Lucifer - KEN

Lucifer
Lucifer
Lucifer (pron.: /ˈluːsɪfər/ or /ˈljuːsɪfər/) is the King James Version
rendering of the Hebrew word ‫ הֵילֵל‬in Isaiah 14:12. This word,
transliterated hêlēl or heylel, occurs only once in the Hebrew Bible and
according to the KJV-influenced Strong's Concordance means "shining
one, morning star, Lucifer".[1] The word Lucifer is taken from the Latin
Vulgate,[2] which translates ‫ הֵילֵל‬as lucifer,[3][4] meaning "the morning
star, the planet Venus" (or, as an adjective, "light-bringing").[5] The
Septuagint
renders
‫הֵילֵל‬
in
Greek
as
ἑωσφόρος[6][7]
[8][9][10]
(heōsphoros),
a name, literally "bringer of dawn", for the
morning star.[11] Kaufmann Kohler says that the Greek Septuagint
translation is "Phosphoros".[2]
Before the rise of Christianity, the pseudepigrapha of Enochic Judaism,
the form of Judaism witnessed to in 1 Enoch and 2 Enoch, which
enjoyed much popularity during the Second Temple period,[12] gave
Satan an expanded role. They interpreted Isaiah 14:12-15 as applicable
William Blake's illustration of Lucifer as
[13]
presented in John Milton's Paradise Lost
to Satan, and presented him as a fallen angel cast out of Heaven.
[13]
Christian tradition, influenced by this presentation,
came to use the
Latin word for "morning star", lucifer, as a proper name ("Lucifer") for Satan as he was before his fall. As a result,
"Lucifer has become a by-word for Satan in the Church and in popular literature",[2] as in Dante Alighieri's Inferno
and John Milton's Paradise Lost.
Lucifer or morning star
Translation of ‫ הֵילֵל‬as "Lucifer", as in the King James Version, has been abandoned in modern English translations
of Isaiah 14:12. Present-day translations have "morning star" (New International Version, New Century Version,
New American Standard Bible, Good News Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, Contemporary English
Version, Common English Bible, Complete Jewish Bible), "daystar" (New Jerusalem Bible, English Standard
Version, The Message), "shining one" (New Life Version) or "shining star" (New Living Translation).
This development has been decried not only by adherents of the King James Only movement, but also by others,
who hold that the King James Version is correct and that Isaiah 14:12 refers to Satan under the name of
"Lucifer",[14][15] or who hold that the reference to Satan is preeminent.[16]
The term appears in the context of an oracle against a dead king of Babylon,[17] who is addressed as ‫הילל בן שחר‬
(hêlêl ben šāḥar),[18][19][20] [21] rendered by the King James Version as "Lucifer, son of the dawn" and by others as
"morning star, son of the dawn".
In a modern translation from the original Hebrew, the passage in which the phrase "Lucifer" or "morning star" occurs
begins with the statement: "On the day the Lord gives you relief from your suffering and turmoil and from the harsh
labour forced on you, you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has come to an end!
How his fury has ended!"[22] After describing the death of the king, the taunt continues: "How you have fallen from
heaven, morning star, son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations!
You said in your heart, 'I will ascend to the heavens; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit
enthroned on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights of Mount Zaphon. I will ascend above the tops of the
clouds; I will make myself like the Most High.' But you are brought down to the realm of the dead, to the depths of
the pit. Those who see you stare at you, they ponder your fate: 'Is this the man who shook the earth and made
kingdoms tremble, the man who made the world a wilderness, who overthrew its cities and would not let his captives
1
Lucifer
go home?'"[23]
J. Carl Laney has pointed out that in the final verses here quoted, the king of Babylon is described not as a god or an
angel but as a man.[24][25]
For the unnamed[26] "king of Babylon" a wide range of identifications have been proposed.[27] They include a
Babylonian ruler of the prophet Isaiah's own time[27] the later Nebuchadnezzar II, under whom the Babylonian
captivity of the Jews began, or Nabonidus,[27][28] and the Assyrian kings Tiglath-Pileser, Sargon II and
Sennacherib,[24][27][29] Herbert Wolf held that the "king of Babylon" was not a specific ruler but a generic
representation of the whole line of rulers.[30]
Mythology
In ancient Canaanite mythology, the morning star is pictured as a god, Attar, who attempted to occupy the throne of
Ba'al and, finding he was unable to do so, descended and ruled the underworld.[31][32] The original myth may have
been about a lesser god Helel trying to dethrone the Canaanite high god El who lived on a mountain to the
north.[33][34] Similarities have been noted also with the story of Ishtar's or Inanna's descent into the underworld,[34]
Ishtar and Inanna being associated with the planet Venus.[35] The Babylonian myth of Etana has also been seen as
connected.[36]
The Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible points out that no evidence has been found of any Canaanite myth of a god
being thrown from heaven, as in Isaiah 14:12. It concludes that the closest parallels with Isaiah's description of the
king of Babylon as a fallen morning star cast down from heaven are to be found not in any lost Canaanite and other
myths but in traditional ideas of the Jewish people themselves, echoed in the Biblical account of the fall of Adam
and Eve, cast out of God's presence for wishing to be as God, and the picture in Psalm 82 of the "gods" and "sons of
the Most High" destined to die and fall.[17] This Jewish tradition has echoes also in Jewish pseudepigrapha such as 2
Enoch and the Life of Adam and Eve.[36][17][37]
Belief systems
Judaism
The Hebrew term ‫( הֵילֵל‬heylel)[1] in Isaiah 14:12, became a dominant conception of a fallen angel motif[38] in
Enochic Judaism, when Jewish pseudepigrapha flourished during the Second Temple period,[12] particularly with the
apocalypses.[13] Later Rabbis, in Medieval Judaism, rejected these Enochic literary works from the Biblical canon,
making every attempt to root them out.[12] Traditionalist Rabbis often rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels,
having a view that evil is abstract.[39] However, in the 11th century, the Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer, drawing on ancient
legends of the fallen angel or angels, brought back to the mainstream of rabbinic thought the personification of evil
and the corresponding myth.[40] Jewish exegesis of Isaiah 14:12–15 took a more humanistic approach by identifying
the king of Babylon as Nebuchadnezzar II.[41]
Christianity
Early Christians were influenced by the association of Isaiah 14:12-15 with the Devil, which had developed in the
period between the writing of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament,[42] also called the Intertestamental Period
when the Deuterocanonical Books were written. Even in the New Testament itself, Sigve K Tonstad argues, the War
in Heaven theme of Revelation 12:7-9, in which the dragon "who is called the devil and Satan … was thrown down
to the earth", derives from the passage in Isaiah 14.[43] Origen (184/185 – 253/254) interpreted such Old Testament
passages as being about manifestations of the Devil; but of course, writing in Greek, not Latin, he did not identify the
Devil with the name "Lucifer".[44] Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 225), who wrote in Latin, also understood Isaiah 14:14 ("I
will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High") as spoken by the Devil,[45] but
2
Lucifer
3
"Lucifer" is not among the numerous names and phrases he used to describe the Devil.[46] Even at the time of the
Latin writer Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430), "Lucifer" had not yet become a common name for the Devil.[44] But
some time later, the metaphor of the morning star that Isaiah 14:12 applied to a king of Babylon gave rise to the
general use of the Latin word for "morning star", capitalized, as the original name of the Devil before his fall from
grace, linking Isaiah 14:12 with Luke 10:18 ("I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven") and interpreting the
passage in Isaiah as an allegory of Satan's fall from heaven.[47][48]
However, the understanding of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12 as a metaphor referring to a king of Babylon
continued also to exist among Christians. Theodoret of Cyrus (c. 393 – c. 457) wrote that Isaiah calls the king
"morning star", not as being the star, but as having had the illusion of being it.[49] The same understanding is shown
in Christian translations of the passage, which in English generally use "morning star" rather than treating the word
as a proper name, "Lucifer". So too in other languages, such as French,[50] German,[51] Portuguese,[52] and
Spanish.[53] Even the Vulgate text in Latin is printed with lower-case lucifer (morning star), not upper-case Lucifer
(proper name).[4]
Islam
In the Quran[54] Najmu thāqibu (Ar. "blazing star") may correspond to the morning star (He. heylel) of Isaiah
14:12.[55]
In Islam, the account of Iblis follows the Lucifer motif. Iblis is banished from heaven and becomes Satan by refusing
to prostrate before Adam. Thus, he sins after the creation of man. Satan then swears an oath of revenge by tempting
human beings and turning them away from God. However, in contrast to Judaic and Christian beliefs, Iblis is not
seen as a fallen angel in Islam but rather a Jinn who has disobeyed God. Muslims believe that angels are the servants
of God and cannot disobey Him; whereas Jinn, like men, can make choices and can choose to obey or disobey.[56]
Occultism
Luciferianism is a belief system that venerates the essential characteristics that are affixed to
Lucifer. The tradition, influenced by Gnosticism, usually reveres Lucifer not as the Devil, but
as a liberator or guiding spirit[58] or even the true god as opposed to Jehovah.[59]
In Anton LaVey's The Satanic Bible, Lucifer is acknowledged as one of the Four Crown
Princes of Hell, particularly that of the East. Lord of the Air, Lucifer has been named "Bringer
of Light, the Morning Star, Intellectualism, Enlightenment."[60]
In the modern occultism of Madeline Montalban,[61] Lucifer's identification as the Morning
Star (Venus) equates him with Lumiel, whom she regarded as the Archangel of Light, and
among Satanists he is seen as the "Torch of Baphomet" and Azazel.
Author Michael W. Ford has written on Lucifer as a "mask" of the Adversary, a motivator and
illuminating force of the mind and subconscious.[62]
The Seal of Satan a
[57]
magical sigil
used occasionally as
an emblem by
Satanists
Taxil's hoax
Léo Taxil (1854–1907) claimed that Freemasonry is associated with worshipping Lucifer. In what is known as the
Taxil hoax, he claimed that supposedly leading Freemason Albert Pike had addressed "The 23 Supreme
Confederated Councils of the world" (an invention of Taxil), instructing them that Lucifer was God, and was in
opposition to the evil god Adonai. Apologists of Freemasonry contend that, when Albert Pike and other Masonic
scholars spoke about the "Luciferian path," or the "energies of Lucifer," they were referring to the Morning Star, the
light bearer,[63] the search for light; the very antithesis of dark, satanic evil. Taxil promoted a book by Diana
Vaughan (actually written by himself, as he later confessed publicly)[64] that purported to reveal a highly secret
Lucifer
4
ruling body called the Palladium, which controlled the organization and had a satanic agenda. As described by
Freemasonry Disclosed in 1897:
With frightening cynicism, the miserable person we shall not name here [Taxil] declared before an assembly
especially convened for him that for twelve years he had prepared and carried out to the end the most
sacrilegious of hoaxes. We have always been careful to publish special articles concerning Palladism and
Diana Vaughan. We are now giving in this issue a complete list of these articles, which can now be considered
as not having existed.[65]
Taxil's work and Pike's address continue to be quoted by anti-masonic groups.[66]
In Devil-Worship in France, Arthur Edward Waite compared Taxil's work to what today we would call a tabloid
story, replete with logical and factual inconsistencies.
Gallery
Lucifer, by Alessandro Vellutello
(1534), for Dante's Inferno, canto
34
Lucifer, by William Blake, for
Dante's Inferno, canto 34
cover of 1887 edition of
Mario Rapisardi's poem
Lucifero
Gustave Dore, illustration to
Paradise Lost, book IX, 179–187
[67]
Mayor Hall and Lucifer, by
an unknown artist (1870)
Gustave Doré's illustration
for Milton's Paradise Lost,
Lucifer yielding before
Gabriel
Lucifer before the Lord, by
Mihály Zichy (19th century)
Lucifer
References
[1] Strong's Concordance, H1966 (http:/ / www. blueletterbible. org/ lang/ lexicon/ lexicon. cfm?Strongs=H1966& t=KJV): "shining one,
morning star, Lucifer; of the king of Babylon and Satan (fig.)"
[2] Kohler, Dr. Kaufmann (1923). Heaven and hell in Comparative Religion with Special Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy (http:/ / books.
google. com/ ?id=xIaQYpGrmdIC& pg=PA5& lpg=PA4& dq=Encyclopedia+ of+ Religion+ lucifer#v=snippet& q=vulgate& f=false). New
York: The MacMillanCompagny. pp. 4-5. ISBN 0766166082. . ""Lucifer, is taken from the Latin version, the Vulgate""
[3] "Latin Vulgate Bible: Isaiah 14" (http:/ / www. drbo. org/ lvb/ chapter/ 27014. htm). DRBO.org. . Retrieved 2012-12-22.
[4] "Vulgate: Isaiah Chapter 14" (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ bib/ vul/ isa014. htm#012) (in Latin). Sacred-texts.com. . Retrieved
2012-12-22.
[5] "Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, "A Latin Dictionary"" (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04.
0059:entry=lucifer). Perseus.tufts.edu. . Retrieved 2012-12-22.
[6] "LXX Isaiah 14" (http:/ / www. septuagint. org/ LXX/ Isaiah/ 14) (in Greek). Septuagint.org. . Retrieved 2012-12-22.
[7] "Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX): Isaiah 14" (http:/ / bibledatabase. net/ html/ septuagint/ 23_014. htm) (in Greek). Bibledatabase.net. . Retrieved
2012-12-22.
[8] Neil Forsyth (1989). The Old Enemy: Satan and the Combat Myth (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4W5gzptzfxUC& pg=PA136&
dq=heosphoros+ septuagint#v=onepage& q=heosphoros septuagint& f=false). Princeton University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780691014746. .
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[9] Nwaocha Ogechukwu Friday (2012-05-30). The Devil: What Does He Look Like? (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=SD6-YKBqGr0C&
pg=PA35& dq=heosphoros+ septuagint#v=onepage& q=heosphoros septuagint& f=false). American Book Publishing. p. 35.
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[10] Rachel Adelman (2009-12-31). The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe De-Rabbi Eliezer and the Pseudepigrapha (http:/ / books. google. com/
?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C& pg=PA62& dq=Adelman+ mainstream+ rabbinic+ thought#v=onepage& q=heosphoros& f=false). Brill. p. 67.
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[11] Taylor, Bernard A. ; with word definitions by J. Lust; Eynikel,, E.; Hauspie, K. (2009). Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint (http:/ / books.
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[14] Larry Alavezos (2010-09-29). A Primer on Salvation and Bible Prophecy (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=_1Y-9sCXItMC& pg=PA94&
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[15] David W. Daniels (2003). Answers to Your Bible Version Questions (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=vDrfOawsb4UC& pg=PA64&
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[16] William Dembski (2009). The End of Christianity (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=C7a9fgCKqz8C& pg=PA219& dq="refers+
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[17] James D. G. Dunn; John William Rogerson (2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (http:/ / books. google. com/
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[20] Zondervan, [edited by] J.D. Douglas; Silva, Merrill C. Tenney ; revised by Moisés (2011-05-03). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary
(http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC& printsec=frontcover& dq=zondervan+ illustrated#v=onepage& q=lucifer& f=true) ([Rev.
ed.], 2011 ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. 863. ISBN 0310229839. .
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[22] Isaiah 14:3–4
[23] Isaiah 14:12–17
[24] Laney, J. Carl (1997). Answers to Tough Questions from Every Book of the Bible (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=sIWn6lYS-MQC&
pg=PA127& lpg=PA127& dq=Laney+ "king+ of+ babylon+ + mentioned"& source=bl& ots=yDPtc0zJkP&
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"king of babylon mentioned"& f=false). Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. p. 127. ISBN 9780825430947. . Retrieved 2012-12-22.
[25] Isaiah 14:16
5
Lucifer
[26] Carol J. Dempsey (2010). Isaiah: God's Poet of Light (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=Yf-BVeN6TbIC& pg=PA34& lpg=PA34&
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[30] Wolf, Herbert M. (1985). Interpreting Isaiah : the suffering and glory of the Messiah (http:/ / books. google. com/
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[31] John Day, Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC) (Continuum International
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[32] Gregory A. Boyd, God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Hj791_BeAF0C) (InterVarsity Press,
1997 ISBN 0-8308-1885-5, ISBN 978-0-8308-1885-3), pp. 159–160
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texts"& f=false). . Retrieved 2012-12-22.
[34] Gary V. Smith, (2007-08-30). Isaiah 1-30 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=cLN08jf_C2EC& pg=PA314& dq="several+ attempts+
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[35] Marvin Alan Sweeney, (1996). Isaiah 1-39 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C& pg=PA238& dq=Sweeney+
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[38] Herzog, Schaff- (1909). Samuel MacAuley Jackson, Charles Colebrook Sherman, George William Gilmore. ed. The New Schaff-Herzog
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[42] David L. Jeffrey (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&
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dq=Tonstad+ "derives+ from+ the+ poem"& hl=en& sa=X& ei=soQJULj0H8SzhAftu4XuCQ& redir_esc=y#v=onepage& q=Tonstad "derives
from the poem"& f=false). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 75. ISBN 9780567044945. . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[44] Luther Link (1995). The Devil: A Mask without a Face (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC& pg=PA24& lpg=PA24&
dq="Luther+ Link"+ Lucifer+ "common+ name"& source=bl& ots=VHRC12ZJTH& sig=PpL9wsbkzXkH-H0dqdTQNUOAXOs& hl=en&
sa=X& ei=DLITUJzIH4HKhAe06oCoBA& redir_esc=y#v=onepage& q="Luther Link" Lucifer "common name"& f=false). Reaktion Book.
p. 24. . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[45] "Tertullian, ''Adversus Marcionem'', book 5, chapters 11 and 17 (Migne, ''Patrologia latina'', vol. 2, cols. 500 and 514)" (http:/ / www.
documentacatholicaomnia. eu/ 02m/ 0160-0220,_Tertullianus,_Adversus_Marcionem,_MLT. pdf) (in Latin) (PDF). . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[46] Jeffrey Burton Russell (1987). Satan: The Early Christian Tradition (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=gxwR74_cpx4C& pg=PA95&
lpg=PA95& dq="Tertullian+ used+ many+ names+ and+ phrases"& source=bl& ots=MSN2Qu_OKv&
sig=zZ5SIvtEhHR9W57DxV2avuuYbVQ& hl=en& sa=X& ei=CaMRUKuUBorDhAfyj4G4CA& redir_esc=y#v=onepage& q="Tertullian
6
Lucifer
used many names and phrases"& f=false). Cornell University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780801494130. . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[47] The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=IrcZEZ1bOJsC& pg=PA280& lpg=PA280&
dq=name+ Lucifer+ was+ born+ -magazine& source=bl& ots=7Qwvlc4AZr& sig=UbOS0ltHHmWrzrd36c6z8VSXmus& hl=en& sa=X&
ei=z6oRUJ3cEdKZhQfTw4HgDw& redir_esc=y#v=onepage& q=name Lucifer was born -magazine& f=false). Merriam-Webster. 1991.
p. 280. ISBN 9780877796039. . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[48] Harold Bloom (2005). Satan (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=X5-pmLBcw44C& pg=PA57& dq="the+ name+ Lucifer+ was+
given"& hl=en& sa=X& ei=DcYGUParJ4KEhQeGsrDeBw& redir_esc=y#v=onepage& q="the name Lucifer was given"& f=false). Infobase
Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 9780791083864. . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[49] Johanna Manley (1995). Isaiah through the Ages (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC& pg=PA252& dq=Theodoret+ of+
Cyrus+ "illusion+ of+ so+ being"& hl=en& sa=X& ei=sYsJULWlE4KphAft07jrCQ& redir_esc=y#v=onepage& q=Theodoret of Cyrus
"illusion of so being"& f=false). St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 252. ISBN 9780962253638. . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[50] "Ésaïe 14:12-15" (http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ passage/ ?search=Ésaïe+ 14:12-15& version=LSG) (in French). Biblegateway.com. .
Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[51] "Jesaja 14:12" (http:/ / bibeltext. com/ isaiah/ 14-12. htm) (in German). Bibeltext.com. . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[52] "Isaías 14:12-17" (http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ passage/ ?search=IsaÃas+ 14:12-17& version=AA) (in Portuguese). Biblegateway.com.
. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[53] "Isaías 14:12" (http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ passage/ ?search=Isaiah 14:12& version=LBLA) (in Spanish). Biblegateway.com. .
Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[54] Quran 86:3
[55] Glassé, Cyril (2008). The new encyclopedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 388, 389. ISBN 0742562964.
[56] Jung, Rabbi Leo (2004 Reprint). Fallen angels in Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan literature. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Reprints.
pp. 34-35. ISBN 0766179389.
[57] Alternative Religions (http:/ / altreligion. about. com/ library/ glossary/ symbols/ bldefslucifersigil. htm)
[58] Michelle Belanger (2007). Vampires in Their Own Words: An Anthology of Vampire Voices. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 175.
ISBN 0-7387-1220-5.
[59] Spence, L. (1993). An Encyclopedia of Occultism. Carol Publishing.
[60] LaVey, Anton Szandor (1969). "The Book of Lucifer: The Enlightenment". The Satanic Bible. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0380015399.
[61] "Madeline Montalban and the Order of the Morning Star" (http:/ / www. sheridandouglas. co. uk/ OMS. htm). Sheridandouglas.co.uk. .
Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[62] "Adversarial Doctrine". Bible of the Adversary. Succubus Productions. 2007. p. 8.
[63] "Lucifer, the Son of the Morning! Is it he who bears the Light, and with its splendors intolerable blinds feeble, sensual, or selfish Souls?
Doubt it not!" (Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma, p. 321). Much has been made of this quote ( Masonic information: Lucifer (http:/ / www.
masonicinfo. com/ lucifer. htm)).
[64] "Leo Taxil's confession" (http:/ / freemasonry. bcy. ca/ texts/ taxil_confessed. html). Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon.
2001-04-02. . Retrieved 2012-12-23.
[65] Freemasonry Disclosed April 1897
[66] "Leo Taxil: The tale of the Pope and the Pornographer" (http:/ / www. masonicinfo. com/ taxil. htm). . Retrieved 14 September 2006.
[67] http:/ / www. danshort. com/ pl/ page1. php?p=38
Further reading
• Charlesworth, edited by James H. (2010). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha.. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson.
ISBN 1598564919.
• TBD; Elwell, Walter A.; Comfort, Philip W. (2001). Walter A. Elwell, Philip Wesley Comfort. ed. Tyndale Bible
Dictionary, Dayspring, Daystar (http://books.google.com/?id=hWkoFOvbWW4C&pg=PA114-IA2&
lpg=PA114-IA2&dq=0842370897#v=onepage&q=0842370897&f=true). Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House
Publishers. p. 363. ISBN 0842370897.
Campbell, Joseph (1972). Myths To Live By ([2nd ed., repr.] ed.). [London]: Souvenir Press. ISBN 0-285-64731-8.
7
Lucifer
External links
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lucifer". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Lucifer (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L&search=Lucifer)
• Collins English Dictionary available also online: Lucifer (http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/
english/lucifer)
• Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary available also online: Lucifer (http://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/lucifer)
• Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary available also online: Lucifer (http://dictionary.reference.
com/browse/lucifer)
• The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, available also online: Lucifer (http://www.
thefreedictionary.com/Lucifer)
• Vocabulary.com: Lucifer (http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/Lucifer)
• "Lucifer and Satan" (http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/LuciferandSatan.html)
8
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Lucifer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=534538053 Contributors: !1bhansen, ***Ria777, ***Ria777***, -The Bold Guy-, 11David.22White.33, 1exec1, 1whoJesusSaves,
666lucifer666, 8.253, A ntv, AJ03, Abc518, AbigailAbernathy, Abrahamjan1937, Access Denied, Acegikmo1, Adamrce, Ahoerstemeier, Ajh16, Ajlevi, Akailala, Akamad, Akradecki, Alai,
Alansohn, Aleister Wilson, AlekosMazzolotti, AlexanderKaras, Alexmilt, Allens, Allstarecho, Alsandro, Alyssa412, AmericanLeMans, Amiablecdn, Anbu121, Ancos, Anders216, Andycjp,
AngBent, Annihilan, Anon166, Anonymous editor, Antandrus, Anthony, Anville, ApostleJoe, Arcade, ArdClose, ArglebargleIV, Articlemesserupper, Asiaj, Atif.t2, Atorpen, Attilios,
Auburnfan190, Aurora sword, AutoFire, Awilhelmjonah, Axel Kockum, Ayla, Aymatth2, Az1568, B9 hummingbird hovering, BCtl, BD2412, Bacteria, Badman89, Bayerischermann,
Bbbcccdddeee5, Benanhalt, Berhoff, Biblbroks, Bihco, Bindigoat, Bkbyler, BlackAce48, Blaxthos, Blue Oracle, BlueAzure, Blueboar, Blueonblack, Blukem, Bobafett356, Bobo192, Bobrayner,
Bongwarrior, Bphagan, Brandon, Brian Kurtz, Brianga, Bryan Derksen, Buddylove35053, CAPS LOCK, CTF83!, CWY2190, Caesar, Caknuck, Caltas, Calvin 1998, Can't sleep, clown will eat
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Matthews, ChicXulub, Chiedu7, Chiramabi, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Chrisportelli, Chrisptx, ChristianLover09, ChuckyDarko, Ciacchi, Cinemajay, Ckatz, Claritas, Classic rocker, CliffR,
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NellieBly, Neoplatonic, Netesq, Newmanbe, Newportm, Nightbringer, Nihiltres, Nikodemos, Nokkosukko, Nommonomanac, Nopetro, Nunquam Dormio, Nydas, Nymf, O, Obli, Oda Mari,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:ParadiseLButts1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ParadiseLButts1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Art by William Blake
File:Sigil of Lucifer.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sigil_of_Lucifer.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Ssolbergj
File:Inf. 34 Alessandro Vellutello, Lucifero (1534).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Inf._34_Alessandro_Vellutello,_Lucifero_(1534).jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: G.dallorto, Sailko
File:Blake Hell 34 Lucifer.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blake_Hell_34_Lucifer.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: user:Meladina
File:Lucifero.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lucifero.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: it:Utente:Pirizz
File:Zichy,Mihaly - Lucifer az urral szemben (Madach).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zichy,Mihaly_-_Lucifer_az_urral_szemben_(Madach).jpg License: Public
Domain Contributors: Annenkov, Matriosa, Wst
File:Lucifer3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lucifer3.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Erik Baas, Finavon, Jebemtimater, 3 anonymous edits
File:Punchinello Mayor Hall.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punchinello_Mayor_Hall.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Danny, FSII, G.dallorto, Mattes,
Meno25, Oxam Hartog
File:Paradise Lost 19.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paradise_Lost_19.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Holger Thölking, Kilom691, 1 anonymous edits
License
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