Archaeological Assessment of Portions of TMK:3–9–010:001 and 3

T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813
Archaeological Assessment of Portions of
TMK:3–9–010:001 and 3–9–104:004, Kalama
Valley, Maunalua Ahupua‘a, O‘ahu.∗
Windy K. McElroy, M.A.
November 30, 2005
Contents
1
Introduction
1.1 Survey Area . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Environment . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Background Research . . . . .
1.3.1 Land Use . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Previous Archaeology
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Methods
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Field Survey Results
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Discussion and Conclusions
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Glossary
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Bibliography
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Illustrations
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Project area . . . .
Loose boulders . .
Heavy vegetation .
Bulldozer push pile
∗ Prepared
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for Earth Tech, Inc., 841 Bishop St., Suite 500, Honolulu, HI 96813.
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1
INTRODUCTION
Abstract
A pedestrian survey was conducted in a 3 ac. portion of TMK:3–9–010:001
and 3–9–104:004 in Kalama Valley, O‘ahu, at the site proposed for a Board of
Water Supply reservoir. The survey area lies on gently sloping land characterized
by heavy vegetation and loose boulders. A modern bulldozer push occurs on the
west side of the survey area. No significant historic properties were found.
1
undertaking
project
Introduction
At the request of Earth Tech, Inc., T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. conducted an archaeological assessment at the site of a proposed Board of Water Supply
undertaking in Kalama Valley, O‘ahu. The primary focus of the project1 was on the
discovery and appropriate treatment of historic properties potentially affected by construction of a water reservoir.
This report is drafted to meet the requirements and standards of state historic preservation law. These include Chapter 6e of the Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, and the State
Historic Preservation Division’s Rules Governing Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports (§13–276).
The report begins with a description of the project site and an historical overview of
land use and archaeology in the area. The next section presents the survey methods and
results. The final section includes a summary of project results and recommendations.
1.1
Survey Area
TMK:3–9–010:001 and 3–9–104:004 are located at the back of Kalama Valley, Maunalua Ahupua‘a, O‘ahu, on land owned by Bishop Estate. Although Maunalua is on
the Kona side of O‘ahu, it was traditionally part of the Ko‘olaupoko district (Handy
and Handy 1972). The project area consists of approximately 3 ac. largely in TMK:3–
9–010:001, with a small portion of the project area extending into TMK:3–9–104:004.
The area surveyed was between 360 and 380 ft. in elevation (fig. 1).
1.2
kiawe
koa haole
Environment
The survey area lies on a gentle slope, bounded on the north, west and east by the steep
slopes of the valley walls. A number of dry drainages run north to south, and the land is
littered with loose boulders and stones that have tumbled down the slopes (fig. 2). Soils
in the project area consist of Lualualei Extremely Stony Clay in the back of Kalama
Valley with Rock Land and Lualualei Stony Clay on the valley slopes (Foote et al.
1972). Rainfall is generally light, averaging 40–60 in. per year (Juvik and Juvik 1998).
The area is overgrown with California grass, kiawe, and koa haole.
1 Words
that appear in the glossary are added to the margin where they first appear.
1.3
Background Research
3
Figure 1.
Aerial photo with topographic map overlay, annotated to show project
area in yellow.
1.3
1.3.1
Background Research
Land Use
The ahupua‘a of Maunalua was traditionally known as a prime offshore fishing spot
and for a large fishpond, Keahupua O Maunalua, although Hawaiian mo‘olelo note a
dearth of food in the villages of the area (Walker et al. 1996; Handy and Handy 1972).
Nevertheless, Maunalua was thought to have been well-populated, and remnants of
sweet potato cultivation remain (Handy and Handy 1972). During the māhele, Maunalua was awarded to Kamāmalu, sister of Kamehameha IV and V, and granddaughter
of Kamehameha I. In 1856 Kamāmalu leased all of Maunalua to cattle rancher William
Webster for 30 years. Ten years later, upon the death of Kamāmalu in 1866, Maunalua
was transferred to the Bishop Estate. In the early twentieth century, land was used for
ahupua‘a
mo‘olelo
māhele
4
1
Figure 2.
south.
INTRODUCTION
Loose boulders eroding downslope in the project area. View is to the
agriculture and livestock farming, until the 1970s when housing and commercial development began to dominate the landscape. A 1946 tsunami destroyed many coastal
features in Maunalua, and many others were lost to later development.
1.3.2
ko‘a
heiau
Previous Archaeology
This section reviews information on file at the State Historic Preservation Division
library.2
McAllister’s survey of the island of O‘ahu located 32 sites on the east side of Koko
Crater, however McAllister could not determine if the sites were traditional or modern,
and informants could not be found to assist in site interpretations. Coastal sites include
C-shapes, house sites, ko‘a, stone mounds, a canoe shed, enclosures, rockshelters, two
possible heiau, sweet potato fields, terraces, and a pigpen (McAllister 1933:57–65).
Five sites were noted in the Kamiloiki/Kamilonui area. These included a house site,
terraces, Pahua Heiau, a rockshelter, and burial caves (McAllister 1933:65–66).
More recently, three archaeological surveys took place on Kamehame Ridge, just
above the project area on the north. Shun (1988) conducted a surface survey of 26 ac.
on the ridge and found no sites. Borthwick and Hammatt (1991) surveyed along a
1,100 ft. road corridor and an area for a proposed 0.1 million gallon reservoir on Kamehame and found no sites. Borthwick and Hammatt (1991) also conducted a surface survey of locations where electric poles were to be placed along an 8,400 ft. transmission
line on the west face of Kamehame Ridge and found no sites.
Three archaeological projects were carried out at Koko Head, west of the project
area. Kennedy (1987) monitored a sewage system upgrade at Job Corps Center, Koko
Head District Park. A representative sample at increments along the route of the excavation was monitored, and no sites were found.
Rosendahl (1988) conducted a pedestrian survey of 1270 ac. of Koko Head District
Park. He relocated site 44 (McAllister 1933), a petroglyph site, and no additional sites
2 We
were unable to locate Jones (2001) and Kelly et al. (1984) in the SHPD library.
1.3
Background Research
5
were found. A series of eroding hummocks containing bird bone were also found, but
they are not cultural features.
Kawachi and McEldowney (1989) reported on human remains discovered by hikers
on the east slope of Koko Crater. This was a concentration of iwi on the talus slope,
some in situ, and some scattered, designated site 50–80–15–4194. On the hike out of
the area, more iwi were found eroding from the ground surface in an overhang.
More extensive work has been done in the Alan Davis/Queen’s Beach area, south of
the project area. Wallace et al. (1966) conducted a University of Hawai‘i archaeological
field school at Kaloko Point. Survey, mapping, and excavation of a trench 20 ft. long
and 5 ft. wide took place at site O-17, a large traditional habitation area. The site
was represented on the surface only by a 250 m2 midden scatter. Basalt flakes, lithic
tools, midden, fishing gear, abrading tools, adze fragments, shell scrapers, and an ‘ulu
maika were recovered. Features included a subsurface stone-lined hearth and six scoop
hearths. A platform and small rockshelter were also found in the area.
Walker et al. (1996) did an archaeological assessment for a golf course at Queen’s
Beach. A pedestrian survey was carried out at selected portions of the project area.
Three previously identified sites were relocated: a historic road designated O-3 by
McAllister (1933); a cultural deposit known as site T-3 (Kelly et al. 1984); and a bridge
built in 1931.
Carpenter (1992) conducted a field check of the road remnants of site O-3 and found
two road segments, both in poor condition. He also noted three rockshelters along the
trail, although none had evidence of traditional use and may have been modified by
modern fishermen. An historic petroglyph was also noted.
McDermott et al. (1997) surveyed a 166 ac. area at Queen’s Beach. This consisted
of a 100 percent pedestrian survey and excavation of seven backhoe trenches. Site O-3
was relocated, but no other sites were found.
In a data recovery plan for the site O-3 road remnants, Carpenter (2003) also noted
the occurrence of three World War II military bunkers, which are part of the military
complex in Makapu‘u Military Reservation, used for coastal defense during the war.
The Sandy Beach area lies southwest of the project area. Three archaeological
projects were carried out here. Spear (1987) conducted a reconnaissance survey for
two golf course subdivisions on the north side of Kalanianaole Highway, adjacent to
the sewage disposal center. The area was surveyed on foot, 34 auger holes were drilled,
and five shovel probes were excavated. No sites were found in the 31 ac. project area.
Borthwick and Hammatt (1992) carried out an archaeological assessment of a 20 ft.
corridor for a fiber optic cable landing at Sandy Beach. A surface survey was conducted
and a 0.25 m2 test unit and 4 m long cut bank were excavated to expose the stratigraphy.
No cultural remains were found.
Kennedy and Denham (1992) conducted a surface survey and subsurface testing
for an extension to Sandy Beach Park. They excavated 34 trenches and 50 auger holes.
No archaeological sites were found. The area was thought to have been disturbed by
modern activity and tsunami.
Although very little archaeology has been done in Kalama Valley, this synthesis of
previous work gives an idea of what kinds of sites to expect in the project area. Kalama
Valley was used for sweet potato and livestock cultivation, thus dryland agricultural
terraces and animal pens might be expected. Burials have been found on the slopes
iwi
‘ulu maika
6
3
FIELD SURVEY RESULTS
of nearby Koko Crater, and these may also be encountered. McAllister (1933) noted
religious and habitation features in the back of Kalama Valley, although not specifically
in the project area. The loose boulders that cover the project area’s sloping terrain were
presumably features of the environment in traditional Hawaiian times. They create an
inhospitable environment for habitation or construction of religious features.
2
Methods
A pedestrian survey was attempted on 25 August by Windy McElroy and Kimberly
Kalama. Because the boundaries of the project area could not be established, on 29
August 2005 Windy McElroy and Earth Tech geologist Yucheng Pan flagged them.
Between 29 August and 13 October 2005, stakes were placed around the perimeter
of the project area by Earth Tech surveyors to demarcate the boundary. On 13 October 2005, McElroy and Kalama returned to complete the pedestrian survey in the
designated area. One-hundred percent of the project area was surveyed, with archaeologists spaced 5–10 m apart, visually inspecting the ground surface for archaeological
remains. The survey was hindered by dense vegetation in many places (fig. 3). California grass, kiawe and koa haole were among the plants that obscured the ground
surface, restricting visibility and movement. California grass often towered above 2 m
in height.
Figure 3.
3
The project area looking north, showing heavy vegetation.
Field Survey Results
No significant historic properties were found in the project area. The ground surface
was largely covered with boulders and bedrock outcrops, with little soil development.
The only cultural feature observed was a modern bulldozer push pile on the west side
of the valley. This occurred as a long line of large boulders that ran perpendicular to
7
the slope at the lower boundary of the survey area. Modern refuse, including cement,
metal pipe, and a bulldozer tire, was intermixed with the boulders (fig. 4).
Figure 4. Bulldozer push pile, looking southwest. Note the large tire lodged between
the boulders in the center of the photo.
4
Discussion and Conclusions
The survey area was a gently sloping piece of land marked by heavy vegetation and a
multitude of natural boulders. The only cultural feature found in the project area was
a modern bulldozer push pile. The bulldozer push pile is not significant because it is
almost certainly less than 50 years of age and does not fall under criteria a through
e of §13–275–6(b). The construction of a reservoir at TMK:3–9–010:001 and 3–9–
104:004 in Kalama Valley will have no effect on significant historic properties because
significant historic properties do not occur in the area proposed for construction. It
should be noted that it is possible that isolated human burial remains may be discovered
during construction activities, even though no evidence of human burials was found
during the surface survey. This is unlikely, however, due to the lack of soil development
in most parts of the project area. Furthermore, no caves or overhangs where burials
might be found occur in the project area. Nevertheless, should human burial remains
be discovered during construction activities, work in the vicinity of the remains should
cease and the O‘ahu Island Archaeologist should be contacted.
Glossary
Entries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from the
Hawaiian Dictionary (Pukui and Elbert 1971), or from Lucas (1995). Geological and
geographical terms are from American Geological Institute (1976) and Clark (1998).
Archaeological terms are from Bray and Trump (1982) and Mignon (1993).
8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
‘ulu maika Stone used in maika game. See also maika.
ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to
the sea.
heiau Traditional Hawaiian place of worship.
iwi Bone.
kiawe The algaroba tree, Prosopis sp., a legume from tropical America, first planted
in 1828 in Hawaii.
ko‘a Shrine, often consisting of circular piles of coral or stone, built along the shore
or by ponds or streams, used in ceremonies as to make fish multiply; also built
on bird islands, and used in ceremonies to make birds multiply.
koa haole An historically introduced small tree, Leucaena glauca.
māhele Land division of 1848.
maika Ancient Hawaiian game suggesting bowling.
mo‘olelo Story, tale, myth, history, tradition, literature, legend.
project The archaeological assessment of the undertaking’s area of potential effect.
undertaking Construction of a Board of Water Supply reservoir.
Bibliography
American Geological Institute (1976). Dictionary of Geological Terms (Revised ed.).
Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press.
Borthwick, D. F. and H. H. Hammatt (1991, September). Archaeological Survey for
the Proposed Kamehame Ridge Unit III Water Reservoir, Kamehame Ridge, Hawaii
Kai, O‘ahu TMK 3–9–10:1. Prepared for Pacific Planning and Engineering. Kailua:
Cultural Surveys Hawaii.
Borthwick, D. F. and H. H. Hammatt (1992, January). Archaeological Assessment
of the Proposed Fiber Optic Cable Landing for East O‘ahu, Sandy Beach Park,
Maunalua, District of Honolulu, O‘ahu. Prepared for R.M. Towill Corp. Kailua:
Cultural Surveys Hawaii.
Bray, W. and D. Trump (1982). The Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology (Second ed.).
New York: Penguin Books.
Carpenter, A. (1992, July). Fieldcheck of Kealakipapa Valley road remnants, Makapu‘u
Head, Maunalua, Honolulu and Waimanalo, Koolaupoko, O‘ahu. Memorandum on
file at State Historic Preservation Division, Kapolei, Hawai‘i. Log No:O1045.
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9
Carpenter, A. (2003, August). Data Recovery and Preservation Plan: Kealakipapa
Valley Road Remnant (State Site 50–80–15–03) and Military Strucutres at Ka Iwi
State Scenic Shoreline, Kona District, Island of O‘ahu. Honolulu: Department of
Land and Natural Resources Division of State Parks.
Clark, A. N. (1998). The Penguin Dictionary of Geography (Second ed.). London:
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of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii. Washington, D.C.:
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Published in
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Jones, B. A. (2001, December). Aspects of Inland Settlement in the Hawaii Kai Region: Results of an Archaeological Inventory Survey of Nine Parcels, Ahupua‘a of
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Head Park, Maunalua, O‘ahu. Memorandum on file at State Historic Preservation
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12:2, and 3–9–15:1, 19, and 20. Prepared for Clifford Murakami, Pacific Architects,
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Unit 2, Phase 1 Hawaii Kai, Oahu (TMK 3–9–10:33 and por. 1). Prepared for Kaiser
Development Company. Honolulu: Archaeological Associates Oceania.
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