Orchards in the Norfolk Landscape - Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership

Orchards in the Norfolk Landscape: historic
evidence of their management, contents and
distribution.
Patsy Dallas, MA
March 2010.
Mary Birkhead, Aug’st 1734
an exact account taken then
of the Apple and pear trees
growing in my daughter
Dixons gardens and orchards
in Thwaite raised, planted
and preserved by my care.
Some walnut trees, filberts,
cherries, plumbs, apricots & vines.
Orchards in the Norfolk Landscape: historic evidence of
their management, contents and distribution.
Report by Patsy Dallas, M.A.
March 2010.
Contents
Aims, objectives and sources
Page 1
Early references to Norfolk orchards
4
Social History, philanthropy and tithes
7
The proportions of various fruit species grown in Norfolk
10
Evidence of the varieties cultivated in the past
15
Planting plans and spatial arrangements
20
Additional uses of orchard ground
31
The distribution of Norfolk orchards in the nineteenth century
33
Urban Orchards
43
Changes of use in the twentieth century
48
Conclusions
54
Bibliography
55
Apple Varieties recorded in Norfolk from 1650
Appendix 1
Apple Varieties closely associated with Norfolk
Appendix 2
Pear Varieties recorded in Norfolk from 1650
Appendix 3
Possible relic orchards in Norfolk
Appendix 4
CD Rom including databases, grid reference tables, photographs and text of report.
Front Cover: The frontispiece of one of the Orchard Memorandum Books
compiled in 1734 by Mary Birkhead of Thwaite St. Mary, Norfolk.
NRO BRA 926/122, 373x2
List of Figures
1: Henstead Union Workhouse, near Swainsthorpe.
Page 8
2: Girls Orphanage and orchards at Maltkiln Farm, Stoke Holy Cross.
9
3: Hethel Hall Grounds, 1756 showing cherry ground.
12
4: Bury Hall, Barton in 1714.
21
5: Shotesham Old Hall in 1721
21
6: Buckenham Hall Farm in 1780
21
7: Cottages, Alburgh in 1752
22
8: Cottage, Denton in 1752
22
9: Trowse Farm, Trowse Newton in 1714
22
10: Channons Hall, Tibenham in 1640
23
11: Moated Orchard, Wiggenhall St. Germans Hall 1880s
23
12: Shelton Hall, 1906
23
13: Part of Walsoken parish, West Norfolk in 1843.
24
14: Part of Thwaite St. Mary, South East Norfolk, 1838
25
15: The Thwaite orchard plan as drawn by Mary Birkhead
26
16: Orchard planted in 1724 at Mrs Dixon’s new house in Thwaite St. Mary.
27
17: George Lindley’s plan for an orchard, 1796.
28
18: The World’s End Public House, Mulbarton,1880s
32
19: Five sample distribution areas across Norfolk.
33
20: The number and hectarage of orchards in five sample areas of Norfolk circa 1880.
34
21: Orchards recorded on the First Edition 1:2,500 Ordnance Survey, circa 1880.
34
22: Areas of orchard in Walsoken, as recorded in the Tithe Apportionment of 1843.
36
23: Terrington St Clement, 1841.
37
24: Part of Sedgeford parish.
38
25: North Walsham, First Edition OS 1: 2,500. 1889
39
26: Seething First Edition OS 1: 2,500. 1885
40
27: Brooke. First Edition OS 1: 10,560. 1891
41
28: Bergh Apton First Edition OS 1: 10,560. 1889
41
29: Ashill, First Edition OS 1: 10560, 1891
42
30: Norwich, Orchards to the East and South of Tombland
43
31: William Rastrick's plan of the borough of King's Lynn, drawn 1725
44
32: King’s Lynn and Gaywood, First Edition OS 1:10560, 1888
45
33: Thetford First Edition OS 1: 2,500. 1882
46
34: The area to the north of St. Nicholas’s Church, Great Yarmouth
47
35: Estimate of present day landuse of orchards recorded on the First Edition OS.
48
36: Threxton House, circa 1756
49
37: Threxton House First Edition 1:2,500 circa 1884
49
38: The orchard a Threxton House in 2006
50
39: Robin pear in Threxton House Orchard
50
40: The orchard at Beetley Hall in 2006.
51
41: Apple-pear Constance Mary, Beetley Hall, 2007
51
42: Relic Orchard Gunthorpe Park.
52
43: Traditional fruit store at Gunthorpe Hall
52
44: Corporation Farm, Hethel. 1714.
53
45: Corporation Farm, Hethel, 1882
53
47: Corporation Farm, Hethel, 2006
53
Acknowledgements
My thanks to the staff of the Norfolk Record Office for their assistance and to Paul Read and Simon
Hickling for helpful personal comments. I am also grateful to Mr Mark Roberson of Beetley Hall;
Mr and Mrs Lake, Threxton House and the garden staff at Gunthorpe Park for access to their
grounds
and
background
information
about
their
orchards.
1
Orchards in the Norfolk Landscape: historic evidence of their management,
contents and distribution.
This research project aimed to provide evidence of the historic importance of orchards within the
Norfolk landscape. The objectives included 1. To record early references to orchards and fruit production in Norfolk
2. To examine the social distribution of orchards in the county.
3. The use of early sources to establish which species of fruit were grown in Norfolk and in
what proportion.
4. To collate the earliest documentary evidence of varieties of fruit grown in Norfolk, and
where possible their origins and uses.
5. The use of historic sources to work out planting plans and the spatial relationships between
orchard, house and garden.
6. To investigate additional uses for orchards.
7. To record the distribution of orchards across the county, in the nineteenth century.
8. The identification of sites where early orchards survive, intact or as remnants, to the present
day.
Abbreviations used in the text.
EEAOP
NRO
OS
East of England Apples and Orchards Project
Norfolk Records Office
Ordnance Survey
Sources
Historical evidence was collated from a combination of manuscript sources held by the Norfolk
Record Office (here after NRO) and published volumes of Records of the Close Rolls and
Inquisitions Post Mortem. These were augmented by evidence from the Norfolk Record Society’s
volume on Medieval Farming and Gardening and Blomefield’s Essay Towards a Topographical
History of the County Norfolk. Early horticultural treatises by Ralph Austin, Gervaise Markham and
William Lawson were consulted in order to put the Norfolk evidence in a wider context whilst
Robert Hogg’s Pomology and Fruit Manual allowed a more accurate list of varieties to be
compiled. A full bibliography of manuscript and printed sources has been included but some of the
most significant local manuscript sources are described below.
Ryston Hall, Downham Market – Estate memoranda books, 1660 – 1670 (NRO MF/RO 218/7,
219/11, 220/1)
These papers provided the earliest detailed lists of species and varieties grown on a gentry estate.
Roger Pratt constructed his new hall at Ryston during the period covered by these memoranda
books. The books give an insight into the development of the grounds surrounding the hall and
include extensive lists of apples, pears, stone fruit and vines, along with their positions in the new
garden.
North Runcton, King’s Lynn – Tithe and Glebe Accounts, 1719 (NRO PD 332/20)
These notes are mainly concerned with the great tithes of the parish but the rector does devote a few
pages to his orchard, listing species, varieties and management of the trees.
Thwaite St Mary, South Norfolk – The orchard memoranda books of Mary Birkhead, 1734
and a list of American apple trees at Thwaite, 1815. (NRO BRA 926/121 & 122, 373x2)
The two memoranda books created in 1734 by Mary Birkhead are important documents in several
respects. Firstly, they provide very detailed lists of the fruit grown by Mary and her daughters, Mrs
Gamble and Mrs Dixon, along with planting plans and records of pruning and grafting. Secondly
2
the memoranda include notes on the most appropriate use for various fruit varieties and details of
where the trees were acquired from. Thirdly the notebooks contain references to family and social
relationships, along with dealings with tenants and employees, all of which make the memorandum
books a valuable source for the social history of Norfolk in the early eighteenth century.
Heydon Hall, Heydon, North Norfolk – Estate Accounts and memoranda, 1755 - 1803 (NRO
BUL 4/140, 610X6; NRO BUL 4/25, 605X8)
These accounts from Heydon Hall include detailed lists of the fruit required for the garden along
with bills from nurserymen including W A Mackie of Norwich. In common with the Ryston
documents, the Heydon accounts list a wide variety of apples and pears, along with a many varieties
of peach, nectarine and apricot.
The Catalogue of George Lindley, Norwich nurseryman and authority on fruit growing, 1796.
(NRO COL 9/96)
This source takes the form of a printed catalogue of fruit and includes exhaustive lists of apples,
pears, stone and soft fruit, along with planting plans. The catalogue included one hundred and sixty
one varieties of apple and ninety varieties of pear.
Kettlestone Parsonage, Kettleston, Fakenham – glebe accounts 1794-1837 & 1894-1896 (NRO
PD 610/22/2&3)
An account of the vicarage orchard, its contents and management, with details of fruit planted by
the vicar in cottage gardens around the parish.
Dunston Hall estate memoranda books, 1805-29 (NRO Dun (C) 27)
Lists of fruit trees and vines
Sall Moor Hall, orchard book, 1890 – 1906 (NRO MC 561/87)
The trees planted in a new orchard at Sall Moor Hall, including planting plans.
Extracts from the above sources have been used throughout the text to illustrate aspects of the
management and social history of Norfolk orchards.
Map evidence was crucial to the investigation of the distribution of orchards across the county and
for establishing the spatial relationships between orchards, residences and the wider landscape. In
addition to manuscript maps held by NRO and in private collections extensive use was made of
historic mapping provided by the Edina Digimap online service. This allowed the first edition of the
Ordnance Survey 1: 2,500 maps from the 1880s to be consulted and compared with earlier
manuscript maps and the records of Tithe Commutation from the 1830s and 40s held at NRO.
Further comparisons were made with current mapping and Google Earth in order to establish if any
nineteenth-century orchards were still extant.
3
1: Early references to orchards in Norfolk sources.
The word orchard derives from the Old English words ortgeard, orcerdleh and orcyrd, which
suggests that specialised areas for fruit growing existed from at least the Anglo-Saxon period1. In
the tenth century the Abbot of Ely was known to be ‘skilled in planting gardens and orchards’2 and
it is likely that orchards were present at both ecclesiastical and secular sites in Norfolk before the
Norman Conquest.
One of the earliest references to orchards in Norfolk dates from the immediate post-Conquest period
and occurs in the foundation charter of Castle Acre Priory circa 1089. The extract below is from a
charter which confirmed the original grant of lands by William de Warren and mentions two
orchards near the Earl’s castle.
William, the 2d Earl Warren and Surrey, confirmed the aforesaid grant ...........in the land
which Osbern of Gloucestre held of him in Acre, 2 orchards, and all the ploughland from
those orchards to his castle, in which they have founded their new church. 3
Francis Blomefield recorded details of the grants made to Wymondham Abbey in the early twelfth
century –
The priory of Wimondham was founded in the time of King Henry I. by Will de Albani,
Butler to that King, for his own and wife's souls, and those of his father, mother, and
ancestors; he endowed it with the parish church of Windham, and all the tithes and revenues
whatsoever belonging to it, and gave his manor house, with the courtyard, orchards, aldercar, fisheries, and moats round the house and court-yard.4
Ecclesiastical records provided other early references to orchards such as that below from an extent
of Langley Abbey Manor, Heckingham made in 1289.
... the manor of Hekingham, which the abbot held of the gift of Sir Roger, with the
appropriate rectory and advowson; .....the manor-house contained 11 acres, with the out
ditches, mote, &c. Apples in the orchard, valued at 6s. 8d. per ann. the mill, 9s.; there was a
great pond of 3 acres, coney-garth and bromeyard.
References also occurred in secular deeds such as this early fourteenth-century description of the
manor of Hethersett there was a manor-house, gardens, and orchard, and 80 acres arable land, worth 12d. per
acre. Joan the second daughter and heiress of the said Ralf, who as widow to Sir Robert,
and then Lady Tateshall, in 1305, settled the whole manor and advowsons of the medieties,
and of Cantelose, on Sir William Bernak of Hetherset, Knt.5
Further tenurial evidence confirmed that the orchard was an important component of high status
residences, both ecclesiastical and secular, from at least the eleventh century. However, the
references were not confined to elite sites and the sources confirm that the orchard was of equal
importance at relatively modest properties. The following extracts demonstrate that, along with an
area of garden, an orchard formed part of many medieval land holdings 1
Clark Hall, J R (2000) A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press. p 269
Morgon, J & Richards, A., (2002) The New Book of Apples. Ebury Press, London. P 26
3
Blomefield, F., 'Freebridge Hundred and Half: Castleacre', An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County
of Norfolk: volume 8, pp. 356-377.
4
Blomefield, 'Hundred of Forehoe: Windham', volume 2 (1805), pp. 498-534
5
Blomefield 'Hundred of Humble-Yard: Hethersete', volume 5 (1806), pp. 23-33
2
4
Hockering
Grant by John Coppyng to William Draper of Messuage and 12a., with buildings, orchard,
hedges, ditches, and woods in Hockering. Jul 1386. NRO EVL 396/2, 461X4
Great Melton
Feoffment by Elena, daughter of John Styt[-] to William Dy[-]de, 1391 Tenement in Great
Melton, with orchard and garden and 1r. adjoining abutting on Churchway, north, and
Kynges Lane, east. NRO EVL 189, 455X1
Long Stratton
Of Geryesgardine lately planted with fruit trees, near way from market and Gerieslane, and
new inclosure near said lane, cont. together 2a., in Stratton. 3 Jun 1505. NRO MC 44/63,
500X3
Orchards were as likely to occur in urban situations as in rural parishes, for example –
Norwich, St Stephen’s
Lease by Prior of Holy Trinity to Margaret London widow and her son William of an edified
tenement with an orchard, a little house and a small piece of land in Newgate, for 40 years
at 4s. 4d. per annum. Measures 126 1/2ft. from road to former cokey now land of Margaret
and William and is 17ft. wide. 20 Feb 1466. NRO DCN 45/37/13
Norwich, St John’s and Lakenham
3 messuages, 3 gardens, 3 orchards 3 acres of land, 2 acres meadow and 5 acres pasture in
St John's Sepulchre and Lakenham. 1648. Final Concord NRO NNAS G2/5/27
Norwich, Hiegham
Lease of 1a. in form of a triangle planted with 60 fruit trees and 200 gooseberry and currant
bushes. 1684, NRO COL 1/39
King’s Lynn
Tenement in Lynn which John Curson, Walter's father, purchased from Simon Body in the
street between the bridges together with the orchard and meadow with the 'teyntours'
extending in length from the orchard towards the south to land of the community of Lynn
towards the north and in breadth from Busshopflete on the west part to land late of Thomas
Belyetter towards the east; 22 Apr 1459, Arbitration. NRO KL/C 50/520
Great Yarmouth
Deeds of one acre of land with new and old buildings, two fish-houses, one barfehouse
formerly a stable and barfehouse, and one garden or orchard between lanes North and
South and Middlegate West, purchased from Nathaniel Bysshope of London in 1562 and
mortgaged in 1587 by Thomas More to William Bartham. NRO Y/D 51/367-381
These early references illustrate that orchards were present at wide range of properties, from abbeys
to urban tenements, making the orchard an integral part of the medieval Norfolk landscape. A
similar social spread occurred throughout the post medieval period with the notable exception of
former monastic orchards, many of which passed into secular ownership following Dissolution, as
illustrated by the following examples –
Wymondham Abbey
Final Concord between Henry Brooke alias Cobham, Esq., querent, and Edward Yonge,
clerk, deforciant, re site of late Monastery of Wymondham and messuage, garden, orchard,
200a. land, 50a. meadow, 100a. pasture, 100a. wood and 100a. heath and bruery in
Wymondham and Crownthorpe. NRO PHI 439, 577x8, 1574
5
Walsingham Abbey
The site of the priory was sold by King Henry VIII. for 90l. to Thomas Sydney, Gent. of
Walsingham Parva, and Agnes his wife; the grant is dated November 7, ao. 31, with the
churchyard, orchards, gardens, &c. and he was found to die seized of it in 1544.6
King’s Lynn, Grey Friars
Site of the late dissolved monastery called the graye friers in King's Lynn except for the
freestones, bricks etc. and the steeple and other buildings with free access for the Mayor
and burgesses to take and carry away stones etc. [Thomas]Toll is to maintain the buildings
and walls and the pavement on the west side of the premises using bricks and stones on the
site and to preserve the plum or fruit trees, except those in a little yard in the occupation of
John More used as a nursery. 20 Aug 1632, KL/C 51/72. Approximate site shown at B in
figure 31, page 44.
Norwich, Austin Friars
Edward VI. who in 1547, by letters patent dated at Burnediche, August 17, with the consent
of Edward Duke of Somerset and all his council, granted, among other things, in exchange,
to Sir Tho. Hennage, Knt. and Catherine his wife, and William Lord Willoughbie, all the site
and precinct of the Austin-friars in Norwich, and all that piece of ground as it is included
with high stone walls, now called Cunsford-place, with all the orchards, gardens, and two
acres of land thereto adjoining, and fishing thereto belonging, now in the tenure and
occupation of Sir John Godsalve, Knt. to be held of the King as of his honour of
Bollingbroke in Lincolnshire, by fealty only, in free soccage, without any payment whatever;
and the same year they sold it to Sir John Godsalve.7
Orchards came to particular prominence at the residences of seventeenth and eighteenth century
gentry who took great pride in amassing extensive fruit collections, often including a wide range of
tender stone fruit. The rise of the landscape park resulted in the removal of orchards from the
immediate vicinity of great houses, where they had traditionally been sited but at less fashionable
residences the orchard continued to be found adjacent to both house and garden. The ‘middling sort’
were enthusiastic fruit growers, in particular the clergy, who took a very active interest in the
planting of fruit trees and the development of new varieties, spurred on perhaps by the opportunities
to collect orchard tithes. In south east Norfolk almost every farm had a small orchard and the field
systems of Marshland saw the development of large commercial orchards from the early nineteenth
century. The popularity of fruit cultivation was by no means confined to the upper and middling
classes, as shown in some of the above examples an orchard was an essential component of
relatively humble properties. Even the poorest members of society could hope to benefit from one
of the many orchards provided at almshouses, hospitals and other institutions. Examples of such
provision will be included in Section 2, along with references to orchard tithes.
6
Blomefield, 'North Greehow Hundred: Great or Old Walsingham, and Little, or New Walsingham', volume 9 (1808),
pp. 267-282.
7
Blomefield, 'City of Norwich’, chapter 42 pp. 84-120.
6
2: Orchards tithes and orchards as sources of philanthropy
The church claimed tithe payments on a range of orchard produce including fruit, nuts, honey, wax,
timber and hay. The following extracts show the range of produce subject to the tithe in various
parishes and also the type of dispute that not uncommonly arose over tithe payments.
Coxford Manor, Kilverstone.
1497, William Disse, vicar. In his time there was a composition made, with the consent of
Sir Robert Beckles, Prior of Butley, his patron, and of the Prior of Coxford, concerning the
tithes of the gardens and orchards in the town, all which were allotted to increase the
stipend of the vicar. 8
Banham
Acknowledgement by Tabitha Tovey, executrix of Humfrey Tovey, late rector of receipt from
churchwardens of custom money for hearth silver, orchard and garden due to Tovey for the
twelve years he was rector of Banham, 1641. Endorsed with note that the only customs in
Banham were for tithes of orchards and gardens, 1782. NRO PD 552/21
Diss
The rector of Diss - For every orchard and garden plot, he receives one penny per annum in
lieu of its tithe. For every hive of bees, one penny per annum, except it be the first year they
swarm, and then nothing.9
Claims for tithe payments were frequently the cause of disagreements between patrons, clergy and
parishioners as in this complaint about the payment of tithes of apples, pears and walnuts from
Suffolk in 1531.
Sir Robt. Croftes of Badley in Suffolk to Sir Giles Russell of Battisford.
I have demanded tithe apples from the chantry of Sir Thos. Garneys, who answers that he
will not deny me any, nor he will not pay me any, and that he ought to receive tithes from
me, as well as I ought from him, and that I am not bound to visit him, "but if he give me for
my labour." I have obtained a citation from the chancellor of the bishop of Norwich, but will
not serve it till I know your pleasure. The Chancellor marvels that you suffer him to sing in
your church. Send me your mind in writing, for some will neither pay ducks nor apples. Mrs.
Poley will pay neither tithe pears nor tithe walnuts. If I suffer them this year, they will not
pay any next year, "for I think they will pay no tenth to Almighty God." Badley, 17 Nov. 10
Landowners and clergy took it upon themselves to provide fruit trees for tenants and for the poor,
for example, the following instruction was found amongst Marsham estate memoranda
....ordered him [Mr Bowmen] to buy 6 aple trees & 2 cherry trees to set in Ann Watsons
yard & 2 apel trees in Jexes orchard at 8d [?] a piece. June the 11th 1736. NRO MC 602/53
Blomefield recounted the founding of almshouses in the orchard of Thomas Cooke of Conisford,
Norwich and the provision of an orchard for St. Giles Hospital Thomas Cooke, Esq. by will dated Jan. 16, 1701, devised as followeth, "Whereas I have
erected and built in the aforesaid parish (meaning St. Peter's per Montergate) several
8
Blomefield, 'Hundred of Shropham: Kilverstone', An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County of
Norfolk: volume 1 (1805), pp. 541-550.
9
Blomefield, 'Hundred of Diss: Introduction', volume 1, pp. 1-39.
10
'Henry VIII: November 1531, 16-30', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 5: 1531-1532
(1880), pp. 650-669.
7
tenements or almeshouses having a piece of ground thereunto belonging, which are
altogether inclosed, situate and being at the lower end of my orchard to and for the
perpetual habitations of ten poor old women, as well widows as maids, (which like number
be there now) which same almes-houses and grounds, I do hereby give and devise for ever,
to and for the sole use of ten poor people as aforesaid, severally to dwell in, and as often as
it happen that any of them dye and depart this life, then he, or they that shall afterward be
owner or owners of my said orchard, shall have the priviledge to place there, others in their
steads."
The management of the said hospital is now [1744] in the said Thomas Cooke, Esq. who, as
owner of the orchard, nominates the poor people, and pays them accordingly.
West Wimer Ward 1736. There is an orchard on the west side of the churchyard, which
formerly belonged to the parish, who conveyed it to Mr. Codd, who gave it to St. Giles's
hospital, of which it is holden by lease at this time.
Thomas Codd esq. gave also to the city for the relief of the poor in the said hospital, his
meadows, edifices, gardens, and orchards, which he bought of Thomas King, and his
gardens and tenements in St. Benedict's parish 11
The provision of orchards at various institutions appears to have been well established by the late
nineteenth century when schools, orphanages and workhouses often had adjacent orchards. A
volume of letters relating to the conveyance of the site for and building of a new classroom at
Shouldham school, 1882-1885 includes memoranda of the planting of fruit trees in the school
garden in 1887 (NRO PD 356/139). The Henstead Union workhouse near Swainsthorpe had two
areas of orchard to the south of the main building and an orphanage near Stoke Holy Cross was next
to a large orchard. (figures 1 & 2 below). Whether, however, the inmates benefited from the
produce or were merely expected to provide free labour for picking the fruit is uncertain.
Figure 1: Henstead Union Workhouse, near Swainsthorpe. First Edition OS 1: 2,500; 1882
11
Blomefield, 'City of Norwich, chapter 42: Upper, or North Conisford ward', volume 4: The History of the City and
County of Norwich, part II (1806), pp. 84-120.
8
Figure 2: Girls Orphanage and orchards at Maltkiln Farm, Stoke Holy Cross. First Revision,
OS 1:2,500; 1906
In the late nineteenth century the Rector of Kettlestone and Sherford in North Norfolk noted the
following planting details Nov 16 1896. Planted in Schuldham Almshouse garden
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Standard Harvey
Bush Old Hawthornden
Warner King
Blenheim Orange
Peasgood Nonsuch
Keswick Codlin
Vicar Beighton
Dummilon Seedling
Nov 25 & Dec 2 1896. Planted in Mary’s Cottage side next churchyard
1
Old Hawthornden
2
Warner King
3
Blenhiem Orange
4
Keswick Codlin
5
Peasgood Nonsuch
6
Vicar of Beighton
7
Dummilon Seedling
8
Harvey
9 & 10 New Hawthornden
From NRO PD 610/22 An Account and Valuation of the Rectory of Kettlestone and Sherford
The above planting list provides an important insight to the varieties grown in small orchards and
illustrates the predominance of apples by the end of the nineteenth century. This had not been the
case in earlier centuries when pears were of almost equal importance and nuts and stone fruit had
also been important components of orchards.
3: The proportions of various species in Norfolk orchards.
9
Evidence from documentary sources suggests that apples and pears were the most frequently
cultivated fruit trees, closely followed by plums, gages and bullace. The proportion of pears grown
remained high, in some cases up to 50%, until the late eighteenth century after which time apples
came to dominate commercial and domestic orchards. Early pear varieties were frequently of the
‘warden’ type, large and not particularly flavoursome but a valuable source of starchy carbohydrate
before the introduction of potatoes. Pears could be stored throughout the winter then stewed or
baked with other ingredients or fed to livestock instead of turnips or mangols. The popularity of
pears during the medieval period led to some orchards being given over entirely to their production
as in following example from Suffolk. An Inquisition Post Mortem taken in 1290 after the death of
Sir Peter de Leyham mentions a pear orchard Inq. Tuesday after St. John the Baptist, 18 Edw. I.
Leyham. The manor called 'Le Overbouhalle' (extent given) including a park, a pear
orchard (piriton'?), herbage in Sawefen, pasture in Brocmedue and at Naylesforde, and a
marsh at Stratwode, held of the earl marshal by service of 1 knight's fee;12
It is probable that pear orchards also existed in Norfolk, particularly on the clays in the south east of
the county. Further north, pears are mentioned in the accounts kept by the gardeners of Norwich
Cathedral Priory in the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The records show that sufficient apples and
pears were grown to allow surplice fruit to be sold in the city. The accounts tend to record the two
fruit together, making it difficult to establish proportions. However, when apples and pears are
recorded separately the values are similar, as below –
Norwich Cathedral Priory Gardeners’ Accounts 1402-3
Receipts
£
s
d
[From Assumption, 15 August to Michaelmas, 29 Sept.]
For apples and pears sold
0
1
8½
[From Michaelmas, 29th Sept. until St Hillary’s, 13th Jan.]
For pears and filberts
0
Item for apples
0
Item for herbage
0
4
1
1
4
4
3
th
th
Norwich Cathedral Priory Gardeners’ Accounts 1405-6.
Receipts [From Michaelmas, 29th Sept. to St Scholastica, 10th Feb.]13
For apples
For pears
For leased herbage
£
0
0
0
s
2
2
9
d
6½
7½
9
0
0
3
3
4
0
Norwich Cathedral Priory Gardeners’ Accounts 1406-7.
Receipts [from 29th Sept. Until St Edmund, 20th Nov.]
For herbage
For pears
12
'Inquisitions Post Mortem, Edward I, File 57', Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume 2: Edward I (1906), pp.
467-479.
13
NRO DCN1/11/7, Norwich Cathedral Priory Gardeners’ Accounts 1405-6.
Norfolk Record Society Volume LXI, pages 46-7
10
Pears may have been particularly sought after in years when poor weather conditions or economic
factors led to increased grain and bread prices. In these circumstances starchy pears may have
provided an alternative, cheaper source of carbohydrate.
Post-medieval documentary sources from gentry estates, the clergy and farmers revealed that
although apple trees dominated orchards, both grand and humble, the proportion of pears grown
remained relatively high until the end of the eighteenth century. For example an order for fruit trees
from Ryston Hall in 1672 requested 24 apple trees and 18 pear trees, whilst a lease for Quebec Hall
dated 1784 recorded that the orchard contained 22 apples and 11 pears, along with 15 cherry, 12
plums and 3 filberts. The orchards and gardens of parish gentry and county elite contained a
remarkable range of fruit at this time, including 50 varieties of peach, nectarine and apricot along
with grapes, currants, barberries and walnuts. The orchards attached to small farms and cottages
lacked the more exotic species but generally contained apples, pears and plums, along with filberts
and cherries at some sites.
Using sources that recorded individual trees such as planting plans, orders to nurseries and
memoranda books an approximate ratio of pears to apples has been calculated. It is important to
stress that the nature of written sources from this period means they tend to originate from the
‘middling sort’ and the gentry, making it difficult to establish the proportions of various species
grown in cottage and small farm orchards. Using a sample of thirteen sources dated from 1600 to
1790 the number of apple trees recorded was 366; pears 143; plums 55; cherries 63; quince 3 and
walnuts 34. A small sample such as used here can give no more than an indication of the
proportions of species present in Norfolk orchards but it appears that pears remained popular until
the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is likely that most of the pear varieties grown were used
for drying, baking and stewing rather than eating raw although dessert pears such as Brown Beurre,
St. Germain’s and Bezi d'Echessary were grown at Thwaite in the early eighteenth century.
In the nineteenth century the proportion of pears to apples mentioned in sources diminished
markedly. References to the number of pear and apple trees growing in orchards between 1790 and
1900 show that pears made up only 13% of the total compared to almost 40% in the earlier sample.
The greater availability of cheap forms of starchy foods such as potatoes and bread in the later
nineteenth century is likely to have lessened the popularity of warden or pound pears, for although
these pears stored well and provided bulk they offered little flavour and were probably replaced by
cooking or dual purpose apples such as the Baxter’s Pearmain, Emneth Early or Norfolk Beauty.
Plums
The proportions of plums and gages grown in orchards and fruit collections varied with the status of
the grower. In cottage and small farm orchards plums were the third most numerous fruit after
apples and pears. However, in the fruit collections of the gentry and nobility plums were of less
importance than peaches, nectarines and apricots. These high status fruit require walls for shelter
and warmth along with a considerable amount of management to ensure high yields, placing them
beyond the means of much of the county’s population. Prosperous farmers and parish gentry
amassed small collections of tender stone fruits, for example Thomas Ripingall listed four
nectarines, four apricots and four peaches in his collection but only two plums and two cherries. At
Heydon a list of fruit required for the gardens compiled in 1755 included sixteen peaches, nineteen
nectarines, five apricots and eleven plums. Plums were, however, popular in farm orchards and
were usually planted around the edges along with damsons and ‘bullies’ or bullace. Plums also
featured prominently in urban orchards such as the example quoted in a lease of 1632 from King’s
Lynn which instructed the lessee to 'preserve the plum or fruit trees, except those in a little yard in
the occupation of John More used as a nursery' (NRO KL/C 51/72). A Yarmouth lease of 1793
listed fifty plum trees amongst the fruit standing in a commercial orchard and George Lindley of
Norwich offered growers fifty nine varieties of plum.
11
Cherries
Cherries have been grown in Norfolk since the medieval period and were often cultivated in
separate cherry gardens or grounds. The Norwich Cathedral Gardeners Accounts for 1483-4 record
that the grounds included a cherry garden To labourers for filling in two latrines in the cherry garden
Item for one wyndowstal for the cherry garden.14
£0
10s
0½d
It would appear that the trees rarely produced sufficient fruit to supply the convent, as the accounts
show that cherries had to be purchased in most years. However, in 1427 there was a small surplice
which was sold for 8d.
A lease for land in Shelfhangar dated 1695 described the Cherryegrounde moate, possibly the
moated enclosure at TM 1165 8387 (NRO MC 257/6, 683x3). A map of Hethel Hall estate dated
1756 (figure 3) shows the Cherry Ground lying within a courtyard adjacent to the hall. In Seething,
Cherry Ground Farm was put up for sale in 1942 (NRO BR 241/4/1234) and the Cherry Orchard
place name occurs frequently in east Norfolk. The tall and spreading habit of cherry trees may have
caused them to out-grow other fruit trees in mixed orchards making separate cherry grounds a better
option where sufficient land was available.
Cherries appear to have been grown in about the same proportions as plums. An order for fruit trees
placed by Roger Pratt of Ryston Hall in 1671 requested one Duke and one Morello, whilst Mary
Birkhead of Thwaite St. Mary listed nine cherry trees growing in her extensive orchards. At Heydon
Hall five cherry trees were included in a list of fruit required for the gardens and at Raynham Hall
canvas covers were ordered for the cherry trees, presumably to protect the fruit from birds.
Figure 3: Hethel Hall Grounds, 1756 (Private Collection) G – The Cherry Ground
The parish of Marham in West Norfolk was particularly renowned for its cherry grounds and was
referred to variously as Cherry Marham or Marham Cherry. The latter name was used in the Close
Rolls of Richard II in the late fourteenth century whilst the benefice of Cherry Marham was given
14
DCN1/11/7, Norwich Cathedral Priory Gardeners’ Accounts 1483-4.
NRS LXI, page 73
12
to St John’s College, Cambridge by Sir Ralph Hare in 162315 Two administration bonds dated 1739
refer to the estates of Thomas Grieff and John Coe, both of Cherry Marham (NRO NCC admin
bonds No. 45 & 56). A Topographical Dictionary of England published in 1848 described the
parish as follows MARHAM-CHERRY (Holy Trinity), a parish, in the union of Downham, hundred of
Clackclose, W. division of Norfolk, 8 miles (N. E.) from Downham; containing 817
inhabitants. The parish comprises 3966a. 3r. 24p., of which 2529 acres are arable, 1169
pasture and meadow, 74 woodland, and about 200 fen allotted to the poor. It was anciently
remarkable for the number of its cherry-trees, and subsequently for walnut-trees of stately
growth. The river Nar intersects the parish on the north-west.16
The ‘cherry’ element of the name was not used frequently in the post medieval period, Blomefield
makes no mention of it and the two administration bonds are the only occurrences in the archives of
the Norfolk Records Office. It would appear that, as suggested in the above extract, walnut trees
had replaced the Marham cherry grounds by the eighteenth century.
Walnuts
‘....But if there be no such shelters, it will be very profitable to Plant Walnut-trees, upon
these three sides of the Orchard. The Walnut-tree is profitable very many ways, not only as
to shade and shelter, but also the wood is of manifold use, and much dearer then Oak, Ash,
Elm, or such like: the Fruit is useful and profitable, both green and ripe; so the leaves, bark,
juice, &c. in many Physical respects. Mr. Parkinson sayes, the profit of Walnut-trees is
infinite.’ A treatise of fruit trees, R Austen, 1665
Walnut trees have been recorded in sources from across the county, from the seventeenth century
onwards. The trees were often described as growing on meadows but some were used to provide
shelter for orchards in a manner similar to that outlined in the above extract. For example at
Thwaite St. Mary in 1734 six walnut trees were planted along one side of the orchard planted at the
new house built for Mary Birkhead’s daughter. A large established orchard owned by the Dixon’s
elsewhere in Thwaite contained five walnut trees, whilst a further 23 grew in the home meadow.
The extract below, from the farm diaries of Thomas Ripingall records the sale of walnuts from his
orchard and meadows in 1817 –
Walnuts Sold
Sept’r 28th
Sold Mary Bone 1400 hundred Walnuts at 1/- per hundred
of six score [120]
14s 6d
Gave Mr Rump
240
2s
All the produce of two trees in Lormas Close, Sept’r 28th
Sept’r 30th
Six Hundred
(Orchard)
6s
Oct’r 1st
Seventeen Hundred (orchard)
17s
One Thousand to SFR [poss. Stephen Frost Ripingall]
0
Oct’r 3rd
900 to Bone
9s
Oct’r 17th
1000 Do.
10s
Farming diaries of Thomas Ripingall of Langham, 1817-1818. NRO MC 120/45
15
Roach, J. P. C. (editor) A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3: The City and University
of Cambridge (1959), pp. 437-450
16
Lewis, S., editor (1848) A Topographical Dictionary of England, p. 257
13
Filberts
Filberts were grown in most parts of Norfolk, with the possible exception of Marshland where no
specific references have been found. Filberts were prized for their superior size and quality in
comparison to ‘hedge’ or cob nuts and were recommended by authorities such as Lawson and
Markham as part of the productive hedging around orchards. At Thwaite, Mary Birkhead planted a
filbert between each group of four fruit trees (see plan below) and described the specimens she
propagated herself –
I set Filberts they came up and made trees much sooner than from suckers but they all
proved nutty, some as bad as hedge nuts, some as good as Filberts, one I call the cluster
nutt I value very much, it is a round large nutt, grows on a cluster frequently some 11, one
15. I extended the husks of 2 oposite ones upon my Rule att the bottom of a cluster thrim the
extreams was 4 Inches and I never see but 4 [?] att the bottom of a cluster, four grow over
them.
(NRO BRA 926 122, 1734)
The lease for Quebec Hall, East Dereham mentioned philberts in both the orchard and garden (NRO
BUL/16/230, 1784) and Lindley’s nurseries of Norwich listed red, white and Spanish filberts, along
with two varieties of cobnut.
Other fruit species.
Mulberries, medlars, quince and service trees are mentioned occasionally in the manuscript sources
but there is no evidence that these were grown in any numbers. It is likely that these species may
have formed part of the boundary planting around orchards as recommended by Gervaise Markahm
and George Lindley. Alternatively, they may have been planted singly with-in rows of apples and
pears or in the gardens. A wide range of grapes, peaches, nectarines and apricots were grown in the
gardens of parish and county gentry, and the clergy, from the seventeenth century. Such species
require warmth and specialised care to fruit successfully and were generally confined to walled
gardens rather than the orchard. For that reason they will not be discussed here, however, details of
varieties grown in Norfolk have been included in the database.
14
4: Varieties of apples and pears grown in Norfolk before 1900.
The earliest documentary evidence for any English apple variety comes from the Norfolk parish of
Runham in a deed of 1204-5.
In the 6th of King John he [Robert de Evermere ] was found to hold this lordship by petty
serjeanty, the paying of 200 pearmains, and 4 hogsheads (modios) of wine, made of
pearmains, into the Exchequer, on the feast of St. Michael, yearly.17
In the same year Walter de Evermue paid a similar debt to the Exchequer for lands in Rackheath
Magna In the 6th of King John, Walter de Evermue, and his parceners, held lands to the value of
16l. here, &c. by serjeanty, and the payment of 2 measures of red wine, and 200 pearmains
yearly into the exchequer, on the feast of St. Michael,18
The payments of pearmains and wine were recorded throughout the medieval period such as the
reference from the Parliament Rolls for the reign of Edward II, January 1316 and further mentions
in the fifteenth-century Close Rolls.
To our lord the king, John the son of Walter of Billingey prays that it might please him to
give him a third of the manor of Runham, of which the said Walter his father died seised,
and held the said third of the king, with his parceners, by the services which he and his
parceners performed for the whole manor, paying each year at the exchequer 200
pearmains, and 2 barrels of wine.19
The above examples from medieval Norfolk do not appear to be replicated elsewhere in England.
Searches of Close Rolls, IPMs and Parliamentary Records have revealed just one post-medieval
example from London,
draft of said privy seal (which was passed 1661, May 10). By assignment dated Feb. 2 last
said Cogan has conveyed to the King his interest in all that great garden in St. Martins in
the Fields, containing 20 acres enclosed with a brick wall heretofore in the tenure of
Thomas Hoskins and all that pasture ground commonly called the Mulberry Garden Field,
containing eight acres and lying in said parish and lately in the tenure of John Davis, the
former for the remainder of a term of 20 years from 1649, Dec. 23, at 80l. per an. rent and
100 of apples called Pippins or Pearmains or in lieu thereof of 10s. in money...20
It is possible that the area of Norfolk around Runham and Rackheath was known for growing
pearmains and hence the inclusion of the fruit in the services payable to King John and subsequent
monarchs. Codlings and costards were grown in medieval Norfolk and it is worth noting that the
surnames Pearmain, Codling and Costard occurred in Norfolk probate records throughout the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This suggests that the varieties were well known in the county at
17
Blomefield 'East Flegg Hundred: Runham', volume 11 (1810), pp. 241-246. This early reference to pearmains is
quoted by Morgan & Richards (2002) who give the date as 1290 but the 6th year of King John’s reign dated from the 3rd
June 1204 until 18th May 1205.
18
Blomefield 'Taverham Hundred: Rackheath Magna', An Essay .....volume 10 (1809), pp. 446-451
19
'Edward II: January 1316: SC 9/19', Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Chris Given-Wilson (general editor);
Paul Brand, et al (editors). Also, for example, 14th July 1489, 'Close Rolls, Henry VII: 1487-1488', Calendar of Close
Rolls, Henry VII: volume 1: 1485-1500 (1955), pp. 81-98. K. H. Ledward (editor) 1955.
20
'Appendix I: March 1661', Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 7: 1681-1685 (1916), pp. 1529-1549
15
that time and it is possible that the families bearing the names may have been involved in growing
or selling these varieties.
The popularity of the pearmain continued into the post-medieval period as expressed in this extract
from a letter dated 17th December, 1578 from Thomas Martin to Lord Burghley.
According to my promise I have sent a note of such notable practices for orchards, gardens,
and ponds, and other like things of commodity and pleasure as my poor skill could attain
unto. And because I have many of your lordship's fruit trees “mozy,” and “some to rot, and
other some sick of the gall, or of the worms, and such other diseases which the very best
trees are subject to,” I have prescribed in writing sundry remedies for the same, and did
partly admonish your gardener and steward thereof. At what time I brought six other
pearmain trees to be then presently set amongst your cherry trees, which fruit of pearmain
is of that excellency that Sergeant Baram, and also Harris, her Majesty's fruiterer, did cut
off 40 heads of the rennet to graft the said pearmain upon with “cyons” [scions] which they
had from me. I have sent herewith a basket of the fruit, and trust to present likewise of the
said apple and the pond pear at Easter and Whitsuntide next. Murdon, 17 December.21
By the seventeenth century the pearmain was just one amongst an ever increasing range of fruit
available to growers in Norfolk. Estate records show that many of the trees planted by the gentry
and clergy were obtained from nurseries situated out-with the county or even abroad. For example,
in correspondence between Yarmouth bailiffs Thomas Godfrey and Richard Ferrier dated 22nd
November 1696 the latter lamented that frost was preventing the delivery of fruit trees he had
ordered from Holland (NRO Y/C 36/15/18). Roger Pratt of Ryston ordered a wide range of fruit
trees and ornamental plants from the nurseries of John Alcocke of London and Leonard Gurles of
Whitechapel. Mary Birkhead acquired many of her trees from the Brompton Park nursery of Messrs
London and Wise. Mary also noted that some of her fruit was ‘from France’. Local nurseries were
also well represented in the sources, including Mackies of Norwich, Wilkinsons of Dereham and
George Lindley of Eaton. The latter was to become a nationally respected authority on fruit growing
who, in 1831, published A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden; or an account of the most
valuable fruit and vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. This publication was one of those
consulted by Robert Hogg when compiling his volume British Pomology in 1858. Hogg also
produced a similar volume for other species of fruit entitled The Fruit Manual: Containing the
Descriptions and Synonyms of the Fruit and Fruit Trees of Great Britain. These two volumes along
with The New Book of Apples and online sources have been consulted during the preparation of this
report in order to identify varieties of fruit mentioned in the manuscript sources listed above. Fruit
varieties were often known by local names and a single variety may be have been known by several
names across the centuries but by using the above mentioned volumes it has been possible to
rationalise the 933 varieties recorded in the Norfolk sources used to compile this report.
Methodology
A table was designed within the Orchards database which was populated with the following fields –
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
UEA ref.
Source ref
Source date
Species
Variety
Synonyms
Modern equivalent
Records office ref; bibliographic ref; personal comment etc.
Apple, pear, plum etc.
The name as written in the source.
Alternatives varietal names.
Present day varietal name
21
'Cecil Papers: December 1578', Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House, Volume 2: 1572-1582. (1888), pp.
225-230.
16
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Suitable for
Management
Comments
Originator name
Status
Location
Notes
Specific uses mentioned in the source, e.g. stewing, cider, etc.
Details mentioned in the source, pruning, grafting, etc.
Any other relevant comments in the source.
e.g. yeoman, clergyman, gentry, widow, wife, etc.
Location of orchard or tree if mentioned.
All the varieties of fruit recorded in the sources listed above were entered in the table, along with
other relevant details. The table was then interrogated using a number of queries in order to
establish the range of fruit varieties grown in Norfolk from the mid seventeenth century. The results
were cross-referenced against secondary sources such as Hogg’s Pomology and the recent volume
by Morgan and Richards The New Book of Apples. This allowed synonyms to be identified and
resulted in a more accurate indication of the range of varieties grown in the past, along with changes
in spelling or, in some cases, changes in the name of certain varieties. It must be stressed that the
lists offered here only contain varieties specifically mentioned in the documentary sources
consulted for this report. Information from the main ‘varieties’ table has been summarised in
Appendices 1 - 3.
The lists of 253 apple and 140 pear varieties in the attached Appendices are not intended to be
definitive but rather to provide a sample of the varieties grown across the county from the mid
seventeenth century. That a relatively small sample of sources should have revealed so many
varieties suggests that the actual range of varieties grown in Norfolk may have been considerably
larger than the number recorded here. The appendices do not include varieties developed in the
twentieth century as these have been recorded in detail by EEAOP and their lists should be
consulted in conjunction with those provided in this paper. Instances where the evidence for early
varieties differs from that provided by EEAOP will be discussed below.
The difficult issue of what constitutes a ‘local’ variety has been addressed by attempting to establish
a difference between locally popular varieties and those which originated within the county of
Norfolk. The lack of standardised records before the early nineteenth century made the this
challenging, as was the task of sorting through a myriad of local synonyms but documentary
evidence has provided some useful information about the origins of Norfolk fruit varieties.
Apple Varieties
The
table
in
Appendix
1
contains
two
hundred
and
fifty-three
varieties of apple mentioned in Norfolk sources between 1660 and 1900 along with a summary of
the information held for each in the database. The total was increased markedly by the apple
varieties offered for sale by George Lindley of Norwich in the late eighteenth century. It was
decided to include the information from the Lindley catalogue in the database as many of the
county’s fruit growers would have purchased their trees from the Lindley nursery. Mary Birkhead’s
notebooks listed fifty seven eighteenth-century apple varieties, some of which have not been found
in any other source.
Appendix 2 deals with varieties of apple associated with Norfolk. It has been necessary to make a
distinction between apples varieties developed in Norfolk; those which were popular with Norfolk
growers over many centuries but had their origins elsewhere and thirdly, those given names
associated with Norfolk but which may have been synonyms for varieties known by other names
elsewhere. The criteria that qualify an apple to be referred to as a local variety are difficult to define
and the dividing lines between possible, probable and definite Norfolk apples are blurred. For
example EEAOP list the New York Pippin as a Norfolk apple because it was propagated from
American stock by Mackies nursery of Norwich in the late eighteenth century. The Golden Noble is
said to have been found growing on the Stow Bardolph estate, in West Norfolk and exhibited at the
17
RHS by head gardener Patrick Flanagan in 1820 however it was offered for sale in 1769 by
Yorkshire nurseryman William Perfect and by George Lindley of Norwich in 1796. Lindley attested
to the Norfolk origins of several well known varieties but even his definitions must be treated with
caution as illustrated in his description of Hubbard’s Pearmain
This is a real Norfolk apple, well known in Norwich Market; and although it may be found
elsewhere, it's great excellence may have caused it's removal hence.22
These comments expose the great difficulties of establishing which varieties can accurately be
claimed to have originated in Norfolk. Of the twenty six varieties listed in Appendix 2 some are
included because they were undoubtedly very popular in the county although, as with those
mentioned above, they may not have originated within the county. These include Doctor Harvey,
which was mentioned consistently in Norfolk documents from the seventeenth century and may
have East Anglian origins according to Morgan & Richards. The Norfolk Beefing has been one of
the most celebrated of the county’s apples, famously used to make dried sugar-coated ‘biffins’.
However, early forms of the name, Biefen and Beaufin have Continental connotations. The counties
of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire also lay claim to the Beefing. Other varieties such as Norfolk Colman
appear to have good local credentials but the Norfolk epithet was sometimes applied to fruit known
by other names elsewhere. The Norfolk Pippin was also known as Adam’s Pearmain or, in
Herefordshire, as the Hanging Pearmain.
In some cases both the name and provenance suggest an apple was developed within the county.
Vicar of Beighton is said to have been raised by the Reverend Fellowes of that parish and Beauty of
Norfolk was developed by Mr Allen, head gardener on the Gunton Park estate. Given the greater
incidence of accurate documentary records since 1900, a large number of twentieth century apples
can be safely ascribed to the county list,. These have not been included here but have been recorded
by EEAOP. It is likely that in the past a great many local cultivars existed within Norfolk such as
the Thwaite, Free Thorpe and Halvergate apples quoted by Mary Birkhead and the Oxnead
Pearmain, which is likely to have been raised on the Oxnead Estate of the Earl of Yarmouth. Most
of these very local fruit are now lost but it is well worth noting their existence, as an indication of
the wealth of apple varieties grown in Norfolk over the past four centuries.
Pear Varieties
Appendix 3 contains one hundred and forty varieties of pear mentioned in Norfolk documentary
sources. As discussed above, in some gardens and orchards pears were present in similar numbers
to apples but their popularity waned during the nineteenth and twentieth century. Few pears have
local origins although the Norwich and Winter Norwich ordered by Roger Pratt for his Ryston estate
in 1670 may have been Norfolk varieties. EEAOP suggest that the possible Norfolk variety Robin
may be a renamed version of London Sugar, offered in George Lindley’s 1796 catalogue. Hacon’s
Incomparable is said to have been raised in Downham Market but was not mentioned in any of the
sources consulted for this report.
As might be expected the culinary varieties of pear, used for stewing and baking, are well
represented in Appendix 3, particularly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. What is more
noteworthy is the relatively large number of dessert pears grown from the mid-seventeenth century.
For example Green Beurré, Ryston, 1660; Hampden’s Bergamot and Lewis, Ryston, 1670; Caillot
Rosat, Echassery, Summer Rose, Beurré Blanc and Verte Longue, Thwaite St. Mary 1734.
Eleven different varieties of bergamot pear were referred to in Norfolk documents between 1660
and 1817, which suggests it was one of the most popular dessert pears to be grown locally.
22
Hogg, Pomology, pp 113-4
18
Wardens, popular in the earlier centuries, were not referred to in any of the nineteenth-century
sources examined here. By the later nineteenth century no pear varieties were mentioned by name in
the documents consulted, apples and to some extent plums having increased in popularity at the
expense of pears.
Uses for fruit
As discussed above, much of the fruit grown in Norfolk until the 1950s was stored or preserved for
use throughout the winter. Before the advent of temperature regulated cold storage facilities this
required a cool outbuilding or store room where varieties such as the apple Winter Majestin could
be left to improve through the winter months and where culinary pears would last until spring.
Alternatively varieties less likely to survive storage were dried, bottled, preserved as chutneys and
jams, or used in cider and perry. The produce of cottage and small farm orchards may have been
used entirely within the home but any surplus could be sold in local markets or to intermediaries
such as Robert Fox who bought the Felbrigg walnut crop in 1719 (NRO WKC 5/277/2) or Mary
Bone who bought apples and walnuts from Thomas Ripingall of Langham in the early nineteenth
century (NRO MC 120/45). In some cases fruit was used as part of rental payments as in the
Runham pearmains, and also in this extract from the conveyance of a meadow in Wood Norton
For the rent of Dammedwe 15 marks and 1 apple every year, 1290 NRO DCN 44/128/3
Fruit was also used as a form of mortgage payment for the purchase of a piece of land in Downham
Market as described below Memorandum re sale of land in Downham by Thomas Buckingham to John Hubbard, Jacob
Flierden, [and others], for the payment of 3 lbs. potatoes and the fruit of three fruit-trees
each year to Thomas Buckingham and his wife for their lives. 27 Jan 1701. NRO SF 431/19,
308X5.
Gifts of fruit were often sent over considerable distances to family members and friends or to
impress superiors, as in the presents sent to Sir Bassingbourne Gawdy, sheriff of Norfolk which
included game, poultry and fruit (1600-1605, NRO NNAS S2/8). In the fourteenth century the
Dominican friars of Norwich presented their monarch with apples –
During a royal visit to Norwich in January, 1325-6, there was a pleasant interchange of
gifts. Edward II gave an alms of 17s. 8d. for a day's food for the fifty-three friars then in
residence, and on the morrow they presented him with fifty-three apples. Edward III when
passing through Norwich in 1328, repeated the same alms for a like number of religious.23
The Reverend William Gunn of Smallburgh, made many references to gifts of fruit to collegues and
family members as illustrated below To Thomas Hearn, Buckingham
[WG] Sends some beefing plants, Ribstone pippins, and another non-pareil called the
Summer, with instructions for planting; the pineasters can be most easily planted at an
angle of 10 or 15 degrees without digging holes;, 31 Dec 1807, WGN 5/3/10
T[homas] Hearn, Buckingham, to William Gunn, Irstead:
a hamper of plants arrived in perfect order, as did basket of apples 28 Mar 1807 NRO
WGN 1/5/22
23
Victoria County History 'Friaries: Norwich', A History of the County of Norfolk: Volume 2 (1906), pp. 428-433.
19
5. Spatial arrangements and planting plans
The relationship between orchards, residence, gardens and other landscape features.
Map and documentary evidence has shown that, with the notable exception of Marshland, the
majority of farm and small estate orchards were situated in close proximity to the house and
immediately adjacent the garden, as illustrated in figures 4 – 6 below. A similar relationship
between house and orchard can be also be seen at small holdings and cottages as in illustrations of
cottage orchards in Albrough, which were combined with the garden ground to the rear of the
properties figures 7 – 9 below. These arrangements would have been partly dictated by practical
considerations such as proximity to storage and processing areas and partly to ensure the security of
valuable crops. In addition, the aesthetic pleasures of blossom, fruit and wildlife were recommended
by both Lawson and Markham. A gentleman’s fruit collection was undoubtedly an important part of
the social landscape, with much correspondence devoted to discussion of plans, varieties and
suppliers. Tours of the orchard via grass alleys between the trees were popular and William Lawson
recommended the positioning of seats for the leisurely enjoyment of the orchard. At some high
status sites the orchard could be viewed from terrace walks, which allowed the geometric layout and
range of species to be fully appreciated. For example at West Dereham Grange, Sir Thomas
Dereham’s orchard could be viewed from a terraced walk three metres above the level of the
orchard.
William Lawson recommended the benefits of surrounding the orchard by ditches or a moat –
Moats, fish ponds (and especially at one side a river)..... will afford you fish, fence and
moisture to your trees; and pleasure also...
There several such examples from Norfolk, including orchards in secondary moats, adjoining the
main moat. Blomefield described a landscape said to have been created by Sir Richard de Boylond
at Boyland Hall, Bressingham in the early fourteenth century.
After this he retired hither, where he built a noble seat, surrounded with a large moat, which
he continued round the orchards, park, and all his lands, the remains of which may be seen
at this day [1736;] 24
The practice of placing orchards within moats was popular at high status sites, whilst farm orchards
frequently had ditches on three or four sides. At Channonz Hall, Tibenham the orchard was
surrounded by a substantial secondary moat whilst at Swanington Hall the orchard was bounded to
the west by the main moat and on the remaining three sides by large ditches. The orchard at the site
of Shelton Hall was also bounded by a moat in the 1880s and a rectangular moated site in the
grounds of St. German’s Hall, Wiggenhall St German’s contained an orchard of 0.8 acres that could
only be accessed from the hall garden. Figures 10 - 12
24
Blomefield 'Hundred of Diss: Brisingham', volume 1 (1805), pp. 49-73.
20
Figure 4: Bury Hall, Barton in 1714. (NRO Horner Acc 1997/215)
Figure 5: Shotesham Old Hall in 1721 (NRO FEL 1079)
Figure 6: Buckenham Hall Farm in 1780 (NRO BEA 346)
21
Figure 7: Cottages, Alburgh in 1752 (NRO MC 1744/1)
Figure 8: Cottage, Denton in 1752 (NRO MC 1744/1)
22
Figure 9: Trowse Farm, Trowse Newton in 1714 (NRO Horner Acc 1997/215)
Figure 10: Channons Hall, Tibenham in 1640 (NRO MC 1777/1)
Figure 11: Moated Orchard, Wiggenhall St. Germans Hall 1880s
First Edition Ordnance Survey 1: 2,500
23
Figure 12: Shelton Hall, 1906 1st revision OS 1: 2,500
The distribution and spatial arrangement of orchards in the area to the south and west of King’s
Lynn differed from much of the remainder of Norfolk. Small orchards close to the residence of the
grower did occur in this area but, in addition, large commercial orchards of four or more hectares
were planted on field systems around the settlements. Evidence from tithe commutation records of
the 1830s-40s suggests that the fruit trees were planted in blocks with strips of pasture and arable
between the trees. During the later nineteenth and twentieth century the orchards were replaced by
arable or pasture, both of which were returned to fruit growing from time to time, depending on the
prevailing state of the agricultural economy.
24
.
Figure 13: Part of Walsoken parish, West Norfolk in 1843 showing areas of orchard in yellow.
(NRO DE/TA 28)
The grower’s residence was often nearby but in some cases lay at a considerable distance from the
fruit trees. The trees themselves were planted in straight rows on a grid plan but the orchards
followed existing field boundaries. The figure above shows both extensive commercial and small
domestic orchards but few have the geometric appearance of the square acre advised by the
published authorities of earlier centuries.
25
C
D
E
A
B
F
G
H
Figure 14: Part of Thwaite St. Mary, South East Norfolk, 1838 (NRO DN/TA 536)
Orchards in yellow.
In contrast seven of the eight orchards recorded in the tithe commutation files for the parish of
Thwaite St. Mary in south east Norfolk were under 0.5 of a hectare in area. All were situated close
to the residence and garden, and did not spread out over the surrounding fields. Only B and E
appear to have been created, in part, from long narrow enclosures. Of the remainder A, C, G and H
are either square or rectangular and conform to traditional ideals about the size and plan of an
orchard.
In A New Orchard and Garden published in 1618 William Lawson suggested that when laying out
an orchard “the form most men like in general, is a square”. When discussing the space between
trees Lawson was disparaging of writers who recommended close planting of trees and instead
advised a distance of 20 yards between the trees to allow each space to mature. Lawson then
suggested enclosing the orchard within a hedgerow planted with filberts.25 Gervaise Markham
writing in 1613 also recommended a square orchard but divided into four quarters by walkways.
Markham thought trees could be planted just twelve feet apart, which he felt to be “sufficient
enough for their spreading” and stated that the trees
..be placed in such arteficiall rowes that which way soever a man shall cast his eyes yet hee
shall see the trees every way stand in rows making squares, alleyes and divisions according
to a mans imagination. 26
Mary Birkhead reprised Markham’s instructions in her description of the orchard she laid out at her
daughter’s property in Thwaite St. Mary 25
26
Lawson, W., (1618) A New Orchard and Garden, 2003 facsimile edition, Prospect Books, Totnes. P 45.
Markham, G. (1613) The English Husbandman, 1982 facsimile edition, New York, Garland Publishing. P34
26
The orchard is an acre of land very near square. The trees planted in rows look which way
you please.
However, Mary inclined towards Lawson’s advice as to the distance between trees as she allowed
“36 foot one way and 26 the other”. The inside of the fence was planted with several sorts of plum,
quinces, barberries, nuts and filberts, with a row of six Walnut trees on one side – probably the
north. Lawson had suggested that filberts should be planted around the orchard but Mary put a
filbert bush between the trees in the grid formed by offsetting rows of odd and even numbers of
trees.
Figure 15: The Thwaite orchard plan as drawn by Mary Birkhead
in NRO BRA 926/122, 1734
The diagram in figure 15, above from Mary’s orchard memorandum book shows the plan which
was extended to include rows of six and five trees in the orchard Mary created for her daughter, Mrs
Dixon. The accompanying list of fruit trees allowed the layout of Mrs Dixon’s orchard to be
reproduced below. It has not been possible to locate the exact site of this orchard but site A in
figure 14, page 25 above seems most likely.
27
Figure 16: Orchard 1 planted at Mrs Dixon’s new house in 1724 and recorded in 1734.
All varietal names and spellings as written in NRO BRA 926/122, 1734.
This one acre orchard contained 44 fruit trees, along with filberts, 6 walnut trees and an assortment
of stone fruit and berries fruit around the fences.
A second orchard described in the memorandum books was considerably larger having eleven rows
of varying length with from ten to twenty trees in each, totalling 152. Given that this orchard was
planted using similar rules to that above, over two and half acres would have been required and the
plot was not square but trapezoid, the rows diminishing in length towards the road. This description
matches the orchard at Church Farm marked E on figure 14, page 25 above. The pear trees were
much more interspersed within the rows of this orchard than in Orchard 1, above. Filberts, five
walnut trees, cherries and plums were included in orchard 2 in the same manner as in 1. Sixty two
years later George Lindley, nurseryman of Norwich published a catalogue with planting plan, which
bore some similarity to that created at Thwaite.
28
Figure 17: George Lindley’s plan for an orchard, 1796. NRO COL 9/96
The orchard in the above plan was surrounded by filberts, with plums, cherries, quince, medlars and
mulberries included in the body of the orchard. William Lawson advocated the use of nuts around
the boundaries, whilst Mary Birkhead preferred to plant stone fruit and berries around the margins
of her orchards.
At 7200 square yards, Lindley’s orchard was 1.48 acres (0.6 hectares) in area and contained 77
trees, spaced 9 yards apart east-west and 16 yards north-south. This plan allowed more space
between the trees than the Thwaite layout and did not include nut bushes between the standards.
The spacing suggested by both sources imply that the trees were expected to grow to more or less
full height and spread, rather than being restricted by heavy pruning or dwarfing root stocks.
In the late nineteenth century Mr Benjamin Stimpson of Sall Moor Hall established a new orchard
of 2.5 acres (1 hectare) adjacent to the original orchard and rookery. His orchard notebook recorded
that the trees were planted in January 1890, in thirteen rows of either seventeen or eighteen trees.
An order was placed with a Dereham nursery for the following trees –
29
Trees for Orchard at Sall from Dereham, Jan’y 20/90 (NRO MC 561/87/2)
6
14
14
6`
14
15
7
14
9
15
3
10
2
2
3
1
11
4
2
6
6
7
6
17
6
3
6
4
213
6
Plums
5
2
1
1
1
229
Monstrous London pippins
Bleinham Orange
Alfriston
Cox’s Orange pippin
Cellini
Rainham pearmain
Dr Harvey
D J Fish
King of the pippins
Lady Hewicke? Henwicke?
Adams’s pearmain
Striped Beefing
Winter Coleman
Tower of Glamis
Nicols Seedling
Holkham Red
Warne’s King
Aromatic russett
Nonpareil
Irish peach
Keswick codlin
Ribstone pippin
Gloucester Keeper
Shelford Monarch
Gravenstein
Rymer
Magnum Bonum
Golden Pippin
Lord Grosvenor
Victoria
Rivers Early Prolific
Pounds Seedling
Orleans
Kirks
30
The number of trees planted suggest a commercial enterprise was planned although the range of
varieties ordered is more in keeping with an enthusiasts orchard. The domestic requirement for fruit
would surely have been met by the existing one acre orchard and this new orchard represented a
considerable investment of both time and money during a period of agricultural depression
following the collapse of grain prices. It is possible that Mr Stimpson was attempting to boost estate
revenues by growing fruit commercially as did the Cubitt family of Honing in 1898 and the Petres
of Westwick, followed by many other landowners in east Norfolk during the early twentieth
century27.
The above evidence suggests that in the past Norfolk orchards contained a wide range of species
and varieties. This was particularly true of pre-twentieth century orchards on small estates, farms
and in cottages gardens. The historic evidence describes orchards planted with a mix of apples and
pears of many different varieties, the ratio of apples to pears varying from 2:1 to 5:1 or less by the
twentieth century. In addition, filberts, cobnuts, stone fruit and berries were either interspersed
amongst the orchard rows or placed around the boundaries. Where space allowed one or more
walnuts were sometimes grown to provide both a crop of nuts and shelter for the fruit trees. The aim
appears to have been the production of a small amount of dessert and culinary fruit to eat or sell in
late summer and autumn but more importantly a good range of varieties suitable for preserving or
storing for use throughout the following winter and spring. It is worth noting that square or nearly
square paddocks of about one acre, near farmhouses or yards, may well have been orchards and any
remaining hedgerows may include fruit species such as bullace, filberts, plums, apples, pears or
currants.
The above evidence could be used to inform the choice of site and planting plans for new orchards
in the twenty first century, and is of particular relevance where the site of a former orchard is being
replanted with fruit trees. The inclusion of pears, stone fruit, berries and nuts would not only lend
historic authenticity to a new orchard but could significantly increase the biodiversity of the site.
Even very small orchards could include one or two pears and plums along with gooseberries or
redcurrants. Whilst walnut trees are not suitable for small sites, filberts or cobnuts could be
restricted by regular coppicing. A planting plan that includes a mix of species would provide
blossom over a much longer period, benefiting insects whilst increasing the aesthetic appeal of the
site. In addition, an orchard which includes a variety of fruit, berries and nuts is likely to benefit a
wider range of birds and mammals than a site planted with only apples.
27
Wade-Martins, S & Williamson, T (2008) The Countryside of East Anglia: Changing Landscapes, 1879-1950.
Woodbridge, The Boydell Press.
31
5: Additional Uses for Orchards.
Bee keeping was, and remains, an important secondary activity within the orchard and was
discussed at length by both Lawson and Markham. The placing of hives or skeps in the orchard
insured pollination of the fruit and the production of significant amounts of honey and beeswax.
The medieval Norwich Cathedral gardeners accounts mention the sale of a bee-hive and at Hales
Hall, Loddon a fine set of niches suggest an extensive apiary existed in the walled garden.
Blomefield recorded the details of the appropriation of the tithes of Fincham in West Norfolk,
which list honey and beeswax along with other orchard produce
In 1354, Oct. 10, William Bishop of Norwich appropriated the altarage, the tithes of hay,
wool, milk, flax, and hemp, chickens, colts, lambs, pigs, eggs, pigeons, geese, ducks, honey,
wax, apples, pears, plants, fruit, wood, mills, turf, mortuaries, and all the glebe belonging to
the church, and 100s. per ann. to the vicar.28
Honey was also mentioned in later tithe accounts, such as those for Flitcham, 1566-1567 (NRO
FLT 1/358) and North Runcton, 1775 (NRO PD 332/57).
Orchard grass was considered valuable both as grazing and as a hay crop, income form which was
recorded in the medieval Norwich priory accounts and also in later tithe payments. For example in
the parish of Shotesham, in 1649, George Gooch paid a shilling for tithe hay in his orchard. (NRO
FEL 476, page 10). Orchards at Fordham, West Norfolk were floated each spring until the midtwentieth century. A system of sluices and channels were employed to cover the orchard pasture in
several inches of water, which encouraged an early crop of grass. (Simon Hickling, personal
comment). The availability of sufficient grass for a hay crop would imply that the fruit trees were
relatively widely spaced as the canopy of closely planted trees would cast significant amounts of
shade, even in spring. It is likely that orchard pasture was also used for grazing of small stock such
as sheep however the presence of cattle or horses in an orchard would be detrimental to the trees29,
as would the activities of pigs, despite their close association with orchards as illustrated in the
following extract from a conveyance of land in Diss –
.... conveyance by Stephen Burell to John Byrde, senior, and Thomas his son of house or
shop with part of orchard or hogs' yard anciently called Elme Wells, in Diss near road to
Shelfanger, 1612; NRO MC 257/55, 684X3
Swine may have been allowed to clear up windfalls but it is more likely that the pig sty was located
in the orchard rather than the animals being allowed to root freely amongst the trees. Geese and
other poultry would have done little damage and would have made use of the ponds which were
frequently recorded in historic orchards.
The tithe commutation records for Marshland parishes recorded both pasture and arable within
areas of orchard. Some degree of cultivation appears to have taken place in traditional cottage
orchards such as those in Denton and Alburgh, (figures 7 & 8, page 22 above). At larger residences
walled gardens were often part orchard and part kitchen garden, such as at Heydon, Ryston and
Quebec Hall. Most writers suggested growing currants and other soft fruit within the orchard, either
in the surrounding hedges as suggested by Mary Birkhead or in fruit cages such as those against the
orchard walls at Threxton House.
28
Blomefield, 'Clackclose Hundred and Half: Fincham', volume 7, pp. 344-364
Paul Ward discusses the relative problems of grazing various stock in the orchard in New Plantings of Traditional
and Amentity Orchards. Draft Report 2009
29
32
Apart from the obvious productive uses of an orchard it was also considered to be a place for
enjoyment and relaxation. William Lawson commended the scents, sights and sounds of the orchard
and stated that
For whereas every other pleasure commonly fills some one of our senses, with delight; this
makes all our senses swim in pleasure, and that with infinite variety, joined with no less
commodity.30
Lawson went on to suggest the inclusion of bowling alleys and archery butts within the orchard and
the provision of wide walks and seats from which to enjoy the pleasures of blossom and birdsong.
The orchard at the World’s End Public House in Mulbarton appears to have been equipped with
both paths and seats, as recommended by Lawson, and recorded on the First Edition 1:2,500 OS of
1882, Figure 18 below.
Figure 18: The World’s End Public House, Mulbarton. First Edition 1:2,500 1880s
30
Lawson, W., (1618) A New Orchard and Garden, p87
33
7: Orchard distribution across Norfolk in the nineteenth century.
Methodology
In order to establish the distribution of orchards in nineteenth-century Norfolk, 5 sample areas were
chosen, located on distinctive landscape regions across the county as shown below in Figure 19
Figure 19: Five sample distribution areas across Norfolk.
The First Edition of the 1:2,500 Ordnance Survey map of Norfolk was the principle source used to
establish the distribution of orchards across Norfolk in the 1880s. The map was viewed online using
the Edina Historic Digimap service, moving west east and vice versa across each sample area.
Details of orchards, of 0.2 hectares or more in area, were recorded in the main database under the
following criteria 1. Location 1 – Parish or village
2. Location 2 – Farm, estate, residence etc
3. Easting
4. Northing
5. Acreage as shown on OS or approximation.
6. Hectareage, divided into four groups
1: 0.2 to 0.5 of a hectare
2: 0.51 to 2 hectares
3: 2.1 to 4 hectares
4: Over 4 hectares
7. Type of property – an indication of the status of the property where the orchard was located, for
example - large farm, gentry residence, cottage, commercial orchard, clerical residence.
8. Any additional land use within the orchard such as ponds or buildings.
9. The present day land use – whether the orchard is still in existence or has been converted to
arable, pasture, housing, or industrial use. This information was obtained from Google Earth images
and can only provide an indication of the land use when the image was taken, usually between 2006
and 2007. Although by no means definitive this information was, in some cases, more up to date
than the information on the current 1:25,000 OS maps.
34
Figure 20: The number and hectarage of orchards in five sample areas of Norfolk circa 1880.
Information from First Edition OS 1:2,500 or First Revision of same.
The above chart illustrates wide differences in the distribution and size of orchards across Norfolk
in the late nineteenth century. Sample area 1 located in Marshland contained 131 orchards of 0.2 of
a hectare or more, of which 66 were between 0.5 and 2 hectares in size. Area 1 had 23 orchards of
more than 2 hectares, most of which were located in the parishes adjacent to the county boundary at
Wisbech. North-west and north-east Norfolk had comparatively few orchards of more than 0.2 of a
hectare. Tables were created for the five areas and were used to create the distribution map below.
Figure 21: Orchards recorded on the First Edition 1:2,500 Ordnance Survey, circa 1880.
35
Area 1: Marshland
The majority of this sample area covered the silt fens to the west of King’s Lynn and the River
Great Ouse, along with a narrow strip to the east of the river. The town of Wisbech was not
included as it lies in Cambridgeshire but is mentioned in the text as it was a major market and
distribution centre for orchard produce from neighbouring Norfolk parishes. The Marshland
parishes in sample area 1 contained 131 orchards of more than 0.2 hectares, 66 of which were
between 0.51 and 2 hectares in area. Of the remainder 42 were small orchards of half a hectare or
less, mostly attached to farms and cottages in the villages, whilst 14 of between 5 and 10 hectares
were found in the field systems beyond the villages. The largest orchards recorded in this survey
included one of 10.12 hectares in Emneth and another of 13.2 hectares on the Walsoken/Wisbech
boundary. A further seven orchards of over 4 hectares were situated in the parishes of Walsoken
and Emneth.
The concentration of large areas of fruit trees around Wisbech in the 1880s can, in part, be
attributed to the availability of rail transport from the town to major markets. Some expansion
would also have occurred as the agricultural recession of began to take hold in the later nineteenth
century, encouraging diversification away from cereal crops. However, tithe apportionments show
that this area was already growing extensive areas of fruit in the 1840s. For example at Walsoken
the apportionment of 1843 recorded 38 hectares of orchard, the majority of which was situated on
fields rather than close to farms or cottages. Rammoth Field, which is now part of Wisbech, had
over 10 hectares of orchard and Turpitt’s Field 15 hectares. The commissioners described some of
the pieces as orchard and pasture and some as orchard and arable whilst others were just orchard.
Even allowing for the intermingling of arable with fruit trees there was still as substantial fruit
growing industry in West Norfolk in the 1840s. Prior to the advent of rail transport it is likely that
produce was shipped along the inland waterways connected to the River Nene or around the coast
via Sutton Bridge.
In some instances orchards recorded in 1843 were in the same location during the 1880s and a few,
such as those in Chapnel Field, until the late twentieth century. However, the Marshland orchards
have tended to be relatively mobile with-in the field systems of the west Norfolk parishes. The total
area of fruit grown may not have changed radically but orchards have been removed and replanted
in response to the demand for fruit.
36
Figure 22: Areas of orchard in Walsoken, as recorded in the Tithe Apportionment of 1843.
(NRO NRO DE/TA 33)
37
Figure 23: Terrington St Clement, 1841. NRO DE/TA27
Further east at Terrington St. Clement approximately 16 hectares of land was used to grow fruit in
1841 compared to 13.5 hectares in the 1880s. The largest orchard in 1841 was 1.8 hectares in
Church Field, which was also recorded on the First Edition OS but had been converted to arable by
1946.
The Marshland parishes appear to have been involved in large scale commercial fruit production
from at least the early nineteenth century, before the development of railway transport and the
advent of agricultural recession. Orchards were comparatively large and mobile within the
extensive field systems of the area and were frequently combined with arable and pasture. The
parishes adjacent to Wisbech had the largest acreages of fruit whilst those nearer King’s Lynn had
smaller totals, but across sample area 1 there were a high proportion of orchards of over half a
hectare.
38
Area 2: North West Norfolk
A surprisingly small number of orchards of over 0.2 hectares were recorded in area 2. Those that
were shown on the First Edition 1:2,500 maps occurred on the edges of settlements and adjacent to
farms or clergy residences. Few orchards were recorded at large ‘Improved’ farms where an area of
around 0.5 hectares of fruit trees might have been expected. The lack of orchards in the north west
of the county may be partly the result of the more nucleated settlement pattern in this area, where
prior to enclosure, open fields and fold courses extended to the edges of settlements. The light soils
of the Goodsands made arable farming a more profitable enterprise than fruit growing but the lack
of cottage and small farm orchards is noteworthy. The First Edition OS maps show that in
comparison to south east Norfolk, plot sizes were small and there may not have been room for more
than one or two fruit trees. It is possible that by the late nineteenth century the north west was well
supplied with fruit from the extensive orchards around King’s Lynn and Gaywood, delivered by the
local rail network.
Figure 24: Part of Sedgeford parish, First Edition OS 1:2,500 1889
Area 3: North East Norfolk
39
The OS maps of the late nineteenth century recorded only marginally more orchards in the fifteen
kilometre square around North Walsham than that centred on North West Norfolk. The records of
tithe commutation from the 1840s for North East Norfolk provided similarly scant evidence for
orchards. This area did however did however witness an increase in fruit production from the
beginning of the twentieth century. This is likely to have been in response to falling grain prices
and a possible increase in demand from the population of Norwich as more of the city’s orchards
were given over to industry and housing.
Figure 25: North Walsham, First Edition OS 1: 2,500. 1889
Area 4: South East Norfolk
40
The claylands of south east Norfolk had by far the largest number of small orchards in late
nineteenth-century Norfolk. Whilst lacking many large commercial enterprises the area abounded in
cottage and small farm orchards, and those attached to clerical residences, large farms and gentry
estates. Dispersed settlement patterns, heavy soil and early enclosure will all have influenced the
development and longevity of small orchards in this area. Commercial orchards were also present in
south east Norfolk. For example, the area around Hollies Farm, Morningthorpe contained four
orchards totalling over 10.5 hectares, whilst nearer Norwich the parish of Bramerton had five
orchards of over 0.5 hectare and one of 2 hectares. The neighbouring parish of Rockland St. Mary
had eight orchards including one of 2.5 hectares.
The distribution of orchards within area 4 in the 1880s was not uniform. Some villages such as
Hempnall, Brooke and Seething had orchards behind almost every property, large and small [maps].
Others such as Shotesham All Saints had fewer orchards. It is likely that orchards in the west of
area 4 may have supplied the cider makers of Attleborough.
Figure 26: Seething First Edition OS 1: 2,500. 1885
41
Figure 27: Brooke. First Edition OS 1: 10,560. 1891
Figure 28: Bergh Apton First Edition OS 1: 10,560. 1889
42
Area 5: Breckland
Breckland had a larger area of orchards in the late nineteenth century than either North West or
North East Norfolk. The orchards were mostly small, between 0.3 and 0.5 hectares but some larger
areas of fruit occurred on the fen edge and around Ashill, perhaps reflecting the heavier soils
towards central Norfolk. Unlike the north west of the county, many farms in Area 5 had small
orchards as did some cottages.
Figure 29: Ashill, First Edition OS 1: 10560, 1891
43
8: Urban Orchards.
The following extracts and documentary references give an indication of the extensive orchards
which existed in Norwich and other towns in Norfolk from the medieval period.
Norwich
St Stephen’s 1570. This year the city purchased a close without St. Stephen's gates, and
two orchards in St. Stephen's, of Tho. Pede, notary; and 66l. 13s. 4d. remaining in the
treasury of the gift of Mr. Edward Wood, late mayor, was applied towards the purchase.31
1848. The city is pleasantly situated on the summit and acclivities of an eminence rising
gently from the Wensum, which river, after pursuing a winding course through the town,
joins the river Yare, thus affording a line of navigation to the sea at Yarmouth. The houses
are in general of antique appearance, and the city being thickly interspersed with orchards
and garden-grounds, presents a rural aspect almost unparalleled in a place of such extent.
32
Blue Bell Road, 1919 Shop, and houses, 1- 3 Eaton Street, 2r. 4p., and fruit farm, 10a. 3r.
2p., Blue Bell Road. NRO BR 241/4/142
Figure 30: Norwich, Orchards to the East and South of Tombland
First Edition 1:2,500 OS 1880
31
32
Blomefield, 'The city of Norwich, chapter 27: Of the city in Queen Elizabeth's time', pp. 277-360.
Lewis, S., editor (1848) A Topographical Dictionary of England, pp. 446-461.
44
King’s Lynn
The deeds and leases of the Corporation of King’s Lynn show that the tenements and cottages of
King’s Lynn were furnished with generous yards and gardens, many of which were used as
orchards. The location of the three sites referred to below has been estimated on an engraving of
William Rastrick’s 1725 map of Lynn, which shows that early eighteenth-century Lynn had
extensive areas of orchard and garden.
Messuage called the Greyhound, sometime five tenements, with the adjoining houses,
stables, orchards, gardens and tennis court in Dampgate. Mar 1567. NRO KL/C 50/190.
Approximate site shown at A in figure below.
Site of the late dissolved monastery called the graye friers in King's Lynn except for the
freestones, bricks etc. and the steeple and other buildings with free access for the Mayor
and burgesses to take and carry away stones etc. [Thomas]Toll is to maintain the buildings
and walls and the pavement on the west side of the premises using bricks and stones on the
site and to preserve the plum or fruit trees, except those in a little yard in the occupation of
John More used as a nursery. 20 Aug 1632, KL/C 51/72. Approximate site shown at B in
figure below.
Lease for 3 years to John Horncastle and Francis Horncastle, both of King's Lynn,
gardeners. Messuage and adjoining garden or orchard called Paradice in Broad Street late
in the occupation of Jane Nicholson, widow (except the new building lately erected and
intended for an almshouses, and as much ground adjoining as is set out for inclosure as
little gardens).. 19 Sep 1679. NRO KL/C 51/12. Approximate site shown at C in figure
below.
Figure 31: William Rastrick's plan of the borough of King's Lynn, drawn 1725,
published 1808. NRO HMN 7/335/1-3, 773X4
45
The area of orchard around King’s Lynn expanded greatly during the nineteenth century both within
the borough and in neighbouring Gaywood and West Lynn. The proximity of the railway line to
these commercial orchards was no doubt an incentive to growers and it may be that these orchards
supplied much of North West Norfolk where less fruit was grown.
Figure 32: King’s Lynn and Gaywood, First Edition OS 1:10560, 1888
46
Thetford
Compared to King’s Lynn and Norwich, Thetford had relatively few orchards within the town in the
late nineteenth century. The map extract below shows an area of trees at the foot of Castle Hill,
which may equate with the orchard mentioned in 'Title deeds of part of my property in Thetford L.S.B.' Including the release of an orchard
near the Market Place and Castle Yard by Abraham and Henry Cocksedge to Woodward
Bidwell. 1755. NRO BR 161/1, possibly A on figure 33 below.
A
Figure 33: Thetford First Edition OS 1: 2,500. 1882
47
Great Yarmouth
In common with Lynn, Great Yarmouth had many areas of orchard within and around the borough
in the late nineteenth century. Corporation leases suggest that this had been the case in earlier
centuries.
Lease for 21 years of a messuage with gardens. At the end of the term the leasee should
yield up 350 apple, 50 cherry, 50 plum an 5 mulberry trees 400 gooseberry, 400 current and
400 rose bushes plus asparagus and artichoke plants. 1793. NRO Y/D 51/590.
A
Figure 34: The area to the north of St. Nicholas’s Church, Great Yarmouth. The fruit nursery
referred to in the above lease lay in this part of Yarmouth “without the North Gate of Great
Yarmouth”. The North Gate is at A in the figure. First Edition OS 1: 2,500. 1887
48
9: Changes through time.
In order to establish the fate of the orchards recorded during the distribution research the locations
of over 400 historic orchards were viewed using Google Earth, The images were taken between
2006 and 2008 and provide relatively up to date information about individual sites, in some cases
quite different to that shown on the most recent Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 maps. Where possible
the current land use was assessed and noted in the database under the following categories Housing including single developments and housing estates; gardens; pasture or pony paddocks;
arable; horticulture including nurseries, garden centres and glasshouses; farm buildings and yards;
industrial; leisure, including caravan parks and recreation grounds; woodland; orchard, relic orchard
and possible relic orchard.
Figure 35: Estimate of present day landuse of orchards recorded on the First Edition OS 1: 2,500.
The accuracy of the land use assessment was restricted by the quality of the available Google Earth
view but it was usually possible to discern major features such as housing or industrial buildings.
The category labelled ‘other’ ‘includes an airfield, the Stanta battle area, the River Ouse Relief
Channel and a realignment of the River Ouse itself. Assessing the existence of an orchard or
possible relic orchard proved more problematical although in some cases blossom was visible in
Google Earth views taken in spring, such as figure 40 below. In other cases the presence of trees on
the site of a former orchard was considered worth recording as a ‘possible relic orchard?’ The aim
of this rather subjective category was to provide a list of sites for further investigation and possible
ecological survey in the future. These are listed in Appendix 4, which includes twelve figure grid
references for each site. At some locations the area has been covered in woodland whilst at others
only thick hedgerows remain, however it is possible that within both habitats there may be aged
fruit trees. For example, the orchard at Corporation Farm, Hethel was recorded in 1714 and shown
on the first Edition OS 1: 2,500, at the present, however, only the southern part of the site has tree
cover. Both this area and the wide hedges around the site might be worth investigation, to establish
if any fruit trees have survived amongst other vegetation. Very few of the possible relic orchards
recorded in appendix four are still primarily used for fruit growing but examples exist at Threxton
House, Beetley Hall and Rockland St. Mary.
49
The orchard at Threxton House has undergone some replanting during the twentieth century but
contains a wide range of apples, pears, plums and soft fruit.
Figure 36: Threxton House, circa 1756 NRO BAR 91
Figure 37: Threxton House First Edition 1:2,500 circa 1884
50
Figure 38: The orchard a Threxton House in 2006, bottom left of image from Google Earth.
Figure 39: Robin pear in Threxton House Orchard. Photograph P. Dallas
51
The orchard at Beetley Hall was recorded on the First Edition OS map of 1884 and has some aged
pear and apple trees, which may date from the nineteenth century. A rare apple–pear named
Constance Mary was propagated from a tree in the orchard and now grows in the kitchen garden at
Beetley Hall.
Figure 40: The orchard at Beetley Hall in 2006, within yellow polygon. Some blossom visible in
image. Google Earth
Figure 41: Apple-pear Constance Mary, Beetley Hall, 2007. Photograph P. Dallas
52
An area of former orchard at Gunthorpe Hall is, at the present time, very overgrown but still
contains fruit trees and the area would be worth further investigation.
Figure 42: Gunthorpe Park, First Edition OS, 1891. Relic orchard shown within box.
Figure 43: Traditional fruit store at Gunthorpe Hall.
53
Figure 44: Corporation Farm, Hethel. 1714, NRO Acc Horner 1997/215;
Figure 45: First Edition OS 1882
Figure 46: Google Earth 2006. The hedges and woodland may contain relic fruit trees.
54
Conclusions
Growing and maintaining fruit trees has been a part of both rural and urban life in Norfolk for at
least the past thousand years and orchards have been an integral part of the county’s landscape for
most of that time. It is clear however, that the character of orchards varied across Norfolk. The early
development of large commercial fruit farms in Marshland contrasts with the small but prolific
orchards of south east Norfolk, and the grand fruit collections of Heydon and Ryston had little in
common with those of the work house and orphanage. Fruit growing appears to have involved a
greater proportion of the county’s population, from more diverse range of backgrounds, than any
other form of agriculture.
The domestic orchard and the apiary were often the responsibility of the women members of a
household. Evidence suggests women from all levels of society took an active role in the
maintenance and organisation of the family orchard. Given the close relationship between fruit and
food production this is perhaps not surprising but it is worth noting that the orchard may have been
part of the agricultural landscape where women exercised a great deal of influence. Today the
creation of an orchard can provide a wide range of contemporary society with the opportunity to
become involved in food production, either individually or as part of a community project.
Some of the orchards sites recorded in the late nineteenth century could perhaps be renovated or
surveyed to investigate if any relic species survive in hedges or secondary woodland. Tables of grid
references for the 570 orchard sites recorded in the five sample areas are included on the
accompanying disc and could be used for further research or to identify potential renovation sites.
The planting plans and fruit lists discussed above may also prove useful for such projects.
The sources consulted for this report have shown that orchards were planted with a vast array of
varieties, many of which required lengthy storage, preservation or cooking to be at their best.
Modern tastes and culinary habits mean there is now little demand for many of these historic apple
and pear varieties and where space is limited growers might be reluctant to raise a stewing pear or a
cider apple. However, growers could be encouraged to plant a long-keeping dessert variety to enjoy
in spring, or to grow less palatable varieties for the benefit of orchard wildlife. If it is known that
several owners or communities are planning to plant orchards, it might be possible to arrange for a
different historic variety to be planted at each location, thus avoiding replication and allowing a
greater number of old varieties to survive and contribute to the biodiversity of the county’s
orchards. The inclusion of a small pond and planting orchard boundaries with a selection of soft
fruit, stone fruit and nuts, as was the practice in the past, could further enhance both the aesthetic
appeal and biodiversity of new or renovated orchards.
55
Bibliography
AUSTIN, RALPH (1657) The spirituall use of an orchard, or garden of fruit-trees. Set forth in
divers similitudes betweene naturall and spirituall fruit-trees, in their natures, and ordering,
according to Scripture and experience. The second impression; with the addition of many
similitudes. Oxford, printed by Hen: Hall, printer to the University, for Tho: Robinson,
M.DC.LVII.
AUSTIN, RALPH (1665) A treatise of fruit trees shewing the manner of planting, grafting,
pruning, and ordering of them in all respects according to rules of experience gathered in
the space of thirty seven years : whereunto is annexed observations upon Sr. Fran. Bacons
Natural history, as it concerns fruit-trees, fruits and flowers: also, directions for planting of
wood for building, fuel, and other uses, whereby the value of lands may be much improved
in a short time with small cost and little labour. Oxford, Printed by William Hall for Amos
Curteyne,
BLOMEFIELD, FRANCIS (2nd edition 1805-10) An Essay towards a Topographical History of the
County of Norfolk: 11 volumes, London, Miller
CLARK HALL, J.R., (2000) A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Fourth Edition. Cambridge
University Press.
GIVEN-WILSON, C., (general editor); Paul Brand, Seymour Phillips, Mark Ormrod, Geoffrey
Martin, Anne Curry, Rosemary Horrox (editors) 'Edward II: January 1316: SC 9/19',
Parliament Rolls of Medieval England.
HOGG, ROBERT (1851) British Pomology: Or The History, Description, Classification, And
Synonyms Of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of Great Britain. Kessinger Publishing’s Rare
Reprints edition.
HOGG, ROBERT (1851) The Fruit Manual: Containing the Descriptions and Synonyms of the
Fruit and Fruit Trees of Great Britain. Kessinger Publishing’s Rare Reprints edition.
LAWSON, W. F. (1618) A New Orchard and Garden; with, The Country Housewife's Garden.
2003 edition, Totnes, Prospect.
LEWIS, Samuel, editor (1848) A Topographical Dictionary of England.
LEWARD, K H (Editor) (1955) 'Close Rolls, Henry VII: 1487-1488', Calendar of Close Rolls,
Henry VII: volume 1: 1485-1500
LEWIS, S., editor (1848) A Topographical Dictionary of England
LINDLEY, G. (1831) A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden; or an account of the most
valuable fruit and vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. London
MARKHAM, G. (1614) Cheape and Goode Husbandry. 1969 facsimile edition
MARKHAM, G., (1982 edition, original 1613) The English Husbandman, Garland, New York &
London.
MORGAN J. & RICHARDS A., [2002 edition] The New Book of Apples. Ebury Press, London.
56
NOBLE, CLAIRE (1997) “Norwich Cathedral Priory Gardeners’ Accounts 1329-1530” in Farming
and Gardening in Late Medieval Norfolk: Norfolk Record Society Volume LXI. Norwich.
ROACH, J. P. C. (editor) A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3: The
City and University of Cambridge (1959)
SHARP, J. E. E. S. (editor) Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, Volume 2: Edward I (1906)
Institute of Historical Research.
WADE-MARTINS, S & WILLIAMSON, T (2008) The Countryside of East Anglia: Changing
Landscapes, 1879-1950. Woodbridge, The Boydell Press.
WARD, P., (2009) New Plantings of Traditional and Amenity Orchards in East Anglia, with special
reference to Suffolk and the East Anglian Claylands. Draft Report
57
Varieties of Fruit recorded in Norfolk Sources 1660 - 1900
species
Variety
apple
A codling
1719
apple
Acklam's russet
1796
apple
Aged pippin
1796 Pomme d'Api or Rose
apple
An indifferent russeting
1719
apple
Ariamatick Russiton
1734
apple
Aromatic pippin
1810
apple
Aromatic Russet
1800
apple
Aromatic Russet
1809
apple
Aromatick broading
1796 summer broading
apple
Aromatick Golden Russeting
1719
apple
Aromatick pippin
1796
Eating raw
apple
Aromatick Russet
1796 Nonpariel russet
Eating raw
apple
Arundel Apple
1734
apple
Autumn permain
1796
apple
Baford pippin
1670
apple
Barnard's baking
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Baxter's pearmain
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Beaffin
1810
apple
Beaufin
1796 Norfolk beefin, Yorks. beaufin, Lincs. Beaufin
apple
Beaufin
1809
apple
Beaufin, striped
1796
apple
Belle gridelin
1796
apple
Bellflower
1815
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Eating raw
Baking or boiling
Baking or boiling
Page 1 of 36
species
Variety
apple
best permain
1734
apple
Biefen
1734
apple
Black moor
1796
apple
Black pippin
1796
apple
Bleinham Orange
1896
apple
Bloody Apple
1734
apple
Bontradue
1796
apple
Brabant
1800
apple
Bradock's seek no further
1796
apple
Cardinal
1670
apple
Cardinal pipen
1734
apple
Carlile
1734
apple
Carpendu barde
1796
apple
Carpendu rouge
1796
apple
Cat's head
1796 costard
Baking or boiling
apple
Cawood timely
1796
Eating raw
apple
Chardin's sans-pariel
1796
Eating raw
apple
Charters
1734
apple
Chester pearmain
1796
apple
Cockajee
1796 Coccagee
apple
Codlin
1719
apple
Codlin
1810
apple
Codlin Apple
1800
apple
Colman
1734
apple
Colman
1800
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Cider
Cider
Page 2 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Common Russit
1800
apple
Corten pipen
1734 Corton
apple
Costard
1796 Cat's head
apple
Costard
1800 Cats Head
apple
Cotton pippin
1796
apple
Covadies
1796
apple
Croston pippin
1796
apple
Darling pippin
1796
apple
Darnel Pipen
1734
apple
Derbyshire crab
1796
apple
Deuxans
1670
apple
Devonshire Buckland
1796
apple
Dowsen's
1796
apple
Dr. Harvy
1734
apple
Dummelon? Seedling
1896
apple
Dutch paradise
1796
apple
Dutch pipen
1734
apple
Early nonpariel
1796
apple
Egypt pipen
1734
apple
Embroidered
1796
apple
English codlin
1796 Common codlin
apple
English Permain
1809
apple
Everlasting hanger
1796
Cider
apple
Eyer's greening
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Fenouillet
1796 Fennel, anise, Caraway
Eating raw
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Baking or boiling
cider
Eating raw
Baking or boiling
Page 3 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Flat pipen
1734
apple
Fox whelps
1796
apple
Frank rambour
1796
apple
Free Thorpe Apple
1734
apple
French crab
1796
apple
French Crab
1800
apple
French paradise
1796
apple
French pipen
1734
apple
French pippin
1796
apple
French Pippin
1800
apple
French rennet
1796 White rennet
Eating raw
apple
Gennet moyle
1796
Cider
apple
Gilliflower
1670
apple
Gilpin or Carthouse
1815
apple
Goe no further
1670
apple
Golden Doucet
1670 Ducket
apple
Golden doucet
1796
apple
Golden lustre
1796
apple
Golden mundi
1796
apple
Golden noble
1796
apple
Golden pearmain
1734
apple
Golden pearmain
1796
apple
Golden Pipen
1734
apple
Golden pippen
1755
apple
Golden pippin
1670
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Cider
Baking or boiling
Eating raw
Page 4 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Golden Pippin
1719
apple
Golden pippin
1796 English rennet
apple
Golden Pippin
1800
apple
Golden Pippin
1810
apple
Golden Reinette
1800
apple
Golden Renit
1734
apple
Golden Rennet
1719
apple
Golden rennet
1796
apple
Golden russet
1796
apple
Golden Russet
1800
apple
Golden Russet
1809
apple
Golden Russeting
1719
apple
Golden Russeton
1734
apple
Goldring pipen
1734
apple
Good Houswife
1734
apple
Gottenbery
1734
apple
Gray leadington
1796
apple
Gray noble
1796
apple
Gray's pippin
1796
apple
Green blundrel
1796
apple
Green Newtown Wonder
1815
apple
Green pearmain
1796
apple
Grey pipen
1734
apple
Halvergate Apple
1734
apple
Harvey
1670
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Eating raw
Eating raw
Baking or boiling
Baking or boiling
Baking or boiling
Page 5 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Harvey
1896
apple
Harvey's
1796
apple
Haver's monster
1796
apple
Hertfordshire pearmain
1796
apple
Hertfordshire under-leaf
1796
apple
Holland pippin
1670
apple
Holland pippin
1796 Dutch pippin
Baking or boiling
apple
Hollow-crowned pippin
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Hollow-crowned pippin
1809
apple
Hubbard's pearmain
1796 Russet pearmain
apple
Isle of White
1734 The Large Apple
apple
Jack Holland
1734
apple
Jenniting
1670
apple
John
1796 Deux ans
apple
Julifer
1734
apple
Julyflower
1796
apple
Juneating
1734
apple
Juneating
1796 Jenneting, summering
apple
Juneating
1800
apple
June-keeping
1796
apple
Kentish fill-basket
1796 Kentish codlin
apple
Kentish pippin
1670
apple
Kentish pippin
1796
apple
Kentish Pippin
1800
apple
Keswick Codlin
1896
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Baking or boiling
Cider
Eating raw
Cider
Baking or boiling
Page 6 of 36
species
Variety
apple
King's
1796 Pomroy
apple
Kipling's pippin
1796
apple
Kirkham
1670
apple
Kirton pippin
1670
apple
Kirton pippin
1796
apple
Kitchen rennet
1796
apple
Lady’s Longing
1734
apple
Lady's finger
1796
apple
Lancashire housewife
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Large golden pippin
1796 Baker's golden pippin
Eating raw
apple
Large Yellow Newtown Pippin
1815
apple
Large yellow pippin
1796
apple
Lawman's
1796
apple
Leadington
1800
apple
Lemmon Apple
1734
apple
Lemon pippin
1796
apple
Lemon Pippin
1800
apple
Lincolnshire Apple
1734
apple
Lincolnshire rennet
1796
apple
Loan’s pearmain
1734
apple
Loanes permain
1670
apple
Loan's pearmain
1796
apple
London pippin
1796 Five-crowned pippin
apple
London Pippin
1800
apple
Lord Islay's pippin
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Baking or boiling
Eating raw
Baking or boiling
Baking or boiling
Page 7 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Lording apple
1670
apple
Lower
1734
apple
Magiton
1734
apple
Maid’s pipen
1734
apple
Mansfield tart
1796
apple
Margaret
1796 Magdalen, maudlin, lammas
apple
Margaret
1800
apple
Margeriling
1670
apple
Margill
1796
apple
Marygold
1670
apple
Minchall
1796
apple
Monstrous rennet
1796
apple
Mrs Walker's
1734
apple
Neal's summer Kentish
1796
apple
New England
1800
apple
New England pippin
1796
apple
New Hawthornden
1896
apple
New York pippin
1796
apple
Newtown pippin
1796
apple
Non Pariel
1755
apple
Nonpareil
1796
apple
Nonpareil
1800
apple
Nonpariel Russet
1800
apple
Nonparil
1734
apple
Nonparreil
1810
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Eating raw
Eating raw
Baking or boiling
Eating raw
Eating raw
Page 8 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Nonsuch
1796
apple
Nonsuch
1800
apple
Nonsuch
1810
apple
Norfolk paradise
1796
apple
Norfolk storing
1796
apple
Nutmeg
1796
apple
Old English Permains
1800
apple
Old Hawthornden
1896
apple
Old pearmain
1796
apple
Onion Apple
1734
apple
Orange pippin
1796 Marigold pippin
apple
Orgeline
1796 Orjeline
apple
Oxford
1734
apple
Oxfordoak peg
1796 Oaken pin
apple
Oxnead pearmain
1796 Earl of Yarmouth's pearmain
apple
Paris Apple
1734
apple
Pear Apple
1800
apple
Peare apple
1670
apple
Pearson's pippin
1796
apple
Peasgood Nonsuch
1896
apple
Pennock’s large Red Winter
1815
apple
Pie pie
1796
apple
Pile's russet
1796
apple
Pine Apple Codlin
1810
apple
Pine-apple russet
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Eating raw
Eating raw
Baking or boiling
Page 9 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Pipy russet
1796
apple
Pocketing[?]
1670
apple
Pome Roy
1670
apple
Pomphilia
1796
apple
Pomroy
1734 Pomeroy
apple
Quaratine
1800
apple
Queene pippin
1670
apple
Queening
1734
apple
Queen's
1796
apple
Queen's pearmain
1796
apple
Quince
1796
apple
Quince Apple
1800
apple
Red calville
1796
apple
Red Lyons
1734
apple
Red Strake
1734
apple
Red vacan
1796
apple
Red-fleshed beaufin
1796
apple
Redling
1815
apple
Ribstone pippin
1796
apple
Ribstone Pippin
1800
apple
Ripstone pippin
1810
apple
Rivet’s Apple
1734
apple
Robine
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Royal pearmain
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Royal Permain
1719
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Eating raw
Eating raw
Eating raw
Page 10 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Royal russet
1796
apple
Royal Russet
1800
apple
Royal wilding
1796 Devonshire wilding
apple
Russett pippin
1670
apple
Salmon
1796
apple
Scarlet Permain
1800
apple
Scarlett nonpariel
1800
apple
Scarlett pearmain
1796
apple
Sheppard's russet
1796
apple
Sir Charles Wager's
1796
apple
Spanish pearmain
1734
apple
Spencer's pippin
1796
apple
Spice Apple
1734
apple
Spitzenberg
1796
apple
Stone pippin
1796 Whitestone pippin
apple
Stout buckland
1796
apple
Strawberry
1670
apple
Strawberry Apple
1734
apple
Strawberry Dusant
1734
apple
Stubbard
1796
apple
Stubbard
1800
apple
Styre
1796
Cider
apple
Summer colman
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Summer majetin
1796
apple
Summer pearmain
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Baking or boiling
Cider
Eating raw
Page 11 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Summer permain
1670
apple
Summer Permain
1800
apple
Summer pippin
1796
apple
Summer red-streak
1796
apple
Summer russet
1796
apple
Sykehouse russet
1796
apple
Sykehouse Russet
1800
apple
Ten shillings
1796
apple
Thwaite apple
1734
apple
Tom two years old
1796
apple
Tower of glames
1796
apple
Transparent
1796 Muscovite
apple
Transparent codlin
1796
apple
Vicar of Beighton
1896
apple
Violet
1796
apple
Virgin
1796
apple
Welch Apple
1734
apple
Westonbury Apple
1734
apple
Wheeler's russet
1796
apple
White calville
1796
apple
White four
1796
apple
White pearmain
1796
apple
White pippin
1796
apple
Whitmore's pippin
1796
apple
Whykin's pippin
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Cider
Eating raw
Baking or boiling
Baking or boiling
Cider
Eating raw
Page 12 of 36
species
Variety
apple
Wine Apple
1815
apple
Wine Lop[ac?]
1815
apple
Wine-sop
1796
apple
Winter broading
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Winter colman
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Winter majetin
1796
apple
Winter pearmain
1796
apple
Winter permain
1670
apple
Winter permain
1719
apple
Winter Permain
1800
apple
Winter queening
1796
Baking or boiling
apple
Winter red-streak
1796
Cider
apple
Winter russeting
1670
apple
Winter Yellow Pippin
1800
apple
Wisbish Russetting
1670
apple
Woodcock's
1796
apple
Yellow buckland
1796
apple
Yorkshire greening
1796
apple
Yorkshire Greening
1800
apple?
Coer Seedling
1809
apples
Suffolk pippin
1670
apricot
Algiers
1796
apricot
Angoumoise
1796
apricot
Black
1796
apricot
Blotch-leaved
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Cider
Baking or boiling
Page 13 of 36
species
Variety
apricot
Breda
1796
apricot
Brussels
1755
apricot
Brussels
1796
apricot
Dutch
1796
apricot
Early masouline
1796 red masouline, white masouline
Apricot
Holland
1671
apricot
Monalene
1755
apricot
Moorpark
1796 Anson's, Temple's, Peach, Dunmore's Breda
apricot
Orange
1796
apricot
Persian
1796
apricot
Roman
1796
apricot
Royal Orange
1796
apricot
Transparent
1796
Apricot
Turkey
1671
apricot
Turkey
1796
cherry
Amber heart
1796
cherry
Arch duke
1796 Late duke, Holman's duke, Royal duke, Portugal
cherry
Black Hart
1734
cherry
Black Hart
1755
cherry
Black heart
1796
cherry
Black mazard
1796 Brandy black
cherry
Bleeding Hart
1734
cherry
Bleeding heart
1796
cherry
Cardoon
1755
cherry
Carnation
1755
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 14 of 36
species
Variety
cherry
Carnation
1796
cherry
Coronne
1796 Black Orleans
cherry
Duke
1671
cherry
Early May
1796
cherry
Early May duke
1796
cherry
Flemish
1796
cherry
Flemish Cherry
1800
cherry
Gascoign's heart
1796
cherry
Grassion
1796
cherry
Gross goblet
1796
cherry
Harrison's heart
1796 Bigarreau
cherry
Hertfordshire heart
1796
cherry
Holmans Duke
1755
cherry
Jeffrey's royal
1796
cherry
Kensington Duke
1796
cherry
Kentish
1734
cherry
Kentish
1796
cherry
Kernation
1734
cherry
Lukervard
1734
cherry
Lukeward
1796
cherry
Marello
1671
cherry
May Duke
1755
cherry
May Duke
1796
cherry
May Duke
1800
cherry
Montmorency
1796 Memorance
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 15 of 36
species
Variety
cherry
Morello
1796 Milan
cherry
Moril
1734
cherry
Ox heart
1796 Lion's heart, Coeur de Lion
cherry
Red heart
1796
cherry
Spanish black
1796
cherry
Tradescant's
1796
cherry
Turkey heart
1796 Turkey Bigarreau, Turkey brignole
cherry
Wentworth heart
1796
cherry
White Hart
1734
cherry
White heart
1796
crab apple
Scarlet-fruited
1796
crab apple
Siberian
1796
crab apple
Siberian Crab
1800
crab apple
Tartarian
1796 Unique
grape
Aleppo
1796
grape
Amber muscadine
1796
grape
Black Constantia
1796
grape
Black Damascus
1796
grape
Black frontiniac
1796 Purple frontiniac
grape
Black Hamburgh
1796
grape
Black Lison
1796
grape
Black muscadel
1796
grape
Black muscadine
1796
grape
Black Palestine
1796
grape
Black Prince
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 16 of 36
species
Variety
grape
Black Prince
1806
grape
Black raisin
1796
grape
Black Spanish
1796 Alicant
grape
Black sweet-water
1796
grape
Black Switzerland
1796
grape
Black tokay
1796
grape
Black Tripoli
1796
grape
Blue Frontiniac
1796
grape
Blue Tokay
1796 Malvoise
grape
Brick
1796
grape
Catesby's
1796
grape
Cat's
1796
grape
Champaign
1796
grape
Claret
1796
grape
Cornichon
1796
grape
Cracking
1796
grape
Currant
1671
grape
Damasc
1671
grape
Damson
1796
grape
Deagalues
1796
grape
Early Black
1796 July
grape
Early white Teneriff
1796
grape
Frankendal
1796
grape
Frankendale
1671
grape
Frankindale
1806
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 17 of 36
species
Variety
grape
Frontiniac
1671
grape
Golden Galician
1796
grape
Greek
1796
grape
Grissly frontiniac
1796
grape
Humourous
1796
grape
Jeffrie's muscat
1796
grape
King's brown
1796
grape
Lady's finger
1796
grape
Large black cluster
1796
grape
Large purple Portugal
1796
grape
Large sweet water
1806
grape
Lombardy
1796 Rhenish, Flame-coloured Tokay
grape
Lord Milton's
1796
grape
Maiden
1796
grape
Malmsey muscadine
1796 Malmsey muscadel
grape
Mantuan
1796
grape
Miller's Burgandy
1796
grape
Morocco
1796 La coeur
grape
Muscadine
1671
grape
Muscatill
1806
grape
Orleans
1796
grape
Parsley-leaved
1796
grape
Parsly
1671
grape
Party-coloured
1796
grape
Passe musque
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 18 of 36
species
Variety
grape
Pearl muscadine
1796
grape
Peruvian eye
1796
grape
Red frontiniac
1796
grape
Red Hamburgh
1796 Gibralter
grape
Red muscadel
1796
grape
Red raisin
1796
grape
Red syracuse
1796
grape
Royal muscadine
1796 D'Arboyce
grape
Sheep's tail
1796
grape
Sir Abraham Pritchard's
1796
grape
Small black cluster
1796
grape
Small Black frontiniac
1806
grape
Small white Naples
1796
grape
Small yellow
1796
grape
Smyrna
1796
grape
St. Peter's
1796 Herperian
grape
Syrian
1796 Jews
grape
Transparent
1796
grape
White alcobaca
1796
grape
White Constantia
1796
grape
White Corinth
1796
grape
White frontiniac
1796
grape
White Frontiniac
1806
grape
White Hamburgh
1796 White Spanish, White Portugal
grape
White morillon
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 19 of 36
species
Variety
grape
White muscadine
1796 Chasselas
grape
White muscat from Lunel
1796
grape
White muscat of Alexandria
1796
grape
White raisin
1796
grape
White sweet-water
1796
grape
White Tokay
1796 Genuine Tokay
Medlar
Large Dutch
1796
Medlar
Nottingham
1796 Small
Mulberry
Black
1796
Mulberry
Red
1796
Mulberry
White
1796
Nectarine
Anderdon's
1796
Nectarine
Aromatic
1796
Nectarine
Black Newington
1796
Nectarine
Brunion
1796 Brinion marbled
Nectarine
Cleremont
1796
Nectarine
Dutilly
1796
Nectarine
Dutily
1755
Nectarine
Early pavy
1796
Nectarine
Early violet
1796 Violette hative
Nectarine
El Rouge
1755
Nectarine
Elruge
1796
Nectarine
Fairchild's early
1796 Nutmeg
Nectarine
Genoa
1796
Nectarine
Golden
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 20 of 36
species
Variety
Nectarine
Italian
1796
nectarine
Murray
1671
Nectarine
Murray
1755
Nectarine
Murray
1796
Nectarine
Musk violet
1796 Brugnon violet musque
Nectarine
Newfoundland
1796
Nectarine
Old Newington
1755
Nectarine
Peterborough
1796 Late green
Nectarine
Princess Royal
1796
nectarine
Red Roman
1797
Nectarine
Rogers's seedling
1796
nectarine
Roman
1671
Nectarine
Roman
1755
nectarine
Ronell?
1671
Nectarine
Royal chair d'or
1796 Royal d'or
Nectarine
Scarlet
1755
Nectarine
Scarlet
1796
Nectarine
Scarlet Newington
1796
nectarine
Scarlett
1671
Nectarine
St. Omer's
1796
nectarine
Tawny
1671
Nectarine
Tawny
1796
Nectarine
Temple
1796
Nectarine
Vermash
1796
Nectarine
White
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 21 of 36
species
Variety
Peach
Belle chevreuse
1796
peach
Belle Chevreuse
1797
Peach
Belle de vitry
1796
Peach
Belle garde
1796 Gallande
Peach
Bloody
1796 La sanguinole, Betterave, Drusell
peach
Bourdeaux
1796
peach
Bourdine
1796 Narbonne
peach
Bourdine
1797
peach
Brown nutmegge
1671
peach
Burdeaux
1671
peach
Carlisle
1796
peach
Catherine
1755
Peach
Catherine
1796 October
peach
Chancellor
1755
peach
Chancellor
1796
peach
Chancellor
1797
peach
Crepour
1755
peach
Double blossomed
1796
peach
Double montagne
1796
Peach
Double swalch
1796 Dutch
peach
Dragon
1797 Scarlett admirable
peach
Dwarf Orleans
1796 Peche nain
peach
Early admirable
1796
peach
Early Ann
1796
peach
Early Avant
1797
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 22 of 36
species
Variety
peach
Early mignonne
1796 Small mignonne, Double troyes, Passe violette
Peach
Early Newington
1796 Smith's Newington
peach
Early Purple
1796
peach
Early red nutmeg
1796 Brown nutmeg, Avant-peche rouge
peach
Early white nutmeg
1796 Avant-peche blanche
peach
Eton
1796
peach
Fairscot's
1796
peach
French Mignion
1755
peach
French mignonne
1796 Grosse mignonne, velvet
peach
French Mignonne
1797
peach
Hemskirk
1796
peach
Holeman
1671
peach
Incomparable
1796
peach
Late admirable
1796 La royale
peach
Late Chevreuse
1796 Pourpree
peach
Late purple
1796
peach
Lisle's Orange
1796 Orange, La petit violette hative
peach
Lord Falconberg's mignonne
1796
peach
Mall cotton
1671
peach
Mallacoton
1796 Cardinal
peach
Malta
1796 Italian
peach
Millet's mignonne
1796
peach
Monsieur Jean
1755
peach
Monstrous pavy
1796
peach
Mountaubon
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 23 of 36
species
Variety
peach
New Royal George
1796
peach
Newington
1671
peach
Nivette
1796
peach
Noblesh
1755
peach
Noblesse
1796
peach
Noblesse
1797
peach
October
1755
peach
Old Newington
1796
peach
Old Royal George
1796
peach
Pavie admirable
1796
peach
Pavie royale
1796
peach
Peche de pau
1796
peach
Portugal
1796
peach
Purple avant
1796
peach
Rambouillet
1796 Rambullion
peach
Red magdalen
1796
peach
Red Magdalen
1797
peach
Red Magdalene
1755
peach
Rombulent?
1671
peach
Rombulion
1755
peach
Rosanna
1796 Purple alberge
peach
Royal Charlotte
1796
peach
Royal Charlotte
1797
peach
Royal George
1755
peach
Scarlett admirable
1796 Dragon
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Page 24 of 36
species
Variety
peach
Sheene?
1671
peach
Sion
1796
peach
Smiths Newington
1797
peach
Superintendant?
1671
peach
Teton de Venus
1796
peach
Vanguard
1796 Avant-garde
peach
Violette hative
1796
peach
White magdalen
1796
peach
White nutmegge
1671
peach
White-blossomed
1796
peach
Yellow alberge
1796
peach?
Bellesarde [?]
1797
pear
Amadote
1796
pear
Ambret of Dean
1734
pear
Ambrette
1796
pear
Ambrosia
1796
pear
Amoselle
1796 Lord Cheney's, Holland bergamot
pear
Arundel pear
1670
pear
Ashton town
1796
pear
August muscat
1796 averat
pear
Autumn musk bon-chretien
1796
pear
Barland
1796
pear
Bergamot
1810
pear
Bergamot, autumn
1734
pear
Bergamot, autumn
1796 English bergamot
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
perry
Page 25 of 36
species
Variety
pear
Bergamot, orange
1734
pear
Bergamot, summer
1734
pear
Bergamot, winter
1734
pear
Bery of He[?]
1670
pear
Besideri
1796
baking or stewing
pear
Best warden
1670
Baking
pear
Beurre de roi
1796
pear
Binfielde
1670
pear
Black pear of Worcester
1796 Pound, Parkinson's Warden
pear
Blond pear
1670
pear
Bloody
1796 La sanguinole
pear
Bloody Pear
1734
pear
Bourn
1734
pear
Britannia
1796
pear
Brocas bergamot
1796
pear
Brown Beaurre
1800
pear
Brown beurre
1796
pear
Bure duroy
1734
pear
Burgamot
1719
pear
Bury
1755
pear
Calow pear
1734
pear
Cassolette
1796
pear
Catherine
1734
pear
Catillac
1796
pear
Cavilick
1734 Cadilick?
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
baking or stewing
baking or stewing
Baking or eating
baking or stewing
Page 26 of 36
species
Variety
pear
Chat-brule
1796
pear
Chaumontelle
1796 Winter beurre
pear
Chesel bart
1734
pear
Colmar
1755
pear
Colmar
1796 Manna
pear
Colmer
1734
pear
Crasane
1796
pear
Crasanne
1800
pear
Creport
1755
pear
Cuisse madame
1796
pear
Dogo bart
1734 Vertlong
pear
Double-flowered
1796
pear
Early Madera
1734
pear
Early rousselet
1796 Skinless, Poire sans peau, Fleur de guigne
pear
Easter bergamot
1796 Bugi bergamot
pear
Echaffery
1796 Landry wilding, winter long green
pear
Franc real
1796
pear
French red warden
1670
pear
Frith pear
1734
perry
pear
Frontiniac
1734
Baking
pear
Frontiniac, summer
1734 Dr Smyth's pear
pear
Gansel's bergamot
1796 Ive's bergamot. Bonne rouge
pear
German muscat
1796
pear
Gray beurre
1796 Green beurre
pear
Gray goodwife
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
baking or stewing
baking or stewing
baking or stewing
Page 27 of 36
species
Variety
pear
Green Chesil
1719
pear
Green chisel
1796 Hasting, Magdalen, Citron de carmes
pear
Green paddington
1796
pear
Green sugar
1796
pear
Greene Beure
1670
pear
Greene Royale
1670
pear
Greenefielde
1670
pear
Greenfield Pear
1734 Dogo bart
pear
Gros blanquet
1796
pear
Hamdens bergamot
1670
pear
Hamdon's bergamot
1734
pear
Hampden’s Bergamot
1734
pear
Holand Sugar
1734
pear
Huffcap
1796
pear
Jargonelle
1755
pear
Jargonelle
1796
pear
Jargonill
1809
pear
Jenniting pear
1670
pear
Kentish codling
1670
pear
King Katherine
1670
pear
King’s Catherine
1734 Bure Duray or Quice Madam
pear
King's Governour
1734
pear
La Royal
1734 Dean Baron
pear
Lachesary
1734
pear
Lanfranc
1796 Satin, Dauphine
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Perry
to bake
Page 28 of 36
species
Variety
pear
Lent St. Germain
1796 Easter St. Germain, Poire de Naples
pear
Lewes
1670
pear
Little blanquet
1796
pear
London sugar
1796
pear
London’s Pear Russet Anjou
1734
pear
Long-stalked blanquet
1796
pear
Lording pear
1670
pear
Louis bonne
1796
pear
Marchioness
1796
pear
Martin fire
1796
pear
Martin sec
1796 Ronville, Hoerenaille
pear
Martin Sec’
1734 summer or Bon Crostion.
pear
Messire Jean
1796 White messire jean, gray messire jean
pear
Monsier Jean
1671
pear
Mouth-water
1796 Verte longue
pear
Muscat
1734
pear
Musk blanquet
1796
pear
Musk drone
1796
pear
Musk Robin
1796 Muscat Robert, Amber, Queens
pear
Norwich pear
1670
pear
Oldfield
1796
pear
Onion
1796
pear
Orange bergamot
1796
pear
Orange muscat
1796
pear
Pasque pear
1810
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Drying
Perry
Page 29 of 36
species
Variety
pear
Pastoral
1796
pear
Pear piper
1796
pear
Pear Roft ?
1734
pear
Perfumed
1796
pear
Poire de Prince
1796
pear
Poire pendular
1796 Knave's
pear
Pound
1800
pear
Pound pear
1734
pear
Quise Madam
1734
pear
Red admirable
1796
pear
Red Katherine
1670
pear
Red muscadel
1796 Bellissime, Supreme
pear
Red orange
1796
pear
Red Warden
1670
pear
Rope Watter
1734
pear
Rose water
1734
pear
Rose-water
1796
pear
Rousseline
1796
pear
Russet Anjou
1734 Brampton
pear
Russet Katherine
1670
pear
Russet pear
1670
pear
Salviati
1796
pear
Scotch bergamot
1796
pear
Seven-angled
1796 Seven-elbowed
pear
Small muscat
1796 Petit muscat
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
baking or stewing
Page 30 of 36
species
Variety
pear
Spanish bon-chretien
1796
pear
Spanish red warden
1796
baking or stewing
pear
Squash
1796
Perry
pear
St Germains
1734
pear
St. Austin
1796
pear
St. Germain
1796
pear
St. German
1755
pear
St. James's
1796
pear
Stone Pine Pear
1810
pear
Summer bergamot
1796 Hamden's bergamot
pear
Summer Bergamot
1800
pear
Summer bon-chretien
1796
pear
Summer buon critick
1671
pear
Swan’s Egg
1800
pear
Swan's egg
1796
pear
Swiss bergamot
1796
pear
Terling
1796 Tarquin
pear
Uvedale's St Germain
1796 Onion, Pickering
pear
Verte Long
1734
pear
Verte Long
1755
pear
Virgoleuse
1796 Bujaleuf, Chambrette
pear
Virgoloe
1734
pear
White Beaurre
1800
pear
White beurre
1796 Dean's, Doyenne, St. Michael, Carlisle, Valentia
pear
White Warden
1670
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
baking or stewing
Page 31 of 36
species
Variety
pear
Windsor
1719
pear
Windsor
1734 John Gook
pear
Windsor
1796 Bell
pear
Windsor Bergamot
1670
pear
Winter bergamot
1796
pear
Winter Bergamot
1800
pear
Winter Bon Chretien
1755
pear
Winter bon-chretien
1796
pear
Winter buon critick
1671
pear
Winter Frontiniac
1734
pear
Winter Norwich
1670
pear
Winter orange
1734
pear
Winter rousselet
1796
pear
Winter thorn
1796 Epine d'Hyver
pear
Yar
1796 Yacht, Jut
pear or
Early Aus[?]
1671
pear?
Lord Cheney’s Greening
1800
pear?
N. Grene?
1809
plum
Admirable
1796
plum
Apricot
1796
plum
Black damscene
1796
plum
Black pear
1796
plum
Blew perdrigon
1734
plum
Blue gage
1796 Azure hative
plum
Blue perdrigon
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Bake, roast or stew
Page 32 of 36
species
Variety
plum
Bonam Magnum
1755
plum
Brignole
1796
plum
Cherry
1796
plum
Cherry Perdragon
1755
plum
Cheston
1796
plum
Damas noir de tours
1796
plum
Damascean
1809
plum
Don Carles's
1796
plum
Doube-flowered
1796
plum
Drap de or
1755
plum
Drap d'or
1796 Cloth of gold
plum
Early amber
1796
plum
Early blue primordian
1796
plum
Early damask
1796 Morocco
plum
Early Orleans
1796 New Orleans
plum
Early red primordian
1796
plum
Early tours
1796 Precoce de tours
plum
Early violet
1796 Violette hative
plum
Early white primordian
1796 Maudlin, catalonian, Jaune hative
plum
Empress
1734
plum
Fotheringham
1796 Sheen
plum
Great blue damask
1796
plum
Great mogul
1734
plum
Green gage
1734
plum
Green gage
1755
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Preserving
Page 33 of 36
species
Variety
plum
Green gage
1796
plum
Imperatrice
1796 Empress
plum
Imperatrice
1800
plum
Imperatrice
1809
plum
Jacinthe
1796 Hyacinth
plum
Koa's Imperial
1796
plum
La prune Suisse
1796
plum
La prune valeur Valentia
1796
plum
La Royale
1796
plum
Large white damascene
1796
plum
Laroyal
1734
plum
Little black damask
1796
plum
Little Queen Claude
1796
plum
Maitre Claude
1796
plum
Matchless
1796
plum
Maugeron
1796 Monguon
plum
Mirabelle
1796
plum
Mogul
1800
plum
Monsieur
1796 Wentworth
plum
Muscle
1796
plum
Myrabolan
1796
plum
Orleans
1671
plum
Orleans
1755
plum
Orliance plumb
1734 Orleans?
plum
Persian
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Preserving
Preserving
Page 34 of 36
species
Variety
plum
Prunello
1671
plum
Red bonum magnum
1796 Red mogul, Red imperial
plum
Red diaper
1796 Rock-corbon
plum
Red Orleans
1796
plum
Red Queen Mother
1796
plum
Royal pea
1796
plum
Semiana
1796
plum
Small white damascene
1796 White prune damascene
plum
Spanish damask
1796
plum
Sr. Wm Duenants
1734
plum
St. Catherine
1796
plum
St. Julien
1796
plum
Verte-dock
1796 Verdock
plum
Violet
1734
plum
Violet perdrigon
1796
plum
White bonum magnum
1796 White mogul, White imperial
plum
White bullace
1796
plum
White Musk violet
1734
plum
White Orleans
1796
plum
White pear
1796
plum
White perdrigon
1796
plum
Whitton
1796 Nutmeg
plum
Winesour
1796
plum?
Buon Magna
1671
Plum?
Double flouri
1671
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Preserving
Preserving
Preserving
Preserving
Page 35 of 36
species
Variety
plum?
Queene Mother
1671
Quince
Apple-shaped
1796
Quince
Cottony
1796
quince
Green apple quince
1670
quince
Pear quince
1670
Quince
Pear-shaped
1796
Quince
Portugal
1796
quince
Quince of Portugal
1670
quince
Warden quince
1670
Service
Apple-shaped
1796
Service
Pear-shaped
1796
Walnut
Common small
1796
Walnut
French
1796
Walnut
Thin-shelled
1796
30 April 2009
Chronology Alternative name
Suitable for
Baking
Page 36 of 36
Appendix 2:
Apple Varieties Associated with Norfolk
Variety
Adam's pearmain
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Lindley 1831
Date of documentary source 1890
Name as given in historic
sources
Adams’s pearmain
Synonyms
Norfolk pippin; Hanging pearmain
Notes
Possible Norfolk variety but may be from Herefordshire where it is known
as Hanging pearmain. May be the same fruit as Norfolk Colman below.
Variety
Baxter's pearmain
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Baxter's pearmain
Synonyms
Notes
Norfolk variety offered by Lindley 1821 (Morgan & Richards)- however
Baxter's was also offered in 1796 catalogue. Hogg's Pomology states that
the variety was 'popular in Norfolk'
Variety
Beauty of Norfolk
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Morgan & Richards, 2002
Date of documentary source 1906
Name as given in historic
sources
Beauty of Norfolk
Synonyms
Norfolk Beauty
Notes
Norfolk variety raised by Mr Allan, head gardener at Gunton Park,
recorded 1901
Variety
Belle Grideline
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Belle Grideline
Synonyms
Notes
Norfolk variety found by George Lindley in a small garden near the Surrey
Street Gates.
Variety
Doctor Harvey
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1670; 1734; 1796; 1890
Name as given in historic
sources
Harvey; Dr Harvy; Harvey's; Dr Harvey
Synonyms
Notes
Popular in Norfolk and may have originated in East Anglia (Morgan &
Richards)
Variety
Early nonpariel
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Early nonpariel
Synonyms
Notes
Norfolk variety raised from a pip by Mr Stagg of Caister-on-Sea, 1780.
EEAOP.
Variety
Free Thorpe Apple
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
None
Date of documentary source 1734
Name as given in historic
sources
Free Thorpe Apple
Synonyms
Notes
Possible Norfolk variety
Variety
Golden Noble
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Golden noble
Synonyms
Notes
Possible Norfolk variety. 'Discovered' in Stow Estate orchard by head
gardener Patrick Flannagan and exhibited at the RHS by Flanagan in 1820
but offered for sale in 1769 by Yorkshire nurseryman William Perfect and
by George Lindley in 1796.
Variety
Golden pippin
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1670; 1719; 1734; 1796; 1890
Name as given in historic
sources
Baford pippin; Golden pippin; Goldring pipen
Synonyms
London golden pippin, Peppin d'or; English rennet
Notes
The Golden pippin was one of the most popular varieties to be mentioned
in the sources consulted for this report. Whilst not developed in Norfolk
the Golden pippin was very popular indeed with growers, who referred to
it by a variety of synonyms.
Variety
Golden russet
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1719; 1734; 1796; 1809
Name as given in historic
sources
Aromatick Golden Russeting; Golden Russeton; Golden Russet
Synonyms
Notes
In common with the Golden pippin above the Golden Russet was very
popular in Norfolk. Hogg list the two varieties separately but there may be
some confusion between the two in the sources.
Variety
Green Roland
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Morgan & Richards, 2002
Date of documentary source 1906
Name as given in historic
sources
Green Roll
Synonyms
Notes
Described by Morgan & Richards as a Norfolk apple.
Variety
Halvergate apple
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
None
Date of documentary source 1734
Name as given in historic
sources
Halvergate Apple
Synonyms
Notes
Probably a Norfolk variety
Variety
Holkham Red
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
None
Date of documentary source 1890
Name as given in historic
sources
Holkham Red
Synonyms
Notes
Probably a Norfolk variety developed on the Holkham Estate.
Variety
Hubbard's pearmain
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Hubbard's pearmain
Synonyms
Russet pearmain
Notes
A possible Norfolk variety, brought to the attention of the London
Horticultural Society by George Lindley in 1820 but offered for sale by
him in 1796. Lindley claimed it was " a real Norfolk apple, well known in
Norwich Market". However, Lindley went on to say "although it may be
found elsewhere, it's great excellence may have caused it's removal
hence". These comments expose the great difficulties of establishing
which varieties can accurately be claimed to have originated in Norfolk.
Variety
New York pippin
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
New York pippin
Synonyms
Notes
Hogg states that this was an American variety propagated by Mackie's
nursery in Norwich in the late eighteenth century.
Variety
Norfolk Bearer
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
EEAOP
Date of documentary source 1880
Name as given in historic
sources
Norfolk Bearer
Synonyms
Notes
Probably a Norfolk variety
Variety
Norfolk Beefing
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1734; 1796; 1807; 1810;
Name as given in historic
sources
Biefen; Beaufin; Beefing; Beaffin
Synonyms
Yorkshire Beaufin, Lincolnshire Beaufin; beefin;
Notes
One of the best known varieties to be associated with Norfolk and
popular in the county from the seventeenth century. However, early
versions of the name suggest that the apple may have had continental
origins and was also claimed by other areas of England.
Variety
Norfolk Colman
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1734; 1796; 1800
Name as given in historic
sources
Colman
Synonyms
Norfolk pippin, Norfolk Storing
Notes
Probably a Norfolk variety
Variety
Norfolk paradise
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Norfolk paradise
Synonyms
Notes
Possible Norfolk variety
Variety
Oxnead pearmain
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Oxnead pearmain
Synonyms
Earl of Yarmouth's pearmain
Notes
Norfolk variety
Variety
Pine Apple russet
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Pine-apple russet
Synonyms
Known as Hardingham's russet in Norfolk
Notes
Possible Norfolk variety, which Lindley recorded as growing in the
Norwich garden of a Mr. Hardingham in 1830.
Variety
Striped Beefing
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg 1851
Date of documentary source 1796; 1890
Name as given in historic
sources
Striped beaufin
Synonyms
Notes
Norfolk variety. Said to have been found in the garden of William Crowe,
Lakenham, Norwich in 1794 by George Lindley, and offered for sale by Lindley in
1796.
Variety
Thwaite apple
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
None
Date of documentary source 1734
Name as given in historic
sources
Thwaite apple
Synonyms
Notes
Probably a Norfolk variety
Variety
Vicar of Beighton
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Morgan & Richards, 2002
Date of documentary source 1896
Name as given in historic
sources
Vicar of Beighton
Synonyms
Notes
Norfolk variety raised by the Reverend Fellows of Beighton.
Variety
Winter broading
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
EEAOP
Date of documentary source 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Winter broading
Synonyms
Notes
Possible Norfolk variety - EEAOP
Variety
Winter majetin
Confirmation in Secondary
Source
Hogg, 1851
Date of documentary source 1734; 1796
Name as given in historic
sources
Magiton; Winter majetin
Synonyms
Notes
Norfolk variety - EEAOP & Hogg, 1851
Appendix 3:
Pear Varieties grown in Norfolk 1660 - 1900
Variety
Date of documentary
reference
Synonym from published sources
Amadote
1796
Ambrette d'Hiver
1796
Ambrette of Dean
1734
Ambrosia
1796
Arundel pear
1670
Aston town
1796
Barland
1796
Bergamot
1719
Bergamot, Autumn
1734; 1796; 1810
Bergamot, Brocas
1796
Bergamot, Easter
1796
Bugi bergamot
Bergamot, Gansel's
1796
Ive's bergamot. Bonne rouge
Bergamot, Hamden's
1670; 1734; 1796
Bergamot, Orange
1734; 1796
Bergamot, Scotch
1796
Bergamot, Summer
1734; 1800
Bergamot, Swiss
1796
Bergamot, Windsor
1660
Bergamot, Winter
1734; 1796; 1800
Best Warden
1670
Beurre
1755
Uses suggested in
documentary
source
Ambrette d'Hiver, Ambree gris; Belle Gabrielle;
Trompe Valet
Early Beurre
Aston Town
perry
English bergamot, York bergamot
Baking
Variety
Date of documentary
reference
Synonym from published sources
Beurre de Roy
1734
Brown Beurre
Beurre d'Hiver
1796
Winter beurre; Bezi de Chaumontel
Beurre, Brown
1734; 1796; 1800
Beurre du Roi, Beurre de Amboise, Beurre Gris
Beurre, Green
1660; 1796
Beurre, White
1796; 1800
Bezi d' Heri
1670; 1796
Binfield?
1670
Black Worcester
1734
Blond
1660
Bloody
1734; 1796
Bon Chretien, Autumn
Musk
1796
Bon Chretien, Spanish
1796
Bon Chretien, summer
1671; 1796
Florence d'Ete
Bon Chretien, Winter
1671; 1755; 1796
Bon Chretien d'Hiver
Bourn
1734
Britannia
1796
Caillot Rosat
1734
Cassolette
1796
Catillac
1734; 1796
Chat-Brule
1796
Chesil, Green
1719; 1734
Colmar
1796
Uses suggested in
documentary
source
Baking or eating
Dean's, Doyenne, St. Michael, Carlisle, Valentia
baking or stewing
Parkinson's Warden
La Sanguinole
baking or stewing
Callow; King pear; English Caillot pear [differs
drom the French Caillot Rosat or Summer
Rose]
Cadalick; Chartreuse
baking or stewing
baking or stewing
Variety
Date of documentary
reference
Synonym from published sources
Uses suggested in
documentary
source
Colmar
1734; 1755; 1796
D'Uch, De Maune; Bergamot Turdive; Manna,
Bergamot Tardive
Colmar
1755
Crasanne
1796; 1800
Creport
1755
Cuisse Madam
1734; 1796
Double-Flowered
1796
Early Madera
1734
Echassary
1734; 1796
Franc Real
1796
baking or stewing
Frith
1734
perry
Frontiniac
1734
Baking
Frontiniac, Summer
1734
Frontiniac, winter
1734
Gray Goodwife
1796
Green Chisel
1796
Green Paddington
1796
Green Royale
1670
Green Sugar
1796
Greenfield
1734
Greenfield
1660
Gros Blanquet
1796
Hacon's Incomparable
1880
Beurre Plat; Bergamot Crassane
baking or stewing
Bezi d'Echessary; Landry wilding, winter long
green
Dr Smyth's pear
Bake, roast or stew
Hasting, Magdalen, Citron de carmes
Variety
Date of documentary
reference
Synonym from published sources
Holland bergamot
1796
Lord Cheney's, Holland bergamot
Holland sugar
1734
Huffcap
1796
Jargonelle
1755; 1796; 1809
Juneating
1660
Katherine
1734
Katherine, Red
1670
Katherine, Russset
1670
King's Governour
1734
King's Katherine
1670: 1734
Lachesary
1734
Lanfranc
1796
Satin, Dauphine
Lent St. Germain's
1796
Easter St. Germain, Poire de Naples
Lewes
1670
London Sugar
1796
London's Russet Anjou
1734
Long-Stalked Blanquet
1796
Lording
1670
Louia Bonne of Jersey
1796
Marchioness
1796
Martin Fire
1796
Martin Sec
1796
Uses suggested in
documentary
source
Perry
Gros Cuisse Madame; Jargonill
Bure Duray or Quice Madam
bake
to bake
Drying
Bonne d'Avranches, Beurre d'Avranches
Ronville, Hoerenaille
Variety
Date of documentary
reference
Synonym from published sources
Martin Sec
1734
Dry Martin
Messire Jean
1671; 1796
White messire jean, gray messire jean
Muscat, August
1796
averat
Muscat, German
1796
Muscat, Orange
1796
Muscat, Small
1796
Musk Blanquet
1796
Musk Drone
1796
Musk Robin
1796
Norwich
1670
Oldfield
1796
Onion
1796
Pasque
1810
Pastoral
1796
Perfumed
1796
Piper
1796
Poire de Prince
1796
Poire Pendular
1796
Knave's
Pound Pear
1796; 1800
Pound Pear, Parkinson's Warden
Quince pear
1670
Red Admirable
1796
Red Muscadel
1796
Uses suggested in
documentary
source
Petit muscat
Muscat Robert, Amber, Queens
Perry
Union?
baking or stewing
Baking
Bellissime, Supreme
Variety
Date of documentary
reference
Synonym from published sources
Red Orange
1796
Roft?
1734
Rope Water
1734
Rose Water
1734; 1796
Summer rose
Rousselet, Early
1796
Skinless, Poire sans peau, Fleur de guigne
Rousseline
1796
Russet
1670
Russet Anjou
1734
Saliavti
1796
Seven-Angled
1796
Squash
1796
St. Austin
1796
St. Germain
1734; 1755; 1796
Arteloire; St German
St. Germain, Uvedale's
1796
Union, Pickering's Warden
St. James's
1796
Stone Pine
1810
Sugar Blanquet
1796
Swan’s Egg
1800
Swan's Egg
1796
Tarling
1796
Tarquin, easter Bergamot?
Vert Longue
1734; 1755; 1796
Vertlong
Vingouleuse
1796
Bujaleuf, Chambrette
Uses suggested in
documentary
source
Brampton
Seven-elbowed
Perry
baking or stewing
Variety
Date of documentary
reference
Synonym from published sources
Virgaloe
1734
Warden
1670
Warden, French Red
1670
Warden, Red
1670
Warden, Spanish Red
1796
Warden, White
1670
White Doyenne
1734
Dean Baron
Windsor
1719; 1734; 1796
John Gook, Gross Jargonelle; Bell; Bellissime
Winter Norwich
1670
Winter Orange
1734
Winter Rousselet
1796
Winter Thorn
1796
Epine d'Hyver
Yar
1796
Yacht, Jut
Uses suggested in
documentary
source
baking or stewing
Appendix 4
Possible Relic Orchards
Sample Location 1
area
Location 2
Easting
Northing
Landuse 2009
549122
307191
Orchard?
1
Emneth
1
Emneth
Chequers Corner
549772
308366
Orchard?
1
Walsoken
Little East Field
547240
311310
Orchard (recent)
1
Walsoken
Leahard's Field
547630
311210
Arable and possible new
orchard
1
Walsoken
Chapnel Field
547877
309666
Orchard?
1
Walsoken
548587
309156
Garden & relic orchard
1
Walsoken
547977
308941
Orchard?
1
West Lynn
561140
319920
Orchard and housing
2
Burnham Overy
Leath House
585400
342750
Possible orchard
2
Burnham Westgate
Cradle Hall
580850
339710
Woodland/orchard
2
Dersingham
Vicarage
569626
330650
Garden/orchard
2
Fring
Manor House (Church
Farm)
573570
335010
Garden/orchard
2
Holme Next the Sea
Red Hall
570120
343330
Woodland/orchard
2
Ingoldisthorpe
Ingoldisthorpe Hall
569090
333330
Garden/orchard
3
Erpingham
Manor Farm
620000
332100
Orchard?
3
Felbrigg
Dairy Farm
619570
339480
Orchard?
3
Felmingham
Aylsham Road Farm
625500
330100
Remnant orchard
3
Salle
Salle Park
611300
324300
Orchard and pasture
3
Salle
Moor Hall
610000
324600
Remnant orchard
3
Thorpe Market
Church Road
624029
336120
Orchard?
4
Alpington
Reeder's Lane
628900
301500
woodland poss relic orchard
4
Bedington
St Andrew's Vicarage
628416
293379
Orchard?
4
Bedington
Farm
629383
292499
Orchard?
4
Bedington
cottage
629378
292499
Orchard?
4
Bergh Apton
Bergh Apton House
632584
299621
Orchard?
4
Brooke
Welbeck House
629386
299896
Orchard?
Sample Location 1
area
Location 2
Easting
Northing
Landuse 2009
4
Brooke
Welbeck Farm
628744
300313
Orchard?
4
Brooke
Brooke Flock Farm
629776
299460
Relic Orchard? Woodland
4
Broome
Broome House
633666
294330
Orchard?
4
Ditchingham
Hall Farm
632597
292227
Orchard?
4
Ditchingham
Holly Hill Lodge
633511
291677
Orchard?
4
Ditchingham
Old Hall Farm
632239
293087
Orchard?
4
Ditchingham
All Hallows Farm
633386
291919
Orchard?
4
Earsham
Plantation Farm
629948
290184
Orchard?
4
Earsham
Parrs Farm
628784
290121
Orchard?
4
Earsham
Earsham Hall
630813
290229
Orchard?
4
East Carleton
Manor Farm
618349
302326
Woodland poss relic orchard
4
Flordon
The Orchards
619518
297545
Relic orchard?
4
Hedenham
Hillhouse Farm
630853
293647
Orchard?
4
Hempnall
Park Farm
625473
291384
Orchard?
4
Hempnall
Home Farm
624431
294257
Orchard?
4
Hempnall
Yew Tree Farm
625588
293094
Orchard?
4
Hempnall
Villa Farm
624823
293567
Orchard?
4
Hempnall
The Grange
624691
293114
Orchard?
4
Keswick
Intwood Hall
619266
304196
Possible orchard
4
Kirstead
Little Beck Farm
628784
297730
Relic orchard?
4
Kirstead Green
Sash Light Farm
629986
296130
Relic orchard? Farm Buildings
4
Mulbarton
Old Hall
619500
301000
Garden with trees, poss relic
orchard
4
Mulbarton
Norwich Road
619428
301271
Pasture and trees, poss relic
orchard
4
Mulbarton
The World's End Public
House
619200
301200
Trees, gardens, poss relic
orchard
4
Mulbarton
Kenningham Hall
620488
300053
Orchard?
4
Mulbarton
Scott's Terrace
619600
301700
Pasture & trees poss. Relic
orchard
4
Newton Flotman
Dairy Farm
622047
299203
Woodland/relic orchard?
Sample Location 1
area
Location 2
Easting
Northing
Landuse 2009
4
Poringland
Grove Cottage
626100
301300
Remnant orchard
4
Rockland St. Mary
631890
304322
Orchard
4
Saxlingham Green
624044
296688
Relic orchard?
4
Saxlingham Green
624091
296525
Garden; Relic orchard?
4
Saxlingham Green
Cricketers Arms
624136
296740
Relic orchard?
4
Saxlingham Green
Manor Farm
623789
296543
Relic orchard? Garden
4
Seething
Seething Hall
631855
298363
Relic orchard?
4
Seething
Church Farm
631677
298090
Relic orchard?
4
Shotesham
Crasy's Grove Farm
625295
298745
Relic orchard?
4
Sisland
Poplar Farm
633566
298993
Orchard?
4
Stratton St. Michael
Farm
620140
293850
Orchard?
4
Swainsthorpe
Malthouse Farm
622085
300318
Woodland/Relic orchard?
4
Swainsthorpe
Henstead Union
Workhouse
621217
301131
Gardens with trees, poss
relic orchard
4
Tasburgh
618276
295980
Relic orchard?
4
Thwaite
White House Farm
633052
294850
Orchard?
4
Topcroft
Hill Farm
626875
293732
Orchard?
4
Topcroft
Hill Farm
626882
293567
Orchard?
4
Topcroft
The Rectory
626785
293459
Orchard? Woodland
4
Topcroft
626667
291282
Orchard?
4
Topcroft
Topcroft Hall
628216
291877
Orchard?
4
Topcroft
Rookery Farm
626170
292549
Orchard?
5
Ashill
Moat Farm
587700
303300
relic orchard or woodland
5
Ashill
Panworth Hall
589700
305000
orchard?
5
Ashill
Chip Hall (Old Hall Farm)
588200
303700
pasture with orchards
adjacent
5
Bodney
Hall Farm
583000
298400
garden, poss relic orchard
5
Bodney
Church yard
583100
298800
pasture, woodland, poss
relic orchard
5
East Wretham
Manor Farm
591800
290500
Orchard and garden
Sample Location 1
area
Location 2
Easting
Northing
Landuse 2009
5
Feltwell
Grange Farm
571900
291200
Poss relic orchard and
pasture
5
Great Cressingham
Priory Farm
585200
305000
woodland or relic orchard
5
Great Cressingham
The Street
584800
301600
gardens poss. Relic orchard
5
Hilborough
Crow Hyrne Farm
581000
298800
Relic orchard
5
Hockwold
College Farm
572500
287900
Trees, poss relic orchard
5
Langford
Langford Hall
583900
296500
Battle area poss relic orchard
5
Little Cressingham
Clermont
587560
299055
woodland or relic orchard
5
Lynford
Lynford Hall
582200
294200
Poss relic orchard
5
Northwold
Vine Farm
574800
297200
Garden or poss relic orchard
5
Saham Hills
Coburg Lane
590300
303600
relic orchard
5
Saham Toney
Park Farm
591600
304900
relic orchard?
5
Shropham
Shropham Hall
596700
293500
Woodland poss relic orchard
5
Threxton
Threxton House
588877
298755
Orchard
5
Weeting
Fengate Farm
577400
287900
Gardens poss relic orchard
5
West Tofts
Mouse Hall
585200
290900
Battle area poss relic orchard
5
Wretham
Fowlmere Farm
587900
289900
Battle area poss relic orchard
7
Beetley
Beetley Hall
597343
319005
Orchard
7
Cranworth
Rectory
598524
304629
woodland or orchard
7
Gunthorpe
Gunthorpe Park
601016
334643
Relic orchard
7
Thurlton
Whitehouse Farm
642344
299121
Relic orchard?
Distribution of relic orchards from spreadsheet
Sample area
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
7
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
West Lynn
Walsoken
Walsoken
Ingoldisthorpe
Fring
Burnham Westgate
Burnham Overy
Holme Next the Sea
Thorpe Market
Felbrigg
Dersingham
Erpingham
Salle
Salle
Felmingham
Thurlton
Emneth
Emneth
Walsoken
Walsoken
Walsoken
Earsham
Earsham
Earsham
Hempnall
Weeting
East Carleton
Mulbarton
Poringland
Alpington
Ashill
Saham Toney
Cranworth
Ashill
Ashill
Saham Hills
Great Cressingham
Great Cressingham
Bodney
Bodney
Little Cressingham
Threxton
Hilborough
Northwold
Langford
Lynford
Shropham
Topcroft
Ditchingham
Ditchingham
Ditchingham
Topcroft
Bedington
Bedington
Topcroft
Easting Northing Landuse 2009
561140 319920 Orchard and housing
547240 311310 Orchard (recent)
547630 311210 Arable and possible new orchard
569090 333330 Garden/orchard
573570 335010 Garden/orchard
580850 339710 Woodland/orchard
585400 342750 Possible orchard
570120 343330 Woodland/orchard
624029 336120 Orchard?
619570 339480 Orchard?
569626 330650 Garden/orchard
620000 332100 Orchard?
611300 324300 Orchard and pasture
610000 324600 Remnant orchard
625500 330100 Remnant orchard
642344 299121 Relic orchard?
549122 307191 Orchard?
549772 308366 Orchard?
547977 308941 Orchard?
548587 309156 Garden & relic orchard
547877 309666 Orchard?
628784 290121 Orchard?
629948 290184 Orchard?
630813 290229 Orchard?
625473 291384 Orchard?
577400 287900 Gardens poss relic orchard
618349 302326 Woodland poss relic orchard
619600 301700 Pasture & trees poss. Relic orchard
626100 301300 Remnant orchard
628900 301500 woodland poss relic orchard
589700 305000 orchard?
591600 304900 relic orchard?
598524 304629 woodland or orchard
588200 303700 pasture with orchards adjacent
587700 303300 relic orchard or woodland
590300 303600 relic orchard
585200 305000 woodland or relic orchard
584800 301600 gardens poss. Relic orchard
583100 298800 pasture, woodland, poss relic orchard
583000 298400 garden, poss relic orchard
587560 299055 woodland or relic orchard
588877 298755 Orchard
581000 298800 Relic orchard
574800 297200 Garden or poss relic orchard
583900 296500 Battle area poss relic orchard
582200 294200 Poss relic orchard
596700 293500 Woodland poss relic orchard
626667 291282 Orchard?
633386 291919 Orchard?
633511 291677 Orchard?
632597 292227 Orchard?
628216 291877 Orchard?
629383 292499 Orchard?
629378 292499 Orchard?
626170 292549 Orchard?
Distribution of relic orchards from spreadsheet
Sample area
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
Ditchingham
Hempnall
Hempnall
Hempnall
Topcroft
Mulbarton
Mulbarton
Mulbarton
Swainsthorpe
Beetley
Topcroft
Topcroft
Bedington
Hedenham
Stratton St. Michael
Broome
Feltwell
West Tofts
East Wretham
Wretham
Hockwold
Gunthorpe
Hempnall
Thwaite
Rockland St. Mary
Keswick
Tasburgh
Brooke
Saxlingham Green
Saxlingham Green
Saxlingham Green
Saxlingham Green
Kirstead Green
Flordon
Kirstead
Seething
Seething
Brooke
Brooke
Sisland
Shotesham
Newton Flotman
Bergh Apton
Mulbarton
Swainsthorpe
Easting Northing Landuse 2009
632239 293087 Orchard?
625588 293094 Orchard?
624691 293114 Orchard?
624823 293567 Orchard?
626785 293459 Orchard? Woodland
619200 301200 Trees, gardens, poss relic orchard
619428 301271 Pasture and trees, poss relic orchard
619500 301000 Garden with trees, poss relic orchard
621217 301131 Gardens with trees, poss relic orchard
597343 319005 Orchard
626882 293567 Orchard?
626875 293732 Orchard?
628416 293379 Orchard?
630853 293647 Orchard?
620140 293850 Orchard?
633666 294330 Orchard?
571900 291200 Poss relic orchard and pasture
585200 290900 Battle area poss relic orchard
591800 290500 Orchard and garden
587900 289900 Battle area poss relic orchard
572500 287900 Trees, poss relic orchard
601016 334643 Relic orchard
624431 294257 Orchard?
633052 294850 Orchard?
631890 304322 Orchard
619266 304196 Possible orchard
618276 295980 Relic orchard?
629776 299460 Relic Orchard? Woodland
624091 296525 Garden; Relic orchard?
624136 296740 Relic orchard?
624044 296688 Relic orchard?
623789 296543 Relic orchard? Garden
629986 296130 Relic orchard? Farm Buildings
619518 297545 Relic orchard?
628784 297730 Relic orchard?
631677 298090 Relic orchard?
631855 298363 Relic orchard?
629386 299896 Orchard?
628744 300313 Orchard?
633566 298993 Orchard?
625295 298745 Relic orchard?
622047 299203 Woodland/relic orchard?
632584 299621 Orchard?
620488 300053 Orchard?
622085 300318 Woodland/Relic orchard?
Distribution of Hectare Group 1 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Location 1
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
North Lynn
Clenchwarton
Clenchwarton
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Tilney All Saints
Tilney All Saints
West Walton
Wiggenhall St. Germans
West Walton
West Walton
West Walton
Tilney St. Lawrence
Wiggenhall St Germans
Wiggenhall St Germans
Wiggenhall St Germans
Wiggenhall St Peter
Walton Highway
Snettisham
Barmer
Syderstone
Fring
Sedgeford
South Creake
North Creake
Heacham
Docking
Burnham Westgate
Burnham Thorpe
Burnham Thorpe
Hunstanton
Burnham Overy
Thornham
Thornham
Roughton
Gimmingham
Metton
Felbrigg
Little Hautbois
Shotesham
Wroxham
Dersingham
Barton Broad
Erpingham
Aylsham
Aylsham
Aylsham
Salle
Kerdiston
Reepham
Colby
Easting Northing Hectare Group
554150 322450
1
558820 322630
1
561580 321760
1
559600 320020
1
558200 320540
1
554370 320780
1
554390 320550
1
553820 319300
1
555100 319320
1
559600 320020
1
556670 317970
1
547580 315070
1
558350 314560
1
545850 313660
1
546520 312990
1
547730 313460
1
554480 313180
1
558040 313310
1
559630 314240
1
559810 314150
1
560880 313750
1
549760 311930
1
568680 334180
1
581220 333660
1
586500 333740
1
573570 335010
1
571530 335820
1
585620 336430
1
585470 338400
1
568049 338371
1
574880 338540
1
580850 339710
1
585600 340600
1
585940 340980
1
568510 340740
1
585400 342750
1
573410 343550
1
573030 343240
1
621710 336620
1
628650 336590
1
619790 337200
1
619570 339480
1
625100 321700
1
623669 298815
1
630500 316100
1
569626 330650
1
635400 323200
1
620000 332100
1
619500 327600
1
619300 327100
1
619200 327100
1
610000 324600
1
606300 322700
1
610500 323100
1
622000 331200
1
1
Distribution of Hectare Group 1 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
Location 1
North Walsham
North Walsham
Felmingham
Banningham
Banningham
Banningham
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Stowbridge
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Stowbridge
Emneth
Runcton Holme
Runcton Holme
Wiggenhall St. Mary Magdalen
Walsoken
Wiggenhall St. Mary Magdalen
Tilney Fen End
Shelton
Long Stratton
Morningthorpe
Hardwick
Hardwick
Shelton
Earsham
Earsham
Earsham
Earsham
Shelton
Shelton
Shelton
Long Stratton
Long Stratton
Shelton
Shelton
Shelton
Shelton
Bedington
Earsham
Earsham
Shelton
Shelton
Long Stratton Long Stratton
Long Stratton
Hempnall
Weeting
Weeting
Easting Northing Hectare Group
627800 331100
1
627900 331000
1
625500 330100
1
622600 329200
1
621500 329500
1
621700 329500
1
548432 306821
1
549097 306701
1
549222 306726
1
561450 306418
1
549157 307016
1
548512 307311
1
548802 307291
1
548847 307206
1
549277 307296
1
549122 307191
1
551561 307296
1
551791 307396
1
560152 307326
1
549772 308366
1
562010 308961
1
561900 309396
1
557526 309471
1
549062 309221
1
559355 310376
1
548832 310513
1
622742 290391
1
619676 290009
1
621317 290241
1
622284 290044
1
622409 290039
1
623836 290061
1
628766 290211
1
628784 290121
1
629948 290184
1
630813 290229
1
623724 290541
1
623144 290544
1
622742 290391
1
619351 290481
1
619381 290874
1
623049 290731
1
622922 290776
1
623506 290849
1
624133 290714
1
628386 290859
1
631930 291036
1
630248 290961
1
622212 291137
1
621787 291044
1
620628 291162
1
620533 291544
1
625473 291384
1
578300 287800
1
577400 287900
1
1
Distribution of Hectare Group 1 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
Mulbarton
Mulbarton
Stoke Holt Cross
Poringland
Poringland
Poringland
Poringland
Poringland
Poringland
Yelverton
Alpington
Ashby
Ashby
Bergh Apton
Alpington
Stoke Holy Cross
Ashill
Saham Toney
Saham Toney
Ashill
Ashill
Saham Hills
Ovington
Ovington
Great Cressingham
Great Cressingham
Gooderstone
Gooderstone
Hilborough
Foulden
Foulden
Bodney
Bodney
Little Cressingham
Watton
Threxton
Hilborough
Northwold
Northwold
Northwold
Northwold
Northwold
Langford
Lynford
Shropham
Topcroft
Ditchingham
Bedingham
Topcroft
Topcroft
Topcroft
Morningthorpe
Bedington
Hedenham
Ditchingham
Easting Northing Hectare Group
619500 301800
1
619600 301700
1
623200 301900
1
626100 301300
1
626700 301900
1
626800 301900
1
627100 301800
1
627000 301700
1
627600 302000
1
629284 302309
1
629000 301800
1
632800 301600
1
632600 301500
1
630600 301100
1
629500 301200
1
623400 301400
1
589700 305000
1
591600 304900
1
594000 305000
1
588600 304200
1
587700 303300
1
590300 303600
1
592900 303400
1
592400 303100
1
585200 305000
1
584800 301600
1
576200 302048
1
576324 302038
1
581800 300300
1
577100 299300
1
577200 299100
1
583100 298800
1
583000 298400
1
587560 299055
1
590800 299700
1
588877 298755
1
581000 298800
1
574700 297400
1
574800 297200
1
575300 297200
1
575400 297100
1
576300 296500
1
583900 296500
1
582200 294200
1
596700 293500
1
626667 291282
1
631857 291629
1
628366 291642
1
626552 291634
1
626530 291622
1
626237 291574
1
621662 291862
1
628399 291732
1
630745 291832
1
633386 291919
1
1
Distribution of Hectare Group 1 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
Ditchingham
Ditchingham
Hedenham
Morningthorpe
Long Stratton
Morningthorpe
Hempnall
Hempnall
Hempnall
Topcroft
Bedington
Bedington
Ditchingham
Hedenham
Hedenham
Bedington
Bedington
Bedington
Bedington
Morningthorpe
Morningthorpe
Morningthorpe
Long Stratton
Hempnall Green
Hempnall Green
Ditchingham
Topcroft
Hempnall
Morningthorpe
Long Stratton
Stratton St. Michael
Hempnall
Topcroft
Mulbarton
Swainsthorpe
Swainsthorpe
Swainsthorpe
Methwold
Methwold
Methwold
Methwold
Methwold
Methwold
Methwold
Methwold
Topcroft
Topcroft
Bedington
Woodton
Woodton
Woodton
Woodton
Stratton St. Michael
Stratton St. Michael
Tharston
Easting Northing Hectare Group
634088 291839
1
632597 292227
1
630243 291959
1
622592 292084
1
619883 292259
1
622632 292357
1
623946 292527
1
624346 292492
1
624593 292387
1
628826 292479
1
629321 292299
1
629383 292499
1
631982 292784
1
631257 292572
1
630338 292637
1
629378 292499
1
629288 292534
1
628881 292682
1
628826 292482
1
622637 292539
1
622627 292682
1
621775 292624
1
619578 292597
1
624713 292997
1
624983 292787
1
633164 293244
1
626680 293227
1
624691 293114
1
622754 293074
1
619900 293132
1
620545 293552
1
625170 293464
1
626785 293459
1
619200 301500
1
621217 301131
1
621610 301303
1
621720 301073
1
573000 295000
1
573030 295050
1
573200 295000
1
573300 294900
1
573100 294500
1
573000 294500
1
572800 294400
1
572800 294800
1
626882 293567
1
626875 293732
1
628416 293379
1
629651 294007
1
629194 293895
1
627594 293927
1
627359 293852
1
620140 293850
1
620068 293882
1
619163 293985
1
1
Distribution of Hectare Group 1 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
Broome
Feltwell
Feltwell
West Tofts
Wretham
Santon Downham
Hockwold
Thwaite
Hempnall
Hempnall
Hempnall
Hempnall
Morningthorpe
Thwaite
Woodton
Thwaite
Thwaite
Woodton
Woodton
Woodton
Hempnall
Tasburgh
Hempnall
Woodton
Thwaite
Broome
Thwaite
Woodton
Hempnall
Tasburgh
Tasburgh
Arminghall
Arminghall
Bixley
Bramerton
Bramerton
Rockland St. Mary
Rockland St. Mary
Keswick
Claxton
Claxton
Hellington
Framingham Pigot
Holverston
Framingham Earl
Swardeston
Swardeston
Tasburgh
Brooke
Seething
Saxlingham Green
Saxlingham Green
Tasburgh
Seething
Kirstead Green
Easting Northing Hectare Group
633666 294330
1
571100 290700
1
571900 291200
1
585200 290900
1
587900 289900
1
582900 287200
1
572500 287900
1
633044 294190
1
624431 294257
1
624303 294330
1
624071 294390
1
623819 294205
1
622792 294350
1
633259 294787
1
628326 294215
1
632624 294982
1
633052 294850
1
629413 294762
1
629388 294975
1
629486 295082
1
623526 294745
1
621385 295072
1
623579 295045
1
629391 295135
1
633499 295137
1
634606 295022
1
633394 295305
1
629176 295347
1
622537 295407
1
620655 295660
1
620585 295632
1
625261 304362
1
625508 304597
1
625795 304799
1
629861 304719
1
629758 305152
1
631875 304577
1
631732 304354
1
619266 304196
1
633851 303471
1
632702 303511
1
631912 303586
1
627514 303489
1
630715 303159
1
627629 302816
1
621680 302974
1
619806 302894
1
618276 295980
1
629776 299460
1
631642 296490
1
624136 296740
1
624044 296688
1
620438 296898
1
631702 295757
1
630258 295878
1
1
Distribution of Hectare Group 1 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
Kirstead Green
Saxlingham
Saxlingham thorpe
Saxlingham Nethergate
Saxlingham Nethergate
Shotesham All Saints
Kirstead
Shotesham
Kirstead Green
Seething
Seething
Seething
Sisland
Seething
Seething
Kirstead
Shotesham
Seething
Seething
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Sisland
Shotesham
Newton Flotman
Newton Flotman
Bergh Apton
Bergh Apton
Bergh Apton
Bracon Ash
Bracon Ash
Howe
Howe
Swainsthorpe
Mulbarton
Swainsthorpe
West Poringland
Bergh Apton
Bergh Apton
Mulbarton
Easting Northing Hectare Group
629871 296212
1
623276 296095
1
623971 297908
1
622849 297328
1
622311 297195
1
626003 298050
1
628784 297730
1
626535 297318
1
630670 297395
1
631927 297210
1
631940 297248
1
631927 297698
1
634536 298095
1
631827 297798
1
830428 298323
1
630208 298170
1
623679 298135
1
631410 298195
1
631855 298363
1
628946 299266
1
629461 299511
1
629061 299328
1
629101 299438
1
628849 299156
1
628744 300313
1
633566 298993
1
625295 298745
1
620325 298655
1
622047 299203
1
631987 299398
1
631975 299818
1
631345 299548
1
619237 299716
1
619236 299838
1
627417 299918
1
627240 299926
1
621867 300178
1
619063 300881
1
622882 300776
1
627007 301829
1
630690 301008
1
632105 300836
1
619136 301033
1
1
Distribution of Hectare Group 2 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
2
3
3
Location 1
West Lynn
West Lynn
West Lynn
West Lynn
Clenchwarton
Clenchwarton
Clenchwarton
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Walpole St Andrew
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
Terrington St. Clement
West Walton
Walpole St. Peter
Tilney St Lawrence
Tilney St. Lawrence
Wiggenhall
Wiggenhall St German's
Wiggenhall St. Germans
Wiggenhall St. Germans
West Walton
West Walton
Walton Highway
Tilney St. Lawrence
Wiggenhall St Germans
Wiggenhall St Germans
Wiggenhall St Peter
Wiggenhall St Germans
West Walton
West Walton
West Walton
West Walton
West Walton
Walsoken
Walsoken
Wiggenhall St Mary Magdalen
Ingoldisthorpe
Sedgeford
Heacham
Hunstanton
Holme Next the Sea
Roughton
Thorpe Market
Felbrigg
Hethel
Ingoldisthorpe
Tuttington
Aylsham
Easting Northing Hectare Group
560910 320270
2
561130 320300
2
561140 319920
2
561250 319640
2
559730 320570
2
558950 320090
2
557700 320610
2
556610 320970
2
555510 321140
2
554370 320640
2
554410 320510
2
553880 320400
2
554320 319960
2
555450 320360
2
551900 319470
2
554090 319510
2
553890 319310
2
555150 319220
2
554130 317960
2
547610 315370
2
552330 315930
2
553880 315110
2
554980 315550
2
558310 315800
2
560200 314620
2
560300 314570
2
560130 314280
2
547070 314610
2
546760 313130
2
549470 312710
2
554870 312490
2
559380 314210
2
559400 314150
2
560870 313930
2
559050 312980
2
546530 312560
2
545980 312300
2
546130 312420
2
546060 311990
2
546490 311610
2
547850 311560
2
547630 311210
2
559690 311690
2
569090 333330
2
571930 335690
2
567047 337493
2
569000 341960
2
570120 343330
2
621310 337820
2
624029 336120
2
618801 338932
2
615900 299900
2
568784 332525
2
622000 327500
2
619300 326700
2
Distribution of Hectare Group 2 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
Salle
Kerdiston
Reepham
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Walsoken
Walsoken
Walsoken
Walsoken
Walsoken
Marshland St. James
Wiggenhall St. Mary Magdalen
Wiggenhall St. Mary Magdalen
Walsoken
Shelton
Earsham
Shelton
Morningthorpe
East Carleton
Swardeston
Poringland
Alpington
Bergh Apton
Alpington
Houghton on the Hill
Saham Toney
Ashill
Ashill
Ashill
Merton
Ditchingham
Topcroft
Topcroft
Topcroft
Ditchingham
Ditchingham
Hedenham
Topcroft
Morningthorpe
Morningthorpe
Hempnall
Hedenham
Hedenham
Easting Northing Hectare Group
611300 324300
2
608700 324100
2
609700 322900
2
549347 307636
2
549402 307498
2
549532 307456
2
548447 306546
2
548567 306336
2
549292 306706
2
549057 307021
2
548012 307356
2
548087 307501
2
548477 307421
2
548687 307411
2
549782 307111
2
550787 307266
2
550877 307251
2
547977 308941
2
548587 309156
2
549102 309076
2
548597 309321
2
548007 309341
2
552521 309976
2
559720 309971
2
559485 310196
2
547727 310456
2
623181 290206
2
631775 290719
2
621924 291007
2
621195 291564
2
618349 302326
2
620285 301776
2
627700 302100
2
629100 301700
2
630700 301200
2
628900 301500
2
588000 305500
2
595900 302100
2
588200 303700
2
588700 303500
2
588100 303000
2
591300 298200
2
632509 291532
2
627462 291484
2
626170 291602
2
626460 291717
2
631672 291827
2
633511 291677
2
630830 292214
2
628216 291877
2
622247 292284
2
622262 292307
2
624496 292517
2
630998 292399
2
631377 292637
2
Distribution of Hectare Group 2 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
Bedington
Topcroft
Morningthorpe
Long Stratton
Ditchingham
Topcroft
Hempnall
Hempnall
Hempnall
Mulbarton
Mulbarton
Mulbarton
Bedington
Hedenham
Woodton
Woodton
Morningthorpe
Morningthorpe
Morningthorpe
Wretham
Feltwell
Feltwell
East Wretham
Woodton
Hempnall
Morningthorpe
Morningthorpe
Hempnall
Hempnall
Stratton St. Michael
Thwaite
Hempnall
Saxlingham Nethergate
Arminghall
Bramerton
Bramerton
Rockland St. Mary
Rockland St. Mary
Rockland St. Mary
Rockland St. Mary
Rockland St. Mary
Claxton
Hellington
Framingham Pigot
Stoke Holy Cross
Framingham Pigot
Tasburgh
Tasburgh
Mulbarton
Kirstead
Saxlingham
Saxlingham
Saxlingham Green
Saxlingham Green
Saxlingham Green
Easting Northing Hectare Group
629428 292622
2
626170 292549
2
621907 292752
2
619923 292777
2
632239 293087
2
626715 293129
2
625588 293094
2
623754 293302
2
624823 293567
2
619200 301200
2
619428 301271
2
619500 301000
2
628481 293439
2
630853 293647
2
628434 293722
2
627272 293945
2
621070 293852
2
621180 294000
2
621187 294205
2
590000 291500
2
571300 290600
2
571100 290600
2
591800 290500
2
627839 294437
2
623954 294335
2
623019 294287
2
622522 294315
2
624131 294525
2
624054 294607
2
620835 294965
2
633294 294990
2
622387 295360
2
625483 295842
2
625243 304211
2
629721 304524
2
629486 304759
2
632287 304534
2
632607 304677
2
632085 304419
2
631890 304322
2
631550 304414
2
633804 303544
2
627819 303391
2
627639 303436
2
624741 303114
2
627399 303234
2
618559 295955
2
622107 296428
2
632332 296565
2
630293 296708
2
624276 296690
2
624346 296580
2
624091 296525
2
623946 296785
2
623789 296543
2
Distribution of Hectare Group 2 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Location 1
Tasburgh
Saxlingham Nethergate
Saxlingham Nethergate
Kirstead Green
Woodton
Saxlingham
Saxlingham Thorpe
Saxlingham Nethergate
Saxlingham Nethergate
Flordon
Flordon
Flordon
Saxlingham Nethergate
Kirstead Green
Seething
Seething
Seething
Seething
Seething
Mundham
Sisland
Mundham
Mundham
Mundham
Mundham
Seething
Seething
Seething
Seething
Kirstead
Kirstead
Shotesham
Seething
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Bergh Apton
Mulbarton
Thurton
Thurton
Stoke Holy Cross
Swainsthorpe
Mulbarton
Stoke Holy Cross
Bergh Apton
Easting Northing Hectare Group
619803 296700
2
622070 296963
2
631507 296045
2
629986 296130
2
626935 296150
2
625191 296092
2
621595 297390
2
623082 297513
2
622807 297203
2
618669 297335
2
619518 297545
2
619331 297618
2
623401 297205
2
630618 297353
2
631747 297435
2
631935 297343
2
631687 297453
2
631830 297443
2
631857 297600
2
633476 297473
2
633954 298080
2
633419 297815
2
633551 297630
2
633339 298048
2
632769 297793
2
632067 297788
2
631805 297850
2
631677 298090
2
630645 298275
2
629336 298120
2
629531 298578
2
625375 298490
2
632332 298931
2
628484 299158
2
628426 299128
2
628366 299091
2
628187 298996
2
628984 299083
2
628017 298768
2
628217 298750
2
628282 298840
2
629386 299896
2
632584 299621
2
620488 300053
2
633436 300433
2
633396 300328
2
623731 300331
2
622085 300318
2
619733 300771
2
625246 300813
2
630590 300953
2
Distribution of Hectare Group 3 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Evidence
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
Location 1
West Lynn
Clenchwarton
Clenchwarton
West Walton
West Walton
Walsoken
Walsoken
Watlington
Watlington
Emneth
Emneth
Emneth
Walsoken
Walsoken
Alpington
Morningthorpe
Rockland St. Mary
Saxlingham Nethergate
Saxlingham
Bramerton
Seething
Kirstead
Easting Northing Hectare Group
561030
320240
3
558910
320420
3
558000
320740
3
545860
312380
3
545820
311870
3
547480
311310
3
547360
311010
3
561300
310560
3
561300
310630
3
549222
307432
3
548272
307436
3
547127
308766
3
548362
309091
3
547877
309666
3
621200
301900
3
621215
293745
3
632212
304702
3
621855
297103
3
624828
296180
3
629748
304792
3
632095
297525
3
630315
298200
3
Distribution of Hectare Group 4 (from spreadsheet)
Sample area
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
Evidence
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
First Edition 1:2500 OS
Location 1
King's Lynn
Clenchwarton
King's Lynn
Wiggenhall st German's
Walsoken
Walsoken
Emneth
Emneth
Walsoken/Wisbech
Morningthorpe
Easting Northing Hectare Group
562700
320140
4
558160
319670
4
562580
319130
4
560210
315560
4
546880
311340
4
547240
311310
4
547452
307876
4
547132
308506
4
547557
308806
4
621012
294147
4