Writing a M.Sc. Dissertation - MS Ramaiah School of Advanced

Transcription

Writing a M.Sc. Dissertation
Compiled and Developed by:
Dr. S.R. Shankapal, Director, MSRSAS,Bangalore
What is a dissertation?
• Dissertation is a document that presents the
author's research and findings.
• Is submitted in support of candidature for a
degree or professional qualification.
Why one should do a project and write a
dissertation?
• The dissertation provides students
– An opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge and
analytical skills gained during the course to solve a
real life problem.
– It provides an opportunity to consolidate the work
carried out and make a report which defines the
problem, method of approach used, present results
and discuss the results to bring out meaningful
conclusions
– It is the document through which a student can
exhibit his/her ability on identifying a problem and
provide scientific and technical solution, to those who
will be interviewing him for a job or higher studies.
What is the normal length of a M.Sc.
Dissertation?
• A candidate should write a dissertation of
not more than 20 000 words (excluding
content sheet, references) including
appendices.
• A4 sheet –one side = 275~300 words.
• Number of pages: 65~75.
Is it necessary to have original contribution in
M.Sc. dissertation ?
•
The M.Sc. candidate must present an acceptable thesis that
demonstrates that the candidate has technical competence
and has done independent research.
Mandatory Submissions
•
•
Number of dissertation Copies: (4 ) as per the standards
specified by PEPs office
•
Student Copy-1, Academic Project Guide-1, Industry
Project Guide-1, Library Copy-1
•
If you have any extra guide other than mentioned above,
you need to provide a copy for him/her also
•
Electronic version of your dissertation
5 page length IEEE/ Elsevier standard research paper
•
•
(Electronics Stream –IEEE, Mechanical Stream-Elsevier)
A3 size poster in colour depicting highlights of your project
for display
Details
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies –Postgraduate Engineering Programmes (PEPs)
Title
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXX
M.Sc (Engg) Dissertation in
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Specialisation)
TITLE: Should reflect the aim of the
study.
Submitted by:
XXXXXXXXXXXX
Academic Supervisor:
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX, (Designation)
Industry Supervisor:
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX (Designation)
M.S. RAMAIAH SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDIES
Postgraduate Engineering Programme
Coventry University (UK)
Gnanagangothri Campus, New BEL Road, MSR Nagar, Bangalore-560 054
Tel/Fax: 2360 5539 / 1983 / 4759 e-mail: msrsas@vsnl.com website: http://www.msrsas.org
March-2006
Application of Lean Manufacturing Principles in an Injection Moulding Industry
M.S.RAMAIAH SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDIES
Postgraduate Engineering Degree Programme
Coventry University (UK)
Bangalore
Certificate
This is to certify that the M.Sc (Engg) Project Dissertation titled
“XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX” is a bonafide record of the Project work carried
out by Mr XXXXXX in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of
M.Sc (Engg) Degree of Coventry University in
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX .
March-2006
XXXXXXXXX
Academic Supervisor
XXXXXXXXXXX
Industrial Supervisor
MSRSAS - Bangalore
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
Programme Manager – (Centre)
XXXXXXX
Dean-PEPs
MSRSAS – Bangalore
Dr. S.R Shankapal
Director
ii
Declaration
‘Project Title: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX’
The Project Dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of academic requirements for
M.Sc (Engg) Degree of Coventry University in XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. This
dissertation is a result of my own investigation. All sections of the text and results, which
has been obtained from other sources, are fully referenced. I understand that cheating and
plagiarism constitute a breach of University regulations and will be dealt with
accordingly.
Signature:
Name of the Student:
XXXXXXXXXXXX
Date:
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
iii
Acknowledgement
1. Acknowledge your academic and industry supervisor
2. Acknowledge your programme manager
3. Acknowledge all those who have helped you directly or indirectly for the
successesful completion of your project work
4. Remember it is an opportunity to express your gratitude
Length: Not to exceed one page
iv
Abstract
Complete the Abstract in 3 paragraphs each paragraph not exceeding 80 words (1
page)
Paragraph-1:
You need to bring in
1. The work you have chosen to do
2. The reason for selecting this work and its scope.
Pargrapgh-2:
Methodology and Methods used for solving the chosen problem
Paragraph-3:
Main results and conclusions drawn
Sample abstract
v
Table of Contents
______________________________________________________
A typical Table of Contents page looks like this
Certificate……………………………………………………………(ii)
Declaration……………………………………………………….....(iii)
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………..(iv)
Abstract …………………………………………………..…………(v)
Table of Contents………………………………………….………. (vi)
List of Tables……………………………………………….……….(x)
List of Figures………………………………………………………(xi)
Nomenclature……………………………………………………….(xii)
Chapter-1: Introduction……………………………………………..1
1.1 …………………………………………………..1
1.2
Chapter-2: Literature Review
Chapter-3: Problem Definition
Chapter-4: Model Construction and Solution
Chapter-5: Discussion of Results and Validation
Chapter-6: Conclusions and Recommendations for future work
Bibliography
Appendices
Appendix-A
Appendix-B
Appendix-C…………………………………………………….….80
vi
List of Tables
A typical List of Tables content page looks like this
How to represent a table:
Table number, Table title, Units of the parameters are important
Table 2. Enthalpy of formation of some common Elements and Compounds
vii
List of Figures
________________________________________________________________________
typical table of List of Figures
How to represent a Figure
viii
Nomenclature
____________________________________________________________________
a
= Acceleration (m/s2)
F
=Force (N)
T
= Temperature (K)
t
=Temperature (oC)
N
=Speed (RPM)
CG
=Centre of Gravity
DOF
=Degrees of freedom
W
=Track width (m)
ix
1 – Introduction
Length of Introduction: 2-3 pages
What introduction should contain:
Introduction presents the specific problem under study. Introduction can have
1. General Introduction to the area of your work
2. Actual Area of your work
3. Specific Area of your work
4. Specific topic of your work
You can use figures, tables and references while giving introduction
Assume that you are interested in developing optimised blade profile for a wind mill,
your introduction can have
1. General introduction-energy, importance, sources, merits and limitations
2. Smooth transition should take over to Wind Energy and its relevance
3. Then move over to Horizontal wind mills if you are working on horizontal
windmill blades and the introduce the blades
4. Bring the reason and importance of blade shapes and why they need to be
optimised
5. State that it is essential and important to work in this area as it going to benefit the
society, connect it to the next chapter that is Literature Review.
.
The following diagram represents the approach
1
2
3
4
Sample-1
11
2 – Literature Review
________________________________________________________________________
Length- 10-12 Pages
Minimum of 10 references
A literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may
be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:
•
Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the
subject under review
•
Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
•
Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
•
Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
•
Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
•
Point the way forward for further research
•
Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of
existing literature
Sample-Lit Review
Project Design students can bring in the work done by various designers and present and
future trends in the area (make use of photographs clearly indicating the references)
12
3 – Problem Definition
_______________________________________________________________________
Length: 1-2 pages
3-4 lines of introduction to the chapter
Problem definition
Paragraph-1
Problem Statement
Pargraph-2
1. Objectives
Paragraph-3
Methodology adopted to meet the objectives
OBJECTIVES: Objectives are statements of mentions. They inform the reader clearly
what the researcher plans to do in his/her work. They must identify the variables involved
in research. Objective should start with an action verb and be sufficiently specific,
measurable, achievable, relevant and time bound (SMART).
Sample-Prob. Statement
13
4 – Model Construction and Solution
3-4 lines of introduction to the chapter
Mechanical
1. Specifications of the model you are trying to design and analyse
2. Basic design calculations- Formulae, Flow charts, programme (Flow charts and
Programme can be pushed to Appendix)
3. Geometric model
4. Mathematical model, Theoretical basis
5. Discretisation of the Geometric Model, Grid independence
6. Boundary conditions
7. Solver settings and importance
8. Solutions
9. Modifications to the problem if any
10. Repeating the procedure if required
11. Manufacturing if any
12. Test procedures and test results if any
Do not add screen shots of every step you work on in your report. Only main software
features that help you to create the models are required to be mentioned.
If it is totally experimental work:
1. Building up of experimental set-up
2. Instrumentation involved and their accuracy
3. Calibration of instruments and test set-up
4. Measurement procedures
5. Repeatability
14
6. Tabulation of data and calculations
7. Error Analysis
Electronics
1. Specifications of the model you are trying to design and analyse
2. Basic Design calculations if any
3. Theoretical basis & Mathematical model, (Derivation if any push it to Appendix)
4. Algorithm –developed
5. Coding of Algorithm if any (Appendix) or software used for solution of the
problem
6. Solution of Algorithm
7. Modifications to the problem if any
8. Repeating the procedure if required
9. Hardware implementation if any
10. Test procedures and test results if any
If it is totally experimental work:
1. Building up of experimental set-up
2. Instrumentation involved and their accuracy
3. Measurement procedures
4. Tabulation of data and calculations
15
Product Design
Design specifications, Design Concepts, sketches, Geometric Models, Mechanisms if any
16
5 – Validation and Discussion of Results
________________________________________________________________________
RESULTS must be presented in the form of
•
Text,
•
Tables
•
Illustrations-graphs, figures, circuit diagrams, animations
The contents of the tables should not be repeated in the text. Instead, a reference to the
table number must be given.
Validation:
Check whether
Theoretical solutions to your problem is available with you or in any references
Experimental results are available with you or with in some reference material
Verify /Validate your results with the available results.
If you are not verifying or validating your results, your results will be questioned; you
should be in a position to defend your results- in such cases bench marking is necessary.
To bench mark-choose a standard problem in the area for which theoretical or
experimental solutions are available, solve the problem using the method you have
chosen for your project and compare your results
Electronics students can check their algorithm by implementing on the hardware
Product design students can covert their ideas into physical modelling and results be
compared and do an analysis by preparing a questionnaire
You need to provide explanations for the trends in your graphs and tables. The
explanation should be based on theoretical background
17
6 – Conclusions and Recommendations for future work
This is the last section of the text in which conclusions or inferences drawn on the basis
of the results of study are described. The conclusions should be linked with the objectives
of the study. If possible to express your concluding remarks based on certain numbers,
please do so. If you have developed correlations, give such correlations.
Recommendations for further research may be included when appropriate e.g. if you find
a statistically significant number of cases of anaemia of severe degree in the school going
girls of a particular area you can recommend further research to probe the cause of
anaemia in that area.
It is important to be careful that the conclusions should not go beyond data and should be
based on the study results and population.
Sample:
18
Bibliography
Harvard Method
19
Appendix-A
Any material, which is important but affects the flow of your writing can be brought
under appendix
20
Appendix-B
21
Appendix-C
22
General Guidelines
1. A good dissertation can be written only if you have good piece of work
2. A good piece of work will be ignored if not presented properly
3. Remember –you are writing it because you want others to read
4. If you do not use sufficient care in writing, one will doubt whether you have taken
good care in your work either
5. Use clear and short sentences and write in third person. Avoid using bombastic
words
6. All the assumptions and input data should be documented
7. It should be possible to reproduce your computations/experiments by others using
your dissertation.
8. Use British English-spelling
9. Units and consistency in the use of units is important
10. Use A4, white sheet for printing your dissertation. Use font size of 12, Times
Roman, headings can be of same font size but bold.
11. Margins should be as shown in the figure
23
24
ABSTRACT
Stability Analysis of Partially Filled Tanker Trucks Using a Finite
Element Modeling Approach
By Matthew Aquaro
The point of rollover for a tanker truck carrying fluid cargo is of great importance
due to the catastrophic nature of accidents involving such vehicles. Payloads are often
toxic or flammable, thus, predicting the threshold of rollover effectively is of great value.
Furthermore, the liquid load shift caused by fluid slosh amplifies the propensity of these
vehicles to rollover.
This research presents an approach for determining the threshold of rollover
stability of a specific tanker truck by using finite element analysis methods, specifically
the software program ANSYS. This approach allows the consideration of many variables
which had not been fully considered in the past, including nonlinear spring behavior and
tank flexibility. The program uses simple mechanical pendulums to simulate the fluid
sloshing affects, beam elements to match the torsional and bending stiffness of the tank,
and spring damper elements to represent the suspension.
The finite element model of the tanker truck is validated using data taken by the
U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center (ATC) on a M916A1 tractor/ Etnyre model 60PRS
6000 gallon trailer combination. ATC tested the actual tanker truck both statically and
dynamically to provide data as inputs for the tanker truck model. The outputs from the
computer model and the real truck are shown to corroborate, thus validating the method
of analysis. The approach is then expanded to include a double lane change maneuver
derived from a cycloidal path.
The main conclusions are drawn in two forms. First, the model is shown to
corroborate with the experimental data taken from the actual tanker truck. Secondly, a
series of both actual and hypothetical simulations are made to determine the critical
velocity for the given maneuver. These are presented for a constant radius turn and for
double lane change maneuvers.
vi
Sample I
Literature Review- Sample
The study of heavy vehicle dynamics began in the mid 1970’s. At first, the
dynamics of straight trucks received a great deal of attention, but the study quickly
expanded to include the realm of articulated vehicles. While the study of heavy vehicle
dynamics was both new and vital to the transportation world, it failed to encompass
vehicles carrying fluid cargo.
In 1983, Robert D. Ervin [1] studied the influence of size and weight variables on
the threshold of rollover stability using plane models. Ervin focused on axle loading,
gross vehicle weight, track width, payload center of gravity (CG) height, and lateral
offset of the payload CG. His research concluded that the CG height of the vehicle and
it’s track width were the two most important factors on the rollover of articulated
vehicles. Ervin also studied the affects of suspension variables and noted that softer
suspensions will roll more easily than firmer suspensions. He also found that spring lash
(Figure 1) has an affect on the roll sensitivity of heavy vehicles. One item of interest in
Ervin’s work is that he lumped the reactions of wheel sets together. Ervin also notes that
Figure 1. Spring lash.
5
the free play in the fifth wheel coupling is negligible. Ervin’s focus left tanker truck
vehicles lumped together with all other types of road vehicles, and even eluded that
tanker trucks could be more stable than rigid cargo trucks, provided the cg was closer to
the ground.
In 1988, Leslie A. Laird [2] did a study on the measurement of roll stability
properties on heavy vehicles and created a method for evaluating overall stability
performance.
Laird characterized what variables were critical to heavy vehicle
suspensions and then used the plane model that Ervin had developed to evaluate stability.
Laird came up with four parameters that are most critical to the suspension: roll stiffness,
roll-center height, lateral compliance, and suspension height.
He measured these
properties using a tilt test and added lateral compliance to the models used by Ervin.
Again, the subject of tanker trucks and fluid slosh was not considered.
It wasn’t until 1989 that an effort was made to address and understand the
behavior of a tanker truck with an active vehicle/payload interaction. Ranganathan [3]
studied the affects of fluid slosh on the static roll stability of tanker trucks by coupling a
kineto-static roll plane model of an articulated vehicle with a fluid slosh model. The
results of this work described fluid slosh affects on the overall static rollover threshold of
an articulated vehicle. The conclusions of this paper were that the effects of fluid slosh
could not be overlooked due to their significance in reducing the rollover limit of the
vehicle. Ranganathan also mentioned that spring lash could affect rollover by as much as
25%. The fluid free surface in this study was assumed to be a straight line and the mass
of the fluid was assumed to be concentrated at the fluid cross sectional CG.
6
In 1990, Ranganathan [4] continued this work with a study on the directional
stability of a tank vehicle. A tank vehicle is subject to destabilizing forces that cause the
vehicle to deviate from its intended path. He concluded that the directional response
characteristics of a tank vehicle are affected by the liquid load shift of the fluid.
Following this work, Rakheja performed a study into the development of an early
warning safety monitoring system for articulated freight vehicles [5]. While the study
focused on rigid cargo vehicles, it proves useful in validating the work of this paper for
the tanker truck in either the completely empty or mostly full condition. Rakheja used a
plethora of different truck combinations, varying center of gravity, vehicle width, and
suspension spring rates. For the case of validating this work, only one case is considered.
The specifications are given in table 1. The lateral acceleration limit in a steady turn for a
CG height of 1.52 meters was found to be 4.9 m/sec2. For the cases of 1.78 meters and
2.03 meters GC heights, the lateral acceleration limits determined are 4.0 m/sec2 and 3.4
m/sec2 respectively. Since the specific path parameters for the lane change maneuver
were not given in the literature, this test cannot be validated.
Width
2.44 meters
Center of Gravity Height
1.52, 1.78, and 2.03 meters
Tractor front suspension
53 kN
Tractor rear suspension
84 kN
Trailer suspension
93 kN
Table 1. Rakheja’s rollover test parameters.
A field test of a two axle truck with a tank body was later done by Rakheja [6].
This test compared the results of a three dimensional tanker truck model incorporating a
quasi-dynamic roll plane fluid slosh model to the results obtained through field testing.
The model data and the experimental data correlated well. The analytical model was able
to predict the load transfers, roll rates, and lateral accelerations accurately. The testing
7
was done for a lane change maneuver with a gate width of 3.3 meters, gate lengths of
15m, 18m, and 21m and velocities of 35km/hr, 39km/hr, and 45 km/hr. The testing was
also done for a constant radius turn of 30 meters for speeds of 29 km/hr, 35 km/hr, and 90
km/hr. Unfortunately, the details of the truck tested are not available to validate the
model proposed in this work.
In 1993, Rakheja again studied the rollover threshold of tanker trucks [7]. For
this study, a combination of the work done in the kineto-static rollover analysis and
Ervin’s models [1] were used. Rakheja balanced the total overturning moment and the
restoring moments, paralleling Ervin’s earlier work, but he also added the offset payload
moment due to fluid slosh. In this work, Rakheja placed the entire fluid mass at the end
of the pendulum and positioned it as a function of the CG of the fluid. The results from
this method were compared to the kineto-static rollover model [3].
The simplified
approach performed reasonably well for the cylindrical tank, but it failed to give strong
correlation for low fill levels in the elliptical and modified oval shaped tanks.
In that same year, Ranganathan [8] made an important development in the area of
fluid slosh when he computed an equivalent mechanical system to the complex fluid
slosh in a circular tank.
This mechanical system (Figure 2) consisted of a simple
pendulum with a mass attached to the end and an additional fixed mass. This is the first
study found that acknowledged that only a portion of the fluid inside the container
sloshes, while another portion is fixed to the frame of the vehicle. Ranganathan validated
his mechanical model by identifying the natural sloshing frequencies of the fluid and
matching the natural frequency of the mechanical model to this data. Figure 3 shows the
pendulum parameters for various fill levels of a cylindrical shaped tank. The level of fill
8
was calculated by measuring the fluid free surface height and taking a percentage of the
tank height. In short, a 75% full tank is when the free surface is at 75% of the height of
the tank. The other parameters are pendulum length, fixed mass height, fluid mass, and
fixed mass.
Figure 2. Floating and fixed mass mechanical pendulum model developed by
Ranganathan [8].
Figure 3. Pendulum parameters for cylindrical cross section [8].
9
The pendulum model showed oscillating wheel reactions, caused by the sway of
the pendulum.
The wheel reactions were used as an indicator of rollover.
This
represented a major breakthrough in this field.
Ranganathan [9] continued his work in 1994, but this time focused on the stability
of the vehicle during braking maneuvers with longitudinal sloshing. He again used a
mechanical model, but instead of a pendulum, he incorporated a spring mass system to
model longitudinal sloshing.
In 1996, Sayers and Riley [10] from University of Michigan Transportation
Research Institute published a paper discussing the modeling assumptions that went into
simulations of the yaw and roll behavior of heavy trucks. Although the subject of
dynamic payloads wasn’t addressed, the paper gives a good description of the key
parameters that are modeled by the current software. UMTRI used this methodology to
develop a software package called TruckSim. This software solves the kinematic and
dynamic equations of motion for both straight and articulated trucks.
The models
incorporate such truck parameters as suspension lateral and vertical spring forces,
dampers, fifth wheel, tires, steering systems, and rigid body inertias and forces.
The work previously done leaves opportunities for further work. According to the
literature study, there still exists a need for a program like TruckSim that takes fluid
sloshing into account.
10
Sample-Problem Statement
Chapter-3
It is evident from the literature review dealt in chapter-2 that there is a need for the
development of a scale to measure the degree of stenosis in patients to decide the type of
diagnosis to be used. In order to develop a scale, which can indicate the degree of stenosis, it
was essential to mathematically model the blood flow in athersclerosis cases and simulate the
blood flow.
Problem Statement:
Mathematical Modelling of Blood Flow and Simulation in Athersclerosis cases to
establish the degree of stenosis
Objectives and Methods
The specific objectives of the research were:
• Numerical modelling of blood flow in human vascular segments, specially the carotid
bifurcation.
o A healthy man of 45 years was chosen and the geometrical data for the
carotid arterial branch were collected for modelling and simulation
o Flow data for the person were collected in the supine position using the
ultrasound Doppler anemometer.
o The boundary conditions were modelled.
• Validation of the results: Validation was done in two stages. One is to make sure that
the results were grid independent. The results were compared with other
experimental data that were available in the literature [2] for a similar geometry.
• Blood flow was modelled in three different patients of same age group with varying
degrees of stenosis and flow patterns including flow separation lines and the recirculation regions were predicted
• A scale which predicts the severity of stenosis based on flow patterns was developed
The Methodology adopted was
• Anatomic data of vascular segment of a healthy subject were acquired through
MR and the ultrasound probe.
• Blood velocity data were acquired from the ultrasound Doppler anemometer.
• Geometrical model of the vascular segment was built using software packages
MIMICS and PRO/E.
• Blood rheological data were found in the MSRMH Laboratory.
• CFD Modelling was done using Hypermesh and Gambit.
• The 3D Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid with different boundary, flow and
wall conditions were solved using Fluent / FIDAP.
• Results were Post-processed and required graphs were plotted.
• Numerical results were validated against the experimental results that were
available in literature [2].
1
•
•
The procedure is repeated for all subjects.
A scale was formulated to predict the severity of the disease based on patient’s
artery blood flow analysis. The scale can also be used for planning surgery.
2

Writing a M.Sc. Dissertation - MS Ramaiah School of Advanced

Transcription

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