civilizaciuri civilizaciuri Ziebani Civilization Researches # 3

Transcription

civilizaciuri civilizaciuri Ziebani Civilization Researches # 3
ivaneGjavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)
civilizaciuri Ziebani
Civilization Researches
# 3
gamomcemloba artanuji
Publishers ARTANUJI
Tbilisi
Tbilisi
2005
“civilizaciuri Ziebani” warmoadgens “civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi
kvlevis centris” periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdisciplinuria da
mzadaa dainteresebul pirebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. warmodgenili
masalebi
unda
Seesabamebodes
Jurnalis
saxelwodebas
statia
warmodgenili unda iyos amonabeWdis saxiT da disketiT [A4, AcadNusx, 12,
1,5]. literaturis miTiTebis wesi krebulSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis
Sesabamisad.
dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis mogvmarTeT: Tsu I korp., oTaxi 212;
tel. 29 08 44, an mogvwereT eleqtronuli fostiT: tsuculturologia@yahoo.com
saredaqcio sabWo:
nino Ciqovani,
Ciqovani istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori (saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare)
levan
gordeziani,
gordeziani
doqtori, profesori
istoriis
mecnierebaTa
malxaz
macaberiZe,
macaberiZe
doqtori, profesori
politikis
mecnierebaTa
nino
fircxalava,
filologiis
fircxalava
doqtori, profesori
mecnierebaTa
beJ
beJan javaxia,
javaxia, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati,
docenti
redaqcia:
qeTevan
kakitelaSvili
(mTavari
redaqtori),
malxaz
Toria,
Toria,
daviT
macaberiZe,
Salva
mekraviSvili, ivane
ivane wereTeli (pasuxismgebeli
mdivani)..
 iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
 civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)
ISSN 1512-1941
redaqciis misamarTi
saqarTvelo, 0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., #1
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
I korpusi, oTaxi 212
tel.: (995 32) 290844
el. fosta: tsuculturologia@yahoo.com
Jurnalis internet-versia da sxva informacia
civilizaciaTaASedarebiTi kvlevis centris Sesaxeb ix. veb-gverdze:
kultura.geoweb.ge
REVIEWERS BOARD: Nino Chikovani, Doctor of
(Head of the reviewers board)
Historical Sciences, Professor
Levan Gordeziani, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Malkhaz Matsaberidze, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor
Nino Pirtskhalava, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
Bejan Javakhia, Candidate of Historical Sciences
EDITORIAL GROUP: Ketevan Kakitelashvili (Chief Editor), Malkhaz Toria, David
Matsaberidze, Shalva Mekravishvili, Ivane Tsereteli (Executive
Secretary).
 Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
 Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)
ISSN 1512-1941
ADDRESS OF EDITORIAL OFFICE
1, I. Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia, 0128,
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University T. (99532) 290844
e-mail:: tsuculturologia@yahoo.com
More information about the journal, “The Center of Comparative Civilization Studies
(Tbilisi)” and Department of History and Theory of Culture: kultura.geoweb.ge
Sinaarsi
malxaz Toria ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
..........................................................................................
.......................................................... 7
droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa”
da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”..........................................................................................................................7
qeTevan kakitelaSvili................................
kakitelaSvili ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................................................
.................................. 17
kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis
mixedviT.................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
beJan javaxia ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................42
........................... 42
saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi............................................................................................................................ 42
(antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken)........................................................................................................................................ 42
daviT macaberiZe ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................................................
................................................. 54
nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi............................................................... 54
(XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi) .................................................................. 54
SoTa KxinCagaSvili................................
KxinCagaSvili ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................... 63
kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi.......................................................................... 63
(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi) ............................................................................... 63
Salva mekraviSvili................................
mekraviSvili ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
..........................................................................
.......................................... 78
qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da samomavlo
perspeqtivebi.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Tea qamuSaZe ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
............................................................. 88
saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi........................................................ 88
(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) ................................................................................................................ 88
giorgi lobJaniZe ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................96
............... 96
igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi ................................................................................. 96
ia uZilauri................................
uZilauri ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................99
............................. 99
saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSi .......................... 99
Targmanebi................................
Targmanebi................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................ 112
jonaTan
jonaTan foqsi ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................................
.................................................... 112
eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc konfliqtis mizezis
roli.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................112
barbara adami ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.......................................................142
....................... 142
drois aRqma....................................................................................................................................................................................................142
reziumeebi................................
reziumeebi................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................169
................................ 169
Summaries................................
................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
...................................................................
...................................169
... 169
S i n a a r s i
malxaz Toria
droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang
gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi””
Malkhaz Toria
Types of Time Manipulation According to Juansheri’s “The History of king Vakhtang
Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla
qeTevan kakitelaSvili
kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli
teqstebis mixedviT
Ketevan Kakitelashvili
The Management of Cultural Processes According to the Georgian Hagiographic Texts
(5-11th centuries)
beJan javaxia
saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi (antikurobidan Sua
saukuneebisken)
Bejan Djavakhia
Georgia in the Common European Space (From Ancient Times to Middle Ages)
daviT macaberiZe
nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi
(XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi)
David Matsaberidze
The Types of Nationalism and the Contemporary Conflicts of the Caucasus (The End of the 80’s
and the Beginning of the 90’s of the 20th Century)
SoTa KxinCagaSvili
KxinCagaSvili
kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi (kvlevis mizani,
mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)
Shota Khinchagashvili
Muslim Societies of Caucasus in the Period of Transition (Aims, Importance and Theoretical
Background of Research)
Salva
Salva mekraviSvili
qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da
samomavlo perspeqtivebi
Shalva Mekravishvili
Methodological Baisis for the Research of the Georgian Culture: The Past and Future
Perspectives
Tea qamuSaZe
saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi
(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)
Tea Kamushadze
The Forms of Relationships and Communication of the Next World and Earthly Life
giorgi lobJaniZe
igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi
Giorgi Lobjanidze
The Literary Functions of Fable in the New Testament and in the Koran
ia uZilauri
saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul
populaciaSi
Ia Udzilauri
The Gender and Age Peculiarities of Naming in Georgian Population
Targmanebi
jonaTan foqsi
eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc
konfliqtis mizezis roli
Jonathan Fox.
Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause of Conflict
barbara adami
drois aRqma
Barbara Adam
Perceptions of time
Summaries
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
malxaz Toria
droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang
gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”
drois
gancdis
TaviseburebaSi
vlindeba
kulturis
xasiaTi.
adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdeloba drois aRqmis erT-erTi
formaa. droze zemoqmedeba xdeba misi Senelebis, aCqarebis, warsulis
kvlavwarmoebis, momavlis movlenebze zegavlenis da sxva formiT. droze
zemoqmedebis
saxeebi
erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebodes.
epoqebs/realobas
specifikuri
miTosuri
SeiZleba
droze
formebi
da
kulturebis
magaliTad,
zemoqmedebis
axasiaTebs.
qristianuli
da
epoqebis
miTosur
da
erTmaneTisagan
amasTan,
qristianul
gansxvavebuli,
sxvadasxva
cnobiereba,
mixedviT
kulturaSi
droze
zemoqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT, Taviseburad vlindeba.
droze zemoqmedebis sakiTxs Sua saukuneebis qarTveli istorikosis
juanSeris Txzulebis “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da islandieli
avtoris snori sturlusonis “haimskringlas” safuZvelze ganvixilavT.
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis teqstis safuZvelze
droze
zemoqmedebis
sakiTxis
kvlevam,
SesaZloa,
xeli
Seuwyos
am
periodis saqarTveloSi drois gancdis Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. es,
Tavis mxriv, waadgeba qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevas,
radgan “naklebad moiZebneba kulturis iseTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic mis
arss ise gamoxatavdes, rogorc es drois gagebaSi vlindeba”1.
meTodologiuri
TvalsazrisiT,
Cven
lokalur-civilizaciur
midgomas vemyarebiT. droze zemoqmedebis kuTxiT, qarTuli specifikis
warmosaCenad aucilebelia sxva kulturul realobasTan misi Sedareba,
komparativistuli meTodis gamoyeneba. komparativistika tipiurad msgavsi,
Tanazomadi
faqtebis
Sedarebas
gulisxmobs.
Tumca,
garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, gadaxveva SesaZlebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom juanSeris
teqsti da “haimskringla” sxvadasxva Janrs ganekuTvneba da sxvadasxva
epoqebSi
1
Seiqmna,
Cveni
azriT,
juanSeris
Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М ., 1984, c. 19.
da
snoris
nawarmoebebis
erTmaneTTan Sedareba, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mainc SesaZlebelia: 1.
arc
“cxovreba
vaxtang
gorgasalisa”
da
arc
“haimskringla”
erTi
konkretuli Janris farglebSi ar Tavsdeba, amitom Znelia romelime
calsaxad
SevadaroT
miuxedavad
amisa,
qronikas,
orive
mxatvrul
Txzuleba
an
sxva
tipis
saqarTvelos
teqsts;
da
2.
skandinaviis
(norvegiis, islandiis, SvedeTis da a.S.) istoriis wyaros warmoadgens; 3.
orive teqsti im periods asaxavs, roca qristianoba axali damkvidrebuli
iyo an mkvidrdeboda.
islandieli istorikosis snori sturlusonis “haimskringla” (sagebi
norvegiel konungebze) XIII saukunis skandinaviuri literaturis Zeglia.
masSi aRwerilia norvegiisa da CrdiloeT evropis sxva qveynebis istoria.
saga folklorisa da literaturis zRvarze myofi Janria. sagebSi Zalian
didia
zepirsityvierebis
gavlena,
Tumca
Caweris
dros
folkoruli
masalebi aucileblad ganicdida transformacias. “saga warmoiSva im
sazogadoebaSi, sadac istoriuli da mxatvruli literatura mkafiod ar
iyo erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. saga erTic aris da meorec, da amitom is
arc istoriaa da arc romani1.
juanSeris “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” XI saukuneSi daiwera
(sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad _ VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi). juanSeris teqsti
qarTlis
cxovrebis
saistorio
Janris
mosazrebiT,
krebulSi
farglebSi
“cxovreba
gamsWvaluli
da
Sedis,
zustad
vaxtang
imgvari
Tumca
ar
Sua
Tavsdeba.
gorgasalisa”
daujerebeli
is
iv.javaxiSvilis
“iseTi
cnobebiT
saukuneebis
aris
kiloTi
aRsavse,
aris
rom
zRapars ufro miagavs, vidre namdvil istorias”2.
Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli SexedulebiT, drois meufe RmerTi iyo.
netari avgustine Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs
RmerTs: “Seni dRevandeli
dRe maradisobaa... yvela dro Sen Sehqmeni da yvela droze uwinaresi
xar... ar arsebula iseTi dro, roca Sen ar Segeqmnas rame, aki Sena xar
TviT
drois
samrekloebidan
Semoqmedi3.
zarebis
Sesabamisad,
rekviT
qristianuli
regulirdeboda
drois
eklesiebis
mdinareba.
eklesia krZalavda muSaobas sadResaswaulo dReebSi, awesebda marxvis
periods; mosaxseniebeli locvebis da wirvebis saSualebiT, romelic
1
Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага. М., 1972, с. 15-16.
javaxiSvili iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t.VII. Tb., 1977, gv. 19.
3 netari avgustine. aRsarebani. Tb., 1995, gv. 232.
2
gardacvlilTa
imqveyniuri
tanjvebis
Semsubuqebas
isaxavda
miznad,
eklesia saiqios drois msvlelobaSic ereoda, radgan aseTi liturgiebic
garkveul periodSi tardeboda.
warmarTobasa da qristianobas Soris urTierToba skandinaviaSi da
saqarTveloSi sxadasxvagvarad warimarTa, rac aisaxa kidec, erTis mxriv,
“haimskringlaSi” da, meore mxriv, juanSeris teqstSi.
skandinaviaSi
qristianobam,
ra
Tqma
unda,
Searyia
warmarTuli
msoflmxedveloba, Tumca is Zireulad ar Seucvlia. marTalia, sagebSi
qristianoba
SedarebiT
oficialurad
upiratesadaa
Zlieria
da
warmodgenili,
warmarTul
magram
cnobierebasTan
“skadinaviuri,
da
gansakuTrebiT, islandiuri Sua saukuneebis qristianoba sakmaod Txel
fenas
warmoadgenda,
warmodgena
da
romlis
crurwmena,
qveS
dafaruli
romlebic
iyo
saTaves
sxvadasxva
winaqristianul
rwmenaxanaSi
iReben”1.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze qristianoba Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli
saukuneebidanve mZlavrad ikidebs fexs. ufro metic,
zogierTi avtori
ukve meoTxe saukunidan saqarTveloSi jvarosnuli msoflmxedvelobis
msgavsi
samxedro-qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobis
arsebobasac
ki
varaudobs. aleqsandre TvaraZis azriT, es juanSeris teqstSi mkafiod
Cans:
“samxedro-qristianuli
msoflmxedveloba
Tavisi
dasrulebuli
saxiT saqarTveloSi faqtiurad ukve fiqsirdeba mexuTe saukuneSi, xolo
amis Sesaxeb istorikosi wers
saukunis
Sua
droisTvisac
xanebSi.
merve saukuneSi an kidev meTerTmete
Sesabamisad,
aqtualuria,
aRniSnuli
radgan
msoflmxedveloba
gansakuTrebiT
Sua
am
saukuneebSi
Seqmnili nawarmoebebi yovelTvis Seesabamebian saxelmwifos an publikis
interesebs”2.
“haimskringlasa” da “vaxtang gorgasalis cxovrebaSi” qristianobis
gavlenis gansxvavebuloba droze zemoqmedebis saxeebSic Cans. sagebSi
fiqsirdeba droze zemoqmedebis rogorc qristianuli, aseve warmarTuli
formebi.
juanSeris
teqstSi
Cvens
mier
dafiqsirebuli
droze
zemoqmedebis xerxi, umTavresad, qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi
jdeba.
1
2
Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 166.
TvaraZe a. saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 19.
rogorc
eklesias
aRvniSneT,
hqonda,
Sua
Tumca
saukuneebSi
adamianebi
drois
zogjer
kontrolis
funqcia
ereodenen
mis
am
kompetenciaSi.
“haimskringlaSi” aRwerili erTi pasaJi amaze naTlad miuTiTebs::
konungi olaf xaraldsoni gadawyvets, sikvdiliT dasajos erTerTi didgvarovani, romelmac misi msaxuri mokla. rogorc avtori
aRniSnavs,
aRdgomis
konungi gansakuTrebiT imitom
dResaswaulis
dReebSi
iyo
ganrisxda, rom mkvleloba
Cadenili.
sikvdilmisjilis
megobrebi cdiloben, ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana rogorme kvira dRemde,
anu
im
dromde
gadaadebinon,
roca
sikvdiliT
dasja
akrZalulia.
amisaTvis isini konungs xan imaSi arwmuneben, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis
sikvdiliT dasja RamiT, xan imaSi, rom jer saTanado dro ar damdgara.
SabaTs sikvdilmisjilis megobrebi mRvdels moisyidian da avaleben,
rom roca konungi
trapezs daamTavrebda, zustad im dros zarisTvis
Camoekra, raTa emcno “heglaris”, anu im dRis dadgoma, roca yvelanairi
saqmis keTeba da, miTumetes, sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. trapezis
Semdeg olafma ver moaswro mkvlelis moyvanis brZanebis gacema, radan
zaris rekvis xma gaisma da mas uTxres, rom wminda dro dadga. sanam
konungi eklesiaSi loculobda, kvira dRec movida da sikvdiliT dasja
isev gadaido.
am moTxrobis mixedviT Cans, rom
drois
meufe da makontrolebeli
eklesiaa (SabaTis da kviris wminda dReebad miCneva, saaTis dadgena
eklesiis zarebis rekviT, eklesiaSi misvla gansazRvrul dros). Tumca
isic Cans, rom adamiansac ZaluZs “daaCqaros” an “Seanelos” drois
msvleloba. amis magaliTia mRvdlis mosyidva, raTa man droze adre
amcnos adamianebs “wminda drois” dadgoma.
Tumca aRsaniSnavia is faqti,
rom RamiT sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvis tradicia ukve kanonieri da
ukanono mokvlis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmarTuli warmodgenidan modis1.
sagaSi
romlebic
saubaria
agreTve
damaxasiaTebelia
droze
zemoqmedebis
warmarTuli
momavalTan damokidebulebis xasiaTs::
xanisaTvis;
sxva
isini
formebzec,
gviCvenebs
CrdiloeTSi warmarTul epoqaSi
yovelwliurad marTavdnen nadimebs da msxverplSewirvebs, raTa kargi da
mosavliani weli yofiliyo.
1
Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 38-39.
konungi flobda saidumlo Zalas, romlis
meSveobiTac is drois sasikeTo dinebas da sakuTari xalxis warmatebebs
uzvrunvelyofda. droze zemoqmedebis unari mmarTvelis pirad Tvisebebze
ar
iyo
damokidebuli.
am
unars
magiuri
xasiaTi
hqonda.
sakuTriv
Zalaufleba sakraluri iyo. konungs gansakuTrebuli urTierToba hqonda
zebunebriv ZalebTan. amitom mas SeeZlo gavlena moexdina drosa da
mosavalze ara marto sicocxlis dros, aramed sikvdilis Semdegac.
“inglingebis sagaSi” saubaria, rom konung domaldis dros SvedeTSi
mosavali ar movida da xalxi SimSilobda. amitom ufsalaSi didi
msxverplSewirva moewyo. pirvel wels msxverplad xarebi miitanes, magram
amiT situacia ar gamosworebula; meore wels msxverplad ukve adamianebi
Seswires,
Tumca
amasac
ar
mohyolia
Sedegi.
maSin
miiCnies,
rom
SimSilobis mizezi TviTon domaldi iyo da msxverlplad misi Sewirva
gadawyvites. konungi mokles da sakurTxeveli misi sisxliT mobanes. amis
Semdeg, domaldis Svilis dros, qveyanaSi kargi mosavali movida da
mSvidobac damyarda.
sagaSi aseve gadmocemulia legenda, romlis mixedviT konungi auni
sicocxlis gasaxangrZliveblad odins Tavis Svilebs swiravda1.
winaqristianul xanaSi
momavlis ganWvreta uSualod ukavSirdeba
bedisweris ideas. samyaros da adamianis cxovrebas bedi
veravin
gaeqceva.
is
realuria
adamianis
TvalSi,
marTavs da mas
magram
aranairi
WeSmariteba ar gaaCnia. amitom bedis Sesaxeb SeiZleba, mxolod imkiTxao.
bedi winaswar sxvadasxva formiT avlens Tavs, magaliTad, grZneuli
sizmrebis saxiT. adamianebi grZneul sizmrebs maSin xedaven, roca maT
cxovrebaSi kritikul momenti dgeba da roca bedi “axlosaa”.
“olaf triugvasonis sagis” mixedviT, norvegiis mmarTveli iarl
xakoni iZulebuli gaxda, gaqceuliyo da damalvoda konung olafis
bondebs, romlebic gabrazebuli iyvnen misi meqalTaneobis gamo. iarlis
monam karkma sizmari naxa, romelic, iarlis azriT, misi Svilis sikvdils
moaswavebda (is marTlac mokla olaf triugvasonma). Semdeg karkma meore
sizmaric naxa, romelic iarlma ukve Tavisi sikvdilis momaswaveblad
miiCnia. mdevrebis SiSiT iarli Tavisi sayvarlis daxmarebiT msaxurTan
erTad saRoreSi daimala. aqac naxa msaxurma sizmari, romelSic iarlma
mosalodeli sikvdlis niSnebi amoicno. misi TqmiT, mas Tavisive msaxuri
1
Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 29-31.
uRalatebda da mters gadascemda da amis Semdeg olafi sikvdiliT
dasjida mas. sabolood es asec moxda1.
rogorc vxedavT, islandiur sagebSi mkafiod fiqsirdeba droze
zemoqmedebis
TavisTavad
rogorc
qristianuli,
ganpirobebulia
imiT,
aseve
rom
warmarTuli
skandinaviaSi
formebi.
es
warmarToba
da
qristianoba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tanaarsebobda.
juanSeris
“cxovreba
qristianuli
vaxtang
providencializmiT.
winaswargansazRvruli
da
aq
gorgasalisa”
yvelaferi
yvelaferi
misi
gamsWvalulia
RmerTis
nebiT
mier
xdeba.
aris
droze
zemoqmedebis formebic qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi jdeba. sanam
uSualod
magaliTebze
gadavalT,
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
qristianuli
religiis dominirebis pirobebSi droze zemoqmedebis formebi, SeiZleba,
ise
cxadad
ar
GCans,
rogorc
es
islandiur
Txzulebisagan,
juanSeris
gansxvavebiT
snoris
zemoqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT
adamianis
roli
sagebSi
gvxvdeba.
teqstSi
friad
droze
mokrZalebulia,
Tumca garkveuli miniSnebebi amis Taobaze mainc aris.
Cveni yuradReba ramdenime momentma miiqcia. im monakveTSi, romelic
vaxtang mefis osebis winaaRmdeg laSqrobas asaxavs, juanSeri wers:
“da vaxtang mefe ganvida qalaqiT mcxeTiT, da ganasrulna spani
Tvisni
da
ganasxna:
moewonnes
simravliTa,
cxenkeTilobiTa
da
mokazmulobiTa, da ixilna yovelni igi mxiarulad da azarviT, rameTu
savseni
iyvnes
SuriTa
ovsTaTa.
aRivso
sixaruliTa
da
madlobda
RmerTsa. Semovida qalaqad, da aRasrula Svideuli erTi locviTa, da
marxviTa, da Ramis-TeviTa2.
miuxedavad imisa, rom brZolis win mefe mkacr religiur ritualebs
aRasrulebs,
igi
TviTneburad
amcirebs
locvis
dros.
igi
kviris
(Svideuli) locvas erT locviT, marxviT da RamisTeviT moistumrebs. es,
ra Tqma unda, racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo, radgan win brZola
elodeboda, magram man mainc daarRvia is WeSmariteba, rom dro mxolod
RmerTs ekuTvnis.
1
2
Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 41-43.
juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. // qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 151.
meore
momenti
SeiZleba,
RamiT
brZolis
Tu
adamianis
mokvlis
akrZalvis tradicias exmaureba (rogorc islandiur sagaSi). Tumca is
qristianuli saburveliT aris dafaruli.
saerTod,
xelovnuri
unda
aRiniSnos,
sinaTle
rom
iSviaToba
Sua
iyo,
saukuneebSi,
Rame
safrTxis
“maSin
roca
momaswaveblad
miiCneoda. amitom Rame ketavdnen karebs eklesiebSi, cixeebSi. qalaqebSi
ayenebdnen
Caidenda
Ramis
guSagebs.
danaSauls.
cdunebis,
magram,
moCvenebebis
merzeburgelis
gansakuTrebiT
da
azriT,
umTavresad
eSmakis
RmerTma
dro
dRe
isjeboda
is,
vinc
Rame
zebunebrivi
iyo.
XI
safrTxis,
saukuneSi,
cocxlebs
aCuqa,
RamiT
titmar
Rame
ki
micvalebulebs. Rame kudianebis da demonebis sakuTreba iyo. meores
mxriv, berebisaTvis da mistikosebisaTvis Rames upiratesi mniSvneloba
hqonda,
radgan
am
dros
mimdinareobda
sulieri
brZola,
am
dros
fxizlobdnen da loculobdnen”1. vaxtangi erT SemTxvevaSi icavs am
tradicias da, rogorc samagaliTo qristiani, Rames locvisTvis iyenebs.
es Cans im pasaJSi, romelic “goliaT” TarxanTan vaxtangis SebrZolebas
asaxavs:
“da daRamda dRe igi,
da vaxtang Sevida karvad Tvisad. da dadga
locvad, da cremliTa evedreboda RmerTsa, da vidre ganTenebadmde ara
dajda que locvisagan: iTxovda RmrTisagan Sewevnasa. da mindobiTa
RmrTisaTa eguleboda TviTbrZola Tarxanisi ...
viTar
ganTena,
kualad
STamovida
Tarxan
kidesa
mdinarisasa,
ayuedrebda kualad, da iTxovda muqarasa”2.
vaxtangi
pirvelive
Setevisas
klavs
Tarxans,
miwaze
davardeba,
RmerTs Tayvans scems da ambobs: “kurTxeul xar Sen, ufalo, romelman
moavline angelozi Seni da daeci mteri Cemi!”3.
aq pirdapir araa naTqvami, magram garkveuli miTiTeba aris imaze,
rom RamiT brZolis dro ar aris.
Tumca meore adgilas, rodesac juanSeri sparselebTan brZolas
aRwers, gorgasalma am mxrivac gamoiCina garkveuli “TviTneboba”:
“Ramesa nislisagan ganciskrebulsa oden daesxa vaxtang sparsTa
zeda... da ciskari ra aReReboda, daesxa da Sevlo vidre palatamde
1
Ле Гофф Ж. Цивилизация средневекового Запада. Екатеринбург, 2005, с. 217.
juanSeri, gv. 152.
3 juanSeri, gv. 153.
2
mefisa. Sevida karavsa Sina
mefisasa da mefe Seeswra cxensa zeda, da Ze
misi bartam mokla da mohkueTa Tavi misi1.
anu, am SemTxvevaSi vaxtangi locvisaTvis gankuTvnil dros _ RamiT
_
mters Tavs daesxa.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sagaSi adamiani bedisweris ganaCens da
momavlis
Sesaxeb
informacias
grZneuli
sizmaris
meSveobiT
igebs.
juaneSrTan momavalis gageba Tu masze zemoqmedeba wmindad qristianuli
xilvebis meSveobiT xdeba. xilvebs RmerTi rCeul adamianebs uvlens da
amiT mis Tu qveynis momavalze niSans aZlevs. TxzulebaSi “cxovreba
vaxtang gorgasalisa” aseTi xilvis Sesaxeb informacias im monakveTSi
vxvdebiT,
sadac
osebTan
omis
bizantielebis
mere
winaaRmdeg
moulodnelia
omzea
pasaJi,
saubari.
rodesac
warmarT
gorgasali
sparselebTan erTad qristianuli bizantiis winaaRmdeg midis saomrad.
gorgasals
daqvemdebarebuli jaris nawilebi, ZiriTadad sparselebi,
angreven eklesiebs da xocaven sasuliero pirebs. gorgaslis brZanebiT,
Sewydeba es devna, Tumca gaTavisuflebuli berZeni mRvdeli petre ridiT
etyvis, rom miuxedavad amisa, manamde qristianebis xocviT mefem mainc
ganarisxa RmerTi. mRvdeli Txovs, rom vaxtangs sparselebis nacvlad
keisarTan hqondes kargi urTierToba. vaxtangi pasuxobs: Tu am Rames
locviT
keisars
miCvenebT,
maSin
dagijereb,
rom
Seni
ganzraxva
qristesTvisac sasurveliao.
gorgasals ZilSi gamoecxadeba wminda nino, romelsac igi zecisa da
qveynis mefeebis winaSe mihyavs. zeciuri meufe, am SemTxvevaSi, aris
grigol nazianzeli, xolo qveynis mbrZanebeli _ bizantiis imperatori.
bizantiis imperatori taxtze Tavis gverdiT uTavisuflebs gorgasals
adgils, uboZebs Zvirfas beWeds da Semdeg mimarTavs mas:
“ukeTu gnebavs, raTa mogce gvirgvini, aRuTqvi vin-ese dgas Cven zeda,
raTa hbrZodi mterTa misTa da miiRe misgan gvirgvini. moixila vaxtang
da ixila jvari, romelsa frTeTa misTa zeda aqvnda gvirgvini. da
umetesad xilvaman jvarisaman dasca SeZrwuneba, rameTu usaSineles iyo
zari misi. da dadumna . . . da mihyo xeli keisarman da moiRo gvirgvini
jvarisagan da daarqva gvirgvini igi vaxtangs Tavsa”2.
1
2
juanSeri, gv. 202.
juanSeri, gv. 167.
xilvis mere vaxtangi bizantielebis mxares gadadis, ikvreba kavSiri
keisarTan.
es
ukanaskneli
sparselebisagan
saidumlod
gorgasals
gvirgvins da jvars gaugzavnis. mefobis erTgvari legitimacia qristes
da jvris xeldasxmiT xdeba. gorgasali realobaSi iRebs imas, rac
sizmarSi ixila. TiTqos ise Cans, rom am xilvaSi adamianis xeli ar
urevia,
magram
sayuradReboa
momenti,
rodesac
vaxtangi
sasuliero
pirebisagan locviT xilvis gamowvevas moiTxovs. anu, es xilva vaxtangis
Zalisxmevis Sedegi iyo da, Sesabamisad, misi momavalic aman gansazRvra.
am
pasaJSic
Cans,
rom
vaxtangis
xelisufleba
sakraluria.
oRond,
skandinavieli konungebisagan gansxvavebiT, is Zaluflebas RmerTisagan
iRebs, da ara warmarTuli xanis zebunebrivi Zalebisagan.
zemoT
qristianuli
moyvanili
magaliTebis
cnobierebis
konteqstSi
mixedviT,
jdeba.
juanSeris
magram
teqsti
sainteresoa,
am
Txzulebis avtorisa da personaJebis drosTan damokidebuleba mxolod
qristianuli
safuZvels,
religiiTaa
vfiqrobT,
ganpirobebuli?
is
garemoeba
aseTi
iZleva,
rom
kiTxvis
dasmis
“cxovreba
vaxtang
gorgasalisa” calsaxad ar Tavsdeba erTi romelime Janris farglebSi.
am
TxzulebaSi
saukuneebis
mravlad
mxatvruli
moipoveba
eposisTvis
literaturisaTvis
da,
zogadad,
damaxasiaTebeli
Sua
pasaJebi.
juanSeris teqstSic (im monakveTebSi, sadac msgavsi momentebi Cndeba) xom
ar
SeiniSneba
droisadmi
iseTi
midgoma,
rogoric
mxatvruli
literaturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli? rogorc cnobilia, eposis da,
saerTod, Suasaukuneebis mxatvruli literaturis maorganizebeli Zala
sivrcea da ara dro, upiratesia “sad”, vidre “rodis”. faqtobrivad, dro
sivrcobrivad gaiazreba. sxvadasxva drois personaJebi Tu
xdomilebebi
asaxulia gverdigverd, rogorc erTiani suraTis nawilebi.
magaliTad,
nibelungebis eposSi gmirebi sxvadasxva dros da sivrces ekuTvnian. isini
xSirad gadian TavianTi qronotopidan da erT qronotopSi iyrian Tavs.
gadian Tu ara juanSeris teqstis personaJebi TavianTi qronotopidan?
ras
mivaweroT
juanSeris
Txzulebis
qronologiuri
aRrevebi
_
qronotopidan gasvlas Tu sxva mizezs? saerTod, juanSeris teqstis
“Janrobrivi
ekleqtizmi”
msoflaRqmis
sxvadasxva
xom
ar
tipis
da,
gvaZlevs
Sesabamisad,
SesaZleblobas,
drois
masSi
gansxvavebuli
gagebebis erTdroulad arseboba davafiqsiroT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema amjerad ar xerxdeba, magram isini aucileblad moiTxovs kvlevas
imisaTvis,
gaviazroT.
rom
qarTul
kulturaSi
drois
aRqmis
problema
ukeT
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
qeTevan kakitelaSvili
kulturuli procesebis marTva VV-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli
teqstebis mixedviT
Cveni mizania, Tvali mivadevnoT V-XI saukuneebSi qarTul kulturul
sivrceSi
kulturuli
kulturuli
procesebis
gavlenebis
gadarCevisa
da,
marTvas,
gaazrebuli
Sesabamisad,
rac
xorcieldeboda
limitaciiT,
istoriuli
mexsierebis
informaciis
gansazRvriT,
qarTuli kulturis da kulturuli sivrcis mizanmimarTuli formirebiT,
rac
Semdgom
kulturuli/eTnikuri
identurobisa
da
saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxda.
es
sakiTxi
maxasiaTeblebis
ufro,
ganxilulia
gansazRvris
kulturuli
qarTuli
WrilSi:
procesebis
kulturis
nebismieri
warmarTva
tipologiuri
politikis
da,
warmoudgenelia
miT
miznis,
samoqmedo gegmis, meTodis, droiTi perspeqtivis mkafiod gansazRvris
gareSe.
qmedebas.
yovelive
es
Sesabamisad,
imTaviTve
Cven
gamoricxavs
SegviZlia
intuitiur
visaubroT
da
qarTuli
qaotur
kulturis
garkveul tipologiur maxasiaTeblebze _ racionalizmi, pragmatizmi,
droisadmi damokidebuleba, inovaciuroba/tradiciuloba _ Cvens mier
Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze. es aris V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli
naratiuli
wyaroebis
jgufi.
am
teqstebis
analizi,
fragmentebi,
romlebic, Cveni azriT, aseTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleva,
qvemoT iqneba motanili, ase rom, Tavad geqnebaT am daskvnis gamotanis
procesisaTvis Tvalis midevnebis SesaZlebloba.
statiis miznidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia ganisazRvros kulturis
tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis arsi da kulturasTan misi mimarTebis
sakiTxi.
am
safuZvelze
gamoikveTeba
qarTuli
kulturis
kvlevis
SesaZlebloba da marTebuli, Secdomebisagan maqsimalurad dazRveuli
gza.
kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba,
romelic am sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa
da
azrovnebis
formaSi
vlindeba
da
dakavSirebulia
koleqtiuri
fsiqikis
fenomenTan.
TvisebaTa
es
kompleqsi
droSi
met-naklebad
ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia da mas
“erovnul” an “kulturul xasiaTs” uwodeben. rogor xdeba kulturul
maxasiaTebelTa
kompleqsis
formireba,
Zneli
saTqmelia.
aq,
albaT,
ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia
rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan, aseve gare
faqtorebis (geografiuli da socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad,
maT urTierTzemoqmedebasTan.
kulturis
maxasiaTeblebi,
marTalia,
nela,
magram
mainc
icvleba
konkretuli kulturis istoriuli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uamravi
Sida da gare faqtoris gavleniT. ase rom, Tu romelime kulturis
ganviTarebis/istoriis/arsebobis
kontinuums
davakvirdebiT,
SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, rom miuxedavad maxasiaTebelTa mdgradi xasiaTisa, droSi
mniSvnelovnad dacilebuli ori periodi radikalurad gansxvavdebuli
iyos
erTmaneTisagan
swored
maxasiaTebelTa
TvalsazrisiT
da,
Sesabamisad, tipologiuradac.
kulturul
maxasiaTeblebs
daaxloebiT
saukunenaxevaria
ikvleven
eTnofsiqologebi da kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba
sxvadasxva
xasiaTi,
terminiT
aRiniSneba:
erovnuli
(xalxis)
suli,
erovnuli
kulturuli (eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba,
mentaloba da a.S. magram unda iTqvas, rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc
“mouxelTebelia”,
bolomde
axsnili
ar
aris
da,
SesaZloa,
arc
eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba
zustad
aixsnas,
aseve
(da
miT
ufro)
warmoudgenelia
koleqtiuri
xasiaTis erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra. es azri Zalian mkafiod aqvs
gadmocemuli g. gaCevs: “erovnuli xasiaTi... Zalian “cbieri” da Znelad
xelCasaWidi “materiaa”. grZnob, rom is arsebobs, magram rogorc ki
ecdebi misi sityvebiT gansazRvras, is xelidan gisxlteba da grZnob, rom
banalobebs ambob, imas, rac axasiaTebs ara mxolod am konkretul,
aramed
sxva
nebismier
ersac.
am
saSiSroebis
Tavidan
acileba
ar
SeiZleba, SeiZleba mxolod mudmivad gaxsovdes is, cdilobde masTan
brZolas, magram ara gamarjvebas”1.
1
Гачев Г. Национальные образы мира. М., 1988. с.55.
aqedan gamomdinareobs yvela is pirobiToba, romelic kulturul
maxasiaTeblebTan
aris
dakavSirebuli
da
romelic
aucileblad
gasaTvaliswinebelia am Temaze saubrisas.
ama Tu im kulturis kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, sworad
iyos
danaxuli
kulturisa
da
kulturuli
maxasiaTeblebis
urTierTmimarTebis problema. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom maxasiaTeblebi
ki ar qmnian kulturis xasiaTs, aramed kulturaSi, misi ganviTarebis
cocxal procesSi xdeba am maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibeba. Sesabamisad,
Cven
unda
vecadoT,
gamovlena
ukve
SeviswavloT
ar
movaxdinoT
dadgenil
da
ama
Tu
maxasiaTebelTa
davafiqsiroT
garkveul
im
kulturis
sqemaze
xasiaTis
morgebiT,
maxasiaTebelTa
aramed
gamovlenis
formebi konkretul kulturaSi. aseTi midgoma naklebad sqematizebuli,
gacilebiT produqtiuli da realobasTan miaxloebuli iqneba.
ratom VV-XI saukuneebi
miuxedavad
imisa,
ugulebelyofen,
Tavgzac
rom
Tvlian
agvibnios”,
ra,
Cven
bolo
rom
vTvliT,
periodSi
“Soreulma
rom
istorias
wiaRsvlebma
aseTi
xSirad
SesaZloa
“wiaRsvlebis”
gareSe
“Tavgzis abnevis” meti saSiSroeba arsebobs. CvenTvis V-XI saukuneebi
mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac am periodSi yalibdeba erTiani qarTuli
kulturis
safuZvlebi,
identuroba
da
bizantiuri
kulturuli
mkafiod
ikveTeba
TviTidentifikacia,
sivrcis
qarTvelTa
TvalnaTelia
ganapira
kulturuli
qarTuli
kulturis
kulturidan
kavkasiuri
kulturuli erTobis birTvad transformacisaTvis safuZvlis mzadeba.
Cveni
statiis
kulturuli
miznidan
procesebis
gamomdinare,
gaazrebul
da
SesaZlebelia
davakvirdeT
mizanmimarTul
marTvas
am
V-XI
saukuneebis zogierTi qarTuli naratiuli wyaros analizis safuZvelze.
aqve unda aRiniSnos am periodis Tavisebureba im TvalsazrisiT, rom
am dros nebismieri azri yalibdeba da gamoiTqmis religiuri formiT,
religiuri terminebiT da RmerTis umaRlesi avtoritetze dayrdnobiT.
swored
qarTul
amis
gamo
kulturuli
teritoriebze
procesebis
eklesiis
marTva
farglebSi
V-XI
saukuneebis
mimdinareobs,
ramac
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia marTvis formasa da Sinaarsze. nebismier
epoqaSi
kulturuli
politika
saxelmwifo
politikis
nawilia.
saqarTveloSi erTiani
am
process
eklesia
saukuneebis
saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi, bunebrivia,
warmarTavda.
ZiriTadi
zemoxsenebuli
religiuri
Tumca, asec
rom
ar iyos, V-XI
faseulobis
(religiis)
gaTvaliswinebiT,
mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli
qristianobasTan,
procesebi
moRvaweobis
sferosTan.
garda
amisa,
religia
iyo
kulturuli identurobis ZiriTadi safuZveli da swored misi meSveobiT
xdeboda eTnikuri identurobis sxva elementebis (magaliTad, ena) win
wamoweva da gamyareba.
ra aris kulturuli procesebis marTva
Tu vaRiarebT, rom kulturuli dinamika, kulturis saxis formireba
cocxali da spontanuri procesia, ramdenad SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes
is marTvas? ver vityviT, rom nebismieri kulturuli procesi sruliad
iyos
racionalurad
kulturuli
xerxisa
marTvadi.
procesis
da
marTuli
gacnobierebuli
saSualebis
arCeva,
SeiZleba
mxare,
albaT,
Tumca,
iyos
mxolod
Tavad
marTvis
naklebad
eqvemdebareba
gacnobierebas da kulturis TaviseburebiT aris gansazRvruli. amitom,
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
SesaZlebloba,
rom
rogorc
kulturuli
procesebis
faqti,
aris
Tavad
cnobieri
kulturis
marTvis
Taviseburebis
gansazRvris saSualeba, xolo am procesebis marTvis aracnobieri xerxi
Tavad
SeiZleba
iyos
dakvirvebis
obieqti
da
aseve
miuTiTebdes
kulturul specifikaze.
ratom wyaroebi
istoriuli
teqstebi
saukeTeso
masalaa,
zogadad,
kulturis
kvlevisaTvis, radgan maTi meSveobiT kultura sakuTar Tavs Tavadve
xsnis da uamrav kiTxvaze gvTavazobs pasuxs.
xasgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
rom maTi mravalmxrivi analizi aucilebelia maSin, rodesac garkveuli
kulturis
Seswavlasa
gansazRvraze
wyaroebi
gvaqvs
kulturuli
Camoyalibebis
da
misi
pretenzia.
tipologiuri
Cvens
procesebis
gacnobierebuli
da
Tu
SemTxvevaSi
marTvisa
da
sxva
ki
aspeqtebis
V-XI
qarTuli
mizanmimarTuli
saukunis
kulturis
politikisaTvis
Tvalis gadevnebis unikalur saSualebas gvaZlevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas,
rodesac
vsaubrobT
kulturul
maxasiaTeblebsa
da
maT
droSi
transformaciaze:
es
teqstebi
am
processac
asaxavs
da
gamqrali
cnobieri kompleqsebis dafiqsirebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs.
wyaros
interpretacia
TavisTavad
sakamaTo
sakiTxia,
radgan
es
mravalgvarad SeiZleba gakeTdes. Tumca, es garemoeba, Cveni azriT, kidev
ufro zrdis wyaros mniSvnelobas da maTze muSaobis momxibvlelobas.
wyaroebi, romelTac Cven veyrdnobiT, miekuTvnebian V-XI saukuneebis
qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis jgufs, kerZod, agiografiul Txzulebebs.
esenia ~wameba SuSanikisi dedoflisa” (iakob xucesi, V s.), ~martviloba
da moTmineba evstaTi mcxeTelisa” (ucnobi avtori, VI s.), ~wameba haboisi”
(ioane sabanisZe, VIII s.), ~konstantine-kaxais martviloba” (ucnobi avtori,
IX s.), ~cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi” (basili zarzmeli, X s.),
~gobronis martviloba” (stefane mtbevari, X s.), ~Sroma da moRvaweoba
grigolisi” (giorgi merCule, X s.), ~cxoreba ioanesi da efTvimesi”
(giorgi
mTawmindeli,
XI
s.),
~cxoreba
da
moqalaqoba
giorgi
mTawmindelisa” (giorgi mcire, XI s.), ~abibos nekreselis martviloba”
(IX-X ss.), ~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba” (ucnobi avtori, X s.), ~cxra Zma
kolaelTa martviloba” (ucnobi avtori, IX s.), ~daviT da konstantines
wameba” (ucnobi avtori, ), ~cxorebai ioane zedaznelisai”, ”cxovreba
Sioisi
da
evagresi”,
~cxorebai
daviT
garejelisai”.
agiografiuli
Txzulebebi, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, or jgufad
SeiZleba
daiyos:
pirvelSi
erTiandeba
“SuSanikis
wameba”,
”evstaTi
mcxeTelis wameba”, nawilobriv, asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi, “cxoreba da
moqalaqoba
serapionisi”,
“kolael
yrmaTa
wameba”,
~gobronis
martviloba”, ~konstantine kaxais wameba”, ~daviT da konstantines wameba”,
sadac
ar
aris
ganmsazRvrelia
aqcentirebuli
mxolod
kulturuli
sarwmunoebrivi
da
faqtori;
eTnikuri
da
aspeqtebi,
meore,
sadac
SeiZleba gaerTiandes ~abos wameba”, “Sroma da moRvaweoba grigolisi”,
“cxoreba da moqalaqoba giorgi mTawmidelisa”, ~ilarion qarTvelis
cxovreba, “cxovreba ioanesi da efTvimesi”, sadac religiuri faqtori
aucileblad
ikveTeba
kulturul
faqtorebTan
_
enasTan,
eTnikurobasTan; religia, am TvalsazrisiT, kulturuli identurobis
safuZvelia
qristianul
da
individis
samyarosTan,
identificirebas
aramed
axdens
sivrcesTan,
ara
romelic
zogadad
swored
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa am erTian qristianul sivrceSi. es
teqstebi SegviZlia miviCnioT kulturuli procesebis marTvis, erTis
mxriv, saSualebad, meore mxriv,
deklaraciad.
magaliTebi, albaT, ufro TvalsaCinos gaxdis zemoTqmuls. pirveli
jgufis
teqstebSi
eTnikuri
warmomavloba
ar
aris
aRniSnuli
(gamonaklisia daviT da konstantines wameba _ ~iyvnes wmidani ese mowameni
daviT da konstantine qarTvelni”, 152)1:
“asuli vardanisi, somexTa spaspetisa” (iakob xucesi, 26)2.
“ese netari... aRmocenda qveyanasa klarjeTisasa mSobelTagan RirsTa”
(serapioni, 88).
~yovlad qebuli mamai Cueni aRmoecena queyanisagan Suamdinarisa...
pirvel xsenebulisa queyanisagan momRebel ars naTesaobasa miwierisa
mamulisasa sanatreli ese kaci” (~cxorebai ioane zedaznelisai”, 13).
~ese wmidai... mamai Sio iyo queyaniT asureTisaiT, didiT miT RmrTis
qalaqiT antioqiaiT... mSobelTa RmrTis msaxurTa da aznaurTa Svili”
(~cxorebai Sioisi da evagresi”, 71).
~gamomRebeli vidreme mamuli amis Rirsisa... mamisa Suamdinare Relisa
asureTisa iyofebis” (~cxorebai daviT garejelisai”, 146).
~kaci ese iyo warCinebul friad didad yovelsa qveyanasa qarTlisasa”
(~kostanti kaxis wameba”, 132).
rogorc vxedavT, am frazebSi ar aris eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis
aRmniSvneli
terminebi,
aramed
aRniSnulia
maTi
kavSiri
konkretul
geografiul sivrcesTan.
meore jgufis teqstebSi (gamonaklisia mxolod grigol xanZTelis
cxovreba _ ~ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa, didebulTa da marTlmorwmune
mama-dedaTa”, 127) yvela SemTxvevaSi miTiTebulia eTnikuri warmomavloba:
“ese
naSobi
iyo
abrameani,
ZeTagan
ismaeliTa,
tomisagan
sarkinozTaisTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 67).
“ese netari mama
mTawmindeli, 225).
1
2
Cveni
iovane
iyo
naTesaviT
qarTveli”
(giorgi
statiaSi gaanalizebuli masalis specifikidan gamomdinare, umjobesad CavTvaleT
gamoyenebuli wyaroebis teqstSive miTiTeba.
aq, marTalia aRniSnulia mTavari personaJis eTnikuri kuTvnileba, magram es xdeba
identurobis aRmniSvneli terminis (magaliTad, naTesaviT, tomiT...) gamoyenebis gareSe,
arapirdapiri gziT (asulisomexTa spaspetisa).
“ese wmida mama Cveni giorgi iyo naTesaviT qarTveli” (giorgi mcire,
276).
“ese wmidai Cveni ilarion
qarTvelis cxovreba”, 448).
iyo
naTesaviT
qarTveli”
(~ilarion
eTnikuri warmomavlobis, rogorc identifikaciis safuZvlis gaazrebis
TvalsazrisiT,
sainteresoa
~evstaTi
mcxeTelis
wamebisa”
da
~abos
wamebis” teqstebis Sedareba. am SedarebaSi kargad ikveTeba sxvadasxva
xarisxiT
warmoCenili
kulturuli
identurobis
gancda.
amaze
is
cnebebic miuTiTebs, romlebsac qvemoT moyvanil frazebSi vxvdebiT.
CvenTvis
saintereso
informacia
Cadebulia
Tavad
kiTxvis
mizanmimarTulebaSi:
~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”
~romlisa
romlisa soflisa xar, anu romlisa qalaqisa, anu romeli rCuli
gipyries?” (42).
~vinani xarT, anu romeli rCuli gipyrien?” (43)
~abo Tbilelis wameba”
~vin xar anu, romlisa naTesavisagan, anu romlisa erisagan, anu
romliTa SjuliTa scxondebode?” (84)
pasuxi (TviTi
TviTidentifikacia
TviTidentifikacia):
dentifikacia
~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”
~me soflisa sparseTisa viyav, xevisa arSakeTisa, qalaqisa ganZa
akisa
viyav. mama Cemi mogv iyo... da me mogvoba ara Tavs videv” (42).
~da maT uTxres kacad-kacadman sofeli Tvisi da daba TiToeulisa da
hrqves yovelTa: ~mamulsaRa zeda rCulsa viyveniT, sparsTa rCuli
vicodeT, xolo raJams qarTlad SemovediT da qristeaneTa rCuli
vixileT, qristiane viqmneniT” (43).
~abo Tbilelis wameba”
~me var bunebiT sarkinoz, Sobili mas Sina mamulad da dedulad;
ganwsavlul viyav SjuliTa maT mahmedisiTa da vcxovndebode mas Sina,
vidre umecrebasa Sina viyav” (73).
identifikacia
~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”
~movida kaci erTi sparseTis soflisa arSakeTisa, Ze mogvisa, da
warmarTi iyo igi” (41).
~abo Tbilelis wameba”
~ese
naSobi
abrameani,
ZeTagan
ismaelisaTa,
tomisagan
iyo
sarkinozTaiTa, da yovladve arabielTa Tesli, romlisa mama misi da
deda misi... iyvnes munve qalaqsa mas Sina baRdads babilovnisasa” (abos
wameba, 67).
frazebis
es
SesaZleblobas
sami
konkretul
TviTidentifikacias;
ramdenadac
jgufi
warmogvidgens:
periodSi;
2)
1)
kiTxvis
kiTxvis
3)
moqmedi
piris
identifikacias
TiToeuli
teqsti
erT
konkretul
dasmis
adresatis
avtoris
avtors
mier.
ekuTvnis,
bunebrivia, rom identifikacia da TviTidentifikacia erTmaneTs emTxveva
da
teqstebis Seqmnis periodisaTvis aqtualuri cnebebis arealiT aris
ganpirobebuli, iseve rogorc kiTxvis dasmis SesaZlebloba.
meore
jgufis
teqstebSi
sagangebod
aRiniSneba,
rom
wmindani
sasuliero ganaTlebas qarTul enaze iRebs, magaliTad:
“qarTulsa enasa Sina yoveli daiswavla” (grigol xanZTeli, 127).
“SesZina swavlad qarTulisa mwignobrebisa da zraxvisa xsnilad”
(abos wameba, 67).
am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari.
religiuri
da
kulturuli
faqtoris
gadakveTaze
warmoSobili
kulturuli identurobis safuZveli yvelaze ukeT Cans frazaSi:
“qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa
eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis” (giorgi merCule,
182).
sagulisxmo gansxvavebebia weris motivaciis TvalsazrisiTac. pirveli
jgufis
teqstebSi,
umravles
SemTxvevaSi
ar
aris
weris
mizani
gansazRvruli, xolo Tu aris, aseTi saxiT:
~maSin aR-vinme-dges kacni morwmuneTaganni, iwyes aRwerad cxorebai
wmidaTa mowameTai... sadideblad wmidaTa mowameTa da aRsabaZvelad...
amisve mizezisaTvis meca...
meca vinebe mibaZvad pirvelTa maT da aRvwere
aRvwere
cxorebai da wamebai wmidisa da netarisa...” (“kostanti kaxis wameba”, 131132).
gacilebiT ufro datvirTulia motivacia sxva teqstebSi, romelTac
qvemoT
ganvixilavT,
aq
ki
magaliTisaTvis
moviyvanT
mxolod
erT
citatas “abos wamebidan”:
~mnebavs, raTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martviloba, viTarca
pirvelTa maT qristeis mowameTa da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike
eklesiasa Sina mosaxseneblad yovelTa,
yovelTa vin iyvnen Semdgomad Cvensa”
Cvensa
(ioane sabanisZe, 57).
qristianad moqcevis mizezi:
“rameTu ganZaks qalaqsa qristeaneni ufrois arian da ebiskoposi da
mRvdelni, da maTganRa yovelsa zeda miviwie, rameTu ufrois ars yovelsa
rCulsa qristeanoba, vidre uRmrToeba da aw me qriste mwams da qristes
msaxurebasa Sina var” (“evstaTe mcxeTelis wameba”, 42).
~odes saTno myo RmerTman, romelma gamomirCia me ZmaTa da naTesavTa
Soris CemTa... da mixsna me iesu qristes mier... da gulisxma miyo me
umjobesi igi keTili, maSin dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa
SeTxzuli Sjuli ... da aw Sevudeg me WeSmaritsa qristeis mier
momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa” (ioane sabanisZe, 74).
~aRivso suliTa wmidiTa da hrqva mas: ~me ganvizraxe da qristeane var”
(ioane sabanisZe, 78).
pirveli citata evstaTis gaqristianebas garkveul SemTxveviTobaTa da
garemoebaTa Sedegad warmogvidgens. mkafiod arc RvTis neba Cans (Tumca,
ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba) da arc personaJisa. sruliad gansxvavebulia
meore SemTxveva: abos gaqristianeba, pirvel rigSi, aris RvTis madli,
amave dros, personaJis gacnobierebuli neba.
orive SemTxvevaSi avtoris azrovnebis wesi SegviZlia vigulisxmoT.
ioane
sabanisZe
uSvebs
movlenebis
cnobieri
marTvis
SesaZleblobas,
rasac mTeli misi Txzuleba cxadyofs1.
ioane sabanisZe pirveli TavSi kargad warmoaCens
qarTuli kulturis
bizantiur kulturul erTobaSi lokalizacias (“romelni varT yuresa
amas qveynisasa” 60), gamokveTilia kulturuli identurobis gansazRvris,
“Cvenianisa” da “ucxos” gamijvnis kriteriumi/safuZveli (abo “ara Tu
pirveliTganve Cvengani iyo, aramed umecari sarwmunoebisagan Cvenisa,
ucxo ucxoiTa SjuliTa...” 61). Sesabamisad, sarwmunoeba kulturuli
1
am or Txzulebas erTmaneTisagan ori saukune aSorebs.
aSkarad Cans, rom es
periodebi gansxvavdeba aqcentebis gadanawilebiT. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom VIII
saukunesa da Semdgom periodSic iqmneba teqstebi, romlebic wminda sarwmunoebrivi
interesebiT ifargleba.
tradiciebisa da
TviTidenturobis (“Cveulebisamebr mamulisa svla”)
SenarCunebis saSualebaa, amdenad, ioane sabanisZe ganmartavs qristes
rjulis arss, faqtobrivad, qadagebs sarwmunoebas, da aqve ar iviwyebs
imis xasgasmas, rom “ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri
moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SoreulTa amaT mkvidrTa... aha, esera qarTlisaca
mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame
TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris
Jamad-Jamad mowamed gamoCinebisa qriste iesuis mier” (ioane sabanisZe, 66).
aq kargad ikveTeba bizantiasTan, rogorc kulturuli erTobis liderTan
upiratesobis Tu ara, Tanasworobis demonstrireba. am frazas zurgs
umagrebs
sityvebi: arabebma “mravalni SeacTunnes... romelni xuTasis
wlisa JamTa da uwinareisRa Sjul-debul yofil arian wmidiTa madliTa
naTlis-RebisaiTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 60-61).
da daskvna, Sesabamisad, asaxavs Txzulebis mizans:
“Sen
gamo,
wmidao mowameo, siyvaruli igi qristesi Cvendami da
sarwmunoeba Cveni misa mimarT kvalad ganaxlda, rameTu aRverieniT ersa,
ucxosa sjuliTa, gandgomilsa qristeisgan, naTesavsa sawuTroisa amis
moyvaresa, Teslsa urwmunosa Zisa RmrTisasa, sarwmunoebisa Cvenisa
maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT
gulisTqvmasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 84).
giorgi
mTawmindelis
Txzulebis
bolo
monakveTi
(giorgi
mTawmindeli, 264-268) aseve niSandoblivia CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT. aq
koncentrirebulia nawarmoebisa da avtoris mTeli moRvaweobis mizani,
cnebaTa
donezec
kargad
Cans
qarTuli
kulturis
gamokveTis,
damkvidrebis da momavalSi am ukanasknelTa uzrunvelyofis mcdeloba.
moviyvanT ramdenime citatas, romlebic, Cveni azriT, komentars aRar
saWiroeben:
~da amis pirisaTvis, raTa eseviTari ese boroti, romeli moawies Cven
zeda berZenTa, ara daviwyebul iqmnas da kvalad Semdgomad Cvensa
momavalni eseviTarsave Wirsa ara STacviven, _ amisTvis zogadiTa
ganzraxviTa yovelni Zmani erTad SevkerbiT da erTiTa ganzraxviTa ese
qvemo werili mosaxsenebeli davwereT...” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264).
~lavrasa Sina, romeli-ese ... Cven qarTvelTaTvis aRSenebul iyo da
aRmarTebul” (264).
mTawmindis monasteri aSenda ~ganmamravleblad naTesavisa Cvenisa”
(264), ~samkvidreblad qarTvelTa” (265).
eqvTimem
~TargmanebiTa
wmidaTa
werilTaiTa
gananaTla
da
Seamko
naTesavi
esavi da ena Cveni” (265).
naT
~da ara mravlisa Jamisa Semdgomad mama giorgi daviwyebad movida, da
arca erTi rai zrunva aqvnda qarTvelTa aRorZinebisa, aramed sruliad
berZenTa mieqca da igini ganamravlna” (265).
rodesac ~Cven friad Semcirebulni viyveniT, Jami poves berZenTa da,
viTarca cecxlni, aRegznnes Cven zeda da sruliad aRmofxvra Cveni eneba
da daproba samkvidrebelisa Cvenisa” (266).
~da amis yovlisagan SegveSina da mosaxsenebeli ese aRvwereT da
davdeviT Semdgomad Cvensa momavalTa naTesavTaTvis raTa aradaviwyebul
iqmnas da garewar eseviTari ese mravalferi Relva (268).
~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisa Cvenisagan kaci... da raiTaca
RoniTa... anu siyvaruliTa berZenTaiTa...
berZenTaiTa qarTvelTa Sina-ganmcemel
Sina ganmcemel eqmnes
da... ese adgili qarTvelTa Tavisa raiTme saqmiTa gamougdos da igini
gaasxnes da Cveni saxsenebeli amoswyvidos, yovelTa wmidaTa jvariTa da
madliTa, krulmca ars... da romelTa qarTvelTa ganmravleba iRvawon da
ese wmida adgili naTesavsa Cvensa daumtkicon, saukunomca ars
saxsenebeli da kurTxeva maTi” (268).
axla ki gvinda, moviyvanoT is magaliTebi meore jgufis teqstebidan,
romlebic, Cveni azriT, V-XI saukuneebSi kulturuli procesebis marTvas
adastureben.
marTva,
rogorc
aRiniSna,
mimdinareobs
informaciis
gadarCevisa da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli mexsierebis gansazRvris gziT,
bizantiur
kulturul
damoukidebeli
da
sivrceSi
TviTkmari
qarTuli
erTeulis
kulturis,
argumentirebiT
rogorc
(~Cven”
_
qarTvelebis, ~naTesaviT qarTvelis” xazgasmiT da moxseniebis sixSiriT,
qarTuli
enis,
rogorc
identifikaciis
safuZvlis,
mniSvnelobis
gamokveTiT, kulturuli gavlenebis gaazrebuli limitaciiT. yvela es
aspeqti mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da, bunebrivia,
zogi
citata yvela am TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso. amitom es erTiani procesis
Zalian pirobiTi gamijvnaa.
istoriuli mexsiereba
mexsiereba, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveli
istoriuli
mexsierebis
formireba
da,
Sesabamisad,
informaciis
gadarCeva mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli im teqstebis Seqmnis motivaciasTan,
sadac am informaciis SerCevis SemTxvevebs vxvdebiT. drois warmavlobis
gancda,
zogadad,
damaxasiaTebelia
Sua
saukuneebis
qristianuli
azrovnebisaTvis, magram motanil citatebSi drois warmavlobis gancdas
TiTqos
Crdilavs
gadacemis
informaciis
mniSvneloba.
unda
SerCevisa
aRiniSnos,
da
momavali
rom
es
TaobisaTvis
teqstebi
ar
aris
istoriuli xasiaTis da aseT mizans, albaT, naklebad unda isaxavdes.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom istoriuli mexsierebis formireba, iseve rogorc
ena, sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli identurobis safuZvlad
SeiZleba iyos gaazrebuli.
~mnebavs, raTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martviloba, viTarca
pirvelTa maT qristeis mowameTa da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike
eklesiasa Sina mosaxseneblad yovelTa,
yovelTa vin iyvnen Semdgomad Cvensa”
Cvensa
(ioane sabanisZe, 57).
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ioane sabanisZis Txzulebis mizans, romelic
zemoT iyo ganxiluli, TvalsaCinoa, rom mis mier Seqmnili Txzuleba ara
marto
erTi
konkretuli
martvilobis
ambis
momavali
TaobebisaTvis
gadacemas isaxavs miznad.
es mizani kidev ufro mZfrad aris gadmocemuli Semdeg citatebSi:
“... wmidaTa mamaTa Rirsad-cxorebulTa simxne moTminebisa da siwmidiT
Sroma uflisa saTno da saswaulTa maTTa simravleni qveyanasa mas
qarTlisasa daSWirdes misTvis, ... romelTa jer iyo dawera, vidre
naTesaviT naTesavamde ukunisamde moTxrobad yovelTa. aramed aw
saswaulni maTni JamTa simravlisagan miecnes siRrmesa daviwyebisasa”
(grigol xanZTeli, 126).
~da amis pirisaTvis, raTa eseviTari ese boroti, romeli moawies Cven
zeda berZenTa, ara daviwyebul iqmnas da kvalad Semdgomad Cvensa
momavalni eseviTarsave Wirsa ara STacviven, _ amisTvis zogadiTa
ganzraxviTa yovelni Zmani erTad SevkerbiT da erTiTa ganzraxviTa ese
qvemo werili mosaxsenebeli davwereT...” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264).
~xolo rai ars qeba RmrTisa, dideba da Sesxma wmidaTa misTa?
moTxroba cxorebisa da moRvawebisa maTisa weriT da uwerelad, raTa
scnes ese Teslman sxvaman, da Svilni, romelni iSvebodian, aRdgen, da
miuTxrobden mamani maTni SvilTa TvisTa” (giorgi mcire, 271).
qvemoT moyvanili citata giorgi mTwmindelis monastris winamZRvrad
gaxdomis
Semdgom
moRvaweobas
aRwers.
aqac
cxadia,
rom
TiToeuli
qmedeba garkveuli informaciis SenaxviT qarTvelTa poziciis gamyarebas
isaxavs
miznad.
es
qmedebebi
rom
savsebiT
gacnobierebuli
da
mizanmimarTulia, Cans Tavad giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis bolo
monakveTidan (264-268), romelic zemoT ganvixileT. giorgi mcire ki zust
mniSvnelobas aniWebs maT:
giorgi mTawmindelma ioanes da eqvTimes dadgenili wesebi kvlav
aRadgina;
Seiswavla ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba da moRvaweoba “da aRweriT
dagvitevna... sawvrTelad da saxilvelad momavalTa naTesavTa aRumarTa”
(giorgi mcire, 292);
eqvTime aTonelisa da sxva berTa wminda nawilebi monasterSi
ganaTavsa, “amiT eseviTariTa saxiTa kninRa da yovlisa soflisa
saxilvel da Tayvanis-sacemel yo mTawmidiTgan vidre Savsa mTasa da
yovelsa asureTsa da ierusalimsa da aRmosavladmde wmida mama Cveni
efTvimi
marjvenisa
mier
Tvisisa,
mefeTagan
da
mTavarTa,
mRdelTmoZRvarTagan da mRdelTa da yovlisa erisa” (giorgi mcire, 294);
ioanesi da sxva mamaTa saflavebi dakarguli iyo, isini moiZia da
gadmoasvena da maTi saflavebi Seamko.
am
citatebSi,
avtorebis
informaciis
droisadmi
gadarCevasTan
damokidebulebac.
es
erTad,
CvenTvis
kargad
Cans
sayuradReboa,
ramdenadac drosTan mimarTeba kulturis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia.
saswaulni
maTni
JamTa
daviwyebisasa” (giorgi merCule, 126).
“aw
simravlisagan
miecnes
siRrmesa
~xolo
moiRebs
iRebs” (giorgi
xolo vinaiTgan sigrZe JamTa yovelsave daviwyebad mo
mTawmindeli, 222).
SeiZleba
magram,
imis
es
ori
citata
arasakmarisad
gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom
damajerebeli
agiografiuli
mogveCvenos.
Txzulebebi
ar
ganekuTvnebian saistorio Janris nawarmoebs, es da qvemoT motanili
frazebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
isini im periodis qarTvelebis droisadmi damokidebulebas asaxavs.
~iyo mervesa welsa sparsTa mefisasa” (SuS, 26).
~rameTu eqvsi weli cixesa mas Sina aRasrula” (SuS, 34).
~da viTarca meSvide weli dadgeboda” (SuS, 37).
~da ars dasabami tanjvaTa maT wmidisa SuSanikisTa TTvesa apnisisasa,
mervesa TTvisasa da dResa oTxSabaTsa; da meored gvema misi Semdgomad
aRvsebisa zatiksa, dResa orSabaTsa da kvalad tanjva vardobisa TTvesa
aTcxrametsa
aTcxrametsa. da aRsruleba misi TTvesa okdombersa aTCvidmetsa... da dRe
xuTSabaTi iyo, romelsa ganvaweseT saxsenebelni wmidisa SuSanikisi” (40).
~wmida evstaTi... pyrobil
mcxeTelis wameba”, 44).
yvnes
viTar
eqvs
~da Semdgomad samisa wlisa, Semovida
marzapnad” (“evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”, 45).
“samisa wlisa
sabanisZe, 71).
JamTa
iqceoda...
Tve
veJan
gancxadebulad
oden”
(“evstaTi
buzmir
qarTlisa
qristianed”
(ioane
“iyo netari igi sapyrobilesa Sina cxra dRe” (ioane sabanisZe, 75).
“da raJams ganTena meaTe igi dRe dResaswaulisa mis macxovrisa
naTlisRebisasa, romel ars TTvesa ianvarsa eqvssa, iyo dRe igi
paraskevi” (ioane sabanisZe, 76).
“iyo Jami pirveli Ramisa mis” (ioane sabanisZe, 80).
“orisa weliwadTa JamTa iyvnes opizas” (giorgi merCule, 131).
~da viTarca gardaxda
zarzmelis cxovreba”, 115).
weliwadi
~Tvesa ivnissa
cxovreba”, 121).
dResa
oTxsa,
Svidad
aRTvaluli”
(“serapion
(“serapion
zarzmelis
xuTSabaTsa”
“da mere ganvida lavrasa wmdisa
(~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 449).
sabaissa...
dayo
Svidi
weli...”
“dayo hroms Sina ori weliwadi” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 452).
~aResrula mamai Cveni ilarion Tvesa noenbersa aTcxrametsa, dResa
Jamsa mexuTesa dRisasa, mefobasa basilisasa” (~ilarion
qarTvelis cxovreba”, 454).
SabaTsa,
“vinai igi dayves aTormeti
aTormeti weli” (giorgi mcire, 283).
“weliwadsa Svidsa ... simdabliT hmsaxurebda” (giorgi mcire, 288).
“davyaviT aRmosavleTs xuTi weli” (giorgi mcire, 324).
aseTi magaliTebis moZebna kidev SeiZleba. isic unda iTqvas, rom
cnebebi, romlebic drois gadmosacemad aris gamoyenebuli, TavisTavad
garkveuli informaciis matarebelia. magram, ramdenadac amjerad drois
aRqmis kvleva am naSromis mizani ar aris, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom
Cvens mier gamoyenebuli masalis mixedviT im periodis qarTvelebisaTvis
drois kategoria mniSvnelovania. imasac davamatebT, rom Tu giorgi
merCulesa da giorgi mTawmindelis pirvel or citataSi droisadmi
damokidebuleba sruliad gaazrebulia, danarCeni magaliTebi, zogadad,
droiTi azrovnebis wesis sailustraciod gamodgeba.
ena,
ena, rogorc kulturuli identurobis
identurobis safuZveli
aq
sagangebod
warmoadgens
ar
vaanalizebT
qarTuli
ioane
kulturuli
zosimes,
radgan
identurobisaTvis
is
qarTuli
Tavad
enis
mniSvnelobis gacnobierebas da am faqtis deklarirebas. Cven gvainterebs
sxva wyaroebSi mimofantuli masala, romelic cxadyofs qarTuli enis,
rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZvlis mniSvnelobas da am faqtis
srul gacnobierebas. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, zogierTi magaliTi ufro
mkafioa, radgan qarTul enas ufro miwier ganzomilebaSi ganixilavs.
garda amisa, maTSi ena, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveli
imdenad
naTladaa
qarTvelis
danaxuli
cxovreba”),
da
rom
gadmocemuli
pirdapir
(magaliTad,
kulturis
“ilarion
Tanamedrove
mkvlevarTaTvis aris gamzadebuli. xazgasmulia enis da enis matarebelTa
umWidroesi kavSiri (giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi mcire).
qvemoT
motanili
citatebi
qronologiuri
TanmimdevrobiTaa
dalagebuli. es saSualebas iZleva, Tvali gavadevnoT mSobliuri enis
mniSvnelobis sul ufro Rrma gacnobierebas.
“SesZina swavlad qarTulisa mwignobrebisa da zraxvisa xsnilad”
(ioane sabanisZe, 67).
“qarTulsa enasa Sina yoveli daiswavla” (giorgi merCule, 127).
[ilarions da mis Zmebs ulumbos mTidan gagdeba daupires] “da mas
Ramesa daadgra wmidai dedofali Cveni RmrTismSobeli risxviT
mamasaxlissa mas da hrqva: raisa inebe maTi ganZebai, romelni mosrul
arian siyvarulisaTvis RmrTisa, da ara daimarxe mcnebai ucxoTa
SewynarebisaTvis, viTar etyvis ufali da Ze Cemi mdidarsa mas?! anu ara
uwyia, viTarmed mraalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enisa
metyvelni da cxovnebad arian?” da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter
Cemda arian!” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 451) (Sdr. giorgi
mTawmindeli, RvTismSoblis mier eqvTimes gankurnebis epizodi. giorgi
mTawmindeli, 239).
[ilarion qarTvelma TesalonikSi iqauri mTavris mxevlis Svili
gankurna, rodesac dedofali dainteresda, Tu vin moaxdina es saswauli,
mxevalma] “warmouTxra yoveli niSani maTi da enaica” (“ilarion
qarTvelis cxovreba”, 453).
~maSin mohgvarna mefeman ori Zeni Tvisni, leon da aleqsandre da
hrqva: locva yavT amTTvis, wmidao mamano, da aswaveT amaT enai da wigni
Tqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni” (“ilarioni
qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457).
giorgi mTawmindeli ioanesa da eqvTimes
aRniSnavs: ~aRayvaves ena Cveni da qveyana
werilTaiTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224).
damsaxurebaTa Soris
TargmanebiTa wmdaTa
gorgi mTwmindeli eqvTime aTonelze ambobs: ~romeli-igi gamoCnda
samkaulad naTesavisa Cvenisa da mobaZavad wmidaTa mociqulTa, gananaTla
qarTvelTa ena da qveyana, namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa,
da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba, viTarca nestvi oqroisa
xmamaRali, oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xolo qarTlisasa, aramed
saberZneTisasaca” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224).
~pirvelad qarTuli swavla aswava da merme berZnulad gaaswavla
yovliTave swavlulebiTa srulebiT” (giorgi mTwmindeli, 238).
~awRa warmomidga vinme didebuli dedofali da mrqva qarTuliTa
eniTa... aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi” (giorgi
mTawmindeli, 239).
~efTvimi, romelman yovliTa wesiTa keTiliTa ganaSvena wmida ese
adgili da TargmanebiTa wmidaTa werilTaiTa gananaTla da Seamko
naTesavi da ena Cveni” (giorgi
mTawmindeli, 265)).
(
RvTismSoblis mier eqvTimes gankurnebis epizodi: ~warmomidga vinme
didebuli dedofali da mr
mrqqva qarTuliTa eniTa: ~rai ars, rai gelmis,
efTvime?... ararai ars vneba Sen Tana. aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad
xsnilad
xsnilad ubnobdi.
ubnobdi.”
~mun Jamamde Zniad ubnobn qarTulad da friad mwuxare viyav amis
pirisaTvis, xolo mieriTgan dauyeneblad viTarca wyaro amodin uwmides
yovelTa qarTvelTasa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 239).
eqvTimem ~umecrebisa igi saburveli mosZarcva gonebaTagan CvenTa...
simaRliTa RmrTiv-TargmnulTa wmidaTa wignTa misTaiTa naklulevaneba
enisa Cvenisa aRavso” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275).
“da esreT yovelnive saRmrToni werilni Zvelisa da axlisa
Sjulisani, romelni oden Cvensa enasa povna, yovelnive keTilad gulad
ixvna” (giorgi mcire, 288).
“egeviTari Targmani, Tvinier wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa efTvimissa, sxva
ara gamoCenila enasa Cvensa da vgoneb, Tu arca gamoCinebad ars! ...
daatkbo ena Cveni”, “romelnime wignni sruliad ara yofilni da enisa
Cvenisagan ucxoni siRrmeTagan umecrebisaTa naTlad gamoabrwyinvna”
(giorgi mcire, 303-304).
~viTarca ixila sikeTe sulisa misisa... ganixara sixaruliTa didiTa
da suliTa gulisxma-yo, rai-igi yofad iyo, rameTu surviel iyo wmida
igi beri, raTamca kvalad gamo-vinme-aCina mowyalebaman RmrTisaman
naTesavsa Soris Cvensa kaci, romelmanca srul-yo naklulevaneba enisa
Cvenisa, romeli-igi wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa efvTvimesagan daSTomil iyo”.
(giorgi mcire, 286).
giorgi Seyenebuli giorgi mTawmindels: ~romelman wmida igi (eqvTime)
sikvdilisagan ixsna da qarTuli
qarTuli ena ganumarta, igive SemZlebel ars
Sendaca Sewevnad, rameTu ms didad ewyalis da uyvars naTesavi Cveni”
(giorgi mcire, 287).
zemoT motanili zogierT citataSi Cans, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba qarTulad Targmnis sakiTxs, rac, TavisTavad, enis mniSvnelobis
gaazrebaze
miuTiTebs.
Semdegi
citatebi
da
is
faqti,
rom
eqvTime
aTonelma da giorgi mTawmindelma, TargmanTa Sesasruleblad datoves
monastris
winamZRvroba
(rogorc
xazgasmiTaa
aRniSnuli
teqstebSi),
kidev ufro TvalsaCinos xdis am faqts.
ioane mimarTavs eqvTimes _ ~Svilo Cemo, qarTlisa qveyana didad
naklulevan ars wignTagan da mravalni wignni aklan... aw iRvawe, raTa
ganamravlo sasyideli Seni RmrTisagan” (giorgi mTawmindeli 239).
~Targmaneba wignTa aqvnda nametnavad yovelTa saTnoebaTa da
gvirgvinad da ganmanaTleblad
ganmanaTleblad naTesavisa Cvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli,
260).
~saRmrTo ese talanti... romel ars Targmaneba wignTa saRmrToTa
berZnulisagan qarTulad” (giorgi mcire, 287).
giorgi mTwmindelma datova winamZRvroba, radgan “RmrTivRmrTiv-moniWebuli
igi talanti ara aRorZndeboda, romel ars RmrTiv-sulierTa wignTa
Targmna” (giorgi mcire, 301).
bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da
TviTkmari erTeuli
adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura bizantiuri sivrcisagan
damoukideblad
ar
SeiZleba
ganicdeboda
im
periodis
uxdebodaT
sakuTari
ganixilebodes.
qarTvelebis
mier,
gansxvavebulobis
es
garemoeba
radgan
xazgasma,
maT
mZafrad
mudmivad
bizantielTa
upiratesobis gabaTilebiT maTTan sakuTari TanabarmniSvnelovnebis da,
Semdeg ki, upiratesobis gamokveTa.
pirvel rigSi, movitanT im ideebis amsaxvel citatebs, romlebsac
upirispirdebodnen qarTvelebi sakuTari kulturis1 gancalkevebulobis
da TviTkmarobis dasacavad.
romelni
ese
barbaroz
wodebul
viyveniT
elenTa
mier
uswavlelobisaTvis da umecrebisa Cvenisa,” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275).
patriarqi giorgi mTawmindels “daRacaTu naTesaviT qarTveli xar,
sxviTa kvla yovliTa swavlulebiTa sruliad berZeni xar” (giorgi
mcire, 308).
“daRacaTu naTesaviT qarTveli ars, xolo yovliTurT wesi Cveni
(berZnuli q.k.) hmosies” (giorgi mcire, 328).
daRacaTu
naTesaviT
qarTveli
xar,
xolo
mamao,
da mecnierebiTa Cvenive swori xar, jer-ars, romel
eklesiani da mRvdel-moZRvarni Tqvenni xelsa qveSe samociquloisa amis
saydrisasa imwysebodin” (giorgi mcire, 308).
“netaro
swavlulebiTa
Tu
wyaroebs
bizantiasTan
cvlilebebs
naTelia
Tvals
mivadevnebT,
damokidebuleba
isev
citatebiT
transformaciis
vnaxavT,
araerTgvarovania
gavxdiT
Semdegi
rom
V-XI
TvalsaCinos.
etapebi:
qarTvelebis
saukuneebSi.
maTi
bizantiis
am
meSveobiT
meSveobiT
TviTidentifikaciidan _ bizantiasTan gatolebis gavliT _ bizantiisagan
gamijvniT TviTidentifikaciamde.
pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba
radgan agiografiul TxzulebebSi, romlebsac Cven veyrdnobiT, ar
SeiZleba bizantiuri kulturuli sivrce TviTidentifikaciis safuZvlad
iyos
warmodgelnili
(es
teqstebi
swored
sawinaaRmdegos
isaxaven
miznad), am etapis dasaxasiaTeblad moviSveliebT juanSeris ~cxovreba
vaxtang gorgasalisa”-s. es nawarmoebi erTdroulad asaxavs bizantiasTan
damokidebulebis pirvel or etaps2.
~moiyvana mRvdeli WeSmariti saberZneTiT” (juanSeri, 145).
1
2
cxadia, es sakiTxi politikisagan damoukideblad ar ganixileba, magram, jer erTi,
Cven
problemis
kulturuli
aspeqti
gvainteresebs,
da
meore,
rac
ufro
mniSvnelovania, gansaxilveli periodis pirvel etapze saqarTvelos erTiani
saxelmwifo politika ar arsebobda, amdenad,
erTiani kulturuli politika win
uswrebs da, iqneb, SesaZlebelsac xdis erTian saxelmwifo politikas.
qarTul kulturul sivrceSi bizantiur samyarosTan identurobis gancda yvelaze
cxadad vlindeba agaTia sqolastikosis TxzulebaSi Semonaxul aietisa da fartaZis
sityvebSi. am kuTxiT dasaxelebuli wyaros analizi ix. q. kakitelaSvili, dasavleTi
qarTul cnobierebaSi. // ena da kultura, #1, Tb., 2000, gv. 47-55.
~ubrZana,
raTa...
aRaSenos
eklesia, da qmnes monastrad,
exilnes monasterni saberZneTisani” (juanSeri, 177-178).
viTarca
~ara umecrebaman aRgZra brZolad ZeTa zeda RmrTisaTa, aramed
SuelisaTvis naTesavisa Senisa sparsTasa. da ara uwyia, rameTu berZenni
naTesavni RmrTisani arian” (juanSeri, 165).
~mnebavs, raTa Sen mier aRgzebuli ese cecxli Senve daSrito da
megobar iyo keisrisa, viTarca dRsamomde iyav sparsTa” (juanSeri, 66).
~siyuarulsa berZenTasa nu dauteobT” (juanSeri, 203).
~Cuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessa”
(juanSeri 160).
xilvaSi wminda nino vaxtang gorgasals keisrisaken miuTiTebs da
mimarTavs: ~aw ukue mived mefisa da miiRe niWi Seni”. vaxtangi “mivida
mefisa, da ambor uyves urTierTas, da adgil-sca saydarTa TvisTa, da
daisua igi Tana. da misca beWedi xelisa misisgan...” (juanSeri 167).
keisarma ~miumcno aRTqmiTa da ficiTa ZlieriTa, raTa swor iyos
mefobisa Tvisisa” (juanSeri, 170).
meore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatoleba
~ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri moipoves,
moipoves
aramed Cvenca,
ielTa
lTa amaT mkvidrTa... aha, esera qarTlisaca mkvidrTa
Cvenca Sorie
Sorie
aqvs sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa
mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris JamadJamad mowamed gamoCinebisa qriste iesuis mier” (66).
“JamTa ukvanaisTa, romel ipovnen qristes nebis-myofelni mamani,
Cvensaca uwinares iyvnen da mamaTaca CvenTa” (grigol xanZTeli, 200).
eqvTime aTonelis “namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa, da
TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba, viTarca nestvi oqroisa xmamaRali,
oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xolo qarTlisasa,
qarTlisasa aramed saberZneTisasaca”
(giorgi mTawmindeli 224).
eqvTimem ~simaRliTa RmrTiv-TargmnulTa wmidaTa wignTa misTaiTa
naklulevaneba enisa Cvenisa aRavso, da romelni ese barbaroz wodebul
viyveniT elenTa mier uswavlelobisaTvis da umecrebisa Cvenisa,
maTTanave aRgvracxna RmrTisa mier mocemuliTa miT sibrZniTa TvisiTa”
(giorgi mTawmindeli, 275).
~vinaiTgan ukve zemo xsenebulni ese netarni mamani Cvenni araraiT
unaklulo iyvnes pirvel gamoCinebulTa wmidaTasa” (giorgi mTawmindeli,
223).
giorgi mTwmindeli eqvTime aTonelze ambobs: ~romeli-igi gamoCnda
samkaulad naTesavisa Cvenisa da mobaZavad wmidaTa mociqulTa, gananaTla
qarTvelTa ena da qveyana... da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba... oxris
yovelsa qveyanasa ara xolo
(giorgi mTawmindeli 224).
qarTlisasa,
qarTlisasa
aramed
saberZneTisasaca”
mesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTeba
am
etapze
ramdenime
aspeqti
gamoiyofa.
bizantiasTan
ucxoobis,
upiratesobis da aSkara antagonizmis demonstrireba.
ucxooba
ilarion qarTveli Tesalonikis mmarTvels: ~keTili hyav, rameTu
Semiwynare me glaxaki ese da codvili da ucxoi” (“ilarion qarTvelis
cxovreba”, 454).
ilarioni keisars ~keTili hyav Sewynarebai Cemi, ucxoisai” (“ilarion
qarTvelis cxovreba”, 459).
~moiReT ucxoT Sewynarebai!” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457).
aTonis mTaze myofma qarTvelma berebma “sixaruliT Seiwynares”
hromiT mosuli monazoni, “evedrebodes aqa yofasa da etyodes, viTarmed
Cvenca ucxoni varT da Senca ucxo xar” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 243).
upiratesoba
~maSin mohgvarna mefeman (bizantiis keisarma qarTvel berebs _ q. k.)
ori Zeni Tvisni, leon da aleqsandre da hrqva: locva yavT amTTvis,
wmidano mamano, da aswaveT amaT enai da wigni Tqveni, raTa Svilni
locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457).
patriarqi ilarionis sam mowafeze eubneba episkoposebs ~eseni arian
romelTa mparavi ara miexebis amaT didi madli momaniWes me dRes. da
miumcno mefesa esreT viTarmes: friad aRvSendi amaTiTa xilviTa. da
WeSmaritad eseni arian msaxurni uflisani da meoxni sulTa CvenTani. da
ufalman
locviTa
savanebelTagan,
savanebelTagan da
maTiTa
daifaren
mefobai
Tqveni
yovelTa
Cven yovelni,
yovelni ukunisi ukunisamde” (“ilarioni
qarTvelis cxovreba”, 456).
bizantiis imperatori: “brZanebs mefobai Cveni TesalonikelTa mimarT,
raTa swrafiTa didiTa da pativiTa warmohgzavnneT nawilni ilarion
qarTvelisalni
Tvinier
yovlisa
mizezisa”
(“ilarion
qarTvelis
cxovreba”, 458).
“basili, codvili mefe, monai caTa mefisai, gevedrebi, wmidao mamao
ilarion, aRmoved qalaqada sameufod!” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”,
458).
patriarqi: ~vieTnime naklulevanebasa swamebdes qarTvelTa da, aha
esera, mravliTa saxiTa uzeSTaes ipovnes Cvensa” (giorgi mcire, 308).
“mieriTgan daewesa, raTa qarTvelni svimon-wmidas Jamsa wirviden,
rameTu yovelni mecnier xarT, vidre amis netarisamde Jamsa ver wirvides”
(giorgi mcire, 308).
auwyes patrearqsa, viTarmed: “...eklesiani da mRvdelT-moZRvarni
qarTlisani ara romlisa patreaqisa xelmwifebasa qveSe arian da yovelni
saeklesioni wesni maT mier ganegebian, da TviT daisvmen kaTalikosTa da
ebiskoposTa da ara samarTal ars ese, rameTu aTormetTa mociqulTagani
aravin misrul ars qveyanas maTsa; da jer ars raTa qalaqsa amas
RmrTisasa da saydarsa mociqulTa Tavisasa daemorCilnen... rameTu
naTesavi ars umecari da samwyso mcire, da Cvenda maxloblad arian da
jer-ars, raTa xelmwifebasa qveSe antioqieli patrearqisas imwysebodian”.
“wmidao meufeo, Svenis esreT, raTa wodebuli igi mwodebelsa mas
daemorCilos, rameTu petresi jer-ars, raTa daemorCilos mwodebelsa
Tvissa da Zmasa andreas, da raTa Tqven Cven dagvemorCilneT” “da eseca
SesZina, viTarmed: “wmidao meufeo, romelni _ ege Cven umecrad da
subuqad gvxedavT da Tavni Tqvenni brZen da mZime giyofian, iyo Jami,
Jami
romel yovelsa saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadidebloba ara ipo
ipoeboda
eboda da
ioane guTel ebiskoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa ebiskoposad, viTarca sweria
didsa svinaqsarsa” (giorgi mcire, 309-310).
giorgi mTawmindelma “warmoTqva sarwmunoeba marTali Cven qarTvelTa
da, raJams
naTesavisa... “ese ars sarwmunoeba marTali naTesavisa Cvenisa da
raJams
erTi gvicnobies,
gvicnobies arRara midrekil varT marcxul gina marjul da arca
mivdrkebiT”” (giorgi mcire, 328-329).
antagonizmi
~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisa Cvenisagan kaci... da raiTaca
RoniTa... anu siyvaruliTa berZenTaiTa...
berZenTaiTa qarTvelTa Sina-ganmcemel
Sina ganmcemel eqmnes
eqmnes
da... ese adgili qarTvelTa Tavisa raiTme saqmiTa gamougdos da igini
gaasxnes da Cveni saxsenebeli amoswyvidos, yovelTa wmidaTa jvariTa da
madliTa, krulmca ars” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 268).
ara
marto
azrobrivi,
aramed
azris
gamoxatvis
formis
kontrastulobas cxadyofs Semdegi ori frazis Sedareba: erTi mxriv,
~siyuarulsa berZenTasa nu dauteobT” da, meore mxriv, “siyvaruliTa
berZenTaiTa...
berZenTaiTa qarTvelTa Sina-ganmcemel
Sina ganmcemel eqmnes”.
eqmnes
gavlenis limitireba
erT-erT
gaazrebuli
saintereso
faqtad
formirebis
qarTuli
procesSi
kulturuli
SegviZlia
TavisTavadobis
miviCnioT
gavlenaTa
gaazrebuli limitacia. kulturuli gavlena, rogorc aseTi, umarTavi
procesia. magram arsebobs sfero, sadac SesaZlebelia am procesebis
kontroli. es funqcia V-XI saukuneebSi eklesias hqonda.
am TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli poziciis danaxva.
1.
ucxo,
umTavresad,
bizantiuri
sivrcis
gavlena
nebayoflobiT
miiReba:
~ubrZana,
raTa...
aRaSenos
eklesia,
da
qmnes
monastrad,
viTarca
exilnes monasterni saberZneTisani” (juanSeri, 177-178).
~xolo mama grigol guls etyoda, viTarmed: ~viTarca monastrisa
Cemisa mamani saTnoebiTa uzeSTaes arian Jamisa amis monazonTa, egreTca
wes ars wesi saRmrTo saeklesio eklesiasa Sina Cemsa dawesebad
brZenTagan
ganukiTxveli”.
amisTvis
ganizraxa
warslva
qristes
saWurWled, meored ierusalemad,
ierusalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da
yovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisa wmidaTa adgilTa moxilvad da locvad.
mas
Jamsa
ierusalems
warmavali
vinme
pova
megobari Tvisi da mas
dahvedra sabasaba-wmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocema” (giorgi merCule, 145).
maSin ierusalemiT moiwia kaci, romelman moarTva sabawmidisa gangeba da
werili (giorgi merCule, 147).
momdevno frazaSi sayuradReboa, rom ucxo tradicia, nebayoflobiT
miRebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aucileblad gadairCeva:
xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa eklesiisa da
monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da
yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli, viTarca safase
daulevnelTa keTilTa” (giorgi merCule, 147).
2. gavlenas ewinaaRmdegebian sakuTari TviTkmarobis xazgasasmelad:
guaram mamfali kiTxulobs _ ~wmidano RmrTisano, ukeTu qveyanisa
Cvenis eriskaci vinme wignTa saRmrToTa mecnieri da enaTaca wurTili
miiwios ierusalemad, anu sxvaTa wmidaTa adglTa da ixilos raime
keTili wesi, romel qristeanobasa Svenodis da Cven Soris ara iyos,
ginaTu wignTagan wmidaTa gulisxma-yos da TaviT TvisiT ersa
uswavlelsa auwyebdes, keTil arsa anu ara?” berebis pasuxi _~weril ars:
~tvirTi ganwesebuli eyofin navsa: uveTu daumZimo, dainTqas da, ukveTu
subuqad iyos, qarTa da RelvaTa waritacon”. egreca tvirTi Sjulisa da
wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars
da RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT TavsTavs-mdebni. (giorgi
merCule, 180).
sainteresoa, rom es citatebi (juanSeris garda) erTi teqstidanaa
amoRebuli.
aqve Cans, rom monopolia inovaciebis damkvidrebaze eklesiis xelTaa:
~ukeTu axali raime keTili wesi eris-kacman gulisxma-yos ... umjobes
dumili ars, viTarca Tqva iakob mociqulman, viTarmed: ~nu mravalni
hmoZRvriT, Zmano; da ukeTu dumili ver Zal edvas, ara TaviT TvisiT
qadagebdes, aramed auwyos Tvissa episkopossa da, Tu jer iyos, man
aswaoss Tvissa samwysosa” (giorgi merCule, 180-181).
am procesebis kontrolis logikuri Sedegi:
~pirvelad aRmosavalisa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimiT mohyvanda.
xolo efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiTa mihronisa kurTxeva qarTls
ganawesa ierusalimisa patriarqisa ganwesebiTa da wamebiTa sixaruliT.
aramed qarTlad friadi qveyana aRircxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa
eniTa
Jami
Seiwirvis
da
locva
yoveli
aResrulebis,
xolo
kvirieleisoni berZnulad iTqvmis, romel ars qarTulad: ~ufalo
wyaloba-yav”, gina Tu ~ufalo Segviwyalen” (giorgi merCule, 181-182).
eklesiis
mier
erTiani
kulturuli
sivrcis
SemosazRvra,
anu
~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”
giorgi merCules TxzulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom Teodore da
qristefore grigol xanZTelisagan ~farulad warvides afxazeTs da Tana
Zmanica vinme warhyves” (149). es, albaT, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos.
SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom es winaswar SemuSavebuli gegma iyo, romelic
miznad isaxavda grigolisTvis afxazeTSi Casvlisa da iq samonastro
qselis gafrToebis uzrunvelyofas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT periodis
specifikas
(religia
identurobis
safuZvelia,
kulturuli
Taviseburebebis gamokveTa masTan kavSirSia SesaZlebeli), es, albaT,
saqarTvelos kultruli sivrcis formirebasa da SemosazRvras isaxavda
miznad (~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”). Semdeg movlenebi ase
viTardeba: grigoli ~waremarTa afxazeTs” da iq ~sarwmunoebisaebr
mefisa aRaSena monasteri da uwoda saxeli misi ube da ilarion vinme
ierusalemiT mosruli, sarwmuno moxucebuli daadgina mamasaxlisad... da
aqvndes mas keTilni wignni. da mamamanca grigol Tvisni wignni romel
aqvndes, da-ve-utevna monastersa mas,” (giorgi merCule, 151).
Cvens
varauds amyarebs is, rom Teodore da qristefore, romelTa iniciativa
iyo afxazeTSi gamgzavreba da romelTac ~aqvnda saRmrTo Suri
monastrisa Senebisa”, TviTon iq ar darCnen, da isic rom aseTive
scenariT moxda qarTlSi gamgzavrebac: ~maSin farulad xanZTiT Rame
gamovides da Zmanica vinme Tana wariyvanes da kvalad warvides kerZoTa
qarTlisaTa, rameTu ufali uwodda maT uxilavad brZanebiT da
aRaSenebda wmidaTa maT monasterTa maT mier neZvsa da kvirikewmidisasa.
xolo netarsa grigols euwya uflisa mier, raTa arRara daabrkolnes
guls-modginebisa misgan maTisa, aramed Tanamdgom eqmnes keTilsa mas
saqmesa” (165).
kulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancda
kulturuli procesebis marTvis erT-erT Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT
qarTvelTa mkafio TviTidentifikacia. amis warmoCena SeiZleba Tundac
mxolod
giorgi
mTawmindelisa
da
giorgi
mcires
Txzulebebidan
motnili frazebiT. am teqstebSi zemoTganxiluli problema yvelaze
ukeTaa gaazrebuli da koncentrirebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili.
naTesavisa
~samkaulad
Cvenisa”
amis
~ganmamravleblad
mTawmindeli,
224),
~Cven
~eneba, raTa qarTvelni oden iyvnen
qarTvelTaTvis aRSenebul iyo”,
monastrisa
(giorgi
mkvidrni
yovelni.”
(giorgi
mTawmindeli
230),
naTesavisa
Cvenisa”
(giorgi
mTawmindeli,
264),
~samkvidreblad qarTvelTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265), ~naTesavi da ena
Cveni”
(giorgi
mTawmindeli,
265),
~Cvensa
momavalTa
naTesavTaTvis”,
~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisa Cvenisagan kaci” (giorgi mTawmondeli,
268) “naTesavsa Soris Cvensa kaci” (giorgi mcire, 286), ~uyvars naTesavi
Cveni”, “naTesavi Cveni wrfel iyo da umanko” (giorgi mcire, 287), “kacni
vinme svimonwmidelni SuriTa... aRiZrnes Cven qarTvelTa zeda da eneba,
naTesavi
raTamca
Cveni
ZiriTurT
aRmofxvres
svimon-wmidiT”,
“gagvaTavisuflen kacTagan... ucxoTeslTa... romelni qarTvelad saxel-
ideben TavTa TvisTa”, “umecar iyo naTesavisa Cvenisa” (giorgi mcire, 307)
“naTesaviT qarTveli xar, (giorgi mcire, 308) ~naTesaviT qarTveli ars”
(giorgi
mcire,
328),
~naTesavman
Cvenman”
(giorgi
mcire,
324),
~Cven
qarTvelTa naTesavisa.”,, ~naTesavisa Cvenisa” (giorgi mcire, 328-329).
da
bolos,
magaliTad
am
Sedegis
gvesaxeba
samomavlod
giorgi
SenarCunebaze
mTawmindelis
mier
zrunvis
naTel
oTxmoci
yrmis
bizantiaSi wayvanis motivacia da Sefaseba, rogorc “uzeSTaesi sjulisa,
saqme axlisa madlisa Semamkobeli da gvirgvini... dasabamiTgan soflisaiT
da vidre aqamomde vervis xel uyofies da vercaRa vin xel-hyofs da
Sehkadrebs” (giorgi mcire, 320). am qmedebis mizezebad giorgi mcire
asaxelebs:
1. “Jamisa misTvis gansacdelisa”;
2. ~vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba
raTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswava. xolo vinaiTgan SeuZlebel iyo
hasakiTa sruliTa da ganmwvisebulTa ganswavla, amisaTvisca buneba igi
lbili da CCvili, romeli viTarca cvili sabeWdavsa egreT miiRebs
swavlulebasa, eseviTari krebuli orRanod Semwynarebelad swavlaTa
TvisTa moipova, romlisagan ara gancruvna sasoeba misi”.
3. “iyo rai wmida ese (giorgi mTawmindeli _ q. k.) mTasa amas wmidasa _
pirvelad dekanozobasa Sina da merme winamZRvrobasa _ axsovda mravali
Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis,
rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian
swavlulni, xolo
xolo romelniromelni-igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca
warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa
amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa
mamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTa RmerTRmerTSemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodis”
(giorgi mcire, 324).
gamoyenebuli literatura
1.
asurel
moRvaweTa
cxovrebis
wignTa
Zveli
redaqciebi.
teqstebi
gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniT gamosca i.abulaZem. redaqtori a.SaniZe.
Tb., 1955.
2. basili zarzmeli. cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi. Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 86-125.
3.
giorgi merCule. Sroma da moRvaweba grigolisi. Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 125-222.
4. giorgi mTawmindeli. cxoreba ioanesi da efTvimesi. // Zveli qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. 222-270.
5. giorgi mcire. cxoreba da moqalaqeoba giorgi mTawmindelisa. // Zveli
qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 270-352.
6. daviT da konstantines wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv.
150-162.
7. iakob
xucesi.
wameba
SuSanikisi
dedoflisa.
//
Zveli
qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 25-41.
8. ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979.
gv. 448-460.
9. ioane
sabanisZe.
wameba
wmidisa
da
netarisa
mowamisa
qristeisisa
haboisi. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 57-86.
10. kolael yrmaTa wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 162-166.
11. konstanti kaxis wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 131-141.
12. martviloba
da
moTmineba
evstaTi mcxeTelisa.
//
Zveli
qarTuli
literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 41-57.
13. stefane mtbevari. gobronis wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb.,
1979. gv. 141-150.
14. juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. // qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier.
t. I, Tb., 1955. gv. 139-244.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
beJan javaxia
saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi
(antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken)
saqarTvelo
evropaSi.
Sua
evropis
saukunebs
iwyebs
SemakavSirebels
qristianuli romi, anu
erTian
qristianul
nominalurad
isev
sivrceSi,
warmoadgenda
bizantiis imperatori, romelic axal imperias
ganagebda axali qristianuli romidan _ konstantinopolidan.
Sua saukuneebis qristianuli civilizacia Tavdapirvelad aRmocenda
rogorc erTiani sivrce, Tumca mas gansxvavebuli wanamZRvrebi SeiZleba
hqondes bizantiasa da dasavleT evropaSi1.
qarTuli Sua
saukuneebi iwyeba zogadevropul Sua
saukuneebTan
erTad. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura ganviTarebas zogadevropuli
Sua
saukuneebis
wanamZRvrebi
aqvs
civilizaciis
da,
amdenad,
farglebSi
ganviTarebis
iwyebs,
masTan
saerTo
saerTo
maxasiaTeblebi.
qarTuli Sua saukuneebi aRmocenda, rogorc zogadevropuli fenomeni _
antikuri kulturisa da qristianobis Sepirispirebisa da maTi sinTezis
Sedegad.
rasakvirvelia, iseT vrcel regionSi, rogoric evropaa, mTeli im
aTaswleulis
geografiuli
faqtorebi,
manZilze,
romelsac
pirobebisa,
romlebmac
moicavs
arsebobda
ganapiroba
am
sxva
Sua
saukuneebi,
garda
socialur-politikuri
teritoriaze
aRmocenebul
saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis Taviseburebani. magram evropis qristianul
1
Zalian sainteresoa a. rudakovis azri bizantiuri sivrcis, rogorc erTiani
qristianuli sivrcis Sesaxeb: “msgavsad kirosis, aleqsandresa da avgustusis
monarqiebisa, bizantia warmoadgenda erT-erT yvelaze naTel ilustracias ideisa, rom
WeSmariti sakacobrio kultura ar saWiroebs nacionaluri saxelmwifos arsebobas.
msgavsad
dasaxelebuli
monarqiebisa,
bizantia
Segnebulad
cdilobda
ganexorcielebina erTiani samwysosa da erTiani mwyemsis ideali. Tuki moazrovne
bizantieli siamayiT warmoidgenda Tavs “romead”, mas am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi ar
hqonda Tavisi erovneba, berZnuli ena, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi berZenisTvis,
sirielisTvis da mcireazielisTvis saxeli “romaeli” ucnauri iqneboda; am
saxelwodebiT is mianiSnebda Tavis mikuTvnebulobas udidesi kosmopolituri
monarqiisadmi, romelic marTlmadidebeli basilevsis gvirgvinis qveS aerTianebda
mTel civilizebul samyaros, yvela xalxsa da toms. asea Tu ise, isini arian
memkvidreebi
im
keTildReobisa,
romelic
memkvidreobiT
miiRes
Zveli
civilizaciisagan” (Рудаков А.П. Очерки византииской культуры по данным греческой агиографии.
СПб, 1997, с.64-65).
saxelmwifoTa zogadi ganviTarebis gza mainc saerToa Sua saukuneebis
manZilze.
marTalia,
bizantiasTan
didi
saeklesio
erTad,
darCa
ganxeTqilebis
marTlmadideblur
Semdeg
saqarTvelo,
sivrceSi,
magram
mas,
rogorc saxelmwifos, bizantiis imperiisagan gansxvavebuli miznebi da
amocanebi hqonda. am ukanasknelis mizans erTiani, qristianuli msoflio
imperiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos ganviTarebis
gza,
misi
qveynebis
miznebisa
da
ganviTarebas
amocanebis
(dasavleT
Sesabamisad,
evropis
ufro
daemsgavsa
saxelmwifoebi),
im
romlebic
Tavdapirvelad erTad iyvnen Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis saTaveebTan
da
SemdgomSi,
saqarTvelos
msgavsad,
saxelmwifoebad
daiwyes
Camoyalibeba.
evropel
eTnikuri
xalxebs
niSniT
Sua
saukuneebis
Camoyalibebuli
damdegisaTvis
saxelmwifoebi
ar
hqondaT
da
sakuTari
damwerloba. Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis etapebi ufro
xangrZlivi
aRmoCnda.
evropis
saxelmwifoebma
romis
imperiidan
gamosvlis gansxvavebuli etapebi gaiares. pirveli _ rodesac frankTa
saxelmwifom TviTon gamoacxada Tavi romis memkvidred da karlos didma
gvirgvini
romSi
ikurTxa;
(konstantinopolidan,
es
iyo
romelmac
imperiis
Tavi
romis
gadatana
axali
memkvidred
romidan
gamoacxada,
rodesac IV saukuneSi bosforis sanapiroze gadmoitana romi, anu Seqmna
qristianuli romi). romis gadmotanisa da didebuli romis memkvdreobis
am tendenciis gamovlinebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT karlos didis mier
imperatoris gvirgvinis dadgma. Tumca karloss maSinve ar gamoucxadebia
Tavi romis imperatorad, igi amisaTvis Tanxmobas iTxovda axali romidan,
bizantiisagan
imperatorisagan,
(es
Tanxmoba
Tumca
man
bizantiis
mogvianebiT
imperatorebi
miiRo
bizantiis
arasodes
Seguebian
imperatoris titulis arsebobas maTi qveynis gareT). Cven es dasavleT
romis sivrcidan gamoyofis pirvel etapad (aq igulisxmeba realuri
Zalauflebis mqone qristianuli romi _ bizantia) miviCnieT, magram es
gamoyofa ar momxdara eTnikuri niSniT, piriqiT, es gaxldaT axali romis
imperiis Camoyalibeba dasavleTSi, anu Translatio imperii (imperiis gadatana),
imperiis axali centris Seqmna. aqedan iwyeba evropis gayofa. iqmneba
dasavleT evropa da safuZveli eyreba saeklesio ganxeTqilebasac. Cndeba
ori politikuri centri _ ori imperatoris tituli da ori umaRlesi
sasuliero xelisufleba: papi dasavleTSi, rogorc msoflio eklesiis
Tavi, da konstantinopolis patriarqi, aRmosavleT evropis qristianTa
winamZRvari, msoflio patriarqi. amis Semdeg,
frankTa samefos daSlis
Sedegad, TandaTanobiT yalibdeba erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. es procesi
aRmosavleT evropaSi mimdinare procesis msgavsia: Tu aRmosavleTSi
erovnuli
saxelmwifoebi
meTvalyureobiT
bizantiis
yalibdeboda,
imperatoris
dasavleTSi
am
rols
garkveuli
romis
papi
asrulebda.
saqarTveloSi
Sua
saukuneebi
iwyeba
qristianobis
saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadebis droidan, imperator konstantine didis xanaSi,
mefe mirianis zeobis dros. qarTlsa da romis imperiaSi qristianobis
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba Tanadrouli faqtebia.
qarTuli Sua saukuneebi TandaTanobiT ufro da ufro dauaxlovda
bizantiurs, rasac ganapirobebda isic, rom mis wanamZRvrebSi, msgavsad
bizantiurisa, Warbobda elinisturi elementebi.
iv. javaxiSvili xazgasmiT miuTiTebs “cxovelmyofeli elinurobis
arsebobas”
da gavlenas qarTul saistorio mwerlobaze. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Cven naklebad gvaqvs am epoqis
IV_VI
ss.)
saistorio
wyaroebi,
(adreuli Sua saukuneebis _
Cvenamde
moRweuli
hagiografiuli
mwerloba, rogorc qarTuli, aseve berZnuli mainc mianiSnebs qarTuli
kulturis siaxloves elinistur kulturasTan. miT ufro, am periodis
arqeologiuri
masalebi
aSkaras
xdis
qarTuli
kulturis
kavSirs
antikur samyarosTan. es garemoeba, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT romis
imperiis ufro Zlieri politikuri gavlena saqarTveloze, vidre mas
dasavleTis
axladaRmocenebul
barbarosul
saxelmwifoebze
hqonda,
qarTuli Sua saukuneebis ganviTarebis gzas bizantiurTan aaxloebda. am
politikur
iranis
gavlenas
saxelmwifos
ganapirobebda
arseboba:
saqarTvelos
misi
sazRvarze
agresiisagan
sasanuri
Tavdasacavad
saqarTvelos bunebrivi mokavSire bizantiis qristianuli imperia iyo.
mogvianebiT
nawilad
iyofa,
Sua
saukuneebis
romelTac
erTiani
bizantiursa
civilizacia
da
dasavleT
TandaTan
or
evropul
Sua
saukuneebs uwodeben. saqarTvelosTvis politikurad da geografiulad
ufro axlos bizantiis imperia iyo da, amdenad, qarTul kulturas
xSirad bizantiur civilizacias miakuTvneben. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
dasavleTis
qveynebsa
da
saqarTvelos
ganviTarebis
gzebs
Soris
arsebobda msgavseba. bizantiisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic imperia iyo,
qarTvel da dasavleT evropis xalxebSi Sua saukuneebSi yalibdeba
erovnuli saxelmwifo ideologia.
romis
imperiis
saxelmwifoebi,
aRmosavleTsa
Tavdapirvelad
da
dasavleTSi
mainc,
Sedioda
mdebare
romis
es
imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi. rogorc frankTa mefem xlodvigma, aseve ostrogoTebis
mefem
Teodorixma
anastasi
miiRes
imperatoris
saimperatoro
xanaSi.
ioane
karis
malalas
moxeleebis
titulebi
gadmocemiT,
iustine
imperatoris mmarTvelobis dros lazTa mefe waTem aseve miiRo romis
(bizantiis) imperatorisagan porfiris mosasxami da sxva samefo niSnebi.
erTi
romis
periodis
sxvadasxva
imperiis
saistorio
teritoriaze
wyaroSi
aRmocenebuli
damowmebuli
axali
cnobebi
samefoebis
mier
bizantiis imperatoris uzenaesobis dadasturebis Sesaxeb niSania romis
erTiani sivrcis SenarCunebisa da erTiani qristianuli romis arsebobisa.
es faqtebi CvenTvis sainteresoa agreTve imdenad, ramdenadac qarTul
istoriografiaSi
arsebuli
zogierTi
mosazrebiT,
qarTulma
saxelmwifoebma qristianobis miRebiT dasavluri orientacia airCies. an
kidev, VI saukuneSi egrisis mefis gubazis mokvlis Semdeg fartaZisa da
aietis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi warmodgenilia, rogorc qarTvelTa
mier
orientaciis
damarcxebulia,
gansazRvris
mefe
mcdeloba1.
moklulia
da
iq
saerTod,
ucxo
rodesac
qveynis
jari
qveyana
dgas,
Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis Sesaxeb msjeloba Znelad warmosadgenia.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom arCevani konkretuli omis Sedegad ver iqneboda
miRebuli. kolxeTis warCinebulTa krebaze warmoTqmuli sityvebi ufro
mniSvnelovani
daskvnis
gakeTebis
saSualebas
iZleva.
dasaxelebuli
gamosvlebidan Cans, ramdenad erTiania qristianuli sivrce da ramdenad
mniSvnelovania is qarTvelebisaTvis. qarTvelebi Tavs aRiqvamen erTiani
qristianuli
samyaros
nawilad.
ase
rom,
SeiZleba
gavakeToT
ufro
srulyofili daskvna: qarTuli Sua saukuneebi Camoyalibda, rogorc
1
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: javaxia b. goTebi da didi omianoba egrisSi. _
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XII, Tb., 2002.
saerToevropuli
fenomeni,
ramdenadac
saerTo
evropuli
anu
qristianuli Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis msgavs wanamZRvrebs daefuZna.
fartaZis sityvaSi1 gadmocemuli azri saqarTvelos bizantiasTan
kulturuli
Ciqovans.
erTobis
fartaZis
“sazogadoebrivi
gacnobierebis
azriT,
kanonebi,
faqtad
qarTvelebs
aqvs
dasaxelebuli
bizantielebTan
saxelmwifo
wyoba
da
saerTo
cxovreba”,
n.
aqvT
“azrTa
erTianoba”, sarwmunoeba, “wminda saidumloTa umwikvvloeba” da, saerTod,
“mSobliuri wesebi”2. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli civilizaciis saerTo
evropuli
xasiaTi
gamoTqmuli
gvafiqrebinebs,
mosazreba
rom
saqarTveloSi
qarTul
istoriografiaSi
qristianobis
ori
sxvadasxva
nakadis saxiT Semosvlis Sesaxeb ar unda iyos mTlad marTebuli. IV
saukuneSi qristianobis berZnuli da siriul-palestinuri an somxuri
nakadebis Camoyalibebuli saxiT arseboba, Cveni azriT, SeuZlebeli iyo,
radganac qristianoba am droisaTvis jer kidev erTiani gaxldaT da misi
saxelmwifo an nacionaluri mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb saubari naadrevia.
rac
Seexeba
dasavluri
qristianoba
im
saxis
azrs,
rom
qristianoba,
dasavleTSi
(TviT,
TiTqos
am
etapze
es,
TavisTavad,
ase
vTqvaT,
arsebobda
mcdaria,
ukidures
raime
radganac
dasavleTSic,
magaliTad, galiaSi) gavrcelda aRmosavleTidan da am procesis saTaveSi
sworedac aRmosavleTidan mosuli wminda mamebi idgnen. qristianobis
dasavluri
nakadi,
anu
qristianobis
dasavluri
saxe
yalibdeba
mogvianebiT, rasac iwvevs romis papis Camocileba bizantiis sivrcidan,
dasavleTSi axali imperiis aRmoceneba karlos didis frankTa imperiis
saxiT
(Translatio
imperii),
aseve
evropaSi
qristianobis
gavrceleba
irlandieli berebis mier (Peregrinacio pro Christi _ yariboba qristesaTvis).
1
2
nawyveti fartaZis sityvidan: “SevswyromodiT sazogadoebriv kanonebs, romelTa dacva
agviRia Cvens Tavze, da ase iolad Segvecvala mTeli saxelmwifo wyobileba da
cxovreba. yvelaze cudi is iqneba, rom aseTi saqcieliT Cven SevbRalavT
marTlmorwmuneobas da wmindaTa saidumlo umwikvloebas. aba, ras daemsgavseba Cveni
saqcieli, Tu mivemxrobiT uzenaesi arsebis sastik mtrebs? Tu isini agvikrZalaven
Cveni saRrmTo wesebis Sesrulebas da TavianT wesebze gadagviyvanen” (qarTuli
mWevrmetyveleba. Zeglebi da masalebi. Sekriba, narkvevi win warumZRvara da saZieblebi
daurTo n. kandelakma. Tb., 1958).
Ciqovani
n.
saqarTvelos
kulturuli
raobada
civilizaciuri
kuTvnileba
civilizaciaTa Teoriis konteqstSi. Tb., 2005, gv. 187.
amdenad,
IV
saukuneSi
qristianobis
nakadebad
warmodgena
umarTebulod migvaCnia1. aseve umarTebulo unda iyos azri saqarTveloSi
qristianobis aRmosavleT romidan Semosvlis Sesaxeb. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
saqarTveloSi
qristianobis
saxelmwifo
religiad
aRiarebis
dros
aRmosavleT romis xseneba naadrevia.
saqarTvelo
Tavs,
msgavsad
sxva
damoukidebeli
evropuli
saxelmwifoebisa, romis sivrceSi moiazrebda. warmarTuli romis imperiis
ngrevis
Semdeg,
saqarTvelos
gamaerTianebeli
qristianoba
xdeba,
romelic saqarTvelos msoflmxedvelobrivad kidev ufro akavSirebs ara
mxolod romis imperiis memkvidre bizantiasTan, aramed am axali imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi nominalurad darCenil sxva xalxebTanac. saqarTvelos
warmodgenaSi
bizantiis,
rogorc
WeSmariti
qristianobis
damcvelis
sivrceSi yofna ar unda iyos sadao. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qarTuli da
aseve
berZnuli
sailustracio
wyaroebi
savsebiT
magaliTebad
Tanxmdebian
sakmarisia
erTmaneTSi.
saqarTveloSi
ukve
amis
V-VI
saukuneebidan mmarTveli wrisaTvis bizantiuri titulis miniWeba, rac
dasturdeba rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriis
magaliTze. priske panionelis, agaTia sqolastikosis, ioane malalas,
prokopi kesarielis Tu sxva berZeni istorikosebis SromebSi pirdapir
aris dadasturebuli lazikis (egrisi) mefeTa bizantiis samefo karTan
damokidebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac lazikis mefeebi Tavs aRiareben
bizantiuri
qristianuli
samyaros
warmomadgenlad.
priske
panioneli
aRwers leon I (457-475) mmarTvelobis dros lazikis mefis gubaz I
Casvlas konstantinopolSi2. berZeni istorikosi Teofane mogviTxrobs 522
wels, lazebis mefis damnazes gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi vaJis waTes
Casvlaze bizantiis imperator iustine I-Tan, sadac man miiRo samefo
Rirsebis
Sesabamisi
patriciusis
1
saCuqrebi
qaliSvili3.
da
colad
prokopi
SeirTo
kesarielis
konstantinopolis
cnobiT,
“lazebi
am SemTxvavaSi ara gvaqvs saubari adrindeli mwvaleblobebis Sesaxeb, romelTac,
rasakvirvelia,
hqonda
warmoSobis
raime
lokaluri
mizezi.
xSirad
isini
damokidebuli iyo aseve romelime sociumis ganviTarebis doneze an mis raime
nacionalur mikuTvnilobazec (es sakiTxi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc ganaTlebul
qristianul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare qristologiuri davebis Sedegi).
2 priske panioneli. georgika, I, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
teqstebi TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s.
yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1961, gv. 259.
3 Teofane JamTaaRmwereli. georgika, IV, nakv. I, berZnuli teqsti s. yauxCiSvilis
qarTuli TargmaniTurT da ganmartebiT. Tb., 1941, gv. 77-78.
dasabamidan cxovroben kolxeTis miwaze, iyvnen romis mfarvelobis qveS
ise,
rom
ar
uxdidnen
arafers,
ase
rom,
xarkiT
an
raimeTi
ar
gamoxatavdnen morCilebas, mxolod maSin, rodesac gardaicvleboda mefe,
romis basilevsi xelisuflebis niSnebs ugzavnida mas, visac unda mieRo
taxti”1. agaTia sqolastikosis Tanaxmad, gubaz II Zma, romelmac egrisis
taxti
didi
omianobis
Semdeg
daikava,
cxovroda
bizantiaSi.
mis
gamefebas lazebi sTxoven bizantiis imperator iustiniane dids (527-565)2.
msgavsi magaliTebis moSvelieba SeiZleba qarTlis istoriidanac.
qarTuli
saistorio
wyaroebi
Seicaven
cnobebs
qarTlis
bizantiasTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. mirian mefis monaTvlis dros,
rogorc “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstSia mocemuli, misi Zma MmZevlad
yofila romSi3.
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod migvaCnia q. kakitelaSvilis
naSromSi gakeTebuli daskvnebi VI-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelTa kulturuli
TviTidentifikaciis
Sesaxeb.
avtori
ioane
sabanisZis
abos
wamebidan
aRebuli frazis – “romelni ese varT yuresa amas qveynisasa” _ mixedviT
askvnis,
rom
saqarTvelo
bizantiuri
kulturuli
sivrcis
nawilad
moiazrebs Tavs4.
qarTvelTa mier sakuTari Tavis erTian romaul sivrceSi aRqmis
magaliTi
unda
iyos
agreTve
“moqcevai
qarTlisais”
gadmocema
saqarTveloSi qristian moZRvarTa Camosvlis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am dros saqarTvelosTan ufro axlo teritoriaze arsebobdnen
qristiani
mociqulebs
episkoposebi,
moZRvarTa
qarTvelTa
Camosayvanad.
mefe
konstantinopolSi
“waravlina
ninoisi saberZneTsa, mefisa konstantines
mociquli
agzavnis
da
wigni
Txovad mRvdelTa. xolo igini
mwrafl miiwines. da mosca mefeman iovane episkoposi da erTi diakoni da
1 Прокопий Кесарийский. Воийна с персами. СПБ., 1998, кн. 11, с. 105.
2
3
4
agaTia sqolastikos mogviTxrobs: “waTe gamogvigzavne, gubaz mefis umcrosi Zma,
romelic amJamad bizantiaSi cxovrobs, raTa dacul iqnes mama-papuri wesi da Zveli
samefo gvari Seuryvneli darCes” (bizantieli mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. III,
gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1936).
qarTlis cxovreba, t. I., teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1955, gv. 128.
ioane sabanisZe. habos wameba. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1987, gv. 459. kakitelaSvili q.
sivrciTi orientacia – kulturaTa tipologizaciis safuZveli. disertacia istoriis
mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2004, gv. 47.
wigni elene dedoflisai da xati macxovrisai da Zeli cxovrebisai
ninoisaTvis”1.
igive
wyaro
Camoyalibebis
mociqulni
vaxtang
gorgasalis
mcdelobaze
saberZneTad
mier
“xolo
mogviTxrobs.
da
iTxova
damoukidebeli
mefisagan
mefeman
da
eklesiis
waravlina
patriarqisagan
kaTalikozi”2. konstantinopolidan saqarTveloSi Camovida ara mxolod
moZRvari,
aramed
xuroTmoZRvaric,
rac
aseve
mianiSnebs
konstantinopolis primatis aRiarebas saqarTvelos mier, iseve rogorc
amas aRiarebdnen mTel saqristianoSi. konstantine didis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli pirveli didi saeklesio mSeneblobani ierusalimsa da
romSi.
mirian
mefis
mier
saqarTveloSi
moZRvarTa
gamosagzavnad
konstantinopolisTvis mimarTva isedac ar unda iyos gasakviri. nikeis I
saeklesio krebis (325) istoriidan Cans, rom imperatori konstantine didi
am etapze qristianuli wesis ganmwesrigeblad gvevlineba. bizantiuri
samyaros
da
misi
imperatoris
gavlena
eklesiaze
Semdeg
periodSic
didia. amis dasturia konstantine didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, ariozeli
imperatorebis gamefebis dros, mTels bizantiur sivrceSi ariozelobis
droebiT
dakanoneba,
rasac
mohyva
konfliqti
aleqsandriis
sapatriarqosTan; niSandoblivia aseve is faqti, rom goTebSi qristianoba
ariozuli saxiT gavrcelda. amis mizezad gvevlineba is, rom rodesac
goTebis
episkoposi
vulfila
ekurTxa
340
wels,
maSin
imperiaSi
ariozeli samRvdeloeba3 iyo gabatonebuli.
romis
moSvelieba
imperatoris
juanSeris
primatis
vaxtang
dasadastureblad
gorgaslis
ramdenime
cxovrebisadmi
faqtis
miZRvnili
nawarmoebidanac SeiZleba. Cven mxolod ramdenimes davasaxelebT. vaxtang
gorgasalis sizmris aRwera sruldeba imiT, rom bizantiis imperatori
gadascems vaxtangs samefo gvirgvins: “da mihyo xeli keisarman, da miiRo
gvirgvini
juarisagan,
damajerebels
1
2
3
4
xdis
da
daarqua
mosazrebas
ara
vaxtangs
mxolod
Tavsa”4.
ufro
qarTvelTa
metad
bizantiuri
moqcevai qarTlisai. Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, gamosacemad moamzades b.
gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma. Tb., 1979, gv. 322.
iqve, gv. 325.
vfiqrobT, am TvalsazrisiT saWiroa aseve imperiis nacionaluri regionebis eklesiis
istoriis kvleva.
juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv. 168.
orientaciis, aramed imperatoris, rogorc zogad qristianuli samyaros
meTauris
aRiarebis
Sesaxeb.
juanSeris
istoriis
Semdeg
gverdebze
gadmocemuli Txroba: “esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes
yovelni
erisTavni
mociquli
winaSe
qarTlisani,
berZenTa
zemoni
mefisa,
da
da
qvemoni,
iTxoves,
da
raTa
wargzavnes
uCinos
mefe
naTesavTagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnes erisTavni igi Tvis-Tvisa
saerisTaosa Seucvaleblad. maSin keisarman aRasrula Txova maTi, da
mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZenis colisagan,
romelsa erqua guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTsa da javaxeTs”1.
saqarTvelos
sivrceSi,
jer
bizantiur
kulturuli
elinur
sivrceSi.
ganviTareba
samyaroSi,
Tumca
igi
Semdeg
mimdinareobda
romis
Tavisi
dasavlur
imperiaSi
ganviTarebis
da
yvela
aseve
etapze
cdilobda damoukidebeli politikuri cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnas da
qmnida TviTmyofad kulturas, romlis zogadi faseulobani msgavsi iyo
im
xalxebis
kulturisa,
visTan
erTadac
igi
qmnida
Tavdapirvelad
antikur, xolo SemdegSi qristianul kulturas. saqarTvelo, rogorc
antikuri romis arsebobis xanaSi, aseve Sua saukuneebSic asrulebda
Tavis politikur funqcias _ daecva romauli sivrce barbarosebisagan.
misi
funqcia
mcvelisa.
yovelTvis
wminda
ninos
gamokveTilia,
cxovrebaSi
rogorc
aris
cnoba,
kavkasiis
romelic
karibWis
vaxtang
gorgasalis mier am funqciis Sesrulebaze miuTiTebs: “daimorCila ovsni
da yivCaRni da Seqmna karni ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da
daayena mas zeda mcvelni maxlobelni misi adgilisani da uwoda mas
karad darialisa, da aw Tvinier brZanebisa mefisa ver xel-ewifebis
gamosvla ovsTa da yivCaRTa”2. is faqti, rom qarTvelebi romis sivrces
barbarosi
qarTvelebi
xalxebisagan
romaul
icaven,
sivrceSi
TavisTavad
moazrebian,
mianiSnebs
romelic
imaze,
IV
rom
saukunis
damdegidan xdeba qristianuli.
saqarTvelo rom Tavs evropul sivrceSi moiazrebs, amas adasturebs
ioane sabanisZis kidev erTi cnoba, sadac pirdapir aris miniSnebuli, rom
qarTvelebi
qristianuli
kulturis
Camoyalibebis
saTaveebTan
moazrebian: “rameTu ara xolo berZenTa sarwmunoebai ese RmrTisamieri
1
2
juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv. 218.
juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa.qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv 156.
moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa, viTarca wamebs ufali
da ityvis: “movidodian aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT da inax-idgmiden
wiaRTa
abrahamisTa,
isakisTa,
da
iakobisTa”.
aha
esera
qarTlisaca
mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmuneobai da wodebul ars dedaT wmindaTa, romelTame
TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxvaT mosrulTa Cven Soris
Jamad-Jamad iesuis mier, uflisa Cuenisa, romlisai ars didebai ukuniTi
amen”1.
ukunisamde,
is,
rom
qarTvelebi
identifikacias
qristianul
civilizaciasTan axdenen, aseve naTelia ioane sabanisZis nawarmoebSi
kavkasiis
CriloeTSi
mcxovrebTa
daxasiaTebisas,
rodesac
is
maT,
rogorc araqristianTa Sesaxeb wers: “kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mxecis
buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romelTa sjuli ara aqvs, garna RmerTi mxolod
Semoqmedi
ician”2.
mogvianebiTac,
maRal
Sua
saukuneebSi,
roca
barbarosebzea saubari, isini moixseniebian kavkasiis mTebis gadaRma. am
mxriv sainteresoa jvarosanTa xanis evropel mogzaurTa, franciskanul
da dominikanur sasuliero ordenebis wevrTa cnobebi, romlebic gogisa
da magogis adgilsamyofels kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma moixsenieben.
Sua saukuneebis saTaveebTan erTiani qristianuli sivrcis aRqmis
dasturia mTel qristianul samyaroSi wmindanTa saerTo institutis
arseboba, rac did ganxeTqilebamde gagrZelda. m. TamaraSvils Tavis
wignSi moyvanili aqvs IV-VI saukuneebis dasavleTis didi moRvaweebisadmi
miZRvnili qarTuli marTlmadidebluri wminda locvani. am masalidan
CvenTvis ufro sainteresoa IV saukuneSi moRvawe pap silvestrisa, da
aseve pap leon I-isadmi (V s.) miZRvnili locvani romelmac romi hunebis
Semosevisagan
ixsna.
aseTive
suraTi
warmogvidgeba,
Tu
gadavxedavT
qarTul saeklesio kalendars.
romis
memkvidreobaze
sivrceSi
sakuTari
pretenziis
Tavis
gamocxadebas
moazreba
niSnavda.
amave
dros
msgavsi
romis
pretenzia
evropul qristianul sivrceSi Semaval yvela qveyanasa da xalxs hqonda.
igive pretenzia romis memkvidreobisa gauCndaT frankebs karlos didis
xanaSi. aseTi
romis
1
2
pretenziebi hqondaT aRorZinebis xanis qveynebs, romlebic
memkvidris
titulis
miRebisaTvis
ibrZodnen.
romis
adrindeli feodaluri literatura, prof. k. kekeliZis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT.
tfilisi, 1935, gv.62.
ioane sabanisZe, habos wameba. qarTuli mwerloba, t.I, Tb., 1987, gv 447.
memkvidreobisaTvis
brZolis
nimuSia
ruseTSi
XV
saukuneSi
ganviTarebuli mesame romis Teoria.
qarTul saxelmwifoSic igive pretenzia Cans
maRal Sua saukuneebSi,
e. w. qarTuli renesansis xanaSi. aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenime faqtors.
es
aris,
upirvelesad,
imperiisadmi
qarTvel
wayenebuli
berZnebs
sayvedurobs
qarTul
saistorio
mwignobarTa
moTxovnebi,
TavianT
wyaroSi
SromebSi
rodesac
giorgi
bizantiis
mTawmindeli
gulzviadobas
da
ampartavnobas.
saqarTvelos
upiratesobis
aseve
Zebna.
am
periodSi Cndeba naSromebi, romlebic Zvel saistorio masalebSi eZeben
cnobebs saqarTveloSi mociqulTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, am etapze iRebs
saqarTvelos
moiZiebs
kaTalikosi
istorikosi
kaTalikos-patriarqis
saqarTvelos
samefo
tituls.
dinastiis
am
etapze
RvTaebriv
warmoSobas. es aris renesansis xana saqarTveloSi. renesansi ki ar
SeiZleba
warmovidginoT
rodesac
mxolod
antikurobis
msoflmxedveloba
dogmatisagan;
es
aris,
aRdgenad,
gaTavisuflebulia
rogorc
J.
le
gofi
an
epoqad,
qristianuli
aRniSnavs,
ara
romSi
dabruneba, aramed dabruneba abraamis wiaRSi, amqveyniur samoTxeSi, mama
RmerTis samyofelSi. romSi dabruneba maTTvis niSnavda, ubralod, mis
gadatanas,
rodesac
gadaaqvT
umaRlesi
xelisufleba
da
mecniereba.
romis gadmotanis pirveli mcdeloba ganxorcielda konstantinopolis
daarsebiT da is pirdapirac ase moixsenieboda _ axali romi. vfiqrobT,
msgavsive movlena iyo saqarTveloSi maRali Sua saukuneebis xanaSi,
rodesac qarTulma kulturam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, qarTulma
saxelmwifom
bizantiuri
udidesi
politikuri
saimperatoro
karis
gamarjvebebi
titulebi.
moipova
romis
da
uaryo
memkvidreobis,
renesansuli gagebis pretenziis gamJRavnebad SeiZleba miviCnioT ioane
SavTelis “abdulmesianis” strofi, romelSic avtori xotbas asxams im
adgils, sadac unda daikrZalos Tavisi patroni:
“axalo romo, SenTvis Tqves, romo
ufros iqmneso myofTa yovelTa.
vnatri eladsa, TviT mas gelaTsa,
sad rom dakrZalven wmindaT sxeulsa1.
1
ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani. Tb., 1937, gv. 50.
ase rom, Sua saukuneebis daswyisSi saqarTvelo Tavis Tavs moiazrebs
erTian msoflio qristianul samyaroSi, romlis Tavadac aRiarebs romis
imperators, romlis adgilmonacvle mogvianebiT gaxda bizantiis keisari.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
daviT macaberiZe
nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi
(XX saukunis 8080-iani wlebis bolo 9090-iani wlebis dasawyisi)
am naSromis mizania kavkasiis konfliqtebis ganxilva nacionalizmis
WrilSi, am konfliqtebis (qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, qarTvelebsa da
samxreT osebs, azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs, rusebsa da CeCnebs Soris
mimdinare
dapirispirebebis)
konkretul
saxeebTan
da
mimarTebis
am
gziT
gansazRvra
imis
dadgena,
nacionalizmis
iyo
Tu
ara
am
konfliqtebis safuZveli eTnikur umciresobebSi nacionaluri ganwyobis
gaZliereba, xolo Tavad konfliqtebi ki _ am procesis gamovlineba.
Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia nacionalizmis arsis ganmarteba.
nacionalizmi
XIX-XX
saukuneebis
fenomenia,
romelic
moicavs
erTianobis gancdas da romelic Zalze mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis
mTlianobis
SenarCunebisaTvis.
Tanamedrove
gagebiT,
nacionalizmi
gansazRvrulia rogorc jgufis an eris politikurad gacnobierebuli
koleqtiuri qmedeba, mimarTuli mzardi teritoriuli avtonomiis
suverenitetisaken.
es
gansazRvreba,
vfiqrob,
marTebulia
an
CemTvis
saintereso sakiTxis _ kavkasiis konfliqtebis kvlevasTan mimarTebaSi.
CrdiloeT
gansakuTrebiT
kavkasiis
faqtoris
mniSvnelovania
gaTvaliswinebiT,
nacionalizmisa
fundamentalizmis urTierTmimarTebis aRniSvna.
mxriv,
islamuri
fundamentalizmis
da
CvenTvis
religiuri
CrdiloeT kavkasia, erTi
aRorZinebisa
da
gamococxlebis
adgilad gvevlineba, meores mxriv ki, am regionSi Tavs iCens Zlieri
nacionalisturi ganwyoba; am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT CeCneTi gvaqvs
mxedvelobaSi. nacionalizmsa da fundamentalizms Soris mWidro kavSiri
ganpirobebulia
im
faqtoriT,
rom
fundamentalizmi
warmogvidgens
detalur da konkretul samoqmedo programas, xolo nacionalizmi _
enasa da eTnikurobaze damyarebuli fenomenia, romelic momavlisTvis
araviTar “gegmas” ar gvTavazobs.
aqve
davZenT,
rom
nacionalizmi
gansxvavdeba
regionalizmisagan.
regionalizmi _ esaa erTianobis gacnobiereba im xalxis mier, romlebic
saxelmwifos SigniT SedarebiT vrcel teritoriaze cxovroben. isini ar
ayeneben
teritoriuli
suverenitetis
sakiTxs.
Tumca
regionalizmma
SeiZleba, zogjer stimuli misces gansxvavebuli erovnuli identurobis
mqone jgufs, romelic iswrafvis saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebisaken.
axla ki uSualod gadavideT kavkasiis konfliqtebis ganxilvaze
nacionalizmis
ganvsazRvro
WrilSi.
maTi
nacionalizmis
am
problemaze
gamovlinebisa
oTx
konservatorul2,
farTod
da
msjelobisaTvis
gamomwvevi
gavrcelebul
eqspansiur3
Sevecdebi,
mizezebis
mimarTeba
liberalur,1
tipTan:
antikoloniur_postkoloniur4
da
nacionalizmTan. sainteresoa, afxazeTis, oseTis, yarabaRisa da CeCneTis
konfliqtebi nacionalizmis gamovlineba iyo, Tu gareSe _ umTavresad
politikuri _ faqtorebiT inspirirebuli movlenebi?
CeCneTis konfliqti
kavkasiis konfliqtebis nacionalizmis WrilSi ganxilvas daviwyeb
CeCneTis
SemTxveviT,
gansxvavebiT,
romelic,
ruseTis
sxva
SemadgenlobaSi
konfliqturi
ise
Sevida,
regionebisagan
rom
erovnuli
saxelmwifo arasodes hqonia. Svedi mecnieri svante korneli Tavis wignSi
“mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi” aRniSnavs: TviTgamorkvevasaTan
dakavSirebiT
umciresobas,
unda
iTqvas,
ramdenadac
maT
rom
CeCnebi
ara
aqvT
ar
sxva
warmoadgenen
samSoblo;
erovnul
CeCneTi
arc
ruseTis ubralo provinciaa. saxelmwifoebriobis ararseboba ar yofila
dabrkoleba
sxva
koloniebisaTvis
TviTgamorkvevisaTvis
brZolaSi.
amrigad, arc CeCneTis SemTxvevaSi, CeCeni xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis
brZolaSi iqneba is damabrkolebeli faqtori. Semdgom ki mkvlevari
dasZens:
1
2
3
4
CeCneTs
aqvs
garkveuli
safuZvlebi
damoukideblobisaTvis,
liberaluri nacionalizmi nacionalizmis uZvelesi formaa, romelic safrangeTis
revoluciidan iRebs saTaves. liberaluri nacionalizmis ideebs vxvdebiT juzepe
maZinisTan, agreTve Jan-Jak rusos naSromebSi. liberaluri nacionalizmis principebs
daefuZna vudro vilsonis cnobili “14 punqti”.
konservatoruli nacionalizmi mimarTulia ukve arsebuli eri saxelmwifoebis
ganviTarebisaken da ara axlis mSeneblobisaken. misi mizania patriotizmisa da
“erovnuli siamayis” ganmtkicebis gziT erovnuli erTianobis SenarCuneba. is
nostalgiuri bunebisaa da mudam warsulis, gardasuli dReebis didebisa da triumfis
gaxsenebazea orientirebuli.
eqspansiuri nacionalizmi agresiul da militaristul elfers atarebs, rac
ewinaaRmdegeba rwmenas eris TviTgamorkvevis Taobaze. mas axasiaTebs Sovinizmi,
sakuTari eris upiratesobisa da dominirebis rwmena. aseT nacionalizms xSirad
militarizmic sdevs Tan.
antikoloniuriantikoloniuri-postkoloniuri nacionalizmi Tan mohyva 1945 wlis Semdeg dawyebul
dekolonizaciis process. is dasavleTisa da yovelive dasavluris winaRmdeg iyo
mimarTuli.
radgan im dros, roca man damoukideblobis deklaracia gamoaqveyna,
sabWoTa kavSiri ukve iSleboda1.
CeCneTSi nacionalizmis aRorZinebasa da gaZlierebas gadasaxlebebis
Semdeg CeCnebis TavinaT miwa-wyalze TandaTanobiTma dabrunebam Seuwyo
xeli. am regionSi daiwyo mosaxleobam mkveTri zrda. amis Sedegad
sabWoTa kavSirSi CeCnuri mosaxleoba 1959-1979 wlebSi TiTqmis gaormagda.
amave dros, rusebis xvedriTi wili CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiur sabWoTa
socialistur
respublikaSi
Semcirda
mosaxleobis
naxevridan
mesamedamde. CeCnebis sasargeblod demografiuli suraTis cvlilebam ki
xelsayreli
politikis
pirobebi
Seqmna
warmoebisaTvis.
eris2
satitulo
CeCnebSi
mier
nacionalizmis
damoukidebeli
aRorZinebas
xeli
Seuwyo agreTve CeCnuri enis Seviwroebam, rac mtkivneulad aRiqmeboda
(CeCneTSi,
garkveulwilad,
lingvisturi
nacionalizmic
magram is sxva tipis nacionalizmiT gadaifara).
identurobis
CaxSobis
yvelaze
warmatebuli
gamovlinda,
ACeCnebisa da inguSebis
mcdeloba
ganaTlebaSi
ganxorcielda, gansakuTrebiT, dawyebiT da umaRles skolebSi. sabWoTa
kavSiris yvela avtonomiur respublikaSi arsebobda ori tipis skolas
Soris arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba: 1. skola, sadac rusuli ena
warmmarTveli iyo, mSobliuri ena ki _ ukana planze gadaweuli da 2.
skola, sadac rusuli meoradi ena iyo da ganaTlebis miReba mSobliur
enaze
SeiZleboda.
CeCneTi
da
inguSeTi
am
meore
SesaZleblobas
moklebuli iyvnen. CeCneTSi viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba reabilitaciasa
da sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul perestroikas Soris periodSi. am dros
CeCneTSi
didi
socialuri
mRelvareba
iyo.
CeCnebisa
da
inguSebis
sayovelTao imedgacruebam da iq mcxovrebi rusebis SiSma adilobrivi
mosaxleobis mimarT didi daZabuloba gamoiwvia. 1958 wels groznoSi
adgili hqonda ruseTis masStabiT erT-erT did socialur mRelvarebas:
kerZo
uTanxmoeba,
romelsac
msxverpli
mohyva,
gadaizarda
eTnikur
dapirispirebaSi; adgilobrivma rusebma CeCnebis kvlav centralur aziaSi
gadasaxleba moiTxoves.
1
2
Cornell S. Small Nations and Great Powers (A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus). Curzon, 2001, p.
239.
satitulo eri _ am terminiT moixsenieba is erebi, romelTa TviTdasaxeleba da maTi
saxelmwifos saxelwodeba identuria (magaliTad, CeCnebi da CeCneTi).
svante kornelis TqmiT, kavkasiis konfliqtebze dakvirveba da maTi
urTierTSedareba cxadyofs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mxolod CeCneTs
ZaluZda brZola avtonomiisaTvis. amas xels Semdegi faqtorebi uwyobda:
CeCneTi
mZafrad
saukunis
pasuxobda
kavkasiuri
omebi
mis
winaaRmdeg
da
meore
Cadenil
msoflio
qmedebebs.
omis
XIX
droindeli
deportaciebi centralur rols TamaSobda CeCnebis SekavSirebaSi, rac
maT
saSualebas
aZlevda,
hyolodaT
Zlieri,
qarizmatuli
da
antirusulad ganwyobili lideri. garda amisa, Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebs
Soris
CeCnebi
CeCneTi
gansakuTrebiT
mdidaria
bunebrivi
gamoirCevian
resursebiT,
rusebisadmi
gaziTa
da
siZulviliT;
navTobiT,
rac
ganasxvavebs mas sxva avtonomiuri regionebisagan; Tavisi resursebisa da
baqo-novorosiiskis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
navTobsadenis
CeCneTi
CeCneTis
potenciuri
teritoriaze
saxelmwifoa,
TuU
arsebobis
is,
1991-1994
wlebis msgavsad, ar SeizRudeba ruseTis mier.
ruseTisadmi dapirispirebis procesSi CeCneTSi ori ZiriTadi partia
Camoyalibda:
iandarbievi,
CeCneTis
ramdenime
vainaxuri
dudaevis
demokratiuli
ideologi
pannacionaluri
partia.
da
kongresi.
sayuradReboa,
partia
(lideri
CeCneTis
am
rom
oris
meore
garda,
yvela
_
zelimxan
prezidenti)
aRmocenda
maTgani
da
kidev
islamuri
an
nacionalisturi orientaciis iyo. nacionaluri kongresis formireba 1990
wlis
zafxulidan
daiwyo.
is
iyo
ZiriTadi
organizacia,
romelic
aerTianebda nacionalistur dajgufebebs. maT msgavsi motivebi hqondaT:
gaeerTianebinaT
yvela
nacionaluri
demokratiuli
Zala
da
zewola
moexdinaT politikuri sistemis reformirebaze.
suzan goldenbergis sityviT, dudaevi CeCneTis nacionaluri lideri
mokle da STambeWdavi gamosvlebiT gaxda. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT
samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs, aq postsabWoTa liderebi, ZiriTadad,
am
motiviT,
kargi
oratoruli
gamosvlebiTa
da
nacionalisturi
miswrafebebis simZafriT gamoirCeodnen. kongresze erT saintereso faqti
moxda: misi mimdinareobisas dudaevma moiTxova respublikis struqturis
Secvla, pirvel rigSi ki axali konstituciis
Catareba
respublikis
saprezidento
arCevnebis
samomavlo
daniSvna.
statusis
kongresis
miReba, referendumis
gansasazRvrad
meore
sxdomis
da
Semdeg
dudaevma kontroli daamyara mTels CeCnur nacionalur moZraobaze, raTa
is
ufro
radikalur
moZraobad
gardaeqmna.
maT
moiTxoves
sabWoTa
kontrolis gauqmeba da komunisturi partia, sxva struqturebTan erTad,
koloniuri
zewolis
instrumentebad
gamoacxades.
es
yovelive
migviTiTebs, rom CeCneTSi arsebobda Zlieri antirusuli nacionalituri
ganwyoba.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg CeCnebis brZolas
antikoloniur_postkoloniuri nacionalizmis saxe hqonda. is mimarTuli
iyo ruseTisagan
Seqmnisaken.
1992
saxelmwifos
gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos “iCqeriis”
wlis
yvela
zafxulisaTvis
niSani;
CeCneTSi
CeCneTs
aRar
hqonda
iyo
damoukidebeli
rusuli
droSebi
da
rusuli jari (es ganasxvavebda mas sxva postsabWoTa da aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebisagan). dudaevi kargad iyenebda yurans. rodesac mas
SeiaraRebuli
opozicia
daupirispirda,
dudaevma
yurani
moiSvelia,
romelic ramadanis TveSi muslimTa mier sisxlisRvras krZalavs, roTac
oponentebis
diskreditireba
moaxdina,
gamoacxada
ra
isini
ruseTis
momxreebad.
rogorc vxedavT, islami yvelaze Zlieri politikuri da socialuri
Zalaa CeCnur sazogadoebaSi. amrigad, CeCneTis SemTxveva nacionalizmisa
da
religiuri
ZalTa
fundamentalizmis
organizeba
CeCneTis
rwmenis
SemTxveva
nazavs
safuZvelze
warmoadgens
antikoloniuri-postkoloniuri
warmoadgens:
xdeba.
religiuri
aq
mokled
politikur
rom
vTqvaT,
fundamentalizmisa
nacionalizmis
nazavs,
da
romelmac
gadafara Tavdapirvel etapze gamovlenili lingvisturi nacionalizmi.
MmTiani yarabaRis konfliqti
kavkasiaSi kidev erT cxel wertils mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti
warmoadgens, romelic azerbaijanSi arsebuli somxuri anklavis gamo
warmoiSva
azerbaijansa
aqtualizdeboda
kavkasiaSi
da
somxeTs
ZalTa
Soris.
yoveli
es
gadajgufebis
konfliqti
dros
_
dawyebuli ruseT-TurqeT-iranis omebiT, sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1919-1921
wlebSi amierkavkasiis aneqsiiT damTavrebuli. magram axla am epoqis
movlenebis gaSuqebas ar daviwyebT da nacionalizmis WrilSi mxolod
1988-1990-iani
wlebis
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
movlenebis
sabWoTa
analiziT
periodis
SemovifarglebiT.
yvela
kampania,
Tumca
mimarTuli
somxeTisTvis yarabaRis SeerTebisaken, ganixileboda rogorc reaqciuli
nacionalisturi propaganda da maT sastikad uswordebodnen.
1983 wels somexma mweralma zori balaianma gamosca wigni, romelic
azerbaijanSi aRiqves rogorc Turqebis, konkretulad ki, azerbaijaneli
Turqebis
diskreditireba.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
nacionalisturi, gaiara
svante
is
korneli
calsaxad
aRniSnavs,
SeiZleba
rom
am
Sefasdes
wignma,
rogorc
imdroindeli cenzura da gamoica. 1987 wlidan
ki moskovisaken daiZra werilebi mTiani yarabaRis (sadac mosaxleobis
did
nawils
azerbaijanelebi
moTxovniT.
“glasnostis”
Seadgendnen)
periodis
somxeTTan
protestebi
SeerTebis
ekologiuri
usafrTxoebis moTxovniT gadaizarda mTiani yarabaRisa da naxWevnis
somxeTisTvis gadacemis nacionalistur moTxovnebSi. yarabaRis somxebs
imedi hqondaT, rom gorbaCovi maT sasargeblo gadawyvetilebas miiRebda,
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ramdenime somxuri warmoSobis mrCeveli
hyavda. Tu davakvirdebiT, aqac nacionaluri faqtori ikveTeba.
1988
wlis
TebervalSi
gaaprotesta
baqos
avtonomiur
olqSi.
erevanSi
gamarTulma
kulturuli
da
s.
aRniSnavs,
korneli
ekonomikuri
rom
demonstraciam
politika
erevanSi
yarabaRis
mowyobilma
gamosvlebma nel-nela iredentizmis saxe miiRo. ar dagvaviwydes rom
iredentizmi1 nacionalizmis erT-erTi saxe da gamovlinebaa.
somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls warmoSobilma
opoziciurma moZraobebma nacionalisturi xasiaTi miiRo. maTi pirveli
arakomunisti liderebi _ levon ter-petrosiani da abulfaz elCibei _
saxalxo frontebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, orive _ nacionalisturi
orientaciis
da
orive
_
mWidrod
dakavSirebuli
mTiani
yarabaRis
problemasTan, rac, bunebrivia, garkveulwilad am konfliqtis xasiaTs
gansazRvravda.
eTnikuri dapirispirebebi, romelTac adgili hqonda baqoSi, ganjaSi,
sumgaiTsa
1
da
somxebiT
dasaxlebul
sxva
azerbaijanul
regionebSi,
iredentizmTan dakavSirebiT moviyvan amerikeli profesoris donald horovicis (Donald
L. Horowitz) gansazRvrebas. misi TqmiT, iredentizmi _ es aris garkveuli regionis
inkorporacia im saxelmwiofSi, romelTanac mas saerTo eTnosi akavSirebs da
romelic mzadaa mis misaRebad. separatizmis saboloo mizania axali saxelmwifos
warmoSoba, maSin rodesac iredentizmis mizania konkretuli jgufis “gadarCena”.
mkvlevaris TqmiT, es ar aris ubralod aneqsia; SeerTeba am SemTxvevaSi eTnikur
naTesaobas efuZneba.
yarabaRsa da somxeTSi mimdinare eTnikuri dapirispirebebis gamoZaxili
iyo.
svante
kornels
ekuTvnis
saintereso
migneba
somxur
da
azerbaijanul nacionalizmTan dakavSirebiT. misi TqmiT, isini erTmaneTs
“ireklavdnen”, iseve rogorc silueti irekleba sarkeSi, ramdenadac maT
arseboba mxolod urTierTdapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT.
rogorc
vxedavT,
am
konfliqtis
safuZvels
azerbaijanSi,
mTian
yarabaRSi mcxovrebi somxebis somxeTTan inkorporaciisaken miswrafeba
warmoadgenda. es iyo eTnikuri nacionalizmis gamovlineba, romelsac
TiTqosda
iredentizmis
saxe
hqonda.
Tumca,
kavkasiis
mTliani
postsabWoTa viTarebisa da ruseTis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, me mainc
postsabWouri
sivrcis
cnobili
Tvalsazriss
daveTanxmebi
da
eqspertis
vityvi,
nil
rom
makfarleinis
es
konfliqti
eTnonacionaluri xasiaTis iyo.
afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebi
eTnonacionalizmis niSnebs unda amJRavnebdes, TiTqos, afxazeTisa da
samxreT
oseTis
konfliqtebi,
magram
aq
aSkaraa
sxva
faqtorebis
urTierTgadajaWva, ramac es momenti gadafara. unda aRiniSnos, rom
saqarTvelo samxreT kavkasiis sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavdeba eTnikurad
heterogenuli
gareSe
mosaxleobiT.
faqtorebTan
erTad,
vfiqrobT,
xeli
aq
konfliqtebis
Seuwyo
sabWoTa
aRmocenebas,
kavSiris
daSlis
Semdeg axladaRmocenebuli qarTuli nacionalizmis Taviseburebam. misi
Camoyalibebis periodSi ar moiZebna forma da saSualeba umciresobebis
rolisa da adgilis gasaTvaliswineblad da qarTul sazogadoebaSi maT
CasarTavad. qarTvelebsa da erovnul umciresobebs Soris konfliqti
gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda 1989-1991 wlebSi. aq mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa
zviad gamsaxurdiam, romelmac Tavisi kampania afxazeTsa da samxreT
oseTSi qarTvelebis uflebebze aago. Semdgomma politikam gaauaresa
urTierTobebi
erovnul
daviTaSvili
aRniSnavs,
gamsaxurdiam
xeli
umciresobebTan.
saqarTvelos
Seuwyo
rogorc
pirvelma
Sovinisturi
batoni
zurab
prezidentma
nacionalizmis
zviad
aRmocenebas,
xolo postsabWoTa saqarTvelos mkvlevaris, amerikeli mecnieris, stiven
jonsis
daxasiaTebiT,
gamsaxurdia
Tavs
miiCnevda
qarTvel
erovnul
gmirad.
es,
bunebrivia,
amZafrebda
saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb
erovnul
umciresobebSi nacionalizmis grZnobas.
umciresobebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis axal
politikas, homogenizacias, gaqarTvelebas da gaqristianebas, miiCnevdnen
ra
mas
Sovinisturad.
kvazisaxelmwifoebrivi
osebi
da
afxazebi,
struqturebi,
romelTac
saqarTvelos
hqondaT
SemadgenlobaSi
darCenas warmoudgenlad Tvlidnen.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli identurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
komponenti
lingvisturi identurobaa, xolo religia meore planzea
gadaweuli. konfliqti Tavidan swored enis problemiT daiwyo. 1988 wlis
kanons,
romelic
mRelvareba
saqarTveloSi
qarTuli
enis
poziciebs
amyarebda,
dasawyisSi,
romelic
mohyva afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi.
oseTTan
dapirispireba
daiwyo
1989
wlis
kanonTa omis saxeliTaa cnobili. es mohyva 1988 wlis kanons, romelic
ganamtkicebda
qarTuli
enis
poziciebs
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze.
sapasuxod osebma moiTxoves, rom regionSi qarTuls, osursa da rusuls
Tanabari statusi hqonoda, xolo SemdgomSi oficilur enad osuris
gamocxadeba
brZolis
moisurves. amrigad,
pirvel
etapze
SesaZlebelia,
qarTuli
rom
damoukideblobis
nacionalizmi
lingvistur
nacionalizmad daxasiaTdes.
analogiur movlenebs hqonda adgili afxazeTSi. marTalia, afxazebsa
da qarTvelebs Soris dapirispirebebi CaxSobil iqna sabWoTa periodSi,
magram es mcdelobebi warmatebuli ar iyo. areulobebs hqonda adgili
1957
da
1967
sakonstitucio
wels,
isini
reformis
Riad
dros.
gamovlinda
afxazebma
es
1977
wels,
gamoiyenes
breJnevis
da
kampania
gaaCaRes lingvisturi uflebebis mosapoveblad, Semdeg ufro Sorsac
wavidnen da saqarTvelosagan gamoyofa moiTxoves. afxazebis lingvistur
miswrafebebs amZafrebda is faqti, rom afxazeTSi moqmedebda qarTuli
anbani, maSin rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris sxva erovnul umciresobebs
hqondaT kiriliculi anbani. afxazeTSi yvela erovnul enaze moqmedi
skola daxuruli iyo.
rogorc afxazebTan, aseve osebTan, kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli
iyo, radganac qarTvelebi afxazebsa da osebs ganixilavdnen ruseTis
iaraRad
saqarTveloSi
viTarebis
destabilizaciisaTvis,
misi
damoukideblobis sapirispirod. miuxedavad imisa, rom lingvisturi da
kulturuli uflebebis moTxovnebi umciresobebis mxridan msgavsi iyo
saqarTvelos
da
nacionalistebi
qarTvelebis
maT
analogiuri
legitimurad
ar
moTxovnebisa,
miiCnevdnen.
qarTveli
amasTanave,
unda
aRiniSnos, rom am avtonomiur regionebSi rusuli ena TamaSobda did
rols,
da
osebisa
da
afxazebis
mier
rusuli
enis
ZiriTad
enad
gamocxadebam gaaZliera qarTvelebis eWvi maT ukan ruseTis dgomisa da
mxardaWerisa.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
pretenziebi
rom
Tavdapirvel
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi
etapze
osuri
lingvisturi
da
afxazuri
nacionalizmis
farglebs ar scdeboda, magram rigi mizezebis gamo, is seriozuli
konfliqtis
SemTxvevaSi
mizezad
iqca.
igulisxmeba
saqarTvelos
antikoloniuri
ruseTi)
xelisuflebam
ver
da
postkoloniuri
nacionalizmis
talRaze
gaiTvaliswina
is
didi
(am
awyobilma
safrTxe,
romelic am yovelives (afxazTa da osTa lingvisturi uflebebisaTvis
brZolis) ukan imaleboda. amasTanave, afxazebisa da osebis moqmedebebi,
SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes
rogorc separatistuli nacionalizmi, romlis
calsaxa mizania qveynidan gamoyofis Semdeg sruli damoukideblobis
miRweva. MDEG
daskvna
dasasruls, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom es konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad,
kavkasiis respublikebSi mcxovrebi satitulo erovnuli umciresobebis
mxridanaa inspirirebuli gareSe Zalebis seriozuli monawileobiT. am
konfliqtebSi monawile mxareebis pozicia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, erTis
mxriv,
rogorc
umciresobebi),
nacionalizmi
erovnuli
eTnonacionaluri
xolo
meores
(magaliTad,
saxelmwifoebis
(mxedvelobaSi
mxriv,
saqarTvelo),
ganviTareba,
gvaqvs
rogorc
romlis
eTnikuri
konservatoruli
mizania
patriotizmisa
da
siamayis” ganmtkicebis gziT erovnuli erTianobis SenarCuneba.
arsebuli
“erovnuli
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
SoTa KxinCagaSvili
kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi
(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)
sakvlevi problema. naSromis mizania kavkasiis regionis muslimur
sazogadoebebSi sabWoTa politikuri sistemis daSlis Semdeg mimdinare
procesebis mimoxilva da gaaanalizeba. Cveni interesis sagania aseve
regionis
muslimi
momxdari
mosaxleobis
ZiriTadi
sazogadoebrivi
ideologiur
cvlilebebi,
cxovrebis
sxva
maTi
da
sulier
Sedegebi
mxareebTan.
cxovrebaSi
da
pirvel
mimarTeba
rigSi,
saWiroa
mkafiod gamoikveTos amgvari kvlevis aqtualuroba, ganisazRvros misi
Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.
muslimi mosaxleoba, sxva regionebis msgavsad, sxvadasxvagvarad aris
ganawilebuli
kavkasiis
sxvadasxva
politikur-administraciul
erTeulSi. regionis TiToeuli sazogadoebis socialuri, politikuri da
sulieri
cxovrebis
islamis”
xasiaTis
kvlevisas
gansxvavebuli
gaTvaliswinebiT,
amjerad
SemovfargluliyaviT,
amJRavneben
ganviTarebis,
erTmaneTTan.
islamisa
da
naSromSi
ganxiluli
mizanSewonilad
CrdiloeT
romlebic
es
socialuri
SedarebiT
identurobis
is
“adgilobrivi
CavTvaleT
kavkasiis
saSualebas
iqneba
aseve
respublikebiT
mniSvnelovan
mogvcems,
mTliani
sazogadoebebi,
Cveni
msgavsebebs
warmovidginoT
regionuli
sadac
suraTi.
muslimebi
an
umravlesoba warmoadgenen, an mniSvnelovan rols asruleben da gavlenas
axdenen
vuvliT
arsebul
sociokulturul
saqarTvelosa
umciresobebis,
aseve
da
garemoze.
somxeTis
azerbaijanis
amgvarad,
respublikebis,
SemTxvevis
Cven
maTi
ganxilvas,
gverds
muslimi
sadac,
politikuri da sxva faqtorebis gamo, tranziciis periodSi sulier
sferoSi momxdar cvlilebebs specifikuri xasiaTi aqvT.
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
Taviseburebasa
da
istorias,
regionSi
SeuZlebeli
muslimuri
iqneba
sarwmunoebis
gverdi
avuaroT
TiToeuli respublikis mniSvnelovan politikur procesebs, rac Cveni
analizis safuZveli iqneba:
1) religiuri cxovrebis dinamika: ra gavlena iqonia da rogor
ganapiroba postkomunisturma epoqam da misma gamowvevebma tradiciuli,
xangrZlivad
arsebuli
muslimuri
sarwmunoebis
Tanamedrove
saxis
Camoyalibeba kavkasiaSi; ramdenad sicocxlisunariani da aqtiuri iyo
islami ukanasknel wlebSi misi mimdevrebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (amis
garkvevaSi dagvexmareba religiurobis xarisxis amsaxveli faqtobrivi da
statistikuri monacemebi). aseve SevecdebiT ganvixiloT, arsebobs Tu ara
saerTo
religiuri
tendenciebi
yvela
muslimuri
sazogadoebisaTvis,
islamisa da postkomunisturi transformaciis zogadi regionuli nimuSi.
meores
mxriv,
SevecdebiT,
gamovavlinoT
da
avxsnaT
arsebuli
gansxvavebebi.
2)
islamis
ganviTarebaSi:
roli
Cven
TviTSegnebis
kavkasiis
xalxTa
ganvixilavT
fenomens,
aseve
postsabWoTa
muslimi
identurobis
kavkasielebis
kulturuli
(eTnikuri)
erovnuli
da
religiuri
identurobebis urTierTmimarTebas _ SevadarebT warsulSi arsebul da
Tanamedrove situacias. SevecdebiT aRvweroT mniSvnelovani da rTuli
urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTis mxriv, islamsa da mis “sasuliero fenas”,
xolo meores mxriv, axladaRmocenebul politikur elitebsa da maT
konkretul miznebs Soris. mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, warmoadgenda Tu
ara
islami
samoqalaqo
romliTac
xdeboda
formireba,
Tu
gansazRvravda
xelisuflebis
postsabWoTa
adgilobrivi
am
religiis
socialur-politikur
epoqis
islamis
aqtiur
movlenebSi,
xelSi
im
ZiriTad
“axali
identurobebis”
auTenturi
buneba
monawileobas
agreTve
mis
faqtors,
Tavad
mniSvnelovan
damokidebulebas
dasaxelebuli sazogadoebebis “civilizaciur arCevanTan” _ kulturul
orientaciasTan.
kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da
kvlevis
meTodologia.
meTodologia.
pirvel
rigSi,
ganvsazRvroT
is
cnebebi,
romelTac kvlevisas gamoviyenebT.
CvenTvis ZiriTadia identurobis cneba. identuroba aris adamianis
fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar “me”-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul
mTlianobasa
da
individualurobaze,
romlis
meSveobiTac
pirovneba
sakuTar Tavs aigivebs garkveul tipologiur kategoriasTan (saxelmwifo,
socialuri statusi, kultura, erovneba, asaki, sqesi, profesia da a.S.).
Tavad procesis, dinamikis aRsaniSnavad amjerad ufro mosaxerxebeli
iqneba, gamoviyenoT termini identifikacia. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs
identurobis
dinamiur
dazustebisa
da
sazogadoebis
gansazRvris
konkretul
(institutebTan).
mkvlevrebi
dRes
rolebis
aTvisebas1.
kulturulad
da
subieqtis
procesze,
jgufTan
da
da
TiToeuli
socialurad
Tavisi
sakuTari
gulisxmoben
miRebasa
mier
mimarTebaze
da
institutTan
socialuri
fsiqologiis
individis
adaptacias,
individi
kuTvnilebis
me-s
(jgufebTan)
sociologebi
identifikaciaSi
socialuri
modelebis
xasiaTze,
socializacias,
sociokulturuli
socializaciis
gansazRvruli
statusebis
procesSi,
SeTvisebiT,
iTvisebs socialur identurobas. amgvarad, socialuri identuroba _ es
aris yvela im statusis erTianoba, romlebic individs gansazRvravs2.
aRsaniSnavia
ori
gaviTvaliswinoT
mniSvnelovani
identurobisa
momenti,
da
romelic
identifikaciis
unda
fenomenTan
dakavSirebiT: a) TviTidentifikacia xandaxan SeiZleba ar emTxveodes
identifikacias;
b)
identurobis
dinamikis
garkvevisas
mniSvnelovania
identifikaciis dakargva da cvlileba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
SevecdebiT im sazogadoebebSi mimdinare procesebis axsnas, romlebic
sociokulturuli
garemos
mniSvnelovan
cvlilebebs
mogvianebiT SevexebiT identurobis krizisis sakiTxsac.
ganicdian.
Y
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis cnobili kategoriebidan CvenTvis
amjerad sainteresoa religiuri da kulturuli identurobis cnebebi.
met-naklebad naTelia, Tu ras gulisxmobs religiuri identuroba.
rac Seexeba kulturul identurobas,
is SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc im
“mSobliur, lokalur kulturasTan” mikuTvnebulobis sinonimi, romelic
moicavs regionSi xangrZlivad damkvidrebul rwmenebsa da faseulobebs,
da, CrdiloeT kavkasiis SemTxvevaSi, tradiciul muslimur swavlebas.
amgvarad, gamyofi mijna gadis “tradiciul” (adgilobrivi kulturuli
faseulobebis
nawili)
da
identurobebs
Soris.
aseTi
diqotomia
“adaTi”
da
“transnacionalur”
gayofa
“SariaTi”,
ufro
romelic
(globalur)
religiur
mizanSewonilia,
SezRudulia
vidre
CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi caristuli/sabWoTa ruseTis politikis cnebaTa CarCoebiT.
1
2
Культурология XX Век. Энциклопедия. Т.1, СПб., 1998, с.238.
Tischler H.L. Introduction to Sociology, The Harcourt Press, 2002, p.3.
sakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvneloba mravalma mizezma
ganapiroba.
rogorc
zemoT
iTqva,
pirovnebis
identuroba
mis
mier
erTdroulad sxvadasxva socialuri rolis SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. es
statusebi Camoyalibda pirovnulobis Tavdapirveli ganviTarebisa da
damkvidrebis dros, magram isini erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebuli ar
aris.
statusTa
termini
erToblioba
aRniSnavs
yvela
im
statuss,
romelsac konkretuli pirovneba atarebs mocemul momentSi. statusi
SeiZleba iqnes miwerili (socialuri pozicia, romelic TavisTavadaa
miRebuli dabadebisas, an cxovrebis Semdgom etapze _ romelsac individi
saerTod
ar
irCevs,
an
romlis
arCevis
mcire
SesaZlebloba
aqvs),
miRweuli (socialuri statusi, romelic nebayoflobiTaa SeZenili da
asaxavs pirovnuli SesaZleblobisa da Zalisxmevis xarisxs) da a.S.1
individis mier sociokulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, faseulobebis
aTviseba
da
gaziareba,
sakuTari
adgilis
damkvdreba
ar
aris
erTgvarovani procesi da garkveuli cvlilebebiTac xasiaTdeba. amasTan
dakavSirebiT
mecnierebi
SesaZleblobas.
am
gamoyofen
kriziss
identurobis
xSirad
dakargvis,
ganapirobebs
Selaxvis
sociokulturuli
garemos mkveTri Secvla. rodesac individis maidentificirebeli rolebi
icvleba drosa da sivrceSi, iwyeba krizisi, Cndeba sakuTari Tavis
xelaxla aRmoCenis, TviTdamkvidrebis mtkivneuli problema. am procesma
SeiZleba masStaburi xasiaTi miiRos. igive cneba Seesabameba xalxis did
jgufebs, sazogadoebas, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, socialuri
da
politikuri
organizaciis
Zireuli
gardaqmnis
procesSia.
sociologiuri azrovnebis pirvelive wlebidan mecnierebi SeTanxmdnen,
rom pasuxismgeblobis zrda da arCevanis Tavisufleba (aucilebloba),
swrafadcvalebadi
garemos
fonze,
iwvevs
SfoTvas
da,
xSirad,
frustracias.
am
TvalsazrisiT,
naTeli
xdeba
sabWoTa
mentalobis
magaliTi.
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeebi met-naklebad
daculad
grZnobdnen
Tavs,
maTi
mikuTvnebuloba
gansazRvruli
iyo.
mravali areulobis, sisxlisRvrisa da adamianis uflebebis Selaxvis
miuxedavad, sabWoTa politikurma elitam saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi
aqtiuri
1
propagandiT,
mediisa
da
yoveldRiuri
Macionis J.J. Sociology. 1987 by Prentice-Hall Inc., p.123.
cxovrebis
cenzuriT
moaxerxa,
totalitarul
reJimSi
mcxovreb
“sabWoTa
moqalaqeobis”
gancda
_
xalxSi
SegrZneba
Camoeyalibebina
imisa,
rom
isini
miekuTvnebodnen sabWoTa supersaxelmwifos da daculi iyvnen mis mier.
“sabWoTa cxovrebis gza” Zalzed mkafio iyo, uzrunvelyofda imas, rom
wlebis
manZilze
ar
Cndeboda
kiTxvebi,
cvlilebebi
da
eWvi
mis
faseulobebTan dakavSirebiT.
warumatebeli “perestroikis” Semdeg kavkasiis xalxebma aRmoaCines,
rom
iyvnen
sruliad
“aramyari
axali
da
saxelmwifoebis
ucnobi
iyo
SemTxveviTi
maTTvis.
Zveli
moqalaqeebi”,
konstruqcia
rac
aRar
muSaobda, magram ra unda Canacvleboda mas, jer ar iyo naTeli da arc
ganixileboda xalxis mier, am problemaze mxolod centraluri da,
xandaxan, adgilobrivi elitebi msjelobdnen.
amgvarad, rodesac identurobebi daSlisa da dezintegraciis pirasaa,
Tavs iCens socialur-fsiqologiuri krizisi, rac uzrunvelyofs axali
identurobebis gaZlierebas _ xelaxla konstruirebasa da Seqmnas. es
ganpirobebulia identurobis meqanizmis funqciuri mniSvnelobiT _ is
arsebiT
rols
kulturuli
TamaSobs
tradiciuli
tradiciebis
socialuri
SenarCunebasa
da
struqturebisa
gadacemaSi;
da
aseve
mniSvnelovania misi roli politikaSi.
mesame
procesis
msoflioSi
msgavsad,
dekolonizaciis
sabWoTa
Sedegad
socialisturi
dawyebuli
procesis
respublikebis
kavSiris
daSlis Sedegad Camoyalibda eri-saxelmwifoebi (Tumca zogierTi maTgani
ar iyo srulad damoukidebeli), bundovani da daudgeneli sazRvrebiT,
romlebic
kveTdnen
gansxvavebul,
dapirispirebul
eTnosebs.
es
ukanasknelni eswrafodnen TavianTi jgufis interesebisa da kulturuli
memkvidreobis
sistemisa
da
dacvas. eTnikurma
misi
jgufebma, romelTac
politikuri
memkvidreobis
hqondaT Zveli
pirobebSi
arsebobis
mtkivneuli gamocdileba, aRmoaCines, rom postsabWoTa epoqis sazRvrebi
ufro uryevi da myari iqneboda, vidre adre, saerTo administraciis
arsebobis
dros
kontaqtis
nebismier
problema,
romlis
socialistur
iyo.
isini
SesaZleblobas,
pirispir
naciebs”
hqondaT avtonomiis
amgvarad,
da
isini
sxva
dabali done
da
dakargavdnen
“naTesavebTan”
es
is
iqneboda
aRmoCndebodnen.
eTnosebs
da
moskovis
umTavresi
yofil
mier
“sabWoTa
miniWebuli
maT mier sakuTari “erovnuli
interesebis”
gansazRvra,
umetes
SemTxvevaSi,
upirispirdeboda
sxva
jgufis interesebs da eTno-politikur doqtrinebs.
XX
saukunis
gansakuTrebiT
bolos
mTeli
rigi
saxelmwifo/samoqalaqo
identurobebisa
doneze.
daingra,
aseT
krizisul,
gardamaval periodebSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria identurobis erTi tipis
meoriT
Canacvleba,
rogorc
wesi,
axladSeqmnili
elitebis
xelmZRvanelobiT. es sakmaod swrafad xdeba. erT mSvenier dRes sabWoTa
kavSiris moqalaqem aRmoCina, rom mas unda aerCia erT-erTi _ yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
da
yvelaze
faseuli
_
statusTa
mTeli
wyebidan
(tomobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri, nacionaluri).
yovelive amis Sedegad, dezintegraciis rTul periodSi kavkasielebs
unda gadaewyvitaT, Tu ris mimarT yofiliyvnen loialurni, visTvis
emsaxuraT _ qveynisaTvis, romelsac politikuri statusi avtomaturad
hqonda
miRebuli
memkvidreobiT
adrindeli
wyobilebis
daSlisa
da
zesaxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso politikuri SeTanxmebis Sedegad, Tu maT
unda
ganesazRvraT
da
daemkvidrebinaT
miznebi
_
ZiriTadad,
ganuxorcielebeli _ metwilad, Zveli reJimis wyalobiT.
eTnikuri da religiuri suraTi
kavkasia
lingvisturad
da
kulturulad
erT-erTi
yvelaze
mravalferovani regionia dedamiwaze. igi, Cveulebriv, iyofa CrdiloeT
da
samxreT
nawilebad.
“CrdiloeT
kavkasia”
xSirad
gamoiyeneba
istoriuli an geopolitikuri cnebis saxiT, oficialur rusul enaSi
“CrdiloeT
kavkasiis
samxedro
olqis”
dResdReobiT
ekonomikuri
regionisa”
aRsaniSnavad.
ruseTis
da
CrdiloeT
federaciis
“Crdilo
kavkasiis
kavkasiis
iurisdiqciis
qveS
eTnosebi
(samxreTis
federaluri olqi) cxovroben. aq eqvsi respublikaa: adiRes respublikisa
da
CrdiloeT
oseTis
respublikis
garda, avtonomiebis
mosaxleobis
umravlesoba muslimia. bunebrivia, eTnikuri jgufebi aucileblad im
administraciul
erTeulebSi
ar
cxovroben,
romlebic
maT
saxels
atarebs; yvela administraciuli erTeuli dasaxlebulia erTze meti
eTnikuri jgufiT (umTavresad, rusi umciresobebiT).
kavkasiis samxreTi nawili cnobilia rogorc amierkavkasia, sadac
sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa: saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani.
azerbaijanis
respublikaSi,
damoukidebloba
1991
wlis
romelmac
30
agvistos
sabWoTa
moipova,
kavSirisagan
muslimebi
mTeli
mosaxleobis 96% Seadgenen1.
kavkasia yovelTvis iyo kulturebisa da civilizaciebis gadakveTisa
da Sexvedris adgili.
saxlia.
aq
ZiriTadad
es regioni aTeulobiT enisa da eTnikuri jgufis
warmodgenilia
rusuli
oTxive
msoflio
religia:
qristianoba
_
orTodoqsuli
eklesiis,
qarTuli
orTodoqsuli
eklesiisa da somxuri samociqulo orTodoqsuli eklesiis saxiT. aq
aseve gvxvdeba ramdenime mcire kaTolikuri da protestantuli jgufi.
islamic araerTgvarovani saxiTaa warmodgenili: Siitur ganxras yvelaze
mravalricxovani
(eTnikuri
sunituri
mimdevrebi
hyavs
azerbaijanSi
azerbaijanelebi,
aseve
TaliSebi
ganxra
umravlesobaSi,
Zlieria
agreTve
Tu
CrdiloeT
aWarasa
da
_
mosaxleobis
75%
sxva
umciresobani).
kavkasiis
mosaxleobis
afxazeTSi;
misi
mimdevaria
azerbaijanis mosaxleobis 25%, CrdiloeT oseTis respublika alaniis
mosaxleobis 20-30% (digoreli osebi). iudaizmis mimdevrebi warmodgenili
arian saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi ebrauli TemebiT da
TaTebis
mcirericxovani
jgufiT
CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi.
tibeturi
budizmis mimdevrebi arian yalmuxebi.
yalmuxeTis
respublika
mdebareobs
ruseTis
federaciis
samxreT
federalur olqSi da igi erTaderTi budisturi respublikaa evropaSi.
yalmuxebs, specialur literaturaSi xSirad arc moixseniebian kavkasiaSi
mcxovrebTa Soris, Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle) mWidro urTierToba aqvT
samxreTel mezoblebTan _ daRestnis xalxebTan.
kavkasiuri
kavkasiuri islami.
islami. islams Zalzed specifikuri saxe hqonda CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi,
riTac
is
gansxvavdeboda
axlo
aRmosavleTis
muslimuri
sazogadoebebisagan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, islamisaTvis SeuZlebeli
iqneboda misTvis ucxo sazogadoebaSi SeRweva, Tu igi absoluturad
uaryofda
adgilobriv
TvalsazrisiT,
sufizmi
rwmena-warmodgenebsa
efeqturi
iaraRi
da
iyo.
wes-Cveulebebs.
igi
am
warmoadgenda
Serbilebul versias, romelic erwymoda saerTo tradiciebs, iseTebs,
rogoricaa
islamamdeli
miTebi
da
kerpebi,
winaparTa
kultebi
da
gmirebi; iRebda da iwynarebda tomobrivi, klanuri urTierTobebis mraval
1
azerbaijanis mTeli mosaxleoba 7.912 aTas kacs aRwevs (2005). ix. CIA the World Factbook.
elements1.
faqtobrivad,
religiis
masebSi
CrdiloeT
gavrceleba
kavkasiis
SesaZlebeli
saboloo
gaxda
islamizacia,
mxolod tarikas
saSualebiT; esaa muslimuri saZmo, romelic mxolod islamis sufistur
mimdinareobas axasiaTebs.
nakSbandia, kadiria. mTavari sufiuri religiuri ordenebi, romelTac
safuZveli
Caeyara
otomanTa
imperiis
centraluri
CrdiloeT
aziis
stepebsa
teritoriebze
XV
da,
gansakuTrebiT,
saukuneSi,
cnobili
iyvnen nakSbandiis2, kadiriisa3 da sxva saxelebiT. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi,
TurqmeneTis stepebsa da centraluri aziis ferganis velze sufizmis
warmomadgenelTa
ruseTis
umravlesoba
dampyrobluri
arasdros
politika
yofila
masobriv
asketi.
saxalxo
iq,
sadac
winaaRmdegobas
awydeboda, sufiuri saZmoebi ZiriTad rols TamaSobdnen sabrZolvelad
darazmvasa da winaaRmdegobis organizebaSi4.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
sufizmi
kavkasiaSi
ar
iyo
“paraleluri
islami”. is iyo realurad xalxSi arsebuli da gavrcelebuli islamis
forma. pirveli sufistebi kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen XI saukuneSi, aqedan
moyolebuli,
is
sul
ufro
da
ufro
Rrma
fesvebs
idgamda
Crdilokavkasieli mTielebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
XIX
saukunis
moixsenieba
rusebma
Sua
tarikatis
uwodes
winaaRmdegobas;
xanebSi
saxeliT
nakSbandia
_
damamcirebeli
Crdilokavkasielebis
aq
muslimuri
miuridizmis
saxelia,
(zogjer
romelic
liberalur-antikoloniur
organizaciebi
gadamwyvet
rols
TamaSobdnen) ideologiur safuZvlad iqca.
amgvarad, kavkasiuri islami tradiciuli, araseqtanturi, regionuli
specifikis mqone ordenuli Stoa, romelic is, ZiriTadad, ori tarikatis
saxiT gvxvdeba _ nakSbandiisa (da misi ganStoeba Sadiliis) da kadiriis.
1
igive SeiZleba iTqvas bosniis, indoneziis, indoeTisa da centraluri aziis
sazogadoebebze.
2
nakSbandia erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli sufiuri ordenia muslimur
samyaroSi. is fiqsirdeba dedamiwis mraval nawilSi: indoeTSi, pakistanSi, TurqeTSi,
balkaneTsa da dasavleT da aRmosavleT afrikis umetes nawilSi. nakSbandia
saukuneebis manZilze islamis tradiciuli forma iyo daRestnelebisaTvis da
aseTadve rCeba dResac.
3
kadiriis ordenis cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian Seix abdul-qadir al-jaziri,
romelic saTaveSi edga alJirelTa brZolas franguli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg, da
Seix uTman dan fodio, romlis mimdevrebma gaamahmadianes dasavleT afrikis udidesi
nawili da CrdiloeT nigeriaSi daafuZnes sokotos sasulTno.
4
Benningsen A. and Wimbush S.E. Sufism in Chechnya, from Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet
Union., C. Hurst and Company, London, 1985.
nakSbandiis ordenis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Suaazieli muhamed baha
al-din al-nakSbandi (1328-1389), romlis moZRvrebam XVI-XVII saukuneebSi
cvlilebebi
Semovida.
ganicada
igi
da
TurqeTSi
Semoitana
CeCnebis
gavrcelebis
pirvelma
Semdeg
erovnulma
kavkasiaSic
gmirma
Seix
mansurma. CeCen-daRestnelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexvis Semdeg es ordeni
fexs
CerqezeTSi
ikidebs.
ukanaskneli kvali 1917
Tanamedrove
w. revoluciis
ruseTis
dros
teritoriaze
misi
TaTar-baSkireTSi Cans.
CrdilokavkasielTa erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraoba
da TurqeTis,
iranis, ruseTisa da safrangeTis geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxeba
kavkasiaSi
XIX
saukuneSi
safuZvlianad
Seiswavla
Tel-avivis
universitetis profesorma moSe gamerma. CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da ruseTis
imperiis sxva xalxebis, aseve somxeTis, saqarTvelos, fineTisa da sxva
qveynebis saarqivo masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze mecnierma daaskvna,
rom
regionSi
sufizmis
gavrcelebasa
da
mebrZol
Zalad
mis
Camoyalibebas myari niadagi swored carizmis politikam Seuqmna. islamis
saxe
da,
kerZod,
sufizmi
Zalzed
sainteresoa
kavkasiuri
omebis
periodSi, ramdenadac Cven SegviZlia garkveuli paralelebi gavaloT
Tanamedrove situaciasTan.
yazi-muhamadisa da hamzat-begis Semdeg Samili gaxda daRestnisa da
CeCneTis
mesame
imami,
romelmac
aRmosavleT
kavkasiis
mTielebi
Teokratiul-samxedro saxelmwifo _ imamatSi gaaerTiana. es ukanaskneli
termini xSirad orazrovania, aRniSnul saxelmwifoSi religiis rolisa
da adgilis gamo. am periodSi islamis saxis gageba metad mniSvnelovania
CvenTvis, magram radganac es ar aris Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani, Cven
mas mokled mimovixilavT. sufiuri warmomavlobis Samili metad mkacri
iyo
da
iziarebda
iwynarebda aranair
radikalur
orTodoqsul
Sexedulebebs.
is
ar
“bidda”-s (siaxles)1, rac sufizmisa da zogadad,
cxovrebis tradiciuli gzis damaxasiaTebeli iyo. meores mxriv, sxva
religiebTan
mimarTebaSi
is
Zalzed
liberaluri
iyo
da
arasdros
ewinaaRmdegeboda (xandaxan iniciatoradac ki gamodioda) qristianebTan
TanamSromlobas.
TavianTi
magaliTad,
orTodoqsuli
man
eklesiebi
neba
misi
darTo
kazakebs,
mfarvelobis
aeSenebinaT
qveS,
qarTvel
aristokratebs mouwodebda ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg saerTo frontis
1
magaliTad, Rvinis sma, Tambaqos weva, tradiciuli musika, cekva...
Camoyalibebisaken.
ufro
mebrZolebi,
finansuri
amgvarad,
misi
SegviZlia
metic,
imamatis
armiaSi
administratori
vTqvaT,
rom
“Sida”
ki
iyvnen
kaTolike
ebraeli
gaxldaT.
simkacre
gamowveuli
iyo
sxvadasxva tomis mtkiced da organizebulad SekavSirebis aucileblobiT
saerTo xelmZRvanelobis qveS (rac sakmaod mZime amocana iyo imamatis
mTeli
manZilze)1,
arsebobis
da
ara
swavluli
muslimi
sasuliero
pirebisa da Zmobis wevrebis fundamentalisturi SexedulebebiT. amgvarad,
rusuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros sufizmi warmoadgenda
mTavar
ideologiur-sulier
Tavisuflebisa
da
saerTo
wyaros
kavkasieli
miznebisaTvis
brZolis
xalxebisaTvis,
safuZvels.
am
SemTxvevaSi, “liberaluri” da “zomieri” sufizmi gardaiqmna mkacri da
sastiki politikuri sistemis oficialur ideologiad.
Samilis Teokratiis damxobis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi,
kadiriis tarikati, rogorc tomTaSorisi erTobisa da anticaristuli
winaaRmdegobis alternatiuli ideologiuri/sulieri wyaro, masobrivad
popularuli xdeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kadiria aRorZinda CeCen xunta
haji
qiSievis
mier.
mSvidobiani
sufiuri
swavleba
rusebis
mier
Tavdapirvelad Sefasebul iqna rogorc regionSi carizmis batonobis
winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli
potenciurad
saSiSi
ideologia,
amitom
swavlulTa umetesoba an daxoces, an gadaasaxles. amgvarad, ruseTma
kadiriis
moZraoba
(romelic
gansakuTrebiT
mTis
CeCnebSi
iyo
popularuli), realurad gardaqmna daumorCilebel, umarTav moZraobad.
XIX
saukunis
ganmavlobaSi
Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kavkasiaSi
kadiriis
swavleba xandaxan Tu aRorZindeboda. sufistTa ukanaskneli ajanyebis
seriaTa Semdeg (1877-1878 ww.) saZmoebSi taqtikuri cvilebebi moxda: isini
iatakqveSeTSi
gadavidnen.
naxevradkonspiraciuli
brZolis
pirobebSi
isini drodadro uaryofdnen urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg Ria jihadis ideas.
xelisuflebaSi bolSevikTa mosvlis Semdeg, CeCneTisa da inguSeTis
nakSbandiis da kadiriis sasuliero liderebma Tavi gamoacxades “mtkice
komunistebad”,
Seasrulebda
xalxebSi.
1
imedovnebdnen
Tavis
magram
sityvas
stalinis
ra,
da
rom
anticaristuli
Seiwynarebda
dapireba
taqtikuri
SariaTis
nabiji
xelisufleba
wesebs
iyo.
mTis
Crdilo
zogierTi mkvlevari eWviT uyurebs imamatis legitimurobas, klasikuri muslimuri
kanonmdeblobis principebidan gamomdinare.
kavkasielebis masobrivima deportaciam Sua aziaSi am xalxebis sulier
cxovrebaSi
radikaluri
cvlilebebi
gamoiwvia,
es
gansakuTrebiT
vainaxebs exeba. cxovrobdnen ra ucxo garemoSi, siRaribesa da safrTxeSi,
kavkasielebi
aqtiurad
mimarTavdnen
TavianT
tradiciul
sulier
swavlebebs. kavkasiaSi darCenili sufizmis mimdevrebis marginalizacia
gagrZelda poststalinur epoqaSic: komunistebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen
SeeqmnaT raRac tolerantuli, “wiTeli meCeTis” saxe, romelic Znelad
samarTavi kavkasieli muslimebis gakontrolebis iaraRi iqneboda; am
mxriv maT garkveul warmatebas miaRwies. amasobaSi, kavkasiuri islamis
sulieri da filosofiuri memkvidreoba dakargul da daviwyebul iqna.
ZiriTadi
cnebebis
gansazRvra:
fundamentalizmi,
vahabizmi
da
transnacionaluri salafia
termini
“fundamentalizmi”,
gamoiyeneba.
TiTqmis
fundamentalisturi
ZiriTadad,
yvela
religiasTan
msoflio
mimarTuleba,
maT
mimarTebaSi
religiaSi
Soris,
budizms,
arsebobs
induizms
da
qristianobas. Tavad termini xazs usvams ideologiis fenomens, aRniSnavs
religiuri tradiciis ZiriTadi, fundamenturi elementebis aRadgenisa da
damkvidrebis
islamis
mcdelobas
SemTxvevaSi
arsebul
socialur-politikur
fundamentalizmi
socialuri
institutebisa
(romlebic
idealad
da
warmoadgens
realobaSi.
adreuli
islamis
iuridiuli
normebis
aRdgenis
romlebic
tipiuri
iyo
miiCneva),
ideas
maSindeli
msofliosaTvis. is SeiZleba CaiTvalos reformistuli moZraobis tipad.
rodesac saqme
exeba
islamur fundamentalizms, mecnierebi
aseve
iTvaliswineben misi safuZvlebis arareligiur aspeqts, rac, ZiriTadad,
ganpirobebulia misi faseulobebis “SerCeviTi aqtualizaciiT”. es is
faseulobebia,
romlebic
muslimebis
mier
miCneulia
konkretuli
adgilisa da situaciis Sesabamisad. am dros ki, a. ignatienkos TqmiT,
muslimuri
memkvidreobis
mdgomareobaSi”
islamisaTvis
religiuri
romelic
1
sxva
rCebian1.
nebismier
warmoadgens
TviTSegnebis
gansakuTrebiT
fundamenturi
sulieri
dacvisa
da
kritikul
elementebi
SemTxvevaSi,
tradiciebisa
ganviTarebis
politikur
“anabiozur
fundamentalizmi
da
socialur-
Sinagan
meqanizms,
garemoSi
vlindeba.
Исламский радикализм как побочный эффект холодной войны. - Центральная Азия и Кавказ, 2001, № 1 (7).
zemoTqmuli gvixsnis inteleqtualuri da socialuri fundamentalizmis
SesaZlo mizezebs.
muslimuri
Tu ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT
azrovnebis
arss,
naTeli
gaxdeba,
rom
tradiciuli
fundamentalizmi
(sarwmunoebis Tavdapirveli safuZvlebis xazgasmis gagebiT) islamisaTvis
endogenuri fenomenia1.
ijTihadis
warmoadgens
sistema
_
aRorZinebis
wminda
yuranisa
moZraobis
da
sunas
safuZvels.
interpretacia,
calkeuli
jgufebi
yovelTvis axdendnen interpretacias _ garkveul konkretul viTarebaSi,
im droisa da sivrcidan gamomdinare, romelsac isini ekuTvnodnen. am
TvalsazrisiT, muslims yovelTvis SeeZlo daeWvebuliyo interpretaciis
“marTebulobaSi”. “aSkara cvlilebebisa” da “mcdari interpretaciebis”
Sesaxeb msjelobisas muslimTa garkveuli jgufi mimarTavs Tavdapirvel
wyaroebs
da
cxovrebis
ideebis
cdilobs
wesis
isini
msgavsad,
aRorZinebis”
es
zedmiwevniT gaigos,
raTa
idea
ar
Secdes.
periodulad
moiqces
“islamis
aqtualuri
im
drois
Tavdapirveli
xdeboda
da
dResdReobiT is politikuri moZraobebis samsaxurSia.
ukanasknel
specifikuri
wlebSi
termini
ganStoebisaTvis
aRsaniSnavad _
mecnierebma
islamis
SemogvTavazes
ZiriTadi
damaxasiaTebeli
sxva,
mimarTulebis
islamuri
ufro
sunituri
fundamentalizmis
salafizmi. is momdinareobs arabuli sityvidan As Salaf
As-Salihun (“morwmune winaprebi”) da exeba im muslimebs, romlebic icaven
winaswarmetyvelisa
(ashab)
da
mis
mimdevarTa
cxovrebis
wessa
da
swavlebas; mimdevrebis (tabi’un) da gviandeli momxreebis (tabi’u tabi’in)
religiuri meTods, ahl as-Salaf-i ewodeba2. is faqti, rom pirveli salafebi
miiCnevian islamis avtoritetuli religiur-iurisprudenciuli skolebis
_ aS-Safiasa da ahmad hanbalis damaarseblebad, kvlav imaze miuTiTebs,
rom fundamentalizmi, rogorc es zemoT aRiniSna, islamis ganuyofeli
nawilia3. amgvarad, rogorc i. aleqseevi aRniSnavs, sityvas salafia (iseve
rogorc fenomens) absoluturad gansxvavebuli konotacia aqvs realur
muslimur
1
istoriul-kulturul
da
religiur
konteqstSi
da
ar
Игнатенко А. А. Эндогенный радикализм в исламе. - Профи, 2000, № 2, c.27-33
maT surT yovelive imis gandevna, rac Seiqmna winaswarmetyvel muhamedis
gardacvalebidan pirveli sami Taobis Semdeg.
3 Tumca dRes bevri muslimi suniti swavluli eswrafvis gaemijnos salafizms, xazs
usvams ra, rom salafis mowodeba Tavisi principebiT ar misdevs konkretul skolas
da mxolod ramdenime sakiTxSi eTanxmeba hanbalitur iurisprudencias.
2
arsebobs araviTari pirdapiri kavSiri radikalizmsa da eqstremizmTan. is
aris
auTenturi
brZola
muhamedis
kanonebisa
da
mogviano
xanis
xalifatis idealuri wyobilebisaken mibrunebisTvis1.
sabWoTa
xelisufleba
warmatebiT
iyenebda
termins
“islamuri
fundamentalizmi”, raTa gaemarTlebina sxvadasxva muslimur moZraobis
CaxSoba, rogorc es moxda avRaneTis da azerbaijanis SemTxvevaSic ki.
azerbaijanis
saxalxo
“fundamentalisturi
fronti
moskovis
saxelmwifos”,
mier
“islamuri
dadanaSaulebul
respublikis”
iqna
Seqmnis
mcdelobaSi, rac qalaq baqoze samxedro SetevisaTvis sababad iqca2.
islamSi “fundamentalizmis” aqtiuri xasiaTis mTavari mizezia am
religiis sul ufro farTo da dinamiuri monawileoba socialur da
politikur cxovrebaSi, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvalisiwinebT samyarosadmi
mis specifikur damokidebulebas. islami arasodes aRiarebda religiuri
sferos gamijvnas saerosagan, ramdenadac misi umTavresi idea yovelTvis
xazs usvams SariaTis kanonebis mixedviT saTanado socialuri wesrigis
damyarebis aucileblobas.
salafitebis
moZraoba
Tavdapirvelad
iyo
mowodeba
ijTihadis
(pirovnuli gansjis) gamosacocxleblad, mas Semdeg rac is uaryofil
iqna abasidTa xalifatis dros baRdadis dacemis Semdeg. Tanamedrove
salafizmSi arsebobs SariaTis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi. yvelaze
radikaluri frTa cnobilia vahabizmis saxeliT3. misi momxreebi TavianT
Tavs “salafiiun” an salafias mimdevrebs uwodeben. paradoqsia, rom
dResdReobiT swored salafebi imsaxureben yvelaze met kritikas sxva
suniti
radganac
1
2
3
swavlulebis
isini
mxridan
“usinaTlo
yuranis
Tvalebs
sityvasityviT
miapyroben
gagebisaTvis,
racionalobasa
da
Алексеев И. Цивилизационные параметры исламского фундаментализма: к постановке проблемы. (profi.gateway.kg/alekseev).
Kurbanov E. Religion and Social-Political Developments in the Post-Soviet Caucasus. - Caspian Crossroads
Online Magazine, Volume 1, Issue No.4, Winter 1996.
dRemde grZeldeba kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, islamis romel frTas warmoadgenen vahabitebi
– hanbalituri skolis radikalur formas, salafitur mimdinareobas, Tu arcerTs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad vahabitebi uaryofdnen yuranis hanbalitur gagebas,
romlis Tanaxmad, RvTiuri wyaros werilobiTi teqstis bolomde Cawvdoma
SeuZlebelia, amdenad, igi gaigeba teqstTan maqsimaluri miaxloebiT, yovelgvari
adamianuri racionalizmisa da logikuri gansjis gamoricxviT. salafitebi dResac
igive Tvalsazriss _ teqstis
sityva-sityviT gagebis princips _ icaven. aqedan
gamomdinare,
vahabizmi,
Tavisi
arsebobis
pirvel
wlebSi,
garkveulwilad,
“reformistuli” xasiaTis swavleba iyo. Tumca saukuneebis Semdeg, droisa da sivrcis
Sesabamisad, sakmaod saxecvlili variaciebiTaa warmodgenili dRevandeli msoflios
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, maT Soris kavkasiis regionSi.
mizezs”. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad termini vahabizmi gaCnda Teologiuri
polemikis
dros,
rodesac
gaakritikes
muhamed
ibn
abdul
vahabis
radikaluri swavleba, romelic mogvianebiT saudis saxelmwifoebriobis
pirveli ideologiuri wyaro gaxda. SemdgomSi, negatiuri datvirTvis
mqone termini aTvisebul iqna jer dasavleli mkvlevrebis, SemdgomSi ki
politikosebis
mier.
maT
es
cneba
gaavrceles
nebismier
muslimur
sazogadoebaze, romelic ZalauflebisaTvis an xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg
janydeboda
msoflios
miuxedavad,
rom
muslimi
ideebi
nebismier
vahabizmma
sazogadoebebis
gulisxmobs
nawilSi.
gavlena
meores
iqonia
Tanamedrove
Seurigebel
mxriv,
arabeTisa
azrovnebaze,
mtrobas,
im
da
indostanis
misi
pirvel
faqtis
radikaluri
rigSi,
sxva
muslimebisadmi. radikalebi Tvlian, rom yvela sxva muslimi aTeistia,
TavianT erTobas ki miiCneven erTaderT WeSmarit ummad. amis Sedegi iyo
Tavad
mTavari
suniti
mkvlevarebis
mier
vahabitebis
seqtantobaSi
dadanaSauleba1.
ufro konketulad, vahabitebi daJinebiT moiTxovdnen yvela mogviano
siaxlis uaryofas da islamis xelmeored ganwmendas. es gagebuli iyo
rogorc nebismieri tipis socialuri ierarqiis radikaluri mospoba. am
mimarTulebaSi
organizaciul-struqturuli
mniSvnelovania,
vidre
sazogadoebebi
Zalzed
SekavSirebulni
da
garemos
muslimurs,
(TviT
sulieri
mtkice
moqmedni
mxare.
da
aranakleb
Cveulebriv,
vahabituri
disciplinirebuli
rogorc
TavianTi
aspeqti
mobilizebuli
organizaciis
arian,
erToba;
gareT
isini
arsebuls),
rogorc wesi, ganixilaven rogorc Zalzed mtruls da uwmindurs. aseTi
damokidebulebis Sedegia sxvebisadmi maTi Seuwynarebloba. Zaladobis
gamovlineba ar aris uCveulo vahabitTa saqmianobaSi.
mraval mkvlevars swams, rom vahabitur swavlebaze didi gavlena
iqonia
ibn
taimiias
ideebma,
es
iyo
hanbalitTa
skolis
Teologi,
romelic propagandas uwevda “islamis Tavdapirveli siwmindis” aRdgenis
saWiroebas. is miCneulia radikaluri islamuri fundamentalizmis erTerT ideologiur damfuZneblad.
rac
Seexeba
Seswavlili
1
kavkasiis
ar
Алексеев И. dasax. naSr.
aris.
“vahabitur”
erTi
sazogadoebas,
SexedviT,
esaa
igi
saTanadod
islamizmis
Zalzed
danawevrebuli
da
gansxvavebuli
jgufebis
erToblioba.
termini
islamizmi aq ufro zogadia da gamosayeneblad marjvea, ramdenadac is
aRniSnavs zogad ideologiur fenomens _ ideologias, romlis Tanaxmad
islami
ara
marto
religiaa,
aramed,
agreTve,
politikuri
sistema,
romelic marTavs saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo, ekonomikur da socialur
sferoebs.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
Salva mekraviSvili
qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri
meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da
samomavlo perspeqtivebi
qarTuli kulturis mecnierul kvlevas, ZiriTadad, XIX saukunis
meore
naxevridan
kulturuli
Caeyara
safuZveli.
Tavis
droze
saqarTvelos
memkvidreobis
SeswavliT
bevri
qarTveli
swavluli
dainteresda. Tu raoden didi da nayofieri Sroma gaswies am mxriv
Taobebma,
dawyebuli
dimitri
baqraZiTa
da
damTavrebuli
ivane
javaxiSviliT, sayovelTaod aris cnobili da amjerad maTi Rvawlis
mimoxilvas ar SevudgebiT. statiis miznidan gamomdinare, aRvniSnavT
mxolod im meTodologiur baziss, romelic im periodis ara marto
qarTvel, aramed zogadad, evropel mecnierTa azrovnebis safuZvels
warmoadgenda. vgulisxmobT pozitivizms, romelic swored XIX saukuneSi
warmoiSva
da
arasabunebismetyvelo
xazis
evropel
swavlulTaTvis
inteleqtualuri safuZveli gaxda.
pozitivisturi
meTodologiis
mixedviT,
istoria
warmoadgens
qronologiuri principiT dalalgebuli faqtebis rigs. pozitivizmis
mamamTavris, leopolod fon rankes ideali _ istorias aesaxa is, rac
“sinamdvileSi moxda”, gulisxmobda procesebis Rrmad gaazrebas da maTi
urTierTkavSiris
Wrilsac).
dadgenas
sayuradReboa,
(anu
rom
diaqronulTan
pozitivisti
erTad
sinqronul
istorikosebis
udidesi
umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, politikuri istoriis kvleviT iyo dakavebuli1.
kultura pozitivistebisaTvis arasodes yofila kvlevis damoukidebeli
sfero da verc iqneoda, maTi meTodologiidan gamomdinare.
pozitivisti iyo ivane javaxiSvilic, magram igi ar Semoifargla
Cveni
qveynis
gamokvlevebi
saxiT
Seqmna
qarTuli
“qarTuli
1
mxolod
politikuri
qarTuli
kulturis
kulturis
istoriiT
kulturis
istoria
istoriis
jer
da
uaRresad
istoriaSic.
damoukidebeli
marqsistuli
narkvevebi”),
Semdeg
Тош Дж. Стремление к истине. Как овладеть мастерством историка. М., 2000, с. 106.
faseuli
(a.surgulaZis
ki
wminda
pozitivisturi
meTodologiis
safuZvelze
dayrdnobiT
daiwera
(g.
lorTqifaniZis da n. Ciqovanis “qarTuli kulturis istoria”).
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg mecnierebisa
da filosofiis epistemologiur safuZvlad marqsizm-leninizmi (rogorc
v.
vilCeki
uwodebs,
iqca1.
“мраксизм”)
erTxans
mecnierebaSi
kidev
grZeldeboda SedarebiT Tavisufali azrovneba, magram mas Semdeg, rac
gamovida
i.
stalinis
narkvevi
“dialeqtikuri
da
istoriuli
materializmis Sesaxeb”, sabWoTa mecniereba, faqtobrivad, politikuri
ideologiis propagandistad iqca2. istoriuli matrializmi erTaderT
WeSmarit
da
universalur
meTodologiad
gamoacxades,
romlisgan
gadaxvevac danaSaulis tolfasi iyo. 1930-iani wlebidan, faqtobrivad,
bolo moeRo pluralizms mecnierul azrovnebaSi.
statiis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, oriode sityviT Sevexebi istoriis
materialisturi
marqsma
da
ekonomikuri
xedvis
f.
meTodologiur
engelsma
formaciebis
arss.
Camoayalibes
Sesaxeb.
rogorc
moZRvreba
formacia
cnobilia,
k.
sazogadoebriv-
aRniSnavs
sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis garkveul istoriul etaps, romlis saxesac gansazRvravs
misi safuZveli _ materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi. am wesiTaa
gapirobebuli
formaciis
socialuri
organizacia,
samarTlebrivi
sistema,
struqtura,
ideologia,
politikuri
sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sxva mxareebi da, maT Soris, kulturac. amrigad, marqsistuli
meTodologiis mixedviT, konkretul sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur baziss
Seesabameba
garkveuli
“zednaSeni”,
romelSic
kulturac
Sedis.
sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi yofierebiT,
sulieri
kultura
gamomdinare,
meoradia
sulieri
da
materialurTan
materialuri
SedarebiT.
faseulobani
aqedan
warmoCndeba
socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis fonze. niSandoblivia,
rom
kulturisadmi
brZolis
Temas,
istoriografiaSi:
reaqciul
romelic
xalxis
naSromebic
erT-erTi
“feodalur
mimdinareobaTa
ganasaxierebda
1
miZRvnil
kulturas
brZola,
kultura...
ki
ver
ZiriTadi
ascda
klasobrivi
iyo
marqsistul
axasiaTebda
sadac
progresul
progresuls
feodaluri
kultura
da
upiratesad
asaxavda
da
Вильчек В.М. Алгоритмы истории. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2004, с.7.
kulturologia. kulturis istoria da Teoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 11; yoranaSvili g.
saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis problemebi. Tb., 2002, gv. 461.
2
emsaxureboda gabatonebuli feodaluri klasis interesebs. am samsaxurSi
wamyvan
rols
religia
meTodologiuri
asrulebda...”1.
safuZvlis
es
is
arasrulyofileba
SemTxvevaa,
rodesac
ganapirobebs
Sedegis,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, absurdulobas. swored amis gamo, dRes marqsistuli
Teoria
kulturis
mecnierebaSi,
rbilad
rom
vTqvaT,
ndobas
ver
imsaxurebs.
imis
Tqma
(romelic
mainc
ar
moicavda
SeiZleba,
kulturis
TiTqos
qarTuli
istoriasac)
istoriografia
sabWoTa
periodis
ganmavlobaSi unayofo gaxda. piriqiT, gafarTovda wyaroTmcodeobiTi
baza, gaiSala arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli kvleva-Zieba. empiriuli
safuZvlis gafarToebasTan erTad iqmneboda mniSvnelovani naSromebic2.
magram
yvelaferi
es
erTaderTi,
“kanonizebuli”
meTodologiis
farglebSi xdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
sabWoTa
istoriografiis
ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebeli
mesveurnic
iyo
mixvdnen,
meTodologiis
rom
sferos
ganaxleba,
rasac
praqtikuli RonisZiebani mohyva. farTod gaiSala saTanado Teoriuli
kvleva-Zieba ara marto moskovSi, aramed sxva samecniero centrebSic,
TbilisSi, n.berZeniSvilis iniciativiT, istoriis institutSi safuZveli
Caeyara meTodologiur seminars. magram es wermateba dRemokle aRmoCnda:
mcire xnis Semdeg istoriis Teoriuli seminari
mxolod formaluradRa
agrZelebda arsebobas, faqtobrivad ki is Sewyda. istoriis institutSi
Tu vinmes meTodologiuri xasiaTis kvleva-Ziebis survili gauCndeboda,
mas araTu mxardaWera, aramed xelis SeSla eloda3.
sabWoTa
epoqis
dasrulebasTan
erTad
wertili
daesva
monomeTodologiuri midgomis aucileblobasac. garda amisa, Tbilisis
universitetSi kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedris daarsebis
Semdeg
saucxoo
SesaZlebloba
gaCnda
qarTuli
kulturis
SeswavlisaTvis sxvadasxva meTodologiur safuZvelze dayrdnobiT. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
marqsistuli
im
faqts,
moZRvrebis
rom
uaryofis
sabWoTa
kavSiris
kvaldakval
Cvens
daSlisa
da
mecnierebs
ar
miumarTavT alternatiuli meTodologiebisaTvis da erTxans erTgvari
Teoriuli vakuumic gaCnda, udaoa, rom “unda damkvidrdes Teoriuli,
1
2
3
surgulaZe ak. qarTuli kulturis istoriis narkvevebi. wigni I. Tb., 1997, gv. 87.
yoranaSvili g. dasax. naSr. gv. 460.
iqve, gv. 464-465.
meTodologiuri
pluralizmi,
rac
uTuod
waadgeba
qarTuli
istoriografiis Semdgomi aRmavlobis saqmes”1. Teoriuli pluralizmis
saWiroeba kidev ufro cxadi xdeba, rodesac kvlevis obieqtad iReb iseT
rTul
da
araerTgvarovan fenomens, rogoric aris
kultura.
aqedan
gamomdinare, aucilebelia sxvadasxva meTodologiis prizmaSi qartuli
kulturis ganxlva da Seswavla.
winamdebare statiaSi gTavazobT qarTuli kulturis istoriis (IV-XI
saukuneebi)
kvlevis
SesaZlebobebs
civilizaciuri
midgomisa
da
p.
sorokinis kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis safuZvelze. aRsaniSnavia,
rom lokaluri civilizaciebis Teoriebis gamoyenebas Cveni kulturis
kvleva-ZiebaSi safuZveli axali Cayrili aqvs da garkveuli warmatebebic
SeiniSneba am mxriv. kulturul zesistemaTa Teorias rac Seexeba, is
qarTul kulturasTan mimarTebaSi jer yofila gamoyenebuli.
civlizaciuri
midgoma,
erTiani
civilizaciis
nacvlad,
aRiarebs
civlizaciebis
simravlesa
da
msoflio
istorisa
lokaluri
da
erTiani
kulturebisa
mravalferovnebas.
misTvis
da
amosavali
cnebebia kultura da civilizacia. ramdenadac kulturis cnebis erTi da
sayovelTaod misaRebi gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, amitom aucilebelia
zogadi, samuSao definiciis Semotana. igi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:
kultura aris adamianTa erTobis mier saukuneebis manZilze Seqmnili
“meore buneba”, romelic, da, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs am erTobis
cxovrebas2. civilizaciis gagebaSi moiazreba garkveuli fundamenturi
niSnebiT erTmaneTis msgavsi kulturebis erToblioba.
IV-XI
saukuneebis
qarTuli
kulturis
specifikidan
dagvWirdeba
“ganapira
kulturis”,
“sasazRvro
periferiis”
cnebebis
gamoyenebac.
ganapirad
gamomdinare,
kulturis”,
miiCneva
“birTvi-
ama
Tu
im
kulturuli sivrcis (civilizaciis) ara centrSi, aramed periferiaze
mdebare kultura, romelic erTgvarad SemosazRvravs am sivrces, amave
dros
“xsnis”
axasiaTebs:
mas
sxvebTan
sinkretuli
kontaqtisaTvis.
dominantis
arseboba;
sasazRvro
sxvadasxva
kulturas
istoriuli
qronologiis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul fenomenTa aqtivizacia;
TviTidentifikaciis
1
2
problemis
gansakuTrebuli
aqtualoba;
iqve, gv. 467.
Ciqovani n. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodizaciis problema: kulturologiuri
aspeqti. // kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi. XVIII. Tb., 2004. gv. 5-17. gv. 6.
civilizaciebs
toinbis
Soris
ganmartebiT,
areali,
anu
is
Suamavlis
birTvSi
sivrce,
funqciis
Sesrulebis
igulisxmeba
sadac
unari.
civilizaciis
ZiriTadad
a.
j.
warmoSobis
yalibdeboda
misi
sociokulturuli saxe, faseulobaTa sistema. periferia ki gulisxmobs
am
arealis
gavrcelebis
(gafarToebis)
Sedegad
birTvis
farglebSi
moqceul sivrces, romelsac msWvalavs faseulobaTa igive sistema da
met-naklebad
igive
sociokulturuli
saxe
aqvs.
periferiaze
ganTavsdebian ganapira da sasazRvro kulturebi.
rac Seexeba IV-XI saukuneebis qarTul kulturas, misi sqematuri
suraTi ase warmogvidgenia: IV saukunidan saqarTveloSi qristianobis
gavrceleba-damkvidrebiT
iwyeba
Tvisebrivad
axali
epoqa
qarTuli
kulturis istoriaSi; IV saukunidanve yalibdeba aRmosavlurqristianuli
civilizacia, romlis kulturul birTvadac gvevlineba bizantia, xolo
qarTuli kultura, rigi niSnebis gamo, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc
am civilizaciis ganapira da jer sasanur-sparsulTan, Semdeg mahmadianur
samyarosTan sasazRvro kultura; aRniSnul periodSi SeZleba, Tvali
mivadevnoT
ramdenime
kulturul
process.
am
epoqis
qarTveli
moRvaweebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo TviTidentifikaciis problema,
qarTuli kulturis adgilis Zieba imdroindel samyaroSi. es sakiTxi
ukavSirdeba
qarTuli
TviTidentifikaciis
damaxasiaTebeli
metoqeoba
simZafre
niSania1;
bizantiasTan,
upiratesobis
kulturis
pretenziiT
awored
aseve,
jer
(es
ganapirulobas,
sainteresoa
masTan
sakiTxi
radgan
ganapira
kulturebis
qarTvelTa
kulturuli
gaTanabrebis,
SeiZleba
xolo
gaazrebul
Semdeg
iqnas
a.
toinbis “gamowveva-pasuxis” meqanizmis meSveobiTac); civilizaciuri xedva
iZleva
komparativistuli
kvlevis
SesaZleblobas,
rac
xorcieldeba
kulturis maxasiaTebelTa gamoyofiTa da maTi SedarebiT sxva kulturis
(civilizaciis) maxasiaTeblebTan. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gamovkveToT
ramdenime
mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebeli
(istorizmi,
racionalizmi,
inovaciuroba, Riaoba...).
1
es sakiTxi ganxiluli aqvs n. Ciqovans naSromSi “qarTuli kulturis istoriis
periodizaciis problema: kulturologiuri aspeqti. kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis
sakiTxebi, XVIII. Tb., 2004. gv. 7-9. qarTvelTa TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxs ki exeba q.
kakitelaSvilis naSromi “dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi”. // ena da kultura, # 1,
Tb., 2000, gv. 47-55.
istorizmis
ramdenime
magaliTi
SeiZleba
moviyvanoT
qarTuli
agiografiuli da saistorio mwerlobidan. ”SuSanikis wamebis” pirvelive
winadadeba
imTaviTve
axdens
im
movlenaTa
droSi
lokalizacias,
romlebic Semdeg moTxrobilia TxzulebaSi. garda amisa, masSi bevria
wminda
istoriuli
pasaJi.
igives
Tqma
SeiZleba
sxva
agiografiul
Txzulebebzec (“abos wameba”, “grigol xanZTelis cxovreba” da a.S.).
giorgi
mTawmindeli
(XI
s.)
“ioanesa
da
eqvTimes
cxovrebas”
friad
niSandoblivi sityvebiT iwyebs: “xolo vinaiTgan sigrZe JamTai yovelsave
daviwyebad moiRebs, daRacaTu winaSe RmrTisa yovelive cxad ars da
saCino,
da
uwyis
yovelTa
dasabami
da
aRsasruli,
da
romelTa-igi
saTnod misa aRasrules cxorebai Tvisi, winaSe missa brwyinven maradis
da arca erTi
rai uxms Cvenmieri xsenebai, aramed esreT ganawesa yovlad
brZenman
gangebulebaman
man
aRmrToni
igi
da
yovlad
misman,
Svenierni
raiTa
saqmeni
wignTaca
Sina
soflis
aRiwernen
Sesaqmisani
da
saufloni igi mcnebani da brZanebani misni da RirsTa maT da netarTa
monaTa misTa yovlad qebulni cxorebani da moqalaqobani... ” (aq da
qvemoT xazgasma Cemia – S. m.)1. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi “istoriuli
codnis birTvs uwindeburad warmoadgenda wminda istoria, e. i. bibliaSi
moTxrobili istoria ... es gamoixateboda mogviano epoqis qronistTa
miswrafebaSi _ gadmoecaT “msoflio istoria”. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo
jer kacobriobis istoriis moTxroba adamidan qristemde da Semdeg
Tundac erTi monastris an qalaqis istoriisa”2. Zalze sainteresoa, rom
es principi sityvasityviTaa gameorebuli
mTawmindelis
Txzulebidan
(“...esreT
zemomotanil citataSi giorgi
ganawesa
yovlad
brZenman
man
gangebulebaman misman, raiTa wignTaca Sina aRiwernen saRmrToni igi da
yovlad Svenierni saqmeni soflis Sesaqmisani da saufloni igi mcnebani
da brZanebani misni...”).
sainteresoa, rom giorgi mTawmindeli migvaniSnebs im istoriul
meTodzec, romelsac TviTon iyenebs: ”urwmunomca nuvin ars, rameTu Cven
TaviT
1
2
TvisiT
ararai
aRgviweria,
aramed
rai-igi
viswaveT
kacTa
giorgi mTawmindeli. ioanes da eqvTimes cxovreba. // qarTuli proza. wigni I. Tb., 1981.
gv. 370-371.
Вильчек В.М. dasax. naSr. с. 188-189.
sarwmunoTagan
da
sulierTa
mamaTa,
...
romelni-igi
ucxo
iyvnes
yovliTurT tyuvilisagan da savse madliTa zegardmoiTa”1.
igive giorgi mTawmindeli, rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, SesaniSnavad
flobda da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kargadac iyenebda istoriul codnas.
gavixsenoT
Tundac
is
epizodi,
rodesac
igi
antioqiis
patriarq
Teodosis Seaxsenebs istoriul sinamdviles: “iyo Jami, romel yovelsa
saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadideblobai ara ipoeboda da ioane guTeli
episkoposi
mcxeTas
ikurTxa
episkoposad,
viTarca
sweria
didsa
svinaqsarsa”2.
istoriuli cnobierebis gamomxatvelia is saistorio Txzulebebi,
romlebic
IX-XI
saukuneebSi
Seiqmna:
“moqcevai
qarTlisai”,
“matiane
qarTlisai”, leonti mrovelis, juanSeris, sumbat daviTis Zis saistoro
qmnilebebi.
IV-XI
saukuneebis
zogierTma
xuroTmoZRvrulma
Zeglma
(magaliTad, bolnisis sionma) Semoinaxa warwerebi, romlebic iZlevian
maTi zusti daTariRebis saSualebas. atenis sionis erT-erT kedelze
amokveTili warwera ki mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis buRa Turqis
saqarTveloSi “moRvaweobis” Sesaxeb. sainteresoa, rom masSi aRwerili
faqtebi daTariRebulia uzustesad, qarTuli da mahmadianuri (hijra)
welTaRricxvis sistemebis gamoyenebiT.
racionalizmis
sqolastikosis
magaliTad
TxzulebaSi
SeiZleba
daculi
kolxi
moviyvanoT
didebulis,
agaTia
fartaZis
cnobili sityvidan erTi nawyveti: “...Tu imaT Caidines ukanonoba, [araa]
aucilebeli
Cvenc
gamoveTxovoT
mSobliur
wesebs
da
im
veragebs
gamovucxadoT Cveni guliswyroma... ar davkargoT mosazrebis unari da ar
davabundovanoT”3.
racionaluri
azrovnebis
meore
nimuSad
SeiZleba
gavixsenoT giorgi aTonelis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
dasacavad antioqiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva, romelSic didi qarTveli
moRvawe mravali utyuari argumentiT asabuTebs saqarTvelos eklesiis
samociquloobas. sainteresoa, rom leonti mroveli Semdegi sityvebiT
iwyebs farnavazis daxasiaTebas: “farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri...”4. migvaCnia,
1
giorgi mTawmindeli. dasax naSr. gv. 371.
giorgi mcire. giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba. // qarTuli proza. wigni I. Tb., 1981. gv.
466.
3 qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. red. n. kandelaki. Tb., 1958. gv. 111.
4 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa.
// qarTlis cxovreba. ana dedofliseuli nusxa. red. simon yauxCiSvili. Tb., 1942. gv. 14.
2
rom mefis daxasiaTebisas upirvelesad racionaluri aspeqtis xazgasma
SemTxveviTi
ar
unda
iyos.
am
SemTxvevaSi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
ara
farnavazis cxovrebis istoriul periods (III s.), aramed XI saukuneSi
mcxovrebi istorikosis leonti mrovelis prioritetebs. mere ra, rom
farnavazi
Zv.
w.
IV-III
saukuneebSi
cxovrobda,
CvenTvis
swored
XI
saukunis istorikosi leonti mrovelia saintereso da is, Tu romels
aniWebda igi upiratesobas mefis Tvisebebidan.
Riaobis maxasiaTebels rac Seexeba, igi istoriulad axasiaTebda
qarTul kulturas: mravali ucxotomeli Semosula Cvens miwa-wyalze da
Tan
Semoutania
Tavisi
kulturis
elementebi,
romlebic
Semdgom
organulad gaiTavisa qarulma kulturam.
rasakvirvelia,
dasaxelebuli
faqtebi
mxolod
magaliTebia
da
aucilebelia argumentebis moZiebisa mxriv kvlevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba.
es
xels
Seuwyobs
qarTuli
kulturis
tipologiuri
raobis
argumentirebul gaazrebas. civilizaciuri midgomis safuZvelze IV-XI
saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis Seswavlis Sedegad aRniSnuli kulturis
faqtologiuri
istoria
TviTmizani
zemoxsenebuli
maxasiaTeblebis,
ki
ar
procesebis,
iqneba,
aramed
saSualeba
mimarTebebis
da
sxva
problemebis garkvevis saqmeSi.
p. sorokinis (1889-1968) kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis mixedviT,
istoriuli procesi warmoadgens kulturis ganviTarebis process. aq
mTavari cnebebia kultura, sistema da zesistema. kultura warmoadgens
ara mravalferovan movlenaTa konglomerats, romlebic Tanaarseboben,
magram arafriT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, aramed mTlianobas,
individualobas, romlis Semadgeneli nawilebi gamsWvaluli arian erTi
fuZemdebluri principiT da gamoxataven erT ZiriTad faseulobas. aseTi
mTliani kulturis saxviTi xelovneba da mecniereba, filosofia da
religia, eTika da samarTali, socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri
organizaciis ZiriTadi formebi, zne-CveulebaTa didi nawili, cxovrebis
wesi da mentaliteti _ yvvela Taviseburad gamoxatavs mis fuZemdebler
princips.
swored
es
principi
kulturis
safuZvelsa
kulturis
kvleva
da
unda
anu
faseuloba
saZirkvels.
am
ganxorcieldes
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi analizis gziT.
warmoadgens
Tvalsazrisis
misi
aTasobiT
yoveli
mixedviT,
nimuSis
kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli kultura
IV-VIII saukuneebSi SeiZleba miviCnioT ideaciur zesistemad, romlis
umaRlesi faseulobac RmerTia. ideaciuri xelovnebis ZiriTadi Tema
RmerTis zegrZnobadi samyaroa, stili _ simboluri, xasiaTi _ statikuri.
arqiteqturis
umniSvnelovanesi
Zeglebi
_
taZrebi
_
RmerTisadmi
miZRvnili qmnilebebia. maTi garegnuli saxe, jvrisebri gegma, gumbaTi,
yoveli arqiteqturuli da skulpturuli detali simboluria. es aris
marTlac ”saxareba qvaSi”. literaturac religiasTanaa dakavSirebuli
(wmindanTa
martvilobani
da
cxovrebani).
saero
literaturis
wili
umniSvneloa. am periodis musikac religiuri xasiaTisa iyo. zogadad,
amqveyniuri
samyaro
ganixileba
rogorc
adamianis
”droebiTi
TavSesafari”, romelSic igi mxolod stumaria; is RmerTis maradiuli
samyofelisaken miiswrafvis da eZebs gzebs imisa, Tu rogor gaxdes iq
Sesvlis
Rirsi.
SesaZloa,
rom
aseT
gzad
ganvixiloT
samonastro
moZraoba da martvilobaTa Tema. ideaciuri xelovneba aris adamianis
sulis
xelovneba,
romelic
marto
amyarebs
urTierTobas
RmerTTan.
aqedan _ xelovnebis anonimuroba. “es aris ara erTi profesionali
mxatvris xelovneba, aramed morwmuneTa usaxelo koleqtivis urTierToba
RmerTTan
da
sakuTar
sulTan.
aseT
urTierTobas
ar
esaWiroeba
profesionali Suamavali, an raime garegnuli samkauli”1. mcereodeni
gamonaklisebis garda, Cven ar viciT TviT udidesi Sedevrebis SemqmnelTa
saxelebi. magaliTad, CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu vin iyvnen bolnisis sionis,
ninowmindis, banas, wromisa da urbnisis taZrebis, mcxeTis jvarisa
atenis
sionis
xuroTmoZRvrebi.
sayuradReboa
bolnisis
Tu
sionis
reliefuri warwera, sadac swored anonimuri “mSromelebia” naxsenebi:
“qriste, daviT epiakoposi krebuliTurT da amis eklesiasa Sina Senda
mimarT Tayvanismcemelni Seiwyalen da mSromelTa amas eklesiasa Sina
Sexewie...”2. CvenTvis arc mravali SesaniSnava bareliefisa da freskis
SemqmnelTa
vinaobaa
cnobili.
anonimuria
agiografiul
TxzulebaTa
mniSvnelovani nawilic.
VIII-XI
saukuneebidan
qarTuli
kultura
SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT
rogorc ideaciuridan idealisturSi gardamavali tipi. idealisturi
1
2
Сорокин П. Социокультурная динамика. В кн.: П. Сорокин. Человек, цивилизация, общество. М., 2000, с.
436.
asaTiani n. saqarTvelos istoria. Tb., 2001. gv. 107.
zesistemac aseve emyareba zegrZnobad samyaros, magram sul ufro matad
asaxavs realuri samyaros amaRlebul faseulobebs. igi iRebs mxolod
dadebiT
tipebs
da
movlenebs,
ugulebelyofs
paTologiursa
da
negatiurs. esaa idealizebuli tipebis kultura, “romelic iSviaTad
axdens pirovnebis an movlenis individualizebas” [13, 442].
igi kvlav
aRiarebs, rom ”dasabami igi sibrZnisa _ SiSia RmrTisa”, Tumca aqtiurad
Semodis
adamianuri,
(saistorio
humanisturi
Txzulebebi),
motivebic.
filosofiuri
fexs
ikidebs
azrovneba,
istorizmi
romelic
araa
Teologiis igiveoba, arsdeba saero saswavleblebi (gelaTi, iyalTo).
humanisturi Temebi xSirdeba xelovnebaSi: dawyebuli “grigol xanZTelis
cxovrebaSi”
(agiografiul
damTavrebuli
TxzulebaSi!)
“visramianiT”,
samijnuro
motivis
“amirandarejanianiT”,
gaCeniT,
“vefxistyaosniT”.
analogiurad, SeiZleba vimsjeloT iSxnisa da breTis jvarcmezec. magram
es kultura ar swydeba sakuTar saZirkvels _ religias. kvlav wamyvania
saxarebiseul
TemebTan
winaswarmetyvelebTan,
gavixsenoT
Tamari
saxasiaToa,
rom
kavSiri
RvTismSobelTan,
mefis
budas
samebis
(magaliTad,
macxovarTan.
meoTxe
Tavgadasavalic
Sedarebebi
aqve
wevrad
SeiZleba,
miCnevis
”balavarSi”
faqtic.
qristianuladaa
gadaazrebuli!). es ufro winaswari daskvnebia. dabolos, aRvniSnav, rom
es yvelaferi mxolod winaswari eskizebia. aqac saWiroa intensiuri
kvleva.
dasasrul, oriode sityva daskvnis saxiT. arc erTi meTodologia
araa
universaluri
iZleva,
Teoriulad
mniSvnelovani
TiToeuli
siaxlis
da
yovlismomcveli.
ganzogaddes
nawili,
romelic
meTodologiis
mignebis,
saSualebas
iZleva.
SesaZleblobas
mas
esaxeba
axleburad
aseTi
mogvcems,
Sesaswavli
safuZvelze
Zvelis
vidre
yoveli
muSaoba
manamde
maTgani
obieqtis
ufro
warmoCenisa
gvqonda.
esa
Tu
is
“prioritetulad”.
kvleva-Ziebis
kulturis
saSualebas
warmoeba
da
gaazrebis
ukeT
aqedan
raime
danaxvis
gamomdinare,
vfiqrob, rom amgvari midgoma Sedegiani iqneboda qarTuli kulturis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
Tea qamuSaZe
saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi
(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)
sakiTxi saiqio_saaqaos urTierTmimarTebisa da maT Soris arsebuli
kontaqtebisASesaxeb,
samyaros
rac
agebulebis
mTlianobaSi
models
qmnida,
xalxis
didi
msoflxedvelobas
xania
moeqca
da
eTnologTa
interesis sferoSi. aRniSnul Tematikas araerTi qarTveli Tu ucxoeli
mecnieri da mkvlevari Seexo. maTi daskvnebi Tu mosazrebebi xSirad
gansxvavebulia, Tumca ara urTierTgamomricxavi, rac, vfiqrobT, sakiTxis
specifikurobam ganapiroba. qarTvelTa wamodgenebi saiqios Sesaxeb da
micvalebulTa
rac,
Tavis
mimarT
mxriv,
dafiqsirebuli
mraval
sxva
ambivalenturi
sakiTxs
moicavs,
damokidebuleba,
kvlevis
amouwurav
sferos qmnis da mecnierul interess am problemisadmi kidev ufro
zrdis.
Cven
mimovixilavT
am
Temaze
arsebul
ZiriTadad
qarTul
samecniero literaturas da SevecdebiT Cveni mosazrebebi garkveuli
daskvnebis saxiT SemogTavazoT. Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom saiqiosaaqaos
ganvixilavT
rogorc
binarul
opozicias,
Sesabamisi
maxasiaTebeli konstruqtebiT.
adamianis
azrovnebaSi
yvelaze
rTul
da
saintereso
momentad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi mcdeloba, sakuTari warmodgeniT gansazRvros
sivrce,
sadac
igi
sikvdilis
Tu
gardacvalebis
Semdgom
SeiZleba
aRmoCndes. amgvari sivrcis moZieba garemomcvel samyaroSi _ samyaros
vertikalurad Tu horizontalurad ganlagebul WrilSi _ bunebrivia,
gulisxmobda am sivrceebs Soris urTierTmimarTebisa da urTierTobis
garkveuli formebis arsebobas, rac, sabolood, dakavSirebuli unda
yofiliyo
garSemo
im
saerTo
qmnida,
wesrigTan,
rogorc
romelsac
amqveynad
adamiani
arsebobis
sakuTari
pirobas.
Tavis
“uZvelesi
droidanve adamians mxolod mkacrad gansazRvrul da mowesrigebul
kosmosSi
SeeZlo
cxovreba.
sikvdil-sicocxlis
Sesaxeb
arsebuli
religiuri Sexedulebebic swored samyaroSi arsebuli wesrigis Sesaxeb
warmodgenebs asaxavs”1.
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
msoflios
sxvadasxva
xalxis
uZvelesi
warmodgena samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb or ZiriTad moments moicavs _
erTi mxarea misi struqturuli agebuleba, meore _ misi Sinaarsobrivi
gaazreba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sivrcis
dagegmareba
horizontalur an
vertikalur sibrtyeSi xdeba, meore ki saaaqaod da saiqiod dayofaSi
aisaxeba2.
qarTul
sinamdvileSi
agebulebiT,
arsebul
aseve
samyaros
SinaarsiTa
warmodgenebSi
da
gaazrebas
formiT,
vxvdebiT.
mTlianobaSi,
swored
qarTveli
rogorc
saiqios
xalxis
Sesaxeb
uZvelesi
warmodgeniT, saaqaos da saiqios, anu samzeosa da suleTis mimarTeba
vertkalurad
ganlagebul
sam
sknels
moicavda:
zecas,
samzeosa
da
qvesknels. maT Sesabameboda Semdegi ferebi: TeTri, wiTeli da Savi.
“qarTveli xalxis warmarTuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, arsebobs sami
qveyana: zeda qveyana anu zeca, zeskneli, Suaskneli anu dedamiwa da qveda
qveyana, qveskneli anu qveca. adamiani samive caze moqmedebs, magram mis
mudmiv sacxovrebels Suaca warmoadgens”3. sknelebis urTierTmimarTeba
rTuli
ierarqiuli
sistemiT
iyo
ganpirobebuli,
rac
maT
Soris
droebiTi an mudmivi kavSirebis saSualebebs qmnida4. qarTvelTa mier
“qveynis”
WrilSi
samwevrovani
ganTavsda,
dayofis
rac,
Tavis
modeli
mxriv,
samyaros
religiuri
RerZis
vertikalur
azrovnebis
maRali
kulturis gamoxatulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca, i. surgulaZis
mosazrebiT, samyaros vertikaluri RerZis boloze suleTis qveyanas
SedarebiT
gvian
Tavdapirvelad
unda
gadaenacvla,
radgan
sivrcis
organizeba
garkveuli socialuri jgufis konkretul teritoriaze
damkvidrebasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. aRniSnul teritorias
igi
pirobiTad
teritorias
“Sinas”
moiazrebda
uwodebda
rogorc
da
amis
“gares”.
sapirispirod
“Sina”
danarCen
mowesrigebuli
socialuri erTeulis Tvalsawierze ganlagebuli teritoriaa, romelic
1
surgulaZe i. sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa religiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi.
masalebis saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII, Tb., 1987, gv. 83.
2 surgulaZe i. qarTuli xalxuri ornametis simbolika. Tb., 1986, gv. 109.
3 Ciqovani m. qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. t. I Tb., 1938, gv. 110.
4 giorgaZe d. warmodgenebi micvalebulze aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. masalebi
saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII Tb., 1987, gv. 209.
horizontis xaziT esazRvreba “gares”, qaoss, stiqiaTa araorganizebulad
gamovlenis asparezs”. amgvari dapirispirebulobis safuZvelze, rodesac
Sina
“aq”
yofniT
aRiniSneba,
xolo
“iq”
ukve
gare
sivrcea,
unda
aRmocenebuliyo termini saiqio _ micvalebulTa samyofeli. Sesabamisad,
saiqios
Tavdapirveli
gagebac
gareT
yofnasTan
unda
yofiliyo
dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba qarTul sinamdvileSi “garesa” da saiqios
damTxvevas, mas SegviZlia davakvirdeT samegreloSi “galeniSi orTa”-s
Sesaxeb
arsebuli
rwmena-warmodgenebis
magaliTze.
sityva-sityviT
galeniSi _ gareSes, velurs niSnavs. samyaros horizontalur sibrtyeSi
warmodgena saiqiosa da saaqaos koordinatebiT, rogorsac “galeniSi
orTas”
SemTxvevaSi
vxvdebiT,
arqauli
warmomavlobisaa
da
damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxebisaTvis1.
sainteresod gveCveneba qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis epilogi, sadac
sivrce
swored
aRniSnuli
terminebiTaa
gamijnuli
da
Sesabamisi
mniSnelobebiTaa datvirTuli:
“Wiri iqa, lxini aqa,
qato iqa, fqvili aqa ...”
rogorc
safuZvelze
davinaxeT,
negatiuri
gare
sivrcem
konteqsti
SinasTan
SeiZina,
rac,
dapirispirebulobis
Tavis
mxriv,
saiqios
mimarT damokidebulebaSi dafiqsirda da Tavad mis moxseniebaSic aisaxa.
qarTvel mTielTa rwmena-warmodgenebi saiqioze, romelic saaqaos
anarekls
warmoadgenda,
mixedviT
icvleboda.
agebulebis
droTa
manZilze
cvlilebebs
TvalsazrisiT,
aseve
sazogadoebis
vxvdebiT
rogorc
Sinaarsobriv
ganviTarebis
struqturuli
doneze.
Tumca
sainteresod gveCveneba is faqti, rom adamianTa damokidebuleba zogadad
saiqios
da
mdgradad
iq
myofTa
mimarT
Camoyalibebul
emociur
momentebTan
elementebsac
moicavda.
erTad
am
sakmaod
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi
saiqios
dadgena
aRmniSvneli
da
terminebiT
terminebis
analizis
ganxilva,
mcdeloba.
moixseniebdnen:
“SaveTi”,
maTSi
fSav-xevsureTSi
“suleTi”,
semantikuri
saiqios
“samudamo
velis
Semdegi
qveyana”
da
“Zviri qveyana”. es ukanaskneli, Cveni azriT, moxseniebis calsaxa negatiur
1
giorgaZe d. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa warmarTuli religiuri rwmenis erTi
sakiTxis Sesaxeb (mesulTneoba). masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XVI, Tb.,
1975, gv. 133-135.
mniSvnelobaze unda miuTiTebdes. sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvis konaSi
“Zviri”
ganimarteba,
rogorc
boroti,
mankieri.
daaxloebiT
msgavs
ganmartebas vxvdebiT d. CubinaSvili Zveli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT
leqsikonSi. rac Seexeba “SaveTs”, Savi qvesknelis simboluri feria,
danarCeni ori sknelis (Suasknelis da zesknelis) Sesabamisi wiTeli da
TeTri
feris
sapirispirod,
rac,
Tavis
mxriv,
SesaZloa,
miwasTan,
sxeulis gansasvenebelTan iyos dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, cnobilia,
rom fSav-xevsurTa warmodgeniT, saiqios yvelaze did sikeTed sinaTle
iTvleboda, romlis gavrcelebis xarisxic gardacvlil sulebze maTi
codva-madlianobis mixedviT nawildeboda. madliani sulebi sinaTlesTan
axlos imyofebodnen, naklebad madlianni _ moSorebiT, codvilni ki
saerTod
bnelSi
iyvnen.
xom
ar
SeiZleba
vifiqroT,
rom
“SaveTis”
aRniSvnaSi codvilTa samyofeli bneleTic aisaxa. maSin roca TviT
codvilis sinonimi _
ukavSirdeba.
rac
damnaSave, damSavebeli semantikurad Sav fers
Seexeba
suleTs,
bunebrivia
igi
sulTa
samyofels
gulisxmobda da saiqio saaqaosgan swored am niSniT gamoiyofoda. xolo
saiqios
moxsenieba,
rogorc
“samudamo
qveynisa”
unda
amZafrebdes
adamianis gancdebs wuTisoflis xanmokleobisa da misi aucileblad
datovebis
gamo,
Tundac
samudamo
netarebisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia
rom
saiqios Sesaxeb warmodgenebSi samoTxis scenebi, jojoxeTTan SedarebiT,
mokrZalebulia.
k.
hani
svanTa
saiqios
daxasiaTebisas
xazgasmiT
SeniSnavs, rom aq samoTxis siameni sakmaod mwiria. qarTvel mTielTa
warmodgenebi
sasjelis
saiqios
migebis
Sesaxeb
scenebiT,
mdidaria
jojoxeTis,
codvaTa
agreTve
diferencirebul
gamo
sasjelTa
raodenobiT, rasac sabolood imis garkveuli garantia unda Seeqmna, rom
Tu
adamiani
moaxerxebda,
saaqaos
an
danaSaulis
saTanadod
ar
Cadenis
SemTxvevaSi
daisjeboda,
saiqios
mis
dafarvas
aucileblad
moekiTxeboda. gardacvlilTaTvis saaqaos Cadenili codva-madlis
dafarulis
Tu
daufaravis
_
mokiTxva
Temis
wevrebisaTvis
_
qcevis
regulirebis erTgvar meqanizmad iqceoda. aRniSnul rwmena-warmodgenebSi
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da Temis Sida urTierTobebis regulirebis
meqanizmebi gamoikveTeba.
amgvari
damokidebuleba
saiqiosadmi,
rogorc
saaqaos
binaruli
opoziciisadmi, bunebrivia, gulisxmobda maT Soris sakontaqto formebis
gansazRvras, rac maT Soris urTierTobis regulirebas uzrunvelyofda.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
gardacvlilTadmi
ambivalentur
damokidebulebas
damokidebulebaSic.
micvalebuli,
vxvdebiT
erTi
mxriv,
uwmindurad iTvleboda, meore mxriv, rogorc RmerTTan daaxloebul
arsebas, daxmarebisTvisac mimarTavdnen. qarTvel mTielTa warmodgeniT,
saiqios binadrebTan kontaqti, pirobiTad, ori saxiT xorcieldeba _
pirdapir da Suamavlis, mediatoris meSveobiT. pirvelis sailustraciod
movitanT rwmena-warmodgenebs “galeniSi orTas” Sesaxeb samegreloSi da
lifanalis tradicias svaneTSi. galeniSi orTas micvalebulTa sulebs
saqonlis sadgomSi udgamdnen da pirutyvTa mfarvelobas sTxovdnen.
ojaxis
uforosi
maT
sakvebiT
umaspinZldeboda
da
pativiscemiT
acilebda.
rwmena-warmodgenebs
“galeniSi
orTas”
Sesaxeb
saintereso
paralelebi eZebneba svanur lifanalTan, sadac aseve stumrad mosuli
micvalebulTa sulebis pativsacemad iSleboda sufra. svanebis rwmeniT,
maTi
keTildReoba
da
bed-iRbali
swored
micvalebulTa
sulebis
keTilganwyobaze iyo damokidebuli. rogorc galeniSi orTaSi, aseve
lifanalSi vxvdebiT pirdapiri komunikaciis formebs, rodesac cocxali
adamianebi
micvalebulTa
yovelgvari
mediatoris
orTasa
lifanalTan
da
gavrcelebul
rwmenas
sulebTan
gareSe.
pirdapir
sinamdvileSi,
dakavSirebiT
emyareba,
kontaqts
warmodgenebi
msoflios
romlis
sxvadasxva
mixedviTac,
amyareben
galeniSi
xalxSi
gardacvlilTa
sulebs didi zemoqmedebis unari aqvT saaqao cxovrebaze. maT SeuZliaT
rogorc
dadebiTi,
axloblebisaTvis,
aseve
rac
uaryofiTi
maTdami
Sedegebis
gamoxatuli
motana
ganwyobebis
TavianTi
adekvaturia.
maTve miaweren winaswarmetyvelebis unars. ase magaliTad, aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi sjeraT, rom “saiqios yvelafers adre gaigeben,
Tu samzeos vis ra moelis. pirvelad suleTSi gaarCeven samzeos bediRbals
da
samzeos
saiqios
ganaCenis
Tanaxmad
moxdeba
yvelaferi”1.
amgvarad, bedisweris saiqiosTan dakavSireba adamians uadvilebda misTvis
auxsneli movlenebis mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas.
adamiani
cdilobda,
gaSinaureboda
sikvdils
da,
Sesabamisad,
gaekontrolebina kidevac is, rac misTvis jer kidev ucnobi da saSiSi
1
giorgaZe d. warmodgenebi micvalebulze..., gv. 208.
iyo. rac Seexeba “galeniSi orTas”, aq micvalebulTa sulebi TiTqmis
adamianisa da saqonlis mfarveli RvTaebis donemde arian ayvanilni.
kvleviT dasturdeba suleTisa da nadirTa samyaros, anu gares sruli
damTxveva, rogorc sivrcis kordinatebiT, ise semantikuri aspeqtebiT1.
m. makalaTias mier Segrovebuli masalebidan irkveva, rom galeniSs
melogine
qalebs
xbomogebul
da
avadmyof
Zroxas.
manve
bavSvebsac
xevsureTSi
umarTavdnen,
saqonelze
aseve
axlad
micvalebulTa
zemoqmedebis faqtebi daafiqsira2.
gansakuTrebiT
mocemul
mTianeTSi
sainteresod
konteqstSi.
qali
rogorc
fexmZimobis
SemTxvevaSi soflis
gveCveneba
mSobiare
cnobilia,
aRmosavleT
bolo
ramdenime
qalebis
Tves
CarTva
saqarTvelos
ojaxis,
zog
(“Sinas”) gareT atarebda. radgan fexmZime qali
uwmindurad iTvleboda, mas ar aZlevdnen uflebas Seelaxa wminda “Sida”
sivrce. metic, garkveuli akrZalvebi fexmZime qalis meuRlesac exeboda.
mas
ar
SeeZlo
xatis
mimdebare
teritoriaze
moZraoba.
qali
reproduqciul funqcias axorcielebda gare sivrceSi. mxolod mTeli
rigi
ganmwmendi
sazogadoebis
ritualebis
axal
sicocxlisaTvis
wevrTan
axal
Semdeg
brundeboda
erTad.
amdenad,
sivrceSi
damkvidrebis
igi
qali
Sin
ojaxis,
(deda)
procesSi
axali
erTgvar
mediatorad gvevlineba. qali tradiciulad asocirdeba gare sivrcesTan,
miwier sawyisTan, mamakacisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic zeciurTan kavSirSi
ganixileboda.
amave
mTianeTSi
konteqstSi
logikurad
dafiqsirebuli
jdeba
mesulTnis
aRmosavleT
instituti.
saqarTvelos
mesulTnes
sulis
mkiTxavsac eZaxdnen. mesulTne aucileblad qali unda yofiliyo. mas
mimarTavdnen
sxvadasxva
dros
ojaxSi
avadmyofobis
an
sxva
rTuli
SemTxvevisas. mesulTnes movaleobas Seadgenda micvalebulis sulsa da
cocxal adamianebs Soris Suamavloba. igi sulis meened iTvleboda.
xalxSi damowmebuli terminSi “mesulTne (sulTana)” _ sulis mkiTxavi _
sulis
magivrad
naTesavebisaTvis
1
2
molaparake
sulis
igulisxmeba,
survilebis
samzeoSi
ganmcxadebeli.
cocxali
mesulTne
Tavisi
bardaveliZe
v.
qarTveli
xalxis
religiuri
azrovnebis
istoriidan
(mravalsulianobis koncefcia). // mimomxilveli, I Tb., 1949, gv. 127.
RuduSauri T. qarTveli xalxis sulieri kultura XIX saukunis mermenul wyaroebSi.
disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2001.
qceviT da funqciebiT Zalian mogvagonebs qadags, romelic xatis msaxuri,
xalxsa da RvTaebebs Soris Suamavali iyo, Tumca erTi gansxvavebiT:
RvTis msaxuri, rogorc wesi, mamakaci unda yofiliyo. Znelbedobisas
xalxi
jer
qadags
mimarTavda,
Tu
xatis
msaxuri
ver
SeZlebda
daxmarebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesulTnes miakiTxavdnen. mesulTne sulSi
wasvlis dros miwaze wveboda, Tavs imkvdarunebda da butbuts iwyebda _
sulebs mimarTavda. “micvalebuli mesulTnes saSualebiT Tavis patrons
sTxovda “saxelsadebebs sagZlad” an “wyrulis Sesaxvevs”, fexsacmels,
windebs.
zogi
iTxovda
tablis
dadgmas,
cxenis
dakurTxebas,
Tu
Wirisufali bevrs tiroda, es micvalebuls awuxebda da sulis mkiTxavis
saSualebiT sTxovda tirilis Sewyvetas, radgan tansacmeli cremlisgan
maqvs
dasvelebulio.
Wirispatroni
sulis
moTxovnas
usityvod
asrulebda. suli ara mxolod Txovnebsa da survilebs gamoxatavda
cocxlad darCenil adamianTa mimarT, sanacvlod igi maT survilebsac
usrulebda.
rogorc davinaxeT, micvalebulTa sulebs didi gavlena SeiZleba
hqonodaT amqveynad mimdinare procesebze, axlobelTa keTildReobasa da
ubedobaze.
miuxedavad
gardacvlilTa
sulebs
amavdroulad,
sulTa
damokidebuli
saaqaos
sakurTxi
sufrebis
saqarTvelos
pirovneba
rom
saiqioSi
mdgomareoba
micvalebulTa
momzadebaze.
mTianeTSi
jvris,
imisa,
qarTvel
adamianuri
saiqioSi
sulebis
rogorc
gavrcelebuli
naTlobis
da
mTielTa
Tvisebebi
hqondaT,
mniSvnelovnad
moxseniebaze,
irkveva,
sulis
Serqmeul
warmodgeniT,
maTTvis
aRmosavleT
saxeli,
saxelTan
iyo
erTad
romelsac
atarebda
swored micvalebulTan mudmivi kontaqtis saSualeba iyo. micvalebuli
TviTon gamoxatavs iniciativas misi saxeli daerqvas amqveynad darCenil
STamomavals. xalxis rwmeniT, sulis saxelis xSiri xseneba amqveynad
micvalebulisaTvis sasurveli da sapatioc iyo, riTac igi saaqaosTan
kontaqtis SenarCunebas axerxebda. Tavis mxriv, micvalebulis saxelis
matarebeli
sulis
mfarvelobis
qveS
iyo.
sulis
saxelis
darqmeva,
rogorc wesi, bavSvis umizezo tiriliT iwyeboda. aseT dros ityodnen,
bavSvs suli “enukviso”. Semdgom micvalebuli an sizmris saSualebiT
aniSnebda ojaxs survils, misi saxeli darqmeoda bavSvs, Tu ara da
mSoblebi sulis mkiTxavs miakiTxavdnen. mesulTne gaarkvevda, visi sulis
saxeli unda rqmeoda bavSvs.
aRmosavleT
institutisa
magaliTze
da
saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi
bavSvisaTvis
sulis
SegviZlia
dafiqsirebuli
saxelis
davakvirdeT
saiqiosa
mesulTnis
darqmevis
da
tradiciis
saaqaos
Soris
urTierTobebs, romelsac permanentuli xasiaTi hqonda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
amgvari urTierTobebis gabmisa da daregulirebis kompetencia qalebs
ekuTnodaT. es komunikaciisaTvis garkveul saSualebebs qmnida. garda
droebiTi,
simbolurad
perioduli
arsebobda
kontaqtebisa,
saiqiosa
myari,
kontaqtebi.
mudmivi
da
saaqaos
Soris
aseTi kontaqtebis
simboloebad SegviZlia ganvixiloT saiqioSi koSki, alvis xe da Citebi,
romlebic moZraoben sknelebs Soris. xe ki, rogorc cnobilia, sami
sknelis damakavSirebeli universaluri simboloa.
saaqao-saqios
urTierTebasTan
dakavSirebiT
eTnologiur
mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis zogadi mimoxilva, romelic
Cven erTgvari kompilaciis saxiT SemogTavazeT, garkveuli daskvnebis
gamotanis saSualebas iZleva:
qarTvelTa
uZveles
religiur
msoflaRqmaSi
samyaro
samwevra
modelis saxiTaa wamodgenili, romlis TiToeul danayofs gansazRvruli
feriTa da simboloebiT datvirTuli skneli Seesabameba
es modeli vertikalur da horizontalur sibrtyeSia warmodgenili
(qveskneli, Suaskneli, zeskneli da saiqio-saaqao, Sesabamisad _ Sinagare),
Cven
SevecadeT
maTi
aRmniSvneli
terminebis
mniSvnelobaTa
dadgenas garkveuli daskvnebic SemogTavazeT. igulisxmeba saiqiosaTvis
negatiuri konstruqtebis miwera.
saiqios da saaqaos Soris uwyvetad arsebobs myari an droebiTi
kontaqtebi,
komunikaciis
realuri adamianis saxiT).
formebi
da
saSualebebi
(simboluri
Tu
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
giorgi lobJaniZe
igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi
religiur teqstTa stilistikis mkvlevrebi xSirad miuTiTeben am
teqstebis alegoriul xasiaTze, rac TiTqmis yvela wminda wignis saerTo
damaxasiaTebeli
mniSvnelobiT,
niSania.
romlis
alegoriuloba
Sesaxebac
ganpirobebulia
pirdapiri
laparaki
saTqmelis
gaaubraloebda
saRvTo azrs da mas amqveynuri samarTlis kanonTa CarCoSi moaqcevda.
amitomac
alegorias
wminda
teqstis
stilistikaSi
TiTqmis
erTi
funqciuri datvirTva aqvs _ naTqvams amaRlebuli, zeaweuli elferi
mianiWos
da
auditorias
azris
ramdenimedoniani
interpretaciis
SesaZlebloba dautovos.
abraamistul religiaTa tradiciaSi RvTis adamianTan urTierTobis
modelic ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve garkveul alegorias efuZneba. sinas
mTaze cecxliT mobriale mayvlovani aris xati, romelic ufalma miwaze,
fizikur ganzomilebaSi, Tavis gasacxadeblad airCia. faqtobrivad, es
aris simbolo, sadac mocemulia garsi, romlis meSveobiTac SegviZlia
arsze
mxolod
miaxloebiTi
warmodgena
viqonioT.
am
TvalsazrisiT,
mayvlovanis cneba uaxlovdeba igavis im ganmartebas, rasac sulxan-saba
orbeliani Tavis `sityvis konaSi~ gvTavazobs: `igavi _ ese ars sityviT
magaliTi, gina saCvenebeli, gina mosaniSnavi”1.
tipologiurad
gankacebis
amave
qristianuli
rigis
ideis
movlenasTan
SemTxvevaSi.
gvaqvs
ieso
saqme
qristes
RvTis
sityvebic:
`romelman mixila me, ixila mamai Cemi zecaTai~ gansxvavebul ideurTeologiur
imeorebs.
safuZvelze
am
mayvlovanis
TvalsazrisiT,
iudaistur
sainteresoa
(bibliur)
`xorcSesxmuli
arqetips
logosis~
(gankacebuli sityvis) cnebac, rogorc arsisa da garsis mTlianobis
alegoria.
sityvaSi
RvTis
gacxadebis
ideis
varirebas
vxedavT
islamSic,
sadac miuxedavad imisa, rom iesos erT-erT saxels `qalimaT al-lah~ _
alahis sityva _ warmoadgens, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaziarebuli
logosis
qristanuli
idea.
islamSi
RvTis
saxe,
WeSmariti
1 orbeliani s.-s.. sityvis kona. ilia abulaZis redaqciiT t. I, Tb., 1990 gv. 322.
arsi
adamianisaTvis dafarulia. mis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ZiriTadad, gviqmnis
gamocxadeba,
romelic
muhamad
mociquls
gabriel
mTavarangelozis
meSveobiT mieca da romelic teqstis _ yuranis saxiT iqna fiqsirebuli.
teqsti SeiZleba SeviswavloT im meTodologiiT, rac SemuSavebulia
literaturismcodneobis
mTlianoba
da
mier,
TiToeuli
anu
miviRoT
igi,
rogorc
mxatvrul-literaturuli
mxatvruli
xerxis
ganxilvis
safuZvelze vawarmooT misi mTliani analizi.
am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvs, rom igavi, romlis klasikuri
ganmartebac aseTia: `mokle alegoriuli moTxroba an leqsi zneobrivdamrigebluri Sinaarsisa”1, saxarebisa da yuranis mxatvruli azrovnebis
qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. swored igavis safuZvelze erTiandeba yvela is
mxatvruli
xerxi,
romelic
am
saRvTo
wignebsa
da,
gansakuTrebiT,
yuranSi aris mocemuli. yuranSi imitom, rom aq narativs erTaderTi
funqcia akisria: ambavi moTxrobilia, rogorc garkveuli azrisa da
ideis ilustracia, rogorc magaliTi, romelSic kacma sakuTari Tavi
unda amoicnos da Sesabamisi daskvnebi gaakeTos.
amdenad, sainteresoa TviTon termini, romelic yuranSi sxvadasxva
azriT gamoiyeneba da romelic am SemTxvevaSi Cven `igavad~ gadmogvaqvs.
girgasis
`yuranisa
da
arabuli
qrestomaTiis
leqsikonSi~
vkiTxulobT: `‫<ل‬78‫_ ا‬678 _ msgavseba, xati, saxeoba, Sedareba, igavi”2.
ganmartebaTa da mniSvnelobaTa es speqtri, praqtikulad, imeorebs
im definicias, rasac sulxan-saba igavTan dakavSirebiT gvTavazobs. igavi
es aris magaliTi, romlis meSveobiTac kacs msgavs movlenaTa SedarebiT
maT arsSi Cawvdomis saSualeba eZleva. am mxriv, saxarebisa da bibliuri
istoriebisagan
gansxvavebiT,
sadac
Txroba
gabmulad
mimdinareobs,
yuranis narativi SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc `masali~, rogorc igavi.
yuranSi TiToeuli ambavi moyolilia adamianTa Segonebis, ganswavlis,
gafrTxilebis mizniT da amitomac es ambebi bibliis (Zveli da axali
aRTqmis)
teqstebis
teqstTa
tradiciaze
moTxrobaTa
da
aRzrdili
calkeul
mkiTxvelisTvis
pasaJTa
aRniSnuli
usistemo
nazavis
STabeWdilebas axdens. Tumca es garegnuli usistemoba im mxatvruli
1
2
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1991, gv. 384.
Словарь к арабской хрестоматий и Корану. Cоставитель проф. В. Гиргас, Казань, 1881, с. 746.
funqciis
Sedegia, rac
yuranSi
narativis
igavur-alegoriul
formas
eniWeba.
muslimi
saubrisas,
RvTismetyvelebi,
xSirad
miuTiTeben
wminda
wignis
motivaciaze,
alegoriulobaze
riTac
gapirobebulia
am
teqstebisa da konkretulad _ yuranis alegoriuli xasiaTi. kerZod,
`jalal ainisa~ da baidavis komentarTa mixedviT, `masali~ _ igavi
saRvTo
wignSi
eTargmna
gamoyenebulia
kacTa
imitom,
gonebisaTvis
rom
Znelad
RmerTs
adamianur
misawvdomi
enaze
cnebebi
da
Rirebulebebi1.
TavianT am Tezas muslimi komentatorebi isev garkveuli alegoriis
meSveobiT
asabuTeben.
qaSefis
komentarSi
vkiTxulobT:
`Tuki
movindomebT uwlovan bavSvs seqsualuri aqtiT miRebul siamovnebaze
vesaubroT, iZulebuli viqnebiT mas iseTi Sedareba movuyvanoT, rac
bavSvis
kerZod,
gonebisaTvis
albaT
unda
garkveul
siamovnebasTan
vuTxraT,
rom
iqneba
seqsualuri
dakavSirebuli.
siamovneba
hgavs
tkbileulis Wamas. amasTan, es Sedareba mxolod Soreuli anarekli
iqneba im sinamdvilisa, razedac vsaubrobT. zustad asevea RvTis mier
adamianisaTvis moyvanil magaliTTa (amsal) SemTxvevaSic. samwuxarod,
Cveni
miwieri
goneba
imdenad
SezRudulia,
rom
Znelia,
xSirad
ki
SeuZlebelia RvTiuri azri mTeli siRrmiTa da ZalmosilebiT aRiqvas.
amitomac
religiuri
teqstis
ena
Cvens
dasamoZRvrad
metaforas,
Sedarebasa da gansakuTrebiT igavs iyenebs, raTa naTqvamis WeSmarit
sazrisTan ase mainc migvaaxlovos”2.
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia is udidesi mniSvneloba, rac wminda
teqstis stilistikaSi igavis gamoyenebas eniWeba. amitomac, am teqstTa
mxatvruli qsovilis Seswavla swored igavis funqciaTa garkveviT unda
daiwyos.
1
2
Tafsir al-jalalain, t. I, kairo, 1961 (arabul enaze), gv. 259.
Tafsir-e qaSef, t. V, Teirani, 1376 mzis hijris kalendriT (sparsul enaze), gv. 157.
# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.
ia uZilauri
saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul
populaciaSi
saxeldebis problema erT-erTi uZvelesi problemaTagania. sakiTxi,
rogoria
sityvis
kavSiris
buneba,
bgeriT
ratom
mxaresa
ewodeba
da
am
mniSvnelobas
sagans
es
Soris
saxeli
da
arsebuli
ara
sxva,
antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde warmoadgens cxare diskusiis sagans.
Zvel
saberZneTSi
gacxovelebuli
diskusia
mimdinareobda
imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra gansazRvravs ama Tu im sagnis saxels, ratom ewodeba
konkretul sagans es saxeli.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi mosazrebebi gamoTqves heraklitem,
demokritem,
protagoram,
epikurelebma,
stoelebma,
skeptikosebma
da
sxvebma. xolo platonis dialogSi “kratili” problema detaluradaa
ganxiluli.
platonTan
erTmaneTisgan
vnaxulobT
miTiTebas
ganvasxvavoT
enis
imis
leqsikur
Sesaxeb,
fondSi
rom
saWiroa
Sesul
sityvaTa
saxeldeba (sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da mniSvnelobis dakavSireba) da
sakuTari saxelebis mqone movlenebis saxeldeba (sakuTari saxelebis
mqone sagnebisaTvis da adamianebisaTvis saxelebis mikuTvneba).
problemisadmi interesi gansakuTebiT gaZlierda meoce saukuneSi da
igi Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis, fsiqologiisa da filosofiis erT-erT
aqtualur sakiTxad gadaiqca. kulturis mecnierebebSi ki es problema
aqtualuria
misi
mWidro
urTierTmimarTebis,
warmoSobis,
enis
metyvelebis
kulturebis
kulturis
da
gamo azrovnebisa
enobrivi
da
yvelaze
niSnis
fsiqologiuri
mravalferovnebis,
urTierTganpirobebulobis
erT-erTi
kavSiris
mniSvnelovani
urTierTganpirobebulobis
es
metyvelebis
bunebis
raobis,
enis
meqanizmis,
enebisa
da
enisa
sakiTxebTan.
da
da
ukanaskneli
mimarTulebaa.
xarisxis
kulturis
Cveni
swored
dadgena
kvlevis
enisa
da
warmoadgens
kvlevis erT-erT mizans.
ukve didi xania Tanamedrove mecnierebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba
sakuTri miznebisaTvis erTmaneTis kvlevis meTodebsa da Sedegebs iyenebs.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, TandaTan mkvidrdeba interdisciplinuri midgoma.
marTalia,
farTo
saqarTveloSi,
masStabebi
ar
jerjerobiT
miuRia,
interdisciplinur
magram
aseTi
muSaobas
magaliTebi,
sakmaod
warmatebulad ganxorcielebuli, mainc mogvepoveba. winamdebare kvlevac
interdisciplinuri
gaxlavT.
fsiqologiis
kvlevis
meTodebis
daxmarebiT, SevecadeT, Segveswavla kulturis mecnierebaTa zogierTi
problema, kerZod,
saganTa saxeldebis sakiTxi. Sedegebis damuSaveba da
gaanalizeba vcadeT CvenTvis saintereso da mniSvnelovani kuTxiT.
eTnolingvistikis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis b. uorfis sityviT, enis
struqtura qmnis gzebs, romlis saSualebiTac
azrovnebs am enaze
mosaubre
Camoyalibebaze
adamiani.
Tavad
enis
struqturis
ki
ganmsazRvrel gavlenas am enis matarebeli sazogadoebisa Tu eTnosis
kulturuli faseulobebi axdens. adamianebi cxovroben sakuTar enobriv
samyaroSi da misi meSveobiT gamoxataven sakuTar Tavs.
yoveli Taoba enas wina Taobisgan mza saxiT iRebs. saxeldebis
obieqtis Sinaarsi ama Tu im saxis asociaciis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba
saxelmdeblis mier memkvidreobiT miRebul enobriv masalas.
enis Sevseba da ganaxleba ucxo enidan axali sityvebis Semosvlisa
da
sakuTriv
enis
farglebSi
sityvaTwarmoqmnis
gziT
mimdinareobs.
amjerad Cven swored es ukanaskneli gvainteresebs. enis leqsikaSi meore
gziT
warmoqmnili
Tvisobrivad
sityvebi
gansxvavebul
SeiZleba
daiyos
kategoriad.
or,
sityvaTa
erTmaneTisgan
erTi
jgufi
pirvelqmnadobis gziT aris miRebuli, e. i. sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da
mniSvnelobis urTierTdakavSireba moxda raime ukve arsebuli saxeldebis
monawileobis gareSe; da sityvaTa meore jgufi, romelic Seqmnilia
mxolod ukve arsebuli enobrivi elementebis kombinirebis gziT. Tumca
mecnierebaSi
arsebobs
sawinaaRmdego
azric
_
sityvebi,
romlebic
enobrivi elementebis kombinirebis gziT aris miRebuli, savsebiT ar
arian moklebulni pirvelqmnadobis elementebs.
qarTul
leqsikaSi
arsebobs
Zalzed
saintereso
saxelebi.
am
SemTxvevaSi Cven arCevani yvavilebze SevaCereT. saxelebi, rogoricaa
cxeniskbila, cisTvala da sxv. Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis naklebad
cnobilia1.
imisaTvis,
rom
dagvedgina
kulturisa
da
enis
urTierTganpirobebulobis xarisxi, gadavwyviteT konkretuli kvlevis
Catareba.
kvleva Catarda 5-13 wlis (Sesabamisad, I_IV klasis) 70 bavSvTan. cdis
pirTaTvis
saxeldebisaTvis
SeTavazebuli
iyo
6
saxis
yvavili:
cxeniskbila, cisTvala, furisula, narcisi, guguliskaba, iacindi. TiToO
saxelsadeb
Sinaarsze
saxelmdebeli
zustdeboda,
cdis
saxeldebas
Tu
ra
piri
axdenda
warmoadgenda
orjer
axdenda
12-jer.
saxeldebas.
saxeldebis
saxeldebis
kriteriums
sul
procesSive
TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi.
1
vgulisxmobT Tbiliss, radgan kvleva jerjerobiT mxolod aq Catarda da Cven
dazustebiT ver vityviT, cnoben Tu ara am yvavilebs, Tavisi saxelebiT, regionebSi.
grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis
procentuli maCveneblebi
18%
sakuTari saxelebi
16%
feri
sxva mcenare da
mcenaris nawilebi
14%
11%
gamogonili sityvebi
10%
humanizacia
8%
forma zoma
cxovelebi da
frinvelebi
5%
nivTebi
5%
4%
ciuri sxeulebi
weliwadis droebi da
amindi
3%
mikuTvneba
(geografiuli da kerZo)
3%
2%
ricxvebi
1%
zebunebrivi arsebebi
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20%
centrirebuli niSnebis anu saxeldebis kriteriumebis msgavsebis
mixedviT Cven saSualeba mogveca saxeldebebi dagvejgufebina 13 jgufad:
“sakuTari saxelebi”; “feri”, “sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi”;
“gamogonili”;
“humanizacia”;
“forma
da
zoma”;
“cxovelebi
da
frinvelebi”; “nivTebi”; “ciuri sxeulebi”; “weliwadis droebi da amindi”;
“mikuTvneba (kerZo da geografiuli)”; “ricxvebi”; “zebunebrivi arsebebi”.
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis
SevadgineT
grafikebi,
romlebidanac
aSkarad davinaxoT rogorc ZiriTadi centrirebuli
SegviZlia
niSnebi da maTi
procentuli maCveneblebi, agreTve is Taviseburebani, romlebic asakobriv
da sqesobriv gansxvavebebs Soris gamovlinda (ix. grafiki 1, grafiki 2).
grafiki 2
40%
sakuTari saxelebi
60%
30%
feri
70%
57%
sxva mcenare da
mcenaris nawilebi
43%
45%
55%
gamogonili sityvebi
50%
humanizacia
50%
42%
forma zoma
58%
70%
cxovelebi da
frinvelebi
30%
85%
nivTebi
15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
mdedrobiTi
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
mamrobiTi
jgufSi “sakuTari saxelebi” SegviZlia, gamovyoT ori qvejgufi:
naTesavebis saxelebi da cnobili adamianebi (ZiriTadad, politikosebi).
aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTari saxelebi, rogorc saxeldebis kriteriumi,
yvelaze did
saxelebia,
procents
rac
Seadgens
qarTul
da
aqedan umravlesoba
sazogadoebaSi
mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs (ix. grafiki 3).
naTesauri
naTesavebis
kavSirebis
grafiki 3.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"
(18%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeli
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I-II
III-IV
V-VI
sakuTari saxelebis Semdeg yvelaze didi procents feris mixedviT
saxeldeba Seadgens. kvlevis Catarebisas gamoikveTa erTi saintereso
momenti _ zogierT SemTxvevaSi darqmeuli feri ar Seesabameba yvavilis
namdvil fers, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmdebelma icis ra ferisaa
saxelsadebi Sinaarsi sinamdvileSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom ferebic da
sxva saxeldebebic nawarmoebia ZiriTadad ori sityvidan. magaliTad,
“yviTelyura”, “gulyviTela”, “mwvanefoTleba”, “lurjfurcela” da sxva
(ix. grafiki 4).
jgufSi
“sxva
mcenare
da
mcenaris
nawilebi”
gaerTianebulia
saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebuli niSani aris erT SemTxvevaSi sxva
mcenaris saxelebi,
mag. “buCqi”, “xe”, “balaxa”, “kitra”, meore SemTxvevaSi
_ mcenaris nawilebi: “foTlovani”, “kvirti”, “grZelRerovani” (ix. grafiki
5).
grafiki 4.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"
(16%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeli
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I-II
III-IV
V-VI
grafiki 5.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris
nawilebi"
(14%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeli
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I-II
III-IV
V-VI
“basiko”,
“dabesila”,
“bulxa”,
“lica”,
“nuxuna”,
“yuCana”
“fCxola”,
“onja”,
“orebula”,
“galoza”,
“koroxika”,
“lorabana”,
“dua”,
“furula”,
“WaWa
“goprana”,
“ceka”,
yaWa”,
“megroka”,
“simbolva”,
“laruna”, “tylamiwi”. . . aseTi saxeldebebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans.
eseni is sityvebia, romlebic enis leqsikonSi ar arsebobs, swored
amitom
am
saxeldebaTa
jgufs
vuwodeT
“gamogonili”.
aRsaniSnavia
asakobrivi Tavisebureba (ix. grafiki 6).
grafiki 6.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"
(11%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeli
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I-II
III-IV
V-VI
humanizaciaSi vgulisxmobT mcdelobas yvavilebis “gaadamianebisa”.
ufro konkretulad, es aris saxeldebebi romelTa centrirebul niSnad
gvevlineba adamianis sxeulis nawilebi, adamianis saqmianobis sferoebi an
kidev yvavilebisaTvis adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis miwera
_
“Tvali”,
“TiTa”,
“xeli”,
“yuri”,
“uzrdeli”,
“gabrazebuli”,
“gulmaviwyi”, “kargi”, “grZelTvala”, “maniaki”, “mezobeli” “quCisbiWa”,
“megobari”, “Tma”, “qorwila” “yizilbaSa”, “indiela” da sxv. (ix. grafiki
7).
“fuCeCa”,
“miwiana”,
“veberTela”,
“gaburZgnuli”,
“TavCaRunuli”,
“gaSlila”, “SeWuWunela”, “dakvnetila”, “mozrdili”, “patara”, “susti”,
“Txela”,
“farfata”,
saxeldebis
“aylayuda”,
kriteriums
“maRalyeliani”,
warmoadgens
forma
da
“grZelfoTola”
zoma.
_
aRsaniSnavia,
Serqmevisas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `a~-s momenti1, romelic yvelaze
mkafiod, feris, formis da zomis mixedviT saxeldebisas gamoikveTa (ix.
grafiki 8).
grafiki 7.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"
(10%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeli
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I-II
III-IV
V-VI
jgufSi “cxovelebi da frinvelebi” gaerTianebulia saxeldebebi,
romelTa centrirebul niSans warmoadgens cxovelebi, frinvelebi da
mwerebi _ “peplis yvavili”, “virZroxa”, “TuTiyuSi”, “Rori”, “ku”, “gveli”,
“lomi”, “virTxa”, “wruwuna”, “arwivi”, “yvavi”, “spilosxorTuma”, “matli”
(ix. grafiki 9).
sainteresoa saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebul niSans warmoadgens
nivTebi, ufro xSirad sayofacxovrebo nivTebi _ “CanTa”,2 “qurTuki”,
“karada”, “saxli”, “troleibusi”, “manqana”, “saqanela”, “zari”, “cocxi”,
1
2
vgulisxmobT Serqmeuli sityvis a-ze daboloebas.
isic unda iTqvas, rom es Taoba ar aris dazRveuli barbarizmebis, kerZod
rusizmebisgan. magaliTad, “qurTukis” nacvlad gvTavazobdnen “kurtkas”, gvxvdeboda
aseve “zmeika” da sxva.
“aqandazi”, “parki”, “fanqari”, “violino”, “merxi”, “mikrofoni”, “antena”,
“aieti”... (ix. grafiki 10).
jgufSi
rodesac
“mikuTvneba”
yvavilis
“maswavleblis
gamoikveTa
akuTvneben
yvavili”;
da
ori
kerZo
meore,
saxis
pirs
rodesac
_
mikuTvneba.
pirveli,
“mezoblis
yvavili”,
akuTvneben
adgils _ “mTisyvavili”, “zRvis yvavili”, “quCis yvavili”.
grafiki 8.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"
(8%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeli
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I-II
III-IV
V-VI
geografiul
grafiki 9.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "cxovelebi da frinvelebi"
(5%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeli
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I-II
III-IV
V-VI
grafiki 10.
saxeldebis kriteriumi "nivTebi"
(5%)
asakobrivi maCvenebeli
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I-II
III-IV
V-VI
eqsperimentis pirobebis erTgvarovnebis miuxedavad, erTi da igive
saxelsadebi
Sinaarsi
sxvadasxva
cdispiris
cnobierebaSi
sxvadasxva
struqturiT aris warmodgenili. es sxvadasxvaoba, ZiriTadad, vlindeba
am Sinaarsis cnobierebaSi warmodgenili niSnis sxvadasxvaobiT.
centrirebul
niSnad
ar
gvevlineba
yovelTvis
saxelsadebis
arsebiTi niSani. xSirad aseTad saxelsadebi Sinaarsis meorexarisxovani
niSani
figurirebs,
anda
saxelsadebiT
gamowveuli
subieqturi
mdgomareoba. es daskvna sruliad misaRebi iqneboda fsiqologisaTvis,
magram vfiqrobT, kulturis mecnierebaTa farglebSi rCeba garkveuli
kiTxvebi. daskvna sxvagvarad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes _ kvlevis Sedegebi,
romlis
mixedviT
struqturis
sxvadasxva
warmodgenili
cdispiris
saxeldebebi
cnobierebaSi
msgavsi
da,
zog
sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi
identuric ki aris, gvaZlevs sababs vifiqroT, rom sxvadasxva cdispiris
cnobierebaSi
identuria,
saxelsadebi
aramed
msgavsi
Sinaarsi
arc
struqturiT
sxvadasxvagvari
aris
da
warmodgenili.
arc
es
ganpirobebuli unda iyos koleqtiuri cnobierebiT, tradiciebiT, wesCveulebebiT, yofiTi kulturiT, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, kulturiT.
marTalia, Cven am monacemebiT jer ar SegviZlia saboloo daskvnebis
gamotana, radgan es mxolod pirveladi Sedegebia, magram vfiqrobT,
Zalzed saintereso unda iyos im TvalsazrisiT, rom ukve gamoikveTa
saxeldebis procesis kulturuli ganpirobebuloba. jerjerobiT kvleva
Catarda mxolod erT asakobriv jgufSi (bavSvebSi) da mxolod TbilisSi.
es kvlevis mxolod erTi
nawilia. kvlevis Catarebas vgegmavT sxvadasxva
asakobriv jgufSi, aseve saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva erovnebis
adamianebze. ar SemovifargebliT mxolod TbilisiT, kvleva Catardeba
regionebSic, rac Zalzed saintereso unda iyos, radgan Tavis droze
aRniSnuli yvavilebis saxeldeba, savaraudod, swored im sivrceSi unda
momxdariyo.
Targmanebi
jonaTan
jonaTan foqsi
eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc
konfliqtis mizezis roli
Jonathan Fox. Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause
of Conflict
(Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol.9, No.1, Spring 2003, pp.101-125. Published by Frank
Cass, London)
am
gamokvlevaSi
gamoTqmulia
mosazreba
imis
Taobaze,
rom
kamaTi
politikaSi religis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, nawilobriv, gapirobebulia Semdegi
faqtiT: religia gansxvavebul rols asrulebs, erTis mxriv, mesame samyaroSi
da, meores mxriv, dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi.
Sesabamisad, kamaTi mimdinareobs im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic yuradRebas
msoflios
am
gansxvavebul
nawilebze
amaxvileben.
riskis
qveS
myofi
umciresobebisa da arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi
cxadyofs, rom religiis mniSvneloba gacilebiT didia mesame samyaroSi da rom
1990-ian wlebamde religiuri xasiaTisa
iyo
mesame
samyaros
konfliqtebis
umravlesoba, 1990-ian wlebSi ki viTareba Seicvala da religiuri xasiaTi
SeiZina
konfliqtTa
umetesobam
dasavleTisa
da
yofili
sabWoTa
blokis
politikosebma
daiwyes
qveynebSi.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
mediam,
mecnierebma
da
yuradRebis gamaxvileba religiaze, rogorc konfliqtis mizezze, religiis
aRiareba konfliqtis mizezad, agreTve misi gavlenis sakiTxi politikasa da
sazogadoebaze mainc sakamaToa. mravali mecnieri, adre Tu dRes, amtkicebs, rom
Tanamedrove periodSi religia ar axdens gavlenas sazogadoebriv sferoze;
zogis azriT ki misi gavlena pirad sferozec mcirdeba. avtori cdilobs
daasabuTos, rom am gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa erT-erTi mizezia konfliqtSi
religiis rolis gansxvavebuloba mesame samyaroSi, dasavlur demokratiebsa da
yofil
sabWoTaAblokSi
msoflios
konfliqtze
sxvadasxva
religiis
[1].
aqedan
regions,
gavlenis
gamomdinare,
SeiZleba
isini,
mividnen
sakiTxTan
vinc
sxvadasxva
dakavSirebiT.
es
Seiswavlian
daskvnamde
argumenti
Semowmebulia 1990-iani wlebis eTnikuri konfliqtebis moSveliebiT, monacemTa
ori bazis gamoyenebiT: umciresobebi riskis qveS da arSemdgari saxelmwifo.
monacemTa orive es baza kombinirebulia religiis Sesaxeb damoukideblad
Segrovil monacemebTan.
religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod
dRes religiis mniSvnelobis problemaze kamaTis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa
msjeloba imis Taobaze, ra gavlena hqonda da aqvs Tanamedroveobas religiaze.
1950-iani
da
1960-iani
umravlesoba
wlebis
iziarebda
politikuri
modernizaciis
mecnierebis
skolis
warmomadgenelTa
Tvalsazriss,
romelic
amtkicebda, rom dRes iseTi Zireuli faqtorebi, rogorebicaa eTnikuroba da
religia, TandaTan kargaven mniSvnelobas [2]. modernizaciis Teoria yuradRebas
amaxvilebda eTnikurobaze, romelic aSkarad moicavda religiasac. religiis
sakiTxze
modernizaciis TeoretikosTa Sexedulebebis mSvenier
mimoxilvaSi
Sahliyeh aRniSnavs:
socialuri ganviTarebis Semswavlelni varaudobdnen, rom ganaTleba,
urbanizacia, dasaqmebis Tanamedrove SesaZleblobebi, teqnologia, mecnieruli
miRwevebi, aseve axali da ufro rTuli socialuri organizaciebi, aucileblad
migviyvanda sekularizaciis gavrcelebamde, pluralizmamde da politikur
diferenciaciamde mTeli msoflios masStabiT. savaraudod, es cvlilebebi
gamoiwvevda agreTve axali faseulobebisa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis stilis
aTvisebas, romelic mkveTrad daupirispirdeboda religiur tradiciebs.
fiqrobdnen, rom modernizaciis gavrcelebasTan erTad tradiciuli religiuri
institutebi daknindeboda an gaqreboda; sxvadasxva kultura da sazogadoeba
gaTavisufldeboda
religiis
marwuxebisagan.
koleqtiuri
moqmedebis,
socialuri kontrolisa da politikuri mobilizaciis Zalis nacvlad religia,
ubralod, individis kerZo saqmed iqceoda [3].
magram
1970-iani
politikuri
wlebis
mecnierebis
miwuruls
am
warmomadgenelTa
Teoriam
Soris,
dakarga
eTnikuri
mxardaWera
konfliqtebis
mdgradobisa da politikaze religiis aSkara gavlenis gamo, romlis naTeli
gamoxatuleba
iyo
religiuri
uflebebis
aRorZineba
amerikis
SeerTebul
StatebSi da iranis revolucia. miuxedavad amisa, vakos (Waco, teqsasi) 1993 wlis
movlenebamde
mecnierTa
mcire
nawili
Tu
miiCnevda
dasavleTSi
religiur
Zaladobas sxva ramed, Tu ara epifenomenad [4].
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
sfero,
analogiuri
mizezebis
gamo,
agrZelebda religiis ignorirebas. politikuri mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mkvlevarebs ara aqvT formaluri Teoria imis
Taobaze, Tu ratomaa
religia naklebmniSvnelovani; es, ubralod, asea miCneuli
[5]. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdegac ki bevri cdilobda, religiuri
Seferilobis
mqone
Zaladobis
es
aSkara
gamovlineba
terorizmis
ufro
neitralur kategoriaSi gadaeyvana. es Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
im tendencias, rom religiuri gavlenebi, Tuki maT saerTod vaRiarebT, sxva,
113
ufro “msubuq” kategoriebSi unda movaqcioT [6]. am fenomenis sxva magaliTia
kamaTi
“civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis”
Taobaze,
romelic,
rogorc
qvemoT
davinaxavT, Seexo religias, magram, umeteswilad, moaxerxa Tavidan aecilebina
Tavad
sityva
terminebiT,
miZRvnili
“religiis”
gamoyeneba
rogoricaa
naSromebis
sxvadasxva
kultura
umetesoba
marqsistul
da
da
igi
civilizacia.
aseve
kvlevebSi
Caanacvla
ar
ki
exeba
ufro
samoqalaqo
religiur
pirdapir
neitraluri
omisadmi
sakiTxebs
uaryofilia
[7],
religiis
mniSvneloba.
religiis mniSvnelobis uaryofa aseve gabatonebuli iyo sociologiis
sferoSi.
sul
ukanasknel
xanebamde
sociologiis
ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba
miiCnevda, rom religia Seusabamoa Tanamedrove politikasa da sazogadoebasTan
[8]. sociologiuri Teoria Tanamedrove epoqaSi religiis umniSvnelo rolis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
mniSvnelovani
sekularizaciis
aspeqtiT
gansxvavdeba
Teoriis
saxeliTaa
modernizaciis
cnobili,
Teoriisagan.
sami
pirveli,
sekularizaciis Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs religiaze da ara eTnikurobaze.
meore, im sociologebma, romelTac aRiares, rom religias dRes arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, es, sul mcire, aTi wliT gvian gaakeTes, vidre politikis
mkvlevarebma. mesame, mravali sociologi jer kidev amtkicebs, rom religiis
faqtori araarsebiTia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
sociologebs Soris sekularizaciis Teoriis irgvliv mimdinare debatebs
mTlianad eZRvneba da asaxavs religiis sociologiis [9] ukanaskneli gamocema.
kamaTi
or
ZiriTad
sakiTxze
mimdinareobs.
pirveli:
ras
niSnavs
sekularizacia _ religiurobis dakninebas xalxSi, anu imas, rom xalxi sul
ufro naklebreligiuri xdeba, Tu religiis gavlenis Semcirebas politikasa da
socialur institutebze? meore: realurad mimdinareobs Tu ara romelime am
procesTagani?
zogi
amtkicebs,
rom
axla
xalxi
iseve,
an
ufro
metad
religiuria, vidre warsulSi iyo _ an imitom, rom religiuroba izrdeba [10], an
imitom, rom warsulSi rwmenis simtkice gazviadebuladaa warmodgenili [11]. amis
sawinaaRmdegod, sxvebi amtkiceben, rom religiuroba daqveiTebis gziT midis
[12]. mwvaved kamaToben imis Sesaxebac, inarCunebs Tu ara religia gavlenas
socialur da politikur institutebze. Karel Dobbelaere-is poziciis Tanaxmad,
religiis gavlena TandaTanobiT Semcirda da umniSvnelo gaxda [13]. sxvebis _
naklebad radikalurebis _ azriT, religiis gavlena imitom mcirdeba, rom
iklebs religiuri xelisuflebis struqturebis zegavlena [14] da religia
sazogadoebrivi sferodan kerZo, pirad sferoSi inacvlebs [15]. isini, vinc
Tvlian, rom religias jer kidev mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs, amtkiceben, rom
Tanamedroveobam Secvala, magram ver gaaqro religiis roli sazogadoebaSi [16].
114
orive poziciaze mdgom sociologebs aerTianebs is garemoeba, rom isini
yuradRebas amaxvileben zogadad dasavlur saxelmwifoebze, konkretulad ki
aSS-ze. im dros, rodesac dasavleTSi religiis rolis problema sakamaToa,
aradasavleTis SemswavlelTagan cota vinme Tu ityvis, rom religia aRar aris
mniSvnelovani. magaliTad,
Znelia warmoidgino axlo aRmosavleTis eqsperti,
romelic amtkicebs, rom zogadad religia, konkretulad ki islami, araviTar
rols ar TamaSobs regionis sazogadoebaSi, politikasa da konfliqtebSi. amis
msgavsad, Zneli iqneba aziis specialisti aiZulo, religiis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe axsnas regionis konfliqtebi, gansakuTrebiT _ Sri lankisa da qaSmiris
(indoeTi). eqsperti afrikis sakiTxebSi ver SeZlebs sudanis samoqalaqo omis
ignorirebas,
xolo
eqsperts
laTinuri
amerikis
sakiTxebSi
dasWirdeba
kaTolikuri eklesiis rolisa da gaTavisuflebis Teologiis gaTvaliswineba.
amrigad, mkvlevarTaTvis, romlebic swavloben mesame samyaros am da sxva
regionebs,
mtkicebas
mniSvnelobas,
erTis
ar
saWiroebs
mxriv,
xalxis
is
faqti,
rom
religia
religiurobis,
xolo
inarCunebs
meore
mxriv,
politikur da socialur institutebze Tavisi gavlenis gamo. ubralod, es
miRebulia rogorc mocemuloba.
garda amisa, literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba mtkiceba,
Tanamedroveobam
gamococxleba
religiis
gamoiwvia.
damcrobis
nacvlad
TanamedroveobisaTvis
misi
Sinaganad
aRorZineba
rom
da
damaxasiaTebelma
ramdenime procesma ganamtkica religiis roli politikasa da sazogadoebaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es, udaod, universaluri movlenaa, masze, ZiriTadad,
aradasavluri samyaros mkvlevrebi saubroben.
rogorc ar unda iyos, mravali mizezi arsebobs imis saTqmelad, rom
Tanamedroveobam
politikaSi.
romlebic
gamoiwvia
pirveli,
religiis
gavlenis
xelisuflebebma,
xelmZRvanelobdnen
zrda
gansakuTrebiT
Tanamedrove
dasavluri
sazogadoebasa
mesame
da
samyaroSi,
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri ideologiebiT, ver Seasrules politikuri samarTlianobisa da
ekonomikuri ayvavebis dapirebebi. aman maTi legitimurobas Ziri gamouTxra; amas
mohyva politikuri da ideologiuri vakuumi, romlis Sevsebac religiurma
moZraobebma daiwyes [17]. meore, mravali adamiani, romelTac tradiciebisa da
tradiciuli
cxovrebis
wesis
rRvevis
gamo
mouxdaT
gadaadgileba
da
sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla, gaucxoebis daZlevas cdilobs religiisaken
mibrunebiT
[18].
mesame,
rogorc
saxelmwifoebma,
aseve
religiurma
organizaciebma ganavrces TavianTi gavlenis sferoebi, rasac Sedegad mohyva maT
Soris
dapirispirebis
saSualebebma
msoflio
gamZafreba
ufro
[19].
meoTxe,
“daaviwrova”,
Tanamedrove
ramac
sakomunikacio
religiur
moZraobebs
115
erTmaneTis
moqmedebaTa
TviTorganizebis
Tanamedrove
ganapiroba
gacnobis,
saSualeba
cnebam
misca
adamianebs
religiuri
farTomasStabiani
[20].
religiis
institutebis
mexuTe,
arCevis
urTierTobisa
rwmenis
saSualeba
Zalisxmevis
da
Tavisuflebis
Seuqmna,
gaaqtiureba
ramac
potenciuri
mimdevrebis misazidad. zogierTis mtkicebiT, amas Sedegad religiurobis zrda
mohyva [21]. da bolos, kolonializmma da eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnam ganamtkica
eTnikuri da nacionaluri identurobebi, romlebic xSirad dakavSirebulia
religiur identurobebTan [22].
amis gaTvaliswinebiT unda davsvaT kiTxva: msoflios gansxvavebuli aRqma
xom ar aris gapirobebuli imiT, Tu msoflios romel nawils ikvlevs esa Tu is
mecnieri. sxvagvarad, mravali dasavleli mecnieris mier religiis mniSvnelobis
ugulebelyofis mizezia yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavleTze, sadac religiis
gavlena
politikaze
da
sazogadoebaze,
SesaZloa,
naklebia,
an
naklebad
mkafioa, vidre aradasavlur samyaroSi. amis sapirispirod, mecnierebi, romlebic
yuradRebas
aradasavlur
samyaroze
amaxvileben,
religias
mniSvnelovnad
miiCneven da ver amCneven imas, rom is nakleb mniSvnelovania dasavleTSi.
civilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmi
religiis
mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb
kamaTi
gaamwvava
s.hanTingtonis
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Teoriam [23]. hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom civi omis
dasrulebasTan
erTad
konfliqtTa
umetesoba
aRmocendeba
civilizaciebs
Soris, romelTac is ganmartavs rogorc
adamianTa umaRles kulturul erTobasa da kulturuli identurobis
yvelaze
farTo
civilizacia
dones,
rac
ganisazRvreba
adamianebs
saerTo
ganasxvavebs
eniT,
istoriiT,
sxva
saxeobebisagan.
religiiT,
CvevebiT,
institutebiTa da xalxis subieqturi TviTidentifikaciiT [24].
is CamoTvlis rva mTavar civilizacias: dasavlurs, konfuciurs/Cinurs,
iaponurs, muslimurs, indurs, slavur-orTodoqsuls, laTinuramerikuls da,
“SesaZloa”,
afrikuls.
es
civilizaciebi,
garda
afrikulisa,
hanTingtonis
gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, emyareba religias, rogorc erT-erT msazRvrels,
zogi ki mTlianad religiiT ganisazRvreba [25].
hanTingtonis
mraval
mtkicebas
bevri
mowinaaRmdege
gamouCnda.
hanTingtonis winaaRmdeg erT-erTi mTavari argumenti isaa, rom faqtorebi,
romlebic dominirebdnen konfliqtebSi civi omis dros, SeinarCuneben aseTsave
rols civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi. aq igulisxmeba tradiciul ZalTa balansi da
realpolitika [26], aseve nacionalizmi [27]. meore mTavari argumenti isaa, rom
hanTingtonis civilizaciebi ar arian erTianni da konfliqtebi ufro xSirad
116
maT SigniT aRmocendeba, vidre maT Soris [28]. es argumenti gansakuTrebiT
muslimur civilizaciasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba [29].
mravalricxovan
argumentebis
literaturaSi
sasargeblod.
SemoTavazebulia
pirveli,
ramdenime
civilizaciaTaSorisi
migneba
konfliqtebi
am
_
rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saerTaSoriso _ ufro iSviaTad aRmocendeba, vidre
Sidacivilizaciuri
konfliqtebi
[30].
meore,
konfliqtTa
gavrceleba
da
dinamika mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad [31].
mesame, politikur faqtorebs ufro didi gavlena aqvs konfliqtze, vidre
kulturul faqtorebs [32]. meoTxe, kulturis gavlena konfliqtze ar aris
erTgvarovani [33]. bolos _ da es, SesaZloa, yvelaze sainteresoa _ Tu eTnikur
konfliqts mxolod dasavluri perspeqtividan ganvixilavT, im konfliqtebze
dakvirvebiT, romlebSic mxolod dasavluri jgufebi arian CarTuli, SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, rom hanTingtoni marTalia. magram rodesac eTnikur konfliqts
globalurad SevxedavT an muslimuri civilizaciis perspeqtividan SevafasebT
(anu ganvixilavT konfliqtebs, romlebSic muslimuri jgufebia CarTuli), maSin
misi argumentebis sasargeblod bevrs verafers vityviT [34]. amrigad, iseve
rogorc kamaTi Tanamedrove epoqaSi religiis rolis Sesaxeb, hanTingtonis
civilizaciaTa Teoriac dasavluri TvalTaxedvis gavlenas ganicdis.
unda aRiniSnos hanTingtonis sami pasuxi mravalricxovani kritikosebidan
samis _ Russet-is, Oneal-isa da Cox-is SeniSvnebze: periodi, romelsac isini
aanalizeben,
sruldeba
1992
wliT,
civi
gamokvlevaSi
yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia
omis
mxolod
dasrulebis
samxedro
momentiT;
uTanxmoebaze;
saxelmwifos Sida konfliqtebi konfliqtebis umciresobas Seadgens [35]. es
kritika ar exeba aq warmodgenil gamokvlevas, romelic efuZneba 1990-iani
wlebis Sua xanebis, civi omis Semdgomi epoqis monacemebs da eZRvneba eTnikur
konfliqts, romelic aris saSinao da ara saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtis
saxe.
Tu
SeiZleba
vamtkicoT,
rom
eTnikuri
konfliqti
Sida
konfliqtis
saxeobaa, iseve rogorc samxedro dapirispirebaa saerTaSoriso konfliqtis
saxeoba,
maSin
imis
mtkicebac
SeiZleba,
rom
yvela
Sidacivilizaciuri
konfliqti, amave dros, eTnikuri konfliqtia. es imitom, rom hanTingtonis
civilizaciebi
nebismieri
mravali
msgavsi
civilizaciuri
eTnikuri
konfliqti
jgufis
unda
erTobliobaa.
warmoadgendes
amgvarad,
konfliqts
gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufebs Soris; Tavad hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom Sida
konfliqtebi Seadgenen civi omis Semdgomi konfliqtebis umravlesobas [36].
rogorc Russet, Oneal da Cox [37] aRniSnaven, maT msgavsad, hanTingtonic iyenebs
istorias, raTa “naTeli mohfinos momavals”; marTebulia SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb,
Tu
romeli
meTodis
gamoyenebiT
unda
gakeTdes
es
_
raodenobrivis
Tu
117
romelime sxvis? rodesac viyenebT raodenobriv meTods, analizi daefuZneba
konfliqtis konkretul saxeobas, radganac monacemTa umetesoba informacias
mxolod garkveuli tipis konfliqtebze Seicavs. garda amisa, gamokvlevaSi
gaanalizebulia
monacemTa
ori
baza,
raodenobrivi
kvlevebis
sazogadod
cnobili da aRiarebuli SezRudulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. monacemTa orive baza
mxolod eTnikuri konfliqtiT Semoifargleba. sabolood, rogorc es zemoT
iTqva da rogorc amas Russet, Oneal da Cox [38] aRniSnaven, hanTingtonis Teoriis
sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebebi
Warbobs
momxreTa
mosazrebebs.
isini
emyareba
mravalricxovan raodenobriv gamokvlevebs, romlebic moicavs ramdenime tipis
saerTaSoriso da Sida konfliqtebs.
rogorc
debuleba
ar
imis
unda
iyos,
Taobaze,
dResac
rom
davis
sagania
civilizaciebi
hanTingtonis
warmoadgenen
Teoriis
konfliqtebis
safuZvels civi omis Semdgom periodSi; samagierod, konfliqtze religiis
gavlenis sakiTxi naklebad sakamaToa. rogorc wesi, isini, vinc amtkiceben, rom
konfliqti
subcivilizaciuri
iqneba,
ar
kamaToben
konfliqtis SesaZlo safuZvlis Taobaze. magaliTad,
rom
nacionalizmis
sawyisebi
religiaSia
religiis,
rogorc
Anthony D. Smith amtkicebs,
saZiebeli
[39],
Shirleen
Hunt
ki
yuradRebas amaxvilebs muslimur saxelmwifoebSi rwmenasa da sekularizms
Soris arsebul daZabulobaze, rogorc konfliqtis safuZvelze [40]. Fred Halliday
aseve
miuTiTebs
islamis
rolze
opoziciur
moZraobebSi
[41].
arsebobs
religiisa da konfliqtis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli ramdenime raodenobrivi
gamokvleva.
Henderson
erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs
religiur
gansxvavebebsa
da
erTaSoris omebs [42], Rudolph Rummel ki _ religiur gansxvavebebsa da Sida
konfliqtebs [43]. me erTmaneTTan vakavSireb, erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva religiur
faqtors, maT Soris religiur legitimurobasa da institutebs, meore mxriv _
eTnikuri konfliqtebis ramdenime aspeqts, maT Soris, eTnikur daZabulobas,
eTnikur ajanyebas, eTnikuri umciresobebis diskriminaciasa da saerTaSoriso
intervencias [44].
marTalia, hanTingtonis civilizaciaTa Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi moicavs
debatebs religiis mniSvnelobis Taobaze, magram Tavad religiis mniSvnelobis
sakiTxi
ar
aris
am
kamaTis
centraluri
aspeqti.
SesaZlebelia
vekamaToT
hanTingtons konfliqtze religiis gavlenis uaryofis gareSe. amasTanave, isini,
vinc amtkiceben, rom konfliqtis safuZveli ZalTa balansi da realizmia,
sakamaTos xdian religiis gavlenis sakiTxs. modernizaciis Teoriis momxre
sociologebis msgavsad am Tvalsazrisis momxreebic dasavlelebi arian _ isini,
visi yuradRebac dasavleTis problemebiskenaa mimarTuli. garda amisa, TviT
hanTingtonis Teoria Zalze dasavluria da,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ukeT
118
“muSaobs”, rodesac konfliqtSi dasavleTis monawileobas exeba [45]. garda
amisa, swored aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa mkvlevrebi kamaToben hanTingtonis
mier mravalricxovani da mravalferovani aradasavluri jgufebis moqcevaze
ufro farTo civilizaciebis farglebSi. magaliTad, es SeiZleba iTqvas Hallidaysa da Hunter-ze, romelTa Seswavlis sagani muslimuri saxelmwifoebia [46].
swored
es
politikaze.
mecnierebi
isini
uaryofen
msjeloben
im
religiis
gavlenas
gansxvavebul
sazogadoebasa
garemoebebze,
da
romlebSic,
civilizaciuri identurobis gverdiT da miRma, es gavlena Cndeba. gansxvavebuli
civilizaciuri identurobebi hanTingtonis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgenen.
sabolood, am kamaTis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtia is, rom, igi Tumca
religias ukavSirdeba, Tavad termin “religiis” gamoyenebas an eridebian, an igi
“Cakargulia” sxva terminologiaSi. terminebi “civilizacia” da “kultura”,
rogorc Cans, ufro evfemizmebia “religiasTan” mimarTebaSi, an kidev _ misi
Sinaarsis gamomxatveli. imis auRiareblobas, rac kamaTis ZiriTad aspeqts
warmoadgens, aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. erTi mxriv, es
saSualebas iZleva, vikamaToT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi religiis rolze
orTodoqsebTan
aSkara
dapirispirebis
gareSe,
romlebic
amtkiceben,
rom
religias am sakiTxTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. sxvagvarad, kamaTi ar
daiwyeboda im dros, roca igi daiwyo. meore mxriv, amas mohyva gadaxveva mTavari
problemidan, radgan civilizacia da kultura sulac araa igive, rac religia.
Sesabamisad,
ZiriTadi
sakiTxis
gverdis
avla
gvaSorebs
misi
pirdapiri
ganxilvis SesaZleblobisagan.
kvlevis mizani
am gamokvlevis mizania im hipoTezis Semowmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, religia
mesame samyaroSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre dasavleTisa da
yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi (qvemoT maT movixseniebT rogorc dasavlur
da yofil sabWoTa bloks). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am mizniT gamoyenebuli
cvladebi ramdenime wyarodanaa aRebuli. analizis pirveli nawili eyrdnoba Ted
Robert Gurr-is monacemebs riskis qveS myofi umciresobebis (MAR) Sesaxeb. am
monacemebSi analizis obieqtia eTnikuri umciresoba saxelmwifos farglebSi.
amdenad, umravlesobis erTi da igive jgufi SeiZleba monacemebSi ramdenjerme
dafiqsirdes,
magram
TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi
is
ganixileba
umciresobis
sxvadasxva jgufTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, indoeTis indusi umravlesoba am
gamokvlevaSi
eqvsjer
Cndeba,
indoeTis
yovel
eTno-religiur
jgufTan
mimarTebaSi [47].
119
MAR monacemebSi umciresobaTa 267 jgufia, romelTagan 105 religiur
umciresobadaa
miCneuli
[48].
mniSvnelovania
imis
aRiniSvna,
rom
is
267
eTnikuri umciresoba, romlebic monacemebSi riskis qveS myof umciresobebadaa
CaTvlili,
msoflioSi
mcxovrebi
mravali
eTnikuri
umciresobis
mxolod
nawils Seadgens. Gurr aRniSnavs, rom msoflioSi, SesaZloa, daaxloebiT 5000
eTnikuri
umciresoba
arsebobs,
magram
monacemebi
miznad
isaxavs
mxolod
eTnikurobis gavlenis dadgenas politikur procesebze [49]. MAR monacemebi
Seicavs im jgufebs, romlebic oridan erT-erT kriteriums Seesabameba: “jgufi
koleqtiurad izRudeba an sargebels naxulobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sxva
eTnikuri jgufebis mxriv sistematuri diskriminaciuli mopyrobisagan” [50]; da
“iyo
Tu
ara
jgufi
TviTidentifikaciis
politikuri
miznebTan
mobilizaciisa
dakavSirebiT
misi
da
moqmedebis
interesebis
samizne,
dacvisa
Tu
xelisSewyobis TvalsazrisiT” [51]. amgvarad, MAR monacemTa analizis obieqtia
konkretul saxelmwifoSi arsebuli politikurad aqtiuri eTnikuri umciresoba.
bevr saxelmwifoSi arsebobs erTze meti aseTi eTnikuri umciresoba. mravali
eTnikuri
umciresoba
gafantulia
sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoSi.
analizis
am
nawilisaTvis religiuri cvladebi calke iyo kodirebuli Fox-is mier, MAR
monacemebTan erTad gamosayeneblad, isini xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze [52].
arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi aerTianebs “arSemdgari saxelmwifos”
mTavar
epizodebs;
es
“axali
maxasiaTebelia,
romelic
mTel
rig
sastik
konfliqtebsa da xelisuflebis/saxelisuflebo krizisebs moicavs. magaliTad,
1990-iani wlebis movlenebs somaliSi, bosniaSi, liberiaSi, avRaneTsa da kongokinSasaSi”
[53].
konfliqtebze
obieqtia
gamokvleva
amaxvilebs.
konfliqtis
yuradRebas
arSemdgari
erTi
weli
mxolod
saxelmwifos
konkretul
gansakuTrebiT
mZafr
monacemTa
analizis
saxelmwifoSi.
amgvarad,
xangrZlivi konfliqti mravaljer moxvdeba monacemebSi, misi xangrZlivobis
TiToeuli wlis mixedviT. es Cven mogvcems zust suraTs, Tu ramdeni konfliqti
aRmocendeboda ama Tu im weliwads.
amrigad, MAR monacemebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic analizis obieqtad
iyenebs
saxelmwifoSi
arsebul
umciresobas
da,
Sesabamisad,
Seicavs
informacias jgufis qcevaze mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelsac moicavs
monacemTa baza, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rodis aRmocenda konfliqti, arSemdgari
saxelmwifos monacemebi moicavs mxolod im wlebs, rodesac adgili hqonda
konfliqts. aseve, MAR monacemebi Seicavs informacias im eTnikuri jgufebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic opoziciuri brZolis mSvidobian saSualebebs iyeneben, maSin
rodesac arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod
Zaladobriv konfliqtebze. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, orive monacemis
120
safuZvelze gakeTebuli analizi ufro sruli suraTis Seqmnas uzrunvelyofs,
vidre mxolod erT-erT maTganis gaTvaliswineba.
arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi Seicavs informacias sxvadasxva tipis
konfliqtebze, xolo es gamokvleva exeba mxolod im konfliqtebs, romlebic
eTnikur omebadaa miCneuli. kvlevis mizania misi Sedareba MAR monacemebTan,
romelic
mxolod
monacemTa
eTnikur
mixedviT,
“Zaladobrivi
konfliqtebs
eTnikuri
konfliqtis
Seexeba.
arSemdgari
konfliqtebi
epizodebi
saxelmwifos
gansazRvrulia
mTavrobebsa
da
rogorc
erovnul,
eTnikur,
religiur an umciresobaTa sxva jgufebs (eTnikuri gamowvevebis matarebelni)
Soris, sadac es ukanasknelni cdiloben miaRwion arsebiT cvlilebebs TavianT
statusSi” [54].
qvemoT ganxilul damatebiT cvladebs garda, romlebic am gamokvlevis
miznebisTvisaa
gamoyenebuli,
moxda
arSemdgari
saxelmwifos
monacemTa
gadamuSaveba. arsebobs ramdenime SemTxveva, sadac saxelmwifosTan sxvadasxva
jgufis
konfliqti
calkeul
erTad
SemTxvevebad
iqna
Setanili
ganixilavs
[55].
monacemebSi.
amis
Sedegad,
es
gamokvleva
mocemuli
maT
gamokvleva
moicavs konfliqtebis 688 wels (years of conflict) 1965-1996 wlebs Soris. SeiZleba
vamtkicoT, rom arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebSi mxolod Zaladobrivi
konfliqtebis
Semcveloba
magaliTebis
mikerZoebuli
gamoyenebis
safuZvels
iZleva. magram, amjerad, es ar aris mniSvnelovani, radgan am gamokvlevis mizani,
sxva
amocanebTan
blokSi
erTad,
arsebuli
saxelmwifos
mesame
samyaroSi,
konfliqtebis
monacemebi
dasavleTsa
urTierTSedarebaa.
Seicaven
Zaladobrivi
da
yofil
ramdenadac
eTnikuri
sabWoTa
arSemdgari
konfliqtis
yvela
SemTxvevas, is am miznisaTvisac gamodgeba.
es gamokvleva warmogvidgens oTx tests, romlebic gansazRvraven religiis
SedarebiT gavlenas mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.
pirveli
sami
iyenebs
MAR
monacemebs,
xolo
ukanaskneli
_
arSemdgari
saxelmwifos monacemebs. pirveli testi gansazRvravs religiuri sakiTxebis
mniSvnelobas
SedarebiT.
religiurad
mesame
religiis
ar
samyaroSi
dasavleTTan
mniSvneloba
gansxvavdeba
da
dayofilia
yofil
oTx
umravlesobisagan;
sabWoTa
kategoriad:
umciresoba
blokTan
umciresoba
religiurad
gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan, magram religia ar aris mniSvnelovani, an mas
mxolod marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs; religia naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre
sxva
faqtorebi;
religiuri
religia
sakiTxebis
iseve
mniSvnelovania,
SedarebiTi
rogorc
mniSvneloba
sxva
emyareba
faqtorebi.
religiuri
diskriminaciisa da daZabulobis Sedarebas diskriminaciasa da daZabulobasTan
saero
sferoSi,
romelic
moicavs
kulturul,
ekonomikur,
politikur
da
121
avtonomiis sakiTxebs. es cvladi mxolod erTxel iqna gamoTvlili 1990-95
wlebis periodisaTvis.
meore testi ikvlevs oTxi religiuri cvladis mTavar doneebs, rogorc
mesame samyaroSi, aseve dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. aq CamoTvlilia
is religiuri cvladebi, romlebic moicaven 1994-95 wlebs [56].
religiuri
diskriminacia:
religiuri
diskriminacia
gansazRvrulia
rogorc xarisxi, romliTac religiuri praqtika SezRudulia rogorc sajaro
politikiT, aseve farTod gavrcelebuli socialuri praqtikiT. aq gamoyenebuli
cvladi
Sedgeba
religiur
ori
cvladisagan.
diskriminaciaSi
pirveli
oficialuri
maTgani
(RELDSC95)
monawileobis
gamosaxavs
dones
zedapirul
skalaze, 0-dan 4-mde [57]. religiuri diskriminaciis meore cvladi (RDIS95)
Sedgenili indikatoria, romelic icvleba 0-dan 8-mde, diskriminaciis arealSi,
romelic ramdenime cvlads aerTianebs [58]. es Sedgenili cvladi (RDISAL95)
kodirebulia sqemaze 0-dan 9-mde [59].
pasiuri
ganimarteba
religiuri
rogorc
daZabuloba:
liderTa
mier
pasiuri
sajarod
religiuri
gamoxatuli
daZabuloba
ukmayofileba
religiuri diskriminaciis gamo. es cvladi (RELGRV95), romelic moZraobs 0-dan
24-mde, Sedgenili cvladia, romelic gansazRvravs umciresobis mier religiur
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoxatul ukmayofilebas [60].
aqtiuri
religiuri
daZabuloba:
es
cvladi
gansazRvrulia
rogorc
religiuri uflebebis da/an privilegiebis moTxovna. is (RPROV95) icvleba 0-dan
5-mde
da
gansxvavdeba
diskriminaciis
religiuri
religiuri
winaaRmdeg
daZabuloba
mimarTul
reaqtiulia,
daZabulobisagan,
romelic
ukmayofilebas
warmoadgens.
maSin
rodesac
religiuri
religiuri
amgvarad,
moTxovnebi
aqtiuri moTxovnebia ufro meti uflebebisa da privilegiebis mosapoveblad,
maT ara aqvT pirdapiri kavSiri nebismieri saxis diskriminaciasTan [61].
religiuri legitimuroba: religiuri legitimuroba _ esaa legitimur
politikur diskursSi religiis aqtivizaciis xarisxi. es cvladi (RELEG95),
romelic
0-dan
4-mde
moZraobs,
OoTxi
faqtoris
kodirebaze
dafuZnebuli
Sedgenili indikatoria. TiToeuli am faqtoris arseboba arapirdapir amtkicebs,
rom politikur diskursSi religiis ganxilva samarTliania [62].
mesame testi ikvlevs yvela am religiuri cvladis gavlenas 1995 wels
mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi momxdar eTnikur
ajanyebebze. religiuri diskriminacia gamoricxulia regresiidan, radganac is
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli religiuri daZabulobis cvladTan. ajanyeba 1995
wels, (reb95) kodirebulia Semdeg skalaze:
122
0 arcerTi.
1 politikuri banditizmi, sporaduli terorizmi.
2 terorizmis kampaniebi.
3
lokaluri
ajanyebebi:
adgilze
Zalauflebis
xelSi
Cagdebis
SeiaraRebuli mcdelobebi. Tuki isini saTaves udebs gaWianurebuli samoqalaqo
omis partizanul cikls kodirebuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin isini unda
moTavsdnen ara lokaluri ajanyebis, aramed skalis momdevno safexurze. am
safexurze kodirebul unda iqnas damoukideblobis deklaraciebi, romlebic
umciresobis xelisuflebis mieraa miRebuli.
4 mcire masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [mcire masStabis partizanul
moqmedebas
aqvs
SeiaraRebuli
Semdegi
sami
mebrZoli;
damaxasiaTebeli
sporaduli
niSani:
sul
SeiaraRebuli
mcire,
Tavdasxmebi
1000
(wlis
ganmavlobaSi, sul mcire, 6 SemTxveva); Tavdasxmebi jgufis mier dakavebuli
teritoriis mcire nawilze, an erT/or sxva teritoriaze).]
5
saSualo
masStabis
partizanuli
moqmedeba.
[saSualo
masStabis
partizanul moqmdebas aqvs farTomasStabiani moqmedebisa da mcire masStabis
moqmedebis erTi an ori damaxasiaTebeli niSani.]
6 farTo masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [farTo masStabis partizanul
moqmedebas aqvs samive damaxasiaTebeli niSani: 1000-ze meti mebrZoli, xSiri
SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi (wlis ganmavlobaSi 6-ze meti SemTxveva), Setakebebs
gavlena aqvs jgufis mier dakavebuli teritoriis udides nawilze.].
7 gaWianurebuli samoqalaqo omi ajanyebul
samxedroebsa da ZiriTad
teritorias Soris.
am
regresiebSi
aseve
gamoyenebulia
ramdenime
sakontrolo
cvladi.
sakontrolo cvladebi SerCeul iqna im cvladebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic, Gurris azriT [63], warmoadgens eTnikuri ajanyebis mniSvnelovan gamomwvev mizezebs
MAR monacemTa analizSi; igi ar Seicavs religiur cvladebs da ar ganasxvavebs
am TvalsazrisiT dasavleTs, yofil sabWoTa bloksa da mesame samyaros. yvela
qvemoT moyvanili cvladi MAR monacemTa nawilia da ufro srulad aRwerilia
“MAR Dataset Users Manuel”-Si [64].
kulturuli
gansxvavebebi
gansxvavebis
xarisxs,
saidanac
avtonomiuri
miswrafebebi
gansazRvravs
jgufebs
gamoricxulia
1994-1995
wlebSi
Soris
religiuri
gansazRvravs
kulturuli
gansxvavebebi
umciresobis
[65].
mier
avtonomiis sakiTxebze gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [66]. avtonomiuri
miswrafeba × religiuri daZabuloba gansazRvravs religiur daZabulobasa da
avtonomiur miswrafebebs Soris urTierTobas Semdegi formuliT: avtonomiuri
123
miswrafeba × (religiuri daZabuloba + 1). es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom, rogorc
winaswarma analizma gvaCvena, religiuri daZabuloba iSviaTad axdens gavlenas
eTnikur ajanyebebze, Tu jgufs ukve gamoxatuli aqvs avtonomiuri miswrafebani.
ekonomikuri daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs ekonomikur sakiTxebze
umciresobis
mier
gamoxatuli
kmayofilebis
xarisxs
kulturuli
[67].
daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs kulturul sakiTxebze (religiis
gamoklebiT)
umciresobis
mier
gamoxatuli
ukmayofilebis
xarisxs
[68].
politikuri daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs politikur sakiTxebze
umciresobis mier gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [69]. demokratia 1994 wels
Sedis MAR monacemebSi, magram isini aRebulia saxelmwifo monacemebidan. is
icvleba 0-dan 10-mde da ufro sruladaa aRwerili Jaggers-isa da Gurr-is mier [70].
represia
1996
wels
Sedgenili
msazRvrelia,
romelic
cvladebs
amatebs
specifikuri tipis represiebs [71]. ajanyebis gavrceleba 1980-ian da 1990-ian
wlebSi (iconreb8 & inconreb9) ajanyebis saSualo donea jgufis gansaxlebis
regionSi mocemul periodSi. ajanyebis gavrceleba 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi
(isegreb8 & isegreb9)
ajanyebaTa
gansazRvravs
kulminaciebs
organizaciebis
mosazRvre
aRebul
sazRvrebi:
es
qveynebSi
periodSi.
cvladi
monaTesave
mebrZoli
(milscop9)
jgufebis
politikuri
gansazRvravs
zemoT
dasaxelebuli organizaciebisadmi mxardaWeris masStabebs 1990-ian wlebSi 1996
wlamde [72].
bolo
testi
iyenebs
arSemdgari
saxelmwifos
monacemebs.
is
ikvlevs
religiis proporcias arSemdgar eTnikur saxelmwifoebSi 5 wlian monakveTSi,
1965-69 wlebidan moyolebuli. es testi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT,
Seicvala
Tu
ara
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
religiuri
eTnikuri
konfliqtebis
proporcia rogorc mesame samyaroSi, aseve dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa
blokis qveynebSi. mesame samyaros qveynebis konfliqtebi igive kriteriumebze
dayrdnobiT Seiswavleba, romlebic gamoyenebulia MAR monacemebSi. konfliqti
miCneulia
religiurad,
Tu
ori
monawile
jgufi
sxvadasxva
religiis
warmomadgenlebi arian, an kidev, arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa mixedviT,
konfliqti aRiwereba rogorc religiuri.
monacemTa analizi
eTnikur konfliqtebSi religiis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba naCvenebia # 1
cxrilSi.
romlebic
Sedegebi
aCvenebs,
religiurad
ar
rom
im
umciresobaTa
gansxvavdebian
procentuli
umravlesobisagan,
raodenoba,
daaxaloebiT
erTnairia mesame samyaros qveynebSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.
Tumca religiur umciresobebSi religiis mniSvneloba gacilebiT^metia mesame
124
samyaroSi. dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiuri umciresobis
76.5%-Tvis
religias
marginaluri
mniSvneloba
aqvs,
gansxvavebiT
mesame
samyaroSi mcxovrebi religiuri umciresobebisagan, sadac es maCvenebeli 56.3%
Seadgens. kidev ufro gasaocaria, rom religia yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia
mesame
samyaroSi
mcxovrebi
religiuri
umciresobebis
16.9%-Tvis,
xolo
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi mcxovrebi arc erTi umciresobisaTvis
is mniSvnelovan poroblemad araa miCneuli. mokled, maSin, rodesac religia
mniSvnelovania mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi umciresobebis TiTqmis naxevrisaTvis,
is dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiur umciresobaTa mxolod
meoTxedisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, analizis es nawili SesabamisobaSia im
hipoTezasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac religiis mniSvneloba ufro didia mesame
samyaros, vidre dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebis, eTnikuri
konfliqtebisaTvis.
cxrili 1. mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa blokis
saxelmwifoebSi religiis mniSvnelobis urTierTgadamkveTi tabula, 1990-95
Sedarebis tipi
mesame samyaro
religiis roli religia nakleb religia iseve,
umniSvneloa, an mniSvnelovania,
an ufro
mas marginaluri
mniSvnelovania,
vidre sxva
mniSvneloba aqvs
sakiTxebi
vidre sxva
aqvs
sakiTxebi
107
40
19
12
yvela jgufis
raodenoba (%)
60.1%
22.5%
10.7%
6.7%
religiur
umciresobaTa
raodenoba (%)
_
56.3%
26.8%
16.9%
#
55
26
8
0
61.8%
29.2%
9.0%
0.0%
_
76.5%
23.5%
0.0%
#
dasavleTi da yofili
sabWoTa bloki
ara
religiuri
yvela jgufis
raodenoba (%)
religiur
umciresobaTa
raodenoba (%)
mniSvneloba ( χ 2 ganawileba) = .041
125
MEOcxrili # 2 erTmaneTs adarebs oTxi religiuri cvladis doneebs mesame
samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. es cxrili yuradRebas
amaxvilebs mxolod
mxolod
maTTvis
religiur
iyo
umciresobebze, radgan religiuri
kodirebuli.
Sedegebi
gvaCvenebs,
rom
cvladebi
oTxidan
sam
cvladSi mesame samyaros ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs, vidre dasavleTsa da
yofil
sabWoTa
bloks;
igive
diskriminacia
ornaxevarjer
umciresobebi
mesame
ukmayofilebas
Tumca
es
ar
iTqmis
ufro
samyaroSi
meoTxe
maRalia
maCvenebelzec.
mesame
erTnaxevarjer
religiuri
samyaroSi.
ufro
eTnikuri
pasiur
religiur
gamoxataven, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.
aris
gasakviri,
radganac
es
ukmayofileba
religiuri
diskriminaciis pasuxia. mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri umciresobebi 4.3-jer ufro
aqtiur
religiur
ukmayofilebas
avlenen,
vidre
eTnikuri
umciresobebi
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. yvelaze saintereso isaa, rom es
ukmayofileba ar ukavSirdeba religiur diskriminacias. amasTanave, religiuri
legitimuroba
mesame
samyaroSi
igive
donezea,
rac
dasvleTsa
da
yofil
sabWoTa blokSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame samyaroSi oTxidan sam simravles
ufro maRali religiuri cvladi aqvs, statistikurad mxolod ori maTgania im
hipoTezasTan SesabamisobaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, religia mesame samyaros eTnikur
konfliqtebSi ufro
mniSvnelovania,
vidre
dasavleTsa da yofil
sabWoTa
blokSi.
cxrili # 2. religiuri cvladebis mTavari doneebi mesame samyaroSi,
dasavleTi
da yofili
sabWoTa
bloki
mesame
samyaro
dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi
#
religiuri
diskriminacia
a,
diskriminaci
19941994-1995
pasiuri religiuri
daZabuloba
19941994-1995
aqtiuri religiuri
daZabuloba
19941994-1995
religiuri
legitimuroba
19941994-1995
71
1.94
2.68
0.39
1.41
34
0.71**
1.74
0.09*
1.45
* = mniSvneloba (t-testi) am Sefasebasa da “mesame samyaros” Sefasebas
Soris erTsa da imave svetSi <.05
** =
mniSvneloba (t-testi) am Sefasebasa da “mesame samyaros” Sefasebas
Soris erTsa da imave svetSi <.001
126
#
3
cxrilSi
naCvenebia
religiis
gavlena
eTnikur
konfliqtze
sxva
faqtorebis kontroliT. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom cvladebi, romlebic
ar aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani am mravalwevrian regresiaSi, gamoiricxa SemTxvevaTa
mcirericxovnobis
minimaluri
gamo.
gavlena
nebismier
SemTxvevaSi,
r2-ze,
hqonda
romelic
am
zomavs
cvladebis
amoRebas
regersiis
winaswari
prognozis faseulobas. regresia dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokisaTvis
aCvenebs, rom arc erT religiur cvlads ara aqvs mniSvnelovani gavlena am
qveynebSi
momxdar
mniSvnelovania
daZabulobisa
ajanyebis
eTnikur
mesame
da
ajanyebebze.
samyarosaTvis
avtonomiuri
dones.
swored
Tumca,
Sedgenil
miswrafebebis
is
faqti,
rom
ori
religiuri
regresiaSi.
kombinacia
religiuri
zrdis
religiuri
cvladi
eTnikuri
daZabulobisa
da
avtonomiuri miswrafebebis kombinirebuli cvladi mniSvnelovania, agreTve is,
rom individualuri religiuri ukmayofilebisa da avtonomiuri miswrafebis
cvladze amas ver vityviT, adasturebs, rom swored pirveli kombinacia iwvevs
ajanyebas.
es
Seesabameba
zemoT
gamoTqmul
varauds,
romlis
Tanaxmad,
religiisa da avtonomiis kombinacia xels uwyobs ajanyebas [73]. magram kvleva
aCvenebs,
rom
Semdegnairad
marTebulia
SeiZleba
legitimuroba,
amgvarad,
es
am
maSin
mxolod
aixsnas:
Znelia
mravalmxrivi
mesame
rodesac
SemTxvevaSi.
saxelmwifos
Zaladobrivad
regresiis
samyaros
aqvs
daupirispirde
Sedegebi
naTlad
es
religiuri
saxelmwifos.
adasturebs
Cvens
hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom religiuri faqtorebi eTnikuri konfliqtebisaTvis
mesame samyaroSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa
blokSi.
kvlevis
Sedegebi
aseve
aCvenebs,
rom
eTno-religiuri
konfliqtebis
dinamikis umetesi aspeqtebi mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa
blokSi
erTmaneTisagan
SemTxvevaSi
ajanyebis
saerTaSoriso
arareligiuri
gansxvavdeba.
gamomwvevi
samxedro
mizezebi
erTaderTi
faqtori,
romelic
mniSvnelovani
mizezia,
umciresobisadmi
mxardaWeraa.
mesame
gansazRvrulia
samyaroSi
saxelmwifos
ajanyebebis
orive
sxva,
instituciuri
demokratiulobis xarisxiT, eTnikuri konfliqtebis gavrcelebiT sazRvrebis
gaswvriv (zegavlena) da SeiaraRebuli organizaciebis mxardaWeris xarisxiT.
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi sxva mniSvnelovani cvladia represiis
xarisxi.
cxrili # 3. mravalwevriani regresiebi, romlebic gansazRvraven
religiis gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebaze 1995 wels mesame samyaroSi, dasavlur
da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT
127
mesame samyaro
dasavluri demokratiebi
da yofili
yofili sabWoTa bloki
pasiuri religiuri
daZabuloba
(.096)
(.003)
(_.127)
(_.078)
_.210**
(.074)
(.011)
(_.076)
(.012)
(.099)
.213*
(.120)
(.070)
(.062)
(.057)
(.057)
(.123)
(.010)
demokratia 1994
.170*
(.145)
represia 1996
.151
.431**
.231*
.529***
(_.078)
(.094)
.192*
(_.094)
(_.063)
(_.181)
(_.075)
(.128)
19941994-95
aqtiuri religiuri
daZabuloba
19941994-95
religiuri legitimuroba
19941994-95
kulturuli gansxvavebebi
avtonomiuri miswrafebebi
19941994-95
pasiuri religiuri
daZabuloba * avtonomiuri
miswrafebani
19941994-95
kulturuli daZabuloba
19941994-95
ekonomikuri daZabuloba
19941994-95
politikuri daZabuloba
19941994-95
saerTaSoriso samxedro
mxardaWera 19941994-95
ajanyebis kontagiozuroba
19801980-iani wlebi
ajanyebis kontagiozuroba
19901990-95ww.
ajanyebis gavrceleba
19801980-iani wlebi
ajanyebis gavrceleba
gavrceleba
128
19901990-95 wlebi
samxedro organizaciebis
(.103)
(.182)
481***
(.222)
62
32
0.727
0.509
raodenoba 19901990-95wlebi
samxedro
organizaciebisadmi
mxardaWera 19901990-95 wlebi
maxasiaTebeli funqcia
(df)
dadgenili r2
cxrilSi
moyvanili yvela mniSvneloba beta mniSvnelobaa. frCxilebSi
mocemuli
Sefasebebi
Sefasebis
ricxvebi
miRebul
iqna
aCvenebs,
is
wina
rom
cvladebia,
regresiis
regresia
cvladebs
romlebsac
Seicavda
gamoyenebiT
SPSS
ar
Seicavda.
regresia
9.0–Si,
da
romelic
beta
isini
betas
uzrunvelyofs yvela im gamoricxuli cvladiT, romlebic individualurad
Sediodnen regresiaSi.
!
= 1996 wlis represia am regresiaSi imitom iqna gamoyenebuli, rom is aris
uadresi monacemi, romlis gamoc es cvladi Sevida MAR monacemebSi.
arsebobs safuZveli daskvnisaTvis, rom Zlieri damokidebuleba arsebobs
1995 wlis da 1996 wlis represiebs Soris. magaliTad, 1996 wlis da 1997
wlis represiebs aqvT Tanafardoba .897,
*
= mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.05
**
= mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.01
*** = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.001
yovelive es aCvenebs, rom religia mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil
sabWoTa blokTan SedarebiT ara mxolod ufro mniSvnelovania, aramed, amave
dros, ufro didi fenomenis nawilia, sadac eTnikuri ajanyebis gamomwvevi
mizezebis TiTqmis mTeli dinamika gansxvavdeba dasavleTisa da
yofil sabWoTa
blokisagan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am Sedegebis Tanaxmad, TviT mesame samyaroSic, sadac
religiuri faqtori mniSvnelovania, is ar aris erTaderTi, rac yvelaze Zlier
gavlenas axdens eTnikur ajanyebaze. ramdenime ara-religiuri faqtori aseve
zemoqmedebs mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri ajanyebis xarisxze, gansakuTrebiT ki
SeiaraRebuli organizaciebisadmi mxardaWeraze, romelic, nebismieri religiuri
cvladis msgavsad, aormagebs gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebaze.
129
arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa gamoyenebiT #1 cxrilis analizi
aCvenebs religiuri eTnikuri konfliqtebis procentul raodenobas yoveli 5
wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1965-69 wlebsa da 1995-96 wlebSi (yvela zemoTmoyvanili
testi dafuZnebuli iyo MAR monacemebze). Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom 1990-ian
wlebamde mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri konfliqtebi gacilebiT ufro xSirad iyo
religiuri,
vidre
dasavleTsa
da
yofil
sabWoTa
blokSi.
faqtobrivad,
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi 1970-iani wlebSi eTnikuri konfliqti
saerTod ar yofila. amasTanave, 1990-ian wlebSi mesame samyaros miRma eTnikuri
konfliqtebis procentuli wili maRalia. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1965-96 wlebis
ganmavlobaSi eTnikurma konfliqtebma mesame samyaroSi ricxobrivad gadaaWarba
sxva teritoriaze arsebul eTnikur konfliqtebs, TanafardobiT 7/1. ufro
zustad rom vTqvaT, am wlebSi mesame samyaroSi 605 konfliqti iyo, dasavleTsa
da yofil sabWoTa blokSi ki _ 83. amasTan, 1990-ian wlebSi mesame samyaroSi
ufro meti religiur-eTnikuri konfliqti aRmocenda (180), vidre dasavleTsa da
yofil sabWoTa blokSi (46).
130
gamosaxuleba I.
gansxvavebul religiur jgufebs Soris eTnikuri konfliqtebis
procentuli maCvenebeli mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa
blokis qveynebSi
es
monacemebi
warmomadgenlebis
swavlobdnen
zog
rames
kamaTis
religiis
gvixsnis
dawyebis
mniSvnelobis
socialur
drosTan
mecnierebaTa
dakavSirebiT,
problemas
dasavleTSi.
im
romlebic
politikur
mecnierebaTa mravalma specialistma religiis mniSvneloba aRiara 1970-ian da
1980-ian wlebSi, maSin, rodesac religiur-eTnikuri konfliqtebi Cveuli gaxda
dasavleTisaTvis.
sekularizaciis
religiurma
1990-ian wlebSi sociologebma daiwyes
Teoriis
eTnikurma
marTebulobis
konfliqtebma
Sesaxeb;
dasavleTSi
es
seriozuli kamaTi
im
dros,
ricxobrivad
rodesac
gadaaWarba
arareligiur eTnikur konfliqtebs.
daskvnebi
am
gamokvlevam
aCvena,
rom
arsebobs
gansxvavebuli
mosazrebani
sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis Taobaze. garda amisa,
isini,
vinc
aRiareben
religiis
faqtoris
mniSvnelobas,
sxvadasxvagvarad
afaseben misi gavlenis xarisxsa da bunebas. kamaTi grZeldeba da mwvavdeba, rac
badebs kiTxvas, Tu ra ganapirobebs msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis esoden
gansxvavebul interpretacias.
rogorc kvlevam dagvanaxa, eTnikur konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi es faqti
SeiZleba Semdegnairad aixsnas: orive mxare sworia, magram TiToeuli maTgani
msoflios sxvadasxva mxares iyureba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamoTqma _
131
rogor xedav, es damokidebulia imaze, Tu saidan iyurebi _ miesadageba rogorc
mecnierebs,
aseve
politikosebsa
da
moxeleebs.
isini,
vinc
religiis
mniSvnelobas aRiarebs, yuradrebas mesame samyaroze amaxvilebs, xolo maT, vinc
amtkicebs, rom misi roli umniSvneloa, danarCeni msoflio aqvT mxedvelobaSi.
gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebulia oTxi gansxvavebuli statistikuri meTodi. sami
maTganis Tanaxmad, religia ufro mniSvnelovania mesame samyaroSi, vidre sadme
sxvagan. am testebidan erT-erTi aseve aCvenebs, rom religia saerTod ar aris
mniSvnelovani mesame samyaros miRma. garda amisa, am testebidan erT-erTis
Sedegebis mixedviT, religiis gansxvavebuli gavlena gapirobebulia movlenaTa
ufro farTo speqtriT: mesame samyaros konfliqtebi gamowveulia gansxvavebuli
mizezebiT, vidre sadme sxvagan arsebuli konfliqtebi. mniSvnelovania imis
aRniSvna, rom es Sedegebi gamosadegia sxva faqtorebis ganxilvisas, magaliTad,
rogoricaa represia da xelisuflebis tipi.
meoTxe
statistikuri
testis
monacemebi
aCvenebs,
rom
religiuri
konfliqti, an Zalismieri konfliqti sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis
eTnikur jgufebs Soris mxolod ukanasknel xans gaxda Cveulebrivi movlena
mesame
samyaros
miRma.
es
gvixsnis
dasavlel
mkvlevarTa
dainteresebas
konfliqtebSi, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis sakiTxiT.
dasturdeba, rom mesame samyaroSi konfliqtebis dinamika gansxvavdeba maTi
dinamikisagan dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. es imiTaa gapirobebuli,
rom,
dasavleTsa
da
yofil
sabWoTa
blokSi
religiuri
konfliqtebis
proporciis zrdis sapirispirod mesame samyaroSi es proporcia klebulobs.
es testi efuZneba arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebs, romelic, sxva
testebisTvis gamoyenebuli MAR monacemebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod sxvadasxva
aRmsareblobis
jgufebs
Soris
konfliqtis
xarisxs
gansazRvravs;
MAR
monacemebi ki saSualebas iZleva dadgindes, aqvs Tu ara religiur cvladebs
mizezobrivi kavSiri eTnikur konfliqtTan. sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone
religiur jgufebs Soris konfliqtebis mateba Zalze mniSvnelovania, imis
miuxedavad, es konfliqtebi religiiTaa motivirebuli Tu ara. Tu konfliqti
sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone or jgufs Soris aRmocendeba, mas religiurad
miiCneven xolme, miuxedavd imisa, konfliqti marTlac religiiTaa motivirebuli
Tu ara.
amgvarad,
dasavleTsa da yofil
sabWoTa blokSi eTnoreligiuri
konfliqtebis zrda sakmarisia imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom daiwyes dasavleTisa
da yofili sabWoTa blokis
Semswavlelma mecnierebma religiis aRiareba
konfliqtis potenciur mizezad.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba ara marto religiisa
da
konfliqtis
Sesaxeb
am
urTierTsapirispiro
SexedulebaTa
warmoSobis
132
mizezebis
axsna,
mkvidrdeba
muSaoben
aramed
ufro
da
konkretul,
amis
ufro
erTsa
gamomwvevi
viwro
da
mizezis
dadgenac.
specializacia,
imave
dros
dRes,
calkeuli
msgavs
da
rodesac
mkvlevrebi
urTierTgadamfarav
sakiTxebze. sxva SemTxvevaSi saWiro iqneba samecniero literaturis tomeulebSi
mocemuli uzarmazari odenobis monacemebSi garkveva da maTi aTviseba, rac
miuwvdomeli
amocanaa
individisaTvis.
rogorc
warmodgenil
naSromSia
naCvenebi, mesame samyarosa da ganviTarebul qveynebSi konfliqtebis mizezebi
imdenad
gansxvavebulia,
literaturisaTvis
rom
Tvalis
orive
maTganis
gadevneba
metad
Sesaxeb
Zneli
arsebuli
amocanaa,
Teoriuli
gansakuTrebiT
maTTvis, vinc konfliqtebis raodenobriv kvlevas awarmoebs; es calke sferoa,
romelsac
sagangebo
literatura
eZRvneba.
amgvarad,
Tavad
viTareba
ganapirobebs im faqts, rom maTi umetesi nawili, vinc SedarebiT kvlevebSi
monawileobs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs an mxolod mesame samyaroze, an dasavleTsa
da yofil sabWoTa blokze. realurad, umetes SemTxvevaSi, kvlevis obieqtia
qveynebis mxolod mcire raodenoba da msoflios mxolod erTi regioni.
arseboben aSkara gamonaklisebic. magaliTad Jeff Haynes ikvlevs religiis
gavlenas msoflios ZiriTad regionebze da askvnis, rom sekularizaciis Teoria
marTebulia
dasavleTSi,
magram
aSkarad
arasworia
sxva
regionebTan
mimarTebaSi [74]. amasTanave, es swored is SemTxvevaa, roca gamonaklisi wess
adasturebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb gamarTuli kamaTi imis Sedegia, rom masSi monawile mxareebs codnis
gansxvavebuli
safuZvlebi
aqvT,
romelic
msoflios
sxvadasxva
mxaris
Seswavlazea orientirebuli.
dasavlel, yofil sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebisa da mesame samyaros
mkvlevarTa Soris arsebuli didi gansxvavebis, aseve msoflios am nawilebSi
religiis
gansxvavebuli
filosofiis
sferoSia
rolis
erT-erTi
saZiebeli.
savaraudo
istoriulad,
axsna
istoriisa
filosofosebi,
da
romlebic
uaryofdnen religiis mniSvnelobas, politikuri azrovnebis sferoSi aminds
ufro dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi qmnidnen, vidre mesame samyaroSi.
oqtombris
revoluciis
Semdeg
marqsistuli
dogmebis
hegemoniam
sabWoTa
kavSirSi da misma eqspansiam aRmosavleT evropaSi, rasac mohyva meore msoflio
omi, SeiZleba agvixsnas religiis SezRuduli roli sazogadoebriv sferoSi.
amis
msgavsad,
liberaluri
demokratiis
dominanturi
roli
dasavleTSi,
romelic Tavis idealad miiCnevda religiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnas, aseve
uwyobda
xels
sekularuli
Sexedulebis
aRmocenebas,
gansakuTrebiT,
or
disciplinaSi, romlebic Cvens sakvlev sferos ukavSirdeba _ sociologiasa da
politikaSi; aseve Tavad politikur sferoSi. sabWoTa blokis kraxisa da
133
aRmosavleT evropaSi marqsizmis gaqrobasTan erTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
liberaluri demokratia ar iyo aTvisebuli modeli, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
gamijvnasTan
erTad,
sazogadoeba
swored
mas
eswrafvoda.
radgan
mesame
samyaros qveynebis umetesobas ar ganucdia marqsistuli filosofiis aseTi
xangrZlivi batonoba, agreTve imitom, rom maTTvis, dasavluri qristianuli
reJimebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli dapirispireba eklesiasa da
saxelmwifos Soris, aq am istoriuli procesebis gavlena, Tuki is saerTod
arsebobda, gacilebiT ufro susti iyo.
maSin,
rodesac
modernizaciam,
SesaZloa,
Seasusta
religiis
roli
dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi, sruliad aSkaraa, rom eTnikurobis
rolze amis Tqma ar SeiZleba. piriqiT, SedarebiTi politikis Semswavleli
studentebis molodinis sapirispirod, eTnikuri nacionalizmi ar gamqrala,
piriqiT, ayvavda kidec [75]. gansxvavebis safuZveli isaa, rom nacionalizmi
dakavSirebuli iyo xalxis xelisuflebasa da demokratiasTan. amerikisa da
safrangeTis
revoluciebma
TviTdeterminacias.
ganuyofeli
iseTma
uflebebi,
saTave
daudes
principebma,
uzrunvelyo
legitimaciis
rogoricaa,
saxalxo
axal
princips
magaliTad,
suverenitetis
_
individis
doqtrina
[76].
TviTgamorkvevis principma sruli legitimacia moipova 1919 wels, versalSi,
prezident vudro vilsonis 14 punqtis Sesabamisad. amis Sedegad, sabWoTa
reJimsa
da
dasavlur
ganexorcielebinaT
demokratiebs
eTnikuri
unda
erebis
gadaeWraT
problema,
TviTgamorkvevis
Tu
ufleba
rogor
evropuli
politikis erTianobis darRvevis gareSe. arcerTi zemoaRniSnuli reJimi ar
Tvlida Tavs valdebulad Zveli Tu Tanamedrove religiebis winaSe. mokled,
sanam eTnikuri erovnuli umciresobebis miswrafeba ganxiluli iyo xalxebis
Tavisuflebisadmi
miswrafebasTan
SesabamisobaSi,
religias
sazogadoebriv
sferoSi adgili ar mieCineboda.
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom,
Tumca
zemoT
moyvanili
axsna
Seesabameba
aq
warmodgenili analizis Sedegebs, Tavad kvleva pirdapir ar adasturebs am
debulebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es gamokvleva imdenive SekiTxvas badebs,
ramdensac
pasuxobs.
idealur
SemTxvevaSi,
cvladi,
romelic
gansazRvravs
sazogadoebis sekularulobis xarisxs, mravali varaudis Semowmebis saSualebas
mogvcems. samwuxarod, aseTi cvladi jerjerobiT daudgenelia. Sesabamisad,
saWiroa Semdgomi kvleva _ rogorc SedarebiTi, aseve raodenobrivi _ raTa
ukeTesad gavigoT religiis gansxvavebuli roli mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa
da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi. garda amisa, aucilebelia ufro
meti
monacemis
Segroveba,
raTa
uSualod
mivudgeT
aq
dasmuli
kiTxvebis
calkeul elementebs. miuxedavad amisa, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom religia
134
ufro mniSvnelovania garkveul drosa da garkveul adgilze, vidre sxvagan,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, eTnikur konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi. me ar vamtkiceb, rom es
am Temis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli sityvaa. nacvlad amisa, me vamtkiceb, rom es kargi
dasawyisia am rTuli sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis, romelic samomavlod kidev did
da seriozul kvlevas moiTxovs.
SeniSvnebi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
termini “mesame samyaro” aq gamoyenebulia misi tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT da,
Sesabamisad, gamoricxavs qveynebs yofili sabWoTa blokidan, dasavluri
demokratiebidan da iaponias.
modernizaciis Sesaxeb literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Gabriel Almond “Introduction:
A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics”, in Gabriel Almond and James C. Coleman (eds.) The
Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton University Press, 1960), David Apter, The Politics of
Modernization, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and Social
Communication (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1953), Donald E. Smith, Religion and Political Development
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), Donald E. Smith (ed.), Religion, Politics and Social Change in the Third
World (New York: Free Press, 1971), and Donald E. Smith (ed.), Religion and Political Modernization
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
Emile Sahliyeh (ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World (New York: State
University of New York Press, 1990), p.3
Jeffrey Kaplan, “Introduction”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2002), p.2
Jonathan Fox, “Religion: An Oft Overlooked Element of International Studies’, International Studies
Review, Vol.3, No.3 (Fall 2001), pp.53-73
Vendulka Kabalkova, “Towards and International Political Theology”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3 (2000),
pp.682-3
isini Seicaven, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Semoifarglebian SemdegiT: Ted R.
Gurr, Minorities At Risk (United States Institute of Peace, 1993), Ted R. Gurr, “Why Minorities Rebel”,
International Political Science Review, Vol.14, No.2 (1993), pp.161-201, Ted R. Gurr, Peoples Versus
States: Minorities at R risk in the New Century (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press,
2000), Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley: University of
California Pres, 1991), and Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge
University, 1979).
Kenneth Westhus, “The Church in Opposition”, Sociological Analysis, Vol.37, No.4(1976), pp.314, and
Bryan R. Wilson, Religion in Sociological Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp.53-4.
Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3, 1999.
Rodney Stark, “Secularization, R.I.P.”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp.249-73
William H. Swatos Jr. and Kevin J. Christiano, “Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept”,
Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp.209-28.
Frank A. Lecher, “The Case Against Secularization: A Rebuttal”, Social Forces, Vol.69, No.4 (June 1991),
pp1103-19, and Liliane Voye, “Secularization in a Context of Advanced Modernity”, Sociology of
Religion, Vol.60, No.3(1999), pp275-88.
Karel Dobbelaere, “Towards an Integrated Perspective of the Processes Related to the Descriptive Concept
of Secularization”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3(1999), pp 229-47.
Mark Chaves, “Secularization as Declining Religious Authority”, Social Forces, Vol.72, No.3 (March
1994), pp.749-74, and David Yamane, “Secularization on Trial: In Defense of a Neosecularization
Paradigm”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.36, No.1 (1997), pp.109-22
Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London: Sage, 1994).
Swatos and Christiano, Voye, and Yves Lambert, “Religion in Modernity as a New Axial Age:
Secularization or New Religious Forms”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp 303-33.
Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
Sahliyeh, p.9, Scott M. Thomas, “Taking Religious and Cultural Pluralism Seriously: The Global
Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Society”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3
(2000), p.816, and Jeff Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.34.
Anson Shupe, “The Stubborn Persistence of Religion in the Global Arena”, in Emile Sahliyeh (ed.), pp.236.
Shupe, p.22.
Laurence R. Iannacone, “Voodoo Economics? Reviewing the Rational Choice Approach to Religion”,
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.34, No.1 (1995), pp.76-89, and Laurence R. Iannacone,
135
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
“Second Thoughts: A Response to Chaves, Demerath, and Ellison:, Journal for the Scientific Study of
Religion, Vol.34, No.1 (1995), pp.113-20.
Steve Fenton, Ethnicity: Racism, Class, and Culture (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp.44-7, 216, and Donald
L.Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). am
literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Jonathan Fox, Ethno Religious Conflict in the Late
20thCentury: A General Theory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002), p.44-54.
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon
and Schustetr, 1996), and Samuel P. Huntington, “The West: Unique, Not Universal”, Foreign Affairs,Vol.
75, No.6 (1996), pp.28-46.
Huntington, “The Clash”, p.24.
qvemoT CamoTvlili mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom hanTingtonis civilizaciebi
umTavresad efuZnebian religias: S.N. Eisenstadt, “The Reconstruction of Religious Arenas in
the Framework of Multiple Modernities”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.591; John L/ Esposito and
John O.Voll, “Islam and the West: Muslim Voices of Dialogue”, Millennium, Vol.29 No.3(2000), p.616;
Carsten B. Laustsen and Ole Waever, “In Defense of Religion: Sacred referent Objects for Secularization”,
Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.705; Anthony D. Smith, “The Sacred Dimension of Nationalism”,
Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.791; and Basam Tibi, “Post-Bipolar Disorder in Crisis: The Challenge
of Politicized Islam”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.4(2000), p.844;
Faoud Ajami, “The Summoning”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No.4(1993), pp.2-9, John Gray, “Global
Utopias and Clashing Civilizations: Misunderstanding the Prosperity”, International Affairs, Vol.74, No.1
(1998), pp.149-64, and William Pfaff, “The Reality of Human Affairs”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 14,
No.2 (1997), pp.89-96.
David Carment, and Patrick James (eds.), Wars in the Midst of Peace (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh
Press, 1997) and Stephen N.Walt, “Building Up New Bogeymen”, Foreign Policy, Vol.106 (1997), pp.17789.
Jeane J. Kirkpatrick and others, “The Modernizing Imperative”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.72, No.4 (1993),
pp.22-6, and Richard Rosecrance, “The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order”
American Political Science Review,Vol,92, No.4 (1998), pp.978-80.
magaliTisaTvis ix. Jonathan Fox, “Islam and the West: The Influence of Two Civilizations on Ethnic
Conflict”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.38, No.4 (July 2001), pp.459-72, Fred Halliday, Nation and
Religion in the Middle East (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000), Shirleen T. Hunter, The Future of Islam
and the West: Clash of Civilizations or Peaceful Coexistence? (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998).
Fox, “Islam and the West”, Errol A. Henderson and Richard Tucker, “Clear and Present Stangers: The
Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.45, No.2 (2001),
pp.317-38 , and Bruce Russett, John R. Oneal and Michalene Cox, “Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and
Liberalism Deja Vu?” Some Evidence”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.583-608.
Fox, “Islam and the West”, Jonathan Fox, “Ethnic Minorities and the Clash of Civilizations: A Quantitative
Analysis of Huntington’s Thesis”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.32, No.3 (2002), pp.415-34,
Ted R. Gurr, “Peoples Against the State: Ethno political Conflict and the Changing World System”,
International Studies Quarterly, Vol.38, No.3 (1994), pp.347-77, Tanja Ellingsen, “Colorful Community or
Ethnic Witches Brew? Multiethnic and Domestic Conflict During and After the Cold War”, Journal of
Conflict Resolution, Vol.44, No.2 (2000), pp.228-49, and Tanja Ellingsen, “Patterns of Conflict: Towards
Civilizational Clashes? Civilizational Differences and Intrastate Conflicts 1979-1998”, Paper presented at
the International Studies Association 42nd annual conference in Chicago, February, 2001.
Errol A. Henderson and J. David Singer, “Civil War in the Post-colonial World, 1964-92”, Journal of
Peace Research, Vol.37, No.3 (2000).
Errol A. Henderson, “Culture and Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity States, and the Onset of Warm
1829-1989”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.41, No.5 (October 1997), pp.649-68, and Errol A.
Henderson, “The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820-1989”, International Studies
Quarterly, Vol.42, No.3 (September 1998), pp.461-84.
Fox, “Islam and the West”.
Samuel P. Huntington, “Try Again: A Reply to Russet, Oneal, and Cox”, Journal of Peace Research,
Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.609-10.
iqve.
Bruce Russet, John R. Oneal and Michalene Cox, “A Response to Huntington”, Journal of Peace Research,
Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.611-12.
iqve.
Anthony D. Smith, “The Sacred Dimension”.
Hunter.
Halliday, p.129-35.
Henderson, “Culture or Contiguity”.
136
43. Rudolph J. Rummel, “Is Collective Violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?”, Journal of Peace
Research, Vol.34, No.2 (1997), pp.163-75.
44. Jonathan Fox, “Do Religious Institutions Support Violence or the Status Quo?”, Studies in Conflict and
Terrorism. Vol.22, No.2 (1999), pp.119-39, Jonathan Fox, “The Influence of Religious Legitimacy on
Grievance Formation by Ethno religious Minorities”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.36, NO.3 (1999),
pp.289-307, Jonathan Fox, “Religious Causes of Ethnic Discrimination”, International Studies Quarterly,
Vol.44, No.3 (September 2000), pp.423-50, Jonathan Fox, “The Effects of Religious Discrimination on
Ethnic Protest and Rebellion”, Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol.20, No.2 (Fal 2000) pp.16-43, and Jonathan
Fox, “Religious Causes of International Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts”, International Politics, Vol.38,
No.4 (December, 2001).
45. Fox, “Islam and the West”.
46. Halliday and Hunter.
47. es moicavs qaSmiris Siit muslimebs, sunitur muslimur umciresobas, sikxebs,
nagalendisa da mizoramis Statebis qristian da animist macxovreblebsa da
tripuras Statis qristianebsa da budistebs.
48. mas Semdeg MAR monacemebs daemata 18 umciresoba da mTlianad Seadgina 285.
amasTanave, radganac religiis monacemebi am jgufebis damatebamde iyo
Segrovebuli monacemTa bazisaTvis, isini gamoricxuli arian am gamokvlevidan.
49. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, pp.5-7.
50. iqve, gv.7.
51. iqve, gv.7. zogierTebma, magaliTad, James D. Fearon, and David D. Latin “A Cross-Sectional
Study of Large-Scale Ethnic Violence in the Postwar Period”, gamouqveynebeli statia, Departement
of Political Science, University of Chicago, 30 September 1997, SerCeviTi gadaxris safuZvelze,
gaakritikes MAR monacemebi. Gurr, Peoples Versus States, pp.10-13 exeba am kritikas.
pirveli, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom gegmis jgufebis sia “arasrulia”...
miuxedavad amisa, gamokvleva Seicavs zogierT jgufs, romlebic ganusazRvrel
zonas ganekuTvnebian; maT drodadro emateboda axali jgufebi, rac dafuZnebuli
iyo
momxmarebelTa
rCevebsa
da
internet
informaciebze.
Tu
imas
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom gegma arsebobs 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan, da rom man
seriozuli yuradReba miiqcia, samarTliania imis mtkiceba, rom am procesma
migviyvana jgufebis mkafiod gansazRvrul siamde, romlebic zemoT moyvanil
kriteriumebs akmayofilebdnen. meore, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom gamokvleva
yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod im jgufebze, romlebic monawileobdnen
koleqtiur moqmedebaSi da ugulebelyofs im jgufebs, romlebic “politikurad
umoqmedoa”. Gurr amtkicebs, rom “es kritika arasworia, imitom rom umciresobis
gegmis umTavresi mizania mxolod im jgufebis identificireba da analizi,
romlebic akmayofilebs politikuri mniSvnelobis kriteriums” (People versus States,
pp.10-13). Cveni gamokvlevis farglebSi am faqtorebis arseboba niSnavs
konfliqtis arsebobas. amis sapirispirod, Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom am
faqtorebis ararsebobis pirobebSi raime konfliqti aRmocendeba. amgvarad, aq
amosavali isaa, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebis magaliTebi zedmiwevniT sworia. es
imas niSnavs, rom MAR monacemebi ar exeba yvela umciresobas, ar warmoadgens
politikurad mniSvnelovan yvela eTnikur umciresobas. garda amisa, am
monacemebma didi aRiareba hpova politikur mecnierebasa da msoflio
religiebSi, rasac adasturebs is faqti, rom am monacemebze dafuZnebuli
gamokvlevebi gamoqveynebuli iyo mowinave JurnalebSi da ar Semoifargleboda
mxolod International Studies Quarterly, theBritish Journal of Political Science, International Political
Science Review, Third World Quarterly, and Journal of Peace Research. da bolos, TviT David
Latin, romelic monacemebs akritikebda, direqtorTa sabWoSia.
52. MAR
da
religiuri
cvladebi
xelmisawvdomia
MAR
veb-gverdze:
www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar.
53. arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi ix. veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail
54. Ted R. Gurr, Barbara Harff and MOnty G. Marshall, “Internal Wars and Failures of Governance, 19541996” (May 1997), romelic xelmisawvdomia veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail.
arsebobs eTnikuri konfliqtis mravali gansazRvreba da MAR-isa da arSemdgari
saxelmwifos monacemebSi motanili gansazRvreba SeiZleba sakamaTo gaxdes.
55. aseve, arsebobs konfliqtebis epizodebi, romlebmac uceb ifeTqa. pirveli, esaa
serbTa da xorvatTa erToblivi omi bosniis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg 1992-95
wlebSi, romelic or calkeul SemTxvevad iyofa: erTi serbebisaTvis, meore
xorvatebisaTvis. amis Sedegad, damatebul iqna oTxi konfliqturi weliwadi.
meore, esaa saqarTveloSi afxazTa da samxreT osTa ajanyeba 1991-93 wlebSi,
137
romelic or SemTxvevad gaiyo: erTi afxazebTan mimarTebaSi, meore ki samxreT
osebTan. amis Sedegad damatebul iqna sami konfliqturi weli. mesame, indoeTis
maCvenebeli aerTianebs yvela lokalur ajanyebas: asamSi (1952-), sikxebisa
penjabSi (1982-), da muslimebisa qaSmirSi (1989-). am gamokvlevam es dayo oTx
kategoriad: nagalendis, mizoramis da tripuras mkvidrni, romlebic metwilad
adgilobrivi qristiani xalxebi arian (1952_); bodoebi da asamelebi, romlebic
muslimur umciresobas warmoadgenen (1952_); sikxebi (1982_) da qaSmirelebi (1989_);
amis Sedegad monacemebs daemata 68 SemTxveva. meoTxe, Tavdapirvel monacemebSi
libani 1965-92 wlebSi erTad iyo kodirebuli; am gamokvlevaSi 1965-74 wlebi
kodirebulia rogorc palestinelebis dapirispireba qristiani maronitebis
xelisuflebasTan, 1975-92 wlebi ki _ rogorc samoqalaqo omi muslimTa da
qristianTa Soris. mexuTe, Tavdapirvel monacemebSi saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis,
kazakebisa
da
baltiis
respublikebis
xelisuflebis
mier
gaCaRebuli
konfliqtebi erTadaa kodirebuli (1986-91). am naSromma isini or SemTxvevad gayo,
erTi _ es iyo muslimi azerbaijanelebisaTvis da kazakebis SemTxvevisaTvis, da
erTic _ saqarTvelosa da baltiis respublikebis xelisuflebebisaTvis, ris
Sedegad daemata 6 SemTxveva.
56. es cvladebi Segrovilia 1990-91, 1992-93, da 1994-95 wlebisaTvis. 1994-95 ww. periodi
imitom iqna SerCeuli, rom is uaxlesi iyo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sami
periodidan aRebuli cvladebi Zalzed fardobiTia. religiuli cvladebis
sruli mimoxilva, aseve maTi aslis miReba SesaZlebelia Semdeg misamarTze:
www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/links.html
57. skala Semdegnairadaa Sedgenili:
0 arcerTi
1 mniSvnelovani religiuri diskriminacia sazogadoebaSi, rac gamowveulia
sazogadoebis zogadi winaswarganwyobiT. eqsplicituri sazogadoebrivi politika icavs
da/an aumjobesebs jgufis SesaZleblobas, raTa man ganaxorcielos Tavisi religiuri
praqtika.
2 mniSvnelovani religiuri diskriminacia sazogadoebaSi rac gamowveulia
sazogadoebis zogadi winaswarganwyobiT. sazogadoebrivi politika neitraluria, xolo
Tu pozitiuria _ araadekvaturia imisaTvis, rom gaawonasworos diskriminaciuli
praqtika.
3 religiuri ceremoniis formaluri SezRudvis sazogadoebrivi politika.
religiuri moqmedebebi SezRudulia sazogadoebrivi politikiT. es moicavs religiebs,
romlebic aRiarebulia, magram maT miniWebuli aqvT formaluri, meorexarisxovani
statusi (magaliTi: qristianuli seqtebi mraval muslimur qveyanaSi).
4 religiuri ceremoniis formaluri SezRudvis sazogadoebrivi politika.
religiuri ceremoniali mkacradaa SezRuduli da akrZaluli (magaliTi: bahaistebi
iranSi).
58. TiToeuli specifikuri tipis religiuri diskriminacia kodirebuli iyo skalaze
0-dan 2-mde. (2=moqmedeba akrZalulia an mkacradaa SezRuduli umravlesi an jgufis
yvela wevrisaTvis; 1=moqmedeba mciredaa SezRuduli umetesi an jgufis yvela
wevrTaTvis, an mkacradaa SezRuduli zogierTi maTganisaTvis; 0=mniSvnelovnad ar aris
SezRuduli nebismierisaTvis). rva cvladisaTvis damatebul iqna kodirebuli Sefaseba
da jami gayofil iqna orad, raTa Seqmniliyo indikatorTa erToblioba (erTi
TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis), romelic fasdeba 0-dan 8-mde. kodirebuli moqmedebebi
Semdegia:
SezRudvebi religiuri saqmianobis, festivalebis da/an ardadegebis
sazogadoebriv dakvirvebaze.
SezRudvebi mSeneblobaze, SekeTebaze da
Tayvaniscemis adgilebis
SenarCunebaze.
sxva jgufis religiur kanonebze ZaldatanebiTi dakvirveba.
SezRudvebi formalur religiur organizaciebze.
SezRudvebi religiur skolebsa da/an zogadad religiur ganaTlebaze.
religiur kanonebze
dakvirvebis SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT maTze,
romlebic exeba pirovnul statuss, maT Soris qorwinebasa da
ganqorwinebas.
SezRudvebi samRvdeleobis ierarqiasa da xelmisawvdomobaze.
SezRudvebi religiuri kanonebis sxva tipis dakvirvebaze.
138
59. ori cvladi kombinirebuli iyo am cxrilze dayrdnobiT:
RDISAL95 Pattern
RELDSC95
0
0.5-1.0
RDIS95
1.5-3.0
3.5-5.0
5.5-7.0
7.0-8.0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
60. es cvladi zomavs im daZabulobebs, romelic sajarod gamoixata jgufis
liderTa mier diskriminaciis gamo, igive kategoriebiT, romliTac Sedgenilia
RDIS da romlebic damatebulia gafantuli daZabulobis aRmniSvnel kategoriebs;
isini mxolod maSinaa kodirebuli, rodesac sxva specifikuri kategoriebi
kodirebuli ar aris. TiToeuli tipis daZabulobis done kodirebulia Semdeg
skalaze, romlis Sedegebi gamoyenebulia, raTa Sedges skala 0-dan 24-mde:
3 = sakiTxi mniSvnelovania jgufebis umravlesobisaTvis.
2 = sakiTxi mniSvnelovania, magram misi fardobiTi mniSvnelobis ganxilva
SeuZlebelia.
1 = sakiTxs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, an jgufis erTi nawilisTvisaa
mniSvnelovani.
0 = sakiTxi ar ganixileba da mas ar aqvs raime RirsSesaniSnavi
mniSvneloba.
61. es cvladi kodirebuli Semdeg skalaze:
0 arcerTi
1 jgufi moiTxovs met religiur uflebebs.
2 jgufi eZiebs privilegirebul statuss Tavisi religiisaTvis,
Seuracxyofs dominanturi jgufis religiur rwmenas.
3 jgufi iswrafvis Tavisi religiuri ideologiis zogierTi
dominantur jgufze Tavsmoxvevisaken.
4 jgufi iswrafvis ideologiuri hegemoniisaTvis, romelic gavlenas
gabatonebuli jgufis zogierT wevrze.
5 jgufi iswrafvis ideologiuri hegemoniisaTvis, romelic gavlenas
gabatonebuli jgufis wevrTa umetesobaze an yvela maTganze.
romelic
aspeqtis
moaxdens
moaxdens
62. arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ToTeuli am faqtorTagani kodirebulia rogorc 1 da
RLEG-i Seadgens am oTxi faqtoris mTlianobas:
politikasa da/an konfliqtSi religiuri monawileobis istoria.
religiuri liderebi aqtiurad iyeneben religiur ritorikas mosaxleobis
mobilizaciisaTvis.
religia
SemoTavazebulia
rogorc
arareligiuri,
ekonomikuri,
politikuri da/an socialuri problemebis gawyveta.
oficialuri religiis arseboba saxelmwifos konstituciaSi, kanonSi, an
de-faqto sazogadoebriv politikaSi.
63. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, Gurr, “Why Minorities Rebel”,and Gurr, Peoples Versus States.
64. cnobari xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar
65. es cvladi Seiqmna xuTi cvladis damatebiT, romelic zomavs specifikuri tipis
kulturul gansxvavebebs Semdeg skalaze: 0_arcerTi, 1_zogierTi saSualo
diferenciali; 2_mniSvnelovani diferenciali. es cvladebi Semdeg cvladebs
gansxvavebuli
Seicavda: gansxvavebuli eTnikuroba da nacionaloba (culdifx1);
ena (culdifx2); gansxvavebuli istoriuli warmomavloba (culdifx3); gansxvavebuli
socialuri tradiciebi (culdifx5); gansaxlebis sxvadasxva teritoria (culdifx6);
Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi icvleba 0-dan 10-mde. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna,
139
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
rom religiuri gansxvavebebis ganmsazRvreli cvladebi ar Sedioda am cvladSi,
raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli zemoTaRweril religiur cvladebTan
kovariacia.
aq gamoyenebuli cvladi Sedgenili iyo cvladebis damatebiT MAR monacemebze,
romelic gansazRvravs Semdegi specifikuri tipis daZabulobebs igive skalaze,
romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebis gansasazRvrad: zogadi
damokidebuleba
farTo
avtonomiisadmi
(autgr194);
monaTesave
jgufebTan
gaerTianebis survili (autgr294); politikuri damoukideblobis survili (autgr394);
farTo avtonomiis survili (autgr494); SezRuduli avtonomiis survili (autgr594).
Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde.
aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT,
romelic gansazRvravs Semdegi specifikuri tipis daZabulobebs igive skalaze,
romelic
gamoyenebuli
iyo
religiuri
daZabulobebisaTvis:
ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis/problemebis gavrceleba (ecogr194); sazogadoebriv fondebSi didi wili
(ecogr294); didi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis survili (ecogr394); gaumjobesebuli
samuSao pirobebis survili (ecogr494); arsebuli miwis, samuSaos da/an resursebis
dacvis survili (ecogr594); sxva ekonomikuri daZabuloba (ecogr694). Sedegad
miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 18-mde.
aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT,
romelic gansazRvravs daZabulobebis Semdeg specifikur tipebs igive skalaze,
romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: jgufis enisa da
kulturis dawinaurebisaken miswrafeba (culgr294); jgufis enaze ganaTlebis
miRebis survili (culgr394), jgufis enis oficialur doneze gamoyenebis survili
(culgr494), sxva jgufebis Tavdasxmebisagan dacva (culgr594); sxva kulturuli
daZabulobebi (culgr694). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde.
mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom saerTo religiuri daZabulobebis cvladi ar
Sedioda am cvladSi, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli zemoT aRweril
religiur cvladebTan damTxveva.
aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR-is monacemebSi cvladebis
damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs daZabulobebis Semdeg specifikur tipebs igive
skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: politikuri
daZabulobebis gavrceleba (polgr194); miswrafeba farTo saerTo politikuri
uflebebis
mosapoveblad
(polgr294);
gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi
farTo
monawileobis survili (polgr394); farTo samoqalaqo uflebebis mopovebis
survili (polgr494); oficialur politikaSi cvlilebis survili (polgr594); sxva
politikuri daZabulobebi (polgr694); Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan
15-mde.
Keith Jaggers, da Ted R. Gurr, “Tracking Democracy’s Third Wave with the Polity III Data”, Journal of
Peace Research, Vol.32, No.4 (1995), pp.469-482.
es Semadgeneli Seicavs: jgufis ramdenime wevria dapatimrebuli (rep0196);
jgufis mravali wevria dapatimrebuli (rep0296); liderebi an dapatimrebuli, an
gauCinarebuli arian (rep0396); aCvenebs jgufis wevrTa an liderTa sasamarTlo
procesebs
(rep0496);
wameba,
gamoyenebuli
dasaSineblad
an
informaciis
mosapoveblad (rep0596); xelisuflebis mier daxocili jgufis wevrebi (rep0696);
xelisuflebis mier daxocili jgufis liderebi (rep0796); moqalaqeTa represiebi
(rep0896); gasamxedroebuli dajgufebebis mier Cadenili mkvlelobebi (rep0896);
CamorTmeuli da ganadgurebuli qoneba (rep1096); SezRudvebi gadaadgilebaze
(rep1196); Zaladobrivi gadasaxleba (rep1296); sakvebiT momaragebis akrZalva
(rep1396); eTnikuri wmenda (rep1496); sistematuri Sina jaSuSoba (rep1596); kritikuli
mdgomareoba (rep1696); policiisa da samxedro nawilebis Tavmoyra (rep1796);
protestantebis winaaRmdeg Zalis SezRuduli gamoyeneba (rep1896); protestantebis
winaaRmdeg Zalis SeuzRudavi gamoyeneba (rep1996); samxedro kampania SeiaraRebuli
ajanyebulebis
winaaRmdeg
(rep2096);
samxedro
samizneebi
da
dangreuli
ajanyebuli teritoriebi (rep2196); ajanyebulTa mxardamWeraSi eWvmitanilTa
ganadgureba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT (rep2296); sxva saxelisuflebo
represiebi (rep2396). yvela es cvladi gansazRvrulia Semdeg skalaze: 0 _ ar aris
cnobebi represiis Sesaxeb; 1 _ jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika,
romlebic monawileoben koleqtiur qmedebaSi; 2 _ jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg
gamoyenebuli taqtika, orive SemTxvevaSi (monawileoben Tu ara koleqtiur
140
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
moqmedebaSi), an orazrovan situaciebSi, magaliTad, rodesac wyaroebidan ar
aris naTeli, provocirebuli iyo Tu ara represiuli moqmedebebi. 3 _ jgufis im
wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, romlebic ar monawileoben koleqtiur
moqmedebaSi. 1996 wlis cvladis arCevis mizezi isaa, rom is aris yvelaze
adreuli periodi, romlisTvisac MAR-is monacemebSi saxeze iyo represiis
cvladebi, amitom gonivrulia davaskvnaT, rom 1995 wlisa da 1996 wlis
represiebs Soris arsebobs mkafio Tanafardoba. represiebs 1996 da 1997 wlebSi,
magaliTisaTvis, aqvT Tanafardoba .897 (p-value <.001).
es gakeTebulia Semdeg masStabze: 0=ar aris politikuri moZraobis Sesaxeb
Canaweri; 1=SezRuduli – arc erT politikur moZraobas ar uWers mxars
umciresobaTa
meaTedze
meti
(aseve
im
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
moZraobebi
identificirebulia saxelebiT, magram informacia arasakmarisia, raTa moxdes
mxardaWeris kodireba nebismieri maTganisaTvis); 2=saSualo _ farTo politikur
moZraobas mxars uWers umciresobis meoTxedidan naxevramde; 3=didi _ udidesi
politikuri moZraoba, romelsac mxars uWers umciresobebis naxevari. es cvladi
aseve gamoyenebulia damoukidebel cvladad ajanyebis winaswarmetyvelebis
regresiebSi.
Fox, “The Effects of Religious Discrimination”, and Jonathan Fox, “Are Ethno-Religious Minorities more
Militant than Other ethnic Minorities?”, Alternatives, VBol.28, No.1 (2003), pp.91-114.
Jeff Haynes, Religion in Global Politics (New York: Longman, 1998).
Walker Connor, “Nation Building or Nation Destroying?”, World Politics, Vol.24 No.3 (1972), pp.319355.
Walker Connor, “The Politics of Ethno nationalism”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol.27, No.1 (1973),
p.5-11.
inglisuridan Targmna daviT macaberiZem
2005 w.
141
barbara adami
drois aRqma
aRqma
(Barbara Adam. Perseptions of time. wignidan:
wignidan “Companion Encyclopedia of
Anthropology”, Edited by Tim Ingold, 2002, Part II, Culture. Barbara Adam, Perseptions
of Time, pp.503-527))
Sesavali
drois
rogorc
gancda
uSualo,
msWvalavs
myisieri,
yoveldRiur
aseve
cxovrebas.
gaSualebuli.
is
marTlac,
SeiZleba
drois
iyos
gancda
adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca, drois aRqma da gaazreba
icvleba
kulturebis,
istoriuli
periodisa
da
konteqstis,
sxvadasxva
sazogadoebis wevrebis, pirovnebis asakis, sqesis, socialur struqturaSi misi
adgilis
mixedviT.
sxvagvarad
rom
vTqvaT,
Rirebulebis miniWeba, ZiriTadad, konteqstzea
droisaTvis
mniSvnelobis
da
damokidebuli. drois aseTi
yvelganmyofobis miuxedavad, anTropologiaSi drois problemis specialisti,
praqtikulad, ar arsebobs. “droiTi perspeqtivebis gansja da drois aTvlis
problemis anTropologiuri Seswavla jer kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia”,
werda maqsveli (Maxwell) 1972 wels. “drois problemis kroskulturul kvlevas
jer
arc
saxeli
aqvs,
warmoSobil
am
Tanamedrove
viTarebis
arc
“skolebi”
problemasTan
arsebobs
dakavSirebiT”
dasaxasiaTebladac
disciplinis
(1972:
47_8).
gamodgeba.
farglebSi
es
gancxadeba
mkvlevrebi
muSaoben,
Tumca erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad, amitom Teoriuli integracia dRemde
naklebadaa miRweuli. sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi drois aRricxvis sistemaze,
drois
aRqmis,
organizebis
da
struqturirebis
Taviseburebebze
koncentrirebuli es kvlevebi naklovania ori faqtoris gamo. pirveli, dro ara
mxolod anTropologiis sakvlevi obieqtia, aramed is aseve mocemulia im
adamianebis
cxovrebaSi,
warmarTaven.
meore,
azrovnebasa
miuxedavad
da
amgvari
meTodebSi,
romlebic
yvelganmyofobisa,
am
dro
kvlevebs
ucnaurad
uCinaria da Cveni cxovrebis erT-erT udao maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. is Cveni
kvlevebis mniSvnelovani implicituri safuZvelia. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac
anTropologebi ikvleven “droebs”, magaliTad, amerikel indielebSi, samxreT
azielebSi, afrikelebSi da avstraliel aborigenebSi, mxolod erTidan meore
kulturis
enaze
Targmnis
miiCneoda.
problema,
Cemi
problemis
azriT,
winaSe
gacilebiT
ar
dganan,
Rrmaa
da
rogorc
es
dasavluri
adre
drois
142
upirobo gaziarebaSi mdgomareobs. drois dasavluri aRqma aris is gadasaxedi,
romlidanac mkvlevrebi aanalizeben “sxvaTa droebs”.
anTropologebi erTmaneTisagan pirobiTad ganasxvaveben “modernul” da
“tradiciul”
romlebze
sazogadoebebs.
dayrdnobiT
aman
xeli
“tradiciuli”
Seuwyo
diqotomiebis
kulturebis
drois
gavrcelebas,
aRqma
ganixileba
rogorc “Cveni dasavluri drois” dominanturi gagebis opozicia. am poziciis
Tanaxmad,, “maTi” dro ufro cikluria, vidre xazovani, raodenobrivi, vidre
xarisxobrivi,
Tavad
ar
Seqcevadi,
warmoadgens
yoveldRiuri
vidre
Seuqcevadi,
istoriis
wesrigiT
da
Semofarglulia
mamoZravebels;
praqtikuli
igi
tradiciiT
organizebulia
amocanebiT,
vidre
da
ufro
saaTiT,
orientirebulia ufro stabilurobaze, vidre cvlilebebze, ufro bunebazea
damokidebuli, vidre kalendris ritmze, aRiricxeba ufro bunebrivi ritmis,
vidre abstraqtuli sqemebis safuZvelze. “tradiciuli” da “modernuli” drois
diqotomia
mZafrad
gaakritika
barnsma
(Barnes)
(1971),
gansakuTrebiT,
levi-
strosis naSromis magaliTze. barnsis sityviT, imisaTvis, rom
gaveridoT saxaliso, magram saboloo jamSi unayofo, simboloTa
speqtakls,
romelSic
istoria
da
anTropologia,
sinqronuloba
da
diaqronuloba, cnobieri da aracnobieri,, uwyvetoba da wyvetiloba, Seqcevadi
da Seuqcevadi dro usasrulod agrZeleben TamaSs manam,
sanam auditoria
saxlSi wasvlas ar gadawyvets, Cven unda davamsxvrioT diqotomiebi, davamyaroT
continua da uzvrunvelvyoT is ufro meti faqtebiT (Barnes 1971: 545).
ukanasknel xans dasaxelebul klasikur midgomasTan dakavSirebiT axali
problemebi gamoikveTa. kritikis sagania mosaxleobis warmodgena erTgvarovani
saxiT,
kulturuli
ganmavlobaSi
ucvleli
Tanamosaubreebis
tendencia;
formebis
gaazreba
formiT
(Cottle
anTropologiuri
“funqcionalizmi
_
aTwleulebisa
da
saukuneebis
Klineberg
1974:
diskursis
gayinul
awmyoSi
Caketvis
ikvlios
cocxal
misi
miswrafebis
gamo,
164),
Cveni
and
sazogadoebaTa moqmedebis meqanizmebi”,
”, radgan, Ffabianis mtkicebiT (1983: 20), es,
ubralod, niSnavs
arafris keTebas drois problemis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT.
Ffabianis naSromis Time and Other (dro da sxva) gamosvlasTan erTad,
mdgomareoba Seicvala da qanqara gansxvavebis xazgasmidan
aRiarebisaken gadaixara (McElwain 1988);
ingoldis
(Ingold 1986, ch.4)
naSromebSi
Tanadroulobis
adamisa (Adam 1987, 1988, 1990 ) da
gakritikebulia
Cveni
dasavluri
Teoriebis niutoniseuli da dekartiseuli wanamZRvrebi.
am kritikasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli rogorc codnis SemoqmedebiTi
bunebis (Harries-Jones 1985), aseve refleqsurobis saWiroebis mzardi gacnobiereba
(Cohen 1990a, b, Orther 1984). haris-jonsis (1985: 238) azriT,
aucilebelia aqcentis
gadanacvleba codnis arqeologiidan kulturaze. koheni gabedulad acxadebs,
143
rom
“individis
gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe
anTropologia
moZvelebulia”.
sakuTriv individi, ganagrZobs mkvlevari, samecniero principebisa da praqtikis
obieqtad unda iqces. sufTa, obieqturi realobis pozitivisturi rwmena imdenad
Rrmadaa
gamjdari
anTropologiur
varaudebs refleqsiis sagnad
praqtikaSi,
rom
mkvlevrebi
TavianT
ar miiCneven.
refleqsurobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, ra Tqma unda, axali movlena ar
aris. wminda gonebis kritikaSi kanti (1966 [1781]: 16) aRniSnavda, rom Cven vgavarT
im mosamarTleebs, romlebic igoneben kiTxvebs da mowmeebs maTze pasuxis
gacemas
aiZuleben.
TiTqmis
orasi
wlis
win
kanti
amtkicebda,
rom
damkvirveblebi msjelobis unars dakvirvebis obieqtTa ZiriTad principebs da,
amgvarad, codnis warmomqmnel moments usadagebdnen. Cvens sakvlev problemasTan
mimarTebaSi es gulisxmobs, rom sxva kulturis warmomadgenelTa droisadmi
damokidebulebis
gagebas
ver
SevZlebT,
Tu
drois
sakuTar
gagebas
ar
gaviazrebT. amgvarad,
refleqsuroba aucilebelia ara mxolod imitom, rom
codna
aramed
SemoqmedebiTia,
imitomac,
rom
sxvebis
warmodgena
sakuTari
Teoriuli modelebis mixedviT SegviZlia. kantis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebisa da
ukanasknel
periodSi
anTropologebis
mier
refleqsurobaze
yuradRebis
gamaxvilebis fonze, sakvirvelia, rom safuZveli, romelsac anTropologiuri
aRwerebi
efuZneba,
ucvleli
rCeba.
amasTan,
Cveni
sakuTari
drois
buneba
Seuswavlelia; ver vaxerxebT imis gacnobierebas, rom “sxva drois” nebismieri
analizi, amave dros, “Cveni sakuTari drois” komentirebac aris.
droisadmi
gamoxatulad refleqsuri midgoma aucilebelia. Tumca rogorc gavacnobiereT,
jer erTi, “ucxo” dro, Cveulebriv, isea axsnili, rogoric is sinamdvileSi ar
aris,
da meore, “Cveni sakuTari droisa” da “sxva drois”
arsebuli
dualisturi modelebi safuZvelSive mcdaria.
amis
gamo,
anTropologiuri
me
aq
aRwerebi,
vaanalizeb
miznad
visaxav
safuZvels,
ra
drois
romelsac
dasavluri
emyareba
gagebis
TvalsazrisTa warmoCenas. Sesabamisad, Cemi yuradRebis mTavari sagania ara
eqsplicituri “sxva” dro, aramed “uCinari damkvirveblis” implicituri dro.
imisaTvis, rom naTeli gavxadoT
viciT,
saWiroa
mivmarToT
is, rac Sinaganad, ara diskursiul doneze
fenomenologiur
anTropologiur
midgomas.
aucilebelia Cveuli mdgomareobidan gamosvla da “ucxos” poziciis daWera,
Cveni sakuTari drois im adamianebis TvaliT danaxva, romlebic pirobiTad
warmoadgenen anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtebs. Tumca, pirvel rigSi, Tvali
unda gadavavloT “sxva drois” Sesaxeb arsebul ramdenime klasikur kvlevas. es
saSualebas mogvcems vaCvenoT, Tu ra roli Seasrula CvenSi gaziarebulma
144
Sexedulebebma
Tanamedrove
dasavluri
gagebisagan
gansxvavebuli
“droebis”
analizisas.
“sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi
evans-priCardis
dasavlurisagan
warmogvidgina.
(Evans-Pritchard
gansxvavebuli
Tumca,
me
ar
(1940)
da
drois
gagebaTa
mainteresebs
kvlevebis irgvliv gamoTqmuli mravali
uorfis
am
(Whorf)
gamokvlevebma
klasikuri
gansxvavebebis
analizi
buneba
an
am
kritikuli mosazreba. zemoaRniSnul
mizezTa gamo, dainteresebuli var “dasavluri drois” sayovelTaod miRebuli
stereotipuli foniT, romlis sawinaaRmdegod warmodgenilia “tradiciuli”
kulturebis drois gagebebi.
uorfis
amerikeli
lingvisturi
indielebis
gamokvlevis
kosmologias
mixedviT,
eZRvneba,
romelic
dasavluri
hopis
tomis
drois
gancda
daxasiaTebulia rogorc erTmimarTulebiani, uwyveti mdinareba, movlenaTa rigi,
romlebic warsulidan momavlisken mimarTul xazzea gamwkrivebuli. drois
dasavluri
gageba
daxasiaTebulia
rogorc
abstraqtuli,
sworxazovani
da
moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli. es imitom xdeba, rom uorfi cdilobs, hopis tomis
Sexeduleba droze warmoadginos im saxiT, rogoric is ar aris. is wers im
samyaroze, sadac movlenebi Tanmimdevrulad, sworxazovnebis principiT ar aris
ganlagebuli.
es
movlenebi
Tanadroulia,
kumulaciuri
da
organulad
Serwymulia erTmaneTTan. is aRwers dros, romelic ar aris obieqtivirebuli,
sivrcobrivad gaazrebuli sidide da ar Sedgeba calkeuli, Tanamimdevruli
momentebisagan. is xasiaTdeba integraluri “ukan mibrunebiT”. uorfis azriT
(1956: 151), hopis tomis warmomadgenlebisTvis dro aris ara moZraoba, aramed
yvelafrisaken
ganmeorebadoba
lingvisturi
ukan
ara
mibruneba,
rac
unayofo,
ki
aramed
azrovnebisaTvis,
odesme
Seqmnila”,
akumulirebuli
ganagrZobs
uorfi
amitom
“mudmivi
procesia”.
(1956:57),
im
ucxoa
abstraqtuli, xazovani, Tanamimdevruli drois gageba. igi moklebulia
hopis
Cveni
drois,
rogorc “Tanabari mdinarebis” gaazrebas, sadac yvelaferi Tanabari tempiT
midis momavlidan, awmyos gavliT, warsulisaken”.
“sxva
droebis”
analizisas
igive
midgoma
SeiZleba
davinaxoT
evans-
priCardis (1940) gamokvlevaSi, romelic sudanis samxreTSi mosaxle nuerebis
nilosur toms eZRvneba. evans-priCardi ekologiuri ciklebis tomur drosa da
struqturul
urTierTobebs
kalendaruli
da
saaTis
droebis
fonis
sapirspirod ganixilavs. ekologiur ciklebTan mimarTebaSi is amtkicebs, rom
“TormetTviani
sistema
winaaRmdegobaSi
ar
modis
drois
nuerebiseul
gagebasTan, radganac isini, raime didi xangrZlivobis SemTxvevaSi, movlenis
145
drois gansasazRvrad Tveebis saxelebs ar iyeneben; maT ar aqvT “Tves, dResa da
Rames Soris periodebis aRmniSvneli drois erTeulebi; maTTvis “dros wlis
ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive Rirebuleba ara aqvs”, maTi drois aRmniSvneli
sityvebi “ar aris ubralod drois aRricxvis erTeulebi”, da bolos, maT “ara
aqvT sityva, romelic, Cveni gagebiT, “drois” eqvivalenti iqneboda. amgvarad,
maT,
Cvengan
gansxvavebiT,
ar
SeuZliaT
isaubron
droze,
rogorc
raRac
realurze, romelic miedineba, SeiZleba gaflango an Seinaxo, da a.S.” (940: 99103). evans-priCardis azriT, Cveni droisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic miedineba da
progresirdeba, nuerebis struqturuli drois moZraoba SeiZleba aRqmul iqnas
rogorc iluzia, radgan tomuri drois struqtura ucvleli rCeba. es niSnavs,
rom maTi “drois gancda sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianebis, ufro xSirad,
jgufebis moZraoba struqturis SigniT.” igi drois amgvar gancdas upirispirebs
Cvens istoriul dros, romelSic TiToeul movlenas unikaluri adgili ukavia
da saaTis erTeulebis droiT badeSi. misi TqmiT, Cveni dro
TariRebis
gacilebiT
did
distancias
moicavs,
vidre
maTi
dro.
Cveni
istoriisagan
gansxvavebiT, maT miTSi erTi movlena meores win ar uswrebs. “miTebi
xsnian
ufro zogadi socialuri mniSvnelobis Cveulebebs, vidre calkeul segmentebs
Soris urTierTqmedebas. aqedan gamomdinare, miTebi struqturuli
stratificirebuli araa”
(1940:107-8).
am ori gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, dasavluri dro dakavSirebulia
klasificirebul
gagebiT
maxasiaTeblebTan:
is
aris
gaazrebuli sidide, romelic calkeul
abstraqtuli,
garkveul
sivrcobriavad
erTeulebad iyofa; organzomilebiani,
xazovani, mimarTulebis mqone dineba an mudmivi, uwyveti mdinareba romelic
warsulidan momavlisaken miemarTeba (an piriqiT); es aris dro, romelic gadis
an
SeiZleba
Seinaxo,
gayido
an
gaflango.
kvlevebSi
yvela
es
aspeqti
izolirebulad, erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe Cndeba da mxolod ucxo drois
kontrastulobis
Cvenebas
isaxavs
miznad.
uorfis
analizSi
ucxo
dro
warmoCenilia, rogorc Tanadrouli, xarisxobrivi, kumulaciuri, erTiani da
kompleqsuri; xolo evans-priCardis mier es dro daxasiaTebuilia
movlenebSi
mocemuli
struqturuli
cikluri,
drois,
procesebisa
da
socialuri
warmogvidgens
tradiciul
anTropologiur
urTierTobebis saxiT.
es
klasikuri
kvlevebi
midgomas drois problemisadmi. maTSi mocemul detalur dakvirvebebSi da
informantebisagan
mkvlevrebs
aRebul
informantebis
interviuebSi
arsebuli
Sexedulebebisa
monacemebis
da
gamoaSkaraveba SeuZliaT, rac maT modelebis agebis da
safuZvelze
msoflmxedvelobis
interpretaciebis
gakeTebis saSualebas miscems. amgvar tradiciul gamokvlevaSi warmodgenili
146
Sexedulebebi, saidanac gamomdinareobda
kiTxvebi, dakvirvebebi da modelebi,
yovelTvis udavod miiCneoda. sanam dasavluri drois implicitur Teoriebs im
gzas
Sevadareb,
romlis
meSveobiT
yoveldRiur komunikaciaSi gamoxataven,
inglisurenovani
adamianebi
dros
minda mokled ganvixilo “sxva drois”
Sesaxeb arsebuli, klasikuri tradiciisagan gansxvavebuli kvlevebi.
mbitim (Mbiti, 1969), rogorc afrikelma, romelmac misionerebis zegavlena
ganicada,
sakuTari
samyaros
ucxo
TvaliT
danaxva
iswavla.
garda
amisa,
imisaTvis, rom sxva samyaros nawili gamxdariyo, mas ucxo sakuTrad unda eqcia.
mas manam unda aReqva misionerebis dasavluri dro, sanam maT samyaroSi CarTvas
SeZlebda. amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom mbitis warmodgena dasavlur drois
safuZvlebze,
dasavlel
romelsac is afrikul dros upirispirebs, bevrad daxvewilia mis
kolegaTa
SexedulebebTan
SedarebiT..
mbitis
romelic afrikul religiebs da filosofias eZRvneba,
naSromSi
(1969),
dasavluri drois tipi
kidev erTxel gamodis xazovani _ warsulad, awmyod da momavlad dayofili _
drois
saxiT.
Tumca,
zemoTganxiluli
dasavluri
drois
analizisagan
gansxvavebiT, mbitis fonuri dro kompleqsuria da gaazrebulia abstraqciasTan,
obieqtivaciasTan,
sivrculobasTan,
arakonteqsturobasTan
da
moxmarebasTan
kavSirSi. mbiti afrikelebis “Seqmnil dros” upirispirebs moxmarebis sagnad
qceul dasavlur dros, romelic SeiZleba Sromis bazarze gaicvalos rogorc
realuri sidide. aseve, igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs drois gancdisa da misi
organizebis
moTxovnilebas
tradiciuli
afrikuli
sazogadoebis
wevrebSi,
erTi mxriv, da drois dReebad, saaTebad da wuTebad dayofisken miswrafebas
dasavlur
an
vesternizebul
Tanmimdevrulobisa
bundovani
da
moZraobis
warmodgenisagan
sworxazovnebas
sazogadoebaSi,
Taobaze
gansxvavebiT,
meore
mxriv.
sworxazovnebis,
evans-priCardisa
mbiti
da
uorfis
dasavluri
drois
da Tanabari xangrZliobis warsulisa da momavalis
gagebas
raodenobriv/ricxviT, konteqstisagan damoukidebel kalendarTan mimarTebaSi
ganixilavs. garda amisa, is erTmaneTs ukavSirebs kalendrebis maTematikurad
abstraqtul dros da moxmarebis sagnad qceul dros, saubrobs im kavSirze,
romelic dReebs, Tveebs, wlebsa da im dros Soris arsebobs, romelic SeiZleba
gamoiyeno, gayido, gacvalo da akontrolo.
rogorc
am
or
midgomas
Soris
arsebuli
gansxvavebebidan
Cans,
mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, analizSi fonur dros Tanabari statusi eniWeba,
Tu igi, ubralod, gamogonilia. dasavleli anTropologebis azriT, maTTvis
Cveuli
drois
“umaRles
refleqsiis
Svebad”
uyuradRebod
rCeba
obieqtad
gaazrebas
da
“sxva
drois”
ganxilva
yuradRebis
moiTxovs
gamaxvilebas
Seswavlisas.
yoveldRiurobis
imaze,
Sesabamisad,
rac
saWiroa
147
gamokvleul
iqnas
gamoiyeneba,
anu
gza,
igi
romlis
meSveobiT
ganixileba
dro
rogorc
yoveldRiur
sastarto
komunikaciaSi
wertili,
saidanac
Sefasebuli iqneba antinomiebi, romlebic anTropologiuri diskursis obieqtebs
da maTSi mocemul sapirispiro mxareebs maradiul “eTnografiul awmyoSi”
aTavsebs.
qvemoT
moyvanilma
magaliTebma,
miuxedavad
maTi
banalurobisa,
SeiZleba socialuri drois usazRvro cvalebadoba da sirTule warmoaCinos.
maT aseve
SeiZleba im modelebis simwire da araadekvaturoba dagvanaxos,
romlebic gvaiZuleben, arCevani gavakeToT drosa da droebiTobas, saaTebsa da
bunebis ritmebs, sworxazovnebasa da ciklurobas, cvalebadobasa da wesrigs,
istoriasa da miTs, raodenobriobasa da xarisxs, droSi arsebul movlenebsa
da
movlenebSi
arsebul
dros
Soris.
rogorc
vnaxavT,
dasavluri
sazogadoebebi mxolod organzomilebian, sworxazovan, qronologiur droSi ar
arseboben.
yoveldRiurobis uCinari droebi
inglisur enaSi “drois” aRmniSvneli sityva yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi
arsebiTi saxeli gaxda. gasakviri ar aris, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri urTierToba
aRsavsea drois aRmniSvneli sityvebiT. igive sityva gamoiyeneba mravali, Zalian
gansxvavebuli
Sinaarsis
gadmocemisaTvis,
romlebic
drois
sxvadasxva
implicitur TeoriebSia mocemuli. Cven vsaubrobT saaTis droze da zamTris
droze,
sawyis
xelsayrel
drosa
droze.
da
Cven
cud
droze,
vexebiT
moqmedebisa
sagnebisa
da
da
urTierTobisaTvis
procesebis
dros,
romelic
mifrinavs da dros, romelsac Tavisi miaqvs. Cven Tavisuflad vmoZraobT drois
am SegrZnebebSi da Sinaganad maT ise aRviqvamT,
vfiqrobT.
cxadia,
rom
amas
mohyveba
rom am gansxvavebebze bevrs ar
gansxvavebuli
zogadi terminisaTvis. dro mxolod saaTiT
mniSvnelobebis
miwera
ar izomeba. dro mravalaspeqtiania:
is mocemulia fizikur procesebsa da socialur tradiciebSi, maTematikis
abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da adamianebs Soris konkretul urTierTobebSi. mas
vzomavT
saaTis
erTeulebis,
ciuri
sxeulebis
moZraobis,
ganmeorebadi
movlenebis da sakuTari sxeulis cvlilebebis safuZvelze. dros viyenebT
rogorc saqonlis gacvlis da momsaxurebis saSualebas, an rogorc gadaxdis
formas, aseve rogorc bunebis, sazogadoebis, adamianebis da maTi institutebis
organizebis
resurss.
yvela
am
sferos
sakuTari
sazRvrebi
aqvs,
romlis
farglebSic unda gakeTdes samoqmedo arCevani. wuTi, saaTi, kvira, dRe, mTvaris
faza, weli, Sobisa da aRdgomis dResaswaulebi, sawarmoo cikli da zrda,
Taobebi da
CarCoebs
da
adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlioba _ yvelaferi es qmnis droiT
maT
farglebSi
Cven
varegulirebT
yoveldRiur
cxovrebas.
148
dabadebisa
da
sikvdilis
ganpirobebuli
parametrebi,
movlenebis
bunebis
ganmeorebadi
matricas, romlis meSveobiTac vaxerxebT
ritmebi
nimuSebi
da
erTad
socialurad
qmnian
droiT
droSi cxovrebas.
Tu am gansxvavebul “droebs” ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba
movaxerxoT “rodis drois” identificireba: rodis aris bankebi Ria, rodis unda
daiZinon bavSvebma, rodis viyaviT axalgazrda, rodis moxda CvenTan socialuri
areuloba, rodis daangria Stormma zRvis sanapiros damcavi nagebobebi da Cveni
saxlis saxuravebi. dasavlur sazogadoebebSi es “rodis” ufro kalendrebis,
saaTebis, an orives erTad, droiT sqemazea damyarebuli. magram am socialuri
qmedebebis
da
lokalizebis
miuxedavad
bunebrivi
safuZvels
imisa,
fenomenebis
mxolod
rom
drois
saaTi
magaliTad,
gansazRvrisa
da
kalendari
bankebis
da
ar
gaRebis
droSi
warmoadgens.
drois
dadgena
warmudgenelia saaTebisa da kalendrebis daxmarebis gareSe, marto saaTi da
kalendari
ar
aris
sabanko
saqmianobis
erTaderTi
regulatori.
bankebis
gaRebis dro mxolod sabanko momsaxurebiT mosargeble adamianebis samuSao
drosTan
araa
(romelic
SeTanxmebuli.
sxva
sawyis
drois
droebs
gansazRvra
aregulirebs),
xdeba
Sida
rom
Zilis
dro
dadga,
radgan
gareT
ukve
miwis
samuSao
tradiciis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze. amis msgavsad,
Tqvan,
aseve
kanonis
grafikisa
da
bavSvebs SeuZliaT
bneldeba,
an
sabavSvo
satelevizio programa damTavrda. bavSvebisaTvis amgvari argumenti SeiZleba
ufro damajereblad JRerdes, vidre imis Tqma, rom saRamos rva saaTia.
ufro meti, saaTisa da kalendaruli drois arseboba xels ar gviSlis,
warsuli,
awmyo
urTierTobebTan
da
momavali
kavSirSi
movlenebTan,
ganvsazRvroT.
procesebTan
sakuTari
da
bavSvobis,
socialur
socialuri
areulobis, an konkretuli Stormis warmodgenis dros TariRebma da saaTma
SeiZleba
yvelaferi
ar
gagvaxsenos.
es
niSnavs,
rom
evans-priCardis
mier
dafiqsirebuli gansxvavebebis sapirispirod, nuerebs SeiZleba, meti saerTo
hqondeT socialuri qmedebebis, movlenebis da tradiciebis “rodis”-is drois
Cveneul dasavlur gagebasTan. “tradiciuli” da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebis
polarizebis miuxedavad, saaTis da kalendaruli dro Cveni damokidebulebis
erTaderTi safuZveli ar aris. Sesabamisad, marTebuli araa misi warmoCena
bunebasTan, socialur da religiur droebTan dapirispirebaSi. unda aRiniSnos,
rom
Sexedulebebs
socialur
urTierTqmedebasa
da
bunebriv
garemoze
ar
Canacvlebia drois racionalizacia. es Sexedulebebi jer kidev mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSoben im drois gansazRvraSi, rodesac garkveuli movlenebi xdeba.
drois standartizirebuli sistema, romelic dedamiwas moicavs, aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi, Cveni socialuri qmedebebis saerTaSoriso doneze organizebis da
149
koordinirebis
saSualebas
sazogadoebaSi.
magram
idiosinkretul
da
iZleva.
es
es
dro
konteqstze
dro
ar
Rrmad
aris
gamoricxavs
damokidebul
gagebaTa
gamjdari
Cvens
drois
lokalur,
mdidari
resursebis
arsebobas. am drois gagebebs fesvi gadgmuli aqvT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
socialur
da
gamoTvladi,
bunebriv
ritmebSi.
sivrcobrivad
saaTisa
gaazrebuli
da
dro
kalendris
dasavluri
abstraqtuli,
drois
mravali
mniSvnelobaTa mxolod erT aspeqts qmnis..
es cxadad Cans, rodesac samoqmedod “karg” da “cud” droebs virCevT. Tu
dasavluri dro, rogorc saaTisa da kalendris dro,
marTlac xazovani da
raodenobrivi iyo, maSin azrs moklebulia saubari “karg” da “cud” droze.
rogorc
joSia
(Gioscia 1974: 83)
miuTiTebs,
“drois
organzomilebianobis
(sworxazovnebis) aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa “mZime dro”,
“ioli
dro”,
“maRali”
an
“dabali”
dro,
mxolod
evfemizmia.
saaTisa
da
kalendris dro, romelic, SeiZleba, marTlac dominanturia “rodis” drois
specifikurobis gamo, mniSvnelobas kargavs maSin, roca saxelfaso anazRaurebis
gazrdis
moTxovnis,
megobruli
urTierTobis
dasrulebis,
an
samsaxuris
dasawyebad gancxadebiT mimarTvisaTvis “Sesaferisi drois” SerCeva gvixdeba.
“kargi” da “cudi” droebis sakiTxi umTavresad drois gansazRvris problemas
ganekuTvneba. dro ki SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodes mravali sxvadasxva faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebiT. kviris dReebi an dRis saaTebi “Sesaferisi drois” SerCevis
erT saSualebas warmoadgens. magram sxva momentebmac, SeiZleba,
Tanabari
roli
urTierTobebisa
problemebi.
iTamaSon
da
aseTi
drois
movlenebis
warsulsa
gasaTvaliswinebelia
unarebi, SfoTva
gansazRvraSi.
da
monawileTa
Tu meti ara,
aseve
mniSvnelovania
momavalTan
dakavSirebuli
keTildReoba
da
siZliere,
da sisuste, iseve rogorc maTi urTierTobis xasiaTi. amasTan
erTad, socio-istoriulma, ekonomikurma da politikurma konteqstma SeiZleba
mTavari
roli
iTamaSos
imis
gansazRvraSi,
Tu
xelsayrel dros”, iseve, rogorc normebs, Cvevebs
ra
Seadgens
“marjve
da
da Rirebulebebs, romelTac
es dro moicavs.
“rodis” drois yvela tipi saaTis da kalendaruli drois asociacias
iwvevs, Tumca sxva tipis “droebic” arsebobs. bunebis da sezonebis ritmebi,
socialuri normebi, tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi,
warsulis codna da misi Sedegebis molodini _ yovelive es gavlenas axdens
momavlis
gaTvlaze.
yvela
es
momenti
erTad,
urTierTgadajaWvulad
gansazRvravs “Sesaferis” dros konkretul moqmedebebSi CasarTavad.
maSin, roca saaTis dro konteqstisagan damoukideblobas da globalur
stadartizacias
uwyobs
xels,
Cveulebrivi
qmedebebis
drois
gansazRvra
150
gansakuTrebul
safuZvelze
da
konkretul
konteqstTan
kavSirSi
xdeba.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom “rodis dro” yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. Tumca,
drois
am
gagebis
calkeul
gamovlinebebSi
Cans,
rom
misi
arsebobis
ganmapirobebeli zogierTi faqtori universaluria da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis
erTnairad
aris
kulturuli
damaxasiaTebeli,
TvalsazrisiT
maSin
unikaluria.
roca
arc
sxva
danarCeni
raodenoba,
arc
faqtorebi
xarisxi,
arc
sazogadoeba, arc buneba, arc saaTi da arc gadaswyvet amocanaTa rutinuloba
ar warmoadgens erTaderT safuZvels kulturuli specifikisaTvis. Sesabamisad,
am
Sexedulebebis
safuZvelze
trdiciuli
kulturebis
da
dasavleTis
erTad,
yoveldRiur
industriuli drois dapirispireba marTebuli ar aris.
drois
gansazRvrisa
da
droSi
lokalizebasTan
inglisur komunikaciaSi drois ZiriTad komponentebs temporaluroba ayalibebs.
dro romelsac Tavisi miaqvs, gazafxulis dro da bunebis gamococxleba, asakis
momateba da siberis SegrZneba _ yovelive amis gancda SeiZleba, aseve, “rodis
dros” ukavSirdebodes. magaliTad, rodis yvavis vaSlis xe, rodis davberdebi,
rodis davibade, rodis movkvdebi. Tumca es ideebi _ ganmeorebaTa ciklis
farglebSi _ Seuqcevadi cvlilebis fundamentur codnasac moicavs. drois
gansazRvra da drois CarCoebi “rodis drois” mTavari aspeqtebia, maSin roca
procesebTan
mimarTebaSi
wina
planze
temporaluroba
gamodis.
mcenareebi
izrdeba, mwifdeba da Wkneba. adamianebi da cxovelebi ibadebian, cocxloben da
kvdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom
TiToeulSi
sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ciklzea saubari,
cvlilebebi erTi mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. araferi arsebobs
asakis, sikvdilis, dabadebis gareSe. Cven SegviZlia warsuli sakuTar gonebaSi
gavacocxloT, magram sicocxlis da materialuri samyaros procesebis ukan
mobruneba
ar
geologiuri
energiis
SegviZlia.
da
drois
istoriuli
gacvlas
erTmimarTulebianobaze
monacemebis,
moicavs),,
codnis
fizikuri
uwyveti
saubari
SegviZlia
procesebis
(romelic
dagrovebis
da
im
faqtis
safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianebi da sagnebi berdebian da arasodes
axalgazravdebian. Cven viciT, rom dRis cikli Sedgeba SuadRis, saRamos da
Ramisagan,
da ara piriqiT _ Ramis, saRamosa da SuadRisagan. es magaliTebi
miuTiTebs,
rom
tradiciuli
da
Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebisTvis
mxolod
cikluri da Seuqcevadi, sworxazovni drois gagebebi araa damaxasiaTebeli.
drois aRqmis orive forma integrirebulia yvela ritmulad struqturirebul
fenomenSi (Adam 1990:70-6).
da mainc, rodesac vambobT, rom dros Tavisi miaqvs
cxovelebi
da
sagnebi
sworxazovanobasTan
erTad,
berdebian,
dros
Cven
damatebiT
da adamianebi,
ganmeorebadobasTan
aspeqtebs
vaniWebT.
da
TiToeuli
151
cikli ayalibebs CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac
organizebas vukeTebT, vgegmavT da
varegulirebT Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebas. haidegeris (1967, 1972) sityviT, Cveni
sicocxle grZeldeba sikvdilamde, yovel awmyoSi yofnisas Cven veTxovebiT
warsuls; momavali, sadac kvlav gvaqvs cxovrebis molodini, centralur rols
TamaSobs Cvens gancdebSi, gegmebsa da moqmedebaSi. garda imisa, rom kavSiri
gvaqvs sakuTar warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan, yuradRebas vamaxvilebT
agreTve
Cvens warmoSobasa da bedisweraze. am aspeqtebis erToblioba gavlenas
axdens imaze, rogor aRviqvamT sakuTar Tavs, ojaxs da garSemomyof adamianebs.
isini
zemoqmedeben
Cveni
damokidebulebaze
da
eqstraordinarul
CarCoebis”
urTierTobebis
imaze,
movlenebs.
aspeqtebi
Tu
rogor
amrigad,
Serwymulia
drois
gansazRvraze,
vxsniT
“drois
sxvebTan
yoveldRiur
gansazRvris”
temporalurobasTan,
da
iseve
Tu
“drois
rogorc,
temporalurobaa gadajaWvuli drois gansazRvrasTan da drois CarCoebTan.
Tumca,
drois
mniSvnelobiT,
es
ar
sammagi
implikacia
gamoricxavs;
tempi
mis
kompleqsurobas,
dasavluri
drois
yoveldRiuri
arsis
kidev
erTi
aspeqtia. mravali da sxvadasxva fizikuri, biologiuri da kulturuli drois
CarCoebis farglebSi procesebis dro da temporaluroba sxvadasxva siCqares
gulisxmobs. Cven vlaparakobT droze, romelic nela an Zalian swrafad gadis.
dro mifrinavs, roca Tavs kargad vgrZnobT. dro mZimed midis, roca velodebiT.
dro arasodesaa sakmarisi, roca dakavebuli varT da is Tavzesayrelad gvaqvs,
roca arafers vakeTebT. amrigad, tempi da intensiuroba drois kompleqsuri
mniSvnelobis integraluri komponentebia. isini Cvens cxovrebas yvela doneze
msWvalavs.
dabadebis
dausruleblad
dRis
moeCvenos,
maSin
winandeli dabadebis dRe
periods
gazafxulis
molodini
roca
guSindeli
yvavilobis
patara
bavSvs
moxuci
mohyveba.
dRes
adamianisaTvis
dRis msgavsi
dro
wina
SeiZleba
erTi
iqneba. zamTris
samuSaos
erTi
wlis
mkvdar
saxe
male
dasamTavrebelia, maSin roca sxva tipis samuSao procesi, konkretul sawarmoo
procesebTan Sesabamisobis miRwevis mizniT, neli tempiT unda mimdinareobdes.
moqmedebis da reaqciis done, iqneba es metaboluri Tu socialuri reaqcia,
arsobrivad aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, Tu ramdenad miiRweva romeliRac
mocemuli
drois
CarCoSi
moqmedebaTa
drois
gansazRvra
da
arsebobis
temporaluroba. yvelaferi es, Tavis mxriv, drois dinebis siCqaris Cveneul
gancdaSia mocemuli.
ramdenadac yuradRebas vamaxvilebT safuZvelze, romlis sapirispirodac
anTropologebi warmoadgenen maT xelT arsebul eTnografiul monacemebs, uari
unda
vTqvaT
cdilobda
dualizmze
tradiciuli
da
erTad
analizi.
gaviazroT
cxadi
is,
gaxdeba,
ris
rom
gancalkevebasac
cikluroba
arc
152
sworxazovnebis
sapirispiroa
da
arc
warmavlobasa
da
ganmeorebadobas
emijneba; rom is ar gamoricxavs fizikuri da cocxali sxeulebis an dasavlur
sazogadoebebSi
socialuri
procesebis
erTmimarTulebian
temporalurobas.
drois cikluroba ZiriTadad maTgan gamomdinareobs.
drois (CarCoebis), drois gansazRvris, temporalurobis da tempis ormag
mniSvnelobas
maSin
vacnobierebT,
roca
drois
cnebas
yoveldRiur
komunikaciaSi viyenebT. amis msgavsad, gvainteresebs, mniSvnelovania Tu ara
tradiciuli sazogadoebebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis zemoT ganxiluli
“Cveni
sakuTari drois”, aseve ucxo an “sxva drois” problema. Tumca, gansxvaveba
imaSia, drois CarCoebi, romlis farglebSic sakuTari cxovrebis organizebas
vaxdenT, bunebis ritmzea dafuZnebuli Tu meqanikur saaTze. es is gansxvavebaa,
romelsac
Cvens
kvlevaSi
mere
unda
davubrundeT.
is
“sxva
drois”
anTropologiuri kvlevebis aRiarebul safuZvels exeba.
saaTis drois realuri saxe
wamebis, wuTebis, saaTebis mier Seqmnil drois CarCoebs, gansxvavebiT
sicocxlis
drois,
sezonebisa
da
dRiuri
ciklis
drois
CarCoebisagan,
ucvleloba, konteqstisagan damoukidebloba da sizuste axasiaTebs. islandiaSi
zamTarSi da britaneTSi – zafxulSi saaTs erTnairad zomaven [1]. sadac ar
unda viyoT dRes, erTi saaTi yvelgan erTi saaTia. Cven ukve ar viyenebT
sezonebis an mravali “lokaluri drois” mixedviT cvlad “saaTebs”, romlebic
win uswreben msoflio dros. dedamiwaze dro standartizebulia. XVIII saukunis
miwurulidan dro dayofilia zonebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan erTi saaTis
gansxvavebiT arian gamijnulni. erTi saaTiT win viqnebiT, Tu aRmosavleTiT
gadavadgildebiT,
da
erTi
saaTiT
ukan,
Tu
dasavleTiT
gadavinacvlebT.
ucnauri is aris, rom saerTaSoriso droiTi zonebis gadakveTisas an vigebT
erT dRes, an ki piriqiT _ vkargavT mas. magaliTad, wynar okeaneSi mdebare
aleutebis
aRvniSnoT
kunZulze
an
saerTod
gadaadgilebisas
gamogvrCes
SeiZleba
dabadebis
dRe
(Alwyn Jones, personal communication).
orjer
drois
racionalizacia da misi saaTTan mibma did gavlenas axdens industriuli
sazogadoebebis socialur cxovrebaze da drois im aspeqtebsac msWvalavs,
romlebic saerToa CvenTvis da msoflios sxva sazogadoebebisTvis. garda amisa,
is Rrmad aris mocemuli drois Cveneul gagebaSi. drois am gagebis safuZvelze
anTropologebi ayalibeben TavianT Sexedulebebs “tradiciul sazogadoebebze”.
Sesabamisad, is ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
kalendaric da saaTic _ orive moicavs dros, rogorc sazoms da orive
zomavs dros ( Ingold 1986:1986-6). unda dazustdes es ormagi roli, radgan mas
153
paradoqsuli Sedegi aqvs: sazomi miesadageba ucvlelobis princips, maSin roca
bunebriv dros, romelic misiT izomeba, fumdamenturi cvalebadoba
axasiaTebs.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dRis sinaTlis saaTobrivi xangrZlivoba mcirediT
icvleba yoveldRe, Tanavarskvlavedebis
da imave
ganlageba yovelTvis ar xdeba erTsa
poziciaze da yvela weli ar Sedgeba 265 dRisagan. es drois sazoms
xarisxobrivad ganasxvavebs imisagan, rasac is zomavs [2]. bunebis cvalebadi
ritmisagan gansxvavebiT, ucvleli, zusti sazomi adamianebis gamogonebaa. es is
Seqmnili droa, romelic imdenad dominanturi gaxda Cvens sazogadoebaSi, rom
mas xSirad, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls, ise aRviqvamT; TiTqos sxva “droebi”
ar arsebobdes.
garda amisa, saaTi klasikuri meqanikis kanoniT Seqmnili meqanizmia. yvela
meqanizmis msgavsad, saaTi materialuri artefaqtia, romelic idealizebuli
ucvlelobis, simartivis, cvlilebebis gareSe moZraobis da ganmeorebadobis
principebs ganasaxierebs (Adam 1990:50-5, Shallis 1983, especially chs 2 and 4). saaTi,
rogorc samyaros meqanikuri modeli, dros asaxavs, rogorc kosmosSi ganvlil
manZils. magram is aseve qmnis dros, romelic ukve aRar aris damokidebuli mis
wyaroze. qanqaris gamogonebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa am pirveli, xelovnuri,
damoukidebeli
drois standartis SeqmnaSi. qanqaris regularuli rxevebi
aRricxulia da gadaqceulia mimarTulebis mqone mimdevrobad. Tumca, rogorc
sxva
adgilas
aRvniSne
(Adam 1988: 209),
mimarTuleba
ricxviTi
sistemis
artefaqtia. es ar aris meqanikuri saaTis integraluri aspeqti, radgan qanqaris
rxevebis aRricxva meqanizmis muSaobasTan SeuTavsebelia da misi mimarTuli
mimdevroba mxolod maTematikuri wesiT aris ganpirobebuli. am wesis
Tanaxmad
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom cifri “sami” moyveba “ors” da piriqiT. meore mxriv, drois
arsi arc qanqaris rxevebSi da arc ricxvebis sistemaSia. Cven ar SegviZlia
saaTs SevxedoT da darwmunebiT vTqvaT, CrdiloeT an samxreT naxevarsfroSi
dilis rva saaTia Tu saRamosi, zafxulia Tu zamTari. es codna bunebriv
ritmebze dakvirvebis Sedegad gveZleva. drois ganxilva konteqstis gareSe da
misi racionalizacia drois mniSvnelobis, xarisxobrivi gansxvavebis, bunebisa
da
socialur
Tumca
saaTma
ritmebTan
ver
harmoniulobis
Secvala
drois
sapirispirod
socialuri,
aris
biologiuri
gamoyenebuli.
da
fizikuri
wyaroebi. is ufro cvalebadi drois, temporalurobebis, drois gansazRvris,
bio-kulturuli tempebis mniSvnelobebs Caenacvla.
amgvarad,
saaTs
centraluri
roli
ukavia
CvenTvis
Cveuli
drois
gagebaSi. amitom, misi gavlena imdenad Zlieria, rom Znelia am gavlenis mkafiod
formulireba.
saaTis
drois
gansakuTrebuloba
industriuli
warmoebis
sferoSi Cans, sadac mrewvelebi TavianTi muSebisagan yiduloben dros. dro is
154
mediumia,
romlis saSualebiTac samuSao abstaqtul
gacvliT
Rirebulebad
gadaiqceva. dro samuSaos fulSi gacvlis ZiriTadi saSualebaa (Giddens 1981: 1304).
amasTan,
dro
kontrolis
industriul
mosapoveblad
mimdinare
SeiZleba davinaxoT, sadac
muSaobis
periodi
Svebulebebi,
da
sazogadoebaSi
konfliqti
im
sagania.
brZolebis
droze
istoriaSi
samuSao dRis, kviris, wlis da vadis xangrZlioba,
dasvenebis
da
dasvenebebi
konkurenciis
droebi,
damatebiTi
anazRaurebadi
samuSao
Tavisufali
dro
dro
da
uTaxmoebis
ZiriTadi mizezebi iyo (Rinderspacher 1985: 217-27, Starkey 1988, Thompson 1967). samuSao
dro,
rogorc
raodenobrivi
da
abstraqtuli
gacvliTi
Rirebuleba,
ukve
ubralod ki ar gadaecema, moixmareba an Seivseba, _ is moxmarebis sagnad iqceva.
amitom, drois kontroli industriuli sazogadoebis arsebobis ganuyofeli,
integraluri aspeqti gaxda.
industriuli
drois kontroli arsebiT gavlenas axdens
am
realobis drois gansazRvraze, tempsa da temporalurobaze.
amrigad, moxmarebis sagnad drois gadaqcevac da kontrolic industriuli da
industrializebuli sazogadoebebis specifikur fenomenebad unda aRviqvaT. es
ormagi
maxasiaTebeli
dakavSirebuli.
kalendaruli
pirobiTad
Tumca
dro,
es
saaTebTan
damokidebuleba
romelic
da
drois
rTulia.
dakavSirebulia
gazomvasTan
aris
qronologiuri
damoukidebeli,
TavisTavad arsebuli drois ekvivalentur realobasTan,
da
obieqturi,
ZiriTad rols
TamaSobs industriuli sazogadoebis drois aRqmaSi. magram arc kalendari da
arc meqanikuri saaTis
gamogoneba drois amgvari materializebis, misi mogviano
komodifikaciisa da gakontrolebis mizezad ar unda ganixilebodes, radgan,
garkveuli saxiT, yvela sazogadoeba aRricxavs dros.
drois aRricxvis wyalobiT, viciT sagnebis, movlenebis da procesebis
dro. TiToeuli maTganis dros aRviqvamT, rogorc sakuTari adgilis mqones
sxva droebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ufro mokle an grZeli, Cqari an nelia.
amgvarad, es procesebi ki ar aris regularuli da ritmuli, aramed ufro Cveni
codna
sxva
movlenebTan
mniSvnelovania.
magaliTad,
da
procesebTan
brinjis
maTi
momzadeba
an
mimarTebis
joxis
wva
Sesaxeb.
is
es
procesia,
romelic, sxva procesebTan SedarebiT, ufro mdgradia da SeiZleba drois
mokle monakveTebis sazomad iqnas gamoyenebuli. SeiZleba davasxeloT sxva
mravali
msgavsi
gamoiyeneba
mTel
mdgradi
procesi,
msoflioSi
da
romlebic
kacobriobis
drois
istoriis
aRricxvis
mizniT
ganmavlobaSi.
am
meTodebiT mokle periodebis aRricxvis msgavsad, didi droiTi monakveTebis
gamoTvlis
SesaZleblobebi marto Tanamedrove civilizaciebs ar gaaCnia.
bevrma Zvelma sazogadoebam ise Seqmna rTuli
kalendaruli sistemebi, rom
aranairi warmodgena ar hqonia drois, rogorc resursis an moxmarebis sagnis
155
gagebaze. arqeoloiuri monacemebiT irkveva, rom mTvaris kalendari 30.000 wlis
win Seqmnes (Marshak 1972, cited in Fraser 1987: 46). sTounhenji, romelic, rogorc
fiqroben, kalendris funqcias asrulebda, Zv.w. 1800-1400 wlebs Soris unda
agebuliyo;
uZvelesi
wylis
saaTi,
romelic
egvipteSi
gamoigones,
Zv.w.
meToTxmete saukunidan arsebobs; adreulma civilizaciebma, magaliTad, maias
civilizaciam, rTuli kalendrebi Seqmnes; CineTma dasavleTze mravali saukuniT
adre gamoigona meqanikuri saaTi. amrigad, arc drois aRricxva da arc saaTis
meSveobiT misi gazomva warmoadgens industriuli drois arss. es ukanaskneli
is droa, romelic abstragirebulia Tavisi bunebrivi sawyisisagan;
ufro
damoukidebeli,
dekonteqstualizebuli,
racionalizebuli
dro,
TiTqmis
usasrulod SeiZleba Tanabar, sivrcobrivad gaazrebul monakveTebad daiyos,
romlebic
yoveldRiur
urTierTobaSi
gamoiyeneba
TavisTavad
da
arsebul
drosTan aris dakavSirebuli.
daskvnis
maxasiaTebeli,
saxiT
SeiZleba
romelic
iTqvas,
gamoarCevs
rom
drois
Tanamedrove
gazomva
ar
dasavluri
aris
is
sazogadoebis
drosTan damokidebulebas. meqanikuri dro imdenad materialuri gaxda, rom Cven
davkargeT kontaqti sxva ritmebTan da Cveni arsebobis mraval drosTan. aseTi
materializebuli drois dominantobis pirobebSi, dagvaviwyda, rom awmyoSi
mTeli Cveni arseboba mudmiv ganaxlebasa da kvlavwarmoebas saWiroebs; Cveni
warsulidan
yvelaferi
awmyoSi
gadmotanas
da
axali
mecnierebis
Suqze
rekonstruirebas moiTxovs. aseTi drois Semadgeneli procesebis aRqma mxolod
maSin SegviZlia, roca maT im sazogadebebs davupirispirebT, romelTac drois
Cvengan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli gageba aqvT. aseTi sazogadoebebi awmyoSi
dros konstruirebas tradiciuli adaTebis, miTebisa da ritualis meSveobiT
axdenen.
es
varsebobT,
maSin,
roca
romelic
Cven,
miRebuli
warmoadgens
mosazrebis
“Tanabrad
iseT
droSi
xangrZliobas,
sadac
Tanaxmad,
dinebad
samyaroSi yvelaferi erTnairi tempiT mimdinareobs” (Whorf 1956: 7). wlebis,
dReebis, saaTebisa da wamebis, drois dagegmvis, vadebis da drois zewolis
Cveneul samyaroSi, dro ukve ar aris umTavresad realobis formirebasTan
dakavSirebuli [3]. mecnierebam, filosofiam da istoriam Secvala miTosuri da
sakraluri tradiciebi. Tumca
procesi igive darCa; misi meSveobiT vinaxavT da
gadavcemT ara marto Cvens codnas, aramed Cvens arsebobasac. “tradiciuli”
sazogadoebebis msgavsad, Cvenc awmyoSi vqmniT da vagebT dros. Cven, ubralod,
misi
arseboba
gadaqcevam
es
daviviwyeT.
codna
xelovnuri
Cveni
drois
TavisTavad
gacnobierebuli
arsebul
aRqmiT
drod
Secvala.
dekonteqstualizebuli, abstraqtuli intervalebis es Seqmnili dro arsebobs
yvelgan,
sadac
dro
kontroldeba
da
sadac
is
samuSao
Zalis
fulad
156
Rirebulebad gadaqcevis saSualebad gamoiyeneba. transcendenturi droisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelic zogadad sakacobrio kulturas axasiaTebs, homogenuri,
raodenobrivi dro, romelsac viyenebT, vanawilebT, vakontrolebT da samuSao
bazarze
vyidiT,
universaluri
ar
aris.
is
mWidrod
aris
dakavSirebuli
industrializaciis istoriasTan (Adam 1987; 327-63, Giddens 1981, Hohn 1984,Thompson
1967).
meore mxriv, “sakuTari” drois gadalaxvis mizani da SesaZlebloba
saerToa mTlianad kacobriobisaTvis. es Cans religiebis, miTebis da Teoriebis,
xelovnebis
da
arqiteqturis,
agrikulturis
da
teqnologiebis
arsebobaSi.
metafizikuri problemebis dasma, Cvens sasrulobasTan kavSiri, temporaluri
samyaros SesabamisobaSi moyvana ucvlelobis principebTan _ yvelaferi es
drois transcendenturobas uwyobs xels. es niSnavs, rom nuerebis da hopis
msgavsi
“tradiciuli”
SesaZleblobebis
sazogadoebebi,
simwires,
radgan
maT
ubralod,
ar
ar
gaaCniaT
ganicdian
aseT
obieqtivirebuli
da
abstraqtuli dro. isini gansxvavdebian sxvebisagan mxolod imiT, Tu rogor
“gadalaxaven” dros.
adamianebi cdiloben garemos kontrols, koleqtiur
qmedebaTa drois gansazRvrasa da sinqronizacias, zemoqmedebas Cveni sxeulebis
xrwnisa
da
romelic
gamofitvis
“CarTulia”
gadalaxaven
entropiul
maTi
arsebobis
dros.
procesebze.
cxovrebis
akontroleben
pirobebSi,
hagerstrandi
ra
adamianebi
(Hägerstrand)
ufro
dros,
mudmivad
xazgasmiT
miuTiTebs am momentze, roca ambobs, rom “kultura SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas
rogorc
materialur
samyaroSi
bunebrivad
CarTuli
drois
umTavres
modifikaciaTa sistema (1985:10). es aris kacobriobisaTvis saerTo dro, romelic
unda
ganvasxvaoT
industrializaciasa
da
socialuri
cxovrebis
racionalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili droisagan. Tumca
diferenciacia dualisturi terminebiT ar miiRweva.
mxolod Seqmnili dro, TiTqos raRac realuri, SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas rogorc saSualeba, romelic sakuTari wesiT kontroldeba da SeiZleba
fulSi
gaicvalos.
industriuli
gakontrolebis gamo, yvelaze kargad
dro,
moxmarebis
sagnad
gadaqcevis
da
ZalauflebasTan kavSirSi SeiZleba iqnas
gaazrebuli. ufro meti, unda gavacnobieroT, rom ZalauflebasTan kavSiri
mxolod im konteqstiT ar Semoifargleba, rodesac dro fulSi icvleba. es
kavSiri vrceldeba, aseve, “rodis drois” momentebze, samoqmedod Sesaferisi
drois SerCevaze, urTierTobis drois gansazRvraze,
procesebis
sakuTari
bunebrivi da socialuri
tempebze da im droiT CarCoebze, romelTa farglebSic vaxdenT
cxovrebis
organizebas.
cxovrebisa
da
socialuri
struqturis
mravali da sxvadasxva ritmi erTmaneTSia mocemuli. axali ritmebi, ubralod,
157
damynobili ki ar aris romelime sxva ritmze, aramed cvlis mis bunebas
procesis mimdinareobis dros. erTxel Seqmnili, xelovnuri dro industriuli
socialuri cxovrebis Sinagani, ganuyofeli aspeqti gaxda da arsebiT gavlenas
axdens
am
cxovrebis
kontrolze,
drois
gansazRvraze,
tempsa
da
temporalurobazec ki. amgvarad cxadia, rom SeuZlebelia “dasavluri dro”
“sxva
droebisagan”
romelime
Sexedulebis
an
raimegvari
opoziciis
TvalsazrisiT ganvasxvaoT. drois CarCoebi, drois gansazRvra, temporaluroba
da tempi zogadad damaxasiaTebelia mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. Tumca, SeiZleba
romelime, an yvela am aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes
garkveuli kulturuli niSnebi. saaTis dro, romelic cvlis rogorc drois
mniSvnelobas praqtikaSi, ise mis kompleqsur struqturas, sxvadasxva doneze
mTel kacobriobas msWvalavs. dRes sazogadoebebis nawils saerTod ara aqvs
Sexeba
am
drosTan,
lokaluri
droebis
mravali
maTgani
Tanaarsebobis
am
xelovnuri
pirobebSi
droisa
cxovrobs.
da
magram
sakuTari
arc
erT
sazogadoebaSi socialuri drois mravalsaxeoba bolomde ar aris Secvlili
saaTis
drois
sazogadoeba,
erTgvarovnebiT.
romlisTvisac
sxva
sityvebiT
meqanikuri
saaTi
wyaros warmoadgens. es aSkarad uaryofs
kulturuli
TaviseburebebiT
rom
vTqvaT,
socialuri
ar
drois
arsebobs
erTaderT
anTropologiur kvlevebSi mocemul,
ganpirobebul
drois
gagebaTa
diqotomiur
konstruqciebs.
anTropologiaSi
miRebuli
drois
mravalgvari
gagebidan
zogierTi
sakiTxis garkvevis Semdeg, SegviZlia ganvixiloT aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa
warmomadgenlebis
mier
Sesrulebul
kvlevebSi
drois
problemis
Sesaxeb
arsebuli mosazrebebi da modelebi, SevafasoT maTi adekvaturoba.
Semowmebuli da uaryofili dualizmebi
Cven vqmniT modelebs, raTa gasagebi gavxadoT sakvlevi problema. sakuTar
Sexedulebebs imgvarad vagebT, rom, magaliTad, nuerebSi drois aRricxvis wesi
da hopis tomis kosmologia mniSvnelobas iZens Cveni sakuTari drois gagebis
konteqstSi. es aRwerebi da interpretaciebi amartiveben imas, rasac exebian.
sxvanairad arc SeiZleba iyos, radgan socialuri realobis yvelaze mcire
aspeqtic ki ganusazRvrelad rTulia. es aris ara modelebis agebis praqtika,
aramed modelebisa da maTi ganmamtkicebeli Sexedulebebis arsi. problemac
swored es aris. es Sexedulebebi iSviaTad dgeba eWvqveS da maTi detaluri
gamokvleva xSirad ar xdeba.
maT safuZvelze iqmneba diqotomiebi, romelTa
mixedviT sxva kulturebis drois aRqma drois Cveneuli gagebis opoziciaSia
warmodgenili.
cikluri
dro
da
ganmeorebadoba
dapirispirebulia
xazovan
158
drosTan
da istoriul
dinebadi
xangrZlioba,
mimdinareobs”,
yofierebasTan.
sadac
rogorc adre
samyaroSi
dapirispirebulia
aRvniSneT,
yvelaferi
“gamofituli”,
“Tanabrad
erTnairi
“mniSvnelobis
tempiT
armqone”
warsulidan mimavlisken “gaWimul” xangrZliobasTan (Whorf 1956: 57, Evans-Pritchard
1940: 108). levi strosma, “modelebis yvelaze cnobilma arqiteqtorma” (Barnes 1971:
538),
anTropologiSi
drois
aRqmis
Taviseburebis
safuZvelze
Seqmnili
damatebiTi diqotomiebi daamkvidra. yvela es diqotomia Zalian swrafad
miiRes
sanimuSo modelebad. maT mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben “tradiciul”
da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebs [4].
levi-strosi ganasxvavebs dasavlur dros, romelSic dominirebs istoria,
Seuqcevadoba da Tanmimdevruloba, im sazogadoebebis “droebisagan”, romlebSic
Tanadrouloba
batonobs.
da
ara-kumulaciuri,
cikluri
da
ganmeorebadi
procesebi
Sesabamisad, levi-strosis azriT, socialurma mecnierebebma drois
ori gansxvavebuli kategoria unda gamoikvlion:
anTropologia
iyenebs
“meqanikur”
dros,
ganmeorebads
da
arakumulaciurs...
[maSin,
rodesac
amis
sapirispirod]
istoriuli
dro
“statistikuria”; is yovelTvis gvevlineba, rogorc mimarTulebis mqone da
Seuqcevadi procesi. evoluciis procesi, romelic Tanamedrove italiur
sazogadoebas romis respublikis epoqaSi daabrunebs, iseve warmoudgenelia,
rogorc
Termodinamikis
meore
kanons
daqvemdebarebuli
procesebis
ganmeorebadoba.
(levi-strosi 1972: 286)
es
Sesaxeb
romelic
pasaJi
mokled
levi-strosis
mcire
gadmoscems
droisa
eqstraordinarul
masStabis
agrarul
da
anTropologiuri
mtkicebas.
sazogadoebas
“evoluciis”
Teoriis
procesi,
monadirul-Semgroveblur
warsulSi “daabrunebs”, namdvilad ar aris ufro advili warmosadgeni, vidre
is procesi, romelic Tanamedrove italiur sazogadoebas daabrunebs romis
respublikis xanaSi. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba vilaparakoT socialur-ekonomikuri
organizaciis adreuli formebisaken
“mibrunebul” sazogadoebebze, magram es
mxolod carieli sityvebia, radgan socialuri realobis ganmeoreba iseve
SeuZlebelia, rogorc gaaxalgazrdaveba, nacris isev xis morad gadaqceva an
dRis
Sebruneba
tradiciuli
armqone,
saRamodan
xalxebis
sinqronuli
mimarTulebis
gaviziaroT
mqone,
SuadRemde
dro
da
da
ganmeorebadi,
dilamde.
rom
mimarTulebis
kumulaciuri,
da
ara
Tanamimdevruli
da
xazovani?
mier
miiCneven,
ara-kumulaciuri,
cikluria,
levi-strosis
ratom
sakuTari
Seuqcevadi,
rogor
Sexedulebebis
SegviZlia
safuZvelze
SemoTavazebuli “ganmeorebadi drois” meqanikuri modeli? am Sexedulebebis
mixedviT, modeli Tavisi sakvlevi obieqtis adekvaturi unda iyos da “saukeTeso
modeli yovelTvis is aris, romelic sinamdviles asaxavs (1972:281). es kiTxvebi
ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenen, roca levi-strosis msgavsad, vacnobierebT, rom
159
aseTi diqotomiebi ar SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc urTierTgamomricxavi, radgan
“yvelaze elementaruli msgavsi struqturebic ki sinqronulad da diaqronulad
arsebobs” (1972: 47)
Tu anTropologia, rogorc akademiuri disciplina, “ganmeorebadi drois”
ideis safuZvelze Seqmnili meqanikuri, arakumulaciuri (drois) modelebiT
dainteresdeba, maSin, xelovnuri drois zemoT motanili analizis Tanaxmad,
anTropologiuri
midgoma
ufro
misaRebi
iqneba
ara
tradiciuli,
aramed
Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebebis Seswavlis dros! mxolod dasavluri
sazogadoebebi arseboben niutoniseuli ganmeorebadobis principebiT Seqmnili
meqanikuri
saaTis
wesebiT.
Tumca,
rogorc
vaCvene,
industriuli
sazogadoebebisTvisac meqanikuri dro mravalgvari socialuri drois mxolod
erTi
aspeqts
warmoadgens.
iseT
konstruqciebs,
rogoricaa
xazovani (an ganmeorebadi da Seuqcevadi) drois, ganmeorebebis
cikluri
da
da cvlilebebis
tendenciis, “civi” da “cxeli” sazogadoebebis, sinqronuli da diaqronuli
analizis diqotomiebi, imdenad Zlieri gavlena aqvs rogorc anTropologiasa
da, ufro zogadad, socialur mecnierebebze, rom aucilebelia maTi ufro
detalurad gamokvleva. Cemi mizani ar aris im
adaptaciis
dadgena,
romelic
am
diqotomiebma
Teoriis ganviTarebis manZilze; arc axali
saxiT
gadmocema,
rogorc
es
mravali cvlilebisa da
ganicades
anTropologiuri
da ukeTesi interpretaciebis im
diqotomiebi
gamoyenebuli
iyo
calkeuli
avtorebis mier. me ufro maTi potenciali, an am potencialis nakleboba, minda
vaCveno, raTa socialuri dro
avxsna.
amiT
ki
minda
misi kulturuli kompleqsurobis konteqstsSi
naTlad
warmovadgino
is
Sexedulebebi,
romlebic
safuZvels umagreben struqturul models da pirdapir klasikuri meqanikidan
momdinareoben. (levi-strosi 1972: 314)
cikluri
tradiciul,
dro
mcire
drois
gagebis
masStabis
is
modelia,
sazogadoebebs
romelsac
miaweren.
mas
pirobiTad
upirispireben
Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel xazovan dros.
aqedan
gamomdinareobs
“gamofituli”,
mniSvnelobis
armqone
mxolod momavalze orientaciis, “drois gareSe awmyos”
warsulisa
da
idea (Kluckhohn and
Strodbeck 1961). es “maradiuli ganmeorebadobis” samyaroa, sadac warsulsa da
momavals Soris gansxvaveba moxsnilia, radgan rac xdeba da rac momavalSi
moxdeba,
ukve
iyo;
istorikosebis
da
samyaro,
sadac
socialuri
bediswera
mecnierebebis
sawyisis
sinonimia.
warmomadgenelTa
sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs da miaCnia, rom ar arsebobs
Tumca
nawili
sazogadoeba, romelic
cikluri droiT cxovrobs (Adam 1990: 127-48, Aguessy1977, Bergmann 1992, Bourdieu 1979,
Dunne 1973, Eliade 1989, Fabian 1983, Kinget 1975, McElwain 1988: 267-78, Nowotny 1985). es ar
160
gamoricxavs,
rom
erTdroulad
mignebebs
garkveuli
warsulSi
ewinaaRmdegeba,
sazogadoebebisaTvis
dabrunebaa.
romelTa
es
momavlisken
Sexeduleba
Tanaxmadac,
zogi
arc
miswrafeba
anTropologiur
sazogadoeba,
sxvebTan
SedarebiT, met Zalisxmevas iCens simyaris, stabilurobis Sesaqmnelad. SeiZleba
vivaraudoT,
rom
SesaZleblobebi,
es
aris
iseve
yvela
rogorc
kulturaSi
drois
CarCoebi,
arsebuli
nairgvari
temporaluroba,
drois
gansazRvra da tempi, warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisadmi damokidebuleba da,
garkveulwilad,
arsebobis
saaTisa
ganuyofeli
da
kalendaruli
nawilebia.
droebi
drois
es
Tanamedrove
mravalgvaroba
adamianis
ar
SeiZleba
gamoixatos iseTi dualizmebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, cikluri da
xazovani
drois
diqotomia..
sxva
sityvebiT
rom
vTqvaT,
antinomiebi
azrs
kargavs, roca vexebiT drois mimarTulebis, formisa da procesis sakiTxs, roca
vacnobierebT, rom yvelaze arqauli sazogadoebebis droisadmi damokidebuleba
efuZneba
universalur
kulturul
maxasiaTeblebs.
es
ki
antinomiebiT
klasifikacias gamoricxavs. miTebisa da religiuri warmodgenebis arseboba,
dabadebasTan
da
sikvdilTan
damokidebuleba,
iaraRebis,
artefaqtebis,
xelovnebis da arqiteqturis gaCena gulisxmobs warsulsa da momavals Soris
distancias, drois gadalaxvis aucileblobas, rac bevrad aRemateba sezonebis
ciklebs da TviT pirovnebis sicocxlis xangrZliobas. es damokidebuli ar
aris imaze,
dro ganviTarda rogorc damoukidebeli cneba, da aris Tu ara
dro obieqtivirebuli raime saxiT. metafizikuri problemebis dasma, vinmes
arsebobasTan
kavSiri,
temporaluri
samyaros
rekonstruireba
ucvlelobis
principebis safuZvelze _ yvelaferi es kulturis niSnebia da adasturebs
drois “gaWimvas”, rac ar SeiZleba cikluri drois gagebaSi moTavsdes.
magaliTad,
ciklTa
miRma,
aRmavali
sikvdilTan
maSin
sezonuri
mimdinaresa
da
roca
cikliT.
potenciurTan
damokidebulebas
maTi
adamianebi
yoveldRiuri
ufro
metic,
gardaqmnis
cxovreba
“gahyavs”
Semofarglulia
damokidebuleba
arsebobis
bunebis
problemas
momxdarTan,
samomavlo
cxovrebis, winaswargansazRvris, winaTgrZnobisa da qmnadobis gacnobierebul
aqtad. adamianebis saqmea ara mxolod cxovreba, moqmedeba, siyvaruli, _ wers
diuni (Dunne 1973: 20), _ aramed kavSiri sxvis cxovrebasTan, moqmedebasTan,
siyvarulTan, maSinac ki, Tu es kavSiri ubralod, Tanxmobaa, ubralod “ki”-a.
dabadebasTan
da
sikvdilTan,
warmoSobasTan
da
bediswerasTan
kavSiri
adamianebis kulturuli cxovrebis egzistencialuri pirobaa. diunis (1973: 23)
mtkicebiT, is, rac Cvens cxovrebas mexsierebaSi da istoriaSi Senaxvis Rirsad
xdis, is rac cocxali rCeba Cveni sikvdilis Semdeg, aris sicocxlesa da
sikvdils Soris zRvaris gadalaxva. es gadalaxva yovelTvis sulis ukvdavebaa,
161
romelic
sicocxlis
gansazRvruli.
warmavlobasTan
arqauli
an
tradiciuli
mimarTebaSi moazreba ara mxolod maTi
uaryofacaa.
es
aris
reprezentatiuli,
maTi
damokidebulebiT
sazogadoebebis
ciklur
aris
drosTan
sulierebis, aramed maTi kulturis
simbolizaciis
simbolurobaze
momavlis codnas emyareba.
Cveni
unaris
dafuZnebuli
uaryofac,
warmodgena
aseTi warmodgenis safuZvelze
radgan
warsulisa
da
adamianebi ara
mxolod zemoqmedeben awmyosa da warsulze, aramed qmnian da cvlian maT.
mniSvnelobis
miniWebis
warsulisken
yureba,
reinterpretacia,
unaris
meSveobiT,
warsulis
refleqsia
reprezentacia,
SeuZliaT
dagegmon
momavlebi”
da
da
“momavali
momavlebi,
warsulebis”.
SeuZliaT
gaazreba,
restruqturizacia
alternatiuli
eSinodeT
adamianebs
da
ara
marto
aramed
modifikacia.
warmoidginon
amgvarad,
is
misi
maT
“warsuli
idea,
rom
romelime sazogadoeba ciklur droSi da mudmivad ganmeorebad igiveobaSi
arsebobs, iseve gamousadegaria, rogorc is sapirispiro idea, romlis Tanaxmad,
Cvens sazogadoebaSi mxolod xazovani drois gagebaa damkvidrebuli.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
yvela
socialuri
procesi
avlens
xazovani
da
cikluri drois aspeqtebs. cikluri drois struqturas maSin vacnobierebT,
roca fokusirebas im movlenebze vaxdenT, romlebic Tavis Tavs imeoreben,
xolo erTmimarTulebian sworxazovnebas maSin aRviqvamT, roca yuradRebas
ganmeorebad movlenaTa mimdinareobaze vamaxvilebT. drois sworxazovnebis an
ciklurobis gancda damokidebulia dakvirvebisa da interpretaciis CarCoze.
marTlac, tradiciuli sazogadoebebis gaazreba cikluri drois da “drois
gareSe” konteqstSi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens drois gansazRvras istoriuli,
qronologiuri daTariRebis meSveobiT. amave dros, ueWvelia, rom tradiciuli
sazogadoebebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
drois
Seqmnis,
drois
uaryofisa
da
drois gadalaxvis praqtika, romelic ritualebis, miTebis da Tayvaniscemis
meSveobiT vlindeba, xarisxobrivad gansxvavdeba
msgavsi praqtikisagan. am praqtikis
Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
“cikluri drois”, “drois gareSe” an
“drois miRma” konteqstSi ganxilva mizanSewonili ar iqneboda, radgan aseTi
cnebebi fundamenturad aris dakavSirebuli drois imgvar gagebasTan, romelic
qronologias efuZneba. es ar aris sakuTriv ciklurobis idea, romelzec aq
vsaubrobT, radgan cikluri procesebi, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, ganmeorebebis
da cvalebadobis, sworxazovnebis da Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias warmoadgens.
problema anTropologiaSi miRebuli cikluri drois gansazRvrebasa da misi
“dasavlur xazovan drosTan” gamogonil kontrastSi mdgomareobs. amgvarad,
SeiZleba
Tavi
avaridoT
cikluri
da
xazovani
drois
naklebad
sarwmuno
diqotomias, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am ori gagebis urTierTdamokidebulebas da
162
damkvirveblis
perspeqtivasTan
maT
Sesabamisobas.
Tumca
es
gamosavali
ar
iqneba Seuqcevadi da ganmeorebadi drois opoziciasTan mimarTebaSi.
reversulobis Tanamedrove idea, romelic levi-strosma warmoadgina da
ufro mogvianebiT gidensma (1981) gamoiyena, niutonis fizikidan momdinareobs,
sadac
abstraqtuli
moZraoba
simetriulia
warsulsa
da
momavalTan
mimarTebaSi. es fenomeni klasikur fizikaSi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc qanqaris
rxeva an biliardis burTebis
SegviZlia
vTqvaT,
reversulobis
Sejaxeba; Tu filmSi ar aris movlenebi, Cven ar
kadrebi
win
midis
Tu
ukan.
rogorc
vaCvene,
niutonis
idea eyrdnoba Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, yvelaferi isea
mocemuli, rom ar Seesabameba transformaciebis ricxvebs, romelsac sistema
gadis.
realurad, is cvlilebas piruku gaivlis da
sawyis mdgomareobas
ubrundeba. progoJinisa da sTrenjeris (Prigogine, Stenger 1984: 61) ganmartebiT, es
dinamikuri
gaTanabrebis zogadi
maTematikuri kanonia,
“Tu sistemis yvela
Semadgenili nawilis siCqare ukumiiqceva, es sistema dauyovnebliv daubrundeba
winandel mdgomarebas... rasac erTma dinamikurma cvlilebam miaRwia, meore,
swrafi
inversiiT
daabrunebs
da,
ganpirobebuli
amrigad,
zustad
cvlileba,
aRadgens
mis
winandel
Tavdapirvel
mdgomareobaSi
mdgomareobas”.
reversuloba aRniSnavs umoqmedobis, daukavSireblobis, arcodnisa da “araqmnadobis” SesaZleblobas. es niSnavs, rom ferfls isev waekideba cecxli da
kvlav xis morad gadaiqceva; foTlebi moswydebian miwas da isev miekvrebian xis
totebs; Zveli, danjRreuli manqana kvlav brwyinvale limuzinad gadaiqceva.
yvelaferi es, principSi, iseve realuria, rogorc is, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba
Cveni gamocdilebis samyaroSi. socialuri realobis TvalsazrisiT, am ideis
absurduloba
cxadia.
garda
amisa,
is
sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis
farglebSi mniSvnelovan problemebs warmoqmnis, radgan winaaRmdegobaSi modis
ara
mxolod
Tanamedrove
zogadad
mecnierebasTan,
TeoriebTanac
aramed
Teoriuli
(Hawking 1988, Prigogine 1980),
fizikis
romelTa
yvelaze
mixedviT,
temporaluroba bunebis kanonad aris miCneuli.
SegviZlia
vTqvaT,
rom
adamianebis
socialur
cxovrebaSi
movlenebi
regularuli intervaliT da aSkarad Seuqcevadi saxiT, ganumeoreblad xdeba.
kulturuli cxovreba ki badebs dros, iwvevs dros da gansazRvrulia droiT.
is
qmnis
axal
warsuls
da
axal
momavals
da
moicavs
dros,
rogorc
Tanamimdevrobas, xangrZliobas, intensiurobas, mdinarebas da Seuqcevad dinebas.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dro fundamenturad mocemulia yvelaze ganmeorebad
socialur
fenomenSic. ufro
dausrulebeli
amocanebis
ganmeorebadi
gacnobiereba,
metic, es aris ara dro TavisTavad, aramed
movlenebi
gamocdileba,
da
amocanebi.
codna
da
amis
sapirispirod,
realizacia
Seuqcevadi
163
procesia,
romliTac
iqmneba
dro.
yovel
diliT
samsaxurSi
siaruli,
cxovelebis movla, ojaxis wevrTaTvis saWmlis gakeTeba da WurWlis recxva
SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc periodulad ganmeorebadi, Cveuli saqmianoba.
magram arc es saqmianoba da arc dro, romelSic igi xorcieldeba, ganmeorebadi
araa,
radgan
armovlaze,
SeiZleba
WurWlis
visaubroT
argarecxvaze.
samsaxurSi
araferi
arwasvlaze,
xdeba
cxovelebis
dasasarulis
gareSe
da
araferi aRdgeba Tavis “sawyis mdgomareobaSi”: dro arc Cerdeba da arc
ukumiiqceva.
reversulobis abstraqtulobis Cvenebis Semdeg, niutonis idealizacias
adamianebis socialur cxovrebas ver mivusadagebT. axla aucilebelia igiveobis
ideis
mokle
ganxilva.
SesaZlebelia
Tavi
unda
gamovcadoT
avaridoT
warsulsa
is
da
mosazreba,
momavals
romlis
Soris
Tanaxmad,
gansxvavebis
xazgasmis aucileblobas, radgan rac ganmeorda da rac SeiZleba ganmeordes,
ukve
iyo.
“igives
ganmeoreba”,
miRebuli
SexedulebiT,
ZiriTadad,
ufro
tradiciuli, an Zalin nela cvalebadi, an, levi-strosis terminologiiT, “civi”
sazogadoebebis
cxovrebisaTvis
aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
miiCneven,
rom
am
sazogadoebebSi adamianebis TvalTaxedva Semofarglulia socialuri cxovrebis
temporalurobis mxolod wliuri SedegebiT. fizikosebis azriT, Sexeduleba
igiveobaze
friad
problemuria.
Tu
“igives
gameoreba”
esoden
iSviaTia
aracocxal bunebaSi, Cven SegviZlia Tavisuflad davaskvnaT, rom kidev ufro
naklebad mosalodnelia socialuri movlenebis ganmeordeba ise zustad, rom
SegveZlos maTi, rogorc “igives” klasificireba.
swrafwarmavali
permanentulobis
samyaros,
dafiqsirebis
rogorc
Secnobadi
mcdeloba
stabilurobisa
zogadadamianuri
Tvisebaa
da
da
mxolod tradiciuli da arqauli sazogadoebebisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli.
musikis
wera,
ucvleli
filmis
formiT
gadaReba,
reproducirebis
kompaqtdiskebis
Tanamedrove
gamoSveba
mcdelobaa.
originalebis
magram,
miTis
Txrobis da Canawerebis mosmenis dros maTi “originali” arasodes meordeba.
moZvelda mTxrobelebic da maTi istoriebic, msmenelebic da maTi Canawerebic,
maTi aRWurvilobac.
aRdgenis
awmyos da
garkveuli
mdgomareobis
an
movlenis
ucvleli
saxiT
aSkara mcdelobis miuxedavad, isini qmnian gansxvavebul warsuls da
ganWvreten sxva momavals. rogorc stegmiuleri (Stegmuller 1969: 175)
drois problemaze haidegeris naSromTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs:
ganmeorebadoba ar aris, ubralod, warsulis aRdgena, mxolod awmyos
dakavSireba imasTan, rac Seuqcevlad gavida, aramed Rrma gamoZaxili imaze, rac
iyo. amave dros, es warsulis awmyoze gavlenis gadaWriT uaryofaa.
164
ganmeoreba
“igive”
SeiZleba
mxolod
abstraqciaSi,
xelovnurad
gamomricxav konteqstebTan da efeqtebTan erTad iyos.
unda
gavacnobieroT,
sxvadasxva
an
calke
ganxorcielebasTan
rom
ganmeorebadoba
gansaxilveli
aris
da
sakiTxebi.
dakavSirebuli.
Seuqcevadoba
isini
ar
aris
SesaZleblobis
ganmeorebadobis,
ciklurobis
da
igiveobis reversulobasTan dakavSirebiT xelidan iqna gaSvebuli realobis
warmoSobis,
ganmeorebaTa
ciklebsa
da
Tanmimdevrul
cvlilebebs
Soris
kavSiris gaazrebis SesaZlebloba (adami 1990: 28-31). ufro metic, is rasac,
zogadad,
“drois
gareSes”
uwodeben,
umTavresad
cvlilebebis
temps
ukavSirdeba, romelic bevrad nelia, vidre is tempi, romelsac damkvirveblebi
mieCvivnen. anu, tradiciuli sazogadoebebi mxolod Tanamedrove dasavluri
standartebis mixedviT arian ukiduresad nela cvalebadni. magram evoluciur
cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT igives Tqma ar SeiZleba. kidev erTxel aRmovaCineT,
rom mkvlevris damokidebuleba, ZiriTadad, anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtis
gansazRvrebasa da klasifikaciaSia mocemuli. amitom unda gaviTvaliswinoT
SexedulebaTa
Cveni sistemis konstituciuri buneba da gavTavisufldeT im
obieqturi realobis arsebobis pozitivisturi rwmenisagan, romelsac Cveni
dakvirveba ar Sexebia.
saWiroa
am
codnis
gamoyeneba
anTropologiis
sakvlevi
problemis,
rogorc istoriisagan gansxvavebulis da masTan axlos mdgomis gansasazRvrad.
rogorc
miiCneven,
anTroplogia
da
istoria
socialuri
da
kulturuli
fenomenebis sinqronul da diaqronul analizs cdilobs. sinqronul kvlevasTan
anTropologiis aseTi gaigiveba, SeiZleba, samecniero statusis mosapoveblad
mimarTuli
miiCneven,
Zalisxmevis
nawilia,
ramdenadac
sinqronuli
meTodi,
rogorc
akmayofilebs moTxovnas, rom analizi ar iyos droiT daRdasmuli.
es, ra Tqma unda, iluziaa, radgan, rogorc fabiani (1983: 24) miuTiTebs,
“ara
aqvs
sistemur
mniSvneloba
midgomebs
vinme
airCevs
“diaqronul”
Tu
ara,
an
“sinqronul”,
[orive
maTgani]
istoriul
“droiTia”
an
da
warmoudgenela drosTan kavSiris gareSe”. orive midgoma dafuZnebulia saaTisa
da
kalendris
abstraqtul
droze.
orive
midgomis
safuZvelze
sakvlevi
problema warmodgenilia an rogorc erT momentSi, an “didi xnis manZilze”
arsebuli. ufro metic, radganac sinqronuli da diaqronuli analizi uSualod
ukavSirdeba saaTisa da kalendris dros, orive midgoma SeiZleba gamousadegari
iyos im sazogadoebebis analizisas, romlebic ar iziareben Cvens abstraqtul,
obieqtivirebul droiT CarCos. garda amisa, TavisTavad arc erTi maTgani ar
aris sakmarisi socialuri cxovrebis aRsaqmelad. rogorc gidensi (1981: 17)
165
aRniSnavs, “stabiluri wesrigi aris is, sadac arsebobs didi msgavseba imas
Soris, rac aris da rac unda iyos”. Sesabamisad, misi azriT, mcdaria varaudi,
“rom SesaZlebelia socialuri sistemis “drois miRma suraTis” gadaReba
iseve, rogorc magaliTad, romelime arqiteqturuli nagebobis fotografireba,
imitom rom socialuri sistema mxolod droSi da drois meSveobiT arsebobs
da funqciobs”.
es ar aris mxolod drois cvlilebebTan gaigiveba, romelic kvlevis
dros sinqronuli da diaqronuli dayofis saxiT aris formulirebuli. es
Secdomaa. aseve arasworia msgavs kvlevebSi cvlilebaTa bunebis dakavSireba
niutonis fizikis reversul drosTan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, es gamoricxavs
sagnebisa da procesebis, cxovrebisa da codnis “CarTuli” drois arsebobas.
vrCebiT
safuZvlis
gareSe,
romelze
dayrdnobiTac
SesaZlebelia
SemoqmedebiTobis, siaxlis an awmyoSi drois organizebis konceptualizacia.
rutinulobisa
da
igiveobis
dapirispireba
progresul
cvlilebebTan
da
qmnadobasTan mkacrad SemosazRvravs Cvens gagebas alternativiT “an_an”, rasac
garduvalad mivyavarT mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo, integraluri aspeqtebis
diqotomizaciamde.
sakuTar
sazogadoebaSi
drois
sworxazovnebis
xazgasma
bevri CvenganisTvis misi ciklurobis uaryofas niSnavs; ver vxedavT, Tu ra
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ganmeorebadoba Cveni sazogadoebis socialuri
struqturis Camoyalibebaze. sakuTari drois ciklurobasTan kavSiris dakargvis
Semdeg, Cven mas gamokvlevebSi aRvadgenT da “sxva drois” saxiT vayalibebT. Tu
gvinda davZlioT am amosavalze damyarebuli arazusti daskvnebi, aucilebelia
gaviazroT sakuTari dro da misi fundamenturi roli im adamianebis drois
gagebis konstituirebaSi, romelTac vikvlevT.
daskvna
“sxva drois” Seswavla refleqsias moiTxovs. es uciloblad iwvevs “Cveni
sakuTari drois” mravalgvarobis detalur gaazrebas da im Sexedulebebis
mkacr
Semowmebas,
romlebic
safuZvels
umagreben
CvenTvis
tradiciul
modelebs. honeTi da joasi (Honneth and Joas 1988: 8) aRniSnaven, rom saWiroa
“bunebrivi
romlebic
wanamZRvrebisa
yovelTvis
da
gvxvdeba
normad
qceuli
socialuri
daskvnebis
mecnierebebis
identifikacia,
sferoSi
arsebul
SromebSi”, igulisxmeba kvlevebi, romlebic anTropologebs, tradiciulad, maTi
Seswavlis
sferos
miRma
egulebodaT
_
epistemologiisa
da
ontologiis
damabneveli problemebi. am kvlevebSi dros aucileblad centraluri adgili
uWiravs, radgan is fundamenturad monawileobs rogorc damkvirveblis, aseve
dakvirvebis obieqtis da maTi Sesabamisi Teoriebis “realobis” formirebaSi.
drois problemis (mis zogad da calkeuli gamovlinebebSi) kompleqsurobis
kargad gaazrebis gareSe drois anTropologiuri kvlevebi darCeba “Caketil”
166
mecnierebad, “Caketiloba” ki ukve daZleulia Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebis mier. am mecnierebebma miiRes drois gamowveva da gaacnobieres, rom
mtkicebebi
“drois
gareSe”-obaze
da
detemporalizebuli
modelebi
konkretulad niutonis mecnierebas ekuTvnis, da ara mecnierebas rogorc aseTs..
am mecnierebebma temporaluroba bunebis principad aRiares da mas bunebis
kanonis statusi mianiWes. amiT ki sakuTriv “kanonis” namdvili arsi Secvales
(adami 1988: 211-14, 1990: 61-9). mecnierad yofna dRes aRar moiTxovs temporaluri
samyaros Targmnas detemporalizebuli da reversuli drois modelTa enaze. es
gulisxmobs disciplinebs Soris arsebuli sazRvrebis moSlas, radgan dro
Cvens realobas yvela doneze msWvalavs. ufro meti, ar arsebobs sxvebTan
SedarebiT ufro kargi an misaRebi erTi gza. ar arsebobs analizis mokle gza
dekartis
dualizmisa
da
niutonis
mecnierebis
daZlevisaken.
dro,
temporaluroba, drois gansazRvra, ritmi, warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan
damokidebuleba
_
yvelaferi
es
urTierTdakavSirebuli
unda
iyos,
erTi
romelime aspeqtis axsna ki pirveli nabiji iqneba am mimarTulebiT.
SeniSvnebi
1. fizikosebisaTvis aq fundamenturi dilema arsebobs, radgan, faqtobrivad,
SeuZlebelia erTdroulad ori drois erTmaneTTan Sedareba. sizustis TvalsazrisiT,
romelsac, tradiciulad, vicavT, unda iTqvas, rom saaTi zomavs “igive” dros, romelic
damoukidebelia konteqstisagan.
2. saaTebis proeqtireba SeiZleba ucvlelobis principis safuZvelze moxdes,
magram saaTis, wuTis da wamis gazomva arsebiTad sxvadasxvagvaria. es problema garemos
gavlenis sferos miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gravitaciis sakiTxs, magram Cven
am
cvalebadobisadmi indiferentuloba gvaxasiaTebs da fokusirebas
ucvlel
abstraqciaze – wamis, wuTis da saaTis ideaze vaxdenT. sazomis ucvleloba
universaluri dayofis artefaqtia.
3. ingoldis (1986: 202) azriT, Cven “drois Seqmnis” procesis gacnobiereba
mxolod mas Semdeg SegviZlia, Tu movaxerxebT dualisturi modelis gadalaxvas,
romliTac erTmaneTs vupirispirebT ucvlelobas da cvalebadobas, sinqronizms da
diaqronizms.
4. barnsi (1971), fabiani da (1983) da ingoldi (1986) cnobili gamonaklisebi arian.
References
Adam, B. E. (1987) “Time and Social Theory”, PHD thesis, University of Wales.
- (1988) “Social versus natural time: a traditional distinction re-examined”, in M.
Young and T. Schuller (eds) The Rhythms of Society, London and New York: Routledge.
- (1990) Time and Social Theory, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Aguessy, H. (1977) “sociological interpretations of time and pathology of time in developing countries”, in
Time and the Philosophies. At the Crossroads of Cultures, London: UNESCO.
Barnes, J. A. (1971) “Time flies like an arrow”, Man (N.S.) 6: 537-52.
Bergmann, W. (1992) “The problem of time in sociology: an overview of the literature on the state of
theory and research on the “sociology of time”, 1900-1982”, Time and Society 1:81-134.
Bourdieu, P. (1979) Algeria 1960, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, A. P. (1990a) “The Future of The Self”, paper presented at the Annual Conference of the
Association of Social Anthropologists, University of Edinburgh, 2-5 April 1990.
- (1990b) “self-conscious anthropology”, in J. Okley and H. Callaway (eds) Anthropology and
Autobiography, London: Routledge.
167
- Cottle, T. J. and Klineberg, S. L. (1974) The Present of Things Future. Explorations of Time in Human
Experience, New York: Free press, Macmillan.
Dunne, J. S. (1973) Time and Myth. A Meditation on Storytelling as an Exploration of lifeand Death,
Lomdon: SCM Press.
Eigen, M. (1983) “Evolution und Zeitlichkeit”, in A. Peisl and A. Mohler (eds) Die Zeit, Munich:
Oldenburg Verlag.
Eliade, M. (1989 [1954] ) Cosmos and History. The Myth of Eternal Return, trans. W. R. Trask, London:
Arkana.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1940) The Nuer, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fabian, J. (1983) Time and the Other, New York: Columbia University Press.
Fraser, J. T. (1987) Time The Familiar Stranger, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Giddens, A. (1981) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, vol. 1: Power, Property and the
State, London: Macmillan.
Gioscia, V. (1974) Timeforms: Beyond Yesterday and Tomorrow, New-York: Interface.
Habermas, J. (1973) “ A Postscript to Knowledge and Human Interests”, Philosophy of the Social Sciences
3: 157-89.
Hägerstrand, T. (1985) “Time and culture”, in G. Kirsch, P. Nijkamp and K. Zimmermann (eds) Time
Preferences: An Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Empirical Approach, Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum.
Harries-Jones, P. (1985) “from cultural translator to advocate: Cheanging circles of interpretation”, in R.
Paine (ad. ) Advocacy and Anthropology, St Johns: ISER, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Hawking, S. W. (1988) A Brief History of Time. From the Big Bang to Black Holes, London and New
York: Bantam Press.
Heidegger, M. (1967) Being and Time, trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson, Oxford: Blackwell.
- (1972) On Time and Being, trans. J. Stambaugh, New York: Harper & Row. Hohn, H.-W. (1984) Die
Zerstörung der Zeit. Wie aus einem göttlichen Gut seine Handelsware wurde, Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer
Alternativ.
Honneth, A. and Joas, H. (1988) Social Action and Human Nature, trans. R. Meyer, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Ingold, T. (1986) Evolution and Social life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kant, I. (1966 [1781] ) The Critique of Pure Reason, trans. F. M.. Müller, New York: Doubledey Anchor.
Kinget, G. M. (1975) On being Human. A Sistematic View, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Kluckhohn, F. R. and Strodbeck, F. L. (1961) Variations in Value Orientations, New York: Harper &
Row.
Levi-Strauss, C. (1972 [1963] ) Structural Anthropology, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Marshack, A. (1972) The Roots of Civilization, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Maxwell, R. J. (1972) “Anthropological perspectives”, in H. Yaker, H. Osmond and F. Cheeck (eds) The
Future of time, London: Hogarth Press.
Mbiti, J. S. (1969) African Religious and Philosophy, London: Heinemann.
McElwain, T. (1988) “Seneca Iroquois concepts of time”, Cosmos 4. Amerindian Cosmology, Edinburgh:
Traditional Cosmology Society.
Nowotny, H. (1985) “From the Future to the extended present – time in social systems”, in G. Kirsch, P.
Nijkamp, and K. Zimmermann (eds) Time Preference: An interdisciplinary Theoretical and Empirical Approach,
Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum.
Ortner, S. B. (1984) “Theory in anthropology since the sixties”, Comparative Studies in Society and
History 1: 126-66.
Prigogine, I. (1980) From Being to Becoming. Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences, San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984) Order out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature, London:
Heinemann.
Rinderspacher, J. P. (1985) Gesellschaft ohne Zeit. Individuelle Zeitverwendung und soziale Organisation
der Arbeit. Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus.
Shallis, M. (1983) On time. An Investigation into Scientific Knowledge and Human Experience,
Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Starkey, K. (1988) “Time and work organization: a theoretical and empirical analysis”, in M. Young and
T. Schuller (eds) The Rhythms of Society, London and New York: Routledge.
Stegmüller, W. (1969) Hauptströmungen der Gegenwart, Stuttgart: Alfred Körner.
Thompson, E. P. (1967) “Time, work-discipline, and industrial capitalism”, Past and Present, 36: 52-97.
Whorf, B. L. (1956) Languege, Thought and Reality, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
inglisuridan Targmna
malxaz Toriam
2005 w.
168
reziumeebi
Summaries
Malkhaz Toria
Types of Time Manipulation According to Juansheri’s “The History of king Vakhtang
Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla”
The paper deals with the issue of time manipulation in Georgian and Icelandic Middle
Ages’ written sources, namely Juansheri’s “The history of king Vakhtang Gorgasali” and Snorri
Sturluson’s “Heimskringla”. The comparative perspective is taken as a method for the analyses
of the problem.
Types of time manipulation differs through cultures and epochs. The attempt of time
manipulation is the specific form of time’s perception. Revealing of peculiarities of time’s
perception in particular culture will contribute to understand the nature of this culture.
Ketevan Kakitelashvili
The Management of Cultural Processes According to the Georgian Hagiographic Texts
(5-11th centuries)
The paper aims to analyze the problem of cultural processes’ management in Georgian
cultural space (5-11th centuries) on the basis of hagiographic texts. Control of these processes
was implemented by means of rational limitation of cultural influences, selection of information
and, correspondingly, determination of historical memory, stressing the role of language, as one
of the determinants of cultural identity. The purposeful formation of the Georgian culture and
cultural space played an important role in the management of cultural processes, contributing to
the construction of the future basis for cultural/ethnic identity and statehood.
Quotations form hagiographic texts of the 5-11th centuries serve for the illustration of the
proposed statements. The problem is highlighted in the framework of determination of Georgian
culture’s typological characteristics.
Bejan Djavakhia
Georgia in the Common European Space
(From Ancient Times to Middle Ages)
Middle Ages are the most remarkable period in the history of Georgia. This is the time of
laying the foundation for the Georgian culture, for forming the Georgian nation, the period when
169
the single Georgian state was established. Both for Georgia and Europe the Middle Ages
developed on the basis of common Christian ideology. History of peoples being at the Christian
medieval origins developed differently some of them qualitatively even left this space.
Analysis of the genesis of medieval Christian civilization manifests that Georgians,
together with Greeks and other Indo-European peoples form medieval civilization. This space
was uniform, only later, in result of varied prerequisites and different terms of development this
space was divided into the West European and Byzantine civilization. Georgia, being closer to
East Roman Empire, both geographically and by their Hellenistic culture, which was less spread
on the territory of West Europe, remained in the area of East Christian civilization. Georgia was
assigned to belong to the medieval Byzantine civilization but it chose a different from
Byzantium way of development, which made it closer to the peoples of the West. All through the
period of its existence Byzantium tried to exist as the only Christian empire. Christianity, later in
the form of orthodoxy, had become the only means of its self-identification as the world empire,
while Georgia formed its national culture based on the general Christian ideas. The same task
was characteristic to the West European states, sprung up on the ruins of great empire of Carlos
the Great, in high Middle Ages.
David Matsaberidze
The Types of Nationalism and the Contemporary Conflicts of the Caucasus
(The End of the 80’s and the Beginning of the 90’s of the 20th Century)
This article deals with the importance of the national factor in the Caucasian conflicts (90’s
of the 20th century). In the light of the well-known nationalism theories (the Liberal Nationalism,
the Conservative Nationalism, the Expansionist Nationalism and the Anticolonial-Postcolonial
Nationalism), the role and place of the national factor in these conflicts are highlighted. The
general analysis of the relevant political situation is also presented, in order to fully apprehend
the development of these conflicts. Some valuable conclusions are elaborated, contributing to the
future analyses of these conflicts.
Shota Khinchagashvili
Muslim Societies of Caucasus in the Period of Transition
(Aims, Importance and Theoretical Background of Research)
The paper aims to overview and analyze the processes that took place within the Muslim
societies of the Caucasus region after the breakdown of the Soviet political system to present
170
days. The major shift in ideological and spiritual life of Muslim population of the region, as well
as its consequences and relations with other dimensions of public life are the main subjects of
our interest. Societies where Muslims represent a majority or at least play a relevant importance
and influence existing socio-cultural environment in any way are discussed. Therefore we avoid
the cases of those Georgian and Armenian republics and its Muslim minorities as well as the
case of Azerbaijan of South Caucasus, due to its political and other factors, giving a different
disposition regarding the Muslim revival in the period of transition. Following issues serve us as
a background for analyzing: a.) the dynamics in religious life; b) the role of Muslim faith in
developing post-soviet identity among Caucasian peoples. Concepts which we use all along the
paper, as well as an importance and the methodological background of our research are defined.
Shalva Mekravishvili
Methodological Baisis for the Research of the Georgian Culture: The Past and Future
Perspectives
In the wake of it’s research the study of the Georgian Culture was undertaken in the
framework of the Positivist Methodology. In the Soviet era the Historical Materialism was
proclaimed as a sole theoretical basis for research. Nowadays, positivistic methodology, and the
historical materialism in particular, is out of date. The need for new theoretical approaches is
obvious. The article highlights some prospects of the Georgian culture to be discussed in the
framework of the civilizational approach and P.Sorokin’s theory.
Tea Kamushadze
The Forms of Relationships and Communication of the Next World and Earthly Life
The paper deals with the relations and contacts between the Next World and Earthly life.
It’s an attempt to analyze these two worlds as a binary opposition. It suggests us several valuable
conclusions regarding the relations between them.
In the ancient Georgian religious worldview the world is represented as a trichotomic
model of the whole, consisting of the nether world, the mid-nether world, and the up-nether
world. Different colors, (black, red and white), terminology and symbols are attributed to them.
This model is represented in horizontal and vertical forms. The Next World corresponds to
the outer space and the Earthly life to the inner one.
171
All above mentioned things had a certain terminology. We tried to determine their
meanings and we offer certain conclusions, in particular several negative constructs related to the
Next World.
There exist permanent and temporary contacts, the forms and ways of communication
between the Next World and Earthly life in the form of a symbolic or real person.
Giorgi Lobjanidze
The Literary Functions of Fable in the New Testament and in the Koran
The paper deals with the one of the most important issue’s of comparative study of
religions – the parallel study of different religions’ Holly Writings. The parallel study of fables’
function and the importance of its results in the framework of Holly Writing’s understanding is
the subject of this paper.
Ia Udzilauri
The Gender and Age Peculiarities of Naming in Georgian Population
The essay deals with the problem of naming. It’s an interdisciplinary work, exploring one
of the most important issues’ of culture studies, by using the methods of psychology.
The research is based on the experiment, conducted in Tbilisi, among 5-17 years old
children, 70 persons totally. The participant’s task was to name 6 different kinds of flowers.
They were not familiar with the proposed subjects. The research had some noteworthy results,
considering the issue of language and cultures’ mutual determination. The work is the part of the
future research. The same experiment will be conducted among different ethnic population,
residing in Georgia. An urbanized and non-urbanized environment will also be taken into
consideration.
172

Similar documents

com dudu sxe

com dudu sxe ibrahim al-quni, cnobili Tanamedrove libieli prozaikosi, novelisti da romanisti, mravali literaturuli premiis laureati, Tanamedrove arabuli romanis erT-erT saukeTeso avtorad miiCneva da sul ufro cn...

More information

rom xma amoeRo... germaniaSi nacistebi rom

rom xma amoeRo... germaniaSi nacistebi rom mainc prosaxelisuflebo iqneba, radgan ideologiuri sivrce erTiania. isic unda iTqvas, rom dRes saqarTvelos xelisufleba sapatriarqos moTxovnebs asrulebs _ iqneba es saxelmwifo biujetidan gadaricxuli ...

More information