uljana repica

Chemical, Sensory and Melissopalynological
Features of Croatian Common Sage
(Salvia officinalis L.) Honey
Dražen Lušić, Nada Vahčić, Gian Luigi Marcazzan,
Vladimir Mićović, Darija Vukić Lušić, Duška
Ćurić, Francesca-Vittoria Grillenzoni
Department of
Environmental Health,
Faculty of Medicine,
University of Rijeka
Consiglio per la Ricerca e la
Sperimentazione in Agricoltura –
Unità di ricerca di apicoltura e
bachicoltura (CRA- API),
Bologna
Faculty of food
Technology and
Biotehnology, University
of Zagreb
Croatian Apitherapy Society
Salvia officinalis L.
Common sage, Great sage,
Dalmatian sage,...
Spontaneous perennial plant
characteristic for the rocky pastures of
the Eastern Adriatic sub-Mediterranean
area, especially islands
Sage honey – particular Croatian brand
(Flora Croatica Database, 2004)
FCD – Flora Croatica Database, 2004
Vascular plant taxonomy & Bibliography of Croatian Flora
Dražen Lušić: “Specifična obilježja meda kadulje (Salvia officinalis L.)”
Sage honey
One of the most appreciated
honeys of Croatia
Reaching highest prices.
Adaptation of the market
interest to the natural
“insticts” of producers
Manipulation – partial
(or complete) supstitution
with honeys of “lower values”
Consumer witholded
Present knowledge
The wider study of the
uniloral honeys, IHC
More than 100
European unifloral honeys,
mentioning of sage honey
(Persano Oddo L. et al., 2004a)
Croatian researchers (SCI)
oriented toward particular
analytical segments
(Jerković et al. 2006; Kenjerić et al. 2006, 2008;
Lušić et al. 2007; Šarić et al. 2008)
Unifloral honey
S. officinalis L.
200 nectariferous plants, unifloral honeys, Mediterranean
Melissopalynology
(Ricciardelli D'Albore, G. i Galarini R. 2000),
Vegetation maps of Croatia
(Šugar I. et al., 1983)
Salvia officinalis L.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Group: monad
Symmetry: radial; Polarity: isopolar
Shape: suboblate;
in polar view: hexagonal or oval;
in equatorial view: depressed oval
Dimension: P= 40,5 μ; E=48,5 μ;
Aperture: stephanocolpate
Colpus: undulated edges, pointed end and with exina remnants
Exina: semitectate-reticulate; Cytoplasm: smooth
Melissopalynological value: very good nectariferous species
Pollen accessory in the honeys - UNDERREPRESENTED
– Pollen gathering poor; grey pollen loads
Regulation of unifloral honey quality (U.g. 122/09)
Pollen content
Floral origin
Pitomi kesten (Castanea sativa Mill.)
85%
Uljana repica (Brassica napus L.)
60%
Facelija (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.)
60%
Lipa (Tilia spp.)
25% (10%*)
Bagrem (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
Min. 45% of pollen of
the same botanical
origin, except:
20%
Metvica (Mentha spp.)
20%
Vrijesak (Calluna vulgaris L.)
20%
Vrisak, Primorski vrijesak (Satureja montana L.)
20%
Maslačak (Taraxacum officinale Weber)20
20%
Ružmarin (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)
Kadulja (Salvia officinalis L.)
Planika (Arbutus unedo L.)
Agrumi (Citrus spp.)
Lavanda (Lavandula spp.)
*with sensory
properties
characteristic for
particular
botanical species
(olfactory, taste
colour)
20%
15% (10%*)
10%
10% (5%*)
10% (5%*)
Multidirectional approach
Importance of the
locations of production
Determination of specific
melissopalynological features
Loveaux et al., 1978;
Ricciardelli D'Albore i Galarini, 2000;
Von der Ohe et al., 2004
Multidirectional approach
Characteristic physical
and chemical features
Persano Oddo et al., 1995; Piana et
al., 2004; Sabatini et al., 2009
Detailed study of
sensory properties
Bogdanov S. et al., 2004;
Persano Oddo L. et al., 2004b
Multidirectional approach
Detailed analysis of climatic
elements that prevailed on
the apiary sites during sage
blossoming
Persano Oddo L. i Bogdanov
S., 2004; Persano Oddo L.
et al., 2004b;
Conte L. i Lušić D., 2006;
DHMZ, 2010
Apiary distribution
NW Croatian Litoral
Sample representativity
19: 2005, 15: 2006, 15: 2007
Apiary sites, personal
experience, contact with
primary producers
Detailed vegetation maps
Šugar I. et al., 1983
Expressed influence of climytoligic elements to
the quality parameters of studied samples
Influence to the production of the nectar and
distribution of the analytical parameters
Total monthly rainfal
Average monthly temperature
Avverage monthly humidity
Avveragy monthly wind speed
200,0
Pula
Senj
Rab
Ožujak
Travanj
Svibanj
Lipanj
Mali Lošinj
mL
Krk
150,0
Crikvenica
100,0
50,0
2007
2006
2005
2007
2006
2005
2007
2006
2005
2007
2006
2005
2007
2006
2005
2007
2006
2005
0,0
Total monthly rainfal
10,0
Krk
Crikvenica
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
25,0
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
°C
2005
2006
2007
Pula
20,0
15,0
Mali Lošinj
Senj
Rab
5,0
Average monthly temperature
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
Krk
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
%
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
n
Lip j
an
j
80
2005
2006
2007
70
Senj
Crikvenica
60
Pula
Mali Lošinj
Rab
50
40
Average monthly humidity
2005
2006
2007
1
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
nj
Lip
an
j
m/s
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
nj
Sv
iba
nj
Lip
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
nj
Lip
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
nj
Lip
an
j
2
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
nj
Sv
iba
nj
Lip
an
j
Ož
uj a
Tra k
va
Sv nj
iba
nj
Lip
an
j
4
Senj
3
Rab
Krk
Pula
Mali Lošinj
Crikvenica
0
Average monthly wind speed
Melissopalynological assessment
• Limitations of expression of pollen grains in
absolute number...
• Frequencies of presence (class of
representativety) for nectar producing plants
–
–
–
–
“dominant pollen types” (more than 45%)
“accompanying pollen types” (16 – 45%)
“isolated important pollen types” (3 – 15%)
“isolated pollen types” meaning less than 3%
• Identification of non nectar producing plants
and honeydew elements
Melissopalynology asessement
A
B
C
10 μ
10 μ
20 μ
D
E
F
10 μ
10 μ
40 μ
Confirmed morphological features of sage pollen
Natural hypo-pollinic
Underrapresentation of S. officinalis pollen, PK/10g < 20.000
Expected higher relative representation of other species
Identified: 106 nectariferous and 35 non-nectar producing species
All sharing areal and blossoming period
Melissopalynology asessement
• Melissopalynological evaluation of the pollen of S.
officinalis L. in honey samples (2005-2007)
Class of pollen
representativety
2005
2006
2007
2005 – 2007
Dominant(>45%)
-
-
-
-
accompanying (15-45%)
-
1 (6,67 %)
1 (6,67 %)
2 (4,08 %)
Important (3-15%)
12 (63,16 %)
11 (73,33 %)
4 (66,67 %)
27 (55,10 %)
Isolated pollen (<3)
7 (36,84 %)
3 (20,00 %)
10 (36,67 %)
20 (40, 08 %)
19
15
15
49
Total (n)
Even distribution of honeydew elements (95,92 % samples)
during the all years – natural occurence of honeydew?
Dražen Lušić: “Specifična obilježja meda kadulje (Salvia officinalis L.)”
Melissopalynology asessement
• Other nectarous species (total 106):
– Specially useful tool for overall characterization
– Higher representation: – Rhamnaceae
• (A: 22,45 %; B: 20,41 %; C: 34,69 %)
– Followed by Acer, Castanea as well as Myosotis, Prunus and
Rubus
• Pollen spectar of non-nectarous plants (total 35)
– Quercus robur gr., Oleaceae (95,92 %)
– Identified in more than 50 % samples:
• Graminaceae (85,71 %), Plantago (81,63 %), Poterium (71,43 %),
Cupressaceae (69,39 %), Cistaceae (65,31 %), Filipendula (65,31 %) ,
Corylaceae (59,18 %)
Physical and chemical analysis
Parameter
Unit
Source
W
%
IHC
pH
IHC
AC
meq/kg
IHC
EC
mS/cm
IHC
RS
%
IHC
SAH
%
IHC
INV
U/kg
IHC
DIJ
DN.
IHC
PRO
mg/kg
IHC
HMF
mg/kg
IHC
SOR
°
IHC
Salvia
EC (mS/cm)
Salvia
pH
Salvia
AC (meq/kg)
Salvia
RS (%)
Salvia
SAH (%)
Salvia
INV (U/kg)
Salvia
DIJ (DN)
Salvia
PRO (mg/kg)
Salvia
SOR (°)
Physical and chemical analysis
Expressed seasonal
influence on distribution of
most of the parameters,
especially for 2007
Heavy influence of climatic
elements on range and level
of the analytical parameters
“favouring ” the honeydew
intake
Honey still keeping its
blossom character
Sensory asessment
Tranined panel assessment:
 Visual properties
 Olfactory properties
 Taste properties
 Tactile properties
 Presence/absence of defects
Comprehensive judgment of
unifloral compliance and
overal sensory quality
Lušić D., 2003; Lušić D. et al. 2007;
Piana M. et al., 2004
Dražen Lušić: “Specifična obilježja meda kadulje (Salvia officinalis L.)”
Sensory asessment
Unifloral
compliance
Samples
2005.
2006.
2007.
Excellent
K1-05, K6-05, K7-05,
K8-05
K2-06, K15-06
K2-07
Good
K2-05, K4-05, K12-05
K3-06, K6-06, K7-06
K8-07
Acceptible
K13-05, K14-05, K1705
K4-06, K5-06, K12-06,
K13-06
All the rest
Relatively significant sensory influence of honeydew (2007)
Biological programming and natural bee instict for foraging
on that particular resource that is, in the frame of range and
aboundance as well as energy consumption, most economic
for given time period
Sensory assessment
• Visual assessment
– Color intensity: medium to dark
– Color tone: jade (normal color)
• Olfactory assessment
– Intensity of odor: medium
– Description: chemical, medicinal
herbs, gentle, camphor; warm
– Also perceptible:
• Some floral notes of dry and aromatic
flower
• Vegetal green notes (fresh rubbed
leaves)
• Slightly clue of burned or cooked fruit
Sensory assessment
• Taste assessment
–
–
–
–
Sweetness: medium
Bitterness: medium
Acidity: medium
Intensity of aroma: medium to medium/strong
• Description of aroma:
– Immediately strongly medicinal and warm, then
floral notes of dry aromatic flowers are
perceived...
– Bitter aftertaste
– Resemblance to medicine, vegetal green
– Distinctive herbs liquor or bitter almond...
– Medium persistence and slightly astringent...
The END?
drazen.lusic@medri.uniri.hr
Dražen Lušić: “Specifična obilježja meda kadulje (Salvia officinalis L.)”