in
place before they become operational to ensure they comply
with government regulations. Fortunately Qena is in a better
position than most Governorates as it is surrounded by desert
which means that there is a great deal of land available for possible land filling.
A 150 tonnes per day composting plant has recently been built
in Qena city as part of a Governorate wide move towards greater
waste recycling and another is currently being built in Naga
Hammady. Both plants are funded by the Ministry of Local
Development and are part of a wider national plan to construct
another 12 composting plant across the country to process
organic and animal waste.
The Governorate generates approximately 200 tonnes of clinical waste each year. Despite this very few major hospitals have
incineration facilities for its safe disposal and those that do,
have limited capacity or equipment in poor condition. As a
result clinical waste is often sent to dump sites without being
properly segregated from the normal municipal waste stream
and therefore poses a significant health risk to municipal collectors, scavengers and local communities living close by (i.e.
Isna).
Based on the initial baseline studies and consultation programme
for Qena’s new Solid Waste Management Strategy, which was
developed in close consultation with a number of different stakeholder groups including the community, solid waste management was ranked as the second highest priority after sanitation.
Contributing factors to the status of SWM in Qena include lack
of financing, shortage of labour (70 % of Markazes reported inefficient and lack of labour) and inappropriate use of equipment
(More than 50 % of equipment is inoperable or operating
beyond their economic life time). In addition, public attitude
towards waste management and related public health issues are
generally poor.
activities between Markazes and eventually to the villages.
Naga Hammady’s solid waste improvement service has been
supported by the SEAM programme, which helped design and
implement a demonstration project involving strategically
located transfer stations and small trucks, which can collect
waste from the cities narrow streets. The project supports the
implementation of the Qena Solid Waste strategy, particularly
in upgrading waste collection and transfer in secondary cities.
Solid Waste Management CEP, El Dier Village
Waste Scavengers, Qena City Dumpsite
A number of priority issues were identified to increase the efficiency of SWM system in Qena Governorate and are reflected in
the following table.
The main sources of finance for supporting Solid Waste
Management services across Qena Governorate comes from the
cleansing and service funds, whilst a beautification fund is used
to improve infrastructure and public services. The management
of solid waste is currently carried out by City Councils (LGUs)
but in future a central and more strategic waste management
department, at the Governorate level, will be needed to promote
and assist in the co-ordination of improved waste management
The Governor is now interested in replicating similar initiatives in other cities and villages in the Governorate where
solid waste collection services are still largely inadequate. The
Governorates existing prioritised solid waste action plan aims
to improve solid waste management systems in the following
cities; remaining parts of Qena City, Naga Hammady, Qus,
Dishna and Isna. Plans to improve solid waste management
in other cities like Abu Tesht, El Wakf, Armant, Qeft, Farshut
and Naqada will soon follow once resources become available.
A number of different Solid waste management techniques
(i.e. street container loaders in Qus, door to door collection
in Qena City, transfer stations in Naga Hammady) are likely
to be introduced in each city depending on specific circumstances.
Identified Approaches to Improve the Efficiency of SWM systems in Qena Governorate
Priority Issues
New /Improved
Waste elimination Techniques
Clinical Waste Incinerator
Sanitary Landfill Site
Better waste collection coverage
Improved frequency of sweeping
More Labourers
Abu
Tesht
3
1
2
Naga
Farchout Hammady
Dishna
1
3
6
4
7
5
2
1
3
6
5
4
2
1
3
4
7
6
5
2
Al Waqf
Qena
Qeft
Qus
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
5
1
5
2
1
5
4
4
3
2
3
4
6
3
Naqada Armant
1
1
4
2
5
3
3
2
Isna
1
2
4
3
Av
Score
Rank
1.1
2.6
4.4
4.0
4.3
4.4
2.6
1st
3rd
6th
4th
5th
7th
2nd
1 – high priority, 7 – low priority
15
Objectives
- To provide an effective and affordable solid waste management
system for the Governorate’s urban and rural populations.
Policies
- Set up an efficient and affordable waste collection strategy.
- Introduce an appropriate waste transfer and transportation system.
- Ensure that waste is properly disposed of.
need for, and cost of new parts to limit vehicle downtime and
extend vehicle lifetime.
- Encourage the privatized collection, treatment and disposal of
waste once an enabling environment has been established and
circumstances are favourable.
- Encourage a high level of appropriate community participation in new schemes i.e. starting with community based
clean-up campaigns.
- Support the establishment of a selective waste recycling system.
- Improve the Governorates institutional capacity to manage
waste in an environmentally sustainable manner.
- Improve public awareness of waste issues through greater stakeholder involvement.
- Improve the management of clinical and hazardous waste
streams and introduce segregated collection services.
Establish an Integrated Waste Management Strategy for
Qena Governorate.
- Develop a plan for the implementation of an urban collection
system, trial it in one city and based on that experience adapt
it to all Qena Cities in order of priority.
- Agree standard urban collection systems to include methodologies for choosing appropriate vehicles for specific tasks.
- Design and test possible solutions for village solid waste management.
- Identify how responsibility for village solid waste collection
can be shared between different government institutions and
authorities.
- Assess the potential for private sector participation in solid
waste management in the Government.
Improve the Operation and Management of Waste
Services and Facilities
- Introduce clear monitoring and supervision strategies to guarantee the reliable and satisfactory operation of all waste management services.
- Set up standard dumpsite management and operation procedures, which reflect EEAA standards.
- Closely manage Qena’s recently established compost plant and
do the same with Naga Hammady’s compost plant once it has
been built.
- Develop transparent and effective budgeting procedures for all
solid waste management related costs in the Local
Governorate Units, Cities and the Governorate
Administration.
- Introduce an appropriate preventative maintenance program
for waste management vehicles in each city, to minimize the
16
Maintainance Garage, Naga Hammady
Improve Existing Waste Collection, Transfer and
Transportation Systems
- In each city in Qena, evaluate which kind of transfer system
would be most appropriate (probably all except El Waqf).
- Implement a new transfer system in each city before any new
collection equipment is fully operational.
- In villages, investigate need and appropriate options for waste
transfer from village collection systems to the disposal sites.
- Replicate El Tarmsa and El Dier demonstration waste collection systems to other villages in Qena Governorate.
- Improve public awareness of waste management and public
health issues.
- Manage scavenging activities on dumpsites.
Adopt Proper Waste Treatment and Disposal Systems
- Current disposal sites should continue to operate and serve
the cities across the Governorate, but they should be upgraded to improve their standards of operation. Except in the case
of Naga Hammady, where a new site is required.
- Naga Hammady’s proposal for introducing composting
requires greater economic appraisal before the dumpsite is
moved to its new position.
- Undertake EIA’s (to EEAA standards), for all new disposal
sites to ensure proposed sites meet the required standards.
- Introduce controlled tipping practices at all disposal sites, use
construction waste and sand as a top cover to limit the possibility of wind blowing litter away and use tractors to level off
waste on the site.
- Phase out and rehabilitate problem disposal sites.
- Investigate opportunities for simply managed village dump-
sites to reduce the need for waste transfer and provide appropriate collection equipment in villages.
Improve Institutional Organizational and Worker
Capacity
Improve Institutional Organizational and Worker Capacity
- Ensure that the Central Waste Management Unit is in place,
fully operational and has proper funding and the necessary
expertise to fulfil its role.
- Build up the capacity of each Markaz to better plan and coordinate existing solid waste activities.
- Establish proper monitoring and supervision mechanisms to
ensure reliable and satisfactory service delivery.
- Improve the working conditions of SWM labourers to
increase productivity and staff retention.
Receiving Solid Waste Equipment, Mahrousa Village
Ensure Safe and Sustainable Recycling of Waste
- Provide ‘scavengers’ with protective clothing and encourage
constructive interaction with dumpsite managers.
- Investigate the economic potential for introducing recycling
and composting schemes.
- Encourage reuse and recycling of waste in business’s, factories
and at home. NGOs or community groups running small
waste recovery enterprises with assistance from the Social
Fund for Development could fulfil this function.
- Initiate a pilot waste segregation project for different packing
materials in schools, institutes and government buildings.
Introduce Appropriate Hazardous/ Clinical Waste
Management Systems
- Ensure that clinical and hazardous wastes are collected separately and disposed of in controlled cells at dumpsites.
- Ensure that hazardous/clinical waste is collected separately
and incinerated with resultant ash being transported and disposed of in controlled cells at the dumpsite.
- In the medium term, all clinics, hospitals, factories etc. should
be required to introduce at source waste segregation together with in-house awareness raising and training.
- Collection systems for clinical waste require specific vehicles,
appropriate training and protective clothing.
- Maximise the shared utilization of existing resources (i.e.
incineration facilities, sanitary cells) to treat and dispose of
these wastes and minimize the need for expenditure.
- Develop a detailed understanding of waste treatment and disposal practices in order to determine the need for extra
resources, equipment, new dumpsites etc and lobby the
department of Health for provision.
- Introduce appropriate charges for collecting and disposing of
these wastes and establish an appropriate monitoring and
‘fines’ system to prevent illegal disposal.
- Prior to implementing new services ensure proper co-ordination between different government departments, the public,
city administration and Governorate and city administration
to avoid duplication.
- Develop monitoring and evaluation surveys during and after
activities in order to continually improve the system and
assess their impact on the population.
- Develop appropriate fines and monitoring and enforcement
procedures to ensure greater resident participation, and
improved behaviour towards paying necessary fees.
- Develop an appropriate communication system between
Markaz Heads, the Deputy Secretary General, City and LGU
solid waste management units and the Governorate Strategic
Solid Waste Management Unit.
- Increase incentives for private sector and NGO participation
in the collection, treatment and disposal of waste through e.g.
sustainable revenue raising methods, tax exemption and the
provision of low cost land.
- Suitable mechanisms should be put in place to take account of
those who cannot afford to pay as much as others for Solid
Waste Management services.
- Coordinate awareness raising programmes to ensure people
change behaviour and where possible participate in new services.
- Coordinate awareness raising programmes to ensure people
change behaviour and where possible participate in new services.
Transfer station, Nagaa Hamady
17
6.6. IMPROVING POTABLE
WATER SUPPLIES
Rationale
Although potable water capacity, in Qena Governorate, has doubled over the last 7 years, a significant number of people still have
limited or no access to a clean or reliable water supply either
because of poverty, a shortage in water production or an inadequate water distribution system.
Out of the total capacity of 423,800m3/day, (see Table) over 50%
has been installed in the last 7 years. This capacity is generated
from the following sources and will include two further water
treatment plants which are currently under construction, one at
Armant which is expected to be completed by 2004 (capacity of
34,600m3/day) and the other in Abu Tesht City which is expected be completed in 2007. It is hoped that the added surface
water capacity generated will reduce the number of people in
Waste Water Treatment Plant, Saleheia
rural areas currently dependent on un-networked water for their
potable water. The following table illustrates Water Treatment
Plants are currently responsible for supplying 45% (193,600m3)
of the governorates daily potable water supply whilst Compact
Units supply 34% (144,700m3).
Water Supply Capacity in Qena Governorate (2004)
Source
Capacity m3/day
Qena WTP (new & old)
Qeft WTP
Qus WTP
Dishna WTP
Naga Hammady WTP
Isna WTP
67 Compact Units
264 Groundwater Wells
63,900
17,300
25,900
34,600
34,600
17,300
144,700
85,500
15.1
4.1
6.1
8.2
8.2
4.1
34.1
20.1
Total
423,800
100
%
It is estimated that 85% of the Governorate has full access to water services and through this is able to meet 80% of the Governorates water demand.
Nature of Water Supply by Markaz (2004)
Markaz
Traditional WTP m3/day
Abu Tesht
Farshut
Naga Hammady
Dishna
El Waqf
Qena
Qeft
Qus
Naqada
Armant
Isna
Total
Under construction
Supplied from Naga Hammady
34,600
34,600
No plan
63,900
17,300
25,900
No plan
Under construction
17,300
193,600
18
Compact Units
m3/day
15,120
0
21,600
2,160
6,480
38,860
0
8,640
10,800
10,800
30,240
144,700
Groundwater
Wells m3/day
24,600
5,500
4,900
7,800
4,900
14,600
6,200
9,000
3,500
2,600
1,900
85,500
Total
m3/day
39,720
5,500
61,100
44,560
11,380
117,360
23,500
43,540
14,300
13,400
49,440
423,800
The remaining 15% of the population are currently unconnected to
the water network and mostly rely on ground water wells for their
water, whilst a small minority still rely on hand-pumps. The average
per capita consumption is 160 litres/capita/day ranging from 58
litres/capita/day in Abu Tesht to 254 litres/capita/day in Qus. The
Governorate’s current 2002 – 2003 fiscal year plan includes an
approved allocation of LE 3.5 million for extending water networks
in urban and rural areas, and LE 2 million to install water networks
in the new industrial zones at Kallahen and Hoo. In addition, the
2002 – 2007 five-year plan includes the supply and installation of
10 new compact units by NOPWASD, each with a 100 lit/sec
capacity (8,500m3/day, 4 times the capacity of the existing units).
The new units will be built in Qena (4), Qus (2), Naqada (2) and
Abu Tesht (2). Increased improvements in drinking water supply
are a direct response to growing demand, increased per capita consumption and a general policy commitment to replace groundwater
wells with piped water supply (e.g. Abu Tesht).
capacity and though an important water source its quality and
quantity is beginning to deteriorate. The iron and manganese
content of many wells is as high as the National limit (5%) and
over 80% of groundwater wells can’t be operated for more than
6hrs at a time. Furthermore, increased abstraction rates and pollution from agrochemicals and domestic sewage have caused
deterioration in water quality.
In Farshut Markaz where the entire population presently relies
on ground water wells for their water supply (see table) communities have complained of water discolouration and pollution,
which has forced some to buy water from neighbouring Naga
Hammady Markaz. However, the Governorate has recently
installed a new water line from Naga Hammady and is now in
the process of building a new water treatment plant
(34000m3/day). Both initiatives will not only improve the supply
and quality of water reaching villages in and around Abu Tesht
and Farshut etc but also reduce their dependence on groundwater wells. There are currently no plans by NOPWASD to address
the issue of elevated iron and manganese concentrations in
groundwater derived supplies.
The operation efficiency of compact units is impacted by poor
maintenance and inadequate chlorine dosing. Qena’s compact
units now operate at 60% of their actual capacity.
From an institutional perspective, poor and fragmented service
management has resulted in inadequate revenue collection, which
has in turn resulted in reduced O&M budgets and low service
standards. Furthermore, lack of an overall strategic maintenance
plan means that maintenance tends to be reactive rather than
Compact Unit under construction, Naqadah
Although these efforts will undoubtedly improve water supply in
Qena a number of key issues still need further attention.
- In networked areas water supply problems relate to the fact that
much of the network is old (30 to 50 years), dilapidated and
poorly maintained.
- Leaking pipes are commonplace and household connections
are often in a bad state of repair. Areas that are not currently networked, include rural areas and some urban areas
which have expanded water distribution networks unofficially (i.e. through illegal expansion or connection)
- Water supply problems mostly relate to the condition of compact units and groundwater wells.
Groundwater, which ranges in depth from 1m in Isna to 6m in
Qena, makes up 20% of the Governorates total potable water
High Water Tank under construction, Qena City
proactive. This problem can be illustrated by the fact that most of
Qena’s Markazes lack water network maps; this in turn means that
many O&M staff do not know the location or condition of booster stations and elevated tanks or where valves, bulk meters and
Water Systems Management
NOPWASD
Water Treatment Plant,
Compact Units, Ground
Water Wells, City Networks
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
Local Government
Units (LGUs)
HOUSING DEPARTMENT,
SHAROUK SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT FUND
Village Water Network
19
where old and newly constructed parts of the network are located. As a result they are unable to conduct adequate hydraulic
analysis. Water losses from poorly maintained pipes are estimated to be in the range of 25 % whilst, un-metered and unpaid consumptions may also account for a further 35 % loss of potable
water. Indeed figures for Qena City’s unaccounted for water losses were as high as 71% during the 1999-2000 fiscal year. (This
figure includes the difference between the applied flat rate and
actual consumption, the unpaid water of the Governorate buildings and schools etc and physical losses from the networks).
Water Supply Locations in Qena Governorate
At a Governorate level overall tariff collection efficiency is
presently 29%. Approximately 25 % of household connections
are not metered or have broken meters. As far as water network
charges are concerned a flat consumption rate of
10m3/flat/month is applied (especially in Qena city) where in
reality actual average consumption is almost three times this rate.
This means that a significant amount of potential revenue is never
collected. Given these and other problems cost recovery is
presently ranging between 40% and 50%.
Water Demand/ Water Capacity (1996-2006)
600000
500000
400000
m3/day
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
300000
*
Water Demand
m3/day
Total Water
Capacity m3/day
200000
100000
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Objectives
- To expand the coverage of clean and reliable drinking water
supply.
- To provide a cost efficient, sustainable and well managed
water supply system.
Policies
- To provide necessary institutional support to strengthen and
reform the Governorates water management framework so
that it can effectively sustain a water service to Egyptian standards.
- To achieve a sustainable water supply system which meets
community requirements. This should include the introduc20
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
tion of an effective water metering and bill collection system,
restructuring the tariff and reducing water use that is not
accounted.
- To extend network coverage to un-served residential areas
and increase production of treated water so that supply
meets demand.
- To stop using groundwater as a source of drinking water
unless it receives effective treatment, and set in place a plan
for replacing existing groundwater wells with treated surface
water throughout the Governorate.
- To develop an overall strategic maintenance plan to remove
inefficiencies in water treatment and distribution systems
through improved maintenance and reduced losses from
leaking and broken pipes and wastage.
Achieve 100% Service Coverage and Increase
Production to Meet Projected Demand
- Complete Abu Tesht and Armant water treatment plants.
- Consider building new surface water plants in El Waqf (capacity of 25,000 m3/day) and Naqada (capacity of 34,000 m3/day).
- Extend water mains and distribution networks to un-served
urban and rural residential areas and build new booster stations to maintain pressure in remote areas.
- Assess the O&M plans of water treatment plants (especially
compact units) and upgrade them to their rated capacity levels.
- Review the current utilization of existing compact units and
wherever necessary relocate them to optimize the contribution that these units make to the overall water service.
- Provide public standpipes in remote communities.
- Strengthen Local Governorate Unit capacity to maintain and
operate compact units, particularly in chlorine dosing and use
of chemicals, to ensure reliability of supply.
- Consideration should be given to coordinating the construction of networks with the availability of water production.
Improve Tariff Collection Efficiency from 65% to 85%
and Physical Losses in the Network from 25% to 20%
- Implement a comprehensive leak detection and repair program for water mains and networks in major cities starting
with Qena City.
- Rehabilitate old and deteriorated networks to reduce leakages,
maintain water pressure and stop contamination.
- Increase metering to cover all households connected to supply and ensure all metres are in full working order; rationalize design to facilitate maintenance.
- Promote public awareness campaigns to improve water conservation and preserve water sources and prevent dumping of
liquid or solid wastes into watercourses.
- Review the existing cost centres and tariff structure and
increase charges to appropriate and affordable rates.
Strengthen Institutional Capacity
- Integrate water service activities under an authorised body
such as the planned Qena Water Authority or a Public
Economic Authority.
- Strengthen capacity to manage, operate and maintain the
water supply systems.
- Develop a strategic maintenance plan to better coordinate
improvements to the network.
Improve the Water Service Quality to Egyptian Standards by
the Year 2007
- Develop measures for using groundwater through licensing
the installation of wells and hand pumps, providing suitable
treatment should also be considered.
- Establish a computerized billing system and improve metre
reading and tariff collection.
- Develop a staff inventory, staffing plan and training needs
assessment.
- Implement an assets inventory.
- Improve the design and control of pollution discharge that
may affect intake points.
- Analyse water distribution systems to ensure information is
available on the entire networks infrastructure and assess to
ensure continuity of supply;
- Consideration should be given to moving Qena WTP intake or
constructing a barrier wall to avoid fungus accumulation. The
same problem is observed at Qus WTP where the paper factory discharges approximately 20,000 m3/day of untreated
industrial waste upstream of the water intake.
- Hydraulically analyse water networks, establish GIS systems
and provide network drawings, install valves and bulk meters,
check against location sewage lines and septic tanks and rehabilitate to maintain pressure and avoid contamination.
- Consider analysing Qena city’s water system to find reasons
for pressure drops and unbalanced water distribution.
21
6.7. WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT ( Surface &
Ground Water Resources )
Rationale
Water resource management is a cross cutting issue which covers
a number of different areas including agricultural, industrial and
domestic environments. The importance of water resource management in these areas is dealt with in separate GEAP sections.
This particular section focuses on issues related to importance of
ground and surface water resources.
Qena’s water resources mainly comprise of water diverted from
the Nile for municipal and agricultural use and water extracted
from groundwater. An additional potential water resource
comes from occasional rainfall which falls as flash floods producing large volumes of surface runoff. Qena’s surface water
sources which account for roughly 80% of the total water use
mainly comprise of Nile water diverted for direct use or to the
irrigation canals upstream of the barrages.
Nile Water Resources - Qena Governorate covers a large section of
the Nile Valley extending for more than 350 km, from Isna in the
south to Naga Hammady in the north. Along this stretch of the
Nile there are two main canals that take water directly from the
Nile upstream of Isna barrage: the Asfoun and El-Kalabaya
canals. In addition, 9 pumping stations and three barrages (old
Isna barrage, new Isna barrage and Naga Hammady barrage) are
used to control the level of Nile water and abstract water directly from the Nile for irrigation purposes. The total annual
abstraction for the Asfoun and El-Kalabaya canals and 9 pumping
stations was 3.593 Billion m3 per year in 2002. A breakdown of
these abstractions is provided below.
An assessment of surface water quality indicates that although
the Nile receives high BOD loads from the 4 sugar factories
the rivers dilution capacity is high which means the effect of
this pollution is reduced. The Ministry of Water Resources
and Public Works have recently commissioned the construction of a new barrage to take account of the deterioration of
the old Naga Hammady Barrage. The new barrage will be able
to produce 65 Megawatts of electricity. The water level
between the old and new barrages will be increased to 65.9m
above sea level, resulting in a net gain of roughly 100 hectares
of agricultural land. However, the possible side effects of an
increase in headpond water levels include:
- the loss of approximately 64 feddans of river island land and
230 feddans of river bank land currently used for perennial and
seasonal cropping or grazing;
- new structural bank protection measures will need to be developed to protect infrastructure along certain reaches of the Nile;
- cultural sites, buildings and graveyards may be affected by poor
drainage or water logging if adequate drainage systems are not
put in place;
The per capita water use in Qena is roughly 1224m3 pa, which is
considerably higher than that found in other Governorates due to
the high demand for irrigation of the sugar cane crop. Resulting
deep percolation, seepage loss and threat of water logging place
great strain on tile drainage systems. The Ministry of Water
Resources and Irrigation is planning to replace sugar cane with
sugar beet to maximize the on farm efficiency of water use however such crop substitution will have to be done gradually to allow
farmers and factory owner’s time to adapt.
- settlements along the Nile with very shallow groundwater levels may experience flooding and surface ponding of groundwater through capillary rise; this may be exacerbated by flooding
of septic tanks and the development of contamination and
odour problems; some affected settlements will need to be
permanently relocated.
Groundwater Resources - Based on the geological and hydrogeological
conditions, Qena’s groundwater aquifers may be divided into two
main kinds; the Nile flood plain aquifer (Quaternary aquifer) and
the pre- Nile (Nubian) sediments aquifer. The Nile aquifer system
is mainly recharged from surrounding irrigation systems and has
Water Abstraction in Qena Governorate
Kalabaya Canal (irrigates 174,515 feddans)
Asfoun Canal (irrigates 68,879 feddans)
2 Pumping Stations (Upstream Isna Barrage)
7 Pumping Stations (on the Isna to Naga Hammady reach)
Total Surface Water Abstraction
22
1.306 BCM/year
0.524 BCM/year
0.718 BCM/year
1.045 BCM/year
3.593 BCM/year
high potential for groundwater development near the Nile, whilst
the deep Nubian aquifer has limited or zero potential for groundwater development especially in the desert areas where land reclamation has occurred. Average groundwater heads decrease from
78m above sea level at Isna to 62m above sea level at Naga
Hammady. The existing total annual groundwater abstraction in
the Nile Valley Aquifer is about 1.5 BCM/year with a future additional increase of 1.7 BCM/year, 0.5 BCM/year of which will be
extracted for new land reclamation and 1.2 BCM/year will be
extracted for conjunctive use, tube well drainage and domestic use.
The quality of groundwater is affected by the hydrogeological
environment and human activities. Nile valley groundwater salinity levels range from 500 to 1000ppm. The existence of microbiological contamination of both deep and shallow groundwater
wells is an indicator of the vulnerability of the main aquifer to
point source and diffuse contamination from untreated sewage.
Policies
- Reduce dumping of domestic and agricultural waste into
canals and drains.
- Improve drainage of cultivated areas to improve crop
yields.
- Extend wastewater collection and treatment systems to
prevent groundwater pollution.
- Improve flood defences and drainage systems in order to
conserve rainwater run-off.
- Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers to reduce surface
water and groundwater pollution.
- Monitor the discharge of industrial effluents into the
Nile and canals and rigorously enforce the standards of
Law 48.
Unconventional Water Resources – These resources are recycled or reused from previously utilized resources and fall into two
broad categories:
Reuse of Agricultural Drainage Water – The amount of water entering drainage channels is relatively high (about 25 to 30%
of the total water supplied) and originates from three main sources; tail end and seepage losses from canals, surface runoff from
irrigated fields; and deep percolation from irrigated fields (particularly where salt leaching is being carried out). Agricultural
drainage from Egypt’s southern regions returns directly to the Nile River where it mixes with the Nile fresh water and is utilised
by downstream users. Isna-Naga Hammady’s reaches return flows through the 16 main drainage channels, from an area of
approximately 285,000 feddans was estimated to be about 0.72 BCM/year.
Reuse of Treated Waste Water – Increasing water demand for domestic use due to population growth and improvements in
living standards and growing industrial demand for water is increasing the total amount of wastewater potentially available for
reuse. This resource could be utilised for irrigating non-food crops such as trees, as is the case with effluent from Qena wastewater treatment plant, which is reused at the “Man-Made Forest” in El Salihia. The current amount of treated wastewater from
wastewater treatment plants in Qena and Luxor is 38,000m3/day and a further 12 new treatment facilities are planned which
will increase the amount of treated water to 600,000m3/day by the year 2017. However, particular attention needs to be
focussed on issues associated with effluent reuse including potential public health and environmental hazards, and related technical, institutional, socio-cultural and sustainability aspects.
Estimates for Qena’s water requirement in 2017 show that
municipal, agricultural and industrial water use are respectively, 189.0 x 1MCM, 3771 x 1MCM and 268 x
1MCM/year which represents a 30% increase on current
available water resources. Approximately 170000km2 of
land in Qena Governorate is potentially suitable for reclamation and these areas would require a further 700 x 1MCM
m3 of water each year.
Objectives
- To improve water resources management and conservation
across Qena Governorate.
- To reduce contamination of surface and ground water
resources.
23
Improve the Management of Surface and Ground
Water Resources
- Include Water User Associations in the operation, maintenance and management of irrigation systems.
- Introduce charges for the operation and maintenance of
the irrigation water distribution system.
- Improve drainage of cultivated areas to secure and
improve crop yield.
- Develop a flood hazard assessment and hydrological study
to assess the potential for greater utilisation of rainwater
run-off, particularly during flash flood events.
- Develop a detailed water resources assessment of the
Nubian Aquifer to assess its potential for development as
a water resource.
- Monitor groundwater levels between the old and new
Naga Hammady barrages to assess potential rising ground
water levels.
Improve the efficiency of Surface and Ground Water
Resources
- Increase water efficiency by minimizing water losses in
surface water use, including reducing water conveyance
losses, especially in irrigation.
- Implement and manage measures to improve subsurface
tile drainage to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil.
- Develop a plan to improve on-farm water efficiency by
crop replacement measures such as gradual replacement
of cultivated sugar cane with cultivated sugar beet.
- Limit the current sugar cane cropping area to meet the
productive capacity of existing factories without any
future increase.
- Raise farmer awareness of irrigation and water conservation measures by developing the capacity of Water Users
Associations.
24
- Manage land fragmentation to ensure better management
of water resources.
Reduce Pollution of Surface Water and Ground Water
Resources
- Introduce measures that oblige Nile Cruisers to discharge
wastewater and solid refuse at authorised collection
points.
- Ensure that industrial facilities comply with existing laws
concerning quality of effluent discharge into surface
water.
- Ensure that where appropriate new industrial areas install
pre-treatment facilities prior to discharge into municipal
sewers.
- Control and reduce the use of fertilizers, pesticides and
the agrochemicals.
Naga Hammady Barrage
6.8. DEVELOPING
AGRICULTURE & FISHERIES
Rationale
Agriculture is a major economic source of income in Qena
Governorate, with just over 81% of the inhabited Nile valley area
under cultivation, and 78.8% of the population in rural areas. In
1999 Qena’s population was 2.7 million, with an average annual
growth rate of 2.2%. Population intensity in inhabited areas averages
1581.1 persons per km2, the per capita share of cultivated land is
0.11 feddan (462m2) and 759m3 of water is used each year to cultivate this land. With this in mind Qena’s main agricultural challenges
include limited arable land, scarce water resources, water pollution
and a relatively high population growth rate.
Qena’s principal crops include sugarcane, wheat, clover, corn,
sorghum, fava beans and vegetables. The majority of arable land hold-
opment has resulted in the degradation of soil and water quality. In the last thirty years around 56,257 feddans of cultivated land has been lost to urbanization however, in recent years
the Governorate has had more success in halting urban
encroachment on agricultural land through better use of existing laws and its land reclamation strategy. By 1988 42,600
feddans of land had been reclaimed, although 68% of this land
is comprised of sandy soils whilst the remainder comprises of
saline soils. In addition most land reclamation sites are higher
than agricultural land and the Nile. This means that water lifting limits are high which in turn places stress on water pumping systems that have to supply irrigation water to this land.
The 2017 national land reclamation strategy aims to reclaim
an additional 218,500 feddans of land from desert areas and
other marginal land in Qena (see Map). To reach this target
20,000 feddans of land would need to be reclaimed each year
however in practise only around 5 to 7,000 feddans has actually been reclaimed per year thus far.
Use of Pesticides, Nitrogen Fertilizer and Biological Control on Sugar Cane land
Year
Pesticides (Tons)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
N.A
1.202
0.900
1.875
1.166
2.397
2.014
N-Fertilizers (Tons)
224701
225346
236659
168154
199856
229079
272507
ings (86.4%) are less than 2 feddans and cropping intensities (1.5)
and yields are high. Roughly 50% of the Governorates total cultivated land area is permanently cropped. This is only possible
because the area benefits from a plentiful water supply, high
fertilizer usage (over 300kg /fed. /year) and fertile soils. In
addition much of Qena’s arable land (particularly sugarcane
land) profits from soil improvement programmes (sub soiling,
adding gypsum) and an integrated pest management system
(IPM), which have both helped improve crop productivity. In
1998 the Governorate banned the use of pesticides on sugarcane land. Since then farmers have used the T.evanesces parasite to control pest infestation. Each year the parasite is
released onto about 75% of sugarcane land, which avoids the
annual, use 400 tons of pesticides. The following table illustrates the use of pesticide, nitrogen based fertilizers and biological controls on sugar cane land. In all three cases the use of
each has risen substantially in recent years.
Biological Control Sugar (Feddans)
36 000
51 458
92 648
85 095
123 348
130 536
194 540
Qena’s Land Reclamation Programme
Animal and poultry production also play an important role in Qena’s
agricultural system. Livestock numbers total around 250 000 whilst
numbers of poultry amount to around 1.3 million (or 80% of Egypt’s
total number). Whilst the sector is of great economic value poor disposal or use of animal waste often causes environmental problems.
Pressure on land from intensive agricultural and urban devel25
Qena’s drainage system consists of 16 open main drain catchments that serve 316,410 feddans of land and annually drains
955 million m3 of water into the Nile. Water from the remaining irrigated land drains directly into the Nile. The subsurface
tile drainage system serves 186,000 feddans of the cultivated
land, which lacks natural drainage capacity. Drainage reuse only
occurs through the “Hamad “drain where a pump station mixes
drain water with water from the El- kelabia canal.
Relatively low on-farm irrigation efficiencies, excessive
water application by gravity and/or pumps, doubling cropping intensities and a sugarcane monoculture have all contributed to increased levels of soil salinity and sodicity
(alkalinity). Roughly 20% (72,000 feddans) of Qena’s cultivated land area is now affected by salinity. Areas that are
particularly affected include land west of Abut Tesht district, Naga Hammady district and newly reclaimed lands,
which use pressurized irrigation systems to save on irrigation water and minimize the pressure placed on drainage
systems. Another problem facing cultivated lands is sodicity (water-logging), caused by bad drainage. At present 3%
(11 000 feddans) of Qena’s cultivated land area is affected
by sodicity but the problem is particularly acute in areas
like Isna district, Dishna Markaz and Naga-Hammady
where sugarcane predominates.
The introduction of land levelling (using laser technology)
and gated pipe technology to improve water use efficiency
and surface irrigation systems has had some success at controlling sodicity in sugarcane fields. Gated pipe technology
increases water delivery efficiency by 30 to 40% whilst
water savings are in the range of 20 to 25%. The governments National Sugar Policy on Water Management aims to
save Qena 0.5 a billion m3 of water each year by extending
gated pipe systems to 65% of Upper Egypt’s sugarcane
fields. Furthermore, the National Tile Drainage programme
which covers roughly 58% of Qena’s cultivated land area
(186,000 feddans) has also been relatively successful in
lowering Qena’s water table particularly around the Isna
and Naga Hammady barrages where high water levels are a
significant problem. The use of tile drainage systems is said
to increase soil fertility by 30%. The Ministry of Water
Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) has also initiated an integrated water resource management programme, which it is
piloting in a number of districts in Qena. The aim of the
initiative is to decentralize the management of water
resources to the district level to better control water allocation, improve irrigation efficiency and provide equitable
water shares for all users.
The pollution of both agricultural and potable water is a
serious issue affecting surface and sub-surface water. Main
sources of pollution originate from sewage discharge,
municipal and industrial effluents (into main waterways),
irrigation canals, drainage ditches, the Nile and excessive
use of fertilizers and misuse of pesticides. Actions to reduce
pollution levels have been initiated with the construction of
a number of wastewater plants throughout Qena
26
Governorate and some treated wastewater is also used to
grow trees for wood production on desert fringes.
Groundwater, surface and subsurface water sources however, continue to suffer from nitrate contamination due to the
excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, which is now
reaching alarming levels. The current rate of application to
cultivated land is 714kg/ha, which is far higher than the
world average 28kg/ha. As a result nitrate leaching has
become a significant source of water pollution. With this in
mind groundwater use may be endangered. Aquifers are at
least partly replenished from drainage water and in such situations cycles of extraction and infiltration of the same
water develop, and the main or only outlet of the system is
evapotranspiration, which over the years induces an increase
in salinity.
Bagass Storage
Qena produces six million tons of agricultural residue each
year. Some direct uses of this residue include burning for
energy (60%), feeding animals and composting (40%).
Approximately 3 million tons of bagasse, the by-product of
Qena’s 4 sugar cane factories is burnt as a fuel at these factories, which causes significant air pollution. In addition, the
Naga Hammady Fiberboard and Qena Newsprint paper company at Qus are another two factories that use bagass as a fuel
are also responsible for producing large quantities of black
liquor, which is a hazardous water pollutant. Although the use
of bagass is important solutions to bagass airpollution need to
be identified. There are currently no programmes to resolve
the bagass air pollution or black liquor issue.
Other sectors that contribute to Qena’s agricultural sector
include fisheries, livestock and poultry production. In
fisheries sector the Governorate Governorate has introduced mabrouk fish fingerlingesfingerlings into the Nile to
control aquatic weeds and regularly restocks Qena’s
stretch of the Nile with Tilapia, aquaculture is also strongly encouraged. Livestock and poultry production also play
an important role in Qena’s agricultural sector. The
Governorate Governorate produces 80% of the Egypt’s
poultry and has over 250 000 head of livestock. Although
byproductsby-products from these sectors are economically valuable there is as yet no system to deal with the
generated waste.
- Improve the Governorates ability to support sustainable agriculture (i.e. agriculture, livestock and fisheries)
- Develop fisheries and ancillary services by rehabilitating Naga
Hammady fish hatchery and restocking the Nile with fish.
- Promote the use of organic land management techniques. (i.e.
compost, biogas, silage, farm residue and animal waste and
bio-pest integrated pest management)
- Ensure all major industries including sugar comply with environmental standards.
Improve Soil and Irrigation Efficiency
- Update the Governorate’s soil survey map (last conducted
in 1972) to improve agricultural planning.
- Improve land drainage and on-farm water efficiency (to
reduce soil sodicity) by promoting the extension of gated
pipe technology on sugarcane fields. Focus areas should
include Isna district, Deshna Markaz and Naga-Hammady
where sugarcane predominates.
Bagass Storage Yard
Objectives
- To enhance agricultural production (with GAP) and promote environmentally sustainable agriculture.
- To prevent further contamination of agricultural land,
water sources and fishing areas.
- To ensure that land reclamation is undertaken in a manner that is sensitive to the environment.
- To promote the long-term development and conservation
of water resources (reuse/recycling of wastewater and
flash floods) including use of groundwater for irrigation.
- To develop fisheries and ancillary services.
- To make safe and full use of agricultural and industrial
residues.
- Encourage the replacement of gravity irrigation systems with
pump irrigation systems (in accordance with National
Sugarcane Policy on water management) to save water.
- Continue to rehabilitate and renew drainage tiles and
improve tile and open drain maintenance in areas, which
experience poor drainage and high water tables.
- Modify cropping and irrigation practices to prevent soil
degradation and excesses irrigation. (this may include replacing rotational with continuous flow irrigation systems).
- Encourage farmers to drill new wells and use underground
water to irrigate Qena’s desert fringes.
- Conserve flash flood water to recharge groundwater and
irrigation systems.
- Encourage farmer participation in the operation and
maintenance of the irrigation/ drainage system at the farm
level through water- user’s associations and boards.
Policies
- Protect land from degradation and urban expansion.
- Encourage long-term conservation of soil structure and fertility.
- Enhance cropping intensities and yields and reduce the use of
inorganic fertilizers.
- Improve on-farm water efficiency to reduce soil salinity levels.
- Reduce pollution into waterways through better awareness
and application of stricter penalties.
- Encourage participation and involvement of farmers in the
operation and maintenance through water association boards
and drainage user’s association.
27
- Prevent further loss of agricultural land through stricter law
enforcement and appropriate land reclamation strategies.
- Increase crop productivity by extending the coverage of
existing sub soil and gypsum addition programmes.
Optimise the use of Fertilizers and Pesticides
- Continue implementing the National Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) Programme
Reduce Post Harvest Losses and Handling
- Encourage farming of grapevines and cantaloupes on drip irrigation using good agricultural practices (GAP).
- Reduce agricultural losses of crop yields through improvements in:
post harvest handling, transport and storage, marketing of field
crops, fruits and vegetables and refrigeration of milk and fish.
- Provide ongoing training to farmers on the use and handling
of pesticides.
- Encourage the suitable use of chemical fertilizers, especially
nitrogen-based fertilizers, to avoid nitrate leaching.
- Where appropriate promote the use of organic and bio-fertilizers.
- Encourage bio-control of pests in sugarcane fields as well
as other crops to lower the use of pesticides.
- Develop a regional Agricultural Extension Service that
encourages farmers to adopt environmentally friendly
farming practices and increases their awareness of existing
and new technologies.
- Encourage the reuse of farm residues as well as animal
waste in making compost, biogas and silage.
Upgrade Institutional Management
- Restock the Nile with Tilapia fish and rehabilitate the Naga
Hammady fish hatchery.
- Improve interdepartmental coordination among ministries
and administrative departments concerned with environmental protection to strengthen their ability to apply and enforce
environmental rules and regulations (EIA, legislation etc).
- Ensure that there are adequate numbers of mabrouk fish fingerlings to control aquatic weeds along the shores of the Nile.
- Improve government’s ability to plan, monitor, and manage
agricultural resources.
- Introduce carp fish in waterways to control the growth of
aquatic weeds.
- Where appropriate begin shifting the responsibility of managing
certain government utilities (e.g. water) to the private sector.
- Encourage the establishment of aquaculture ponds.
- Improve Governorate Governorate capacity to operate and maintain its canal networks (e.g. irrigation, drainage and main canals).
Enhance Fish Production
- Develop a fish extension service to train fishermen and fish
producers on the use of new technologies for intensive fish
production.
- Closely monitor domestic sewage discharge from treatment
plants to reduce the amount of pollution flowing into waterways and the Nile.
- Develop a strategy for the safe reuse of treated municipal
wastewater and sewage sludge.
- Introduce a soil and water management plan to avoid soil
degradation and enforce stricter laws to control and stop the
loss of agricultural land to urban encroachment.
- Promote landcare extension programmes to encourage sustainable land use and productivity and reduce detrimental
impacts associated with prolonged intensive farming.
28
6.9. INDUSTRY
Rationale
Only 6.4% of Qena’s workforce are employed in the industrial sector and out of that a third are employed at the Aluminium factory at
Naga Hammady. Another 25% are employed at the 4 sugar factories
located throughout Qena. The rest of the industrial workforce are
employed in Qena’s small medium and micro enterprises (MSME),
of which 98% are made up of the micro sector. Common MSME
sector industries include fabricated metals and non-metallic mineral
production although furniture and clothing together make up 45%
of the sector.
In Qena’s Aluminium Complex the main sources of pollution come
from process related fumes such as Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) and
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) these gaseous emissions are reduced using
wet and dry treatment processes. The Aluminium plant uses dry
processes, which are preferred as they can handle larger volumes of
gas, do not use chemicals in the process and are capable of reducing
HF concentrations from between 60-120 mg/m3 to 10mg/m3.
Domestic wastewater from the factory is treated and used in irrigation whilst industrial wastewater is discharged as mud into a nearby
lined mud lake. The only hazardous waste used is chlorine gas which
is generally well stored.
As the table demonstrates besides dust emissions from flour milling
and spinning which are not sufficiently controlled, pollution from
other larger industries is generally limited and not considered as a
significant environmental or health issue.
Sugar Factory, Naga Hammady
With the size of industrial development still limited in Qena the
extent of industrial pollution is relatively small. However, pollution
from Qena’s larger industries needs stricter regulation and enforcement. The large sugar factories continue to burn bagasse, (to fuel the
boilers) which causes emission of high concentrations of fine particulates, although the emission rates have been reduced in recent years
by the installation of abatement technology on the boiler emission
flues. In 2000 Dishna and Armant sugar factories were both emitting around 6000mg/m3, which was well above the legal emission
limit of 500 mg/m3. Since then however all sugar factories have
installed ash traps, which has drastically reduced their levels of ash
pollution. Other effective pollution controls in the sugar include the
use of wastewater treatment plants and cooling towers to treat wastewater, which is then used in irrigation.
Industrial Locations in Qena Governorate
Qeft Industrial Zone
29
Waste and Emissions from Large-scale Industry in Qena
Facility
Gaseous/ Particular Liquid Wastes
Emissions
Solid Waste
Hazardous
Material
Ground
Contamination
Sugar factories:
- Fine ash generated
Armant, Deshna,
from bagasse burning
Naga Hammady
serious air pollutant.
Qus.
- Fuel gases from
Mazut burning
- wastewater from
process and flood
washing contains
high levels of
BOD,COD, O&G
- The spent cane (bagasse) is - Some acids and - Not significant
used as a raw material for
alkalis used in
paper and fiberboard
the process.
industries.
- Filter Mud from juice
treatment is sold to farmers
as a fertilizer or animal feed.
Aluminum
Complex
- Metal oxide fumes
and dusts from
production cells
- Gaseous compounds
i.e. HF, SO2, CO2,
CO.
-Wastewater from
the wet fumes
treatment process.
- Particulate matter collected
from electrostatic precipitators.
- Sediments generated from
thickeners of wet fume
treatment effluent.
Flour Mills:
Farshut, Ramis,
Nasser Cylinder,
El-Mahlag,
Qena, Dandara,
Ahmous, Nasser
and Tiba Mills.
- Dust emissions from
high % of local wheat
used.
- Dust collected from cyclones - No hazardous - Not significant
-Wastewater, only
and other impurities such as
when high % of
material used
seeds, stones.
local wheat used.
or waste generWater contains high
ated.
levels of BOD, S.S
and discharged
without treatment.
Spinning
Factories
- Dust and cotton
particulates from
cleaning and opening
operations
- Fuel gases from fuel
burning.
- No industrial waste - Collected dust and
- No hazardous
particulates from cleaning.
water generated
material used
only domestic waste - Empty cotton bales, rejected or waste genyarn, and scrapes from
water
erated.
factory workshops.
Clay Brick
Factories
- Exhaust gases from
fuel burning in the
furnace.
- Particulate emissions
from raw materials.
- No industrial waste - Broken Bricks
water generated
only domestic waste
water
Qena Newsprint
Paper
- Flue gases from
burner
- Gases from burning
black liquor in chemical
recycling boiler.
Waste water from
bagasse and pulp
washing and black
liquor effluents.
- Calcareous clay sludge from
treatment of black liquor
with lime.
- Sludge from WWTP
Naga Hammady
Fiberboard
factory
- Flue gases fromburner.
Bag filters used to
purify gases from solid
particulates
- Wastewater from
bagasse washing has
high BOD levels
and is acidic.
- Unsuitable fibers from dif
ferent operations
- Solid particulates from bag
filters
Mohamed Tawik
for juices and
beverages
- Exhaust gases from
fuel burning in the
furnace.
- Steam leakage from
heating operations.
- Industrial waste
characterized by
high levels of BOD
and SS
- Rotten fruits, rejected fibers
- Caustic soda
- Metal scraps
used for
equipment
washing
* Shaded areas represent the main environmental issues in different industries
30
- Use Chlorine. - Not significant
- Waste gases
i.e. H2S, HF.
- Iron cyanide
formed in carbon
portion of liners.
- Not significant
- No hazardous - Not significant
material used
or waste generated.
- Chemicals used - Wet bagasse
in pulping and
storage and its
bleaching
depletion of
(Sodium
nutrients from
hydroxide,
sodium sulfide etc) the soil.
- No hazardous
material used or
waste generated.
- Wet bagasse
storage and its
depletion of
nutrients from
the soil.
- Not significant
Only a few of Qena’s MSME sector industries are considered
significant polluters. The worst include; molasses, clay and brick
kiln factories. In all cases the most common pollution problem
stems from the fact that most MSME industries continue to rely
on old or inadequate processing or burning technologies, which
results in inefficient fuel combustion and air pollution.
However, due to the diverse nature of industrial processes and
technology present in this sector it is hard to assess their potential overall environmental impact. The following table indicates
the relative impact of each MSME sector.
free serviced land to investors. The government is also trying to
control the growth of industrial development by only issuing new
industrial licences to industries located in the new industrial zones.
Furthermore, every new industrial zone has designated areas set
aside for the relocation of all vocational industries from residential
areas as many are reported to be violating environmental regulations. A large number of these industries have already been relocated from Madina Qena to Al Saleheya vocational city and expect
to be relocated from Naga Hammady, FarshoutFarshut and Abou
Tesht to Al Hew industrial zone when it becomes operational.
Environmental Impact of MSME Industry in Qena Governorate
High Environmental Impact
High Environmental Impact
Sub-sector
No of establishments Sub-sector
No of establishments
Other Various Metallic Products
Non Metalic Mineral products/ glass products
Other Textile Industries/ Spinning weaving
and finishing
Structural Products, Tanks and Steam
Generators
Basic Chemicals/ Other Chemical
Products.
Plastic Products/ Rubber and Plastic
Products
509
271
Milling
Other Food Products
799
461
74
Dairy Industry
78
43
Printing and services related 63
to it
11
Production, preservation
and preparation of meat
and fish
19
12
An issue that is of far broader environmental significance however is the issue of bagasse. Bagasse is now being used as a fuel
and raw material by a large number of small and large industries. Indeed some industries like the Deshna and Qus sugar
factories now share their respective sites with a Fiberboard and
Newsprint paper factory, which has helped reduce the amount
of bagasse waste, previously generated from both factories.
At present two zones have been constructed the in Qeft and
Hew, (Naga Hammady) with a further two zones planned for
Armant and Isna. Qeft industrial zone occupies 570 feddans
and comprises of 31 factories, 4 of which are large-scale industrial establishments. However, the zone has often suffered from
inadequate electricity, insufficient infrastructure and services, a
weak transportation network and the absence of a marketing
Factories Using Bagass in Qena Governorate
Company
Factory
Bagasse use per day (Tons)
Qena Co.
Qena Co.
Misr Edfo Co.
Naga Hammady Co.
Kom Ombo Co.
Armant Co
Fiberboard (on the same site as Deshna sugar factory)
Newsprint paper (on the same site as Qus sugar factory)
Newsprint paper
Fiberboard
Wood
Animal Fodder
500
500
400
200
150
150
However, despite these efforts the fact still remains that only
0.647 (22%) million tons of bagasse is utilized each year, which
means the remaining 3.1 million tons of wet bagasse still has to
be burnt off as waste.
Despite the limited size of Qena’s current industrial sector the
Governorate Governorate has taken steps to encourage industrial
growth by establishing a number of industrial zones and offering
plan, which have all slowed its development considerably. Whilst
the zone still lacks an overall solid waste management system, it
has installed a uniform water supply and sewage system, paved
roads, electricity and telephone cables, which has helped attract
new industrial investment. Indeed in 2004 two new factories are
planned, one producing insulin and the other antibiotics, 52%
of the costs of the $170 million project are to be met by
31
American firms. Hew industrial zone (636 feddans) on the
other hand has yet to be completed with only around 45% of its
infrastructure needs having been put in place.
Neither of the existing industrial zones or those under construction have either prepared or submitted an Environmental Impact
Assessment, therefore making it difficult to assess environmental
issues associated with their development and operation.
- Make sure that industry on industrial estates complylies with
EIA requirements.
- Complete the remaining industrial zones ([i.e. Armant and
Isna)] and put in place specific management systems for their
ongoing operation and management.
- Ensure that the relocation of vocational industry away from
residential areas not only benefits the environment but also
their owners and workers.
- Establish an industrial advisory service to assist MSME’s in the
reduction of pollution.
- Prepare a database of industrial establishments to provide
updated information on the environmental status of each
establishment.
Reduce Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Large
Industries by 50%
Flue Boiler Tuning
Objectives
- To reduce industrial pollution by ensuring all large scale
factories comply with Egyptian Standards.
- Ensure that industrial zones have adequate service infrastructure to deal with the solid and liquid waste streams.
- Introduce measures aimed at improving environmental conditions of MSME’s.
Policies
- Ensure large and small-scale industry upgrade their process
technologies to minimize air emissions.
- Mandate all large-scale industries to develop strategies for management and disposal of hazardous waste.
- Strengthen Governorate Governorate capacity to better regulate
industrial activities.
Increase Government Capacity to Manage Industrial
Activities.
- Ensure industrial zones have the full complement of infrastructure required to facilitate industrial relocation/development ([to include sewage and waste water treatment plants)].
- Require that all large-scale industry install and regularly service pollution abatement equipment to minimise their environmental impact and comply with all the requirements of
Law 4 and Law 48.
- Ensure that large and small-scale industry keep an environmental register (as required by Law 4/1994) and ensure that
it is regularly reviewed.
- Increase the number and use of ambient air pollution monitoring stations in Qena.
- Encourage factory owners to upgrade their processing technology to reduce their environmental impact.
- Introduce routine pollution monitoring of industrial plants placing particular focus on known industrial hot spots (i.e. Pottery
Kilns in Al Towayrat village, Brick Kilns in Al Hanadi village,
Molasses in Abou Tesht, FarshoutFarshut, Naga Hammady etc)
- Assess how pollution abatement technology utilized by the
sugar industry can be improved to reduced atmospheric
emissions of fine particulate matter.
Ensure Safe Storage of Hazardous Substances and Safe
Disposal of Hazardous Waste
- Improve systems for the collection and disposal of hazardous wastes.
- Strengthen awareness of environmental laws and regulations among
industries to create a culture of environmental compliance.
- Protect water resources from industrial pollution through
introduction of incentives and the polluter pays principle.
- Introduce measures to increase coordination between different regulatory authorities involved in inspection, regulation and enforcement of environmental compliance at industrial facilities.
- Require that industries provide EMU’s with a list of hazardous
material they produce so that a safe disposal system can
be agreed between the industry and EMU.
- Strengthen, equip and provide training to EMU’s so that they
are better able to monitor industrial activity and enforce environmental law.
- Require that industries have clear strategies in place to
manage their solid and hazardous waste.
- Improve the industrial planning process to ensure that future
industrial development is better financed and coordinated.
32
- Ensure that waste treatment facilities are regularly maintained and that potentially hazardous substances are
safely disposed of.
6.10. PRESERVATION OF THE
GOVERNORATES
BIODIVERISTY
Rationale
Qena Governorate Governorate contains a number of important
habitats that are of significant ecological importance though none are
endemic to Qena. The three main habitats include wetlands, arable
and urban landscape and Deserts each with there own unique seasonal flora and fauna. All three habitats are important migratory station stops for waterbird species (i.e. white stork, Ciconia ciconia)
which fly between breeding grounds in Eurasia and winter quarters
in Africa.
Wetland Habitats are by far the richest ecological habitats in Qena with
the Nile islands exhibiting the richest biodiversity. They are particularly important as wintering stations for waterbird populations
including two globally threatened species; the Greater Spotted Eagle
(Aquila clanga) and the Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca) (1% of the
ducks world population winters on the Nile). The Northern stretch
of the Nile with its large number of reed beds and marshes is more
pristine and provides suitable habitats for water birds whilst the
south particularly between Dandara and Isna has fewer reed habitats
and more Nile cruise ship traffic. Large concentrations and increased
diversity of birdlife occurs upstream of existing barrages where the
water surface width is widest and current slowest. Canals and drains,
though rich in vegetation are of lesser importance.
Arable and Urban Landscape Habitats provide good habitats/refuges
for breeding birds and even larger mammals like Jackals.
Agricultural land is dominated by sugarcane but some native
plants i.e. Date Palms (Phoenix Dactylifera), Dom Palms (Hyphaene
thebaica) and (Tamarix aphylla) are in fact cultivated which is a
very positive aspect of agricultural practice both in terms of the
maintenance of biodiverNo. of Counted Species in
sity and conservation.
Qena Governorate
Desert Habitats cover 80% of
126
Indigenous Plants
Qena Governorate and are
largely unspoilt wilderness56
Water Birds
es. The western and eastern
Mammals
26
deserts provide the two
main desert habitats.
Amphibians Reptiles 31
Although poor in terms of
Fish
56
species richness, these habitats are important to a range
of highly adaptive creatures and a number of these are potentially
threatened. Open vegetated desert regions like Wadi Qena and El
Laqita are vital habitats for the Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas) and
Rueppell’s Fox (Vulpes rueppelli). Vegetation is key to their survival and
this is largely restricted to wadis and plains. Desert habitats are generally in good condition though increasing human activity ([i.e. quarrying)] poses a threat to the existence of these delicate environments.
Drastic ecological changes have occurred in the Nile valley over
the last hundred years as a result of intensive human interventions. These interventions which include activities such as; land
reclamation, bank protection work, uncontrolled building on
agricultural land, manipulation of river hydrologieshydrology
(i.e. Aswan Dam), industrial and domestic pollution, pesticide
use, hunting, quarrying and population growth have all altered
the structure and balance of existing habitats in some way or
another. In response many animal and plant species have either
changed in distribution or disappeared completely from their
respective habitats.
In the deserts, land reclamation most commonly targets marginal land and vegitativevegetative desert. In these areas Nile
valley species tend to colonise the newly created environments
forcing a drastic reduction in many desert species like the
Barbary Falcon (Falcon pelegrinoides), Stone Curlew (Burhinus
oedicnemus) and Houbara Bazard (Chlamydotis u. macqueenii)
which is endangered. The disapperancedisappearance of the
Barbary Falcon might be due to falcon trapping whilst the disappearencedisappearance of the Stone Curlew is almost certainly due to land reclamation. On the other had populations
of sandgrousesand grouse have increased with the advent of
land reclamation.
Wadi Qena
Bank protection work is another significant factor contributing
to a reduction in river biodiversity. It has a deterimentaldetrimental impact on fish breeding and the loss of shoreline vegetation not only reduces waterbird nesting grounds but also the
river's ability to cope with increased pollution and nutrient
loads. Erosion is evident in areas behind the Isna barrage but
gradually decreases northward toward Naga Hammady barrage.
Indeed after the construction of protection structures on the
eastern bank of the Nile erosion affected the whole area in front
of El Zawaida village. Untreated discharge from factories like
the Armant Sugar factory and paper factory at Qus and solid
waste dumping by cruise boats or communities living along the
river also have a significant impact on the rivers biodiversity.
The incidence of bird populations is a good indicator of imminent or
current environmental change. On arable land for instance species like
the Yellow billed Kite (Aegyptius), and sand martin (Riparia riparia) have
probably declined due to increased pesticide use whilst species like the
Cattle Egret and the Kestrel (Falco tinmunculus) have increased. Around
the Nile the impact of the Aswan High Dam has lead to a proliferation
of reed beds (good nesting sites) and marshes which has resulted in the
spread of species like the Squacco Heron (Aredeola ralloides) Purple
33
and community of the importance of nature and biodiversity
conservation through education programmes [(i.e. promotion
of green cornercorners)].
Establish a Biodiversity and Nature Conservation
Programme [(NCP])
- Allocate a budget and personnel for this purpose.
Kingfisher
Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) and the resident Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis).
However, the gradual erosion of sand banks has resulted in the virtual
disappearance of the Egyptian Plover (Puluvianus aegyptius). The Dam has
also had a significant effect on the variety of local fish. Of the 56 fish
species found in Upper Egypt, 70% of them are now either locally
extinct or very rare due to loss of habitat, over fishing and pollution. In
the deserts threatened species include the following mammals; the
Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana), Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Dorcas
Gazelle (Gazelle dorcas), Rueppell’s fox (Vulpes rueppelli) and Barbary
Sheepsheep (Ammotragus lervia ornate).
- Strengthen staff to design, develop and manage the NCP.
- Establish a nature conservation programme and set up criteria to
identify priority habitats/ species.
- Develop practical and effective management and monitoring systems.
- Strengthen the Governorates environmental management unit to
help enforce and control environmental law and facilitate delivery
of an effective NCP.
Manage Protected Areas
- Identify priority habitats/species that either have, or will need
protection and develop action plans to manage and protect their
biodiversity.
- Each habitat action plan should include; a status summary of the
habitat and priority species, realistic objectives and targets, and a
list of current and proposed actions.
- Raise awareness of the importance of having protected areas among
key stakeholders.
- Declare Wadi Qena and the Nile Islands protected areas.
- EIA’s should be strictly adhered to.
Hyacinth in Agricultural Canal
Like many Governorates in Egypt increased demand on limited resources
means that Qena has fewer resources to spend on areas like nature conservation which are considered to be a low priority. With this in mind
general awareness about biodiversity, landscape value and nature appreciation is low. (This said however, there is considerable interest and support
for environmental activities that enhance the social-economic welfare of
the Governorate. Indeed the Governor has taken a keen interest in
improving Qena City’s environment, 60% of the cities solid waste is now
recycled and there are plans to establish a landfill site in the desert.)
Objectives
- To protect Qena’s biodiversity and ensure conservation of priority
habitats and species.
Policies
Control Environmental Threats
- Introduce measures to protect the habitat of marginal lands from
excessive land reclamation.
- Introduce and enforce a ban on hunters entering prioritised habitats and hunting endangered species and fine violators.
- Identify main sources of pollution and enforce relevant laws to limit
the disposal of untreated waste in priority habitats.
- Introduce measures that control the level of human activity ([quarrying, building etc)] in sensitive habitats. Control dumping in
desert areas, particularly along the Qeft-Quseir road and establish
sanitary landfills to deal with waste.
- Establish solid waste management programs for cruise ships on the Nile.
- Introduce an erosion protection programme to reduce the effects of
increased levels of erosion on some affected stretches of the Nile.
- Build up the Governorates capacity to monitor, manage and
develop conservation programmes.
- Protect priority habitats and species by introducing a species
and habitat protection programme.
- Improve monitoring and management of the above programmes by developing practical action plans.
- Promote awareness among decision makers, NGO’s, schools
34
White Stork
6.11 PRESERVATION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES &
CULTURAL HERITAGE
soil mining as well as dumping of waste by products by the
newly established cement factory north of the Quseir-Qeft
road is having a negative impact on a large tract of the
Eastern Desert.
Natural Resources
Qena’s main mineral deposits include,include limestone,
shale, sandstone, sand, granite and clay, which are for the
most part used in construction. These minerals are mined in
a number of locations along the Safaga-Qena and QeftQuseir roads where they are then transported to areas like
the Red Sea coasts to be used in construction. Phosphate
another relatively important economic mineral is mined
from Idfu to north Qena and is used domestically in El
Mohamed and El Sibaiyah. Other less frequent mineral
deposits include talc found in Wadi Um Sulaymat and gold
found in Fawakhir and Atalla. Quarrying and mining is
widespread in desert areas but is limited south of the Sheikh
Fadl-Ras Ghareb road.
Metallogenic Map of Building Material and
Ornamental Stones in Qena Governorate
Sandstone Quarry
The government has however taken steps to limit quarrying
in some areas ([e.g. south of the Sheikh Fadl-Ras Ghareb
road in the extreme north and south of Wadi Qena)] by
issuing a decree. It has also banned the exploitation of
aggregates along the main desert roads. In general terms,
quarrying activity in Qena often involve the separation of
valuable minerals from the surrounding rock leaving significant amounts of waste rock (i.e. the phosphate mines in
South Isna and Wadi Zeidon near the Quseir road) this
leaves behind scars that spoil the natural landscape which
has a damaging effect on the local environment and tourism.
Metallogenic Map of Metallic Ores and Non-Metallic
Deposits in Qena Governorate
At present the industry lacks adequate planning and regulation, which means that many quarrying and mining activities, often occurring in sensitive environments or culturally
rich areas are not sufficiently controlled. For instance,
Nubian sandstone quarrying along the Qeft-Quseir road
occurs in an area rich in prehistoric rock drawings and
Roman and Islamic forts. Similarly general quarrying and
35
Natural Resources
Main Environmental Targets
Strengthen the planning,
operation and regulation of
quarries and mining
operations
Strengthen the Capacity of
Quarrying and Mining
Management
Improve Environmental
Impact Assessments (EIAs)
Mitigate the Impact of
Quarrying and Mining
Activity
36
Recommended actions
- Identify and map quarry and mining areas using GIS and train existing staff in the use of
GIS so that they are better able to manage and monitor these sites.
- Using GIS and land use planning techniques train relevant staff to plan the location of
future mining and quarrying sites that do not threaten cultural and natural heritage
sites.
- Enforce the use of waste saving technology like wire saws, large diameter circular blades
and thermal lancing in mining and quarrying operations through regulation.
- Train EMU staff to use and enforce existing planning and regulatory systems so that
Mining and quarrying activities meet Egyptian Standards.
- Develop guidelines for the EMU to help them manage and monitor mining and quarrying operations so that they are better able to prevent and mitigate environmental
impacts.
- Introduce an action plan to enforce the recent decree limiting quarrying in some areas,
priorities Wadi Qena and Qeft –Quseir road.
- Strengthen the capacity of EMU offices to better understand and manage the EIA’s
application process.
- With the above training in mind introduce measures that better enforce EIA requirements on mining and quarrying operators before they are allowed develop their sites.
- Impose strict penalties on mining and quarrying operations that do not comply with
environmental regulations.
- Encourage community consultation and public participation in the EIA process to
improve the quality of environmental decision-making.
- Reduce waste and dust emissions from mining and quarrying sites by making it a legal
requirement that operators install adequate waste management and air filtration systems.
- As a condition for granting land use planning consent introduce measures that require
mining and quarrying operators to restore old open pits to an acceptable environmental
standard agreed between the EMU and company.
- In the abandoned mining areas, re-contour the disturbed area and obliterate all earthworks by removing embankments, backfilling excavations, and grading to re-establish
the approximate original contours of the land in the area of operation.
Cultural Heritage
Qena Governorate Governorate has two key tourist attractions,
the Isna and Dendara Temples these together with Qena’s
Eastern and Western Desert contain numerous archaeological
sites from Prehistoric, Pharaonic, Greek, Roman, Islamic and
Coptic periods (see Map). The Eastern Desert has a wealth of
archaeological sites that are little known and seldom visited like
the numerous fortified watering-stations or “hydreuma”. The
Qeft-Quseir road was an important trade and pilgrimage route
between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea. Along this road prehistoric rock drawings, Greek graffiti and the remains of Roman and
Islamic forts and settlements can be found. However, for the
most part tourists come to this part of Egypt to visit the Luxor
and Karnak temples and the Valley of the Kings, which are situated in the Supreme Council of Luxor (a separate administration). With this in mind the economic contribution that tourism
makes to Luxor as opposed to Qena’s economy is significant.
Regardless of this, development of infrastructure that is closely
associated with opening up areas of cultural and historical importance to tourists needs to be closely managed so that it does not
destroy the very environment people have come to visit.
aged by graffiti. In addition land reclamation in the desert
behind Dendara Temple could also exacerbate the rise in the
water table threatening the temple. Some limited reclamation
efforts are underway in the downstream part of Wadi Qena.
Given its strategic location and natural and cultural heritage
resources, the Governorate Governorate has moderate to high
potential for tourist development. Tourism currently plays a significant role in generating jobs and reducing poverty in the
Governorate. However this role could well be substantially
increased if Qena is able to improve upon the current management and operation of its cultural and natural heritage sites.
Cultural Heritage Sites in Qena Governorate
Dandara Temple
There is evidence that valuable cultural heritage sites and areas
of environmental importance are being destroyed by human
activity. Particularly under threat, are antiquities in remote
desert areas like Wad Hammamat and Wadi Abu Kue along the
Qeft-Quseir road, which have poor site protection and management. Other sites have been destroyed in the process of road
construction whilst prehistoric rock drawings have been dam37
Cultural Heritage
Main Environmental Targets
Strengthen Management of
Cultural Sites and areas of
Environmental importance
Strengthen Capacity
Building
Enhance Conservation of
Cultural Heritage
Enhance the area around
Isna Temple
38
Recommended actions
- Strengthen the capacity of the Department of Antiquities to better manage and monitor
sites of cultural importance.
- Introduce greater coordination between government departments responsible for protecting cultural sites and those protecting areas of environmental importance.
- Identify and map areas of cultural heritage using GIS and integrate them into land use
planning for the Governorate.
- Investigate the potential of using a proportion of the revenues earned from more popular sites to fund the upkeep of less well known but equally important cultural heritage
sites.
- Regulate development in desert areas and require that Artifacts and cultural heritage
conservation issues be considered in the scope of the Environmental Impact
Assessments (EIAs).
- Build capacity in cultural heritage conservation and natural resource management to
meet the urgent manpower requirements of Governorate in this emerging field.
- Supreme Council of Antiquities should assign the responsibility of following up on cultural heritage conservation issues at Governorate level to the appropriate department
- Regulate land reclamation, quarrying and solid waste dumping in desert areas of the
Governorate to insure such activities do not take place in areas of cultural heritage.
- Control development in and adjacent to cultural heritage sites.
- Enforce immediate control on land reclamation behind Dandara Temple.
- Site protection efforts (i.e. use of guards, sign posting, regular monitoring and enforced
fines) are needed to stop vandalism and gradual deterioration of cultural heritage sites.
This is especially important along the Qeft-Quseir road and Dandara Temple.
- Improve the extent and range of publications on cultural heritage sites and areas of
environmental importance to increase local awareness and expand tourism to these
sites.
- Implement conservation work (i.e. site stabilization, restoration, or reconstruction on
sites when necessary
- Develop and initiate programs to preserve traditional architecture in the Governorate.
- Address solid and liquid waste problem around the Isna Temple.
- Restore surrounding Islamic buildings using as appropriate adaptive reuse (i.e. transform the Wakaf into a visitor centre e.g. El Ferka El Sodany).
7 WHAT ACTIONS CAN WE TAKE NOW?
7.1 Developing Partnerships
One of the GEAP’s main objectives is to generate action and a
sense of ownership. Through consultation during its preparation ensuring that the fullest possible range of views on issues
and priorities has been captured, a start has been made towards
implementing a GEAP in which all parts of society in the
Governorate feel some ownership. There has been a genuine
attempt to empower potential beneficiaries to have a say in
what is implemented, and special care has been taken to give a
voice to poor and marginalised groups that are frequently overlooked. The aim has been to enable a wide range of people to
understand how their contribution to the GEAP process can
improve their own environments and livelihoods by identifying
actions and proposed projects that reflect their views on how
best to improve their environment. As a result, it is hoped that
those participating in the GEAP process will feel greater
responsibility for making the ideas work in practice. This is
essential for the many environmental issues that cannot be
resolved without the direct participation of individuals and
communities to improve environmental conditions for themselves and others.
term environmental issues that will ultimately deliver sustainable development in Qena. Experience gained from other environmental action planning processes suggests that public attitudes are likely to change positively through this involvement in
preparing and implementing the GEAP.
The GEAP has tried to incorporate the priority concerns and
requirements of all stakeholder groups in the governorate, and
it has identified many opportunities for different groups to
work collaboratively towards sustainable development in Qena.
Some of the actions discussed in Section 6 have been planned,
or are now being implemented, by coalitions of public and private sector organisations, whilst in other cases communities are
implementing actions in collaboration with support from different types of organisation. While these projects alone are not
expected to resolve the major issues, they will contribute
towards achieving the end goal. Promoting these small-scale
actions is seen as an “entry point”, towards helping all stakeholder groups realize what an Action Plan can achieve, thus
increasing support and advocacy for the GEAP. These projects
are also seen as the initial way of promoting greater partnership
between different stakeholders.
7.2 Government’s Role
Government’s active participation in the GEAP process is
critical in securing real ownership of the process. To this
end, government representatives have been fully involved in
the GEAP working groups, which has been instrumental in
developing Qena’s Environmental Profile and GEAP priorities. To support GEAP activities at a strategic level, the
Governorate has established a High Council for Environment
(HCE), which is responsible for facilitating the GEAP
process and reviewing existing GEAP commitments on a regular basis.
Stakeholders’ views may not necessarily represent the
Governorate’s key environmental issues in every case, but they
have been accommodated within the GEAP through an objective, transparent prioritisation process. This prioritisation has
recognised the need for rapid, often short-term responses to
acute, immediate problems, partly to foster growing support for
longer-term, more costly actions to address broader longer-
Qena Governorate has also recently undertaken a number of
large-scale solid waste initiatives: these include the development
of a municipal waste collection and transfer station in Naga
Hammady, and an innovative waste collection and disposal system in Qus City. Both of these initiatives have the potential to
be replicated elsewhere in Qena and other Governorates.
Governorate staff have also shown keen interest in actively
39
encouraging community and private sector initiatives that aim
to improve the environment.
The Governorate has recently been awarded an ISO 14001 certification for its management of environmental systems within
the Governorate’s main office, clearly demonstrating its leadership credentials in environmental management.
7.3 An Important Role for the Private
Sector
The private sector has an important part to play in helping Qena
Governorate achieve its GEAP. Development of this role jointly with other stakeholders, particularly the Governorate administration, is essential. The Governorate should identify the various ways in which the private sector could become involved,
and how this could be encouraged. This could, for instance,
involve: expanding the role of the private sector in environmental service delivery (e.g. upgrading waste collection and disposal, water supply, or sewage treatment); building more constructive partnerships between the Governorate EMU and industries
and developers to address EIA compliance and factory inspection issues; and promoting and supporting corporate responsibility in the private sector, for example through introduction of
better self monitoring systems or adopting sound environmental management practices.
Car Painting Workshop, El Salhia Industrial Estate
CDAs that support them. Part of this process involved convincing community groups that their active involvement could bring
tangible benefits to their communities. To demonstrate this a
workshop was held to identify a number of Community
Environmental Projects (CEPs) that would be supported as part
of the GEAPs implementation process. Subsequent dialogue led
to the identification of 168 CEPs proposals, which covered the
following issues:
As part of the GEAP process a significant number of industries
were visited to help identify opportunities for improving industrial processes, in order to protect the environment, safeguard
the health of workers and local residents, promote low cost technology and increase the quality and efficiency of production.
An example that clearly demonstrates what the private sector
can do to support the GEAP comes from a car painting workshop on the Salhia industrial estate which has started to improve
their industrial operations. The workshop is in the process of
introducing four high volume low-pressure (HVLP) paint guns
into its painting booth. The guns will reduce paint consumption
and the emission of volatile organic compounds, thus reducing
costs and protecting human health and the environment. Four
further car-painting workshops on the same industrial estate are
now interested in using the same technology.
As the interest of further workshops on the industrial estate
demonstrates, private sector firms are themselves often the best
advocate for change in support of the GEAP. It is therefore
important that representatives from the private sector are part
of the Governorate’s Environmental Management and Planning
System (EMPS: see Section 8,) to ensure that full private sector
participation and involvement in environmental improvement is
developed.
7.4 Community-Based Actions
In order to ensure full and effective participation of all stakeholder groups in the GEAP process considerable efforts were
made to support dialogue with communities and the NGOs and
40
Solid Waste Management CEP, El Dier Village
- Water connections (44 proposals) -– to increase the number
of water connections in Qena Markazes and initiate related
awareness-raising activities.
- Improve sanitation & provide septic tanks (41 proposals) –
increasing treatment capacity, constructing septic tanks and
establishing septic tank emptying services.
- Solid waste management and waste collection (30 proposals)
- focusing on street cleaning programmes, involving recycling and in some cases waste processing to generate fodder
or organic fertilisers.
- Environmental Awareness (14 proposals) – involving general
awareness raising and education programmes on the environment.
- Tree Planting (12 proposals) – to beautify barren areas and
protect open areas from gathering waste.
- Recycling of Agricultural Waste (3 proposals) – teaching
farmers to recycle agricultural waste and use it as an organic
fertilizer or animal fodder.
- Other Categories (19 proposals) – covering a variety of smaller initiatives such as community gardens and local drainage
projects.
The concentration of proposed projects focusing on water provision, sanitation and solid waste management reflect the high
priority that many communities in Qena place on the provision
of basic environmental infrastructure. Most continue to rely on
treatment plants, compact units and ground water wells for
water supply and on basic, on-site sanitation systems. Solid
waste disposal also tends to be basic.
Tree planting and beautification projects to increase
shaded areas and improve the general living environments
of both villages and increase environmental awareness
among village residents and,
- Negm Bahgoura (Naga Hammady Markaz) - An environmental awareness and education programme in support of
a women’s association health project. The programme
aims to raise environmental awareness through the use of
promotional material and organised campaigns. The same
association also went on to implement a solid waste collection programme.
The following table illustrates the range of community-based
actions other agencies are supporting in Qena, under working
agreements with the Ministry of Social Affairs.
All four solid waste initiatives included a community clean up
and health and hygiene awareness campaign, and all six included an environmental awareness component.
The Governorate and various aid agencies are funding a number
The CEPs serve to demonstrate to communities the range of
Some NGO activities in Qena Governorate
NGO
Scope of Work
CARE
Water and sanitation, education, credit and revolving loan fund.
Implementing environmental projects according to need assessments.
UNICEF
Health care, revolving loan fund, water connections in cooperation with government and local units.
EURO- Group
Water and sanitation, family planning etc
SFD
Sanitation, waste collection, village beautification, evacuation projects, covered drainage systems,
pitching canal sides, small enterprises
CARITAS
Hygiene awareness, revolving loan fund, constructing sanitary latrines
Fredreich Ebert
Organizing training events for CDAs and associations
CEDPA
Health care projects and midwives training project.
Jon Snow
Mother and child health care.
of community water supply and sanitation initiatives. With this
in mind SEAM programme selected and funded the following
six CEP proposals which addressed other priority areas identified by communities in some of the poorest and most environmentally degraded villages:
- Dier (Essna Markaz) - A low cost solid waste collection and
transfer system to reduce the indiscriminate dumping of
waste in open spaces;
- Taramsa (Qena Markaz) - A solid waste and wastewater collection system to deal with the problem of animal waste and
wastewater, which is causing a serious health risk.
- Mahrousa (Qena Markaz) - A solid waste collection system to
resolve the problem of animal and agricultural waste.
- Hanady (Essna Markaz) and Khouzam (Qus Markaz) -
low cost environmental actions that can be taken to resolve
many of the problems they face in their daily lives. The projects
are managed by local NGOs and CDAs, which helps develop a
sense of ownership among local people. This is strengthened
through NGO and CDA involvement in measuring the environmental impact of these projects, and demonstrating their success to other villages in order to aid their replication elsewhere
in the Governorate. As the GEAP moves forward, it will be
important to mobilise resources to promote ownership and
facilitate dissemination and replication in other villages where
the local community is willing to contribute. It is important that
communities are prepared to meet up to nearly 50% of the estimated cost of the project, mostly through in-kind contributions
such as land, voluntary labour and materials.
In summary, some very simple actions that can be taken at the
41
community level include:
Participating in the design and implementation of development projects
Spreading awareness raising messages into homes and
among the wider community.
Instilling civic pride by organising clean-up campaigns,
which reduce indiscriminate dumping of waste and littering and discourage persistent offenders.
Supporting and encouraging NGOs and CDAs to work
with the Governorate and businesses to bring about environmental improvements.
Sustaining the operation of services that have been
provided.
Encouraging employers to be more environmentally
responsive and assisting them by not leaving taps running,
minimising wastage and so on.
Informing the local environmental unit or liaison officer of
pollution incidents.
The CDAs involved in implementing the above CEPs have
received training in: conducting social surveys; project and
financial management; and environmental awareness. As a
result of this training a number of Qena’s CDAs are now better
able to partly or wholly fund a number of their own environmental initiatives, for example;
duced.
In Negm Bahgoura – A village environmental awareness
programme was initiated to identify and discuss solutions
to the village’s main environmental issues. This was followed by a village street clean-up campaign and an environmental awareness competition in local schools.
Tree Planting CEP, Khousam Village
Whilst preparing their proposals, NGOs and CDAs identified
problems in identifying and designing projects that could be
funded by the various funding sources available for community
development. With this in mind more needs to be done to
improve the proposal writing capacity of NGOs and CDAs.
Furthermore, CDAs and NGOs need to ensure that proposals
demonstrate that they effectively target a real need, and match
the funding priorities and administrative requirements of
potential funding agencies.
Tree Planting CEP, El Hanady Village
In Taramsa and Mahrousa – Solid waste brochures were
produced to promote a community driven solid waste initiative, describing the steps communities could take
themselves to reduce and manage solid waste and improve
hygiene. During their preparation, household visits were
conducted to encourage community participation and
increase public awareness of the main issues.
In El Dier – Banners were produced to promote a community-driven solid waste management project. This was
followed by a public awareness programme on citizen
responsibility and hygiene-related issues.
In El Handy and Khouzam – Tree planting projects were
implemented and related public awareness materials pro
42
Waste Water Collection, Taramsa Village
Estimated Cost of Qena’s CEPs
Project Name
CDA Name
Total Cost LE
Taramsa Village Solid and Sanitation
Waste Collection
Taramsa CDA
149,100
Mahrousa Village Solid Waste Collection
Mahrousa CDA
165,900
Deir Village Solid Waste Collection.
Deir CDA
136,000
Hanady Village Tree Planting and
Beautification
Hanady CDA
24,600
Awlad Negm bahgoura Environmental
Awareness and Education Programmes,
Awlad Negm Bahgoura Women’s Association – Naga
Hammady Markaz
20,750
Tree Planting and Beautification
Khouzam CDA – Qus Markaz
25,650
Solid waste collection in Awlad Negm
Bahgoura Village, (building on previous
awareness CEP).
Awlad Negm Bahgoura Women’s Association in cooperation
with Awlad Negm Local Government Unit, Naga
Hammady Makaz, Qena
130,200
Building the capacity of Environmental
network federation of the CDA
16 CDAs covering different parts of Qena
137,690
43
8
INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING AND
CAPACITY BUILDING
Successful implementation of actions outlined in Qena’s
GEAP should result in a more efficient use of current
resources. New investment will also be required, particularly for proposed infrastructure developments. In both cases,
a significant effort will be needed to develop the organisational structures, processes and incentive systems required
to support implementation.
In Qena most of the basic institutional building blocks are
already in place, and some of the key actions to strengthen
existing institutions and promote more effective coordination are described in this section. The Governorate has
recently established a High Council for Environment
(HCE), which is responsible for facilitating the GEAP
process. It also has an Environmental Management Unit
(EMU) at Governorate level and Environmental Units were
recently established in each Markaz. Line ministries, such as
the Ministry of Housing, Ministry of Irrigation, and the
Ministry of Health and others have environmental responsibilities under various Laws and important roles to fulfil:
their capacity to deliver on these responsibilities will need
strengthening, as will the structures and processes to facilitate an effective contribution from the private sector,
NGOs, CDAs, and the community at large
8.1
Environmental Planning and
Management System
To implement and sustain the environmental actions outlined in the GEAP an effective decentralised Environmental
Planning and Management System (EMPS) should be established. This should set in place a structure for managing,
assessing and continuously improving the effectiveness and
efficiency of decentralized environmental management at
Governorate level. The EMPS should emphasize a planned
and systematic approach to environmental management,
which will be regularly reviewed and updated to ensure its
continued relevance, under the supervision of the HCE.
The EMPS will have the following broad functions:
44
- Strategic and operational planning to ensure sustainable
and environmentally friendly development.
- Application of environmentally sensitive land-use planning
through stricter enforcement of EIA requirements.
- Co-ordination of all stakeholder group activities to
improve environmental services, resource conservation,
protection, and remediation.
- Increased public awareness and public consultation on
environmental issues.
- Capacity building through training, recruitment and the
operation of effective extension services.
- Procurement of the budget and manpower resources
required to implement the GEAP programmes and projects.
- Operation of effective monitoring and enforcement of
environmental laws and the development of environmental performance measures and incentives.
- Promotion and sustainability of the GEAP and its regular
update.
The principal institutional strengthening requirements stem
from the need to:
- Develop the EMPS, so that it is capable of effectively
addressing the priority issues described in Section 4 of this
GEAP.
- Ensure that, at the highest levels within the Governorate,
commitment to the adoption and successful implementation of the GEAP is both achieved and widely recognised.
- Encourage and facilitate increased participation of stakeholder groups with an interest in improving environmental
services and natural resource conservation.
- Establish a coordinated network of stakeholders to facilitate
the GEAP’s sustainability.
8
INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING AND CAPACITY BUILDING
DECENTRALISED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
EGYPTIAN ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AGENCY (EEAA)
Based at a central level its main responsibility lies in formulating a policy framework, setting up the required action plans to protect the environment and following-up their execution in coordination with the Competent Administrative Authority (CAAs).
REGIONAL BRANCH OFFICE (RBO) OF EEAA in ASWAN
The RBO represents EEAA at a Governorate level, and is responsible for implementing EEAA policy at the regional level. The
RBO’s mandate includes inspection activities, EIA reviews and the implementation of EEAA directives.
QENA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT UNIT (EMU)
The EMUs protect the environment from pollution within the boarders of the Governorate. They report directly to the Governor
and are responsible for the implementation of Law 4 and they are heavily involved in the EIA process. The head of the EMU
has judicial impoundment for Law 4.
MARKAZ ENVIRONMENTAL UNITS (EUS)
EUs exist at Markaz and town level to assist the EMUs in their activities. Accordingly, the units undertake activities delegated to them by the EMUs. The head of the Markaz or district is granted judicial impoundment for Law 4.
VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL LIAISON OFFICERS (ELOS)
ELOs are found at village level, they receive and process EIAs, follow-up on solid waste management activities and investigate simple complaints.
The EMPS does not impose any new bureaucracy but simply
builds on the Governorate’s existing decentralised system of
local environmental management, which is comprised of the
following:
* The recently established High Council for Environment
(HCE) is responsible for coordinating and streamlining
environmental planning and management activities at a
Governorate level. Qena is now in the process of defining
its structure and roles and responsibilities, which are
likely to include:
- The establishment of 3 sub committee’s representing
the GEAP’s three most important priority areas (i.e.
Solid Waste Management, Water & Sanitation and
Agriculture). These sub committee’s will be responsible
for monitoring progress against agreed actions in the 3
main priority areas.
- Establishing mechanisms aimed at integrating the
GEAP’s strategic priorities into the Governorate’s more
general planning, programming, budgeting and
resource allocation processes.
- Promoting greater coordination and information sharing between central government ministries and their
agencies at Governorate level.
- Increasing cooperation and coordination between sectoral agencies at Governorate level.
- Providing feedback to central agencies (e.g. EEAA) and
maximising local inputs on national environmental policies and plans (i.e. the NEAP)
- Following up on the implementation and updating of
GEAP priorities and ensuring that environmental factors are integrated into development plans.
- Playing an advisory role to the Governor on strategic
environmental issues.
One of the HCE’s first priorities will be to ensure that environmental plans and priorities set out in the GEAP are implemented.
* Continuing to strengthen Qena’s EMU through targeted
training programmes. The EMU currently has 12 staff
and is divided into the following departments:
- An EIA department aimed at ensuring that factories and
industry accurately complete their EIA reports before
they are submitted to EEAA for consideration.
- A Complaints department tasked with dealing with
Environmental problems submitted by the general public.
- An Inspection department responsible for inspecting
industries/factories to ensure they comply with environmental standards
- A Training department and Communications department responsible for raising awareness of environmental issues
45
8
* Environmental Management Units have been established
in Industrial Estates.
* Establishing Environmental Units in each Line Ministry
that are more directly related to environmental activities
such as the Ministries of Housing, Health, Agriculture,
Industry, Irrigation and Tourism.
* Appointing Environmental Liaison Officers in other Line
Ministries.
* Strengthening the capacity of each of the 51
Environmental Liaison Officers that exist at Mother
Village level.
* Strengthening the capability of the Environmental Units
that have been established in each of the Governorates 11
Markazes.
* Once the president has issued a decree allowing Qena to
establish a Public Economic Authority for water supply
management, strengthening measures, particularly in the
areas of planning, maintenance and tariff collection
should be taken to build awareness and environmental
management capacity.
* Appointing an Environmental Co-ordination and
Development Officer within the Directorate of Social
Affairs, so that the roles of NGOs and CDAs in environmental management can be supported more effectively.
* Strengthening the capacity and resources of representatives from the education directorate at Markaz level who
are responsible for supporting environmental activities in
all schools.
* Establishing a central Solid Waste Management Unit (initially with 2-3 staff) to plan, promote and coordinate
solid waste management activities as well as support
moves towards privatised services, including the monitoring of contractor performance and compliance. The staff
would need to be trained in general waste management
and strategic and financial planning. Qena Governorate
has already developed a solid waste management strategy,
which recommended the establishment of a central solid
waste management unit.
* In due course, establishing an extension service to assist
the many small to medium sized businesses to adopt environmentally safe technologies and management practices.
* Strengthening Agricultural extension workers on environmentally related issues
* Building the Ministry of Health’s capacity to deal with
health care waste issues.
Other ongoing initiatives that have been initiated at a central level to support the process of decentralised environmental management include:
* The issuing of a draft EMU decree to transform the EMUs in
each Governorate into a general office for environment. This
will give increased status and profile to environmental mat-
46
ters, and will support the process of decentralised environmental management. The USAID-funded Egyptian
Environmental Policy Program (EEPP) in conjunction with
the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency have submitted
the draft decree to HE the Prime Minister for approval. The
draft decree is currently being trialed in a number of
Governorates. Once the trial is complete, Qena Governorate
should quickly build up the capacity of this new department
so that it is able to provide full support to GEAP implementation.
Amongst its main duties the general office for environment is
likely to be responsible for the overall coordination of environmental activities across relevant Governorate departments/Markazes and Line Ministries including the preparation of strategic environmental plans and programmes. The
department is also likely to act as a public information and
complaints office on environmental matters, this will help in
environmental monitoring, provide environmental training
and raise public awareness of the environment.
* The establishment of two Decentralised Environmental
Management (DEM) task forces within the Egyptian
Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). The first task force,
focused at a central level, aims to develop an overall strategy for
decentralised environmental management whilst the second task
force, focused at a Governorate level, is in the process of developing mechanisms to implement the strategy (i.e. establishing horizontal and vertical linkages between EMUs and Directorates, EUs
and Departments and ELOs with other relevant offices at
Governorate level).
8.2
Key Environmental Directorates
Just as the EMPS must build upon the Governorates present
decentralised environmental management system it should also
help coordinate and strengthen the effectiveness of other key
directorates with in Qena to fulfil their environmental responsibilities. The following table illustrates responsibilities and
coordination of key environmental directorates.
8
KEY ENVIRONMENTAL DIRECTORATES (Responsibilities and Coordination)
Directorate
Areas of Environmental Responsibility
Coordination with others
MINISTRY OF WATER
RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION
Water Resource and
Irrigation Directorate
(Mainly concerned with distributing water and cleaning canals
of waste).
- Administers Law 12/1984 concerning irrigation and drainage and
relevant decrees
- Develops estimates of demand for irrigation water for central ministry.
- Manages, operate and distribute infrastructure for supply and
drainage of irrigation water in accordance with Ministry allocations.
- Ensures that agricultural fields are adequately irrigated and drained
to increase potential yields.
- Increases the efficiency of water conveyance to irrigated fields.
- Rehabilitates and renew old drainage systems.
- Enforces Law 48 through joint inspection with Surface Water Police.
- Health Directorate takes water samples
to measure water quality for public
health purposes.
- Any problems related to the quality of
irrigation water are referred to the
Central Ministry.
- Violation of laws other than Law 48 are
referred to the EMU or other relevant
authority.
- Refers problems related to the quality of irrigation water to the central WRI Ministry.
MINISTRY OF HOUSING,
UTILITIES AND URBAN
COMMUNITIES
General Authority for
Sanitation
- Administers Law 93/1962 concerning sewage disposal and relevant - The Health Directorate has a routine
programme to monitor industrial effludecrees
ents intended for discharge into the
- Ensures that wastewater collection and treatment services comply with
sewerage system.
Egyptian Standards.
- The Health Directorate will on request
- Encourages the reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge.
test effluents on behalf of the EMU or
- Provides adequate collection and treatment facilities to small villages
Sanitation department.
and rural areas.
- Violations associated with water pollu- Ensures adequate treatment facilities for industrial waste.
tion are referred to the Surface Water
- Ensures that domestic and industrial wastewater discharged into pubPolice.
lic sewage system meets Egyptian Standards.
- Develops small sanitation projects (pipelines, systems, pumps) large
projects delivered by central ministries managed by Governorate.
- Oversees the monitoring by Markaz staff of projects being implemented by contractors.
- Markaz staff are responsible for investigating cases of leakage or broken pipe, odors from treatment plants and pollution from untreated
sewage.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LAND
RECLAMATION
Agricultural Directorate
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
AND POPULATION
Health Directorate
- Administers Law 53/1966 and relevant decrees.
- The quality of agricultural produce is
monitored by the Health Ministry and
- Provides marketing and financial services and seed stock through the
Export Development Agency.
Agriculture Cooperative.
- Assists the farming industry to control pests and disease.
- The Directorate reports environmental
offenses to the Environmental Units
- Assists in the conservation of soil quality (e.g. by conducting research
[EU’s] in each Markaze.
into salinity)
- Promotes land reclamation and leveling projects.
- Manages and cleans up irrigation water and drainage canals
(WR&I manage the main canals, Agriculture the smaller ones)
- Provides information, training and extension services in agricultural
practice (e.g. pest control, fertilizer use, animal husbandry)
- Licences intensive animal industries.
- Takes samples from potable water supplies, water treatment plants - If there is a problem of potable water
sewage treatment plant effluents, wastewaters in local sewerage netquality a committee is formed with the
works, and canal waters.
EMU and the Water Company to verify and investigate the problem.
- Analyses these samples (or arrange for their analysis by the central
Health Ministry)
- Spot samples taken from the Nile are
- Takes and analyses samples from industrial and other pollution
sent to the Central Ministry, which
sources at the request of other agencies
then notifies the Governorate if there is
a problem.
- Monitors ambient air quality (with two permanent facilities and
portable equipment)
- Implements programmes for vaccination, prevention and management
of communicable disease.
- The Health Directorate is not directly involved in enforcement.
47
8
8.3
Institutional Strengthening of Other
Organisations
Capacity building should not be confined to Government
organisations. A significant effort should also be directed
towards NGOs, communities, educational establishments
and the private sector, to strengthen their capability to plan
and manage environmental programmes and projects.
Initiatives should include encouraging the appointment of
Environmental Officers in Trade Associations and
Chambers of Commerce, to promote self-monitoring and
the benefits of improved environmental performance to
their corporate members.
awareness campaigns, including annual Environmental Events
and Competitions under the patronage of HE the Governor, and
special clean-up and “greening” programmes which might be
sponsored by donor organisations or the private sector.
Most of the new EMPS structure (see Box 8.2) could be
established through the re-deployment of existing human
resources, although key positions may require outside
recruitment. Additional financial resources will be required
to achieve an effective and comprehensive EMPS.
8.4
Public Awareness and Education
From the stakeholder discussions, it is clear that raising environmental awareness within the community is a high priority.
Awareness campaigns should be planned to target all sections of
the community. New approaches and concepts to support
achievement of the GEAP’s objectives and targets will take time
instill, and significant resources will be needed to be generated to
support this process. In the early stages (i.e. the first two or three
years), campaigns should be built around the GEAPs priority
issues with some programmes targeting:
Primary stakeholders on:
- Water conservation methods
- Littering and its impact
- Sanitation and personal hygiene.
Secondary stakeholders on:
- The importance of, and need for, provision of improved
waste management, water supply and sanitation services.
- The need for industry to self-monitor the impacts of incorrect industrial discharges on the surrounding community.
- Employers to improve working conditions.
- Preservation of natural resources.
The campaigns should be run throughout the Governorate
and focus on settlements as and when utility services are
provided and/or improved.
Public awareness operates on many fronts; the media, educational establishments, NGOs, CDAs and industry representatives
playing pivotal roles. To support GEAP implementation in
Qena, it is intended that special promotional and interpretative
materials should be produced, including posters, general and
thematic videos, TV and radio programmes, and special messages to be conveyed by Imams and other religious leaders. The
GEAP promotion materials will coordinate with ongoing, public
48
Environmental Awareness CEP, Qena Governorate Schools
Universities and schools should be targeted to raise awareness among students, who can often influence parents’
habits and behaviour. As a first step, effort therefore should
focus on fostering a high level of environmental awareness
in university lecturers and schoolteachers, and on building
their commitment and support for the GEAP’s objectives.
These activities should be coordinated with EEAA, which
has a public information office that has produced a range of
public awareness booklets, leaflets and posters.
It is important that the impacts of such campaigns should
be closely monitored over time. This should involve
research into producer/consumer attitudes and behaviour.
The results of such research are essential to achieving both
successfully designed/managed campaigns and follow-up
action programmes.
8
BOX 8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
HE the Governor
Governorate Executive Council
Egyptian
Environmental
Affairs Agency
South Valley
University
Higher Council for Environment
(established with 42 members )
Setting Policy and Environmental Priorities and monitoring GEAP activities
EEAA
Provision of Extension
Advisory Services
Proposed GEAP Subcommittees
Representing Qena GEAP’s three most important environmental priorities
EEAA
Regiona Branch
Office/ Aswan
( RBO )
Environmental Management Unit (12 staff)
(Proposed to become a General Department for Environmental Affairs-GDEA)
EIA Dept
Complaints Dept
Inspection Dept
- Ensuring factories
comply with EIA
requirements.
- Assisting factories in
accurately completing
EIA reports
- Promote good practice
- Receives and deals
with environmental
complaints submitted by the general
public
- Monitoring
- Enforcement
- Receive / act on
complaints
Line Ministries, Directorates,
Departments
Appoint Environmental Units in Key Directorates.
Appoint Environmental Liaison in other Directorates.
EMU for industrial estates established in Qeft.
Strengthen the role of the Surface Water Police.
Enforce relevant environmental legislation.
Improve interdepartmental coordination among ministries
departments concerned with environmental protection.
- Improve Ministry of Health ability to deal with healthcare waste
Industry
- Raise public awareness
- Service training needs
of main stakeholders
- Receive suggestions
Regional Administration
-
- Appoint Environmental
officers in medium
& large companies.
- Establish advisory
service for small/
medium size
companies.
- Support EUs in
Industrial estates.
Communication
& Training
Solid Waste
Management
Agriculture
- Establish a central
waste unit with funding to fulfill its role.
- Develop a communica
tion system between
all levels to assist the
central waste unit.
- Encourage Private
sector.
Strengthen agricultural extension
workers on environmentally related issues
- Environmental Units appointed in each Markaz.
- 51 Environmental Liaison Officers appointed in each
village unit.
- Strengthen maintenance and operating capablities for
water supply and sanitation.
- Strenghen waste collection and disposal.
Water &
Sanitation
-Integrate water and
sanitation sectors into
a joint holding company/ Public Economic
Authority to better
coordinate sector activities.
-Encourage private sector participation.
-Set up a water quality
protection committee.
Laboratory Strengthen
Awareness &
Services
Community
Activities
Develop network
including Health,
Universities,
public works,
RBO and others.
- Media.
- NGOs.
- CDAs.
- Education
Directorate.
- University.
The Community
Industrial & Commerce
Large, medium, small
Public Institutions
Service Providers
Framers and
Cooperatives
Residents
49
8
8.5
Training
A top priority in the first couple of years after the launch of
the GEAP will be the preparation and execution of a comprehensive training programme. This should be designed to
assist institutional strengthening of all stakeholder groups
according their respective needs.
High priority should be given to the training of staff assigned
to those newly established or strengthened components of
the EMPS. This group of people will have an important role
in successfully establishing an effective EMPS.
Solid Waste Management Introductory Workshop, El Dier Village
A Governorate Environmental Training Unit should also be
established, consisting initially of two staff members covering environmental services, resource conservation and general communications skills. For training support and assistance the unit could build links to facilitate support being
provided by EEAA, South Valley University, and local colleges, NGOs, the private sector and the donor community.
The following tables indicate the kind of training primary
and secondary stakeholder groups have already received and
areas that that they want to receive further training in.
Solid Waste Management Introductory Workshop, Taramsa Village
A List of Primary and Secondary Stakeholder Training Programmes already conducted in Qena
Target Group
EMU/EUs
Training/Awareness
- Use of monitoring equipment
- Environmental Impact Assessment
- Laws and regulations
- Inspection procedures and complaints
- Field Inspection
- Hazardous waste management
ELOs
- ELO training on the ‘Environmental Officers Manual’
CDA
- Conducting social surveys
- Project management
- Environmental awareness
- Financial management
Molasses Factory Owners
- Cleaner Production opportunities
Head of Industrial Estates, Heads of - Environmental management for Industry
relevant Governorate departments
(i.e. water, sanitation, electricity and
industrial safety)
50
8
Environmental Training needs identified by Qena’s key environmental Directorates
Directorate
Agriculture
Water Resources
Water & Sanitation
Solid Waste Management
Industry and EMU/EUs
Training needs
- The use of chemical fertilizers and organic alternatives.
- How to increase the quality of garden crops for export, especially in newly reclaimed areas.
- Developing and improving fisheries.
Irrigation
- Water management particularly on conveyance and distribution.
- The consumptive use of different crops.
- The benefits of different irrigation systems and water savings techniques.
Drainage
- The rehabilitation and renewal of old drainage systems.
- How best to irrigate, drain and crop newly reclaimed areas.
- The environmental impact of the Isna and Naga Hammady Barrages and how to lessen their effect on
agriculture (water table, irrigation, drainage, crops)
- Operation and maintenance of water and sanitation networks and systems in treatment plants.
- Techniques for measuring the leakage and loss of water in water networks.
- Techniques for reducing water loss.
- Training chemists involved in testing water quality.
- General capacity building on management of waste for employees and managers involved in SWM (City
to Markaz level)
- How to improve public awareness and responsibility of waste issues.
- Safe recycling of waste.
- How to increase incentives for private sector involvement in SWM.
- Hazardous waste management
- Environmental Inspection
- Environmental Impact Assessment EIA
- Environmental laws
- Environmental development
51
9
9.1
IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN
Implementation Priorities
In developing the actions of this GEAP, attention has been given
to providing practical and affordable solutions. Nonetheless
there are only limited resources to achieve improvements and
the five priority key issues that have already been identified need
to receive urgent action:
1. Improving sanitation.
2. Improving solid waste management.
3. Improving water supply and water quality
4. Improving environmental awareness among government staff
and Qena residents
5. Reducing industrial pollution.
Actions relating to the first three priorities will be primarily the
responsibility of the Governorate to provide environmental utility services (although, in time, opportunities for private sector
participation should be investigated). Actions to address the
fourth priority will be the responsibility of both the private and
public sector companies. Lead responsibility for the last priority will rest with Qena Governorate’s Department of Public
Awareness.
a) Establish and strengthen the EMPS
Sustainable results depend on putting in place the appropriate
organisational structures, and resource requirements to achieve
them. The structure proposed in Section 8 should be implemented within the first year of the GEAPs launch. In order to
do this effectively the Governorate should establish a General
Office for the Environment, which will have a pivotal role in
implementing the Plan within the Governorate, under the
supervision and guidance of the recently-established High
Council for Environment (HCE). Resources should be secured
to provide the necessary training to all GOE and HCE
appointees within the first two years.
Broader awareness of the role of constituent parts of the EMPS
in delivering on the GEAP’s objectives and targets should be
promoted. An environmental awareness campaign strategy
should be developed to ensure that the successes of environmental projects are disseminated throughout the Governorate,
supported by appropriate messages to promote wider GEAP
objectives. The strategy should include Governorate administrative units, EEAA, NGOs, CDAs, schools, universities, mosques,
trade associations, businessmen’s groups and the media.
b) Establish a 5 year Implementation Plan and Budget
After the launch of the Plan the Governorate should contact the
relevant Directorates/ organisations responsible for addressing
the priority issues listed above. They should be assisted in incorporating the relevant parts of the GEAP into their operational
plans, and in providing more detailed costings for implementation. The detailed implementation plans should optimise existing
budgets, and identify and quantify where additional resources are
necessary to deliver on GEAP objectives and targets. Another
important aspect of implementing the plan will be to prioritise
each target area programme of activities and deliverables.
c) Strengthen Monitoring Capabilities
Solid Waste Management Training Workshop, Taramsa Village
To address these issues, in the first three years priority will need
to be given to the following:
52
From the outset the Governorate should agree on a number of
easily measurable indicators from which progress on GEAP
activities may be measured. Directorates and companies should
be encouraged to set departmental and individual targets, as
discussed in Section 11. This will assist achievement of
increased efficiency, targeting application of scarce resources so
that they have the maximum beneficial effect, and improved
9
environmental performance.
d) Disseminate and Promote the GEAP to attract Additional
Resources
The GEAP provides the Governorate with a clear framework for
planned and prioritised environmental action. In order to
implement the plan resources will need to be mobilised from
the Governorate, individual communities, CDAs and NGOs and
the private sector. Additional funds should also be sought from
Central Line Ministries, donor agencies and national organisations where additional monies may be available to fund GEAP
implementation.
e) Establish an effective Legal and Economic Framework
An effective legal framework will revolve around the enforcement of current environmental laws. Additional levies or control procedures should also be considered. With this in mind
the Governorate should establish a monitoring and enforcement department to help track progress against GEAP activities.
By establishing an effective economic framework for economic
service delivery (e.g. by raising tariffs for utility services so that
operational costs are covered) an efficient collection system
could be financed. The use of economic instruments to change
consumer behaviours could then be considered, along with
mechanisms to generate funds for measures targeted at securing
the livelihoods and improving the health and environmental
conditions of the poor and marginalised.
f) Attract the Private Sector into Utility Services
The Governorate should put in place a legal and economic framework that will promote private sector participation and investment in provision and delivery of environmental utility services.
This should reduce the Governorate’s financial and administrative
burden, and have the objective of improving the quality and coverage and extent of environmental service delivery.
9.2
Responsibilities
Each environmental target will have lead organisations and key
players responsible for implementing various sections of the
GEAP, as outlined in Box 9.1:
- ‘Lead organisations’ will also be responsible for coordinating
policy development, monitoring outcomes, reporting on
progress and advising on how the performance may be
improved.
- ‘Key players’ will assist the lead organisations in reaching their
objectives, and provide monitoring information and consultation feedback that will facilitate agreed actions to be achieved
as effectively as possible.
BOX 9.1: GEAP IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILITIES
ISSUES AND TARGETS
SANITATION
- Extend sanitation services to all urban and rural areas.
- Strengthen the sectors institutional capacity building at Governorate level.
- Maximise reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge.
LEAD ORGANISATIONS
- PEA, NOPWASD
- City Markaz, Village Units,
PEA, NOPWASD
- DoA, PEA
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Establish an appropriate integrated waste management Strategy for Qena Governorate. - EMU
- Improve the operation and management of waste services and facilities
- Improve existing waste collection, transfer and transportation systems.
- Adopt appropriate and good quality waste treatment and disposal systems
- Ensure safe and sustainable recycling of waste materials
- Introduce appropriate hazardous/clinical waste management systems
- Improve institutional organisation and worker capacity.
- City Markaz, Village Units
Hospitals, factories etc
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY
- Achieve 100% service coverage and increase production to meet projected demand. - PEA
- Improve water service quality to Egyptian standards by 2007.
- PEA
- Improve tariff collection efficiency from 65% to 85% and Physical losses in - City Markaz, Village Units,
the network from 25% to 20%.
Factories, communities, CDAs,
- Build up institutional capacity to better manage the water supply and service network NGOs
- GLPC, City Markaz, Village Units
WATER RESOURCES
- Improve the management of surface and ground water resources.
- WRID
KEY PLAYERS
- DoH
- GoQ, EMU
- EMU, Farmers’ cooperatives,
agricultural extension workers
CDA’s
- EMU
- EMU
- EMU, DoH
- EMU,DoH
- EMU,DoH
- GoQ
- NOPWASD, GoQ, DoWS
- NOPWASD, DoH
- PEA,CDAs, NGOs
- PEA
- EMU
53
9
BOX 9.1: GEAP IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILITIES - Continued
ISSUES AND TARGETS
- Improve the efficiency of surface and ground water resources.
- Reduce pollution of surface water and ground water resources.
AGRICULTURE
- Improve soil and irrigation efficiency.
- Optimise the use of fertilizers and pesticides.
- Enhance fish production.
- Reduce post harvest losses and handling.
- Upgrade institutional management.
LEAD ORGANISATIONS
KEY PLAYERS
- WRID, DoA, DLC
- Factories, EMU, DoA,
DoPWWR, DoH
- EMU
- EEAA, Water Police
- DoA
- DoA
- DoA
- DoA
- DoA
- WRID
- MALR
- MALR, GAFFRD
- MALR
- GoQ
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
- Ensure safe storage of hazardous substances and safe disposal of hazardous waste. - Factories, EEAA, EMU
- Reduce gaseous and particulate emissions from large Industry by 50%.
- Factories
- Increase government capacity to manage Industrial activities.
- PEA, DoPWWR,
City Markaz, Village Units
- DoH. DoM
- EMU, DoH, EEAA
- EMU, GoQ, EMU’s
LACK OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
- Raise environmental awareness among government workers and Qena residents. - GoQ, DPA, EEAA, DoE
- Improve service provision so that residents are better able to adopt - PEA
hygienic practises.
- City Markaz, Village Units, DoH
- NOPWASD, DoH
NATURAL RESOURCES
- Strengthen the planning, operation and regulation of quarries and mining
operations.
- Strengthen the capacity of quarrying and mining management.
- Improve Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs).
- Mitigate the impact of quarrying and mining activity.
- DMQ
- GoQ
- DMQ, EMU
- EMU, EU
- EMU, EU
- EEAA
- EEAA
- EEAA
CULTURAL HERITAGE
- Strengthen management of cultural sites and areas of Environmental importance.
- Strengthen capacity building.
- Enhance conservation of cultural heritage.
- Enhance the area around Isna Temple.
- DA
- DA
- GoQ
- DA
- GoQ, SCA
- GoQ, SCA
- SCA
- GoQ
PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
- Establish a biodiversity and nature conservation programme [NCP].
- Manage Protected Areas.
- Control environmental threats.
- GoQ, DoA, EEAA, DoE
- GoQ, DoA, EEAA
- GoQ, DoA, EEAA
- EMU, City Markaz, Village Units
- EMU, Village Units
- EMU, Village Units
MWRI
GoQ
EEAA
SCA
DA
MALR
NOPWASD
DoWS
EMU
GAFFRD
54
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
Governorate of Qena
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
Supreme Council of Antiquities
Department of Antiquities
Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation
National Organisation of Potable Water and
Sanitary Drainage
Department of Water and Sanitation
Environmental Management Unit
(Qena Governorate)
General Authority for Fish Resources Development
CDAs
GLPC
DoE
DoH
DoA
DoM
DoE
DoPWWR
DMQ
PEA
EU
Community Development Association
Governorate Local Public Council
Directorate of Education
Directorate of Health
Directorate of Agriculture
Directorate of Manpower
Directorate of Education
Directorate of Public Works and Water Resources
Department of Mining and Quarrying
Public Economic Authority
Environmental Units
10
FINANCING THE PLAN
10.1 The Risk of Doing Nothing
As Qena Governorate increases its agricultural and industrial
production to meet the needs of an expanding population,
pressures on its environment will inevitably increase. Without
necessary action the consequences of continued environmental
degradation in the longer term are likely to be substantial.
The total annual costs of environmental degradation in Qena
Governorate including inadequate water supply sanitation and
hygiene; indoor air pollution; land degradation; Urban Air
Pollution and waste are estimated at more than LE 260 million.
This is equivalent to 2.45% of GDP in 2001. The estimated cost
of inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene represents
57 percent of total cost. The cost of indoor air pollution is estimated at 15% of total cost. Estimated cost of land degradation
represents 12%, while the cost of urban air pollution and inadequate household waste management is estimated at 11% and
close to 5% of total cost, respectively.
piratory tract infections such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory illness and cancer. It is also
likely that indoor air pollution can cause an increased prevalence of tuberculosis and asthma. In Qena the total annual
cost of these kinds of diseases has been estimated at being
anything between LE27 to 50 million with a mean of LE 40
million. Acute respiratory illness in children and adult females
represents 45% of the cost and respiratory child mortality
30% whilst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease represents
less than 2%.
Potential risks to Qena citizens amongst others are likely to
include:
a) Adverse Health Impacts
Lack of plentiful and safe water, sanitation facilities and hygienic conditions are generally found to influence the incidence of
diarrhoeal disease and child mortality. Child mortality and diarrhoeal prevalence rates are substantially higher in rural areas
(Child mortality under 5 [urban 44%, rural 58%] and diarrhoeal prevalence in children under 5 [urban 8.9%, rural
14.5%), strongly suggesting that the poor bear a disproportionately high burden of diarrhoeal environmental risk and illness.
In Qena inadequate water and sanitation coverage has been
found to be associated with 18 to 21% of deaths in children
under 5 years old whilst the estimated annual cost of diarrhoeal
related deaths is estimated to be in the region of LE 36-70 million. The estimated annual costs of other diseases related to
poor water, sanitation and hygiene conditions have been more
difficult to estimate due to lack of available data but rough costs
are as follows; Bilharzia LE 12 million, Hepatitis A, Typhoid
and Paratyphoid (LE 1.6 million)
Indoor air pollution high in fine particulates is another issue
of concern, caused by burning traditional fuels such as agricultural residue and animal dung it can often result in lower res-
b) Depletion of Natural Resources
Protecting the quality and quantity of agricultural land and irrigation water is of utmost importance for household income and
livelihoods in rural Qena. However, pressure on land from
intensive agricultural and urban development has resulted in the
degradation of soil and water quality. With a limited amount of
fertile land the Governorate has had to reclaim new land of lesser quality from the desert and other marginal lands with an
average a 5 to 15 % yield loss. With this in mind the potential
annual cost of this degradation has been estimated to be up to
a value of LE 54 million.
c) Increased Cost of Essential Services
Increasing pollution of surface and groundwater resources from
industrial and municipal sources will lead to higher costs for treating the water to achieve drinking water standards.
55
10
FINANCING THE PLAN
d) Loss of Market Share
investment if inadequate supporting services aren’t in place.
If Qena’s industry and manufacturing enterprises are to compete
effectively in the international market it is essential that they have
sound environmental practices. This will have greatest impact on
industry as global markets continue to place increasing emphasis
on sourcing their materials from suppliers who comply with internationally recognised environmental standards.
It should be noted that experience in other countries indicates that
the cost of remediation is 10-100 times the cost of pollution prevention.
10.2 Cost of Implementation
Other risks of continued environmental degradation include:
reduced agricultural output due to increased salinisation or sodicity and impacts of using polluted irrigation water; increased building maintenance arising from air pollution and rising ground water
levels and increased industrial inefficiency due to in-plant wastage
and pollution; and indiscriminate waste dumping; loss of inward
The capital costs of implementing the 10 year target programmes
of the GEAP in Qena, were projected based on investment figures
from the Governorate 5 year plan 2002 – 2007, as well as from
first hand experience of the cost of implementing SEAM demonstration projects. Projected costs are reflected in the following
table.
10 Year GEAP Implementation Costs (LE)
Sectors
Improving Sanitation
Extend sanitation services to all urban and rural areas
complete 7 wastewater projects
consider construction of wastewater systems
Sub-Total
Improving SWM
Improve existing waste collection, transfer and transportation systems
Collection system : appropriate collection system in 51 major cities
Transfer system in 9 markazes out of 11
Adopt proper waste treatment and disposal systems
Introduce appropriate hazardous/clinical waste management systems
Improve institutional organizational and worker capacity
Central Waste Unit CWU
Sub-Total
Improving Potable Water Supply
Achieve 100% service coverage and increase production to meet projected demand
Improve the water service quality to the Egyptian standards by the year 2007
Improve tariff collection efficiency from 65% to 85% and physical losses in the network from 25% to 20%
Sub-Total
Agriculture
Improve soil and irrigation efficiency
Optimize the use of fertilizers and pesticides
Enhance fish production
Reduce post harvest losses and handling
Upgrade institutional management
Sub-Total
Institutional
Institutional strengthening
Training programmes
Public awareness programmes
Sub Total
Total Costs
Contingencies 10 %
Total
56
(LE)
985 000 000
50 000 000
1 035 000 000
38 250 000
18 000 000
8 000 000
13 200 000
500 000
77 950 000
146 000 000
3 800 000
3 750 000
153 550 000
124 700 000
5 050 000
18 880 000
30 000 000
5 000 000
183 630 000
15 000 000
35 000 000
15 000 000
65 000 000
1 515 130 000
151 513 000
1 666 643 000
10
Sanitation coverage in Qena is still insufficient, apart from Qena
City no other city in Qena currently has sewage infrastructure.
Some 79% of the population live in rural areas, most (45%) rely
on on-site sanitation whilst some 35% have no sanitation facilities at all. To meet this need Qena Governorate is currently making a number of significant investments in the sector. A major
part of this investment centres around the construction of 7
wastewater plants covering the following Markazes; Abu Tesht,
Farashut, Naga Hammady, Dishna, Qus, Armant and Isna with a
total capital cost of LE 985 million. In addition to these plants
the Governorate should also consider covering the remaining
unserved Markazes of Al Waqf, Qeft and Naqada. The cost of
this investment would be in the range of LE 50 million.
FINANCING THE PLAN
In addition, the 2002 – 2007 five-year plan includes the supply
and installation of 10 new compact units by NOPWASD, each
with a 100 lit/sec capacity (8,500 m3/day, 4 times the capacity of
the existing units). The new units will be built in Qena (4), Qus
(2), Naqada (2) and Abu Tesht (2) and another (2) in El Waqf
and Naqada Markazes. In addition to this water mains and distribution networks are to be extended to un-served urban and
rural residents. Cost of implementation for improving potable
water supply will add to LE 153.5 million.
Agriculture continues to make a significant contribution to
Qena’s economy. However, pressure on existing soils is increasing which means that the Governorte will need to spend in the
region of LE130 million on its land reclamation, soil improvement, and irrigation programmes if it is to keep pace on growing demand. The cost of introducing measures to reduce post
harvest losses, upgrade institutional management and increase
fisheries production is likely to be in the region of LE53 million. Introduction of technology and better targeted management systems can do much to assist this process.
The outlay on institutionally related environmental management improvements is estimated to be in the region of LE65
million with the main focus being on institutional strengthening
and training and public awareness campaigns.
10.3 Mechanisms for Raising Resources
The cost of upgrading the solid waste management systems in
Qena Governorate will require an approximate investment of
around LE 85.7 million. Based on SEAMs demonstration project experience in upper Egypt, the cost of improving existing
collection and transfer systems in Qenas’ major cities is likely to
cost around LE 56.2 million, whilst upgrading the Governorates
existing disposal and treatment facilities will require an additional LE 8 million. Hazardous waste is also an issue that needs
urgent attention, and it is estimated that developing a system of
hazardous waste management in Qena would require an investment of roughly LE 13.2 million.
Approximately 85% of the Governorate has full access to water
services whilst roughly 15% remain unconnected to the water
network. The average daily water consumption in Qena is currently around 159 litres/day. Traditional large surface water
treatment plants are responsible for producing 45% of the
Governorates daily requirements whilst compact units and
ground water wells respectively supply 34% and 20% of the
remaining demand. Over the next ten years the Governorate
aims to reach 100% service coverage. To complement this, the
Governorates 5 year plan also aims at improving water services
quality and tariff collection efficiency. To achieve this goal 2
new water treatment plants in Abu Tesht and Armant Markazes
are currently under construction
The Governorate’s current 2002 – 2003 fiscal year plan includes
an approved allocation of LE 3.5 million for extending water
networks in urban and rural areas, and LE 2 million to install
water networks in the new industrial zones at Kallahen and Hoo.
It is intended that this plan will be implemented by
Government, the private sector and non-government organisations to the maximum practical extent. Although provision of
utility services has traditionally been delivered by government,
where appropriate private sector involvement should be
encouraged to maximise improved service coverage. The cost of
reducing industrial pollution should be largely shouldered by
both the private and public sector.
There are however, a number of options available for raising funds
and mobilising the resources required to implement the GEAP.
These are summarised in Box 10.1. Resources likely to be of
greatest relevance in Qena include: direct funds such as full cost
recovery tariffs, fees, charges. Licences, levies, fines and taxes;
indirect funds arising from increased revenues and cost savings,
associated with both management and operational improvements
and external funds from i.e. Government or Donor agencies.
57
10
FINANCING THE PLAN
BOX 10.1: MECHANISMS FOR RAISING ENVIRONMENTAL FUNDS
1.
FINANCING IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.
FINANCING IMPROVED SOLID WASTE SERVICES
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
3.
Annual Fee for Collection/Use of Landfill Site (full cost recovery)
Gate fee for Composting Facilities (full cost recovery)
Gate fee for Landfill Site (full cost recovery)
Savings from Waste Exchange Schemes
Revenues from Compost Sales
Revenues from Recycling
Levies for hazardous waste disposal from institutions: hospitals, University, schools, companies etc (full cost recovery)
Waste minimisation plans/projects
Savings from privatisation
Charges for Domestic and Institutional Collection Services (full cost recovery)
The Governorates ‘Beautification Fund’
FINANCING IMPROVED INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION PREVENTION/CONTROL SERVICES
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.
Pollution fines (polluter pays principle)
Pollution permit fees (full cost recovery)
Tax on Mazot to encourage switch to natural gas
Vehicle Licence Fees
Charges for Vehicle Testing
FINANCING OTHER/GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
58
Increase Water Supply Tariffs (full cost recovery)
Sewage Charges (full cost recovery)
Licence Fees for Ground Water Abstraction (full cost recovery)
Consent Fees for Discharges to drains and waterways (cf sewers) (full cost recovery)
Collection of renewables
Establishment of “Environmental Fund”
Savings from privatisation
Revenues from waste water re-use and sewage sludge sales
Removal of all inappropriate subsidies; replace with income support grants
Establishment of Utility Chest
Establishment of Environmental Bonds/Environmental Trust Funds
Levy on Top Soil sales
Fees for EIA Evaluation
Lobbying Donors
Lobbying Commercial Sponsors
Lobbying Central Government Funds/Grants
Introducing Performance Related Pay Schemes, linked to efficiency improvements
Savings through improved management (monitoring and accountability)
Savings and service efficiency improvements from improved maintenance
Improved financial planning to achieve more effective use of available funds
Investment in improved technology and lower operating costs
Improved management (via training) leading to technical efficiency gains
Harness customer “willingness to pay”
Adoption of energy saving/efficiency programmes
Investment in Sustainable Development projects to generate increased Government revenues/taxes
Laboratory charges and fees; Advisory fees charged to other organisations
11
THE GEAP CYCLE
11.1 Monitoring the Actions
The GEAP is designed to be an iterative process through
which progress against agreed and prioritised environmental
actions can be measured and monitored on a regular basis.
Environmental actions have been identified to address priority
issues and targets have been set by which success of these general actions can be measured. Accordingly, it is important that a
simple and effective monitoring system be established to help
measure more specific progress against smaller particular actions.
For example, if you are trying to measure improvements to;
a) a solid waste management system, simple and measurable
indicators should be agreed from the start i.e. the amount of
waste collected by each employee per day, the number of
burning dumpsites, or
b) in the case of water supply the number of metres repaired
per day, the amount of water tariffs collected.
Progress against the above targets could for instance be regarded as either being a personal or departmental responsibility. In
order to increase the chances of reaching any of the above kind
of targets incentives should be considered.
‘Lead organisations’ which have a key role in achieving these
targets (Box 9.1) are expected to be responsible for monitoring the outcomes of their actions and to providing feedback to
the HCE. In addition ‘Key Players’ are also identified as having
a role in both assisting and monitoring the outcomes of the
‘Lead organisation’. However, the HCE is ultimately responsible for carrying out necessary monitoring and updating of
GEAP priorities which may change over time.
11.2 Annual Evaluation
A ‘State of the Environment’ report should be prepared and
submitted to the HCE each year summarising:
- Progress achieved against agreed actions (implementation)
- Improvements made to the environment as a direct result of
implementing GEAP actions.
- Areas that need further attention due to non-performance or
difficulties.
- Recommended changes to on-going actions that are necessary as
a result of changing environmental priorities/ or circumstances.
Preparation of the report should be coordinated by a Governorate
appointed GEAP co-ordinator working closely with the EMU or
GEDA if it is established. The GEAP Unit will be expected to provide support during this process. Contributions, however, should
come from all the environmental units and environmental liaison
officers that will be established throughout the Governorate as part
of the EMPS. NGOs, the private sector and community leaders
should also be closely involved in the evaluation process.
11.3 GEAP as an Ongoing Process
To be sustainable the GEAP process needs to be dynamic and flexible. The policies, targets and actions that
combine with consultation to form the GEAP process
must be updated to reflect changing conditions and local
circumstances. In addition, the progress reports should
document the lessons learnt during the process so that
improvements can be incorporated into future actions.
The GEAP targets and actions should be updated on an ongoing basis.
Progress reports should be produced annually and the GEAP itself
updated every 2 to 3 years. In the GEAP cycle it will be necessary to:
- Annually prepare and update forward (3 to 5 years)
detailed implementation plans and budgets for the
priority actions.
- Carry out monitoring and evaluate progress and implementation performance;
- Assess difficulties encountered and identify alternative ways of
achieving objectives.
- Continue consultation with primary and secondary stakeholders and incorporate their views and support for forward environmental plans.
- Identify new actions that become necessary due to changing
circumstances (e.g. new laws and/or standards).
- Revise and set new targets and actions as appropriate.
- Accelerate investment in certain areas as a result of outside
changes (e.g. changes in National Policy).
- Lobby continually for external investment from Central
Government, private sector and the donor agencies.
- Keep abreast of technological improvements that may provide
more cost effective solutions to environmental problems.
- Respond to changing requirements for institutional strengthening and capacity building.
A schematic illustration is given in Box 11.1. The box summarises
all the stages of the GEAP cycle and shows the extent of participation required in delivering the GEAP.
59
11
THE GEAP CYCLE
BOX 11.1: THE GEAP CYCLE - SUSTAINING THE PROCESS
KEY ISSUE
REAPPRAISAL - PROGRESS
SOLUTION DESIGN AND
REAPPRAISAL
(Identification of new or
improved technology, and management techniques - identified
with help of technical experts)
FEED BACK
REVIEW AND REVISION
OF ALL COMPONENTS
MONITORING, ANALYSIS,
EVALUATION BY ALL
STAKEHOLDER GROUPS:
- Policies
- Programmes
- Projects
- Priorities
- Budgets
60
CO- -ORDINATION
ORDINATION
CO
Through:
Through:
Participation
Participation
Consultation
Consultation
Communication
Communication
Consensus
Consensus
IMPLEMENTATION AND
CAPACITY BUILDING:
- Persuasion
- Training
- Enforcement
ACTION PLAN UPDATE BY
ALL STAKEHOLDER
GROUPS:
- Budgets
- Objectives
- Policies
- Programmes
- Projects
- Priorities
12 CONCLUSIONS
Preparation of the GEAP has involved all the main stakeholder groups in agreeing:
- The priority issues to be addressed.
- The main actions to be taken at Governorate and Markaz levels by Government, industrial and private sectors, as well as a sample of local communities.
- The chief institutional strengthening requirements of all the principal interests.
- The public awareness and training initiatives required.
- The responsibilities of the ‘Lead Organisations’ and ‘Key Players’.
- The need for accurate costing of agreed improvements.
- The monitoring and on-going environmental planning that is required.
Implementation of both the Actions and the Process is expected to involve all of the same stakeholder groups. The benefits, which
are expected to result from implementation of the GEAP are displayed in Box 12.1. This indicates the range of qualitative benefits, which are sought by a sample of primary and secondary stakeholders. The targets presented in Section 5 indicate the scale of
quantitative benefits expected to be achieved on behalf of all stakeholders.
61
x12 CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
12
BOX 12.1: GEAP BENEFITS TO BE EXPECTED BY STAKEHOLDER GROUPS
BENEFITS
PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS
Communities
- Improved health/reduced mortality
- Better trained/ experienced
environmental and extension staff
- Increased civic pride and cleaner streets
- Reduced risks of environ-mental
hazards and disasters
- Improved access to environ-mental
training facilities
- Increased scope for community
participation
- Opportunities for higher revenue
generation
- Better job openings
- Increased access to donor funds
- More cost-effective infra-structures
and environmental services
- Greater scope for technology transfer
- Improved and safer irrigation water
- Fisheries stocks conserved and restored
- Cleaner and weed-free canals
- Improved land drainage and soil
conservation
62
NGOs
Industries
SECONDARY STAKEHOLDERS
EMU Central
EU Markaz
Line Departments
APPENDIX 1- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Contributors
Qena Governorate
His Excellency the Governor
General Adel Labib
Secretary General
General Ibrahim EL Kadi
Deputy Secretary General
Mr. Said Mari
Qena Environmental Management Unit
Ms. Zeinab Mohamed Mohamed Ali
Mr. Ali Hassan Ahmed
Mrs. Zeinab Osman Youssef
Mrs. Asma’a Ahmed Mostafa
Mr. Mohamed Nasr EL Din
Ms. Aziza Hassan
SEAM Office -Qena
Khaled Bayoumy Salama (SEAM Qena Office Coordinator)
Nabila El Gabalawy (Community Development & Environmental
awareness Consultant)
SEAM Qena GEAP Team
Dr. Mohamed Khalil
EEAA
Dahlia Lotayef
EEAA
Dr. Atwa Hussein
EEAA
Amin Khayal
EEAA
Philip Jago
SEAM PM
Adam Read
SEAM
Dr. Ahmed Aziz
SEAM
Ahmed Fawzy
SEAM
Ahmed Shouman
SEAM
Amal Nabil
SEAM
Bill Farrell
SEAM
Bjorn Larsen
SEAM
Dina Ahmed
SEAM
Haitham Abd El Monem SEAM
Dr. Hanna EL Gohary
SEAM
Heba Behairy
SEAM
Hossam Aziz
SEAM
Ismail Hamdy
SEAM
Kholoud Mohsen
SEAM
Luke Herbert
SEAM
Magdalena Banasiak
Maha Bassiouny
Mahmoud Reda
Manus Coffey
Mark Povey
Nahla Sabet
Paul Fletcher
Samah Zaghloul
Dr. Sayed Khater
Tim Flower
SEAM
SEAM
SEAM
SEAM
SEAM
SEAM
SEAM
SEAM
SEAM
SEAM
Authors of Supporting Technical Reports
Dr. Abd EL Wahab Allam
Dr. Abbas Mansour
Dr. Gamal Kamal EL Din
Dr. Bayoumy Attia
Dr. Ahmed Gaber – Chemonics
Eng Samir El Farghaly - Chemonics
Eng. Yasser Sherief – Environics
Dr. Sherif Baha EL Din
Dr. Mindy Baha EL Din
Dr. Said Gohary
Dr. Jocylen Gohary
Dr. Esmat Donkol
Dr. Mohamed Rabei
Dr. Fadel Ali Fadel
Dr. Hosny Youssef
Dr. Dr. Abd EL Hameed A. Rahman
Dr. Hosny Barghot
Participatory / Consultee Organizations
* Ministry of Local Administration
* General Organization for Physical Planning
Qena Working Groups
Agriculture
* Eng. Kamal EL Din Ahmed Mohamed (Under secretary of
Qena Agricultural directorate)
* Eng. Aiad Sabet (Coordinator for Upper Egypt branch of
Agricultural Policy Reform Programme – Luxor).
* Eng. Nady Bakhoum Landious (Head of inlands water distribution department).
* Head of inlands water distribution department (Head of
animal production department).
63
Appendix 1
* Eng. EL Sayed Wahba EL Sayed (Deputy of Qena irrigation
department).
* Eng. Abd EL Mouezz Mohamed Rashwan (Director of sugarcane crops department).
* Eng. Mohamed Hussein Ahmed (Head of pests control
department).
* Eng. Adel Sayed Mohamed (Head of lands protection department).
* Eng. Atef Kadry EL Wardany (Head of sugarcane department in Qus sugar factory).
* Eng. Mohamed Hassan Mohamed (Under Secretary of Qena
central department for Irrigation and water resources).
* Eng. Mortada Ahmed Ahmed Nasr EL Din (Responsible for
Fisheries in Qena and Aswan).
* Eng. Mohamed EL Shafie Abas (DG of agriculture for the
south Markazes of Qena).
* Eng. Mansour Moubark Ahmed (Lands protection department, Liaison of Qena Governorate with Ministry of
Environment).
* Eng. Hanan Ebeed Mohamed Soil analysis Laboratory
* Eng. Ahmed Mohamed Heragy (DG of Land improvement
department)
* Eng. Abd EL Fatah Abd EL Rahman (DG of agricultural
affairs)
* Eng. Mohamed Abd EL All (DG of agriculture extension
department)
Water Supply and Sanitation Working Group
* Eng. Mostafa Hagag (Head of general department of water
and sanitation)
* Eng. Nasr EL Din EL Behairy (Head of Qena water department)
* Mrs. Salwa Farouk Fouad (Head of Planning department –
Qena Governorate)
* Dr. Akef Abd EL Hafez Omar (Undersecretary of Health &
Population – Qena)
* Mrs. Asmaa Ahmed Mostafa (Governorate EMU)
* Eng. Mahmoud Mohamed Adam (Head of Nagada water utility)
* Eng. Abd Allah Hussein (Head of Deshna water utility)
* Eng. EL Sayed Wahaba EL Sayed (Deputy of the Ministry of
Irrigation – Qena)
* Eng. Ahmed Fouad EL Sayed (Head of General department of
Irrigation – Qena)
* Miss. Sahar Soliman Mosa (Planning researcher in Governorate
planning department)
Environment and Health Working Group
* Dr. Akef Abd EL Hafez Omar (Undersecretary of Health &
Population – Qena)
* Dr. Fadel Ali Fadel (Deputy of Qena Health directorate)
* Dr. Esmat Donkol (General director of treatment medicine
department)
* Dr. Hossny Youssef (General director of preventive medicine &
Tropical diseases)
* Dr. Abd EL Hameed Abd EL Rahman (Head of the Environment
& monitoring department)
* Dr. Hossny Barghout (Head of basic care department)
* Dr. Mohamed Rabie (Head of Health directorate information
64
center & Endemic diseases)
* Msr. Assma Ahmed Mostafa (Governorate EMU)
Industry and Environmental Management Working Group
* Ms. Zeinab Mohamed Mohamed (Head of Governorate EMU)
* Ali Hassan Ahmed (Governorate EMU)
* Mohamed Nasr El Din (Governorate EMU)
* Mrs. Zeinab Osman (Governorate EMU)
* Mrs. Asmaa Ahmed Moustafa (Governorate EMU)
* Ms. Aziza Hassan Tony (Governorate EMU)
* Mouris Khalil Ghaly (Governorate EMU)
* Seleem Abd EL Aal (Head of Armant EU)
* Abd EL Aleem Kasem EL Shazley (Head of Deshna EU)
* Nagy Roshdy (Head of Naga Hamady EU)
* Ekram Ibrahim Deputy (Head of Naga Hamady EU)
* Kamal Abd EL Aziz Mohamed (Head of Qeft EU).
* Mohamed Abd EL Khalek Hassan (Essna EU)
* Hamed Abd EL Gelil (Head of Nagada EU)
* Bedewy Mohamed Ali (Head of Farshut EU)
* Dawoud Soliman Salama (Head of Abu Teshet EU)
* Miss. Abeer Gab Alla EL Shazley (Head of Qena Marakz EU)
* Hamada Abu Bakr (Head of EL Wakf EU)
* Eng. Gamal Mahmoud Ahmed (D.G of environmental controlNaga Hamady sugar factory)
* Eng. Abd EL Daiem Abd EL Maqsoud Mohamed (Head of
environmental monitoring department- Armant sugar factory.)
* Rezk Mahmoud Rezk
* Eng. Abu Bakr Abd EL Hay Abd Alla (Deputy head of factories for utilities engineering and environment- Deshna
Fiberboard factory)
* Khaled Kamal Ahmed (The head of environmental affairs
committee- Deshna Fiberboard factory)
* Chemist. Ahmed Abdou EL Saman (Head of environmental
monitoring- Qus sugar factory)
* Chemist. Adel Abd EL Hamid (Head of laboratories of Qena
factory for newsprint paper - Qus newsprintpaper factory)
* Eng. Gamal Abd EL Daiem (Power engineer in Qena factory
for newsprint paper - Qus newsprintpaper factory)
* Chemist. Essam Abu EL Foutouh Mohamed (Chemist of the
environmental monitoring- Deshna sugar factory)
* Eng. Ahmed Fouad EL Sayed (D.G of Qena irrigation department)
* Dr. Abd EL Raouf Mohamed EL Zohary (Under secretary of
ministry of health and population in Qena.)
* Dr. Fadel Ali Fadel (Deputy of Qena health directorate)
* Mr. Osama Abd EL Fatah Atta (Head of investment department of Qena Governorate)
* Eng. Fatma Ahmed Ibrahim (Head of Qeft industrial zone)
* Mr. Gab Alla Bakry Mohamed (Licensing technician in Qeft
industrial zone)
* Dr. Khaled Mohey EL Din Weshahy (Chairman of investors
association)
* Mr. Osama Abd EL Fatah Atta (Head of investment department of Qena Governorate)
* Eng. Fatma Ahmed Ibrahim (Head of Qeft industrial zone)
* Mr. Abd EL Mouez Marey (Deputy head of Manpower and
emigration directorate of Qena Governorate)
Appendix 1
* Eng. Mahmoud EL Nouby (D.G of housing directorate of
Qena Governorate)
* Eng. Moustafa Hagag (Head of water and sanitation department)
Water Resources Working Group
* D. Bayomy Attia (Consultant)
* Hussein Elwan (Head of Irrigation sector at MWRI)
* Eng. Ahmed Fouad El- Said (General Director of Irrigation in Qena)
* Eng. Said Wahba (Depty of Irrigation Director in Qena)
* Eng. Aiat El-Shabraoway (Head of water records Directorate
of Irrigation)
* Eng. Mohamed Abel Moneim El-Otify (General Director of
drainage section Qena – South)
* Eng. Ezz El-Arab Mohamed (General Director of drainage
section Qena – North)
* Eng. Hassna Galal (Director of water distribution system)
* Dr. Ragag Abdel Azzem (Head of water work section –
MWRI)
Solid Waste Management Strategy Working Group
* Said Marei Qena DSG
* Mostafa Ahmed Abd Allaha (Head of Dishna Markaz)
* Mostafa abas (Head of keft Markaz)
* Kamal Mohamed EL Nahal (Head of Essna Markaz)
* Faez Abd EL Aziz Head of Nage Hamady Markaz
* Abd EL Sabour Hamdy (Deputy of Nage Hamady Markaz)
* Ragab Abou sereea (Head of Nagada Markaz)
* Mohamed sabry Abd EL Megeed (Head of Qena Markaz)
* Abd EL Salam Abou EL Hagag (Head of EL Wakf Markaz)
* Ossama Mohamed Hasanien (Head of Farshut Markaz)
* Tarek Hassan Mohamed Hassan (Head of Qus Markaz)
* Refaat Mohamed Omrran (Head of Abou Teshet Markaz)
* Hassan Abdu EL Rahawan (Head of Armant Markaz)
* Zienab Mohamed Mohamed (Head of Governorate EMU)
* Refaat Basely (Head of water utilities of Abu Teshet Markaz)
* Rezek Mahmoud (Head of cleansing department of Deshna
city)
* Lotfy Mohamed Dieab Head of utilities (cleansing & evacuation)
* Shokry Habeb (Mechanical Engineer)
* Ra’uf Mohamed (Head of Planning department – Qus
Markaz)
* Abd Allah Kamel (Head of cleansing utilities)
* Mostafa Hamed (Head of ORDEV – Qena Governorate)
* Youssef Amin saleem (Head of legality affairs department – Qena
Gov.)
* Salwa Farouk Fouad (Head of Gov. planning department)
* Alion Atta Allah Boles (Head of planning and utilities – Farshut)
* Saleem Abd EL All saleem (Head of EU – Armant Markaz)
* Abd EL Razek Mohamed EL Akaby (Head of Engineering
department – Armant)
* Mostafa gad Hussien (Responsible for cleansing in Essna city)
* Abd EL Moetty Abd EL Kader (Head of the Governor office
for monitoring)
* Mohamed Rabiea Omar (Head of Armant housing maintenance)
Qena Social Surveyors
* Lamia’a Kamal Sayed (Public service / Qena social affairs)
* Doa’a Ahmed Nageb (Public service / Qena social affairs)
* Maha Fathey Seleem Mustafa (Public service / Qena social affairs)
* Lobna Helmy Hassan (Public service / Qena social affairs)
* Ghadah Montaser EL Tokhey (Social worker in Sedi Abd EL
Raheem prep school / Qena)
* Ramadan Khamess Mohamed (Qena social department)
* Amal Maher Shaker (Qena social department)
* Hanaa Zaher Kamel (Qena social department)
* Hadeia Abd EL Gelel Amin (Public service / Qena social affairs)
* Asma’a Mansour Mohamed (Public service / Qena social affairs)
* Nahed Sayed Tolehey (Public service / Qena social affairs)
* Montaser Mahmoud Ahmed (Gov. Public Relation department)
* Hassan Salah EL Din Ahmed (Head of Adaima Social unit / Essna
Markaz)
Qena Governorate Directorates and Departments
* Health Directorate
* Veterinary directorate
* Agriculture Directorate
* Social Affairs Directorate MSA
* General Department for Water Supply & Sanitation
* General Department of Irrigation
* General department for water Resources and Irrigation / Qena
* Education Directorate
* General Authority for Literacy & Adult Education (GALAE)
* Youth and Sport
* Planning Directorate
* Cooperation Department
* Manpower and Migration Directorate
* Information Center
* Cleansing Department
* Fisheries
* Roads & Bridges and Transportation
* Social Insurance Directorate
* Food Supplies
* Investment Department
* Telephone Directorate
* Security Department
* Upper Egypt Antiquities dep.
* Islamic and Coptic antiquities dep./ Nage Hamady
* National Council for Women
* Organizational for Rebuilding and Development Egyptian villages
ORDEV (Shrouk)
* Housing Directorate
* Executive department for Qeft Industrial Zone
* Mining and Quarries dep.
* Community service dep.
* NOPWASD
* Endowment Directorate
* Bilharzias Dep.
* Electric directorate
* Egyptian Company For Communication – Qena office
* Industrial Security
* Nile Protection dep.
* Environmental & Water Surface Police
* General dep. for Essna Barrage
* Organizational and Administration directorate
* CAPMAS
65
Appendix 1
* Central dep. for Statistics
* Budget dep.
* Financial directorate
* Physical Planning dep.
* Survey dep.
* Research & agricultural experimental station in Qena & Essna
* Qena General Hospital
Isna City Council and Local unit
* Information Centre
* Agriculture Department
* Social Dep.
* Public Relation
* Environmental Unit
* Health department
* SHROUK
* Cleansing department
Armant City Council and Local unit
* Social Dep.
* Public Relation
* Health department
* SHROUK
Armant City Council and Local unit
* Social Dep.
* SHROUK
* Health department
* Local & popular council
* Security department
Naqada City Council and Local unit
* Social Dep.
* SHROUK
* Planning department
Qus City Council and Local unit
* Social Dep.
* Public Relation
* Environmental management Unit
* Qena Markaz EU
* Security dep.
* Cooperation dep.
* Investment dep.
ß Food Supply dep.
66
* Social Insurance
* Irrigation dep.
* Health dep.
EL Wakf City Council and Local unit
* Social Dep.
* Health department
* Food supplies and provision department
Dishna City Council and Local unit
* Deshna Beautification department
* Social Dep.
Naga Hammady City Council and Local unit
* Social Dep.
* Health department
* SHROUK
Farshut City Council and Local unit
* SHROUK
* Social Dep.
* Endowments department.
Abu Teshet City Council and Local unit
* Social Dep.
* Health department
* SHROUK
University Of South Valley
* Faculty of Science
* Faculty of social sciences
* Center for Environmental Research & Applied Sciences (CERAS)
* Deputy of head of University for Environmental affaires &
community development
* Central laboratory of South Valley University.
Industrial Companies and Cooperatives
* Misr Aluminum complex company / Nage Hamady
* Armant Sugar Factory
* Qus Sugar Factory
* Nage Hamady Sugar Factory
* Dishna Sugar Factory
* Qena for spinning
* Qena Clay Bricks
Appendix 1
* Newsprint Paper / Qus
* Fiberboard factory / Dishna
* Investment Association
* Hathour company for beverages
Local Communities
Heads of the following LGUs
Isna Markaz
* Essna City
* Essna Markaz Villages:
- Asfon
- Tomass 3
- Hella
- Kalabia
- Deir
- Hanady
- EL Shaghab
- EL Malaa
- Deiabia
- EL Negoa’a
- EL Negoa’a Qebly
- EL Namasa
- Adaima
- Mesawia
- Gezeret Rageh
- Keman Mataana’a
- Tafness
- Tomass Wa Afia
- Tomass 1
- Tomass 2
Armant Markaz
* Armant City
* Armant Markaz villages:
- Rozikat Bahary
- Rozikat Qebly
- Rainia
- EL Maress
- Mahameed Bahary
- Demokrat
- Mahameed Qeblia
Naqada Markaz
* Naqada City
* Naqada Markaz Villages:
- EL Bahary Kamoula
- Danfek
- Tokh
- Khatara
Qeft Markaz
* Qeft City
* Qeft Markaz Villages:
- EL Shaikhia
- EL Oidat
- EL Kalla’a
- EL Zaferia
- EL Barahma
- Wadi EL Laketa
Qus Markaz
* Qus City
* Qus Markazes Villages:
- EL Heragia
- EL Homr Wa EL Gaafra
- EL Mekarabia
- EL Kalalesa
- EL Massed
- Shanhour
- Garagous
- EL Shaarany
- EL Kharaneka
- Gezeret Matera
- Hagaza Qebly
- EL Olikat
- Khouzam
- EL Mefragia
- EL Karateia
Qena Markaz
* Qena City
* Qena Markaz Villages:
- Abnoud
- Karm Omran
- EL Ashraf EL Gharbia
- EL Asalia
- EL Gabalaw
- EL Salehia
- EL Qenawia
- EL Ashraf EL Baharia
- EL Mahrousa
- EL Deir EL Sharky
- EL Toirat
- EL Deir EL Gharby
- Awlad Amro
- EL Hogirat
- EL Toabia
- EL Ghoasa
- Dandara
- Taramsa
EL Wakf Markaz
* EL Wakf City
* EL Wakf Markaz Villages:
- EL Marashda
- EL Kalmena
Dishna Markaz
* Dishna City
* Dishna Markaz Villages:
- Abu Deiab Gharb
- Abu Deiab Shark
- Abu Mana’a Bahary
- Abu Mana’a Shark
- Nage Azouz
- Nage EL Shiekh Ali Shark
- EL Samata Qebly
- Faw Qebly
67
Appendix 1
- Faw Bahary
Naga Hammady Markaz
* Naga Hammady City
* Naga Hammady Villages:
- EL Helfaia Bahary
- EL Helfaia Qebly
- EL Shaweria
- EL Rahmania Qebly
- EL Qenaweia EL Bahariea
- EL Kassr
- EL Salamia
- EL Hesha
- Hamra Dom
- Nage EL Sheikh ahmed Nour EL Din
- EL EL Gharby Bahgoura
- EL Kemana
- Awlad Ngm EL Qeblia
- EL Sharqy Bahgura
- EL Hefnawia
- Hew
- EL Darb
- Bahgoura
Farshut Markaz
* Farshut City
* Farshut Markaz Villages:
- EL Arky
- EL Dahasa
- EL Osirat
- EL Qubeiba
- Kom EL Bega
- EL Kom EL Ahmr
- Refa’a
- Nage EL Haj Salam
Abu Teshet Markaz
* Abu Teshet City
* Abu Teshet Markaz Villages:
- EL Qara
- Kom Yakob
- EL Rafasha
- Bakhaness
- Gezeret EL Dom
- Samhoud
- Belad EL Mal Bahary
- EL Qebli Samhoud
- Kom Gaber
- Koseir Bakhaness
- EL Mahareza
- Abu Shousha
- EL Awamer wa Bany Berza
- EL Khawaled
Media
* Nile Centre for Information
* General Authority for the Information
* TV-CH 8
68
NGOs (National and Local) and CDAs
* EU (European Union)
* CARE
* Egyptian – Italian Cooperation
* SFD
* Family & Environmental Development Association (FEDA)
* Regional Enterprises Development Center (REDEC)
* Mother and Child Health care (JSI)
* Makhadama CDA
* EL Wakf CDA
* EL Karateia CDA
* Hew CDA
* Awlad Negm EL Qebliea CDA
* Women development association in Awlad Negm EL Qebleia
* Misr 2000 CDA-Essna
* Taramsa CDA
* Mahroursa CDA
* Deir CDA
* Hanady CDA
* Dandara CDA
* EL Sheikh Essa CDA
* EL Qenawia CDA
* Kom EL Dabei CDA
* Hella CDA
* Abu Manaa Bahary CDA
* Abu Diab Gharb CDA
* Terre des homes Agency
* Regional federation for NGOs.
* Community capacity Development and Environmental Protection
association
* Rural and Urban Women Development Association.
* British Programme / GALAE
* UNICEF
* Qena Regional Federation
* Qena Investment Association
APPENDIX 2 - LIST OF GEAP PUBLICATIONS
LIST OF REPORTS PREPARED AS PART OF THE GEAP PROCESS
1.
Baseline Study on Water supply and Sanitation Services in Qena
Governorate
Chemonics Egypt – Dr. Ahmed Gaber and Associates
October 2001
2.
Baseline Study on Land Use Agriculture and Fisheries in Qena
Governorate
Nile Consultants – Dr. Abd EL Wahab Allam
July 2001
3.
Qena Environmental Baseline Geology, Geomorphology and landscape
November 2000
4.
Report On Cultural Heritage sites in Qena Governorate
5.
Biodiversity Component of the Qena Governorate Environmental Profile
6.
Baseline Study on Water Resources Hydrology and Hydrogeology in
Qena Governorate
Prof. Dr. Abas M. Mansour
Dr. Gamal M. kamal EL Din
Dr. Said Gohary
Dr. Jocelyn Gohary – Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University
Dr. Sherif Baha EL Din
Dr. Mindy Baha EL Din
Dr. Bayoymy Attia
7.
Assessment of SMEs in Qena Governorate – Draft Final Report
Environics – Management of Environmental Systems
November 2000
8.
January 2001
Bjorn Larsen
April 2004
10.
Baseline Study on Large Industries in Qena Governorate
– Draft Final Report
Baseline Study on the Cost of Environmental Degradation in Qena
Governorate
Qena Industrial Working Group – Final Report
November 2002
11.
Health and environment baseline study
Health working group members
October 2002
12.
Qena Solid Waste Management Strategy
SEAM
July 2004
13.
Community Consultation Findings
SEAM
December 2002
9.
June 2001
December 2001
December 2002
69

6.5. improving solid waste management

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