2010 Program Report

Transcription

2010 Program Report

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PROJECT REPORTS
2010 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia
Indonesia. Japan. Malaysia. Philippines. Singapore. Thailand. Vietnam.
August 2010 – February 2011
Solar Cooking. Shoko Ueno. Japan
Editor: Marie Bretana, WWFPhilippines
Publishing Team:
Herni, Pili
Kato, Shotaro,
Tan, Joanna
Yap, Ruth
Yurawan, Nath
Supervision: Kazue Tsukahara
(JEEF), Midori Shibahara
(CSEL),Hiroyuki Usuki
Available from: Japan
Environmental Education Forum
(JEEF)
th
4 Floor, Twinz Shinjuku Bldg. 510-15 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
TEL. +81-3-3350-6770
FAX. +81-3-3350-7818
asialeader@jeef.or.jp
www.jeef.or.jp/yelp
www.jeef.or.jp/english/
Citation
“PROJECT REPORTS: 2010 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia”,
Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) 2011.
Copyright
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for
educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright
holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. JEEF would appreciate
receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.
No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose
whatsoever without prior permission in writing from Japan Environmental Education
Forum.
Disclaimer
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Japan Environmental
Education Forum (JEEF) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area
or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Moreover, the views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the policy or
views of JEEF. Mention of commercial or non commercial products and services does
not imply endorsement or affiliation by JEEF.
This program is supported by “Projects to succeed and develop the basic philosophy of
the EXPO 2005” of Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute (GISPRI).
Table of Contents
Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market ..................................................................................1
Nisa Finidhama Palestine (Indonesia)
The project focuses on implementing a waste management system in traditional markets
by educating the vendors on the environmental and economic advantages of classifying
waste.
Solar Cooking ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Shoko Ueno (Japan)
The study explores the potential of solar energy in food preparation. Through
environmental education sessions, it is aimed that Solar Cooking be utilized in areas and
situations wherein fuel sources inaccessible.
Waste Segregation in the Town of Kundasang, Sabah ........................................................... 20
Aaron Gan (Malaysia)
The objective of the project is to instill the habit of waste segregation in the community of
Kundasang by pointing out its economic opportunities. Ultimately, the program aims to
preserve beauty of Mount Kinabalu.
YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles .............. 25
Angelicum Oda (Philippines)
Through the production of a short film, the program aims to raise awareness on sustainable
lifestyles. The program plans to make its audience realize that individual choices have
collective global impacts.
Educating Green Values to Socially Disadvantaged Children .............................................. 36
Joanna Tan (Singapore)
The program centers on communicating environmental concepts such as sustainable living
through the arts. It is believed that creativity contributes a better understanding of green
values.
Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island.................................................................................. 48
Vich Cheepsujjayan (Thailand)
The project aims to produce fertilizer from commercial and household waste generated by
the island of Koh Chang. This initiative presents the financial prospect of this waste
management effort through selling the organic fertilizer as well as preserving the island as
an ecotourism site.
Annex: Photo Documentation ......................................................................................................... 53
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JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia
Towards a Sustainable
Traditional Market
Author: Nisa Finidhama Palestine (nisa_palestine@yahoo.com)
Country: Indonesia
Affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University
Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market. Nisa Finidhama Palestine. Indonesia.
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Summary
Traditional market is a place which plays an important role in Indonesia. There are about
13,450 units of traditional market in Indonesia, and the growth is currently decreasing to
8.1% each year. This is caused by the growth of the modern market. However, there are
some functions of the traditional market that cannot be replaced by the modern one. These
functions include forming a stronger bond between individuals belonging to different social
levels, providing a cheaper and accessible place to shop and a source of income for people
belonging to the lower to middle class.
Slowly, the role of traditional markets began to be substituted by modern markets. It is
because the atmosphere of the traditional markets is relatively dirtier, cramped, and stuffy.
Hence, many people do not feel comfortable to shop in the said area. This project aims to
solve problem of hygiene management in the market and to change market environment to
become more inviting. It hopes to preserve the source of income for the lower to middle
class population.
“Gemah Ripah” Traditional Fruit Market is taken as a pilot plan. This is a wholesale fruits
market that operates 24 hours. The market sells fruits from some areas in Indonesia and
supply the demand of Yogyakarta. There are a lot of problems in the process of delivery; of
which is that most fruits are not well-packed. Moreover, there are a considerable number
of fruits that cannot be sold because of the bad quality (spoiled, decay, etc). As a result, the
fruits are accumulated in the market area and delivered to the landfill when the amount is
big enough.
The goal of this plan is to process the fruits that can still be consumed, and blending it into
fruit juice. On the other hand, the spoiled fruits will be used to produce fertilizer and biogas
that may be converted into electricity. In addition, the project aims to have this market
considered as a sustainable traditional market. Finally, it will also have an additional value as
an environmental education site.
Current Project
Fig.1: Main Project of Sustainable “Gemah Ripah” Traditional Fruits Market
(Palestine, N.F., 2010)
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The proposed project is focused on classifying the fruit waste. From the scheme above, it is
indentified as the first part of the process. The activity is mainly to educate the fruit vendors
on how to classify compostable and non-compostable waste. The compostable waste may be
made into fruit juice and those sorted as non-compostable can be directed to the biogas
processing unit. Raw material feed is essential because it will determine the success of the
overall scheme and the quality of the biogas produced. The other components of this project
(blending fruit juice unit, anti bacterial substance removal unit, biogas processing unit,
fertilizer processing unit, electricity processing unit, and plantation unit) will is facilitated by
the other teams.
The initial task included the analysis of the awareness and technical knowledge of the
vendors on waste separation. Survey questionnaires were used to determine the
understanding of the fruit sellers as well as what level of information was to be
communicated to them. Posters were placed in the market area to introduce the project
and to educate the community on waste classification and the monitoring process.
An economic approach was used to attract and gain the acceptance of the target audience.
The project solicited the help of various stakeholders as to ensure its sustenance. The
program serves as a pilot test for other markets. The program works towards maintaining
the relevance of the traditional markets. Aside from the economic value, it communicates
the importance of protecting the environment by managing waste generated by the market.
Rationale
There wasn’t any waste management in the market before the team introduced the project.
The rubbish was scattered in front each stand, waiting for the truck to pick it up and
brought to the landfill. By executing the whole scheme of the project, it is expected to
transform the market into a sustainable traditional market.
In the proposal, it is mentioned that the activity will be focused in increasing the sellers’
awareness before executing the waste classification. This is done by providing educational
materials in each stand and through media such as posters and leaflets. Surveys were
conducted in order to determine the best strategy for the project.
Results from the surveys show that vendors are:
 Disturbed by the introductory activity because they think that it’s not related to their
business;
 Open to performing the waste classification rather than merely listening to the
lectures and explanations of the team.
Considering the results of the survey and the disaster of Merapi Eruption on November 5 –
November 17 2010, it was decided that the project takes a different approach. The change
of process was taken from the result of discussion between the team and stakeholder
organization (Koperasi Gemah Ripah), of which is more knowledgeable regarding the
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characteristic of the seller. The new project additions include a cleaning day; monitoring,
visiting local based waste management village, and fruit juice day.
Objectives of the Project
The project aims to:
 Increase the awareness of the fruits sellers about the importance of a cleaner market;
 Educate the fruit vendors on the type of wastes; and
 Provide bins for the classified waste.
Target area
a. Name of the area: “Gemah Ripah” traditional fruit market, Ambarketawang, Gamping,
Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
b. Basic information of the area:
 Has 150 fruits stands
 Sells 16 varieties of fruits
 Produces 4-10 ton waste/day
 Waste types:
1. Organic = fruits (80.13%), straws (6.52%), leafs (3.25%), woods (packing
material) (0.10%)
2. Anorganic = cloth from fabric (7.35%), plastic (2.65%)
(Nurrihadini, 2009)
Fig.2: Map of target area
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Beneficiaries of the Project
The project benefits the following:
 For the main project: This project is an initial step for main project, without this
component, the main project will have no value.
 For the target people: Educate and raise awareness on the environment and sorting
waste.
 For the target area: Improve the atmosphere of the target area by making it cleaner
and more orderly.
 For the student volunteers: As the younger generation, this project is a good way
for them to learn directly about the environment and society. This experience may
contribute to them being more conscious about the environment.
Roadmap
M
T
Aug-10
W T F
S
S
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
1. Market visits to survey the biogas, look at the condition of waste
disposal and inform the continuity of the project after arriving from
Hanoi;
2. Evaluating proposal version 1.2;
3. Discussing the survey plans with the “Koperasi”; and
4. Setting up everything needed for the survey such as the market plan,
information letter for the sellers.
M
T
6 7
13 14
20 21
27 28
Sep-10
W T F S
S
1 2 3 4 5
8 9 10 11 12
15 16 17 18 19
22 23 24 25 26
29 30
1. Market visits to survey the biogas, look at the condition of waste
disposal and inform the continuity of the project after arriving from
Hanoi;
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2. Evaluating proposal version 1.2;
3. Discussing the survey plans with the “Koperasi”;
4. Setting up everything needed for the survey such as the market
plan, information letter for the sellers.
5. Idul Fitri holiday;
6. Volunteers recruitment: preparation of documents for the
volunteers;
7. Drafting of questionnaires (with Andy, Pili, and Ir. Siti Syamsiah,
Ph.D. (as advisor), preparing attributes for the survey;
8. Volunteer class:(19.00-20.30WIB);
9. # information of the main project (towards a sustainable traditional
market);
10. # information about sorting waste project;
11. # allocation of the team;
12. # detail explanation of the survey (25-26 Sept);
13. Volunteer class on the spot;
14. # market visits, examining the situation before survey;
15. # lecture from Mr. Sujud (field coordinator of the main project) for
the technical survey in the field;
16. Survey (14.00-21.00 WIB);
17. Gathering of the surveyor; and
18. Analysis of survey analysis.
M
T
4 5
11 12
18 19
25 26
Oct-10
W T F S
S
1 2 3
6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24
27 28 29 30 31
1. Process and evaluate the results of the survey;
2. Gathering of volunteers and traders during the Moslem religious day to
gain better relationship;
3. Lobbying volunteer’s time with Mrs. Siti and Mrs. Harsini;
4. Meeting I (13.00-14.00 WIB);
5. Meeting II (13.00-14.00 WIB);
6. Arranging the work plan in the target area;
7. Give detailed plan of activities in the target area; and
8. University Test.
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M T
1 2
8 9
15 16
22 23
29 30
Nov-10
W T F S
S
3 4 5 6 7
10 11 12 13 14
17 18 19 20 21
24 25 26 27 28
1. University Test;
2. Holiday of Merapi Eruption;
3. # ‘cleaning day’ team to establish the plans, property team designing
and ordering the specific Bin;
4. Meeting III;
5. Meeting IV;
6. ‘Cleaning day’;
7. Preparation for the next plan: tourism village and publishing team
(sorting poster); and
8. Monitoring starts working.
M
T
6 7
13 14
20 21
27 28
Dec-10
W T F S
S
1 2 3 4 5
8 9 10 11 12
15 16 17 18 19
22 23 24 25 26
29 30 31
1. Monitoring;
2. Visiting Local Based Waste Management Village; and
3. Fruit Juice Day.
M
T
Jan-10
W T F
3 4 5 6 7
10 11 12 13 14
17 18 19 20 21
24 25 26 27 28
31
S
S
1 2
8 9
15 16
22 23
29 30
1. Monitoring
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2. Monitoring & preparing for the biogas Unit. Trial feeding in the biogas
plant by using manure and damage fruits gathered from the sorting waste
process.
Success Indicators


90% sellers follow the sorting education processes
o Survey for 90% of all the stands (owner and workers)
o Tutorial for 90% of all the workers (day shift and night shift workers)
90% of all stands in the market are able to classify waste on their own.
o The wastes are classified as the categories explained, only 10% waste are
placed in the improper bin.
Personnel
No.
1.
Name
Ir. Siti
Syamsiah,Ph.D.
Affiliation
Lecturer of Chemical
Engineering
Department, Gadjah
Mada University,
Majoring Food and
Bioprocess
Engineering
Job
Advisor
Job Description
Give directions about
the procedure so the
project can run
effectively and
efficiently.
Head of Waste
Refinery Indonesia
2.
3.
Ir.Suharsini
Nisa Finidhama
Palestine
Head of Koperasi
“Gemah Ripah”
5th semester student
of Chemical
Engineering
Department, Gadjah
Mada University
Administrative
Manager of GAMA
Advisor
Project
Leader
a. Improve
coordination with
the vendors.
b. Give directions
about the procedure
so the project can
run effectively and
efficiently.
a. Responsible for
all processes and
impacts of the
project
b. Coordinating all
of the divisions
c. Responsible for
the sustainability of
Page |9
EARTH
4.
Sulthoni Mukhlis
5 th semester student
of Chemical
Engineering
Department, Gadjah
Mada University
this project after the
granted period
d. Responsible for
coordination of our
team with other
teams in main
project.
Director of
Operational
Field
Responsible for all
activities during
sorting education
process to the
sellers.
Student
Volunteer
Surveyors of the
questionnaires, and
technicians for all
activities
Student
Volunteer
Documentation and
Administration team.
Responsible for all
materials needed
such as:
1. Questionnaire
2. Poster
3. Specific Bin
4. Equipment for
all activities
Student
Volunteer
Publishing team.
Responsible for:
1. Prepare the
contents of the
questionnaire
Press Manager of
GAMA EARTH
5.
1. Hafid Sahli M
2. Dinda Rizka F
3. Nikolas Dwi L
4. Dama Retno A K
5. Wulan Laras A
6. Yano Surya P
7. Tisani S
8. Ian Rivai
9. Didit A
10. Qum Fikri
1. Rangga Waldeza
6.
2. Indraloka Gushtia
7.
1. Oktavia Dewi
2. Shinta Pratiwi R
3. Karina Charlote
4. Achmad Rofiq N
5th semester student of
Chemical Engineering
Department, Gadjah
Mada University
Department, Gadjah
Mada University
Department, Gadjah
Mada University
P a g e | 10
2. Posters
3. Leaflets for
dissemination
8.
1. Kusni
2. Johan
3. Walidin
4. Armando
5. Bani
6. Koirun
7. Dani
8. Herman
Cleaning service
employee
Volunteer
Provide assistance in
the monitoring
process such as the
separation of waste.
Act as mediators for
the vendors and stall
employees.
Responsible for
attending to the
questions of the
vendors.
Dissemination Strategy
This project is an initial study of the main project, therefore the dissemination strategies
are:
 Make report about the progress of the project;
 Placement of posters about this project in the campus area and CHAIN Center (office
of the organization that focuses on community development);
 Make a project report and presentation;
 Organize a press conference for print and broadcast media;
 Produce leaflets and distribute it to donors, store owners, employees, and other
stakeholders.
Budget
Revenue:
1. JEEF
2. Main Project’s Saving
100.000 JPY
555.500 IDR = 5.086 JPY
Total 105.086 JPY
Expense:
No.
Date
Activity
1
2
23/09/2010
25/09/2010
Volunteer class
Survey
Component of Finance
booklet for the volunteers
1. questionnaire
Budget
(IDR)
23.2
59.5
P a g e | 11
3
13/10/2010
Meeting I
4
14/10/2010
Meeting II
5
18/11/2010
Meeting III
6
20/11/2010
Cleaning Day
5/12/2010
Visiting local based
waste management
village
7
8
Publishing team
2. ballpoint
3. drinking water
4. snack
5. lunch
1. printing
2. snack
3. drinking water
1. snack
2. drinking water
1. snack
2. drinking water
1. drinking water
2. snack
3. lunch
4. gloves + masker
5. cleaning tools
6. bin for fruits waste
7. bin for non fruits waste
8. delivery fee for the bins
1. transportation
2. announcement flyers
3. fee for the village
4. lunch
1. banner
2. poster of main project
3. poster of sorting waste 1
4. sticker logo2
5.posters for exhibition in
Hanoi & Indonesia + poster of
sorting waste 2
9
18/12/2010
Fruit juice day
1. Transportation for the
blending juice tools
2. Lunch
3. Printing
4. Plastic glasses
5. Straw
6. Sugar
7. Melon
20
9
134300
220
12.6
30.6
17.5
30.6
17.5
20
19
33
129.5
175
14.4
45
1.168.200
726
25
250
16.8
300
600
102
55
175
26
300
100
118
9
62.5
12
11
8
P a g e | 12
10
11
28/01/2011
30/01/2011
Volunteers fee
Volunteers fee
8. Apple 4 kg @ 14.000/kg
9. Drinking water
25 volunteers
25 volunteers
TOTAL
Total Expense = 10.913.200 (IDR) = 100.000 (JPY)
Conclusion, Results and Evaluation
Survey Results
Table 1. Result of Initial Survey:
Knowledge about fruits waste
good enough =
not too good =
30.6%
16.13%
abstain = 8.9%
Knowledge about non fruits (organic)
very good =
good enough =
not too good =
15.3%
41.13%
29.8%
abstain = 13.7%
Knowledge about non fruits (non organic)
very good =
good enough =
not too good =
15.8%
40.3%
29.03%
abstain = 12.1%
Have you ever done sorting waste?
yes = 11.3%
no = 85.5%
abstain = 3.2%
Do you know the advantage of sorting waste?
yes = 10.5%
not too= 50.8%
no = 34.7%
abstain = 4.03%
Do you know the importance of sorting waste?
yes = 23.4%
not too= 29.8%
no = 14.5%
abstain = 32.3%
What is your opinion about waste management system in this market?
very good =
good enough =
not too good =
abstain = 6.45%
4.8%
50%
38.7%
Do you agree to do sorting waste?
yes = 59.7%
may be = 13.7%
no = 21.8%
abstain = 4.8%
In your opinion, is it effective if we inform you every week by using posters?
yes = 14%
no = 82%
abstain = 4%
very good =
44.3%
56
37
2.500.000
3.750.000
11.468.200
P a g e | 13
Table 2. Attendance in every activity:
Activity
initial survey
cleaning day
Target
all owners + all stall employees
= 180
all stalls = 96
Attendance
%
Attendance
121
67.22
91
94.79
visiting local based
waste management
village
stall owners + volunteers = 90
50
55.55
Monitoring
fruit juice
all stalls = 96
all stalls = 96
96
89
100
92.71
Table 3. Monitoring Results:
Monitoring
1st week (Nov 22 - 28, 2010)
2nd week (Nov 29-30, Dec 1-5,
2010)
3rd week (Dec 6-12, 2010)
4th week (Dec 13-19, 2010)
5th week (Dec 20-26, 2010)
6th week (Dec 27-31,2010, Jan 12,2011)
7th week (Jan 3-9, 2011)
8th week (Jan 10-16, 2011)
9th week (Jan 17-23, 2011)
10th week (Jan 24-30, 2011)
% right sorting waste
Block A- Block C- Block
B-E
D-E
F
80
90
70
% involvement of
the cleaning
service
50
70
70
60
70
80
83
60
60
73
60
50
60
50
50
25
25
50
40
60
73
90
63
50
50
70
90
40
43
50
63
90
25
25
50
50
75
Conclusion
Initial Survey:
The activity plan had to be changed because the initial survey showed that the method may
not work effectively in terms of habits of the target people.
Refers to success indicator:
a. Not all sorting education processes / activity were followed by 90 % target;
and
b. 90% of waste have been classified as projected but with the involvement of
only 70% of the cleaning service.
P a g e | 14
It is concluded that this project is not successful for the time being, but has the potential of
development with continuous segregation lectures and environmental education sessions
with the target people. It should be understood that attempts to introduce the act of
classifying waste into the three different types mentioned above requires time, patience
and constant guidance.
Evaluation
Surveys are an effective method to know the root of the problem in the target area.
Surveys provide for the perspective of the target people which is essential in determining
an effective and efficient approach to the project.
Challenges
Initial Survey and Visiting Local Based Waste Management Village are the activities that
were not followed by 90% of target people. It was caused by:
 Not all target people have the same free time at the time period of the activity. It was
difficult to determine a common time for the target people. The time that has been
chosen was that of which the majority of the stall owners agreed upon; and
 The target people still lack the skill to sort the waste as mentioned in the success
indicators. The involvement of cleaning service employees are still needed to help
them sort the waste as to reach the desired outcome.
Investment Opportunities
In this case, for the main project, potential investors are expected for production of fruit
juice, organic fertilizer, and organic plantation. These need further feasibility studies. Once
the economic benefit can be shown, the involvement of investors is expected.
Recommendations


Involvement of various stakeholders is crucial for the sustainability of the project. In
this case Koperasi Gemah Ripah, the stakeholder organization, will have to exert
more effort into managing the program;
The presence of the cleaning service employees are still needed to aid the target
people in the classification of waste. It is suggested to retain them until the people
fully understand the importance of segregation.
P a g e | 15
Testimonials
“The waste sorting education is really required by the community as an initial step for
utilizing waste for different purposes. This is not just one single activity but needed to be
conducted, checked, and reminded continuously, so it will be the habit of the community. More
importantly, we need to show the direct economic benefit from doing so. This will easily
attract more people to sort the waste more enthusiastically” - Ir. Siti Syamsiah, Ph.D. Head of
Waste Refinery Indonesia & Lecturer of Chemical Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada
University, Majoring Food and Bioprocess Engineering:
“The project has been run good. I really appreciate with the young who want to care about
the environment, they just need more hard work longer because life in society is very hard and
challenging, but I understand with the limitations of time and energy. Tip: if you want to
change the image or habit of a society, you have to melt into the society to be altered; it will
not be as easy as turning the palm of the hand. Keep the spirit, optimism, and humility. Good
Luck!” - Ir. Suharsini, Head of Koperasi Gemah Ripah
“I was very impressed with the projects, especially with the students from Gadjah Mada
University, I am really happy that nowadays there are still some young care about the slums
environment. My message: do not remember the slums but take the experience as a teacher in
your life. Theory and practice must be balanced. As young, your idealism is still high, so be
careful, do not easy to despair.” - Mr. Sujud, Field Coordinator of the Main Project ‘Towards
Sustainable Traditional Market’
“The project is good and it is supported by strategic location of the market, so it will be very
good for the grow up of this project. It was just waste before, but now on it will be very
valuable product. Hopefully biogas as the most important unit will grow fast, and the
information about that can be published wider, so the advantage can also be used by Gemah
Ripah Market but also the society and other markets. Hopefully this very good corporation
will be helpful each others. Keep clean!” - Drs. Edy Subagyo, Representative of the vendors
“This project was so fun and good enough, it is a new experience for me. This project has
many benefits for target people and us as volunteers. It is needed to increase the
professionalism and the concept of every activity so the result can be better.” - Sulthoni
Mukhlis, Volunteers Representative
P a g e | 16
Solar Cooking
Author: Shoko Ueno (b1001452@gl.aiu.ac.jp）
Country: Japan
Affiliation: Department of International Liberal Arts, Japan Akita International
University
P a g e | 17
Summary
The project is aimed at promoting the use of solar cooking in developing countries. For the
purpose of research, Nepal shall serve as the preliminary area of study instead of Japan and
other developed countries.
Rationale
Solar cooking is environmental in nature. It is a method by which a specially designed
stove utilizes sunshine to operate. Solar cooking does not require any electricity, gas,
charcoal, or wood, hence it is useful to areas that do not have the mentioned fuel sources
available. Furthermore, solar cooking is pollution-free whereas fires produced by bio fuels
and petroleum contaminate the air.
The project aims to explore the option of solar cooking, conduct environmental education
sessions in the target study area as well as to prevent deforestation.
Target Area
The project shall be implemented in Nepal.
The study aims to introduce the method of solar cooking to the women of Nepal. Solar
cooking may be beneficial to the households in the area, and may contribute to the
improvement of the status of women in their society by reducing the time to collect
firewood.
Roadmap
September 2010
 Research on solar cooking by interviewing those who study or work with said
subject; and
 Look for an organization which can support the project.
October – November 2010
 Choose a target area wherein the use of solar cooking is a viable option;
 Deepen the network of organizations and communities within and outside of
Japan as to gain support for the project; and
 Hold workshops in Japan for practicing how to spread solar cooking with an
environmental education component.
December 2010
 Consider how to promote solar cooking in the target area.
P a g e | 18
January – February 2011
 In depth research on how to solve some problems which occurred over the
duration of the project; and
 Craft next steps for the project.
Success Indicators
The success indicators of the project include the following:
 Determining a target area for the program;
 Gain support from an international development NGO and local organizations
in Nepal;
 Gain the support from the citizens of Nepal and Japan; and
 Map out the next steps for the program.
Personnel
The following are essential to the implementation of the program:
Mentor Advisor
Yoshitake Kumagai
Partnership in Japan
Akita Campus Net (desired)
Partnership in Nepal
Children for Green New Nepal (desired)
Partnership during school
festival
Environment Ecology Club in Akita International
University
It is crucial that the importance and benefits of solar cooking are emphasized. Solar cooking
should be communicated in a way that it motivates the participants to utilize the method.
On a more concrete note, workshops and an exhibit was set-up.
Budget
Revenue
Expenditure
Break out
Total
Break out
Total
Grant from JEEF
100,000yen
Sun oven
40,000yen
Investment(desired)
10,000yen
Cookit
500x100=50,000
yen
P a g e | 19
Total
110,000 yen
Shipping cost
total
20,000 yen
110,000 yen
Conclusion, Results and Evaluations
The project attempted to spread the concept of solar cooking throughout the Akita
community. However, throughout the study, the challenge of determining whether solar
cooking as a means to making individuals more conscious of the environment arose
considering that there are other methods deemed more effective and efficient such as the
use of solar panels and biomass generation.
It was observed that most Japanese pass by soon after they experience the taste of a solarcooked produce. Thus, the target audience of the project was altered to focus on developing
countries. Nepal was chosen as the study area as the country provided for partnerships
both based in Japan and Nepal.
At present, the task of creating a compelling proposal to engage communities and other
stakeholders to share the project is to be drafted.
As of the moment, it is not yet certain whether this project worked with members of Akita
Campus Net. If the proposal of the project is agreed by Akita Campus Net, this project may
get the additional funding it needs to be implemented on a greater scale.
P a g e | 20
Waste Segregation in the town
of Kundasang, Sabah
Author: Aaron Gan (ag_002@hotmail.com)
Country: Malaysia
Affiliation: School of Business and Economics, University of Malaysia Sabah
Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah. Aaron Gan. Malaysia.
P a g e | 21
Summary
The project is focused on teaching the homestay community residing in the town of
Kundasang in Sabah, Malaysia how to segregate their garbage into recyclable and organic
rubbish through the help of the local municipal council, the homestay owners, the Minister
of Tourism, Culture and Environment of Sabah as well as the Environmental Action Centre
(EAC).
Rationale
The purpose of this project is to further protect the environment of the said town due to it
being located near a world heritage site. This project is a niche effort to beautify the town
as it is one of the tourist attractions for those intending to climb the Kinabalu Mountain.
The project aims to instil the habit of not littering and to educate the community of the
economic opportunity of recycling and composting.
Target Area
The project is to be implemented in the town of Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia, mainly
through Homestays of Walai Tokou and Mesilou.
The community of the town is the project’s beneficiary since the Homestay community acts
as a pilot study and is hoped to assist in disseminating the information and learning of
recycling to the surrounding villages.
Roadmap
Job/Month
July
August
September October
November December January
Negotiation
with Minister
and Local
Municipal
Council
Preparing
and Teaching
the Kg.
Sinisian
community
Building the
Recycling
P a g e | 22
Center
Follow up the
result of the
project
Second Series
of the Project
Wrap up
report of the
project
Success Indicators
The change of the villager’s attitude in terms of reducing the number of rubbish burnt and
the percentages of rubbish being segregated are the success indicators of the program.
Personnel
Participant
Datuk Masidi Manjun
Miss Helen Erut (Environmental Action
Centre)
The community of Kg. Sinisian
The community of Kg. Mesilou
Tourism Club member of UMS
Role
The Minister of Tourism, and Environment
of Sabah. His support is needed in
gathering the locals. Moreover, he is a key
player in the aim of building a recycling
center in the said area.
This local government group is in charge of
promoting environmental awareness in
Sabah.
These are the homestay operators who are
envisioned to be the model community in
Kundasang in terms of recycling.
Homestay operator which would
implement composting methods in the
higher plateau of the town
Provide assistance in educating the Kg.
Sinisian community on how to segregate
rubbish.
A compilation report and some pictures of the project will be sent to the local newspapers.
At the same time, the homestay community will also continue to be the role model in
educating the town people.
P a g e | 23
Budget
Things
Banner
Composting Modules
Student fees charged in
homestay
Car rental
Gas
Grand total
Cost per unit
40 USD x 3
1.50USD x 30
20USD x 14
Total Cost
120 USD
45 USD
280 USD
30 USD per day x 4 days
15 USD x 1
120 USD
15 USD
580 USD
From this project, it was noticed there are two types of behaviour among the Homestay
operators. In the first Homestay, the coordinator is within the age range of mid 40s and the
response and attitude towards the project was good at the beginning. When the talk about
the recycling was given, most of the homestay members agreed to do something yet the
commitment did not last. In the second part of the project, the Homestay coordinator and
members are of a younger age. When the talk was given to them about composting, the
latter had the initiative to not only invite the homestay members but also school teachers.
It was also suggested that the students be taught how to do composting after school hours.
The coordinator of the second series shows a more proactive response towards the
recycling and composting project.
Through this project, it is realised that not every place in the town is suitable to conduct
recycling because nobody will bring the rubbish down as some areas are situated high
above the mountain. It is suggested to teach composting methods and encourage the
villages to reduce the usage of plastic bags, which proves to be the main problem. The
usage of eco-bags should be encouraged so that it would be more convenient for the
villages and at the same time, saves the cost of purchasing plastic bags by the shops. As for
the lower ground, the idea of recycling is applicable but there is a problem of getting people
to start up a recycling centre at the town. One of the problem is the town is undergoing a
major road upgrade and there is no suitable place to build a recycling centre because of the
road upgrading project that is scheduled to be completed by August this year. At the same
time, recycling companies in the Kota Kinabalu have been asked if they are interested in
starting up a recycling collection centre in the aforementioned project area and the
response that received is that they are not interested because the cost of transporting the
recycled rubbish is high.
Another weakness noticed is that although the homestay are keen to do the recycling and
composting project, money proves to be a challenge. This is evidenced by the amount
charged for accommodations when the homestay coordinator requested that the project be
taught in his village.
P a g e | 24
Overall, negotiations with the EAC in Kota Kinabalu on other ways to further encourage the
community of Kundasang to start recycling are ongoing. Efforts are being made to contact
the Ranau Municipal Council, who is in charge of the cleanliness of the Kundasang town.
There are no investment opportunities for the project, but there are investment prospects
for the homestay operators as well as the town. Although being termed as a ‘town’, this
place consists of a lot of poor families that live beside luxurious resorts. It is believed that
when the town has proper facilities, the community can gain the education needed to
prevent the excessive construction of hotels and other commercial establishments.
Recommendations
It is better to instil the habit of recycling and composting in the younger generations rather
than start with older individuals. The younger populace, as seen in this project, is more
open to the idea of segregation. Moreover, time is an important factor wherein the sixmonth period of implementing the project is not sufficient.
P a g e | 25
YouthXchange Artists’
Roundtable and Short Film on
Sustainable Lifestyles.
Author: Angelicum Oda (angelicum@yafe.ph)
Country: Philippines
Affiliation: YouthXchange, United Nations
YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles. Angelicum Oda. Philippines.
P a g e | 26
Summary
The Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles is an artists’ collaborative output on
Environmental Education for Youth. The project gathered independent and emerging
young artists through two roundtable sessions which saw them learning the different
facets of Sustainable Consumption and Production using the materials previously
developed by UNEP and YAFE (YouthXchange Guide to Sustainable Lifestyles among
others). As a creative output, the group decided to develop a short animation film that
UNEP and YAFE can use as an introductory medium on future workshops for young people.
The short animation film showcases different stages of comparative consumerism and
highlights its impact to the environment and the society. Aside from the creative output,
artists involved also joined the organization on its other educational activities that catered
to the urban poor population in Manila; this is in partnership with the National Museum
and has served as a way for the artists to live what they learn from the roundtable sessions.
The short film is on its final stages with only the screen adaptation writing and lay-outing
of narration left. A number of screening are already scheduled throughout the year starting
April 2011, namely: Stakeholders Workshop on Sustainable Lifestyles, Starting Early: Aim
for a Greener Lifestyle! School Symposiums and Conserving our Heritage and the
Environment: YouthXchange Enviro-Art Workshop.
Rationale
At the national or local level, mainstreaming of SL (Sustainable Lifestyles) education in
formal education curricula and the integration in informal education is a challenge. In
developing countries, SL is not yet considered a priority and is in the preliminary planning
stages, often carried out by local non-profit organizations that lack the tools and means for
action, hence the need for better SL education is high and is often a challenge even for the
teachers. Although developed countries are increasingly engaging in SL education, they
nonetheless remain responsible for the bulk of the world’s resource consumption.
Simultaneously, consumption is rising in the developing world – a part of the world where
an increasing share of the global consumer class now resides. Around 1.7 billion people
worldwide have entered the "consumer class"1, adopting the diets, transportation systems,
and lifestyles that were limited to developed nations during most of the last century. While
this “consumer class” experiences an increased standard of living, it also generates an even
more dangerous threat on developing nations with already fragile and at-risk
environments.
More efforts are needed to accompany awareness-raising and education on sustainable
lifestyles with a larger number of training of trainers’2 sessions in both formal and informal
Study by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry and Economics –
Paris, France.
2 All of YAFE’s workshops and symposiums are designed on a “train the trainers” outline following project
sustainability standards set forth by our partner institution UNEP.
1
P a g e | 27
education settings, to complement the work of the Global Survey on Sustainable Lifestyles3,
to intensify the work with actors in the field by also making better use of the internet to
strengthen the project’s outreach.
This project addresses those needs, it is to be noted that the short-film project will always
be integrated with a full-proof program through workshops and symposiums, making the
screening always an efficient activity.
In the aspect of involving emerging artists in developing this tool, the current apathetic
state of the populace is being addressed. Many of these artists obtain award-winning skills
in film making and other industries but what they need is a roadmap, or guide that will help
them channel their creative outputs in environmental education. On a recent Cinema
Knights short-film preview night last February 2010 at the Philippine Institute of Film
Making (PIFM) that YAFE attended to, no short film or short documentaries featured
climate change or global warming; a total of 12 short films (ranging from 5 minutes to 20
minutes) directed by Film Fund Grantees, PIFM Workshop fresh Graduates and other
Independent filmmakers (16 to 18 years old) everything was focused on the state of society
from which the government is to blame. The need to change mindsets was apparent, and it
was concluded that through networking and through the post-viewing open floor
discussion with the filmmakers that: as much as they want to develop a project with focus
on the environment, they feel that they don’t have enough information to develop it. The
dilemma is addressed through the roundtable workshop where these artists were
mentored on different facets of eco-learning.
In joining this project, artists shall attend a roundtable session conducted before the shortfilm development phase. YAFE gave them, through this session, an introduction on SL
Education and moved them through the different aspects of Sustainable Consumption and
Production, from fashion & media, tourism & mobility, energy efficiency, etc. This was
discussed to them in an outline that inspired them to develop the short film with this
knowledge in hand. Many of them shared that it has been a good opportunity for them to
get to know more about NGO work and involving their creations around different
environmental and social advocacy. They also used their “teaching” skills on an eco-art
workshop that YAFE conducted last November.
To raise awareness about Sustainable Lifestyles through mediums that is realistic and
“doable”, these specific objectives will be evaluated by using indicators. Worth noting are
The Global Survey on Sustainable Lifestyles (GSSL) is a joint initiative of UNEP and the Task Force on
Sustainable Lifestyles led by Sweden. Its objectives are to explore how sustainable lifestyles are perceived,
envisioned and shaped by young adults from different cultures worldwide, to build on their experience, creative
ideas, values and aspirations to design and implement policies as well as effective messages on sustainability.
Values and aspirations to design and implement policies as well as effective messages on sustainability.
3
P a g e | 28
the surveys done on the same school in 2009 through the GSSL survey and the pre and
post-project implementation survey (survey to target audience and survey to school’s
consultative body).

Promote change in behaviours and lifestyles of the target audience through the
series of campaigns, it will also be enhanced and emphasized by the addition of
the short film, so that purchasing and use choices made by consumers in
developed, transition economy and developing countries support the
mainstreaming of more resource efficient and environmentally friendly
products and services. Education and awareness-raising towards sustainable
lifestyles is either often focused only on developed societies, not yet
considered a priority or in planning stages, or often carried out by civil society
organizations that lack the tools, money and means for effective action.
Efficient communication campaigns that is perceived as interesting and
stimulating by youth are the ones carried out by multi-media and other
alternative visual aides which is being addressed by the development of shortfilm. Additionally, capacity-building workshops and implementation
mechanisms for education towards sustainable lifestyles must be developed
and/or supported so that young adults, educators and the broader public are
made aware of the multiple economic, social and environmental benefits of
shifting to sustainable consumption patterns and the short film project will
address that need for effective and “youth-friendly” way of making their
learning experience more enjoyable; and

Develop eco-initiatives in-line with participants respective work environment
and target audience (In this case the short film audience in school). For
example, students and professors from universities or high schools may develop
the following initiatives: an eco-audit of the campus, bike stations on campus,
recycling bins, 3R’s campaigns, films on the green, slow food in cafeterias, green
concerts, radio shows, poster campaigns, etc. In this specific case, the artists’
“eco-initiative” activity is the development of the short animation film itself.
Target area
Metropolitan Manila.
While the education for sustainable lifestyles is an issue that affects all of us in the society,
the Swedish Taskforce on SL as designated by the UN Marrakech Process points out “Urban
Youth” as the primary target audience for its implementation. This is due to reasons highly
appropriate, this sector of youth has the most “Purchasing Power” and as such, it is them
who need most education on being an Informed Consumer. This is the generation that will
shape how our consuming patterns will be like in the next decades. Also worth noting is its
sensitivity aspects on poverty-stricken sector, it is said that you cannot teach or advice a
man how and what to consume if he has no money to buy anything at all to begin with.
P a g e | 29
However, this educational project may still be used as part of the curricula in public schools
for early awareness education.
The region is considered the political, economic, social, cultural and educational center of
the Philippines being the most dense and populous area of the country. With a population
of 11.6 Million people, Manila is a young region with 52% of it being under 25 years old 4.
The problems mostly attributed to education are most visible in public schools due to lack
of monetary resources from the government and the booming population from poor
families, however, in its private counterpart, education while being mainstream and wellstandardized is still in need of curricular or extra-curricular activities that are more
environment-focused to engage young people directly. Such perceptions is not yet viewed
important, some environment-related modules are merely injected on private school
modules on GMRC (good manners and right conducts) subjects and is obviously not enough
to instil and expect sustainable behavioral change from learners.
Manila’s economy being the center of almost all industry and being on top twenty of the
most polluted cities in the world5, it is in dire need of awareness and education on how
they can make their lives more sustainable, not just environmentally but socially and
economically as well. This is more visible on how a considerable percentage of the young
population is apathetic of social issues that affect them. While the general population of
youth is aware of environmental problems made realized by calamities both natural and
man-made, there’s a dilemma that keeps them from doing concrete actions, hence series of
campaigns and workshops are most applicable to thoroughly guide them and provide for
them a common venue and framework for discussion and interaction.
The vast area of Manila is also home to some of the most distinct division of the poor and
the rich. For example, beside the richest closed village in the business district is an area of
slum dwellers. The education for sustainable lifestyles addresses not only environmental
issues but social and economic issues as well. It highlights the fact that our every action
may affect other people, more in particular the workers behind the products and services
we avail.
On a study by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) on its postcalamity assessment of last year’s Typhoon Ketsana and Typhoon Parma, the number 1
cause of flood were loose garbage and poor urban planning acquisitions of past and present
governments6, 85% Manila was underwater for the first time in history. This fact is very
reflective of a typical scenario where teenagers mindlessly throw away plastic cups or
candy wrappers anywhere highlighting more importantly the city’s main environmental
problems:
 Lack of education on 3R’s, irresponsible garbage disposals;
 Unregulated (or more so corrupted-regulations) industrial developments; and
 Lack of available resources for eco-education (NGOs having all the ideas but
Philippine National Statistics Office (NSO), 2005.
The Huffington Post, 2009.
6 DENR through the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC).
4
5
P a g e | 30
not having enough financial assistance).
The United Nations Development Programme’s review on environmental education in the
Philippines has also concluded “lack or total absence at many points” of environmentrelated education in schools, both public and private in Metro Manila, but in contrast, has
commended many efforts of NGOs and Civil Societies on projects and campaigns that aim to
reverse the effects of climate change7.
Artists
In the Philippines, there is an emerging industry of independent artists that has been
‘booming’ for the past 3-years, mainly through easier reach on resources, freer limitations
on their chosen subjects of interests and easier public exhibition through internet media.
For example, in Multiply.com social networking website alone, more or less 15
independent film makers, in a year time, became prominent artists as they develop “cool”
and “sensible” films, however as observed, only a few has tackled partially the concerns of
the environment. The demographics of said artists varies, but in general it has no specific
genre rather people aged 16-25 (average age of Multiply.com users in the Philippines).
These group can be consists of filmmakers, writers, graphics designers, photographers and
the like. Coming from an artists’ organization, we saw this industry’s potential since these
young and emerging artists’ are self-taught and self-regulated, many of which doing artistic
and creative work as hobby and a medium to channel their minds and perceptions.
Furthermore it is believed that their skills will be highly beneficial especially on awarenessraising, hence artists are considered both beneficiaries of the implemented eco-education
and stakeholders in further disseminating this education after through their artistic
creations. Multi-media is also a new alternative in teaching young people on a more serious
topic like climate change.
High school Students
The need to inject SL education in schools and curricula has been reiterated throughout
international foras such as the WSSD Plan of Action for capacity building and awareness
raising activities on the need to adopt sustainable consumption and production patterns
among youth (chapter III-14/d), the UN Decade on Education for Sustainable Development
(UN DESD) and the Marrakech Process. UNEP and UNESCO respond to these calls by
assisting governments, youth groups, NGOs, teachers and trainers in raising awareness of
the need for more sustainable consumer choices in a youth-friendly format. Through
YAFE’s campaign series, the artists’ short film shall form part of the visual aid and
introduction.
YAFE’s series of school symposiums targets 80 students and 10 teachers per session; this
will be done initially in five schools (450 in total for symposium series). These schools are
also some of the pre-surveyed schools in 2009 as we conducted the Global Survey on
Sustainable Lifestyles where it was aimed to get how this particular demographic perceives
7
UNDP: Midterm Philippine Report: The United Nations Millennium Development Goals, 2008
P a g e | 31
SL. The study was presented at the UNEP TUNZA Children and Youth Conference in
Daejeon, South Korea last August 2009 and reported at the UN Conference on Climate
Change in Copenhagen, Denmark last December 2009. The study shows that this
demographic perceived SL Education as an appropriate way to increase young people’s
interest on issues related to climate change and global warming. Furthermore, the general
statistic of the survey concludes that their knowledge of the state of the environment is
limited to:
a) what they are learning from school;
b) hearing and seeing as displayed by the media (print and non-print); and
c) by what they were raised to believe or practice.
Conclusions on resolutions for these challenges were perceived as follows:
a) better education with sensitivity but very convincing factors (for example, we are
describing our current way of living simply as ‘current way of living’ and not ‘the
wrong way of living’);
b) focus discussions in dissecting what the media is portraying and what is factually
the better options (for example, we want to make them realize what is behind the
eco-campaigns of their favourite t-shirt brands, does it have depth, does it
actually have concrete implementation or it ends with a mere
“ecostatement” printed on the shirt? Is it actually the company’s response on
corporate social responsibility or just another marketing gimmick?), and
c) better communication materials that “states better options” rather than “lectures
or preaches” as many study shows young people does not want to be lectured to
specially when it comes to personal choices.
Roadmap
Timeline
Date
October
September Pre-roundtable consultative meeting with YAFE
October
Canvassing of roundtable venue/cater
Artists’ Roundtable Workshop on Sustainable Lifestyles
Continuous email communication
November Brainstorming of currently agreed theme/scheme of output
Development of storyboards and copywriting of script
Finalizing of storyboards, gathering resources and coordination
Consultative meetings with advisors
December Meetings and advisory from JEEF
Development of short film (animation)
Drafting and Finalizing of survey questionnaires
Pre-implementation survey for students and teachers
P a g e | 32
January
February
March
onwards
onwards
Continuous development of animation
Screen adaptation of text/storyboards
Finalizing of adapted narration/text
Lay-outing of narration
Screening
Post-implementation survey students and teachers that was pre-surveyed last
December. Evaluation etc.
Internal assessment with the animation project, evaluation of pre and post
evaluation surveys for the internal team etc.
Various post distribution activities etc.
Success Indicators
Surveys. For the Artists, a pre-survey document will be sent via email before the
scheduled roundtable session and as part of the workshop, a post-test assessment sheet
will be given to see how much they have gained in comparison with their pre-session
assessment.
For the students and film viewers, a short survey to the audience before the film is shown
will be given to know their pre-education assessment of SLE and how they perceive SLE,
this will serve as an indicator since these audiences will be followed up another postsurvey after watching the film through their emails (we will get their emails from the
registration forms with permission and for the sole purpose of post-survey sending).
These surveys aim to measure their pre and post level of current awareness, perception on
environmental issues, interest and willingness to improve/change lifestyle etc.
The GSSL survey data shall be utilized as the schools wherein the film will be shown and
the symposium will be conducted are the schools that participated in the GSSL last 2009.
Eco-initiative report. Aside from the survey, students’ assessment will depend on how
well their eco-initiative activity report will be graded by their teachers by the end of the
school year (March).
Personnel
Project Manager – Angelicum Fernandez-Oda, UNEP-YAFE YouthXchange, Social
Entrepreneur, Student of Environmental Diplomacy at the University of Geneva
Project Coordinator – Anthony Jake Huiskamp Atienza, Independent Film Curator,
Student of International Communication at the University of Groningen
Project Assistants –Janin Roy Saracia, YAFE senior members, Communication Specialist
for Teleperformance Philippines
P a g e | 33
Lead Animator –Harsah Gupta, Proprietor, MecrTech Information Techology Firm.
Distance-learning Postgraduate student of Physics at Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi
Assistant Animator –Milan Pandey, Student of IT at Birla Institute of Technology
Script Adaptation Writer – Marie Bretana, WWF - Philippines, Individual Donor Program
Officer
Narrator 1 – Enchong Dee, YAFE Member, Olympian, Model, Actor and Personality.
Postgraduate student of Developmental Studies in de la Salle University Manila
Narrator 2 – Andy Smith, YAFE Member, Video and Disk Jockey for MYX, Channel V and
host for various technology and teen shows.
Narrator 3 – Bianca Araneta Elizalde, YAFE senior member, Model and Beauty
personality. High-profile environmentalist and social entrepreneur.
Various advisers/volunteers – YAFE Volunteers
Advisers and Partner Institutions:
Pat Villafuerte, Readings Association of the Philippines (to review script of the film, advice
on revisions and enhancement to increase impact and social attachment of delivery)
Vim Nadera, University of the Philippine Faculty of Arts and Language (to review script and
visual presentation of the film, advice on revisions and enhancement to increase impact
and social attachment of delivery)
Jose Decolongan, SGS Group Management Ltd (SGS is a certification company that has set
standards for almost all sector of industry including films, Mr. Decolongan will be advising
and suggesting improvements and will point out factors to be considered)
Pepe Diokno, Independent Filmmaker (will review the development plan and assist
throughout the duration of development)
Budget
Expenses until December 01 2010
Provision for
Stationary Materials
Consultative Meeting
Meeting 1: with artists (roundtable)
Meeting 2: with artists and advisers
Amount in
PHP
1,753.00
1,252.00
4,377.00
2,189.00
In JPY
3,344.29
2,388.36
8,349.74
4,175.82
P a g e | 34
2 Animators honorarium (Harshad Gupta and
Milan Pandey)
Stipend allowance for Project Manager
(Angelicum Fernandez-Oda) and Coordinator
(Janin Roy Cruz Saracia)
Currently in Contingency funds
Total
5,000.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
9,538.20
9,538.20
9,538.20
5,000.00
29,571.00
9,538.20
56,413.75
Use of Celebrities. The short film will be narrated by 3 celebrities (which means it will be
narrated and laid-in a digital copy) to spark more interest among the young demographics
and to capture the attention of the media. These artists have previously worked with other
YAFE projects before for free and as a voluntary service. Namely: Enchong Dee, top
Philippine teenage actor, athlete and personality; Bianca Araneta-Elizalde, top Philippine
beauty personality involved in many environmental projects; and Andy Smith, a famous
Australian-Filipino disc and video jockey and TV personality (These personalities are YAFE
members and have been working with different YAFE activities pro-bono as part of their
personal initiatives). Respectively, the mentioned personalities will narrate the film in 1)
Filipino language for public and rural school screening, 2) Simplified English for private
school and urban area screening and 3) English for instances when the film will be played
for international viewing (for example, on YouTube, or YAFE presentations abroad). This
means that there are three versions of the film’s CD narrated by the three respective
personalities; the versions will be used depending on the audience mentioned above.
Alternatively, it is planned to involve celebrities as Masters of Ceremonies in conducting
the school symposiums so young people will be more interested since a popular
‘personality’ is present. This particular PR strategy will be done according to applicable
standards; it is aimed to use famous personalities to add interest and not to get the
limelight from the educational agenda and presentations. This strategy is deemed
successful as done in previous campaigns by the organization.
Other means of screening. The short-film will not only be played on premiere night and
YAFE workshops & symposium. After these events, evaluation and feedback from viewers,
the film will be lent to other organizations that may use it as part of their communication
campaigns. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the film may be showcased in the
different parts of the country. Moreover, the film shall be uploaded on Youtube and other
social networking websites such as Multiply and Facebook. To add, the link shall be posted
on Twitter to reach Filipinos abroad as well as other nationalities. This ensures the
continuity of the film’s screening even way after the series of planned events.
It is to be proposed to UNEP that the film will be reproduced and distributed to other
YouthXchange partners in more than 30 countries.
Optimization of Press Releases. Press releases and reports will not only be uploaded on
P a g e | 35
the Yafe’s website but also onto the website of UNEP, which will make search engine
ranking on top priority. This will make PR more efficient for online users. It is also to be
assured that the short-film will always be credited after the JEEF Grant and its supporting
institutions.
Conclusion, Results and Evaluation
As of the present, the project has not reached the point wherein conclusions may be drawn.
But substantially through the development of the animation, workshops done and surveys
conducted, the film is very much ready to be finalized after the script adaptation and
narration.
After the 5-minute animation is done and consequently after the post-assessment has been
finalized, the report and actual animation will be presented to the following institutions for
potential support/sponsorship for the purpose of coming up with an updated version for
2012 and to help us campaign further the use of the film (e.g. organizing "viewing events"
for young people featuring the film and featuring a post-viewing mini-talk):
a) DED (German Development Service - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit)
b) USAID-SEDP (United States Agency for International Development - Sustainable
Energy Development Program)
c) Cinema Knights
These organizations have previously partnered with YouthXchange's several projects in the
past and are also interested in using the animation film in some of their activities with
youth and young people. Initial inquiries have been made with them regarding possible
support for the animation.
As an initial plan, there is also a possibility of conducting school viewing of the animation to
some private schools and from which a minimal fee is to be asked as part of a fund-raising
activity. The proceeds from the said opportunity can support eco-livelihood projects of
YAGE called “Droplets of Nature” which is for the benefit of mothers residing in rural
communities in Laguna, Philippines. This potential fundraising activity should not be
confused with school symposium viewing of the film as part of the YouthXchange campaign.
Recommendations
Not applicable as the project is not yet finished. However, opinions about the film that have
been solicited from individuals aged 15 and below are positive. It was suggested to use a
mascot for the film’s narrator. Nevertheless, as advised from JEEF and having majority of
the artists' opinion, we have decided not to use any.
P a g e | 36
Educating Green Values to Socially
Disadvantaged Children through
Speech and Drama
Author: Joanna Tan (tancalejo@gmail.com)
Country: Singapore
Affiliation: Avelife Foundation
Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama.
Joanna Tan. Singapore.
P a g e | 37
Summary
The project is designed to cater to the youth, aged 7 to 12, residing in 1-2 room flats. The
project will use different methods of teaching, such as Speech & Drama to impart the
knowledge of sustainable living. The program was implemented weekly for 3 hours.
Rationale
Reason for target group
Figure 3: Proportion of volunteers according to gender, ethnic group, age and house type
In a survey8 done by the National Philanthropy Volunteering Council, results have shown
that residents who stay in 1-3 room HDB flats displayed the lowest participant rate in
social activity. Avelife, a foundation who envisions to be an educational platform for
effective green innovation for active learners and corporate leaders, would like to make
social activity habitual to this specific community, thus targeting them as the audience for
the speech and drama program.
Reason for speech and drama
Speech and drama will enable one to learn holistically as it requires the students to use all
five senses, namely the sense of touch, hear, sight, smell and taste. Studies have shown that
8
http://www.nvpc.org.sg/Library/Documents/ResearchReports/08IGS_SURVEY%20FINDINGS.pdf
P a g e | 38
through the techniques of speech and drama, students are more likely to remember the
teaching content.
Currently, there are no existing programs that allow children to learn about the
environment using the techniques of speech and drama. By taking a bold step to be the first
to spearhead such a program, Avelife hopes to take this opportunity to make observations
on the effectiveness of teaching through speech and drama and expand on it. Therefore, at
its initial stage, it is necessary to conduct a pilot project to explore the effectiveness of
spreading the green message using this teaching technique.
In the event that the program is deemed successful, Avelife intends to expand the program
to other constituencies. Avelife will also share its experience in this area to help other
environment organizations to communicate the message of green living through speech
and drama.
This program was initiated as part of Avelife’s vision. In its aim to impart green values,
Avelife uses a distinctive and novel approach of educating the young about green living by
using art as a medium. With art being a channel that encourages freedom of expression, the
project aims to create the opportunity for creativity that shall aid in shaping a ‘green’
mindset for the youth.
Avelife hopes to captivate the hearts of the young by catering to their interest. The
activities in this program are carefully designed in such a way that it draws a clear link on
the direct effect of an eco-friendly act on our life. The program aspires to help students
relearn green issues from a different angle. This program will also help to mitigate
stereotypical statements about the environment. At the end of the program, the students
should understand that caring for the environment is crucial. With this, the main function
of this program is to indoctrinate green living into their lives rather than presenting it as a
mere concept.
Target area
At its initial stage, the program is to be made available to residents living in the areas of
Queenstown and Bukit Merah.
P a g e | 39
Figure 1: Map of Planning Areas
Basic information of the area.
Figure 2: Singapore Residents by Planning Area and Type of Dwelling, June 2009
P a g e | 40
Figure 3: Singapore Residents by Planning Area and Age Group, June 2009
P a g e | 41
Considering the target audience of the project, an analysis of the demographics of different
areas in Singapore shows that Queens town and Bukit Merah are ideal areas to initiate the
program. As shown in Figure 2 above, Queenstown and Bukit Merah are areas where a large
number of residents live in 1-2 room flats, having 8,000 and 22,000 residents respectively. In
addition, with reference to Figure 3 above, Queenstown and Bukit Merah have a total child
population of 23,100, between the ages of 5 and 14. This figure shows a sufficient number of
participants that guarantees the continaunce of the program over a long period of time.
P a g e | 42
The project’s primary target audience is children between the ages of 7 and 12, living in 1-2
room flats.
Roadmap
The program will operate as per normal for two years. An analysis will be made regarding
the effectiveness of teaching through speech and drama. In the following two years, Avelife
will focus on spreading this message of teaching to other organizations and intuitions. After
which, Avelife will look into the possibility of liaising with local educational institutions to
send students to attend Speech and Drama workshops conducted by Avelife.
Success Indicators
Indicator
Attendance
Method
An attendance chart will be
created and the student’s
attendance count will be
recorded.
No. of new
participants
A monthly count on the
number of new students will
be tabulated together with a
brief statement on how did
they get to know about the
program
Tutors will be tasked to rate
the students’ level of
participation in class.
Participation Rate
Surveys
The survey will serve two
purposes:
1. Quality of the activities;
and
2. Students will submit a
listing of the improvements
in living habits which
supports the green
movement.
Rationale
A decline in attendance may imply
that the participants are beginning to
lose interest. This calls for an urgent
need to find out the reason behind
this trend.
This will help in the analysis on the
effectiveness of the marketing efforts
implemented. It will also be a
marketing guideline when Avelife
wants to reach out to more people.
A decline in overall participation rate
may imply that the students are
beginning to lose interest in the
activity and that the activities have
failed to cater to the needs and
personalities of the students.
1. To meet the objectives of the
program, it is important to hear the
students’ opinions of the program;
and
2. The listing will help imply the
success of the program in
indoctrinating green values into the
lives of the students.
Avelife will analyze the results of the indicators systematically. The indicators are selected
such that it could be used to cross reference with the results of another indicator to further
P a g e | 43
support the hypothesis. For instance, an increase in attendance and an overall positive
statement of the students’ opinion towards our program will affirm the quality of our
activity.
The indicators will be analyzed with extra consciousness of the timing. Not only will pre
and post tests be employed, surveys are to be done at the appropriate time. Some of the
indicators above will be recorded in days, in weeks or in months. This would make every
indicator highly relevant to the objectives of the program.
The survey will be drafted and processed by Avelife’s personnel whose performance
indicators are not directly related to the results of the indicator. This will prevent surveys
from having survey questions which are capable of misleading the participants to a
particular desirable answer. This will reduce error in the results of the analysis with a
strong internal auditing system.
Personnel
For the entire program, 4 executive members of Avelife, Joanna Tan, Jody Liu Luke Cheng
and Nini Hyun participated in the planning and execution of the project. On the actual day
of the event, 30 volunteers were recruited to support the event. The training was assisted
by an external consultant, Lorraine, who is a professional theatrical performer of the
Singapore Repertory Theater, to prepare the children for the performance. The volunteers
were all recruited via a Singapore volunteer portal, SG Care.
Notices on the boards of the flats were posted to encourage interested children to join the
program. Publicity began in October 2010 to prepare for first batch of students for January
2010. This program is to be considered successful if the program gains the support of the
parents as they decide if their children should continue. As such, parents are invited
observe the program, as for Avelife to gain their approval.
Budget
Avelife has liaised with private individuals who are willing to sponsor a venue for this
event. As the program will take approximately 3 hours, Avelife shall provide food and
beverage for the participants. Another major expenditure is that for props and stationeries
to run the program.
Item
Catered Food10
9
Cost per Unit
(SGD)
4
Cost per
Unit (USD)9
2.92
No. of Units
1680
Total Cost
per year
$4905.60
Exchange rate at 0.73 USD/SGD
10http://www.select.com.sg/tingkat.htm
P a g e | 44
Scissors11
0.6
0.44
40
$17.52
2B pencils (12 per boxes)
1.6
1.17
10
11.68
Color Pencils (come in 12
color boxes)
4
2.92
10
$29.20
6.21
4.53
2
$9.10
16.80
12.25
5
$61.32
-
-
-
$100.00
Total:
$5134.38
Paper (500 Sheets)
Whiteboard Marker (12
pieces per box)
Misc
The items are selected based on an average educational program. However, this program is
implemented with the aim of carrying a green connotation. Therefore, the use of paper and
wooden pencils might be avoided. This could increase or decrease the total yearly
expenditure, depending on the cost of the substitute. The council will revise the budget
plan where appropriate. $100 is allocated to the miscellaneous item as a buffer to the
expenditure.
The pilot project was executed with the support of Daimler (Mercedes-Benz distributor).
Avelife co-hosted the event and organized a Christmas carol event for the targeted
underprivileged children. The children were taught by a professional theatrical performer
on the fundamentals of a theatrical performance and a medley of Christmas songs and
songs from The Little Company – a children’s theatre group from Singapore Repertory
Theatre (SRT).
To further enhance the event, a charity drive was organized prior to the staged
performance. The event, known as the Christmas Toy Charity Drive, included a distribution
of donated toys to the underprivileged children.
The children involved in this program were mainly from Project STOMP (Student-Tutor
Open Mentoring Program) and Queenstown CC KidsRead Program, initiatives of
Queenstown Youth Executive Committee (YEC). Student mentors from Project STOMP have
also participated in the making of the props using recycled materials. Volunteers from SG
Cares were involved in the props making and costumes production.
The choral was a public event held at the Mercedes-Benz Centre on the 4th of December
2010, between 2 to 2.30pm. The supporters of this event were SG Cares, Peoples’
Association, Queenstown CC YEC and Project STOMP.
http://sg.88db.com/Food/Catering-Services/ad-69604/
11 http://www.popular.com.sg/jsp/product/list_product_by_cat.jsp?vca001=101&vor001=p
P a g e | 45
A press release was requested from Avelife by two local news media, The Straits Times and
Newpaper. The publication was made shortly after the event. In addition, executive
director of Avelife, Mark Cheng, was invited for an interview on a local radio broadcaster,
93.8FM. The program was well received by the public and was seen as a novel and effective
way of communicating green knowledge to the children. The event held positive outcomes
and Avelife will continue to expand this program further to benefit a greater proportion of
the public.
The following is the actual expenditure for the event.
White Glue (X1)
$1.00
Glue Paste (X1)
$0.30
Tape (X1)
$2.00
Scissors, $2 each (X2)
$4.00
Size 34 brush
(X1)
$0.70
Big Paint Brushes, $2.00 each (X2)
Size 56 brushes, $0.90 each (X5)
$4
$4.50
Dark Green Paint (X1)
$2
Light Green Paint (X1)
$2
Red Paint (X1)
Total Event Resources
$2.20
$22.70
The large cost savings were attributed from the extensive use of recycled materials which
were collected from private individuals. Christmas trees were decorated with old
cardboards that were repainted. Old newspaper and unwanted envelopes, together with
paper bag string handles and plastic bags were used to construct and decorate the
snowman for this event. Costumes were also made out of newspapers and unwanted
envelopes. Strings used to secure the hats were kindly sponsored by Queenstown
Community Centre. A total of 45 hats were made.
The event was a success, as proven by the reaction of the participants and the public who
agreed that speech and drama is a well received educational tool. It serves as an innovative
and useful method to communicate with children regardless of the agenda. The
overwhelming responses from the public have sparked interest in companies who
P a g e | 46
expressed their willingness to fund the program. The children who participated in this
event were each granted a show ticket to Pinocchio Musical Show, worth $50 as goodwill
from the Daimler group.
As a continuing project with Daimler, the organizations will be working with Exxon Mobil
to structure a play that would carry green connotations this year in August 2011. The
preparation for the play will commence in June and print materials will be designed
starting end May. The audience is estimated at 45,000 children and parents. Both Daimler
and Avelife are currently exploring the possibilities of making the end of year performance
an annual event. Such an arrangement would enable sustainability in the speech and drama
initiative.
Avelife is currently working with New York University (NYU), School of Arts, TISCH group
in the evaluation on the possibilities of having NYU provide lecturers to guide the children
in future Speech and Drama programs. This would provide a fixed source of lecturers to
educate the children. In addition, Avelife is looking into working closely with the TISCH
group to ensure that all contents of the activities would carry high relevance to
environmental conservation. In doing so, Avelife aims to ensure that the message of
protecting the environment would be communicated. Avelife engaged two individuals who
have been active in the green scene to be tasked with the vetting of the program content.
The speech and drama program has seen much approval and interest from the public
which signifies the opportunity for rapid growth.
Recommendations
The program was largely planned and organized by the partners while Avelife supported
the event by providing volunteers to help out in the event. Due to the lack of
communication, there were misunderstandings leading to insufficient emphasis on green
education. Instead of making the volunteers do the props, we could have arranged for the
volunteers to mentor the students in the making of eco-friendly props. This would provide
a head start to cultivate recycling practices into each student.
With the increasing emphasis on the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR),
there is a possibility of companies conducting CSR activities with vested interest, thus
basing the success of the project on misleading indicators such as increase in the number of
new customers and increase in profit margin. Upon this observation, Avelife is determined
to ensure that future Speech and Drama program partnership would constitute a 70% to
30% authority, with Avelife holding the higher percentage of authority in terms of decision
making. Avelife would ensure that the activities are geared towards green education and is
carried out without any vested interest.
P a g e | 47
Testimonials
“The event was a good way of encouraging bonding and teamwork between the children. As
people are doing something together for the same purpose, they may feel a sense of belonging.
It has made me become more aware of the people surrounding me as ideas are being formed
and put into one as a team. I've also learnt to become more open minded and accept new
discoveries and inventions.” -Anonymous, Volunteer
“Holding the Green Choral was a great idea. It helped kids to take a break from all the school
work during the holidays and enjoy themselves. The kids truly enjoyed the event and the time
during the two rehearsals. They were also elated to receive the presents. I'm sure the parents
appreciated this event too since their kids were pleased and could spend their holidays well.
This event made me more enthusiastic to work with kids and more patient also. It has also
inspired me to be more environmentally friendly and made me realize that there are many
ways to recycle materials and save the earth.” -Angela, Volunteer
“This event is very heartwarming as it allows the children to enjoy this Christmas
season. Their parents joined them as well. The kids were thrilled by the presents. As a
volunteer, I feel happy that the kids and parents enjoyed themselves. This event benefited the
children and spread the joy. The event could expand and be bigger to attract more outsiders
and show them that there are avenues to be green and doing a good deed at the same time.
The event has made me realize that it is very simple to be happy.” -Yang Hong, Volunteer
“It is very heartwarming to see each kid open up slowly, displaying true joy in singing and
dancing. The children were very attentive and participative during lessons. Speech and
Drama has the capability to capture the attention of these children.” –Jee Cheng, Volunteer at
Project STOMP
P a g e | 48
Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang
Island
Author: Vich Cheepsujjayan (vich_c@hotmail.com)
Country: Thailand
Affiliation: Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat
University
Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island. Vich Cheepsujjayan. Thailand.
P a g e | 49
Summary
The project is focused on utilizing organic waste generated from hotels and communities as
fertilizer. The project is implemented in communities under the authority of Koh Chang
municipality.
Koh Chang municipalities cooperate with local communities in managing the waste produced
on a daily basis. The process of producing the fertilizer will be communicated to the locals as
well as to other stakeholders. The fertilizer produced may be sold or used for agriculture,
which contributes to sustainable development.
Rationale
Thailand’s economy is centers on tourism and exporting. Tourism has generated an
estimated 600,000 Million Baht annually. At present, ecotourism has become popular among
tourists and has set a new trend for the tourism industry. Koh Chang Island is an area within
the country that provides for ecotourism.
Transportation to and within the island improved. A lot of hotels and resorts as well as
bungalows have been constructed, including the establishment of facilities such as banks,
internet services, restaurants, shops, mini-marts, bars, and the like. The increase in facilities
and number of tourists resulted in the increase of garbage. It is estimated that the island
generates garbage of around 20-30 tons per day, of which 40% are organic waste that is
being transported across the island to the dump site located in Trat Province. This waste
problem can be mitigated by using the garbage to produce a fertilizer.
The primary objectives of the demonstration are the following:
 The community will be able to make the fertilizer by themselves;
 Spread the knowledge all over the community;
 Prevent the disease and help the sanitary in the target area; and
 Reduce the energy used by transportation of organic waste to the dump site.
Target area
The project covers the area under the authority of Koh Chang municipality. Koh Chang Island
Island is the second largest Island from Phuket Island in Thailand and full of natural
resources. The heart of the island is full of mountains and tropical rain forests which are
home to water sources such as rivers and waterfalls. The east of the island facing the main
land is the sediment area being brought from Trat Rivers. Consequently, it fertilizes the fish
area where many fishing villages are located. A lot of beautiful beaches are located at the
west, facing the sea.
P a g e | 50
The people in White Sand Beach district in Koh Chang Island are the beneficiaries of the
program. It is estimated at 20 people.
Roadmap
The procedure of the project implementation consists of following steps.
1. Meeting with possible partners
 First meeting with possible partners consisting of the administration meeting,
leader of each communities and private sector training course;
 Second meeting with possible partners; and
 Third meeting with possible partners.
2. Training and site visiting
 Training of participants; and
 Visiting each participating local community.
3. Set up and implement of GTF project in local community.
 Establish Local community committee in Koh Chang Island;
 Provide knowledge and tools to produce fertilizer;
 Provide public relations to leaders and the community;
 Fertilizer has been used in organic garbage in each local community or
transported to participating hotels; and
 Collection of recyclable wastes in schools and brought to the Waste Bank by
students.
4. Evaluation and redeveloping the GTF project
5. Submit final report to JEEF
No.
Activities
1.
First meeting with possible partners
2.
Setting a committee in municipal level
3.
Second meeting with partners
4.
Third meeting with partners
5.
6.
Project Planning
Oct Nov Dec
Jan
Setting a committee in local community
level
Preparing human resources and materials
for the local community
7.
Initiate a GTF project
8.
Educate by expertise
P a g e | 51
9.
Training for communities members
10.
Project implementation
11.
Monthly overall progress reporting
12.
Final report will be submitted
Success Indicators
People that participated in the project can make their own fertilizer and relay the learning to
their communities.
Personnel
The project involves the following:
Staff Members
1. Mr. Vich Cheepsujjayan
Project Manager
Description: Environmental Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology,
Thammasat University
2. Mr. Nathseth Yurawan
Project Assistant
3. Mr. Nilun Ruengpinyophun Project Assistant
Community Leader
1. Mr.Ongart
Tongparn
2. Mr.Witaya
Nopawan
3. Mr.Surin
Jetapic
Fertilizer’s Expert
Mr.Witorn
Chanthuma
Environmental Officer of Municipality
Miss Nantawan Noppagaw
Dissemination strategy
The Koh Chang municipality cooperated by disseminating information about the project to
public through the local radio channel and the local news website.
P a g e | 52
Budget
No.
1.
2.
3.
Budget lines
Documentation
Communication/Transportat
ion
Project operation cost
(Fertilizer’s Tank)
Unit
Unit
Cost
(Yen)
Time
1,000
3
3,000
Month
13,500
6
81,000
Unit
1,000
20
20,000
Quantity
Total
Total
Budget
(Yen)
104,000
The White Sand Beach community in Koh Chang joined the project through the participation
of 20 interested people, of which testing was implemented in their households. The
community leader is tasked to ensure the continuity of the project by constant check-ups.
The result of the program showed that the bioextract or Effective Microorganism (EM) was
fermented by the organic waste from household but still does not prove the efficiency,
organism carbon, and etc.
The White Sand Beach community can now make their own fertilizer from the organic
wastes that are produced from their households. Moreover the participants can distribute
this knowledge to other communities. This knowledge can make their community
sustainable by reducing organic waste to the disposal site and also have an opportunity to
sell this fertilizer to gardener in the future.
Recommendation
The project needs to monitor the results to further improve the effectiveness of bioextract or
Effective Microorganism (EM). More effort is required to spread the findings to other
communities.
P a g e | 53
Annex: Photo Documentation
This section is a compilation of pictures from the different grant projects. The photos taken
showcase the implementation of the programs, the beneficiaries of the project as well as the output
of the initiatives.
Towards a Sustainable Traditional Market
Touring the site. Project Leaders and volunteers familiarize themselves
with “Gemah Ripah” traditional fruit market.
P a g e | 54
Initial Surveys. The analysis of results shall determine the content of
the educational materials.
Cleaning Day. The waste is segregated into compostable or noncompostable.
P a g e | 55
Additional source of income. Fruits that have minimal damage are made
into juice and resold by the market vendors.
Towards a sustainable future. The team at a local based waste
management village.
P a g e | 56
Solar Cooking
Sun-cooked. The commercially produced solar cooker harnesses the
radiation from the sun for food preparation.
Home-made. A solar cooker made from everyday materials like
cardboard, foil, tape, clothes pins and the like.
P a g e | 57
Solar Chef. Shoko Ueno demonstrates how to boil an egg using a
home-made solar cooker.
P a g e | 58
Waste Segregation in the town of Kundasang, Sabah
Green Conversations. The community gathered to explore the option
of waste segregation.
User friendly. The waste baskets are designed in such a way even a
child can participate in the segregation effort.
P a g e | 59
Segregation site. The baskets are situated within the town square as to
ensure that the community practices waste segregation.
P a g e | 60
YouthXchange Artists’ Roundtable and Short Film on Sustainable Lifestyles
Creative room. Artists gather to for a roundtable discussion centered on
possible ways on how to render the video on sustainable living.
Planning for the next steps. Volunteers and artists in a consultation meeting
for the succeeding YAFE initiatives.
P a g e | 61
Educating Green values to socially disadvantaged children through Speech & Drama
All smiles. A Speech and Drama session with the organizers, volunteers
and participants.
Make a wish. A Christmas tree made of recycled materials with the
participants Yuletide yearnings.
P a g e | 62
Trash to Treasure. Christmas trees and a snowman made from used
paper, cardboards and plastics.
Center Stage. Speech and Drama participants showcase what they’ve
learned at the Christmas Carol Event.
P a g e | 63
Garbage to Fertilizer in Koh Chang Island
Waste busters. 2B-Green Co., Ltd composed of Vich, Nil and Nath with an
expert from Trat province.
Environmental Education. Organizers and participants listen to an
expert during the introductory session for the training course.
P a g e | 64
Environmental heroes. Project leaders and participants strike a pose with
the compost bins.
P a g e | 65
For more information, please contact:
Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF)
4th Floor, Twinz Shinjuku Bldg. 5-10-15, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, JAPAN
TEL. +81-3-3350-6770 FAX. +81-3-3350-7818 Email: asialeader@jeef.or.jp
www.jeef.or.jp/yelp
www.jeef.or.jp/english
ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS
2010 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership Program in Asia
Indonesia. Japan. Malaysia. Philippines. Singapore. Thailand. Vietnam.
August 2010 – February 2011
Editor: Ruth Yap, Malaysia
Design: Joanna Tan
Contributors: Herni Frilia
Hastutie, Nguyen Huu Dong,
Dang Hong Thai, Nguyen Hoang
Vu, Ruth Yap, Shotaro Kato,
Marie Sonsehrey J. Bretana,
Vich Cheepsujjayan, Joanna Tan
Cai Leing
Supervision: Kazue Tsukahara
(JEEF), Midori Shibahara (CSEL),
Hiroyuki Usuki
Available from: Japan
Environmental Education Forum
(JEEF)
th
4 Floor, Twinz Shinjuku Bldg.
5-10-15 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
TEL. +81-3-3350-6770
FAX. +81-3-3350-7818
asialeader@jeef.or.jp
www.jeef.or.jp/yelp
www.jeef.or.jp/english/
Citation
―ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS: 2010 JEEF Young Environmental Leadership
Program in Asia‖, Japan Environmental Education Forum (JEEF) 2011.
Copyright
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for
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Table of Contents
Indonesia .................................................................................................................................................. 1
Herni Frilia Hastutie
Indonesia, a country known to have the second highest level of biodiversity after Brazil, is
now facing biodiversity issues due to rapid deforestation.
Vietnam ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Nguyen Huu Dong, Dang Hong Thai and Nguyen Hoang Vu
With greater emphasis on industrialization, Vietnam finds itself trying to balance economy
growth and environmental sustainability. Rapid industrialization across the country has led
to pollution issues, which needs to be rectified.
Malaysia .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Ruth Yap
Malaysia is home to Asia’s unique animal species. The lives of these animals are endangered
as Malaysia’s timber industry and tourism development plans continue to grow. The
country needs to better manage its resources as it develops economically.
Japan ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
Shotaro Kato
With the support of the government, Japan continues to fight against greenhouse gas
emission. The government has laid out several plans to achieve their goal.
Philippines ............................................................................................................................................. 2o
Marie Sonsehrey J. Bretana
Overpopulation in the urban areas of Philippines has caused an increase in air, water and
land pollution. With the expansion of urban areas, the lives of the animal species are also in
danger as they are displaced from their homes. Nevertheless, the country has begun to pay
close attention to environmental issues as they experience climate change.
Thailand.................................................................................................................................................. 27
Vich Cheepsujjayan
Massive urbanization, industrialization and agricultural activities have introduced
pollutants into the waters of Thailand. As the country grows economically, it needs to
implement measures to introduce healthy industrial habits to halt unwanted pollution in the
country.
Singapore ............................................................................................................................................... 33
Joanna Tan Cai Leing
Singapore, known to be a “Green city”, faces minimal air, water and land pollution.
Nevertheless, unique to the countries in Asia, it faces dengue fever and food hygiene issues.
With the support of the government, environmental institutions have stepped in the take
control over these issues.
INDONESIA
1.1 Introduction to Indonesia
Known as archipelago country, according to the CIA fact book there are 17,508 islands in
Indonesia. The largest are Java, Sumatra - Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New
Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. The size of Indonesia, the tropical
climate, and archipelagic geography, support this country to become the world's second highest
level of biodiversity after Brazil.
Although the total area of Indonesia is only 1.3 percent of the earth's land surface, this country
has a big role in biodiversity existence. This country covers 11 percent of the world’s plant
species, 10 percent of the world’s mammal species, and 16 percent of the world’s bird species.
(See figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1- Biotic Richness: Percent of World’s Species Found in Indonesia1
The majority of these species are found in the country’s forest. Most of the world's largest
tropical forest is found in Indonesia. In terms of breadth, Indonesia tropical forest ranks third in
the world after Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire). Indonesia also has
the largest mangrove forest in the world. The extent of estimated mangrove forest is about 4.25
million hectares in the early 1990s.
1
Source: World Resources 2000-2001. Washington DC: World Resources Institute: 246-248
1
Indonesia's forests also store very large amount of carbon. According to FAO - Food of
Agriculture Organization of United States, the total amount of forest vegetation in Indonesia
produce more than 14 billion tons of biomass, it is much higher than the total biomass in other
countries in Asia and is equivalent to 20 percent of the biomass in all tropical forests in Africa.
The amount of this biomass could store about 3.5 billion tons of carbon. With deforestation being
carried out extensively in Indonesia and limited efforts in reforestation, it is possible that the
changing of land cover produces more carbon than absorbing it, this no doubt contributes to
global warming.
In Figure 1.2 The lost of forest cover in Indonesia is visible.
Figure 1.2- Map of Forest Cover Lost in Indonesia, 2000-052
The map above shows the extent and location of forest cover loss in Indonesia—detected by
satellite—for 2000 to 2005, when deforestation averaged 0.71 million hectares per year.
2
http://www.wri.org/map/forest-cover-loss-indonesia-2000-2005-starting-point-norwegianbillion-reduce-deforestation
1.2 Impacts of Deforestation
According to Susan Minnemeyer, the World Resources Institute (WRI)’s Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) Lab Manager, ―Up to 84% of Indonesia’s national greenhouse gas emissions arise
from land use change and deforestation and Indonesia is the second country with the most
deforestation activity after Brazil‖.
The statement above implies the effect of deforestation in Indonesia towards the world’s
environment. Deforestation does not only contribute to global warming but also directly cause
wildlife habitat destruction, endangering the existence of biodiversity.
The sea biodiversity is also affected. Climate change as the effect of global warming raise the sea
water temperature and the intense sun radiation causes coral bleaching and diseases. This
condition is often exacerbated by rich nutrient water flow from denuded lands.
When it comes to coral reefs, Indonesia have more coral reef area than any other nations (18
percent of the world’s total reefs), it also ranks first in the world in terms of diversity of hard
coral species – with more than 620 species or 75 percent of the world’s total – and coral reef fish
species (more than 2,200 species). As environmental damages continue to happen, the coral reef
and sea habitat are in danger.
On efforts in saving the reefs:- In August 2007, President Yudhoyono announced that Indonesia
would take part in the ―Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security‖ as
mentioned in online Jakarta Post, Friday, November 05, 2010 11:11 AM.
Coral bleaching and deforestation are not the only environmental problems happening in
Indonesia. Rapid urbanization, economic development, and technology development gives rise to
problems such as air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, water supply, and habitat
destruction. Both the government and environmental NGOs are trying to overcome these
problems by partnering together in spreading conservation messages to various parts of Indonesia,
slowly people are being invited to be more concern on their environment. As a developing
country, Indonesia should continue to monitor their development so that it would be in balance
with the environment.
VIETNAM
2.1 Introduction to Vietnam
Vietnam has been undergoing the process of industrialization and urbanization in order to
become an industrial country by 2020 as planned. Similar to many developing countries
environmental pollution seems to worsen. Some specialists proposed the hypothesis that if
GDP growth rate of Vietnam in 10 consecutive years increases about 7% per annum on
average, in which industrial sectors account for 8-9%, the industrial pollution in 2010 may
increase by 2.4 times in comparison with 10 years before, the same applies to agricultural and
civil pollution.
In recent decades, mega-cities like Hanoi capital, Ho Chi Minh have encountered mounting
environmental hazards caused by industrial, agricultural, civil and transportation activities. For
example, Ho Chi Minh city has 25 central industrial zones of 611 industrial factories in the
area of 2,298 hectare. In some estimation figures, these industrial zones together with over 200
outside centers are discharging 1,740,000 m3 industrial sewage water into the rivers of Sai
Gon, Dong Nai, including 671 tons of floating sediment, 1,130 tons of BOD5 ( contracting the
process of oxidization), 104 tons of nitrogen, 15 tons of phosphorus, and other heavy metals.
The disposal of industrial wastes are not only destroying the underwater ecosystem of many
microorganisms of great importance in waste decomposition and water purification, but also
contaminating the water of neighbouring rivers – the major water supply for millions of
residents living along it.
2.2 Gas emissions
In terms of air pollution, transportation activities are also one of the main sources of pollution.
Every year in Ho Chi Minh City means of transportation consume approximately 210,000 tons
of petrol, 190,000 tons of diesel, resulting in the emission of 1,100 tons of dust, 25 tons of
lead, 4,200 tons of CO2, 4,500 tons of NO2, 116,000 tons of CO, and 1.2 million tons of
hydrocarbon. The same phenomenon is occurring in many other big cities as well as industrial
zones in the country.
4
VIETNAM
Figure 2.1- CO2 emissions in metric tons per capita year 1960-2005
These toxic emission including Green House Gases (GHG) aggravate the air pollution in the
cities and worsen the climate change in Vietnam in particular and the globe in general. In fact,
Vietnam is among the developing countries worst affected by climate change which directly
results from the globally high increase in CO2 emission varying from 17-20% every year
(World Bank report in 2009). The major CO2 emission is generated from the intensive use of
coal in all national industries.
2.2 Inefficiencies of Industrialisation
Many industrial factories are located at the
countryside, far from central cities. However, that
leads to industrial management inefficiency in
governmental and local authorities. Thousands of
new factories and companies spring up over time.
However, hardly any take industrial sewage
refinement into serious consideration. Most of the
sewage does not meet the standard of the specialized
authorities for pollutant process.
5
VIETNAM
2.2.1 Water pollution
In many other rural areas, pollution not only cause loss
for eco-environment, but threatens the lives of
millions of poor farmers, many of whom live under
the minimum standard of living. In recent years, many
―cancer‖ villages have appeared, claiming hundreds of
lives each year. Specifically, in Viet Tri, Phu Tho
province, the chemicals discharged from Lam Thao
Super-Phosphate Chemical Company pollute the
underground water in a large area. Neighbouring residents who use the water have contracted a
number of deadly diseases like digestive, respiratory illnesses and even cancer. Nevertheless,
the local authorities as well as the government cannot intervene timely, allowing the bad
company to continue threatening the life of many people.
2.2.2 Air pollution
Furthermore, due to poor environmental awareness,
most farmers unknowingly and helplessly pollute the
environment through their daily cultivation, harvest,
and civil activities. Typically, Phong Khe paper making
village (in Bac Ninh Province) – the ―Dead land‖ is
suffering from serious air pollution by its villagers
burning toxic coal for production.
According to its local authority, 1,675 families’ health is
threatened, 30% of its population contracts respiratory and
digestive diseases. 100 production lines consume 40,000
tons of coal every day. 200 serious cases is reported every
year due to coal smoke poisoning, such are the alarming
figures in e environmental pollution by dirty energy.
6
VIETNAM
The biomass potential from Vietnamese agriculture was
annually estimated to be about 60 million tons including 77.5 million tons of rice husk, 4-4.5 million tons of bagasse,
35-37 million tons of rice straw, 10-15 million tons of wood
and wood wastes (saw dust), 1-1.5 million tons of others3
(coconut fiber, coffee husk, etc). However, because of huge
abundant agricultural by-products produced every year,
people are unable to process well and make the best use of these potentially useful materials.
Farmers often burn these by-products after harvesting their crop or discard them, hence
emitting million tons of CO2 to the environment.
3
Asian Development Bank in workshop on climate change and energy of Vietnam in 2009
7
MALAYSIA
3.1 Introduction to Malaysia
Malaysia is located near the equator, surrounded by the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, the
Celebes Sea and the Straits of Malacca. It has some 1,671 known species of amphibians, birds,
mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre,
among them are the orang-utans, the Sumatran Rhinoceros and the Malayan Tapir. Of these,
13.9% are endemic, and 9.3% are threatened. Malaysia is home to at least 15,500 species of
vascular plants as well as to the largest flower in the world, the Rafflesia. With almost 900 islands
in total with some located in the Coral Triangle, Malaysia is indeed a country rich with natural
resources.
However, there are issues which could very well contribute to the deterioration its environment if
urgent steps are not taken soon. The following highlights a few of the eminent environmental
issues in Malaysia.
3.2 Deforestation
According to the analysis of figures from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), in Malaysia, 63.6% of land area is covered with 20,890,000 ha of forest area.
However, only 11.6% of these forests are considered pristine. In total, Malaysia lost an average of
140,200 ha- 0.65 percent of its forest area per year since 2000.
The declining forest cover in Malaysia results primarily from urbanization, agricultural fires, and
forest conversion for oil palm plantations and other forms of agriculture. The development of oilpalm plantations alone is responsible for 87 percent of deforestation in Malaysia. The rapid
decline in forest cover has resulted in vanishing wildlife, imbalance of biological diversity,
increasing air temperature and fluctuating atmospheric humidity, flash floods as well as the
increase in atmospheric carbon.
3.2.1 Timber Industry
In the timber industry, illegal logging is rampant, causing widespread forest degradation in the
country. Timber is harvested from remote parts of Sarawak and Indonesia then smuggled to
China where it is used for furniture that is often shipped to Europe and the United States.
8
MALAYSIA
Although the Malaysia government had announced using new remote sensing technology to
detect illegal logging in the country back in the year 2007, there has not been any news on it since.
It is said that on paper, Malaysia has probably one of the best rainforest protection policies in
developing Asia, but in practice, logging still carries on because most of the time, it fails to
enforce the legislation.
3.2.3 Overemphasis on economic development
In the 1990s, the government overturned a High Court decision that would have prevented Bakun
dam, a huge hydroelectric project that would flood 69,000 ha of forest. Early in the year 2010,
there was another bout of power plant project that was proposed to be built on the shores of a
marine rich sea on the east coast of Sabah. However, due to objection from a local environmental
group, the power project has been rejected, but the project proponents seem determined in finding
a way around to build this project.
Figure 3.1 - Change in forest cover from 1950 to 2005
3.3 Endangerment of Wildlife
Wildlife in Malaysia has been a target in the wildlife trade or unsustainable culture practices.
Previously, wildlife in Malaysia is protected by the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, however, it
has been seen as insufficient and enforcement agencies have been facing problems trying to
protect the wildlife with it. It was not until recently, it has passed a new law known as the
Wildlife Conservation Act 2010.
9
MALAYSIA
The following will highlight the current status and threats faced by a few species of wildlife in
Malaysia, they include the turtles, orang-utans and tigers:
3.3.1 Turtles
Four of the seven species of marine turtles can be found in Malaysia, namely the leatherback
turtle, the green turtle, the hawksbill turtle and the olive ridley turtle. Except for Sabah, the
nesting trend of turtles has been declining in general over the years in Malaysia. The most
dramatic declines are exhibited in the Leatherbacks, Hawksbill and olive ridleys of Terengganu.
Available records indicate that the leatherback population has plummeted from 10,000 annual
nesting in the early 1950’s to less than a dozen in recent years.
Figure 3.2 - Nesting trends in leatherback turtles, Terengganu4
The reason for the continuous decline in the turtle population is the ongoing exploitation of the
egg. Apart from the consumption of eggs, turtles also face threats from habitat destruction and
degradation, illegal poaching and fishing nets. Although turtles are listed as endangered animals
by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in Malaysia they are not fully
protected. Early in the year 2010, World Wide Fund for Nature-Malaysia has approached the
Federal Government to present a memorandum which calls on the Federal Government to enact
comprehensive and holistic Federal laws that govern turtles. However, from a legal standpoint in
Malaysia, it’s difficult as jurisdiction over turtles belongs to the State according to the Federal
Constitution. For the Federal government to enact such comprehensive laws, the Federal
Constitution will need to be amended.
4
Source: Chan, E.H., 2006. Marine turtles in Malaysia: On the verge of extinction? Aquatic
Ecosystem Health & Management, 9 (2):175-184
10
MALAYSIA
3.3.2 Orang-utans
Orang-utans are native only to Indonesia and Malaysia. They are found in the lowland rainforests
of Northern Sumatra and Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, and Kalimantan). It is estimated that only a
number of 54,000 Bornean orang-utans and 6,600 Sumatran orang-utans are left in the wild by
the Orang-utan Conservancy.
The decline in the numbers of orang-utan is caused by the various threats they face. These
include the loss of habitat from clearance of forest for agriculture purpose (see Deforestation),
both illegal and commercial logging in the timber industry and conversion to plantations. When
areas of forest are cleared by illegal loggers, this also encourage poachers to enter into previously
inaccessible areas to hunt for the orang-utans. Orang-utans lose both their habitat and food source
when forests are cleared. Apart from that, there’s also the illegal pet trade and illegal hunting of
their meat.
3.3.3 Tigers
In Malaysia, there is an estimate of 490 Malayan Tigers left in the forests of Peninsular Malaysia.
Similar to orang-utans, tigers face the threats of deforestation. This has lead to the loss of their
habitat as well as food. Because of contracting sizes of natural habitats, their encounter with
human populations has increased over their years. There have been reports of tigers encroaching
on human settlements killing their livestock, and sometimes even humans. In retaliation, they are
killed by angry villagers or captured and kept in zoos.
Apart from deforestation, tigers also face illegal poaching. Tigers have been hunted as status
symbols, decorative items such as wall and floor coverings, as souvenirs and curious, and for use
in traditional Asian medicines. Tigers are also killed for their bones, meat and other body parts to
be smuggled to markets, largely in China. Despite Malaysia’s National tiger Conservation Action
Plan and new laws to combat the illegal killing and trade, the Malayan tiger continues to decline.
11
MALAYSIA
3.4 Waste Management
The total waste produced by a total Malaysian population of 26 million is 9.5 million tonnes a
year with a per capita generation rate of 1.2 kg/day. Currently waste is either disposed of in
landfills or incinerated. Malaysia spends Rm1 billion annually just to manage these wastes. There
are 231 landfills all over Malaysia and 111 landfills are not operating.
3.4.1 Recycling
Despite rigorous efforts by the government to promote and implement recycling programme in
2000, the current recycling rate in Malaysia is only 5 percent, which is far lower than its
neighbouring South-east Asian neighbours. In mid 2010, the Federal Government has made the
move to spur the recycling rate from 5 to 50 percent.
A local recycled plastic manufacturing company has stated the difficulty of gathering segregated
plastic waste for their processing in Malaysia. In fact, this company had to ship segregated plastic
waste all the way from China before they could process the plastic waste. Once they are done,
these plastics will then be sold to businesses in European countries, where environmental
awareness among the people is relatively higher than in developing countries.
3.4.2 Poor waste management system
As some islands in Malaysia are not well developed in terms of roads and other infrastructures,
waste management gets complicated as the island get more and more populated with people. In
Sabah on the east coast, immigrants in illegal settlements by the sea often dispose of their trash in
the ocean because the government do not provide waste management systems for these illegal
settlements.
3.5 Destruction of Marine Ecosystems
Malaysia has various marine ecosystems including wetlands, mangrove estuaries to coastal waters
fringed with coral reefs. The key issues affecting Malaysia’s marine ecosystems are:
12
MALAYSIA
3.5.1 Siltation
In deforested areas, the rain falls and wash down silts from the barren land into rivers and then
into the seas. When this happen, visibility in the water is reduced and aquatic organisms that
needs sunlight to survive are threatened. In coastal areas where coral reefs are mostly present,
silts cover and suffocate the coral reefs. This occur as coral reefs are animals with planktonic
plants living in them called zooxanthellae which are dependent on sunlight to produce food for
themselves as well as for the corals. The domino effect will in the end affect the fish population
because coral reefs are vital habitats for many marine organisms and it functions as a nursery
ground for many deep sea fishes.
3.5.2 Pollution from industry and agriculture
Agriculture waste that flows into the sea causes the level of nutrients in the water to increase.
This has led to problems such as Harmful Algae Bloom which occurs from time to time in
Malaysia coastal waters, causing the death of certain marine organisms as well as of people who
consumed these infected marine organisms. Apart from that, green filamentous algae also
increase when nutrients levels are high in the water. These algae smother and kill healthy corals.
They also cover coral rubbles, preventing new coral seedling from attaching and growing.
3.5.3
Destructive fishing practices
In the Peninsular Malaysia, the most
destructive fishing method is carried out
by fishermen who use trawl nets. Trawl
nets are dragged across the bottom of the
sea to catch any animals that gets into its
way, but at the same time, it also destruct
the bed of the sea which requires a long period of time to recover. Apart from that, sometimes
fishermen lay their nets in coral reef areas and their nets get stuck as they catch on sharp corals.
This leads them to drag their nets up by force and in the process breaking corals. If this fails, then
the fishermen would cut loose the net. The drifting nets endlessly ensnare marine organisms such
as turtles and kill them. This occurrence is also known as ―ghost fishing‖.
13
MALAYSIA
In Sabah, fish bombing and cyanide fishing is common. Fish bombing
is a very destructive fishing method, using some fertilizers, a glass
bottle and a fuse; this homemade dynamite could wipe out areas as
wide as 5 square meters. The powerful sound and vibration caused by
the dynamite shocks the fish. And upon the ignition of the dynamite,
all the fish will die and float up to the surface. Fishermen then need to only collect the dead fish
from the surface of the water.
In the cyanide fishing method, cyanide is squirted onto coral reefs;
fishes that are stunned by the poison will float out from their narrow
hiding places. The practice is usually carried out for the aquarium or
live fish trade as it is important for the fish to be captured alive in this
trade.
3.5.4 Tourism development: construction, operation, disturbance of natural habitat,
litter, physical damage
Tourism development on the islands and in coastal areas also contributes to the destruction of the
marine ecosystems. The construction of hotels and resorts leads to the inflow of silts into coastal
waters. Hotels and resorts managers tend to overlook matters such as proper waste management
and sewage system.
Buildings for tourism industry purposes have also changed the landscape of islands and coastal
areas. Structures such as jetties could sometimes change the flow of underwater currents, causing
certain beach to face erosion and deposition elsewhere. Speed boats which were introduced to the
islands injure marine animals that swim past with their sharp boat propellers.
The development on the island and coastal areas also disrupts the nesting of sea turtles. Excited
tourists who come across marine turtles disturb nesting turtles. Some tourists ride them on land
and chase them in the water. The lights from resort confuse turtle hatchlings and cause them to
swim towards land instead of the sea. To supply tourists’ demand of seeing these rare creatures,
locals have even captured hatchlings to show them to tourists for a fee.
14
MALAYSIA
Litter is also polluting the sea and killing marine organisms. The most common litter around the
beaches in Malaysia are cigarette filters, mineral water bottles, beverage cans and food wrappers.
In some places, littering is a culture among some local islanders who have not been brought up
with good practices. Some tourists who have relatively low awareness and responsibility towards
the environment also litter.
Tourists who have little understanding of corals mistake them as rocks. They either crush or stand
on corals during snorkelling activities. Poorly instructed divers with poor buoyancy also damage
coral reefs when they crash onto reefs, touch and handle any marine organisms they see in
underwater.
3.6 Poor management of resources
In Malaysia, often authority is vested across a large number of government agencies causing it to
be difficult to implement comprehensive environmental policies. The federal has governance over
health, education, security, foreign affairs and finances whereas the state has governance over
land, religion, local government, agriculture and forestry.
3.6.1 Absence of consultation with stakeholders
Sometimes in certain areas, local development and management is carried out without any
consultation with stakeholders. These local stakeholders have more experience in a certain area
than the newly appointed resource manager, hence they know better on how an area should be
developed and how the resources should be managed. If the public officers take the time to listen
to these invaluable opinions, they could then make better decision on how to manage the
resources with the national and state funds.
3.6.2 Corruption
Corruption is a major problem which is infiltrating government agencies and public services. It
has prevented qualified people from taking on tasks and encouraged slackers to continue being
irresponsible and reckless with the position they hold. Sometimes, perpetrators nabbed by
enforcement officers go scot free as they manage to negotiate their way out from their crime by
buying favours from the enforcement officers. This has caused offenders to continue committing
crime and breaking laws as well as encourage potential perpetrators to follow in their footsteps.
15
MALAYSIA
3.6.3 No communication/outreach
To ensure that a policy is in force, the public needs to be educated on the policy as well. However,
many a times, the public are not made aware of them these environmental policies. For example,
in Marine Protected Areas (MPA) on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, tourists are not well
informed of the prohibited activities on the island. As MPA officers are poorly equipped with
good communication skills, the important messages are not conveyed to the tourists. Insufficient
interaction and communication between the locals and the MPA officers have also resulted in bad
relations among the locals living on the island. If MPA officers and locals communicate more
often and understand each others’ roles, both parties would be able to benefit from the
Quick summary of problems
In short, the environmental issues which Malaysia is facing are deforestation, endangerment of
wildlife, waste management, destruction of marine ecosystems. In order to address these
problems, one of the main changes required will be the enforcement of existing legislation, which
exists to manage the issues outlined above. Management of resources should also be improved by
doing more on the ground consultations with local stakeholders. As for the public, NGOS and
Government sectors alike should continue educating and informing them about environmental
issues to increase their environmental awareness in general. In addition, the attitude of the park
rangers and officers in the government sectors should also be changed because bribery will be
another factor that causes these people to neglect their obligations and let the unlawful people to
continue destroying the environment. Proper ethics should be instilled in these people through
seminars and conferences.
16
JAPAN
4.1 Introduction to Japan
Japan had environmental issue about water and air when economic has been developing from in
the 1950s and the 1970s. However, many problems have been solved by great effort until now.
The present environmental issue in Japan which many people are interested in is carbon dioxide
emission.
4.2 Green house gas emissions
The amount of carbon dioxide which Japan exhausted in 2008 reached 1,214,000,000 tons, which
accounted for 4.2 percent of carbon dioxide emission of the world and ranked 5th in the world.
The emission has been increasing from 1990, which is the standard year of Kyoto protocol, to
2008 with a decrease in in 2008 because of Lehman Shock.
Figure 4.1 – Annual green house gas emission, 1990 to2008
Comparing among different sectors, the industrial sector is responsible for the largest
amount of carbon dioxide emission, which is 39.4 percent.
17
JAPAN
Figure 4.2 – Annual greenhouse gas emissions of different economic sectors, 1990 to2008
According to Kyoto Protocol, Japan aims to reduce greenhouse gas by 6 percent from 1990 to
2012. If the goal is not achieved, Japan would be imposed more on greenhouse gas reduction
burden goal after 2013. Even so, Japan greenhouse gas emission has been increasing from 1990
to 2007, an increase by 9 percent. With that said, Japan should reduce 15 percent of greenhouse
gas to achieve the goal in Kyoto protocol.
4.2 Efforts by the Japanese government
Although at present it seems impossible to achieve the goal by 2012 in the Kyoto protocol, with
a new positive attitude, Japan is beginning to act on stopping climate change and had set a new
goal to be achieved by 2050. In 2009, Japan ex- prime minister declared a new goal, which is
cutting greenhouse gas emission amounting to 25% by 2020 and 80% by 2050, three times the
previous goal. . To achieve this goal, Japanese government will take the following actions:
a. Creating emission trading market by using Cap And Trade.
b. Leading Global Warming Tax
c. Visualizing carbon dioxide emission
18
JAPAN
d. Creating Feed-in Tariff for renewable energy and promoting development of smart grid
technology.
e. Subsidizing solar panels, energy saving cars and energy saving appliances.
f. Promoting R&D in environmental technology, for example fuel cell, superconductor and
biomass.
g. Growing new industry by using new energy and energy saving technology.
h. Supporting energy saving repair construction, for example barrier-free repair,
setting up solar panels and insulator.
i. Establishing the maintenance system of stable supply of rare metals and
deepening diplomacy with the countries which have resources.
If the above actions are taken, Japan could lead the world to Low Carbon Society as an
environmental leader of the world. Environmental issue could be solved, if the countries which
have been exhausting a large amount of carbon dioxide take active environmental actions.
19
PHILLIPPINES
5.1 Introduction to Philippines
The Philippine ecosystem is considered to be one of the most diverse in the world. It is home to
approximately 13 thousand floral species, a variety of at least one thousand terrestrial vertebrates,
and close to five thousand aquatic plants and animals5. A considerable amount of the Philippine
wildlife is endemic, such as the tarsier, the renowned Philippine Eagle, and the tiny Pandaka
pygmea, to name a few.
Composed of 7,017 islands, the Philippine archipelago holds one of the largest combined
coastlines worldwide, next only to Canada and Indonesia. Situated within the coral triangle, this
geographical feature allows for a thriving marine environment.
5.2 Environmental Threats
Despite the undoubted beauty of the Philippine Islands, it is unfortunate that this reality does not
correlate with the measures required for its conservation. The environmental health of the
country is at risk due to the numerous man-made endeavours, often tagged as ―progress‖.
The factors that lead to the devastation of the Philippine environment ecosystem are difficult to
classify under a single heading, and are fundamentally interconnected. The succeeding
paragraphs shall not go into the thorough discussion it deserves due to considerations such as the
limited resource materials, as well as the intricacy of the matters but will present an overview of
the country’s environmental state. Below are some of the foremost issues faced by the
Philippines.
5.3 Climate Change
Climate change is a universal occurrence, and is not limited to a specific geographical entity. The
phenomenon, however, is experienced in varying degrees.
The Philippines, like many island-nations, is vulnerable to the consequences of climate change
across the natural, economic and social spheres. The increase in temperature, leading to the rise
5
―Philippine Biodiversity‖ Philippine Sustainable Development Network.
<http://www.psdn.org.ph/nbsap/main.html>. 29 Sept. 2010.
20
PHILLIPPINES
in sea levels shall affect the country’s many coastal villages. Imbalances in the marine ecosystem
due to a disruption in oceanic climate shall lead to a range of complications such as coral
bleaching that shall ultimately affect the food supply.
According to WWF – Philippines, 92 million Filipinos live within 100 kilometers of the coastal
areas, and around half of the aforementioned population rely on the seas for livelihood. Fisheries
provide for 20% of the county’s agricultural produce, which is calculated to bring in $ 1.18
billion worth of revenue each year. Should the produce of the seas lessen, countless of
individuals across different social strata will be affected financially and in terms of food sources.
On another note, global warming induces a change in weather patterns. The table below shows
the damage brought about by the intensity of typhoons deemed to be the result of climate change.
Infrastructure shall pose as a challenge of both the private and public sector.
Table 5.1 –Damages attributed by typhoons of different intensities6
The images below predict the situation of the Philippines during the wet and dry seasons. The
darker shades represent the intensity of the risks. Figure 2 illustrates the possible drought as a
result of global warming. Mindanao, the area with the greatest probability of water shortage, is
deemed as the fruit capital of the Philippines. Figure 3 shows the areas most threatened due to
the increase in the magnitude of storms. The region largely affected is the rice granary of country.
6
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/PhilippineCEACC1July.pdf
21
PHILLIPPINES
Rice is the staple food of the Philippines. Furthermore, the area holds a multitude of water
sources for the nearby capital.
Figure 5.2- Risk to Typhoons7
Figure 5.1- Risk to El Niño
\
The above are only some of the effects of the above discussed issue. Should climate change
reach its tipping points, the consequences presented shall be the reality of similar nation-states
worldwide. On the other hand, countries less susceptible shall experience massive migration.
5.3 Overpopulation
The population of the Philippines is estimated to reach a population of at least a 100 million in
five years. The growth in number of inhabitants puts strain on the natural resources available to
the country. This influences the supply and demand chain, which normally results to the
exploitation of whatever goods available. In the Philippines, overpopulation generally brings
7
Source: Manila Observatory and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
22
PHILLIPPINES
about the problem of population density. With the unregulated flocking of people to communities
that seem to offer better living conditions, resources ranging from space, nourishment, health
services, and other similar basic needs will be difficult to meet, consequently leading to the
proliferation of diseases and other various health and social issues.
The following data foretells a regular growth in the nation’s population.
Table 5.2 – Summary of projected population by sex and by Five-Calendar Year Interval,
Philippines: 2000-20408
5.3 Urbanization and Land Conversion
Following the trend of development and globalization, the Philippines has placed primacy over
urbanization and other capitalistic ventures with minimal consideration to environmental
sustainability systems. Due to the association of greening businesses to higher capital costs,
many have resorted to overlook the said scheme. An example of which are the factories along
Pasig River, one of Manila’s main waterways. Studies have shown that 45% of the river’s
pollution is due to industrial waste9.
Furthermore, urbanization provides the promise of greener pastures, thus individuals flock to the
cities. This, in turn, heightens pollution in the area. Research reveals that 75% of companies in
8
9
Source: National Statistics Office
Helmer, Richard and Ivanildo Hespanhol. “Water Pollution Control – A Guide to Use of Water Quality
Management Principles.” UNEP, 1997.
23
PHILLIPPINES
the country’s capital contribute to air pollution in the year 2002 due to the escalating number of
motor vehicles. Similarly, despite solid waste management efforts for household garbage, 90% of
the sewage system remains untreated. A mere ten percent of the country’s population have access
to proper drainage facilities10.
Correspondingly, many agricultural lands have been converted to fit what is considered
economically viable. In addition to the expansion of cities, forest grounds have been altered to
accommodate grazing lands, subdivisions, as well as land for timber11. This resulted to the
displacement of a wide range of both plants and animals, and to a certain degree, human
communities.
In its most recent list, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) concluded that
a total of 697 species of both flora and fauna in the country are threatened. 475 animals are
regarded between the ranges of critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable.
Table 5.3 - IUCN statistics on threatened species in each country (totals by taxonomic
group)
10
“Philippine Environmental Situation 2009.” Kalikasan. 9 Oct 2010.
<http://www.kalikasan.org/cms/?q=node/302>
11
Ibid.
24
PHILLIPPINES
Table 5.4 - IUCN Red List Category summary country totals (Animals)
The loss of both plant and animal species changes the natural food cycle. Even a minor
disruption in this delicate cycle lessens the food options, intensifying competition amongst its
outcomes. On another note, the migration of communities affects the already massive population
crisis.
5.4 Practical Solutions
The above environmental threats presented universally results, but is not limited, to health risks,
migration and the concern of food security, to name a few. Regrettably, there is no quick fix to
the problems presented. Though nature provides for its own healing, the extents to which humans
have affected its cycles are in need of intervention from the same entities that have interrupted its
natural system.
With the increasing environmental consciousness in the country due to the various irregular
weather patterns and the extreme consequences of the climate conditions, a multitude of civil
societies dedicated to eradicating threats to nature have been established. Despite this, only a
handful is able to induce positive and much needed change due to the methods applied and the
data available. The fact remains that information is centered on a few. Experts have reiterated
that caring for the environment is everyone’s responsibility. And this task should be conveyed to
the entire citizenry. A key aspect in battling environmental threats is education. Awareness is
crucial as to allow the whole population to comprehend the impact they have on the earth.
Subjects containing topics such as earth science, carbon footprint, mitigation, adaptation and the
like should be institutionalized in the education system.
25
PHILLIPPINES
Coupled with education, comprehensive legislation is needed. Binding agreements are essential
as to validate the urgency and the importance of the matter. It shall also serve as a rewards
system to those who abide by the rules and a check and balance for the rest.
The above solutions are only two of the numerous approaches in conserving our world.
Protecting the environment does not require a total overhaul of our lifestyles, rather a rethinking
of our choices.
26
THAILAND
6.1 Introduction to Thailand
Thailand is a highly populated country and is home to 64 million people. It is a rapidly emerging
economy in Southeast Asia and had faced rapid economic growth between year 1985 and 1995.
As Thailand grows economically, the country also faces a new set of environmental challenges.
One of the environmental challenges is water pollution from land-based activities, largely
associated with urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural activities. The major sources of
pollution are domestic sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes.
6.2 Water pollution
The main pollutants that pose water quality problems are organic waste, bacteria, nutrient, heavy
metals, pesticides, and other chemical substances. For major rivers in the country, the observed
water quality problems are dissolved oxygen depletion, fish kills, high levels of ammonium
nitrate, high coliform bacteria, and eutrophication phenomena. The measured river quality has
been lower than the Surface Water Quality Standard and Classification. The major water quality
problems are high coliform bacteria (36 %), low dissolved oxygen (DO, 34 %), high organic
matter (in term of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (18 %), and nutrients (12 %)
FCB = Fecal Coliform Bacteria
TUR = Turbidity
DO = Dissolved Oxygen
TS = Total Solids
TP = Total Phosphorus
BOD = Biochemical Oxygen
Demand
The Pollution Control Department (PCD) has developed master plans for water-quality
management in all 25 river basins in Thailand. In the water quality management plans, major
river basins were undertaken which mainly include wastewater management. Priority to construct
wastewater treatment facilities in municipalities was principally recommended as well as
controlling wastewater from industrial and agricultural sources.
27
THAILAND
6.2.1 Water quality management
Water pollution control programs undertaken by the Thailand government consist of the
following components:
• Wastewater treatment and disposal
• Waste minimization
• Cleaner production
• Legal framework
• Institutional and financial arrangement
• Monitoring and enforcement
• Cooperation with related agencies and local communities
• River Basin Management Approach
6.3 Air pollution
Environmental pollution in urban areas has been considered as a major problem in Thailand.
Most of the environmental problems especially air pollution in urban areas arises from
transportation which are caused by congestion in road networks.
A large amount of energy in Thailand is predominantly consumed in the transportation sector
(Table 6.1.)
Table 6.1 - Energy demand in the business (Unit: MTOE)
28
THAILAND
6.4 Pollution control measures
In respond to the environmental problems, the government has initiated several effective
pollution control measures. The measures aim not only at exhaust gas emission controls but also
at the improvement of fuel and vehicle specifications, implementation of in-use vehicle
inspection and maintenance program, mass transit systems, and traffic management.
The measures directed toward reducing vehicle emissions include: fuel reformulation, emission
standard and inspection and maintenance programs.
6.4.1 Fuel reformulation
The fuel reformulation is categorised into two types: gasoline and diesel.
Automotive gasoline reformulation
The following outlines the implementation of gasoline reformulation:
- Leaded gasoline is no longer available in Thailand since January 1, 1996.
- The benzene content is limited to less than 3.5 percent by volume.
- The aromatic content is set to be lower than 35 percent by volume.
Automotive diesel reformulation
The following outlines the implementation of diesel reformulation:
- The sulfur content is reduced from 1.0 to 0.5 percent by weight.
- The 90 percent volume distilled is reduced from 370 °C to 357 °C.
6.4.2 Emission standard
Emission standard for new vehicles in Thailand had been established in 1995 (Table 6.2.) The
main part of vehicle emission standards, except the motorcycle, is adopted from the European
Union standard.
29
THAILAND
Table 6.2 - Emission standard for new vehicles
6.4.3 Inspection and maintenance program
To pass the inspection, emissions of in-use vehicles must meet the emission standards for in use
vehicles. The current decentralized inspection and maintenance program for in-use vehicles is
being criticized for its ineffectiveness because authorized private inspection centers or garages are
also allowed to carry out repairs. The inspection procedure is questionable. The program will be
evaluated in the near future and improved to increase its effectiveness.
6.4.4 Other measures
Recent pollution control measures as follow have begun implementation:
- Alternative fuel such as natural gas, LPG, electricity, bio-diesel, ethanol
- Public campaign, such as car pool, car-free-day, walking day
-Tax penalty and incentive for promoting the use of cleaner vehicles and cleaner fuel
- Controlling the use of used engines
- Special inspection and maintenance for bus fleet
6.5 Hazardous Waste
Thailand imports various chemicals for direct use and for production of further value-added
products e.g., petroleum products, industrial chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides and consumer
30
THAILAND
chemicals. There is an increasing trend of chemical import, production and use as shown in
Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1 - Quantities of imported and locally produced chemicals12
6.5.1 Effects on the environment
As a result of these imported chemicals and local production, the following problem occurs:
• Release of toxic chemicals and wastes from industries
• Water, air and soil contamination
• Increase of hazardous waste with inadequate treatment and disposal systems
• Illegal dumping
• Chemical incidents, e.g., warehouse fire and chemical spill during road accidents.
• Contamination of pesticide residues in crops and food items.
• Public health, occupational health and toxic chemical poisoning.
• Inadequate treatment and disposal systems.
• Standard, guidelines and guidance on life cycle approach of hazardous chemical and waste
control are not implemented effectively.
12
Source: Customs Department (www.customs.go.th)
31
THAILAND
• Lack of participation from public and private sectors in hazardous chemicals and waste
management.
6.5.2 Hazardous Substances (HS) and Hazardous Waste (HW) Management
Approach
The following are approaches taken in managing hazardous substances and waste in Thailand
• Promote reduction of agro-chemicals uses and control of illegal imports of banned chemicals.
• Promote GMP, IPM and green supply chain.
• Promote of BAT/BEP in industries, e.g., steel plant, crematoria, and fossil fuel-fired utility and
industrial boilers.
• Introduce economic instruments e.g., emission trade, deposit/ refund system, and waste
exchange.
• Capacity building for local administration in waste recovery
• Support and promote local network, civil society, public and volunteer groups in monitoring and
reporting releases (illegal dumping) of HS and HW into environment.
• Raise public awareness on chemical hazards and management through websites, annual reports,
and publication.
• Preparedness in prevention and control of chemical incidents
• Promote the use of ―manifest system‖ in hazardous substances and hazardous waste transport.
• Implementation of MEAs relating to hazardous substances and hazardous waste (PIC, POPs,
BASEL and SAICM).
• Increase the effectiveness of hazardous substances and waste management in accordance with
international standard.
32
SINGAPORE
7.1 Introduction to Singapore
The Republic of Singapore is the second smallest country in Asia and occupies an area of 693
square kilometer. Singapore is a highly populated cosmopolitan with a total of 4.48 million
inhabitants as stated in the 2005 census. The country is commonly known as the ―Green City‖
due to its high standard of environmental health. Since its independence in 1965, the government
has passed numerous bills supporting environmental conservation. There are currently three main
environmental agencies that guard Singapore’s environmental state.
The National Environment Agency (NEA) protects Singapore's resources from pollution,
maintaining a high level of public health and the NEA endeavours to ensure sustainable
development and a quality living environment for present and future generations13. Established in
1995, the Singapore Environment Council (SEC) is an independently managed, non-profit,
non-government organization, and institution of public character that nurtures facilitates and coordinates environmental causes in Singapore. SEC reaches out to the public through its
educational, community and industrial arms.14. The Ministry of the Environment and Water
Resources (MEWR) is committed to providing Singaporeans with a quality living environment
and aims to move from maintaining good environmental performance in the short term to
attaining environmental sustainability in the long run. MEWR manages Singapore's limited
resources and addresses Singapore's environmental sustainability challenges through innovation,
vibrant partnerships and co-operation across the 3P sectors - private, public and people15.
13
National Environmental Agency Site. 08 May 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2010.
<http://app2.nea.gov.sg/aboutus.aspx>.
14
": About Us." Singapore Environment Council. 2010. Web. 24 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.sec.org.sg/about>.
15
"MEWR - Our History." Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, Singapore. 02 June
2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=2>.
33
SINGAPORE
7.2 Environmental Issues
Singapore faces minimal pollution issues and is applauded for its high standards of
environmental cleanliness in the region. The active promotion of green campaigns had caused the
evolution of numerous societies supporting the green movement in Singapore. Environmental
teachings were also incorporated in educational institutions to children from as young as the age
of seven. Singapore’s achievement in this area is largely attributed by the joint efforts of the
green organizations as well as the set of prudent policies implemented by the parliament.
However such optimum bureaucracy has led to an overreliance on the government in conserving
the environment. There is a need to remind the individuals on their responsibility towards the
environment which is currently a common goal among the different green organizations.
7.3 Land
As seen in Table 7.1 below, total waste generated increased by 9.11% between 2007 and 2009.
This was partly attributed from the rise in consumerism in Singapore. Although the lifespan of
our landfill increased from 35-40 years in 2007 to 35-45 years in 2009, the increase was due to
local waste recycling efforts, where the amount of recycled waste increased from 54% in 2007 to
57% in 2009. This shows that the sustainability of the landfills is highly dependent on the
individuals’ efforts in recycling waste. This is necessary in mitigating long run waste disposal
issues in Singapore.
Table 7.1- General statistic on solid waste management from year 2007 to 2009
Solid Waste Management
Unit
2007
2008
2009
Total waste generated1
mil tons/yr
5.60
5.97
6.11
mil tons/yr
3.03
3.34
3.48
(%)
(54%)
(56%)
(57%)
mil tons/yr
2.38
2.45
2.48
(%)
(43%)
(41%)
(41%)
mil tons/yr
0.19
0.18
0.15
(%)
(3%)
(3%)
(2%)
Total waste recycled
Total waste incinerated
Total waste landfilled2
34
SINGAPORE
Total domestic waste disposed
mil tons/yr
Total domestic waste disposed per
capita
Total non-domestic waste disposed
Total energy produced from
incineration
Lifespan of Landfill3
1.50
1.48
1.52
kg/day/person 0.88
0.84
0.84
mil tons/yr
1.07
1.14
1.11
MWh
974,945
1,048,072
1,064,956
years
35-40
35-40
35-45
1
Total waste generated = Total waste recycled + Total waste incinerated + Total waste landfilled
2
Total waste landfilled includes non-incinerable waste such as construction and demolition waste, used slag and
treated sludge and excludes incineration ash generated from waste disposed through incineration
3
Measured from the start of the lifespan of Semakau Landfill, i.e. 1999
Dengue fever is a major issue in Singapore. As Singapore is highly populated, mishandling of the
dengue fever could cause the disease spread far and wide to the masses. Fortunately, with the
cooperation of the citizens and the active roles played by NEA, dengue fever cases has declined
through 2007 to 2009 by 53.5%. Please refer to Table 7.2. As such, it is very important to
continue educating the public with dengue related information.
Food hygiene is a rising issue in Singapore. There has been an increase in outlet-related food
poisoning outbreaks per 1000 food outlets in Singapore as shown in Table 7.2. This indicates a
need for thorough public education regarding food hygiene and, perhaps, there might be a need to
investigate the controversy in the increasing number of shops achieving Grade A for cleanliness
yet the number of food poisoning cases continues to peak.
Table 7.2 – Vector control count and studies on cleanliness and food hygiene in
Singapore through 2007 to 2009
Vector Control
No. of local dengue (DF and DHF) cases
per 100,000 population
Cleanliness and Food Hygiene
2007
2008
2009
180.6
137.04
83.9
2007
2008
2009
35
SINGAPORE
No. of food outlet-related food poisoning
2.64
3.5
5.4
30,494
31,033
32,597
- Grade A (% of total)
3,293 (47%)
3,843 (50%)
5,143 (52%)
- Grade B (% of total)
3,279 (46%)
3,391 (44%)
4,395 (44%)
- Grade C (% of total)
485 (7%)
465 (6%)
442 (4%)
- Grade D (% of total)
5 (0.07%)
11 (0.14%)
1 (0.01%)
- Grade A (% of total)
4,319 (24%)
4,356 (24%)
5,455 (25%)
- Grade B (% of total)
8,873 (50%)
9,977 (56%)
13,948 (63%)
- Grade C (% of total)
4,625 (26%)
3,438 (19%)
2,734 (12%)
- Grade D (% of total)
2 (0.01%)
9 (0.05%)
4 (0.02%)
outbreaks per 1,000 food outlets
No. of licensed food outlets
Grading of food shops1, 3
Grading of food stalls2,3
1
Food shops include food courts, restaurants, etc.
2
Food stalls include those in government hawker centres and private eating establishments.
3
The percentages for the figures may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding off.
4
This is an updated figure, which was previously given as an estimate in earlier publication.
7.4 Water
As seen in Table 7.3, Singapore faces a safe level of water consumption with a well regulated
supply.
Table 7.3 – Water Resource Management in Singapore through 2007 to 2009
Water Resource Management
Unit
2007
2008
2009
Improved drinking water sources1
% access
100
100
100
Improved sanitation2
% access
100
100
100
%
100
100
100
Access
System
Test meeting WHO drinking water
Efficiency
quality guidelines
36
SINGAPORE
No. of sewerage disruptions per 1,000
-
21
194
17
Flood prone areas3
Hectares
984
794
67
No. of reservoirs in Singapore
-
14
15
15
Mil m3
264.2
271.4
277.8
3
km of sewers
Sales of potable water in Singapore
- Domestic
Supply
- Non-domestic
Mil m
191.3
191.2
190.1
Sales of NEWater
Mil m3
49.2
66.0
72.0
Sales of Industrial Water
Mil m3
29.3
23.7
21.9
Volume of used water treated
Mil m3
536.2
516.0
515.5
1
Includes piped water into premises, public tap/standpipe, borehole/tube well, protected dug well etc.
2
Includes flush/pour flush toilets or latrines connected to a sewer, septic tank, etc.
3
Based on data over a financial year (period from 1st Apr of the year to 31st Mar of the following year). 2009 figure is
estimated based on data available as of Dec 2009.
4
This is an updated figure, which was previously given as an estimate in earlier publication.
Singapore has a highly effective and unique water conservation scheme. As seen in Table 7.4,
water consumption remains at its moderate level and the number of lifestyle events held at
reservoirs and waterways have increased significantly by 87.8% in the span of 3 years. The
opening of reservoirs and waterways for water sport events was an intelligent implementation
made by Singapore in its effort to conserve the environment. Given that Singapore has limited
land and water space, the use of water catchment areas to support water sports was important in
maximizing the already limited resources. The residents and sportsmen favoured the opening of
the catchment areas for water sport activities. This implementation was served as a double-edge
sword in promoting healthy exercise as well as appreciation for the environment.
37
SINGAPORE
Table 7.4 – Water Demand and Management in Singapore through 2007 to 2009
Water Demand and Management
Unit
Domestic water consumption per capita
Litres/day 157
156
155
-
954
139
No. of Lifestyle Events Held at Reservoirs and Waterways
(Cumulative)
2007 2008 2009
74
7.5 Air
Singapore faces little air pollution problems. In fact, there has been an increasing interest in green
vehicles by the nation. Please see Table 7.5 and 7.6 for additional information.
Table 7.5 – Climate change/ Energy Statistics
Climate Change / Energy Statistics
Unit
2007
2008
2009
Kt
39,905
35,945
NA2
%
10.13
19.4
NA2
kgCO2/kWh
0.5233
0.5016
NA2
MWh
1.36
1.27
NA2
- Natural Gas vehicles
No.
485
3,443
4,578
- Hybrid vehicles
No.
1,057
1,999
2,641
- Electric vehicles
No.
1
1
5
CO2 emissions from combustion of
fossil fuels
1
Energy consumption per dollar GDP
(% improvement from 2005 levels)
Carbon intensity of electricity
generation
Household electricity use per capita
Green vehicles
1
The figures do not include non-CO2 greenhouse gases and CO2 emissions from other sources such as waste
incineration. Bunker fuels are excluded from the figures as per international practice; as such fuels are used for
transportation across national borders and are not part of national totals. Consumption of bunker fuels are accounted
for separately from national totals.
2
Data for 2009 is currently being collated and will be available in the latter half of 2010.
3
This is an updated figure, which was previously given as an estimate at the time of publication of KES 2010 booklet.
38
SINGAPORE
Table 7.6 – Pollutant concentration in Singapore through 2007 to 2009
Pollutant
Averaging Time
Unit
2007
2008
2009
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
24-hour
μg/m3
80
76
83
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Annual
μg/m3
22
22
22
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
1-hour
mg/m3
2.3
2.3
2.4
Ozone
8-hour
μg/m3
140
103
100
Particulate Matter PM10
24-hour
μg/m3
69
57
77
Particulate Matter PM2.5
24-hour
μg/m3
35
30
39
Lead
Quarterly average
μg/m3
0.02
0.02
0.01
All statistics provided by the Ministry of the Environment and Water
Resources.http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/Contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=681
39

2010 Program Report

Transcription

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