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Pottawatomie County
Pottawatomie County HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN - 2014 - 2019 DEVELOPED BY: Pottawatomie COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM PREPARED BY: Hazard Mitigation Specialists L.L.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 39 FUNDING................................................................................................................................................ 40 PURPOSES OF THE PLAN ....................................................................................................................... 41 SCOPE................................................................................................................................................... 41 COMMUNITY MITIGATION PLANNING GOALS ............................................................................................. 42 PLAN POINT OF CONTACT ...................................................................................................................... 43 EXISTING PLANS / PROGRAMS ................................................................................................................ 43 COMMUNITY PROFILES ........................................................................................................................... 54 POPULATION .......................................................................................................................................... 63 GOVERNMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 65 CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................ 85 Chapter Two ................................................................................................................................................ 87 The Planning Process ............................................................................................................................. 87 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan Formation: ................................................................... 88 Coordination Among Agencies ............................................................................................................ 95 Chapter Three ............................................................................................................................................. 97 Hazard Identification And Assessment.................................................................................................... 97 REVIEW OF NATURAL HAZARDS .............................................................................................................. 97 Recent Disaster History ....................................................................................................................... 99 Dam Failure – Pottawatomie County..................................................................................................... 102 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 103 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 119 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 119 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 120 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 120 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 120 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 121 Drought – Pottawatomie County ........................................................................................................... 122 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 122 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 124 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 125 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 128 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 129 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 131 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 2 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 131 Earthquake ............................................................................................................................................ 132 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 132 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 133 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 135 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE IMPACTS ....................................................................................................... 136 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 137 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 138 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 138 Extreme Heat ......................................................................................................................................... 139 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 139 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 140 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 141 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 141 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 142 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 143 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 143 Floods - Bethel Acres; Earlsboro; Shawnee And Tecumseh ................................................................ 144 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 145 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 146 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 146 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 151 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 151 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 152 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 152 Hail......................................................................................................................................................... 153 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 153 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 153 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 155 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 159 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 159 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 160 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 160 High Winds ............................................................................................................................................ 161 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 162 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 162 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 3 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 163 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 166 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 166 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 167 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 167 Lightning ................................................................................................................................................ 168 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 169 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 170 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 171 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 171 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 172 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 173 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 173 Tornado ................................................................................................................................................. 174 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 174 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 175 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 177 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 183 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 184 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 185 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 186 Wildfire ................................................................................................................................................... 187 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 188 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 195 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 214 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 215 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 216 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 216 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 217 Winter Storm .......................................................................................................................................... 218 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 218 EXTENT ............................................................................................................................................... 219 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES.................................................................................................................... 221 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS ........................................................................................................ 223 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 224 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 226 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 4 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 226 Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................................. 227 Mitigation Strategies .............................................................................................................................. 227 Local Hazard Mitigation Goals ........................................................................................................... 227 National Flood Insurance Program Participation ............................................................................... 227 Mitigation Action Plan ........................................................................................................................ 229 Current Mitigation Projects ................................................................................................................ 229 Repetitive Flood Properties ............................................................................................................... 230 Repetitive Flood Properties ............................................................................................................... 230 Flood Prone Areas Mitigation ............................................................................................................ 231 Flood Prone Areas Mitigation ............................................................................................................ 231 Community / School Safe Rooms ...................................................................................................... 232 Early Warning Devices....................................................................................................................... 232 Public Cooling / Warming Stations .................................................................................................... 233 Special Needs Identification .............................................................................................................. 234 Special Needs Identification .............................................................................................................. 235 Drought Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 235 Additional Water Capacity ................................................................................................................. 236 Mobile Home Tie Downs .................................................................................................................... 237 Public Awareness / Education ........................................................................................................... 237 Public Awareness / Education ........................................................................................................... 238 Bury Utility Lines ................................................................................................................................ 240 Alternate Power Source ..................................................................................................................... 240 Alternate Power Source ..................................................................................................................... 241 Wildfire Awareness / Education ......................................................................................................... 242 911 / Eoc Enhancement .................................................................................................................... 244 Earthquake Construction Standards .................................................................................................. 244 Earthquake Resistant Utilities ............................................................................................................ 245 Action Project 17 – Dam Eap ............................................................................................................. 245 Dam Monitoring Equipment ............................................................................................................... 246 Hazard Awareness / Education Book ................................................................................................ 246 Hazard Awareness / Education Book ................................................................................................ 247 Motorist Information Signs ................................................................................................................. 247 Motorist Information Signs ................................................................................................................. 249 Noaa Weather Radios........................................................................................................................ 250 Noaa Weather Radios........................................................................................................................ 251 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 5 School Intercom System .................................................................................................................... 251 Mass Notification System .................................................................................................................. 253 Mass Notification System .................................................................................................................. 254 Lightning Detection ............................................................................................................................ 254 Surge Protection ................................................................................................................................ 256 Stream Level Monitoring .................................................................................................................... 257 Stream Level Monitoring .................................................................................................................... 259 Flood Prone Roadways...................................................................................................................... 259 Flood Prone Roadways...................................................................................................................... 260 Flood /Erosion Prevention ................................................................................................................. 260 Drainage Ditch Improvements ........................................................................................................... 261 Hazard Warning Signs ....................................................................................................................... 261 Hurricane Clips .................................................................................................................................. 262 Window Film ...................................................................................................................................... 263 Cooling Fan Program ......................................................................................................................... 263 Hail Impact Resistant Roofing ........................................................................................................... 264 Retention Ponds ................................................................................................................................ 264 Water Wells ........................................................................................................................................ 265 Water Tower ...................................................................................................................................... 266 Xeriscaping ........................................................................................................................................ 267 Continued Nfip Participation .............................................................................................................. 267 Continued Nfip Participation .............................................................................................................. 268 Communications Repeater ................................................................................................................ 268 Cert / Mrc Teams ............................................................................................................................... 269 Individual Safe Room Program .......................................................................................................... 270 Red Cedar Eradication....................................................................................................................... 272 Rooftop Snow Guards........................................................................................................................ 272 Nfip Education .................................................................................................................................... 273 Maintain Floodplain Administrator ..................................................................................................... 273 Roll Down Doors ................................................................................................................................ 274 Snow Fencing .................................................................................................................................... 274 Individual Window Film Rebate Program........................................................................................... 275 Coleman Road Ditch Upgrade ........................................................................................................... 275 Re-Channel Squirrel Creek ................................................................................................................ 276 Hardesty Road/Hwy 102 .................................................................................................................... 276 Bethel And New Hope Road Improvements ...................................................................................... 277 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 6 Construct Bridges On 113 Road ........................................................................................................ 277 Retaining Wall On Propane Road ...................................................................................................... 278 Lake Chambers Road Bridge ............................................................................................................ 278 St Louis Road Bridge ......................................................................................................................... 279 344 Road Tin Horn............................................................................................................................. 279 353 Road Tin Horns ........................................................................................................................... 280 Dripping Springs Road Low Water Crossing ..................................................................................... 280 347 Road Tin Horn............................................................................................................................. 281 Debris Removal Equipment ............................................................................................................... 281 Salt Spreaders ................................................................................................................................... 282 Demolition Trailers ............................................................................................................................. 282 Response Vehicles ............................................................................................................................ 283 Salt Sheds .......................................................................................................................................... 283 Brush Cutters ..................................................................................................................................... 284 Debris Grinder .................................................................................................................................... 284 Flooding Benedict St And Us 177 At Tracks ..................................................................................... 284 Flooding Macarthur St And Runway Tunnel ...................................................................................... 285 Flooding Broadway And 7th St .......................................................................................................... 286 Flooding At Union And Wallace ......................................................................................................... 286 Flooding Between 4300 – 4400 Blk Aydellote ................................................................................... 287 Flooding At 2nd St And Bell St .......................................................................................................... 287 Flooding At Kickapoo And Kickapoo Spur ......................................................................................... 288 Flooding At Independence St And Minnesota ................................................................................... 288 Flooding At S. Gordon Cooper And Hardesty Rd .............................................................................. 289 Rumble Strip Cutter ........................................................................................................................... 289 Prioritization ....................................................................................................................................... 290 Chapter Five .............................................................................................................................................. 291 Plan Maintenance .................................................................................................................................. 291 Monitoring, Evaluating, And Updating Plan ....................................................................................... 291 Implementation Through Existing Programs ..................................................................................... 293 Continued Public Participation And Involvement ............................................................................... 293 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 7 LIST OF TABLES Chapter One Table 1 - 1 Major Employers in Pottawatomie County Chapter Two Table 2 –1 Introductory Meeting Attendees Table 2 - 1 Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Chapter Three Table 3 – 1 List of Natural Hazards affecting Pottawatomie County Table 3 – 2 Probabilities of Occurrence Defined Table 3 – 3 Federal Disaster Declarations Table 3 – 4 PDSI Classifications Table 3 – 5 SPI Values Table 3 – 6 Drought Condition Scale Table 3 – 7 Drought Events Table 3 – 8 Mercalli/Richter Scales Table 3 – 9 Heat Index Chart Table 3 –10 Extreme Heat History Table 3 –11 Flood History Table 3 –12 NOAA/TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale Table 3 –13 Hail Storm History Table 3 –14 Beaufort Wind Scale Table 3 –15 High Wind History Table 3 –16 Lightning History Table 3 –17 Fujita Scale Table 3 –18 Enhanced Fujita Scale Table 3 –19 Tornado History Table 3 – 20 Keetch Bynum Fire Danger Rating Table 3 – 21 Pottawatomie County Wildfire Complex Table 3 – 22 Wildfire History Table 3 – 23 Wind Chill Chart Table 3 – 24 Sperry-Piltz Utility Ice Damage Index Table 3 – 25 Winter Storm History Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 8 PLACE HOLDER For Pottawatomie County Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, Pottawatomie County intends to formally adopt the County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 9 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Asher Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Asher intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 10 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Bethel Acres Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Bethel Acres intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 11 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Brooksville Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Brookville intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 12 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Earlsboro Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Earlsboro intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 13 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Johnson Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Johnson intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 14 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Macomb Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Macomb intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 15 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Maud Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Maud intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 16 PLACE HOLDER For City of McLoud Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the City of McLoud Council intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 17 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Pink Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Pink intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 18 PLACE HOLDER For Town of St. Louis Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of St. Louis intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 19 PLACE HOLDER For City of Shawnee Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Shawnee City Council intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 20 PLACE HOLDER For City of Tecumseh Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Tecumseh City Council intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 21 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Tribbey Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Tribbey intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 22 PLACE HOLDER For Town of Wanette Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Town of Wanette intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 23 PLACE HOLDER For Asher Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Asher Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 24 PLACE HOLDER For Bethel Acres Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Bethel Acres Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 25 PLACE HOLDER For Dale Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Dale Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 26 PLACE HOLDER For Earlsboro Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Earlsboro Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 27 PLACE HOLDER For Grove Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Grove Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 28 PLACE HOLDER For Macomb Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Macomb Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 29 PLACE HOLDER For Maud Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Maud Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 30 PLACE HOLDER For McLoud Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the McLoud Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 31 PLACE HOLDER For Shawnee Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Shawnee Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 32 PLACE HOLDER For North Rock Creek Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the North Rock Creek Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 33 PLACE HOLDER For Pleasant Grove Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Pleasant Grove Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 34 PLACE HOLDER For South Rock Creek Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the South Rock Creek Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 35 PLACE HOLDER For Tecumseh Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Tecumseh Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 36 PLACE HOLDER For Wanette Public School District Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, the Wanette Public School District intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 37 PLACE HOLDER For Gordon Cooper Technology Center Adoption Resolution Once the plan has been reviewed and deemed approvable pending adoption by Oklahoma Emergency Management and FEMA, Gordon Cooper Technology Center intends to formally adopt the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan and provide an adoption resolution for approval. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 38 CHAPTER ONE PLAN STRATEGY – INTRODUCTION Preventing the disaster-rebuild-disaster cycle is a major initiative of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Disasters cannot be controlled, but human activities can minimize damages. One of the goals of FEMA is to reduce or prevent potential damage from various natural disasters. FEMA has initiated programs to make investments in communities that will reduce the amount of money it takes for a community to recover from a disaster. This risk reduction is known as Hazard Mitigation and the process to achieve it is outlined in a Hazard Mitigation Plan. A Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a systematic, objective review of a political jurisdiction and describes what steps can be taken to reduce a disaster’s harmful effects. Among the benefits of maintaining a Hazard Mitigation Plan are: • Ensures that hazard mitigation activities are coordinated with other community goals, preventing conflicts and reducing the costs of implementation. • Ensures that all alternatives are evaluated so that problems are addressed by the most appropriate and effective solutions. • Educates residents and other planning participants on existing hazard and protection measures. • Justifies public and political support for projects. The Plan is designed to fulfill the requirements of the following programs administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): a. b. c. d. e. Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA), Community Rating System Floodplain Management Planning (CRS) Post-disaster assistance through the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). Severe Repetitive Loss Program (SRL) Repetitive Flood Claims Program (RFC) In the past, the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act has provided funding for disaster relief, recovery, and some hazard mitigation planning. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) has been updated to meet the growing concern and needs of natural hazard mitigation. Due to more occurrences of disasters in the United States in recent years, including Oklahoma, the challenge to eliminate or reduce the effects of natural Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 39 disaster on jurisdictions and their citizens falls primarily to the local jurisdictions to resolve the problem. The escalating cost of emergency relief aid has prompted the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to focus its priorities toward mitigation. This is a dramatic shift from FEMA’s traditional charter of responding to disasters and being prepared to respond. Section 322 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. 5165, enacted under the Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) of 2000 (P.L. 106-390), provides new and revitalized approaches to mitigation planning. Section 322, in concert with other sections of the Act, provides: (b) Local and Tribal Plans - Each mitigation plan developed by a local or tribal government shall (1) Describe actions to mitigate hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities identified under the plan; and (2) Establish a strategy to implement those actions. A major requirement of the law is the development of local hazard mitigation plans. Local mitigation plans must be reviewed, updated and submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Division, and re-approved by FEMA every five years to remain eligible. This Mitigation Plan has been prepared to meet the requirements of the Act and the regulations established by FEMA. FUNDING Funding for the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan was provided by a 75 percent HMGP grant from FEMA, through the Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management (ODEM). The local share of 25 percent was provided by Pottawatomie County, but the plan includes all of the jurisdictions shown in the Scope of Work (following). All are located in Pottawatomie County. In 2011, the County received a commitment for federal grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to develop this Hazard Mitigation Plan. Subsequently, the Board of Commissioners of Pottawatomie County contracted with Hazard Mitigation Specialists, L.L.C., a Hazard Mitigation consulting firm, to help Pottawatomie County, the political jurisdictions, and public schools with this plan. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 40 PURPOSES OF THE PLAN Pottawatomie County, located in central Oklahoma, experiences frequent natural hazards that cause damage to property and has the potential to adversely affect local citizens. This Plan provides a framework on which to base comprehensive mitigation planning throughout the County. Hazard identification is the process that determines which hazards may threaten Pottawatomie County and its jurisdictions. Hazard Mitigation is the process of eliminating or reducing the effects of natural disasters that may affect Pottawatomie County in the future largely driven by what has happened the past five years. This plan not only provides the framework and guidance for an all-hazard approach to mitigation, it identifies hazard mitigation goals, recommended actions and initiatives that will reduce or prevent injury and damage from natural hazards. This plan points out hazard problems and measures to be implemented or continued, to alleviate the suffering and damage caused by disasters within Pottawatomie County. SCOPE The scope of the Pottawatomie County Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan is county-wide. This plan is all-inclusive of natural hazards that may threaten Pottawatomie County residents or visitors. The following jurisdictions are included in the Pottawatomie County Multi-jurisdictional Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan: Table 1-2 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY PARTICIPATING JURISDICTIONS COMMUNITIES Unincorporated Pottawatomie County Town of Asher Town of Bethel Acres Town of Brooksville Town of Earlsboro Town of Johnson Town of Maud Town of Macomb City of McLoud Town of Pink City of Shawnee Town of St. Louis PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICTS Asher Bethel Dale Earlsboro Grove Macomb Maud McLoud North Rock Creek Pleasant Grove Shawnee South Rock Creek Tecumseh Wanetta City of Tecumseh Town of Tribbey Town of Wanette Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 41 To be as effective and complete as possible, the Plan has also incorporated appropriate information from the State of Oklahoma Hazard Mitigation Plan approved by FEMA in 2011. The resources of the state through the Oklahoma Climatological Survey and Oklahoma Geological Survey were found to exceed local jurisdiction resources so they were also used. With the benefit of this Plan, the county intends to lessen its vulnerability to disasters caused by natural hazards. These actions will shape the community into a more resilient framework, able to recuperate more quickly and easily when damage does occur. COMMUNITY MITIGATION PLANNING GOALS In order to minimize the destruction and devastation resulting from disasters, Pottawatomie County has developed this Hazard Mitigation Plan to guide all levels of government, business, and the public. In addition to the general oversight of Pre-Disaster Mitigation that will be provided by Pottawatomie County Emergency Management and the County Commissioners, the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Team (PCHMPT) will play a key role relative to general oversight, reviewing goals, objectives, and developing Pre-Disaster Mitigation implementation plans. The strategy of Pottawatomie County is to utilize the mitigation programs of the Federal Government to minimize the loss of life and property to the citizens of the county. Each natural hazard that is identified to apply to any portion of the county will be addressed and eliminated where possible through the implementation of the HMGP, PDM, SRL, FMA and RFC programs and grants. Additionally other grants from other sources will be utilized where possible to provide the best mitigation program possible. The approach of the strategy will be all-hazard as they relate to the county, with a specific focus on prioritizing and mitigating those hazards. This plan is intended to promote increased coordination among local officials and agencies from all levels of government and to integrate hazard mitigation management capabilities and programs. The primary goals and objectives of the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan are to: GOALS 1. Protection of lives and property 2. Improved identification and protection of Critical Facilities 3. Prevent repetitive flooding 4. Educate citizens on all potential hazards 5. Improve response capabilities to hazard events. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 42 PLAN POINT OF CONTACT Primary: Don Lynch, Pottawatomie County Emergency Manager P.O. Box 1448 Shawnee, OK 74802-1448 Telephone: 1-405-878-1678 Fax: 1-405-878-1643 Secondary: Matthew Miller, EM Technician P.O. Box 1448 Shawnee, OK 74802-1448 Telephone: 405-878-1650 E-mail: matthew.miller@shawneeok.org E-mail: dlynch@shawneeok.org EXISTING PLANS / PROGRAMS / CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT There are various local, state, and federal agency operational plans, along with private organizations discussed in the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan, which coordinate or interact with the Hazard Mitigation Plan. The following tables reflect the plans which the participating jurisdictions may or may not have in place. As indicated, these plans were reviewed for incorporation into this plan and will continue to be updated and information incorporated into this plan and vice versa Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 43 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 44 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 45 Building Codes/Permitting/Inspections continued Table continued next page Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 46 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 47 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 48 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 49 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 50 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 51 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 52 Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) The Emergency Operations Plans (EOP) coordinates responsibilities to designated departments, agencies, and volunteers in the event of a disaster. This plan provides information on the location of warning sirens and community shelters. It directs departments, agencies and volunteers in the procedures to best provide guidance, relief, and assistance to citizens from the effects of a disaster. This plan is written expressly for the welfare and safety of the people of Pottawatomie County. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Each major department within the county has a written operating guide that outlines day to day operations. The County Highway Districts, the Emergency Management and Sheriff’s Departments have the most concentrated SOP’s due to the nature of their operations. The departmental SOP’s outline the operations and who is responsible for the various tasks during day to day operations. Each department affected by the Hazard Mitigation Plan will incorporate the goals and projects into their Standard Operation Plans in order to better carry out the goals established in the HM Plan. Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) A Capital Improvement Plan is a short-range plan which identifies capital projects and equipment purchases provides a planning schedule and identifies options for financing the plan. Community Development Plan The Community Development Plan sets out public policy in terms of transportation, utilities, land use, recreation and housing. Comprehensive plans encompass large geographical areas, a broad range of topics, and cover a long-term time horizon. Dam Breach – Warning and Evacuation Plan Provides specific information should a breach occur at the Tecumseh City Dam. Similar to a Emergency Operations Plan but deals strictly with a Dam Breach event. Comprehensive Improvement Plan This plan covers the entire geographic area of the district and expresses their goals and objectives. The plan lays out the vision, policies, and strategies for the future of the school, including the physical elements that will determine the districts future development. Debris Management Plan – A comprehensive debris management plan is a critical element in efficient recovery efforts when a disaster strikes. Debris management planning activities include the following: Identifies the responsible debris operations managers. Procure standby debris removal and disposal contracts prior to the disaster. (Costs must be reasonable) Identify debris removal monitoring resources and staffing Identify potential types and quantities of debris Identify waste disposal methods (i.e., incineration, chipping, recycling, etc.) Identify and prepare debris storage and reduction sites Consider the proximity and affect on residential areas, educational facilities, and environmental features Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 53 Collect baseline data. Determine site layout for storage, burning, grinding and other operations Provide buffer zones between areas within the site Provide ingress and egress to the site such that trucks do not delay normal traffic. Construct inspection towers at ingress and egress locations Establish an environmental remediation and site restoration plan Obtain appropriate Federal, State and local permits Implement a regular public information campaign that instructs the general public on guidelines for dealing with debris Ensure that costs are thoroughly documented ?and records are retained appropriately Economic Development Plan The Economic Development Plan is a comprehensive policy statement summarizing the major economic issues affecting the community. It establishes the community’s goals for employment expansion, community development and economic strength and identifies the means by which the community can actively reach these goals. Floodplain Development Operations This plan outlines policies controlling development in floodplain areas. Program is intended to reduce the risks associated with new development in regulated floodplain areas. Land Development Codes Are intended to ensure that development is of the proper type, design and location service by a proper range of public facilities and services. Zoning Ordinances Policies designating allowable land use and intensities for local areas. COMMUNITY PROFILES POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY - Bordered by Lincoln County to the north, Okfuskee and Seminole counties to the east, Pontotoc and McClain counties to the south, and Cleveland and Oklahoma counties to the west, Pottawatomie County is situated in east-central Oklahoma. The county encompasses 793.26 square miles of total land and water area and is drained by the North Canadian, Canadian, and Little rivers. Most of the county lies in the Sandstone Hills physiographic region. At the turn of the twenty-first century incorporated towns included Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee (county seat), Tecumseh, Tribbey, and Wanette. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 54 History of Pottawatomie County: During the 1820s and 1830s several explorers made their way through the area, including Stephen H. Long, Washington Irving, and the Leavenworth-Dodge Expedition of 1834. Pottawatomie County was carved out of land originally given to the Creek and Seminole. When the Five Civilized Tribes were forced to cede their lands after the Civil War, the Iowa, Sac and Fox, Absentee Shawnee, Citizen Band Potawatomi, and Kickapoo received lands in present Pottawatomie County. In the nineteenth century this area was crossed east and west by the northern branch of the California Road and north and south by the West Shawnee Cattle Trail. White settlement began in earnest with the land run on September 22, 1891. The run was organized after all the tribes, except the Kickapoo that had settled in the area, agreed to land allotment. The run for land in County B (Pottawatomie County) occurred at the same time as the run in County A (Lincoln County) to the north. The run for Tecumseh, the designated county seat of Pottawatomie County, was held a day later, because the site had not yet been platted. When the Kickapoo gave up their land rights in 1895, the northwestern portion of the county was added in the last land run in Oklahoma. In 1892 voters overwhelmingly adopted Pottawatomie as the county name in honor of the Potawatomi. Although Tecumseh, with its central location in the county, was established as the county seat, Shawnee vied for the designation on several occasions. The Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad ran its line through Shawnee in 1895 and located its servicing facilities in the city in 1896. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a line through Shawnee in the early twentieth century and established a maintenance shop in the city. Consequently, Shawnee grew more rapidly than Tecumseh. Tecumseh built a courthouse and jail in 1897, but that did not assure the city of retaining the county seat. After Tecumseh thwarted Shawnee's aspirations for moving the county government in 1909 and 1911 elections, Shawnee prevailed in a 1930 vote. Shawnee had even greater aspirations. The citizens hoped Shawnee would become the state capital, and they built a governor's mansion. However, Shawnee finished a distant third in the 1919 vote to relocate the capital. TOWN OF ASHER – COMMUNITY PROFILE Located near the "South" Canadian River in southern Pottawatomie County, Asher is approximately twenty-three miles south of Shawnee on U.S. Highway 177 and the intersection of State Highway 39. In 1877 the Sacred Heart Mission (listed in the National Register of Historic Places, NR 83002125) was established near present Asher. HISTORY OF ASHER: The Asher post office was established on November 26, 1901, after postmaster George A. McCurry moved his store and the post office from Avoca two miles south to Asher. On October 30, 1901 a group of pioneers from other states opened the town of Asher naming it after the individual who gave the land for the town. In 1902 the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad (leased by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway in 1904) built a line between Tecumseh and Asher. Agriculture and oil played an important role in Asher's economic base until 1950. During its early days Asher had two cotton gins, several banks, a saw mill, cattle shipping pen, and a weekly newspaper. The "oil boom" days of the 1920s and 1930s brought prosperity to the area. Oil was produced near Asher beginning in 1929. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 55 As in many small towns, the school is the center of many community activities. Asher has produced several basketball state-championship teams between the 1970s and the 1990s. At the turn of the twentyfirst century the town had two convenience stores, two restaurants, and three churches. As a "bedroom community" Asher had many citizens who commuted to work in Ada, Shawnee, and Oklahoma City. TOWN OF BETHEL ACRES – COMMUNITY PROFILE Located in northwestern Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres is situated approximately four miles south of Interstate 40 and four miles west of Shawnee and U.S. Highway 177/State Highway 3W. HISTORY OF BETHEL ACRES: The area was opened to non-Indian settlers during the Sac and Fox land opening on September 22, 1891. Pioneers who staked claims in present Bethel Acres soon established Bethel school district. Supposedly, classes were held in a brush arbor until a wood-frame school building was located at the corner of Clear Pond and Bethel roads. On April 24, 1962, twenty-six of the thirty-three eligible voters voted to incorporate Bethel Acres, an area of four and one-half square miles. Local citizens decided to incorporate because they feared that Shawnee, Tecumseh, or Oklahoma City would annex them. Bethel Acres residents wanted to retain their rural life style, unrestricted by city ordinances that would prohibit livestock. In October 1978 residents had a newly constructed community building and fire station that housed six fire trucks. By 1986 the area had its own water system and water tower. In 2003 citizens passed a bond issue to build a new kindergarten and first grade building. At the turn of the twenty-first century 96.6 percent of the employed commuted to jobs in Shawnee, Tecumseh, and Oklahoma City. TOWN OF BROOKSVILLE – COMMUNITY PROFILE One of more than fifty All-Black towns of Oklahoma, Brooksville is one of only thirteen still existing at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Located in Pottawatomie County four miles southwest of Tecumseh, Brooksville was established in 1903. Originally the town was named Sewell, after a white doctor who owned much of the surrounding land and attended the residents. In 1912 the name changed to Brooksville in honor of the first African American in the area, HISTORY OF BROOKSVILLE: W. M. Brooks became the first postmaster. In 1906 St. John's Baptist Church was organized. Soon afterward, the congregation built a church that still exists. The Pastor also promoted the town throughout the South, urging African Americans to settle in Brooksville. Brooksville had a Santa Fe Railroad station, three hotels, two doctors, and two mills. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 56 In 1924, with the aid of the Rosenwald Fund, a new school was built. Banneker School, was a rock building of four large rooms, a three-hundred-seat auditorium, a small library, and a well-equipped domestic science room. After a fire, the original building was replaced by a wooden one that served students until the school closed in 1968. The building then became a community center for the town and stands next to the new city hall. A declining cotton market and the Great Depression made life difficult in Brooksville, as in many Oklahoma communities. Most of the residents departed, but the town survived. TOWN OF Earlsboro – COMMUNITY PROFILE Located in Pottawatomie County, Earlsboro is situated at the intersection of U.S. Highway 270 and State Highway 9A. HISTORY OF EARLSBORO: Earlsboro is named for James Earls, a local African American barber who had been an orderly for Confederate Gen. Joseph "Joe" Wheeler. The town plat identified the town's name as Earlsborough. It was changed to Earlsboro when the post office opened on June 12, 1895. In 1891 the Choctaw Coal and Railway (later the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad) extended its line west from the Seminole Nation, and the town was formed in Oklahoma Territory, one half mile from Indian Territory. The town has had two significant booms. Liquor was illegal in Indian Territory, whisky fueled Earlsboro's first boom. The town's first three businesses were saloons, and its close proximity to Indian Territory attracted many customers and merchants. Earlsboro became known as "A wild whisky town, where murders and street fights were common". Despite its violent nature, Earlsboro prospered. The citizens established a blacksmith shop, cotton gins, a school district, and churches. By 1905 approximately 90 percent of the merchants profited from liquor sales. After 1907 statehood and prohibition, Earlsboro's population and economy declined. Lacking profits from whisky, consumers and merchants soon left. However, the agricultural settlers, who supported the cotton gins and new businesses, kept the town alive. Local and area newspapers kept citizens informed. On March 1, 1926, black gold was struck at 3,557 feet, resulting in a well that produced daily two hundred barrels. Word of the strike spread quickly, and oil derricks soon dotted the landscape. Within two months Earlsboro's population soared to an estimated ten thousand. Twenty-five-foot lots sold for as high as ten thousand dollars. The town sported a one-hundred-thousand-dollar hotel "admired as Oklahoma's fanciest," a grand theater boasting one thousand seats, twenty-three lumber yards, forty-one gasoline stations, twenty-four grocery stores, and many other businesses. Earlsboro experienced the infamy of Charles A. "Pretty Boy" Floyd, who robbed the town's bank and occasionally visited because his partner George Birdwell's mother lived there. Bankruptcy finalized Earlsboro's legacy. In 1929 citizens passed a $225,000 bond issue for a water and sewer works. Three years later prosperity ended when oil production declined. Leaving behind a glorious era and a mountain of debt, speculators and settlers moved. Families deserted their homes, and the hotel met its demise. Despite the fact that the bond debt could not be paid twenty years later, Earlsboro remained a productive rural community. Supported by a strong rural water district and the main offices of the Pottawatomie Telephone Company, Earlsboro's economic health improved. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 57 TOWN OF Johnson – COMMUNITY PROFILE Located in north-central Pottawatomie County, Johnson is situated one mile north of Interstate 40 on County Roads E1110/N3460. HISTORY OF JOHNSON: The area was opened to non-Indian settlers during the Sac and Fox land opening on September 22, 1891. It has remained sparsely populated through the years. In 1982 residents decided to incorporate to stop Shawnee's plans to establish a landfill near the Johnson community. On May 11, 1982, citizens voted 77 to 40 in favor of incorporation. Ninety-nine percent of those employed commute to Shawnee, Tecumseh, Oklahoma City, and Seminole. TOWN OF Macomb – COMMUNITY PROFILE Located in Pottawatomie County, Macomb is ten miles southwest of Tecumseh on State Highway 59B, four and onehalf miles west of U.S. Highway 177. HISTORY OF MACOMB: The community grew when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway survey bypassed Burnett, and Burnett entrepreneurs moved to Macomb. On May 29, 1903, the post office, originally designated as McComb, opened. The town's name was changed to Macomb on July 16, 1915, to reflect the proper spelling of its namesake, a Santa Fe railroad engineer whose last name was Macomb. In 1904 Business establishments included five general stores, several drug stores, hardware and grocery stores, meat markets, two cotton gins and grist mills, two saloons, a bank, furniture and coffin store, hotel and restaurant, blacksmith, and millinery shop. Macomb was a service center for the surrounding agricultural area. In 1904 the first school, a four-room building, housed eighty-eight pupils. The school grew when the earlyday Lone Star and Mount Zion schools closed. In the 1940s and 1950s Prairie View, Anderson, and Eagle schools consolidated with Macomb. Fraternal organizations such as the Masonic order, the IOOF (Odd Fellows), and the Woodman of the World were established during the early twentieth century. Almost as quickly as the town had grown and prospered on the prairies, it began to decline in the 1930s. Drought brought an end to the large cotton crops once raised in the area. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Macomb had one commercial business, a post office, fire station, Assembly of God Church, community center, Masonic lodge, and the Macomb Public School. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 58 TOWN OF Maud – COMMUNITY PROFILE Maud, birthplace of country music singer Wanda Jackson, is located at the intersection of State Highways 59 and 9A, in Pottawatomie County. HISTORY OF MAUD: With its western half of the town located in Pottawatomie County and its eastern half in Seminole County, the town was established along the dividing line between Oklahoma and Indian territories. In 1890 a barbed-wire fence was built from the North Canadian River to the Canadian River through the middle of town on the street now known as Broadway to keep American Indians out of Oklahoma Territory. However, the fence did not deter the illegal distribution of alcohol to the Indians. On April 16, 1896, a post office was established and the town named for a sister to the wives of the two owners of the first general store. A railroad depot built in 1903 serviced four passenger and eight freight trains daily on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway (in 1923 the Oklahoma City, Ada and Atoka Railway). In a short time one general store, three dry good stores, two drug stores, one blacksmith, three cotton gins, and one funeral parlor were built. Maud was incorporated on July 21, 1905. In the early 1920s due to the discovery of oil, Maud became a boomtown and its business district doubled. At the turn of the twenty-first century the Maud Historical Museum was located on East Main in the old Maud drugstore. CITY OF MCLOUD – COMMUNITY PROFILE McLoud is situated in the northwestern quarter of Pottawatomie County thirty miles east of Oklahoma City, at the intersection of U.S. Highway 270 and State Highway 102, three miles north of Interstate 40. Located on the North Canadian River, early-day McLoud was one of several towns known for manufacturing and selling whiskey to whites and American Indians. When a flood destroyed the original site, the small group of businesses moved about a mile south to higher ground. The McCloud post office was established in June 1895, and the spelling was changed to McLoud in October 1895. By 1904 McLoud had five cotton gins and two brick factories. As an agricultural center, large quantities of produce, including fruit from local orchards, were shipped to outside markets by train. In 1949 the city was recognized as the "Blackberry Capital of the World" when the Chamber of Commerce sent a crate of blackberries to Pres. Harry S. Truman. McLoud continues to celebrate an annual Blackberry Festival in July. Over the years the town has served as a commercial center for nearby farm families. By the turn of the twenty-first century McLoud had become a "bedroom" community, because many residents worked in surrounding towns. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 59 TOWN OF Pink – COMMUNITY PROFILE Located in western Pottawatomie County, the Tow of Pink lies on State Highway 9, ten miles west of Tecumseh. HISTORY OF PINK: The town emerged sometime after the Iowa, Sac and Fox, Citizen Band Potawatomi, and Absentee Shawnee lands were opened on September 22, 1891. The Post Office Department designated a Pink post office in January 1894, but the named individual as postmaster declined his appointment, delaying the opening until February. Thomas M. McKittrick accepted the postmaster job, but the post office discontinued in January 1897. In 1901 it was reestablished, but again discontinued in February 1906, with the mail diverted to Tecumseh. The town may have received the name Pink to complement the town of Brown, which was nearby in the same township and range. Throughout the town's history it has served the vicinity's agriculturists. In its infancy there was a gristmill and a general store. For much of the twentieth century a retail outlet has operated on State Highway 9. After the 1964 impoundment of Lake Thunderbird, a convenience store and gas station benefited from the increased traffic of outdoor enthusiasts. In the late 1960s Pink incorporated, and in 1977 the community completed a town hall and fire station. The majority of its residents commuted to the Oklahoma City or Norman areas to work. TOWN OF St. LOUIS – COMMUNITY PROFILE St. Louis is located approximately four miles east of U.S. Highway 177 on State Highway 59 in southern Pottawatomie County. HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS: Originally known as Simpsonville, the town began when after an early businessman who opened a cotton gin, added a gristmill around 1906, and soon thereafter opened the first general store. Later the town was called St. Louis when the local Unity School teacher, jokingly remarked to a passerby on his way to town that he was going to St. Louis. The town grew slowly. In 1902 a Primitive Baptist preacher, arrived from Polk County, Arkansas. He had 160 acres northeast of town and dealt in hides and cattle. In 1910 he opened a gristmill in town. Until around 1910, the nearest doctor came from Sacred Heart, the nearby Roman Catholic mission and school. The town plat was filed on March 9, 1927. The post office was established in 1928, and the town was incorporated during the oil-boom days. With the influx of oil-field workers during the 1920s, schools met the demand of a tenfold increase of school children. To bring about better education the Unity, Collins, and Cloverdale schools were consolidated to form the St. Louis School District. The community's economy has been primarily based on raising cotton and corn and as an agricultural service center. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 60 CITY OF SHAWNEE – COMMUNITY PROFILE The county seat of Pottawatomie County, Shawnee is located along the North Canadian River and six miles southeast of the intersection of U.S. Highway 177 and Interstate 40. HISTORY OF SHAWNEE: The Creek and Seminole area originally occupied the area that was designated as Pottawatomie County in 1892. After the Civil War those two nations ceded part of their land to the federal government, and the Sac and Fox, Citizen Band Potawatomi, Absentee Shawnee, and Kickapoo were removed to this region. On September 22, 1891, the area was opened to non-Indian settlers by a land run. Among the thousands who made the run, four individuals crossed a line, later called Kickapoo Street, and each staked a quarter section in the proposed city of Brockway. Following an all-night discussion among early settlers who had their own suggestions for the town name, a compromise was reached to name the town Shawnee, after the American Indian tribe. Soon after the run Shawnee's first main street was built and named Farrall Street; many city lots were sold, and by and by 1892 the population was estimated at 250. Several stores, two banks, two newspapers, two brickyards, seven cotton gins, three flour mills, and one livery stable dotted Farrall, Beard, and Broadway streets. From the 1960s to the turn of the twenty-first century, Shawnee's economic base changed from agrarian to a commercial, industrial, and service economy. Several stores, two banks, two newspapers, two brickyards, seven cotton gins, three flour mills, and one livery stable dotted Farrall, Beard, and Broadway streets. On July 4, 1895, after months of negotiation, the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad arrived at Kickapoo Street, which fostered rapid growth in the new town. In 1903-04 the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway extended rail service to Shawnee. At the turn of the twenty-first century the Santa Fe Depot served as a museum for the Pottawatomie County Historical Society. Early residents enjoyed baseball games, horse racing at the racetrack west of the city, and vaudeville and opera performances at the local establishments such as the Becker Theater. Good times were frequent at Benson Park, located between Shawnee and Tecumseh and reached by an interurban railway. Families spent leisurely Sunday afternoons at the park, listening to performances at the amphitheater, riding the roller coaster, roller-skating, or swimming in the pool called "The Plunge." Local leaders induced two higher-education institutions to locate in Shawnee. Oklahoma Baptist University held its first class in 1911. Its initial building, Shawnee Hall, was a gift from the citizens. The Benedictine Order of the Roman Catholic Church moved its school from Sacred Heart to Shawnee in 1915 and renamed it St. Gregory's College (now St. Gregory's University). As the city expanded, local industries and businesses grew. During a period of steady growth, several attempts were made to move the courthouse from Tecumseh to Shawnee. Finally, on December 19, 1930, citizens voted to move the county seat to Shawnee. The county courthouse in Shawnee was built with New Deal funding and opened on July 6, 1935. They maintained a home rule charter with councilmanager form of government. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 61 CITY OF Tecumseh – COMMUNITY PROFILE Located in Pottawatomie County, Tecumseh is situated at the intersection of U.S. Highways 177 and 270 and State Highway 9. HISTORY OF TECUMSEH: Named after the famous Shawnee chief, the location was selected by a U.S. Army major sent from Fort Reno in the summer of 1891. The townsite contained 320 acres, twenty of which were allotted to the Quakers (Society of Friends). The western third of the area was covered by large oak trees, and the eastern two-thirds was prairie. On September 23, 1891, Tecumseh was opened for settlement as a result of the land run into the Sac and Fox/Iowa/Kickapoo/Shawnee/Potawatomi reservations, a day after the run, because surveyors had not completed their work. At noon, when soldiers fired shots in the air on the perimeter of the townsite, approximately fifteen thousand individuals sought five thousands homesteads. Among the crowd were gamblers, promoters, and adventurers as well as men and women determined to shape a new community. The future town had been designated seat of County "B" on July 17, 1891, by the Department of the Interior. A post office was established on September 18, 1891. Representatives of religious and fraternal bodies were present, and a Presbyterian minister held his first meeting on the northwest corner of the public square on Sunday following the run. Merchants immediately opened for business in tents. Small frame buildings replaced tents over the next year, and the frame buildings were replaced with brick structures in the early 1900s. Thus the business district developed, and it remained basically the same, with many of the buildings still standing at the turn of the twenty-first century. Beginning in 1903 the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway served a surrounding agricultural region in which cotton was the main crop. Tecumseh served as the Pottawatomie County seat until Shawnee won the designation in a 1930 election. In the 1920s cotton production declined due to depressed prices and boll weevil infestation. During the Great Depression many townspeople moved to rural areas in order to secure a subsistence living. The labor force was primarily engaged in public and private service occupations. Tecumseh maintained a home rule charter form of government. TOWN OF Tribbey – Community Profile Tribbey is located ten miles south of the intersection of State Highways 9 and 102 in southern Pottawatomie County. HISTORY OF TRIBBEY: The town's namesake, Alpheus M. Tribbey, and his family came from Texas to Marietta, Indian Territory, in 1888. When the Iowa, Sac and Fox, Citizen Band Potawatomi, and Absentee Shawnee lands were opened on September 22, 1891, Tribbey staked a claim. He gave land to the Eastern Oklahoma Railway (later Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway) in 1903 and twenty-two acres for a townsite, platted in 1904. He built a two-story building that served as his residence and as the Tribbey Hotel. The post office opened on February 4, 1905. A cotton gin and sawmill were established. The town soon bustled with two cotton gins, two blacksmith shops, a bank, several stores, and a livery. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 62 With cotton as the main crop, farmers also raised corn, potatoes, alfalfa, fruit, and cattle. Tribbey was the shipping center for cotton until the market declined due to lack of rain and boll weevil devastation during the early 1920s. In 1919 Service Pipeline built a pump station in Tribbey, employing approximately fourteen men as well as roughnecks and pipeline workers. In 1961 the pump station was replaced by an electronic system. After the Great Depression Pres. Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal programs provided employment to Tribbey citizens. During World War II residents commuted to the Oklahoma City area to work at defense jobs. Decline in population caused the railroad service to be discontinued in 1954 and the postal service to be moved to Macomb in 1958. The school was annexed to Wanette in 1967. In 1989 an eightand-one-half-foot-high granite memorial honoring approximately two hundred local military men was erected at Tribbey Cemetery. TOWN OF Wanette – Community Profile Located in Pottawatomie County, Wanette is approximately thirty miles south of Shawnee and one mile south of State Highway 39 on State Highway 102. HISTORY OF Wanette: One of the first homes in the area, a two-story cabin about one and one-half miles from the present townsite was built in In 1868. In 2003 the cabin still existed. In 1876 the Potawatomi gave some of their reservation lands to the Benedictine Order of the Roman Catholic Church, who established the Sacred Heart Mission nearby. The town went through several name changes and moves before the name Wanette was established when the post office opened on March 19, 1894. During the territorial era, outlaws Belle Starr and Cole Younger frequented the area. In 1903 the town moved one mile north when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a line from Newkirk to Pauls Valley. In the early 1900s several newspapers competed for readership. Three cotton gins, a brick kiln, several wagon yards, a livery, and a harness shop were among the early establishments. Two banks existed before 1907 statehood. In 1907 initially cotton, and then oil, provided the bases for the local economy. In 1920, ten thousand bales of cotton were shipped from Wanette. During the 1930s the Wanette-Asher oil field boosted the economy. The local agricultural region also produced pecans, oats, corn, alfalfa, and hay. At the turn of the twenty-first century Wanette was an agricultural support center and a "bedroom" community for Moore, Norman, and Oklahoma City. POPULATION At 1907 statehood, Pottawatomie County had 43,272 residents. Numbers continued to increase from 43,595 reported in 1910 to 46,028 in 1920. As a result of the oil boom the county population hit its twentieth-century high point of 66,572 in 1930. After a steady decline to 41,486 in 1960 the population grew steadily for the remainder of the century. By 1980 and 1990 numbers had rebounded to 55,239 and 58,760, respectively. By 1980 and 1990 numbers had rebounded to 55,239 and 58,760, respectively. From 2000 to 2010, the Pottawatomie County population growth percentage was 6.0% from 65,521 people to 69,442 people. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 63 Town of Asher - By 1907 statehood the population stood at 465. The population reached 653 residents in 1930. The census declined until 1980 when it peaked at 659. At the turn of the twenty-first century the town had 419 residents. The 2010 census figures for Asher indicated a population of 393. With 393 people, Asher is the 398th most populated city in the state of Oklahoma. Town of Bethel Acres - In 1970 Bethel Acres had a population of 1,083. In 1980 and 1990 censuses indicated 2,314 and 2,505, respectively. Numbers rose to 2,735 in 2000 as more individuals desiring a rural setting moved into the vicinity. By the 2010 census the population had risen to 2,895 which ranked it th as the 115 largest city in Oklahoma. Town of Brooksville - At the beginning of the twenty-first century Brooksville was steadily increasing in population. By the 2010 census 63 people resided in Brooksville. It is the 683rd most populated town in the state of Oklahoma. Town of Earlsboro - .By 1905 the population reached an estimated 500. After 1907 though, the population had slipped to 387. Earlsboro's population peaked however at 1,950 in 1930. At the turn of the twenty-first century the population had increased from 535 in 1990 to 633 in 2000. In 2010 with a population of 628, Earlsboro was ranked the 308th most populated town in Oklahoma. Town of Johnson - Had a population of 196 in 1990 and 223 in 2000. With 247 people (2010), Johnson is the 495th most populated town in the state of Oklahoma. Town of Macomb – In 1904 Macomb had an estimated population of 350, however it began to decline in the 1930s. By the turn of the twenty-first century only sixty-one residents lived in the town and by 2010 the population had dropped to 32. Macomb is ranked number 710 in the state. Town of Maud - By 1910 the population had reached 503. In the early 1920s Maud had an estimated population of ten thousand. By 1930 however, Maud's population dwindled to 4,326. At the turn of the twenty-first century the town had a population of 1,136. In 2010 the census showed Maud with a population of 1,048 making Maud the 231st most populated town in the state. City of McLoud - In 1900 McLoud had a population of 498, and by 1907 statehood it had risen to 783. In both cases it was the third largest town in the county. By 2000 the population was 3,548. In the 2010 census report, McLoud had grown to 4,044. Town of Pink - In 1970 Pink’s population stood at 337 and by 1980 the population had climbed to 911. It continued to grow, reaching 1,020 in 1990. In 2000 the population was 1,165. By 2010 the population had escalated to 2,058 making Pink the 151st most populated city in the state of Oklahoma. Town of St. Louis – In 1930’s the population declined from 493 to 326 in 1940. By 1990 and 2000, the population was 181 and 206, respectively. With 158 people in 2010, St. Louis is ranked as the 560th most populated community in Oklahoma. City of Shawnee - In 1892 the population was estimated at 250. The population grew from 350 in 1894 to 2,500 in 1896. By 1930 the population stood at 23,000. In the 2000 census Shawnee had grown to th 28,692 residents and by 2010 there were 29,857 residents which ranks Shawnee as the 13 most populated city in Oklahoma. . City of Tecumseh - At 1907 statehood the population stood at 1,621. The censuses for 1910 and 1920 reported 1,625 and 1,429, respectively In 1930 Tecumseh had 2,419 inhabitants. That number declined to 2,042 in 1940. With 4,451 residents counted in 1970 the town's population increased each decade until Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 64 it peaked at 6,098 at the turn of the twenty-first century. By the time the 2010 census report was taken, nd Tecumseh had grown to 6,457 residents making it the 62 largest city in Oklahoma. Town of Tribbey -.Between 1900 and 1920 population increased from 200 to 500. At the turn of the twenty-first century Tribbey’s population had dropped to 273. With 391 people, Tribbey is the 399th most populated city in the state of Oklahoma. Town of Wanette - In 1907 the population stood at 739. In 1920, the population peaked at 783. At the turn of the twenty-first century Wanette had 402 residents. In 2010 with 350 citizens, Wanette holds the 419th most populated town ranking. GOVERNMENT Pottawatomie County government generally performs state mandated duties which include assessment of property, record keeping (e.g., property and vital statistics). Other major programs performed by the county are the maintenance of rural roads, administration of elections, county law enforcement/jail administration, judicial functions, and relief for the poor. Today counties are also rapidly moving into other public services such as undertaking programs relating to child welfare, consumer protection, economic development, employment training, planning and zoning, and water quality, to name a few. Pottawatomie County, like most counties, considers construction/ maintaining county roads one of their primary programs. Counties are a subdivision of state government. The powers it exercises are primarily delegated by the State as a quasi-municipal corporation. Each County is divided into three districts, as equal in population as possible and numbered 1, 2, and 3 respectively. One Commissioner is elected from each district. District boundaries are set every 10 years following the federal census. Oklahoma County Commissioners are required to fulfill the needs of their District with taxpayer funds provided, each year, in a Highway Cash Account and a Highway Levy Account. A County Commissioner is a Constitutional Officer, who must fulfill his or her Constitutional and Statutory duties All of the county officials are elected to staggered four year terms except for the Election Board Secretary who is appointed by the local state senator. Counties are made up of the following elected officials: • District 1, 2, and 3 County Commissioners • County Clerk - Functions as the custodian of records for the county, acts as registrar of deeds, and acts as the county’s purchasing agent. • County Court Clerk - Maintains all proceedings of the Court of Record in the county. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 65 • County Assessor - Have the duty and responsibility to determine the true worth of real and personal property for the purpose of taxation. • County Treasurer - Acts as the tax collector and banker for the county. • County Sheriff - Preserves the peace and protects life and property and suppress’ all unlawful disturbances. Oklahoma Statutes Citationized Title 19. Counties and County Officers Chapter 1 - Status and Power of Counties Section 3 - County's Powers Exercised by Board of Commissioners - Certain Contracts Void by Individual Commissioner Cite as: O.S. §, __ __ The powers of a county as a body politic and corporate shall be exercised by its board of county commissioners. It is hereby declared to be contrary to law, and against public policy, for any individual county commissioner, or commissioners, when not acting as a board, to enter into any contract, or to attempt to enter into any contract, as to any of the following matters: (a) Any purchase of equipment, machinery, supplies or materials of any kind for any county or any commissioner's district, or districts, thereof; (b) Any contract or agreement relating to or for the leasing or rental of any equipment, machinery, supplies or materials for any county or any commissioner's district, or districts, thereof; (c) To do or transact any business relating to such county, or any commissioner's district, or districts thereof, or to make any contract or agreement of any kind relating to the business of such county, or any commissioner's district, or districts thereof; And none of such acts or attempted contracts as above set forth, done or attempted to be done, by an individual county commissioner or commissioners, when not acting as a board, shall ever be subject to ratification by the board of county commissioners, but shall be illegal, unlawful and wholly void. Provided that nothing herein shall be construed as prohibiting or preventing the chairman of the board of county commissioners from performing such duty or duties as he may be required by law to perform as chairman of such board, but only after the board, by a majority vote thereof, shall have authorized and directed such performance by said chairman MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT A municipality means the governing body of a municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. In Oklahoma there are several forms of government within municipal government. The forms of government for each jurisdiction are identified following: Under Oklahoma law, municipalities are divided into two categories: cities, defined as having more than 1,000 residents, and towns, with under 1,000 residents. Both have legislative, judicial, and public power within their boundaries, but cities can choose between a mayorcouncil, council-manager, or strong mayor form of government, while towns operate through an elected officer system. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 66 TOWN DEFINITION: In Oklahoma, a town is the most common division of a county and is a municipality which has incorporated as a town in accordance with the laws of Oklahoma CITY DEFINITION: In Oklahoma, a city is a highly autonomous incorporated area usually contained within a county. Some cities span multiple counties. Cities provide the same services as towns but operate under one of four possible government structures: aldermanic (weak mayor-council), councilmanager, strong mayor-council, and home rule. Oklahoma Statutes Citationized Title 11. Cities and Towns Chapter 1 - Oklahoma Municipal Code Article I - General Provisions and Definitions 1. "Charter municipality" or "Municipality governed by charter" means any municipality which has adopted a charter in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and laws of Oklahoma and at the time of adoption of the charter had a population of two thousand (2,000) or more. Once a municipal charter has been adopted and approved, it becomes the organic law of the municipality in all matters pertaining to the local government of the municipality and prevails over state law on matters relating to purely municipal concerns; 2. "City" means a municipality which has incorporated as a city in accordance with the laws of this state; 13. "Town" means a municipality which has incorporated as a town in accordance with the laws of Oklahoma. Section 22-101 - Corporate Powers of Municipalities All incorporated municipalities shall be bodies corporate and politic, and shall have the powers to: 1. Sue and be sued; 2. Purchase and hold real and personal property for the use of the municipality; 3. Sell and convey any real or personal property owned by the municipality and make orders respecting the same as may be conducive to the best interests of the municipality; 4. Make all contracts and do all other acts in relation to the property and affairs of the municipality, necessary to the good government of the municipality, and to the exercise of its corporate and administrative powers; and 5. Exercise such other powers as are or may be conferred by law. STATUTORY TOWN BOARD OF TRUSTEES FORM OF GOVERNMENT Oklahoma Statutes Citationized Title 11. Cities and Towns Chapter 1 - Oklahoma Municipal Code Article XII - Statutory Town Board of Trustees Form of Government Section 12-102 - Governing Body - Board of Trustees The town board of trustees shall consist of either three (3) or five (5) trustees who shall be nominated from wards or at large and elected at large. The governing body may submit to the voters the question of whether the town board shall consist of either three (3) or five (5) trustees. If approved, the election of trustees to fill any new positions shall take place at the time set by the town board but no later than the next regular municipal election. The terms of the new trustees shall be staggered as provided for in Sections 16-205 and 16-206 of this title. Town of Asher Town of Bethel Acres Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 67 Town of Brooksville Town of Earlsboro Town of Johnson Town of Macomb Town of Pink Town of St. Louis Town of Tribbey Town of Wanette As prescribed by the Legislature, the government of towns is that of a Board of Trustees, the simplest government type in Oklahoma. The Board is composed of three or five members, each representing a ward, and elected at large by the town. The Board exercises both executive and legislative functions. The Trustees elect from among themselves a President of the Board, who presides over the board and serves as Mayor of the town. The Mayor is the head of state for the town and, depending on the duties of the given Mayor, may serve as the head of government of the town. The judicial branch is known as Municipal Court, which is a court of no-record in Oklahoma's judicial system. ALDERMANIC FORM OF GOVERNMENT Oklahoma Statutes Citationized Title 11. Cities and Towns Chapter 1 - Oklahoma Municipal Code Article Article IX - Aldermanic Form of Government Section 9-102 - Governing Body The governing body of a statutory aldermanic city shall consist of the mayor, who is elected at large, and one or two councilmembers from each ward of the city. The governing body may submit to the voters the question of whether one or two councilmembers shall be elected from each ward. If approved, the change shall become effective for the next regular municipal election which shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of Section 11-16-202 or 11-16-204 of this title, whichever is applicable. Town of Maud The Aldermanic form is the first form of city government provided by the Legislature. Also known as weak mayor government, the governing body of an aldermanic city consists of the Mayor, who is elected at large, and two councilmembers from each ward of the city, forming the City Council. The Mayor serves as the presiding officer of the Council as well as the head of government of the city. The Mayor may vote on the Council but only when the Council is equally divided. The Mayor may sign or veto any city ordinance or resolution passed by the Council. Any ordinance or resolution vetoed by the Mayor may be overturned by a two-thirds vote of the Council. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 68 Statutory Council-Manager Oklahoma Statutes Citationized Title 11. Cities and Towns Chapter 1 - Oklahoma Municipal Code Article X - Council-Manager Form of City Government Section 10-101 - Statutory Council-Manager Form of Government The form of government provided by Sections 11-10-101 through 11-10-121 of this title shall be known as the statutory council-manager form of city government. Cities governed under the statutory councilmanager form shall have all the powers, functions, rights, privileges, franchises and immunities granted, or which may be granted, to cities. Such powers shall be exercised as provided by law applicable to cities under the statutory council-manager form, or if the manner is not thus prescribed, then in such manner as the council may prescribe. City of McLoud - Council-Manager City of Shawnee - Council-Manager City of Tecumseh - Council-Manager The council-manager form is the second form of city government provided by the Legislature. The governing body of a council-manager city is a city council composed of one councilmember from each ward of the city and one-at large councilmember. The council then elects from among its members a Mayor and a Vice-Mayor to serve concurrent two-year terms. The Mayor presides over all meetings of the council. Though recognized as head of state of the city, the Mayor has no regular administrative duties except for signing all conveyances and other written obligations of the city as the council requires. In the absence of the Mayor, the Vice-Mayor acts as the Mayor. Aside from passing ordinances and raising city revenue, the council is responsible for appointing a city manager to serve as the head of government for the city. The city manager is appointed by a majority vote of the council to serve an indefinite term. However, the city manager may be suspended or removed at any time by a majority vote of the council. The city manager must be chosen solely on the basis of executive and administrative qualifications without regard to political affiliation. Neither the Mayor nor any members of the council may be appointed city manager during their term of office or within two years after they cease to hold such office. The city manager is the chief executive officer of the administrative branch of the city government. He is responsible to the council for executing the laws and administering the government of the city. Most city officials are appointed and removed by the city manager without prior council approval. The city manager also supervises and controls all administrative departments, prepares an annual budget for the council to approve, and is to keep the council advised of the financial condition and future needs of the city. For the most part, the city manager is mostly independent of the council in performing his administrative duties. Except for the purposes of inquiry, the council and its members can only deal with the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 69 administrative departments of the city solely through the city manager. As such, the council may not direct or request the city manager to appoint or remove city officers or employees or give orders on ordinary administrative matters to any subordinate of the city manager either publicly or privately. STATUTORY STRONG-MAYOR-COUNCIL FORM OF CITY GOVERNMENT Oklahoma Statutes Citationized Title 11. Cities and Towns Chapter 1 - Oklahoma Municipal Code Article Article XI - Statutory Strong-Mayor-Council Form of City Government Section 11-106 - Mayor - Duties as Chief Executive Officer The mayor shall be chief executive officer and head of the administrative branch of the city government. He shall execute the laws and ordinances, and administer the government of the city. He shall be recognized as the head of the city government for all ceremonial purposes and by the Governor for purposes of military law. He shall: 1. Appoint, and when necessary for the good of the service, remove, demote, lay off, or suspend all heads or directors of administrative departments and all other administrative officers and employees of the city in the manner provided by law. The mayor or the council by ordinance may authorize the head of a department, office or agency to appoint and remove subordinates in such department, office or agency; 2. Supervise and control, directly or indirectly, all administrative departments, agencies, officers and employees; 3. Prepare a budget annually and submit it to the council and be responsible for the administration of the budget after it goes into effect; and recommend to the council any changes in the budget which he deems desirable; 4. Submit to the council a report after the end of the fiscal year on the finances and administrative activities of the city for the preceding year; 5. Keep the council advised of the financial condition and future needs of the city, and make such recommendations as he deems desirable; 6. Grant pardons for violations of city ordinances, including the remission of fines and costs, upon the recommendation of the municipal judge; and 7. Have such other powers, duties and functions as may be prescribed by law or by ordinance City of McLoud The strong mayor-council form, often shortened to simply strong mayor, is the third form of city government provided by the Legislature. The governing body of a strong mayor city consists of the Mayor, who is elected at large, and one councilmember from each ward of the city. The Mayor serves as an ex officio councilmember at large. The council then elects from among its members a Vice-Mayor to serve a two-year term. In the absence of the Mayor, the Vice-Mayor acts as the Mayor. When a vacancy occurs in the office of Vice-Mayor, the council shall elect from among its members another Vice-Mayor for the duration of the unexpired term. When vacancies occur in both the offices of Mayor and Vice-Mayor, the council will elect one of its members to act as Mayor. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 70 The Mayor presides over all meetings of the council. As the councilmember at large, the Mayor has all the powers, rights, privileges, duties and responsibilities of any other councilmember, including the right to vote on all questions. However, if the council deems that the Mayor has a personal interest in any matter under consideration, the council may elect any councilmember to preside as temporary president of the council. The Mayor serves as head of government for the city as the city's chief executive officer. He is responsible to the people of the city for executing the laws and for administering the government of the city. The Mayor appoints and removes most city officials without prior council approval, supervises and controls (either directly or indirectly) all city departments, prepares the annual budget for council approval, keeps the council advised of the financial condition and future needs of the city, and may grant pardons for violations of city ordinances upon the recommendation of the municipal judge. The Mayor may appoint himself (or the council may elect or appoint him) to other offices and positions in the city government, subject to such regulations as the council prescribes. However, he may not receive additional compensation for such service. The council may provide that the Mayor shall hold ex officio designated administrative offices subordinate to the Mayor as well as other designated compatible city offices. ECONOMICS AND TRANSPORTATION In addition to the railroad shops in the late 1800’s, the county's economy rested on agriculture, oil, and liquor for the first fifty years of its existence. Cotton was the primary cash crop, followed by potatoes, truck gardens, and orchards. By the 1930s pecans and alfalfa were important crops as well. Before 1907 statehood and statewide prohibition, cities such as Keokuk and Corner did thriving business selling liquor to residents of the contiguous Indian Territory, which was dry. In the 1920s the county profited from the oil boom, as oil fields were developed in Earlsboro and St. Louis in 1926 and Asher in 1929. In 1997 Pottawatomie County ranked eleventh in the state in retail sales, with 276 establishments and $397 million in sales. At the turn of the twenty-first century the top three areas of employment were manufacturing with 4,257 employees and an annual payroll of $131 million, retail sales with 3,129 employees and $46 million annual payroll, and health care and social assistance with 2,680 employees and $60 million annual payroll. Although a number of manufacturing companies had located in Shawnee and Tecumseh, agriculture remained important to the county's economy. At the turn of the twenty-first century Pottawatomie County Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 71 had 48,500 acres planted in hay, 20,000 acres in wheat, and 4,500 acres in soybeans. The county had 1,448 farms, averaging 232.37 acres. Motorists and commercial transports have use of Interstate-40; U.S. Highway 177 and State Highways 3; 9; 39; 102; 270 and 277 to get to their destinations, to receive commerce from all over the nation and to travel state and nationwide. The county also maintains numerous miles of roads throughout the county. Many of the county's towns serve as "bedroom" communities for the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. ACADEMIA Oklahoma Baptist University and St. Gregory's University, as well as the Gordon Cooper Technology Center, are located in Shawnee. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 72 ASHER PUBLIC SCHOOLS – serve students in the south central part of Pottawatomie County. Students are in Pre-K through Grade 12 with a total enrollment of 249. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 73 Asher Elementary School (Grades Pre K – 12 Enrollment = 180 Certified Staff = 10) Asher High School (Grades 9 – 12 Enrollment = 69 Certified Staff = 12) BETHEL SCHOOL DISTRICT – serves students in west-central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 1,344 students in grades Pre K – 12. The district employs 89 certified staff. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 74 Bethel Elementary School (Grades Pre K–5- Enrollment = 662 Certified Staff = 35) Bethel Middle School Bethel High School (Grades 6-8 –Enrollment = 302 Certified Staff = 24) (Grades 9-12 – Enrollment =380 Certified Staff = 29) DALE SCHOOL DISTRICT – serves students in north-central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 673 students in grades Pre K – 12. The district employs 56 certified staff. Dale Elementary School (Grades Pre K–5- Enrollment = 339 Certified Staff = 26) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 75 Dale Middle School (Grades 6-8 –Enrollment = 160 Certified Staff = 10) Dale High School (Grades 9-12 – Enrollment =174 Certified Staff = 20) EARLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT – serves students in east-central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 257 students in grades Pre K – 12. The district employs 23 certified staff. Earlsboro Elementary School (Grades Pre K–8- Enrollment = 159 Certified Staff = 12) Earlsboro High School (Grades 9-12 – Enrollment = 98 Certified Staff = 11) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 76 Grove Public School District - Originally known as School District Number 27, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma Territory and called “Equity School,” Grove School takes its present name from a generous donation of land in May 1906. Grove Public School District serves rural elementary students in central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 406 students in grades Pre K – 8. The district employs 30 certified staff. Grove Elementary School (Grades Pre K–8- Enrollment = 406 Certified Staff = 30) MACOMB SCHOOL DISTRICT – serves students in west-central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 371 students in grades Pre K – 12. The district employs 29 certified staff. Macomb Elementary School (Grades Pre K–8- Enrollment = 261 Certified Staff = 16) Macomb High School (Grades 9 – 12 Enrollment = 110 Certified Staff = 13) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 77 MAUD SCHOOL DISTRICT – serves students in east-central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 301 students in grades Pre K – 12. The district employs 29 certified staff. Maud Elementary/Middle School (Grades Pre K–8- Enrollment = 230) (Certified Staff = 15) Call school re: enrollment #’s Maud Middle School See above) Maud High School (Grades 9 – 12 Enrollment = 71) (Certified Staff = 13) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 78 MCLOUD SCHOOL DISTRICT – serves students in east-central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 301 students in grades Pre K – 12. The district employs 29 certified staff. McLoud Elementary School (Grades Pre K–6- Enrollment = 990) (Certified Staff = 64) McLoud Junior High School (Grades Pre 7–8- Enrollment = 255) (Certified Staff = 18) McLoud High School (Grades 9 – 12 Enrollment = 562) (Certified Staff = 49) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 79 NORTH ROCK CREEK SCHOOL DISTRICT – serves students in north-central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 562 students in grades Pre K – 8. The district employs 44 certified staff. North Rock Creek Elementary School (Grades Pre K–8- Enrollment = 990) (Certified Staff = 64) PLEASANT GROVE SCHOOL DISTRICT – is a small district bordered by Shawnee PS that serves students in central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 212 students in grades Pre K – 8. The district employs 19 certified staff. Pleasant Grove Elementary School (Grades Pre K–8- Enrollment = 990) (Certified Staff = 64) SOUTH ROCK CREEK PUBLIC SCHOOLS – is a district that serves students in central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 394 students in grades Pre K – 8. The district employs 26 certified staff. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 80 South Rock Creek Elementary School (Grades Pre K–8- Enrollment = 394) (Certified Staff = 26) SHAWNEE PUBLIC SCHOOLS –serves students in central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 3,969 students in grades Pre K – 12. The district employs 273 certified staff. Shawnee Early Childhood Center (Grades PK – KG - Enrollment = 550) Certified Staff -22) Horace Mann Elementary School (Grades 1-5- Enrollment = 316) (Certified Staff = 22) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Jefferson Elementary School (Grades 1-5- Enrollment = 361) (Certified Staff = 27) Page 81 Sequoyah Elementary School Will Rogers Elementary School (Grades 1-5- Enrollment = 348) (Certified Staff = 24) (Grades 1-5- Enrollment = 398) (Certified Staff = 28) Shawnee Middle School (Grades 6 – 8 - Enrollment = 787) (Certified Staff = 60) Shawnee High School (Grades 9 – 12 - Enrollment = 1,209) (Certified Staff = 75) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 82 TECUMSEH PUBLIC SCHOOLS –serves students in south-central Pottawatomie County with a total enrollment of 2,230 students in grades Pre K – 12. The district employs 188 certified staff Barnard Elementary School (Grades 1-2 - Enrollment = 323) (Certified Staff = 26) Cross Timbers Elementary School (Grades 3-5- Enrollment = 456) (Certified Staff = 35) Koush Elementary School (Grades PK- KG -Enrollment = 270) (Certified Staff = 17) Tecumseh Juvenile Center (Grades 9-12 – Enrollment = 85) (Certified Staff = 17) Tecumseh Middle School (Grades 6-8 – Enrollment = 481) (Certified Staff = 35) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 83 Tecumseh High School (Grades 9-12 – Enrollment = 615) (Certified Staff = 58) Wanette Elementary School (Grades PK- 8 – Enrollment = 164) (Certified Staff = 8) Wanette High School (Grades 9-12 – Enrollment = 73) (Certified Staff = 15) GORDON COOPER TECHNOLOGY CENTER - Gordon Cooper Technology Center is a public career and technology education center located in Shawnee, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education system. Gordon Cooper Technology Center assists high school students and adults to map out a plan to a brighter, more prosperous future. GCTC offers full-time training programs and short-term classes Full-time programs at GCTC include the fields of Business, Communications, Engineering, Health Sciences and Manufacturing. Students in these programs may enter the workforce upon completion or transfer to a two-year or four-year college or university. Students in these programs may enter the workforce upon completion or transfer to a two-year or four-year college or university. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 84 Gordon Cooper Technology Center has two campuses: one in Seminole and one in Shawnee. CLIMATE Pottawatomie County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition area between the Central Great Plains and the more irregular terrain of southeastern Oklahoma. Average annual precipitation ranges from about 39 inches to 42 inches throughout the county. May and June are the wettest months, on average, but much of the spring through fall receives sufficient rainfall. Nearly every winter has at least one inch of snow, with one year in five having ten or more inches. Temperatures average near 61 degrees, with a slight increase from north to south. Temperatures range from an average daytime high of 94 degrees in July and August to an average low of 26 degrees in January. Pottawatomie County averages a growing season of 212 days, but plants that can withstand short periods of colder temperatures may have an additional two to five weeks. Winds from the south to southwest are quite dominant, averaging nearly 10 miles-per-hour. Relative humidity, on average, ranges from 40% to 93% during the day. During Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 85 the year, humidity is highest in May and lowest in August. Winter months tend to be cloudier than summer months. The percentage of possible sunshine ranges from an average of about 55% in winter to nearly 80% in summer. Thunderstorms occur on about 49 days each year, predominantly in the spring and summer. During the period 1875 - 2012, Pottawatomie County recorded 76 tornados. The most recent significant tornado (F4 intensity or greater) occurred on May 20, 2013. This tornado took a seven mile path through Pottawatomie County killing two individuals and injuring ten others. May 3, 1999 was one of the largest and costliest outbreaks in Oklahoma and US history and also caused damage in Pottawatomie County. Typically, there are about three hail events each year with hail exceeding one inch in diameter. As information collection improves, both the number of reported tornados and the number of severe hail events have increased. REFERENCES Wikipedia www.wikipedia.org/ Oklahoma Supreme Court Document Index oscn.net/applications/oscn/Index.asp?ftdb=STOKST11&level=1 Oklahoma Climatological Survey http://climate.mesonet.org/ Oklahoma Department of Education http://www.sde.state.ok.us/ Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/A/alist.html Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 86 CHAPTER TWO THE PLANNING PROCESS Hazard mitigation planning is the process of determining how to reduce or eliminate the loss of life and property damage resulting from natural and human-caused hazards. The primary purpose of hazard mitigation planning is to identify community policies, actions, and tools for implementation over the long term that will result in a reduction of risk and potential for future losses community-wide. This is accomplished by using a systematic process of learning about the hazards that can affect the community, setting clear goals, identifying appropriate actions, following through with an effective mitigation strategy, and keeping the plan current. The ten step process as outlined in the FEMA 386 publications, ”How to Guides,” was followed in the process of developing the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan. Phase 1 – Organize resources Step 1 – Coordinate/involve all agencies and jurisdictions that want to participate Step 2 – Involve the public Step 3 – Organize to prepare the plan Phase 2 – Assess the Risks Step 4 – Assess what the natural hazards are Step 5 – Assess the problem Phase 3 – Develop the Mitigation Plan Step 6 – Develop list of goals Step 7 – Develop list of mitigation actions. Step 8 – Draft an action plan Phase 4 – Implement and Monitor progress Step 9 – Adopt the Plan Step 10- Implement, evaluate and revise the plan Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 87 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Formation Notices designed to encourage interest from the public was printed when possible during the process. (Copy of Invitation letters, Appendix A) The Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team (PCHMPT) was formed to provide guidance and information during the development of this Plan. The Team was comprised of representatives from local governments, county government, state government, public schools, local businesses and private citizens. The Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team was formed during the first meeting. There were only three meetings of the PCHMPT due to the amount of information derived from participants during those meetings. It should also be noted that while everyone attending the meetings was attentive and remained during the duration of the meetings, some did not offer suggestions or ideas. They were in agreement with the reviews presented in the review process, reviewing all major components that had been brought together at previous meetings. The major components reviewed at the meeting after they were originally developed were: purpose of hazard mitigation plans; goals; identified hazards; assessments; critical facilities; projects and prioritization and implementation responsibilities. Individual jurisdictional meetings were held later to obtain local specific information. Table 2-1 below lists the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team members, their affiliation and their contributions. See Appendix A for meeting minutes. TABLE 2-1. Name POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM Affiliation Position Contribution Don Lynch Chairman Pottawatomie County City of Shawnee Emergency Manager Chairman – coordinated meeting notices and locations. Provided information on county operations and gathered information from other jurisdictions. Provided data unavailable through other sources. Did a lot of background investigation for the plan. Reviewed the plan. Judy Chance Pottawatomie County Safety Director Will make sure safety regulations are adhered to following a disaster in Pottawatomie County. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 88 TABLE 2-1. Name POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM Affiliation Position Contribution Bill Wilkerson Oklahoma Department of Transportation Engineer Provided assurance that ODOT would provide any assistance necessary following a hazardous event. Dell Kerbs Coney Island Businessman Asked a lot of questions concerning a saferoom program for citizens and areas around the business district for storm protection. Owner Jerry Richards Pottawatomie Co. Highway District 2 Commissioner Assisted in coordinating a joint meeting with the three highway districts to provide information on county road system. Charles Startis Pottawatomie Co. Highway District 2 Foreman Was helpful in locating areas of concern for flooding in District 2. Jim Brewer Shawnee Public Schools Maintenance Provided input on school capacity in the event of power outages or storm events. Dwayne Johnson Town of Asher Emergency Management Provided information on documents maintained in the Town of Asher. Tina Johnson Pottawatomie County Health Department Administrative Director Indicated the Health Department is well prepared for any eventual occurrence whether natural disaster or man-made. Mike Potter Pottawatomie County Health Department Local Emergency Response Coordinator Pam Stephens City of Shawnee City Commissioner The Health Department maintains an EOP; a Mass Immunization/ Prophylaxis Strategy Plan; a Pandemic Flu Plan and a COOP Plan. Was instrumental in providing information on documentation maintained by the City of Shawnee. Steve Beall Shawnee Public Schools Assistant Superintendent Provided information on capability of Shawnee schools during natural hazard events and in preventative measures taken by the schools. Tommy Arnold Pottawatomie County 911 Director The 911 system is undergoing some updates that will assist in locating addresses and areas where first responders are needed. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 89 TABLE 2-1. Name POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM Affiliation Position Contribution Joseph Mazana Congressman James Lankford Field Representative Indicated the Congressman was aware of the Hazard Mitigation program and was supportive of it. Tom Wilse Tecumseh Public Schools Superintendent Provided information on capability of Tecumseh schools during natural hazard events and in the preventative measures taken by the schools. Mike Simmons Oklahoma Gas & Electric Manager – customer service Pledged that OG&E would provide as quick a response as possible in the event of a hazardous event. Mark Goodson Circuit Engineering – District 4 General Manager/ Circuit Engineer Interested in helping design projects to alleviate flooding affecting roads and bridges. David Burright Oklahoma County Emergency Mngt. Operations Officer As an Emergency Management official from an adjoining county, he was able to provide information on the assistance Oklahoma County would be able to provide should it be needed. Brett Byrum Macomb Public Schools Purchasing Agent Provided information on the important documents maintained by the school district. Melvin Potter Tecumseh/Bethel Acres Emergency Mngt. Director Provided a copy of the Tecumseh Dam Breach Warning and Evacuation Plan. Also provided local Tecumseh information where needed. Bryan Haynes Oklahoma Natural Gas Operating Manager Indicated that ONG would respond as quickly as possible to any event in Pottawatomie County. Rick Riggs Wanette Public Schools Superintendent Provided information on policies and programs of the Wanette School District during natural hazard events and in the preventative measures taken by the schools. Aaron Williams City of Tecumseh Fire Department Fire Chief Tecumseh does have grass and wildfire problems in parts of the city primarily in the rural areas. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 90 TABLE 2-1. Name POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM Affiliation Position Contribution Blake Moody North Rock Creek Public Schools Superintendent Provided information on documents maintained by North Rock Creek School District and the preventative measures the school takes prior to a hazard event. Trae Koch Maud Public Schools High School Principal Advised that Maud Public Schools maintain a Comprehensive Improvement Plan; an Emergency Operations Plan; and have Standard Operating Procedures. Sue Goodnight Town of St. Louis Mayor Provided historical information on past events in St. Louis. Mickey Maynard Grove Public Schools Superintendent Provided information on policies and programs of the Grove School District during natural hazard events. Also had a concern about protection of staff and students in the rural district. Lee Oliver Town of Brooksville Mayor Was interested primarily in the overall safety of the citizens in Brooksville. Also provided historical information on past events. Mickey Roberts Town of Tribbey Mayor Gave input on Tribbey capabilities in the event of power outages or storm events. Also provided historical information on past events. James Stokes City of Tecumseh Interim City Manager Provided information on the documents used in the City of Tecumseh. Jeff Pruitt Bethel Public Schools High School Principal Indicated that Bethel Schools maintain an Emergency Operations plan as well as a Standard Operations Plan. James Burton Town of Wanette Mayor Provided historical information on past events. Was interested in the safety of the citizens in Wanette. Mike Heltcel Town of Wanette Vice Mayor Was in agreement with the above. Jennifer Dawson City of Shawnee Emergency Mngt. Emergency Management Tech. Took care of registration during meetings and assisted with meeting notification of members. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 91 TABLE 2-1. Name POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM Affiliation Position Contribution Dwight Wise Pottawatomie County 911 Coordinator They want to be sure they are ready for any eventual disaster that may occur and want to have protection for their critical service employees. James Fay Konawa Conservation Dist. Watershed Tech. Provided information on flooding within eight counties in the watershed area which includes Pottawatomie County. Randy Kerr Unity Health Center Director They operate a health care facility that is interested in meeting the needs of the families and communities during major emergencies or disasters and are continually looking for ways to better accomplish that goal. Paul Foster City of McLoud Emergency Mngt. Director Sees a need for mass communications warning systems in the county. Carolyn Stringer Oklahoma Dept. of Transportation Transportation Maintenance Supervisor Assured that ODOT would assist in any way possible in the event of a natural disaster. Harold Jones Dale Public Schools Principal - retired Was interested primarily in the overall safety of the students and staff in Dale schools. Charles Dickenson Dale Public Schools Superintendent Provided information on policies and programs of the Dale School District during natural hazard events and in the preventative measures taken by the schools. Arlene Burton Pleasant Grove Public School Principal Gave input on school capacity in the event of power outages or storm events. Marty Lewis Gordon Cooper Technology Center Superintendent Provided meeting place for the meetings and was interested in saferoom construction for the center. David Qualls Eaton Manufacturing EMS Manager Felt there was a need for some type of warning in rural areas whether it is weather radios, sirens, education or some other effective system. Rural residents have virtually no warning other than radio or television which is not Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 92 TABLE 2-1. Name POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM Affiliation Position Contribution always helpful for their area. Russell Frantz City of Shawnee Police Chief Indicated a flooding problem needed to be fixed at the Benedict Street Railroad underpass. Water backs up and creates a major traffic hazard. Ken King City of Shawnee Police Lt. The police department provides security in damaged areas and especially during winter weather events is on the alert for hazardous roadways. They often notify the appropriate departments of those situations. Cordis Slaughter Canadian Valley Electric Coop Operations Manager Gave assurances that CVEC was a willing player with Pottawatomie County preparing for disaster events. Josh Williams Bureau of Indian Affairs Fire Management Specialist He was the representative of the fire services for the many tribal lands in Pottawatomie County. Much of their area is subject to grass and wildfire. Rob Griffin McLoud Public Schools Assistant Superintendent Provided information concerning the effects of occasional flooding within the school district. Indicated the only problem was to bus routes where detours have to be made on occasion. nd th Triple XXX between 92 and 95 have been a particular problem. Also indicated roof damage occurred to the school building roof and brick façade. Ken Leone South Rock Creek School Principal Provided input on school capacity in the event of power outages or storm events. Tom Larman Shawnee Fire Dept. Lt./Driver The Fire Department is always ready to respond to any eventual occurrence whether it is to a grass/wildfire, tornado or other event. Much of their training concerns disaster response. Butch Lutonski Shawnee/Pottawatomie County Emergency Mngt. Operations Officer Discussed communications and operational capabilities of the Shawnee/Pottawatomie County Emergency Management. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 93 TABLE 2-1. Name POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM Affiliation Position Contribution LaCosta Rawls Town of Earlsboro Trustee Provided information during community meeting on flash-flood areas within Earlsboro. The two primary areas were at Garwood and Main and where Main Street junctions with Highway 9A. She also indicated there were no structures in Earlsboro that she knew of that were prone to flooding. Brian Nipper Town of Earlsboro Mayor Indicated a need for additional warning and shelters in the Earlsboro area. Mark Maloy Earlsboro Public Schools Superintendent Advised the Earlsboro Public Schools maintain a Capital Improvement Plan and an Emergency Operations Plan. Robert Keslar Town of Maud Fire Dept. Fire fighter Robert advised the Town of Maud only maintains and Emergency Operations Plan and the Fire Department also has Standard Operating Procedures. Ken Branson Town of Johnson Mayor Provided information on zoning documents for the Town of Johnson. Melissa Griffith Town of Macomb Clerk/Treasurer Provided information on maintained by the town. David Griffith Town of Macomb resident Had an interest in saferooms for citizens. Galand Chapman Town of Pink Mayor Indicated there was a need for additional warning in the Pink area. Terry Grissom Asher Public Schools Superintendent Indicated there have been some flashflooding problems at the Elementary School and at the Science building. They have also experienced high wind damage to the main building. documents NOTE: A joint meeting of Highway Districts 1, 2, and 3 was held with the employees of those districts to get input from them concerning flood areas and other concerns within their districts. There were 52 individuals in attendance at that meeting with a lot of good information provided. The information gained is provided in the project section of this plan. The following individual also attended a meeting of the PCHMPT as a representative of the Oklahoma State Hazard Mitigation Officer who was invited as required by FEMA: Charlie Balthrop Oklahoma Emergency Management Plan Reviewer Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Commented on the reason some information is necessary in a Hazard Mitigation Plan. Page 94 Coordination among Agencies • NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP) – Pottawatomie County; the towns of Bethel Acres; Brooksville; Maud and the cities of Shawnee; Tecumseh and McLoud are members of the NFIP. Participation in the NFIP by municipalities, counties, and tribal organizations is voluntary. According to the NFIP list of participating communities in Oklahoma, there are 53 counties, 475 municipalities, and 3 tribal jurisdictions that are NFIP communities with several communities making application to join. Within the NFIP program, the Community Rating System (CRS) is a program whereby individual communities may reduce their flood insurance rates by performing certain specified activities to enhance flood mitigation. These activities can be costly, and smaller communities would probably not be able to afford to participate in CRS. Coordination concerning this program and the action items in this plan are a part of this plan through the jurisdictions listed above that are members of the NFIP through their respective Flood Plain Manager. • OKLAHOMA EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT, HAZARD MITIGATION DIVISION (OEM) – During the planning and preparation of this plan, close contact was maintained with OEM Mitigation Division personnel to maintain current FEMA requirements necessary for this plan as well as coordination with the Oklahoma Hazard Mitigation Plan approved in March 2011. • NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE - NORMAN WEBSITE was utilized concerning weather data for the Pottawatomie County area. The NWS in Norman has been a regular partner with the Pottawatomie County Emergency Management as well as the other Emergency Managers in the county during severe weather events in order to get better warning information concerning potential hazards to the citizens. Shawnee and Pottawatomie County are “StormReady” communities as certified by the National Weather Service. • OKLAHOMA CLIMATOLOGICAL SURVEY provided additional information through their website concerning the climate in Pottawatomie County. Their research studies and information was useful in determining key Climatological statistics. • OKLAHOMA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY provided information on earthquakes in the Pottawatomie County area through statistical data on their website concerning past Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 95 earthquakes and forecast of potential future earthquakes. • OKLAHOMA WATER RESOURCES BOARD provided information on high hazard dam sites in Pottawatomie County through Gene Dousett at OWRB. They have also provided information concerning aquifers and underground water through their website. • OKLAHOMA NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER provided website information concerning past history of storms in Pottawatomie County. Their information complimented or reinforced local and state information. • FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY website provided information on Presidential Declarations in Pottawatomie County, FIRM maps, and NFIP community status. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 96 CHAPTER THREE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT Only natural hazards are profiled in this plan. The Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team and disaster professionals reviewed the hazards possible in Pottawatomie County through 2012. The review was based on historical data, public input and experience of the PCHMPT members to identify the natural hazards most likely to impact Pottawatomie County. Since all jurisdictions are not necessarily vulnerable to all of the identified hazards some hazards are identified only as they affect a particular jurisdiction. REVIEW OF NATURAL HAZARDS Possible hazards were reviewed by the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team through public input, local history and team member knowledge during the meetings held in 2011 , 2012 and 2013. The following hazards were identified as either having occurred in Pottawatomie County or had the potential to occur in Pottawatomie County. The planning team initially went through the possible hazards in Oklahoma during a roundtable discussion and based on their personal knowledge and experience in Pottawatomie County. Eleven hazards are profiled in this plan. The team discussed Landslides, Expansive Soils and Sink Holes but determined these were not a problem in Pottawatomie County at this time. They are not profiled in this plan. Expansive Soils were indicated as a problem by some individuals in the survey that was sent out to random citizens, however, the consensus of the PCHMPT and Emergency Management was that these were isolated and more likely due to recent earthquake activity than to expansive soils. It was also noted that Oklahoma experiences some instability of soils especially during early years following construction that sometimes cause minor cracking in walls or foundations. There was no indication of severe damage to any structure in Pottawatomie County. Although other natural hazards certainly exist, their occurrence is rare in Oklahoma and they have caused no known damage in Pottawatomie County. Future editions of this plan will contain information on those only if an occurrence has a significant impact to the risk of human life or property in Pottawatomie County. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 97 Table 3-1. NATURAL HAZARDS AFFECTING POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY Hazard How reviewed Why identified Dam Failure • • • Oklahoma Water Resources Board PCHMPT input Public Input Survey Four dams in Pottawatomie County are rated high hazard. Three of the four are over 50 years old. Drought • • • Oklahoma Climatological Survey National Climatic Data Center Public Input Temperatures in Oklahoma can easily reach over 100 degrees & persist for many days and weeks. Earthquake • • • United States Geological Survey Oklahoma Geological Survey Past Historical Records Past history, existing fault lines around and near Pottawatomie County. Extreme Heat • • • National Weather Service Oklahoma Climatological Survey Public Input Pottawatomie County has prolonged periods of high temperatures and is prone to wide swings of temperature. Flood • There is often flooding in Pottawatomie County due to heavy rains. Hailstorm • • • • • • • Local Emergency Management records. Public Input National Climatic Data Center National Flood Insurance Program National Weather Service National Climate Data Center Oklahoma Climatological Survey Public Input High Winds • • • • National Climatic Data Center Public Input Oklahoma Climatological Survey National Weather Service-Norman Pottawatomie County experiences high winds usually during severe thunderstorms although sometimes occurring without thunderstorm activity. Lightning • • • • • • National Climatic Data Center Public Input Oklahoma Climatological Survey National Weather Service-Norman National Lightning Safety Institute Local Emergency Management Records Public Input FEMA Declarations National Weather Service Pottawatomie County is susceptible to lightning every year associated with thunderstorms. Tornado • • • Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Pottawatomie County experiences hailstorms during severe thunderstorms sometimes causes severe damage. Oklahoma has a distinction as the epicenter of Tornado Alley. Pottawatomie County experienced 6 tornadoes since 2007. Page 98 Table 3-1. NATURAL HAZARDS AFFECTING POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY Hazard How reviewed Why identified Wildfire • Winter Storm • • • • • • • TABLE 3-2. PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE - DEFINITION Local Emergency Management Records State Fire Marshal Records Public Input FEMA Declarations National Weather Service National Climate Data Center FEMA Declarations Sperry-Piltz Utility Ice Damage Index Fire department records reflect a particularly heavy wildfire season in 2011-2012. Severe winter storms occur regularly in Pottawatomie County. 4-HIGHLY LIKELY Event is probable within the calendar year. Event has a 1 in 1 year chance of occurring. 3-LIKELY Event is probable within the next three years. Event has up to 1 in 3 year’s chance of occurring. 2-POSSIBLE Event is probable within the next 5 years. Event has up to 1 in 5 year’s chance of occurring. 1-UNLIKELY Event is possible within the next 10 years. Event has up to 1 to 10 years chance of occurring. The probability of occurrence shown is the determination, based on past history and consideration of the elements necessary for a specific disaster event to occur. Combined with how many of those factors are present, estimates of how likely a hazard is to occur in Pottawatomie County can better be estimated. Throughout this plan we discuss the potential of future hazards being profiled using a basic percentage model to determine the risk probability. Recent Disaster History Pottawatomie County has had thirteen natural disasters since 2001 for which the county has been declared a disaster area by the President. The table below has a summary of the federally declared disaster history of Pottawatomie County. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 99 RECENT DECLARED DISASTER HISTORY Pottawatomie County has experienced 13 natural disasters for which the county has been declared a disaster area by the President since 2000. The table below has a detailed summary of the state’s declared emergencies and federally declared disasters for Pottawatomie County during that time. Table 3-3 Incident Date POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY DECLARED EMERGENCY (EM) / DISASTER (DR) HISTORY 2000-2013 Nature of Disaster May 18, 2013 to June 2, 2013 Oklahoma Severe Storms and Tornadoes Jan 31, 2011 to Feb 5, 2011 Severe Winter Storm Jan 31, 2011 to Feb 5, 2011 Severe Winter Storm FEMA # Declared Date Area Affected FEMA –DR 4117 Bethel Acres Declared: 5-20-13 Shawnee FEMA –DR 1985 County wide Declared: 5-13-11 EM-3316 County wide (Emergency Declaration) Declared: 2-2- 11 May 10, 2010 to May13, 2010 Severe Storms, Tornados, and Straight-Line Winds FEMA –DR 1917 Jan 28, 2010 to Jan 30, 2010 Severe Winter Storm FEMA –DR 1883 Dec 24, 2009 to Dec 25, 2009 Severe Winter Storm Jan 28, 2010 to Jan 30, 2010 Severe Winter Storm County wide Declared: 5-24-10 County wide Declared: 3-5-10 FEMA –DR 1876 County wide Declared: 2-25-10 EM-3308 County wide (Emergency Declaration) Declared: 1-30-10 Dec 8, 2007 to Jan 3, 2008 Severe Winter Storm Dec 8, 2007 to Jan 3, 2008 Severe Winter Storm FEMA –DR 1735 County wide Declared:12-18-07 EM-3280 County wide Declared: 12-10-07 (Emergency Declaration) Aug 18, 2007 to Sep 12, 2007 Severe Storms, Tornados, and Flooding FEMA –DR 1718 June 10, 2007 to July 25, 2007 Severe Storms, Flooding, and Tornados FEMA –DR 1712 County wide Declared 8-24-07 County wide Declared: 7-7-07 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 100 Table 3-3 Incident Date POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY DECLARED EMERGENCY (EM) / DISASTER (DR) HISTORY 2000-2013 Nature of Disaster FEMA # Declared Date May 4, 2007 to May 11, 2007 Severe Storms, Tornados, and Flooding FEMA –DR 1707 Jan 12, 2007 to Jan 26, 2007 Severe Winter Storms FEMA –DR 1678 Jan 12, 2007 to Jan 26, 2007 Severe Winter Storm and Flooding Area Affected County wide Declared: 6- 7-07 County wide Declared: 2 1-07 EM-3272 County wide Declared: 1-15-07 (Emergency Declaration) Nov 27, 2005 to Mar 31, 2006 Severe Wildfire Threat May 8, 2003 to May 30, 2003 Severe Ice Storm Jan 30, 2002 to Feb 11, 2002 Ice Storm FEMA –DR 1623 County wide Declared: 1-10-06 FEMA-DR 1465 County wide Declared: 5-10-03 FEMA –DR 1401 County wide Declared: 2-1-02 The information provided throughout this chapter includes: HAZARD PROFILE – A description of each hazard, its effects, frequency of occurrence, and how the hazard is measured; LOCATION – Provides information on the location(s) within Pottawatomie County boundaries that are primary areas of concern for the profiled hazard; EXTENT – The size or intensity of a hazard event; PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES – The known historical occurrences of the hazard in the Pottawatomie County area; PROBABILITY OF FUTURE OCCURRENCES – Defines the calculated potential of future events occurring in Pottawatomie County limits based on past history, geological or climatological potential; VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT – Describes how vulnerable or susceptible to damage the citizens, infrastructure, economy, and structures in the jurisdiction are to the profiled hazard and resulting consequences; CONCLUSION – Summarizes the profiled hazard outcomes; REFERENCES – Presents reference sources used. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 101 HAZARD PROFILE DAM FAILURE – Pottawatomie County A dam is defined as a barrier constructed across a watercourse for the purpose of storage, control, or diversion of water. Dams typically are constructed of earth, rock concrete, or mine tailings. A dam failure is the collapse, breach, or other failure of a dam structure resulting in potential downstream flooding. Dam failures typically occur when spillway is inadequate and excess flow overtops the dam, or when internal erosion (piping) through the dam or foundation occurs. The Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) coordinates a state dam safety program that ensures the safety of more than 4,500 dams in the state, with priority placed on the protection of downstream life and property. The program requires inspections every three to five years for low and significant hazard structures, respectively. The program requires annual inspection of the state’s 364 high-hazard dams, so designated due to the presence of occupied dwellings immediately downstream. Dam failures can result from any one or a combination of five reasons: Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 102 • • • • • Overtopping caused by water spilling over the top of a dam Structural failure of materials used in dam construction Cracking caused by movements like the natural settling of a dam or an earthquake Inadequate maintenance and upkeep such as failure to remove trees, repair internal seepage problems Piping – when seepage through a dam is not properly filtered and soil particles continue to progress and form sink holes in the dam Table 3-4 OWRB Classification of Hazard Potential Category Loss of Life Low None-No probable future development may be zoned to prevent future development Minimal-undeveloped to occasional structure or agriculture None-Potential for future developments exists; habitable structures may exist in inflow design flood floodplain; however, dam failure would not endanger lives that would not be endangered if structure did not exist Appreciable notable agriculture, industrial, or structural Yes (one or more habitable structures with loss of life due to dam failure likely) Excessive extensive community, industrial, or agriculture losses; potential loss of life Significant High Economic Loss LOCATION There are four major dams in Pottawatomie County and one in neighboring Cleveland County that could affect Pottawatomie County in the event of a dam failure. All are rated by OWRB as High Hazard. Three of the dams exceed the 50 year life design of dams. The other two have been built since 1962. Although the OWRB has a specified inspection schedule, it is the responsibility of the dam owner to REQUEST these inspections, and that does not necessarily happen in accordance with the schedule. However, most owners do at least have some type of inspection on an annual basis. The OWRB requires submittal and subsequent approval of plans and specifications prior to dam modifications. The OWRB also coordinates periodic training sessions and workshops on dam safety issues and regulations for dam owners and engineers. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 103 Table 3-5 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAZARDOUS DAM DATA Name of Dam Site Year Completed Dam Height Max Storage Normal Storage Surface Area Shawnee Twin Lakes #1 1936 55 36500 22600 1275 Shawnee Twin Lakes #2 1960 50 18900 11400 1100 Wes Watkins Dam 1994 54 40735 14065 1142 Tecumseh Lake Dam 1934/1957 30 2370 1118 127 Thunderbird Lake Dam* 1965 144 106669 1039 5377 *located in Cleveland County SHAWNEE TWIN LAKES 1 & 2 Shawnee Twin Lakes in Pottawatomie County is located west of Shawnee. Shawnee Twin Lakes has 25 miles of shoreline and 2,436 surface acres. This lake offers recreation such as fishing, camping, and boating along with providing a water supply. The Shawnee Twin Lakes, on South Deer Creek in Pottawatomie County, are municipal lakes owned and operated by the City of Shawnee. Lake #1 was built in 1935, covers a surface area of 1,336 acres and has 16 miles of shoreline. Lake #2 was built in 1960, has a surface area of 1,100 acres and nine miles of shoreline. The lakes are connected by a 10-foot-deep canal constructed in 1962. Shawnee residents approved a referendum in 1994 permitting full recreation on Lake #1, which includes fishing, swimming, skiing, and personal watercraft. A fully enclosed fishing dock provides all-weather fishing. Only boats and fishing are allowed on Lake #2. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 104 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 105 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 106 Shawnee Twin Lakes 1 and two dam sites Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 107 WES WATKINS LAKE AND DAM Built in August of 1999, Wes Watkins Lake is still a relatively young reservoir. The large areas of flooded timber found on the lake provide quality fishing. According to Oklahoma Wildlife Department officials the 1,142-acre lake is operated by the Pottawatomie Development Authority, which has imposed special fishing regulations on the lake. The lake is operated by the City of McLoud as of July 1, 2010. The reservoir was named in honor of former Oklahoma Congressman Wes Watkins. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 108 Wes Watkins Lake dam Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 109 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 110 TECUMSEH LAKE AND DAM The citizens of Tecumseh approved a bond issue for a sewer system and the lake. No other historical data was found about this lake. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 111 Tecumseh City Lake Dam Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 112 THUNDERBIRD LAKE AND DAM The Little River valley was the subject of several Army United States Army Corps of Engineers studies in 1936 and 1947 for flood control. In 1953 the issue of water supply was raised among a council of local governments consisting of Norman, Midwest City, Del City, Moore and Tinker Air Force Base, and it was forecast that by the 1970s and 1980s the cities would be requiring all available water to meet municipal demand. The Norman Project was authorized by act of Congress, Public Law 86-529, 86th Congress, June 27, 1960 (74 Stat. 225). A feasibility study in 1954 led to a plan report in May 1961 and construction began on Norman Dam in 1962 and was completed in 1965 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Oklahoma State Highway 9 was re-routed in 1963 from present-day Alameda Street to its current location, south of the lake. Construction began on the pipelines and pumping facilities in 1963 and was completed in 1965. The earthen dam has a height of 144 feet and impounds 171,400 acre-feet of water. The Bureau owns the dam, which is operated by the local Central Oklahoma Master Conservancy District. The dam is located at the confluence of Hog Creek and Little River about 13 miles east of Norman, and about 30 miles southeast of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The dam has an earth-fill embankment with a volume of about 3 million cubic yards. The crest of the dam is 30 feet wide, 7,263 feet long, and about 144 feet high. The spillway is located in the left abutment and has a morning-glory inlet with an ungated crest of 22-feet 4-inch diameter. Owned by the Bureau of Reclamation, the reservoir supplies water to Norman, Midwest City, Del City, Moore, and Tinker Air Force Base. Lake Thunderbird is thus located within one of the most densely populated areas of Oklahoma. Lake Thunderbird State Park boasts 1,874 acres adjacent to the lake for camping, swimming, picnicking, hiking and just plain relaxing. The Bureau of Reclamation has met their goals of providing not only water supply but fish and wildlife habitat and recreational opportunities at Thunderbird Reservoir. No irrigation features or power development are included in the project. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 113 Flood Control The Little River Basin is long and narrow, with stream-flow generally in a southeast direction. Runoff from the upper portions of the basin is rapid during storm periods and the duration of flooding varies from a few hours to several days. Releases from the flood-control pool are made in accordance with regulations prepared by the Corps of Engineers, dated January 1965, in concurrence with the Bureau of Reclamation, and in close cooperation with the Central Oklahoma Master Conservancy District, the entity which has assumed operation and maintenance responsibility for the project facilities. Construction of Norman Dam has reduced the flood hazards on Little River to its confluence with the Canadian River, and flood control operation will continue to provide benefits to the down-stream areas. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 114 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 115 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 116 LITTLE RIVER STATE PARK Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 117 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 118 EXTENT The Conservation District has indicated that, “As a general rule in the absence of a formal breach inundation map, we consider the area five miles downstream at the top-of-dam elevation and below to be the potential area of risk.” (See the map in Appendix B estimated dam inundation zones of dams) As with any location in which man-made structures are built, potential failure of the structure could place lives and property at risk. The best way to minimize potential failure is to identify structures whose failure could cause the greatest loss of life and/or property, and to require those structures to undergo a rigorous inspection regimen. From a hazard management perspective, the most noteworthy structures are those categorized as high-hazard dams. This designation relates solely to potential impacts of a structural breach; it is not an indication of the Quality of construction or maintenance. At the point where water starts entering homes, flooding is considered a severe event. Water entering homes creates serious problems whether it is ½ inch or 3 inches. Officials consider water in excess of 1 inch on the interior of structures is considered major. Severe damage to floors, walls, and contents is difficult to repair and repeated flooding often causes mold and long-term damages. A small break or seepage eliciting only 1-inch of flow per minute and causing nominal crop damage is considered a minor severity. Dam failure releasing a volume of one foot water affecting businesses and home is considered a major event. Flood waters of 1-2 inches on roadways slows down traffic but is not generally considered serious. Water over roadways becomes a serious problem when water is deep enough to make the roadway invisible causing damage, road closures, and detours. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES There is no data or other information available that there has ever been a dam breach in Pottawatomie County; however, historical records are sparse and may not contain all events into the early 20th century. There are no significant hazard dams located in Pottawatomie County according to the Oklahoma Water Resources Board data. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 119 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS Three of the dams in Pottawatomie County were built with a life span of 50 years and have exceeded that milestone although they are still in relatively good condition. The other dam is much newer and of a better and more current design. Soil, concrete, and metal components deteriorate causing weakening and additional maintenance and eventually replacement. As shown in Table 3-5, three of the lakes in Pottawatomie County are well above 50 years old. U.S. Natural Resources Conservation has undertaken rehabilitation of some of the dams in Oklahoma. The federal government provides 65 percent of the funding for rehabilitation projects and project sponsors provide 35 percent. Projects are selected on a priority basis with those with high safety and health concerns receiving the highest priority. The potential of an actual dam failure in Pottawatomie County is considered “UNLIKELY”. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT Dam failures are generally catastrophic if the structure is breached or significantly damaged. Dam failure can occur with little warning. Intense storms may produce a flood in a few hours or even minutes for upstream locations. Vulnerability and Impact is assessed in several ways: (1) the benefit to human society arising from the dam; agriculture, water, damage prevention and power, and the benefit to nature and wildlife. (2) The harm caused by dam failure is another way of determining vulnerability and impact. The disruption to human lives through relocation, the loss of employment due to business loss, the loss of life, and loss of wildlife. The property losses of homes, vehicles, and businesses are all a major factor when considering the vulnerabilities and impacts of dam failure. Additionally, the loss of transportation routes forces people to find alternate routes, the loss of communications facilities, loss of critical structures and facilities, and massive economic losses can be devastating to the region. (See the Inundation Maps in Appendix B.) CONCLUSION Shawnee Twin Lakes #1, Shawnee Twin Lakes #2, and the Tecumseh Lake Dam, are all beyond their design anticipated life span and will closely be monitored for major maintenance Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 120 and eventual replacement. Preserving the integrity of the dams from overtopping by floodwaters should be a high priority. Most of the lakes in Pottawatomie County are Soil Conservation Service lakes and are relatively small in size, creating only a minor threat to life and property. Shawnee Twin Lakes #1 and the Wes Watkins Lake create the biggest concerns due to the reliance of many communities in Pottawatomie County on their water source and also due to the threat on life and property. REFERENCES Local Emergency Management Records OWRB - Oklahoma Water Resources Board (www.owrb.ok.gov) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 121 HAZARD PROFILE DROUGHT – Pottawatomie County Drought is a persistent and abnormal moisture deficiency having adverse vegetation, animals or people. impacts on Dozens of more specific drought definitions are used around the world based on the lack of rain over various time periods or measured impacts, such as, reservoir levels or crop losses. Because of the various ways people measure drought, no one has produced an objective drought definition upon which everyone can agree. DROUGHT CONSIDERATION TYPES: • METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT is usually based on long-term precipitation departures from normal, though high temperatures often play a role. • HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT refers to deficiencies in surface and subsurface water supplies. It is measured as stream flow, and as lake, reservoir, and ground water levels. • AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT occurs when soil moisture does not meet the needs of a particular crop at a particular time. Agricultural drought is typically evident after meteorological drought, but before a hydrological drought. When little or no rain falls, soils dry out and plants die. The flow of streams and rivers declines when rainfall is less than normal for several weeks, months, or years; and water levels fall in lakes, reservoirs, and aquifers causing the depth of water in wells to decrease. If dry weather persists and water supply problems develop, rationing may be necessary. The first evidence of drought is usually seen in records of decreased rainfall. LOCATION All jurisdictions in Pottawatomie County are subject to drought conditions. (Refer to Table 1-1) During normal times, Shawnee Twin Lakes provide water to all of Shawnee and other communities in northern Pottawatomie County. Many rural residences and businesses draw Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 122 water from a well source. Fortunately Pottawatomie County is located over a satisfactory aquifer which provides a good water supply to many areas in the county, particularly in rural areas. Water from area lakes also provides water although during long term droughts, water from lakes can become a problem for communities. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 123 EXTENT The wide variety of disciplines affected by drought, its diverse geographical and temporal distribution, and the many scales drought operates on make it difficult to develop both a definition to describe drought and an index to measure it. Many quantitative measures of drought have been developed in the United States, depending on the discipline affected, the region being considered, and particular application. Several indices developed by Wayne Palmer, as well as the Standard Precipitation Index, are useful for describing the many scales of drought. Table 3-6 PDSI Classifications for Dry and Wet Periods 4.00 or Extremely wet more 3.00 to 3.99 Very wet 2.00 to 2.99 Moderately wet 1.00 to 1.99 Slightly wet 0.50 to 0.99 Incipient wet spell 0.49 to Near normal 0.49 -0.50 to Incipient dry 0.99 spell -1.00 to Mild drought 1.99 -2.00 to Moderate 2.99 drought -3.00 to Severe drought 3.99 -4.00 or Extreme drought less Common to all types of drought is the fact that they originate from a deficiency of precipitation resulting from an unusual weather pattern. If the weather pattern lasts a short time (a few weeks to a couple of months), the drought is considered short- term. If the weather or atmospheric circulation pattern becomes entrenched and the precipitation deficits last for several months to several years, the drought is considered to be a long-term drought. It is possible for a region to experience a long-term circulation pattern that produces drought, and to have short-term changes in this long-term pattern that result in short-term wet spells. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) has been widely used by the United States Department of Agriculture to determine when to grant emergency drought assistance, but the Palmer Index is best used when working with large areas of uniform topography. Officials consider Drought to be major when farmers and ranchers can no longer have adequate water for livestock or water in communities is restricted for use due to low supplies. The National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC) is using a newer index, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), to monitor moisture supply conditions. Distinguishing traits of this Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 124 index are that it identifies emerging droughts months sooner than the Palmer Index and that it is computed on various time scales. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a way of measuring drought that is different from the Palmer Table 3-7. SPI Values 2.0+ Extremely wet 1.5 to 1.9 Very wet 1.0 to 1.49 Moderately wet indices that consider water supply (precipitation), return of -.99 to .99 Near normal moisture to the air (evapotranspiration) and loss (runoff). -1.0 to -1.49 Moderately dry Pottawatomie County considers anything less than 1.5 on -1.5 to -1.99 Severely dry the SPI to be severe and reason to consider additional -2.0 and less Extremely dry Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Like the PDSI, this index is negative for drought and positive for wet conditions. The SPI is a probability index that considers only precipitation, while Palmer’s indices are water balance steps to reduce the effects on residents in the county, particularly roads and agriculture. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES According to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), fifteen drought events affected Pottawatomie County from 2006 to December 2011; however the NCDC lists the droughts of 2006-2007 and 2011-2012 as separate events for each month, in actuality both droughts affected the county for the entire years. Since 2004, Oklahoma and Pottawatomie County have been involved in a steady drought with a few periods of relief. The most severe was during early 2011 and 2012 when dry conditions caused by the drought resulted in numerous water shortages and wildfires statewide. Pottawatomie County is shown as extremely dry at the end of July 2012. Drought conditions can change quickly. On August 8, 2006, Oklahoma was experiencing a D3D4 (Extreme to Exceptional) drought as shown on the Drought Monitor map following. Pottawatomie County was in an Extreme drought condition. By September 5, 2006 the drought in Pottawatomie County had lessened to a Moderate drought condition and by January 9, 2007 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 125 the county was Abnormally Dry. April 3, 2007 saw the drought completely gone from Pottawatomie County and most of Oklahoma. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 126 But as is often seen in Oklahoma, during the summer of 2011 a new drought condition began and by August 2, 2011 most of Oklahoma including all of Pottawatomie County was in an Extreme drought condition even worse than the one in 2006. This drought lasted into the early part of 2013. The effects of a drought on flow in streams and rivers, or on water levels in lakes and reservoirs, may not be noticed for several weeks or months. Water levels in wells may not reflect a shortage of rainfall for a year or more after the drought begins due to aquifer availability but the results of a drought can be devastating particularly to farmers and ranchers in Pottawatomie County. Table 3-8 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY DROUGHT EVENTS 2006-2013 Data from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Description Oct 2012 -Mar 2013 Drought conditions continued over the southern Plains following a hot and very dry summer. A few beneficial rain events did occur during September, resulting in improving drought conditions in some areas. With lack of any appreciable rainfall during the month of October, drought conditions persisted and/or worsened during the month. Precipitation totals for March 2013 were below normal across most of central and Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 127 Table 3-8 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY DROUGHT EVENTS 2006-2013 Data from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Description western Oklahoma, resulting in a continuation of the long-term drought. Jan 2011-Sept 2012 The drought conditions that had affected Pottawatomie County earlier in the year returned in late June and early July as little precipitation fell and excessive days of temperatures over 100 degrees dried out vegetation and water levels from lakes and ponds dropped. Numerous grass fires were reported causing fire department resources to spread out across the county. At the end of August all of Pottawatomie County was in a D3 (Extreme) drought and had been for over a month. Oct 2006-Jan 2007 Despite some rainfall the drought continued across much of western and central Oklahoma during October. The area was under severe to exceptional (D2-D4) drought conditions throughout the month. The worst conditions were in south central and southeast Oklahoma where drought conditions were in the extreme to exceptional (D3D4) drought categories. Participation in January improved areas of the state and the moisture that saturated the ground ended the drought effects. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS The potential obviously exists that another drought will occur although based on the Climate Prediction Center’s long term forecast it appears drought conditions in the United States may be over for at least a year: Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 128 Based on past recent history, the probability of future drought events in Pottawatomie County is still considered “LIKELY”. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT During the most recent droughts in Pottawatomie County, ponds and lakes lost large amounts of water threatening water supplies. Some businesses lost business due to the long drought period especially those with farm and ranch customers. These losses caused financial hardship and loss for those employers and employees in the areas affected. The public school districts can also be affected by drought, although not as much as other parts (municipalities) of the county. The public schools with students in agricultural programs such as 4-H and FFA have to deal with drought situations through their student projects. Some projects may be lost or severely damaged due to lack of rain. School buildings are not typically affected by drought. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 129 Unincorporated and the smaller incorporated towns often make no special considerations unless their source of water is provided by larger jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions and the county may establish water restrictions during drought periods if conditions threaten the water supply for potable uses and fire protection. Shawnee operates their own water department with water from Shawnee Twin Lakes and Wes Watkins reservoir. The map below shows those jurisdictions and the county area served by various rural water districts: Tecumseh gets water from Tecumseh Lake, and Wes Watkins Reservoir. Earlsboro and Johnson get water from the Tri-County Rural Water District #2. Residents in St. Louis get their water through the St. Louis Utility Company Inc. and water wells. Brooksville, Maud and Macomb, Pink, Tribbey, get their water through individual water wells. Asher residents get their water from the Asher Utility Development Authority through Rural Water District #3. Wanette citizens receive their water from the Wanette Public Works Authority through and Rural Water District #3. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 130 Small jurisdictions in Pottawatomie County can be hit especially hard, during a drought. Many depend on water wells from ground water and aquifers for their water or rural water districts. Even some rural water districts obtain their water through water wells which is then sold to their customers. During drought, those sources may become low in capacity. In some instances, potable water or bottled water may have to be brought in for use by residents. There are additional effects that created dry vegetation resulting in wild land fires that caused major losses to both wild land and property in the county. During droughts, dry, cracking soil can also cause water lines to break causing additional unanticipated water shortages. Highway and road surfaces break or soften causing hazardous driving conditions and forcing people to find alternate routes as repairs are undertaken. In Pottawatomie County, the cross country commercial traffic could be severely affected by damaged roadways. School buses are often victims of these road failures. Water sources tend to dry up or become so low that water rationing or water hauling becomes necessary. Recreational facilities may be shut down due to low water causing loss of revenue. CONCLUSION Drought is a concern for Pottawatomie County due to the major agricultural activity and water availability in some rural areas. Water hauling could be necessary in Pottawatomie County during a prolonged drought condition or if a major water line from one of the lakes broke. The most vulnerable population in Pottawatomie County, in addition to agricultural and drinking water, are those that might require large volumes of water, such as industries, landscapers, fire fighters, and the people dependent upon them. REFERENCES Local Emergency Management Records National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/ US Drought Monitor Archives www.droughtmonitor.unl.edu/archive.html Climate Prediction Center www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/expert_assessment/seasonal_drought.htm Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 131 HAZARD PROFILE EARTHQUAKE Earthquakes are one of nature’s most damaging hazards. An earthquake is a sudden motion of trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated within or along the edge of Earth’s tectonic plates. The severity of an earthquake is dependent on the amount of energy released from the fault or epicenter. An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth’s surface. Fore hundreds of millions of years, the focus of plate tectonics have shaped the Earth as the huge plates that form the Earth’s surface move slowly over, under, and past each other, sometimes the movement is gradual. At other times, the plates are locked together, unable to release the accumulating energy. When the accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break free causing the ground to shake. Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries where the plates meet; however, some earthquakes occur in the middle of plates. More than 930,000 earthquakes occur throughout the world each year. Approximately 95% of these have a magnitude of less than 2.5 and usually are not felt by humans. Earthquakes strike suddenly, without warning and can occur at any time. LOCATION All of the jurisdictions in Pottawatomie County are susceptible to earthquake. (Refer to Table 11) Earthquakes have increased in recent years in the county due to activity just north of Pottawatomie County in Lincoln County. The effects of those earthquakes has caused damage in Pottawatomie County. The Oklahoma Geological Survey has joined with the Oklahoma Corporation Commission in a study of the cause of the earthquakes and have found the activity primarily along the Wilzetta Fault Line. Text from that study will be referenced through this hazard profile. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 132 EXTENT The Seismic Hazard Map shows that jurisdictions in Pottawatomie County fall within the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 2.1%g Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) with a 2.1%g probability of excedance in 50 years. This intensity indicates a future earthquake affecting the communities in Pottawatomie County can cause moderate ground shaking with some damage possible to structures and contents. The historical impact of earthquake incidents falls in the category of slight to moderate impact in the county. Pottawatomie County officials consider any earthquake activity above 4.8 on the Richter scale as a significant event. Housing in communities throughout Pottawatomie County is generally not built to “earthquake standards.” Earthquakes occurring in the past near or in Pottawatomie County have been slight to moderate with minor to moderate damage to structures particularly in the Shawnee area. Officials consider an earthquake registering 5.0 on the Richter Scale as Major. Events registering above 7.0 would be considered catastrophic. Charles F. Richter, of the California Institute of Technology, developed the Richter magnitude scale in 1935 as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. This scale is Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 133 usually the one referred to by news media when broadcasting, and is the most familiar to the public. The diagram below compares the Mercalli and Richter scales, and gives a description of earthquake impact for each level. Table 3-9 Earthquake: Mercalli/Richter Scale Comparison Mercalli Scale Richter Scale I. 0 - 1.9 II. 2.0 – 2.9 III. e3.0 – 3.9 IV. 4.0 – 4.3 V. 4.4 – 4.8 VI. 4.9 – 5.4 VII. 5.5 – 6.1 VIII. 6.2 – 6.5 Full Description Not felt. Marginal and long period effects of large earthquakes. Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or favorably placed. Felt indoors. Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of light trucks. Duration estimated. May not be recognized as an earthquake. Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of heavy trucks. Standing motor cars rock. Windows, dishes, doors rattle. Glasses clink the upper range of IV, wooden walls and frame creak. Felt outdoors; direction estimated. Sleepers wakened. Liquids disturbed, some spilled. Small unstable objects displaced or upset. Doors swing, close, open. Pendulum clocks stop, start. Felt by all. Many frightened and run outdoors. Persons walk unsteadily. Windows, dishes, glassware broken. Books, etc., off shelves. Pictures off walls. Furniture moved. Weak plaster and masonry D cracked. Small bells ring. Trees, bushes shaken. Difficult to stand. Noticed by drivers of motor cars. Hanging objects quiver. Furniture broken. Damage to masonry D, including cracks. Weak chimneys broken at roof line. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices. Some cracks in masonry C. Waves on ponds. Small slides and caving in along sand or gravel banks. Large bells ring. Concrete irrigation ditches damaged. Steering of motor cars affected. Damage to masonry C; partial collapse. Some damage to masonry B. Fall of stucco and some masonry walls. Twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, elevated tanks. Frame houses moved on foundations. Decayed piling broken off. Branches broken from trees. Changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells. Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. IX. 6.6 – 6.9 X. 7.0 – 7.3 General panic. Masonry D destroyed; masonry C heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; masonry B seriously damaged. (General damage to foundations.) Serious damage to reservoirs. Underground pipes broken. Conspicuous cracks in ground. In alluvial areas sand and mud ejected, earthquake fountains, sand craters. Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. Large landslides. Water thrown on banks of Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 134 Table 3-9 Mercalli Scale Earthquake: Mercalli/Richter Scale Comparison Richter Scale Full Description canals, rivers, lakes, etc. Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and flat land. Rails bent slightly. XI. 7.4 – 8.1 XII. > 8.1 Rails bent greatly. Underground pipelines completely out of service. Damage nearly total. Large rock masses displaced. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown into the air. Masonry A: Good workmanship, mortar, and design; reinforced, especially laterally, and bound together by using steel, concrete, etc.; designed to resist lateral forces. Masonry B: Good workmanship and mortar; reinforced, but not designed in detail to resist lateral forces. Masonry C: Ordinary workmanship and mortar; no extreme weaknesses like failing to tie in at corners, but neither reinforced nor designed against horizontal forces. Masonry D: Weak materials, such as adobe; poor mortar; low standards of workmanship; weak horizontally. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES On average there are about 50 measurable earthquakes each year in Oklahoma with only a few of these with shaking strong enough to be felt. 2009 was an exceptional year for seismic activity in Oklahoma with 43 felt earthquakes. The USGS database shows that there is a 2.087% chance of a major earthquake within 50 miles of Shawnee, Oklahoma within the next 50 years. The largest earthquake within 50 miles of Shawnee, Oklahoma was a 5.6 Magnitude in 2011 with an epicenter near Prague in Lincoln County just north of Pottawatomie County. Local records indicate an earthquake of 5.4 was centered 17 kilometers southeast of Shawnee on Oct. 26, 2002 and was felt in Pottawatomie County although no damage was reported. On July 1, 2009 an earthquake of 3.4 struck one mile southeast of McLoud,; no injuries or damage was reported. On October 13, 2010 an earthquake measuring 4.4 occurred east of Norman, OK and was felt by many in Pottawatomie County. No damage was reported from the earthquake and no one was injured during the incident. On November 6, 2011 a 5.6 earthquake that occurred 21 miles NNE of Shawnee caused some significant damage in Pottawatomie County. There was damage to the spires on top of the Benedictine Hall at St. Gregory’s University with one tower destroyed, another partially destroyed, and the other two with minor cracks. There was also damage reported at one Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 135 commercial structure in downtown Shawnee, 15 residential structures with minor damage and one residence destroyed. Other damage was reported at St. Benedicts Church, Romulus Baptist Church, and Eaton Hydraulics. The City of Shawnee water treatment facilities and public works building also received minor damage, but remained in operation in the following days. Table 3-10 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY EARTHQUAKE EVENTS January 1, 2012-August 31, 2012 Information provided by the Oklahoma Climatological Survey Date Time Depth Magnitude Latitude Longitude August 13th 08:46:40 5.0 1.3 35.4656 -96.8140 August 10th 02:39:23 5.0 1.4 35.4275 -97.0084 August 9th 23:23:25 5.0 1.8 35.4476 -97.0220 July 31st 14:24:11 5.0 1.8 35.4580 -96.7962 June 13th 22:44:32 3.0 3.1 35.4597 -96.7003 June 2nd 22:11:48 5.0 2.3 35.4681 -96.7089 May 30th 22:15:43 5.0 2.5 35.4573 -96.6993 May 16th 13:22:11 5.0 0.9 35.4657 -96.6230 April 29th 11:50:23 5.0 2.0 35.4432 -97.0269 April 16th 10:59:39 5.0 2.1 35.4041 -96.6663 Feb 19th 08:12:39 .2 .6 35.4598 -96.8567 Jan 24th 18:10:05 7.8 2.0 35.3942 -97.0950 NOTE: Unfortunately the usual source in Oklahoma for accurate Oklahoma earthquake data, the Geological Survey Laboratory at Leonard, Oklahoma, suffered a computer failure and has been out of service for several months. The above information was received from other sources but may not be entirely accurate. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE IMPACTS Oklahoma is at a moderate risk for an earthquake as a result of its proximity to the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Central Oklahoma is currently the most active earthquake area in the state, Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 136 including all participating jurisdictions in Pottawatomie County. At highest risk are areas in the northern parts of the county. Following are the observations included in the aforementioned study by the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the Oklahoma Corporation Commission on March 23, 2013: Future “felt” earthquakes in communities in Pottawatomie County are “LIKELY.” Based upon data from the USGS, the potential of “damaging” earthquakes in Pottawatomie County is “POSSIBLE”. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT Buildings with foundations resting on unstable soil, trailers not tied to their foundations, or homes not properly secured to their foundations are at risk for more severe damage during an earthquake. They can shake off their mountings during even a modest occurrence and possibly displace the occupants. Roads and bridges may be damaged to the extent emergency response Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 137 vehicles and motorists will need to find alternate routes. Even minor earthquakes can damage natural gas lines, water lines, pipelines, electric lines, and underground lines causing loss of services to the population. Environmental concerns may arise as well. Inside structures, bookshelves, hot water tanks, pictures on walls, and equipment can fall. When an earthquake occurs on a populated area, people are often injured or killed, and property is frequently damaged. CONCLUSION Based on available information, the potential impact of earthquakes to communities in Pottawatomie County is moderate. Pottawatomie County is in an active seismic zone with 12 earthquakes occurring in the current year alone. The earthquake that occurred in the Prague, Oklahoma, area on November 6, 2012 caused significant damage to structures throughout northern Pottawatomie County including St. Gregory’s University. Large earthquakes that occur on the New Madrid fault line have the potential to cause major damage in Pottawatomie County and affect the lives of residents in the county. REFERENCES Local Emergency Management Records United State Geological Survey (USGS) : www.usgs.gov/ State of Oklahoma Hazard Mitigation Plan Oklahoma Geological Survey (OGS) Study: http://www.ogs.ou.edu/earthquakes/OGS_PragueStatement201303.pdf Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 138 HAZARD PROFILE EXTREME HEAT Oklahoma, as part of the Southern Great Plains, is prone to wide swings of temperature. Summertime temperatures routinely climb above the 100-degree mark. Extreme heat is defined as temperatures that hover 10 degrees or more above the average high for the area, and last for several weeks. Humid or muggy conditions, which add to the discomfort or high temperatures, occur when a “dome” of high atmospheric pressure traps hazy, damp air near the ground. The hottest period of the Oklahoma summer extends from mid-July through mid-August. Overall, August (the third and final month of the Climatological summer) is Oklahoma’s second hottest, fifth driest, and least windy month. The mean annual temperature over the state ranges from 62 degrees F along the Red River to about 58 degrees F along the northern border. In Pottawatomie County temperatures average near 61 degrees, with a slight increase from north to south. LOCATION Oklahoma and Pottawatomie County including all of its jurisdictions (Refer to Table 1-1) are at risk for extreme heat, although temperatures experienced in Pottawatomie County do not compare with western Oklahoma that experience 35 – 40 days of temperatures over 100 degrees. Pottawatomie County experiences 10-20 days of temperatures greater than 100 degrees annually according to the Oklahoma Climatological Survey. In Pottawatomie County, however, during parts of the summer the humidity can be higher because of its location in relation to the Gulf of Mexico which causes temperatures to be more uncomfortable. TEMPERATURE Average Annual: 61 degrees Average Maximum: 73 degrees Average Minimum: 50 degrees Highest: 116 degrees (Shawnee, August 10, 1936) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 139 EXTENT It is often extremely hot and humid during the summer in Oklahoma, including Pottawatomie County. When prolonged higher than normal temperatures occur, the heat can become a hazard to life and to livestock. Pottawatomie County’s highest temperature on record occurred on August 10, 1936 when the temperature reached 116 degrees Fahrenheit in Shawnee. The Heat Index is how the heat and humidity in the air combine to make individuals feel. High humidity plus higher temperatures often combine to make us feel a superficial temperature that is higher than the actual air temperature. Table 3-11 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 140 Pottawatomie County considers any extended period with temperatures above 90 degrees or with a daytime heat indices of 105 degrees Fahrenheit or greater to be a major and cause for concern with periodic checks on the elderly and other at risk populations. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES Pottawatomie County has experienced extreme heat events over the last five years with excessively high temperatures causing significant problems for citizens, including: Table 3-12 SIGNIFICANT POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY EXTREME HEAT HISTORY 2009-2012 Data provided by the Oklahoma Climatological Survey Year Days above 90 degrees Days above 100 degrees Pottawatomie County 2012 93 34 None known Unknown 2011 109 63 None known Unknown Fatalities Injuries NOTE: NCDC website was checked for data but information available was inadequate. NWS Norman was also checked for temperature data but usable data was not found. Average High for July: 93.1 degrees Average Number of Days above 90 degrees: 76 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS While extreme heat is a hazard for Oklahomans, efforts are being made throughout the state to mitigate the effects of the extreme heat hazard. The National Weather Service – Norman is now issuing extreme heat warnings by county through the NOAA Weather Radio. They are issued when the combined effect of high temperatures and high humidity result in daytime heat indices greater than or equal to 105 degrees Fahrenheit and nighttime ambient temperatures greater than or equal to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, persisting for two days are longer. The entire state of Oklahoma is at risk Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 141 for extreme heat. Based on history and public input, the probability of a future extreme heat event in Pottawatomie County is “LIKELY”. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT Pottawatomie County has an extreme heat hazard due to its location and climate. Summers are hot and usually dry, with daytime highs in the upper 80s to the mid-90s and generally less than three inches of rain in July and August. Power supplies throughout the county are often affected due to high use of air conditioners by the population potentially causing power “brownouts” or outages. Also a problem is that some elderly or handicapped citizens either do not have air conditioners or fans that work or do not use them because of electric cost concerns; some become victims of the severe temperatures. Extreme heat deaths are usually from that group of citizens, although handicapped and very young can sometimes be victims of extreme heat also. In Pottawatomie County, various groups will volunteer fans and air conditioners free of charge for people who can’t afford them, but not everyone takes advantage of their generosity. People working outside are also vulnerable to extreme temperatures and need to know how to take care of themselves and should know the signs of heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Public education programs can help tremendously to save people from the effects of the heat and humidity. Roads are often affected by extreme heat. Some older asphalt roads tend to “melt” or get soft with continued heat. Many of these roads are used by school buses and mail carriers. Concrete roads “explode” and crack due to the heat leading to higher maintenance costs. The damaged roads often cause the citizens to find alternate transportations routes. Agriculture is an important industry in Pottawatomie Count, especially cattle and horse ranching. Extreme heat can be extremely damaging to various crops during the summer months. Livestock and livestock products make up the majority of Pottawatomie County’s annual Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 142 revenue; however, the industry suffers when grass dries up and ranchers are unable to properly feed their livestock. Large economic losses are likely when farmers and ranchers are unable to continue operating their business in Pottawatomie County. Beef producers particularly will be more concerned with the lack of moisture, short forage supplies, the distance they had to go to find hay, and the price they had to pay when they found it. They are concerned about the impact the high daily temperature and humidity have on their cattle. Cattle have an upper critical temperature that is 20 degrees cooler than humans. At 82 degrees and 75% humidity some humans may start to feel a little uncomfortable, but most cattle will be in the danger zone for heat stress. At 90 degrees and 65% humidity cattle are at extreme risk for heat stress. The humidity makes it difficult for cattle to dissipate body heat at these temperatures. CONCLUSION Although all jurisdictions in Pottawatomie County are susceptible to Extreme Heat, during which occasional injury or deaths may occur, most heat-related fatalities involve elderly citizens who are unable or unwilling to use their air conditioners or fans. The Oklahoma Climatological Survey indicates the Pottawatomie County area averages 10-20 days over 100 degrees during the summer. The school districts in the county are less affected by summertime extreme heat events because they are generally not active. The exception would be during late spring or in August when athletics begin practice, at which time school personnel take extra steps to detect effects of the heat on the athletes and to take appropriate action. The American Red Cross, Salvation Army, along with private organizations, and others, are making efforts to ensure that those in need receive fans or air conditioners and periodic visits to verify their welfare. REFERENCES (NWS) National Weather Service – Norman www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/ (OCS) Oklahoma Climatological Survey www.climate.mesonet.org/ Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 143 HAZARD PROFILE FLOODS - Bethel Acres; Earlsboro; Shawnee and Tecumseh Flood is defined as an overflow or inundation coming from a river or other body of water that causes or threatens damage. Floods are usually a result of heavy, slowly moving thunderstorms or rains extending over a long period. Floods can also occur through dam failure or over-topping. Flash flooding is a short-term water inundation usually resulting from storm water drainage or low water crossings on roadways. Fortunately, FEMA has mapped most of the known floodplains in the United States and administers Flood the National Insurance Program (NFIP). When the NFIP completes a flood study, the information and maps are assembled into a Flood Insurance Study (FIS). The FIS is a compilation and presentation of flood risk data for watercourses, specific lakes, and coastal flood hazard areas within a community; it also includes causes of flooding. The FIS report and associated maps delineate Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs), designate flood risk zones, and establish base flood elevations (BFEs) based on the flood that has a 1% chance of occurring annually or the 100-year flood. Riverine flooding occurs when excessive rainfall from areas upstream of the problem area exerts pressure on the rivers or drainage channels. Riverine flooding is usually a gradual process, which in many cases has a warning time from several hours to several days. River water surface elevations exceed the natural banks of the channel and overwhelm the areas within or beyond the floodplain. Riverine flooding has the tendency to remain in flood stage longer than other types of flood hazards. In many cases, riverine flooding may cause greater Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 144 flood loss due to the length of time, the velocity, depth of the water, and the debris associated with the fast moving water, inundates the structures. LOCATION All of the communities in Pottawatomie County are susceptible to occasional minor street flooding primarily due to flash flooding; however, the communities of Bethel Acres; Earlsboro; Shawnee and Tecumseh have been affected by flooding in the past, some causing damages. Tecumseh Middle School and Dale Public Schools have facilities that are located within the FEMA recognized Special Flood Hazard Area and have a possible risk of flooding. River flooding from the Little River is also possible and has occurred in the past. Flash flooding from thunderstorms occurs predominately in the spring and summer. Maps showing the location of all school campuses in relation to FEMA’s Special Flood Hazard Areas are provided in Appendix B. PRECIPITATION Average Annual: 40.19 inches Days With Precipitation: 75 Wettest Year: 62.27 inches in 1908 Driest Year: 18.40 inches in 1956 Greatest Daily Rainfall: 10.62 inches (Shawnee, October 20, 1983) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 145 EXTENT The geographical characteristics of Pottawatomie County are generally flat, level ground, conducive to flash flooding when rainfall is too heavy for the drainage system to handle the flow of runoff throughout the communities in the county. and City, county, school officials consider rainfall of 1inch per hour a minor severity, and anything over three inches per hour a major event that can cause signifi cant flooding problems from inadequate drainage. This example shows the flood table different zone designations as commonly recognized by the NFIP and used to between differentiate varying special flood hazard areas. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES Some communities in Pottawatomie County have a history of flooding, primarily flash flooding. On the map showing past significant flooding throughout the state, Pottawatomie County is in an area of Oklahoma that has experienced significant flooding at least five or more times over a 20year period. The very flat terrain of the county adds to the flash flooding potential. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 146 Pottawatomie County is no stranger to flooding as areas of the county have witnessed record flooding in different years. The most significant flood occurred in April 1928 and devastated downtown Shawnee, destroying most of the buildings and leaving many families homeless. More recently, presidential disaster declarations in 1990 and 1993 floods caused over $1.5 million in property damage. Other parts of Pottawatomie County have experienced flooding as well. The Macomb area was damaged by flooding on the Little River in 1960 and 1961. No school districts other than Tecumseh HS in 2007 have been affected by flash-flooding or flooding other than occasional problems on bus routes and busses having to detour from part of their route. Flooded roads occasionally cause problems accessing some communities in Pottawatomie County but the only communities affected regularly are Bethel Acres; Earlsboro; Shawnee and Tecumseh. Pottawatomie County has fourteen repetitive loss properties. Three of those properties are located in the Town of Tecumseh. One is a commercial property and two are single family, residential properties. The eleven remaining properties are all single family residences located within Shawnee. Five of these properties are located in the same neighborhood while four more are in an adjoining neighborhood. Of the fourteen properties, three have had more than five claims (5, 7 and 8). Table 3-13 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY FLOOD EVENTS 2000-2013 Information provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date 17 Apr 2013 Location Shawnee Description Flash Flood - A strong warm front became stationary along the interstate 44 corridor during the early afternoon of the 17th. Through the day, areas south of the warm front and east of a well-defined dryline became very unstable. As a large upper trough shifted into the Southern Plains, scattered thunderstorms developed near the dryline/warm front triple point. Heavy rainfall from several rounds of thunderstorms led to flooding in downtown Shawnee. Numerous streets were in curb deep water. No major damage was reported and no injuries or fatalities occurred. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 147 Table 3-13 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY FLOOD EVENTS 2000-2013 Information provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date 14 Jun 2010 Location Bethel Acres Shawnee Description Thunderstorms developed again over central Oklahoma late in the afternoon and evening, but luckily the duration of the thunderstorms was relatively short. By the time it was all said and done, widespread totals of five to nine inches were reported over much of Oklahoma City. Will Rogers World Airport reported its largest daily precipitation since records began in 1891, with 7.62 inches. Even higher totals were reported over the north-central portion of Oklahoma City, where nine to twelve inches was measured. Bethel Acres - Several roadways between Bethel Acres and Shawnee had to be closed again when another round of heavy rain led to more flooding. Water reached 2 to 3 feet in some spots. One car became stranded in the rapidly rising water. No injuries were reported. Shawnee/Tecumseh - flash flooding also occurred near the Shawnee and Tecumseh areas. Several locations along Highway 177 and 18 were impassable, with vehicles becoming stranded in the rapidly rising water. A few swift water rescues occurred north of Tecumseh as two cars were swept off the roadway. Several homes also sustained damage. One residence had to be evacuated along Squirrel Creek as water rose out of its banks. 19 Aug 2007 Tecumseh Flash Flood- Tropical Storm Erin, the fifth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane season, developed quickly over the northeast Gulf of Mexico on the 15th, before moving onshore during the morning hours of the 16th. Erin moved onshore near Lamar, TX as a weak tropical storm, but was quickly downgraded to a tropical depression as it moved over land. Erin maintained her depression status as it then began to move northeast into southwest Oklahoma between Hollis and Erick during the afternoon hours of Saturday, August 18th. Rainfall amounts exceeded five inches over a large area, with some locations receiving eight to ten inches. Rivers and creeks easily exceeded their banks, with water also rising quickly in many towns. Dozens of people were rescued by boat and helicopter as numerous homes and businesses quickly took on water. A couple of feet of water covered the wastewater treatment plant. Several outlets, fans, and pumps were damaged as a result. The Tecumseh High School had one inch of water in several classrooms. Five feet of water accumulated at Broadway and Tecumseh. Water was over the vehicle roofs near the US 177 interchange. Five residences received minor flood damage. A couple of residents had to be rescued from their home, as well as 5 people from their vehicles due to the high water. Numerous streets were flooded in Shawnee as well due to the high Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 148 Table 3-13 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY FLOOD EVENTS 2000-2013 Information provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location Description water. The southern portions of Pottawatomie county had extensive fence damage due to baled hay and other debris being washed through them. Numerous roads were closed in Bethel Acres, Pink, Brooksville, Macomb, and Wanette. In Earlsboro, one woman and two children had to be rescued from their vehicle at Kings Road. No injuries were reported at any location. 30 Jul 2007 Shawnee Flash Flood- A weak stationary front was draped from northwest Oklahoma into eastern Oklahoma. Other outflow boundaries from the previous day's thunderstorms were scattered around much of Oklahoma. Showers and thunderstorms with very heavy rainfall developed during the late morning and afternoon hours, with the strongest thunderstorms occurring in the afternoon. The almost stationary nature of the heavy thunderstorms created areas of flash flooding, especially over central Oklahoma, including the Oklahoma City metro area. Numerous roads were closed due to rapidly rising water. Several cars stalled while attempting to drive through high water. The rising water also entered a few businesses, with minor damage reported. Several county roads were closed due to high water, especially over the southern portions of the county. 10 Jul 2007 Shawnee Flash Flood- A boundary moved southeast into Oklahoma during the afternoon hours of the 9th. An upper level wave accompanied this front, and combined with afternoon heating helping severe thunderstorms to develop during the afternoon and overnight hours. Thunderstorms also developed on the many outflow boundaries that were created throughout the event. Hail, high winds and flash flooding were reported. Squirrel Creek came out of its banks on the south side of Shawnee. Campers were evacuated as a result. 26 Jun 2007 Tecumseh Shawnee Earlsboro Flood- Waves of intense showers and thunderstorms continued to move north through the eastern two thirds of Oklahoma. The heavy rainfall and already saturated ground made for easy flash flood conditions through the morning and early afternoon hours. Monetary damages were estimated. Tecumseh-Six inches of water was reported in the Kwik Stop convenience store. A woman was evacuated from her home when a nearby creek overflowed its banks. Water got into the high school, damaging all the flooring. Shawnee- 45th Street between West Bryant and East Harrison was closed due to high water. Forty-six single family homes and seven commercial buildings sustained major flood damage. About sixty Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 149 Table 3-13 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY FLOOD EVENTS 2000-2013 Information provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location Description homes were reported to have minor flood damage. Earlsboro- State HWY 9 was flooded and impassable. 18 Jun 2007 Maud Flash Flood- The upper low pressure center began to slowly move east throughout the day on the 18th, with heavy rainfall developing along and east of its track. Flash flooding was reported over parts of southeast and central Oklahoma. Several roads were closed due to the high water, and some businesses reported water rising several inches inside. A couple of houses was evacuated in Maud due to rapidly rising water. Several county roads also were closed due to high water. Monetary damages were estimated. 8 May 2007 Shawnee Flood - Showers and thunderstorms developed and moved over the main body of Oklahoma during the morning hours. Widespread flash flooding was reported over central Oklahoma, with rivers rising out of their banks. After a lull in precipitation for a few hours the other disturbance moved over Oklahoma during the late afternoon and evening hours. Widespread showers and thunderstorms developed over southwest Oklahoma and continued to develop into central and southern Oklahoma. Large hail and severe wind gusts were reported, with flash flooding and river flooding continuing to be a concern due to the heavy rainfall earlier in the day. Hardesty Road and Donna Lane were closed due to a culvert collapsing. The roads were closed between HWY 102 and Stevens Road. 17 Nov 2004 Pottawatomie Co. Flood - Strong thunderstorms dropped storm total rainfall amounts of Pottawatomie Co. Flood - Strong thunderstorms dropped isolated storm total rainfall amounts of 2 + inches in west-central Pottawatomie County during the early morning hours of July 7, and produced short-lived river flooding along the Little River. Minor rural flooding occurred along the Little River 5 miles south of Tecumseh, OK at the river gage site. The Little River crested at 12.8 feet, 1.8 feet above flood stage, at 8:30 am CST on July 7 and was above flood stage from 7:00 am to 1:00 pm 7 Jul 2004 1-2 inches in west-central Pottawatomie County during the late evening hours of November 17. The rain fell over areas where the soil had been saturated from previous rainfall events during the month and produced short-lived river flooding along the Little River. Minor rural flooding occurred along the Little River 5 miles south of Tecumseh, OK at the river gage site. The Little River crested at 11.1 feet, 0.1 feet above flood stage, at 8:30 am CST on November 17 and was above flood stage from 10:30 pm on November 17 to 12:30 am on November 18. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 150 Table 3-13 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY FLOOD EVENTS 2000-2013 Information provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location Description on July 7. 3 Mar 2004 Pottawatomie Co. Flood - On March 3-4, a warm front stalled across southwest and central Oklahoma. The front focused very heavy rainfall along a 50mile wide band along and southeast of Interstate 44. Rainfall amounts of 1.5 to 3.5 inches were common. As a result of the heavy rains and subsequent runoff, the Little River near Tecumseh rapidly rose above a flood stage of 11 feet during the afternoon of March 3, and crested at 15 feet during the evening of March 3. Minor to moderate flooding occurred for a brief time during the evening of March 3 and early morning of March 4 over agricultural lands near the Little River in Pottawatomie and western Seminole counties. 30 Apr 2000 Earlsboro Flash Flood - A slow moving thunderstorms formed over portions of western and central Oklahoma during the late morning of the 30th and continued through mid-evening. These storms were responsible for isolated areas of wind damage, large hail, lightning damage, and some flooding. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS The communities in Pottawatomie County are sometimes host to the remnants of hurricanes from the Gulf of Mexico. By the time they arrive in Pottawatomie County, however, they have been downgraded to Tropical Depressions. These storms tend to produce extremely heavy rains over a sustained period and often lead to flooding throughout Pottawatomie County. Based on history and input from the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team, the potential of flooding in the listed communities and areas of the unincorporated county is “LIKELY”. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT Flooding is a destructive force whether it occurs from the river streams, dam failure, or most often by the flash floods transpiring from overtaxed water drainage. Neither property nor lives are exempt from its ravages. In Pottawatomie County, vehicles have driven into flooded roadways and been swept off by the heavy currents or drive off into a hole caused by a washed out roadway that was “hidden” by the flood water. Emergency Services have then been called to perform rescues. Flooding rivers and streams have invaded homes and businesses Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 151 destroying floors, walls and contents causing people to have to relocate and some become unemployed due to the closure of their business. Farmers and ranchers lose thousands of dollars’ worth of wheat, cotton, sorghum, and hay, as well as livestock when flood waters overrun their fields. The impact of their losses not only affect Pottawatomie County's economy but also the State of Oklahoma and national economies since many of the local farmers and ranchers sell to buyers who deal in these markets. Communications towers, telephone and electric lines are above ground and are often impacted by flooding rivers or creeks. Transportation routes are always affected by flood waters whether they are the local county roads or major highways. Pottawatomie County has a number of main highways including Interstate 40 that runs through the county. Although seldom affected by flooding the possibility exists. Such an event would create massive transportation problems. Dale PS and Tecumseh Middle School have a possible risk of flooding because of their locations within the flood plain. Neither have any history of flooding. CONCLUSION Flooding in Pottawatomie County is a concern, although the most common occurrence is flash flooding when rainfall is exceedingly heavy and storm drains are unable to handle the runoff from the event. Exceedingly heavy rainfall can and has damaged and destroyed property in communities located in Pottawatomie County. Mitigation projects currently underway and new projects will help alleviate the flooding in communities in Pottawatomie County. REFERENCES National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) (NWS) National Weather Service – Norman www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/ (OCS) Oklahoma Climatological Survey www.climate.mesonet.org/ (NCDC) National Climatic Data Center www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/ Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 152 HAZARD PROFILE HAIL Hail forms in storm clouds when super cooled water droplets freeze on contact with condensation nuclei, such as dust. The storm’s updraft blows the hailstones to the upper part of the cloud. The updraft dissipates and the hailstones fall down, back into the updraft, and are lifted up again. The hailstone gains an icy layer and grows increasingly larger with each ascent. Once a hailstone becomes too heavy to be supported by the storm’s updraft, it falls out of the cloud. This movement up and down inside the cloud, through cold the warmer temperatures, causes the droplet to add layers of ice and become quite large, sometimes round or oval shaped and sometimes irregularly shaped. The size ranges from smaller than a pea to as large as a softball and larger, and can be very destructive to buildings, vehicles and crops. Hail is the most expensive by product of thunderstorms. Oklahoma crop losses due to hail average approximately $2.5 million per year in loss claims alone – not including property / casualty claims. Hail damage to automobiles, roofs, windows, and farm crops is staggering. Large hail is also a threat to small mammals and it kills many birds. Large hail is generally one inch in diameter or larger and can cause a great deal of damage. Large hailstones can fall at speeds faster than 100 mph. The National Weather Center uses a network of Nexrad Doppler radars to detect hail. Hail size and probability can be estimated from radar date by a computer by different algorithms. LOCATION All of Pottawatomie County, including all of the jurisdictions within the county, (Refer to Table 11) are subject to hailstorms. Usually associated with severe thunderstorms, all structures, wildlife, livestock, and the entire population is subject to hail damage. EXTENT Hail usually lasts an average of 10 to 20 minutes but may last much longer in some storms and is usually in relatively small coverage areas. Hail causes $1 billion on damage to crops and property each year in the U.S. Even small hail can cause significant damage to young and tender plants. The peak period in Oklahoma for hailstorms, is late spring and early summer, which also correlates to the severe thunderstorm season in Oklahoma. The peak periods for Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 153 hailstorms, late spring and early summer, coincide with Oklahoma’s most critical agricultural seasons for wheat, corn, barley, oats, rye, and fruit trees. Pottawatomie County has large ranching and farming areas that would be negatively affected by hailstorms. The Torro Hail scale shown in Table 3-14 describes the levels of hail possible and damage that results. Pottawatomie County participating jurisdictions consider anything in the magnitude of H2 or higher on this scale significant due to crop losses and the economic hardship it creates for farmers and ranchers. Table 3-14 Size Code H0 H1 H2 Combined NOAA/TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale Intensity Category Typical Hail Diameter (inches) Approximate Size Hard Hail Up to 0.33 Pea 0.33-0.60 Marble or Mothball 0.60-0.80 Dime or grape Significant damage to fruit, crops, vegetation Severe 0.80-1.20 Nickel to Quarter Severe damage to fruit and crops, damage to glass and plastic structures, paint and wood scored Severe 1.2-1.6 Half Dollar to Ping Pong Ball Widespread glass damage, vehicle bodywork damage Destructive 1.6-2.0 Silver Dollar to Golf Ball Wholesale destruction of glass, damage to tiled roofs, significant risk of injuries Destructive 2.0-2.4 Lime or Egg Aircraft bodywork dented, brick walls pitted Very Destructive 2.4-3.0 Tennis Ball Severe roof damage, risk of serious injuries Very Destructive 3.0-3.5 Baseball to Orange Super Hailstorms 3.5-4.0 Grapefruit Extensive structural damage. Risk of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open Super Hailstorms 4+ Softball and up Extensive structural damage. Risk of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open Potentially Damaging Potentially Damaging H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Typical Damage Impacts No damage Slight damage to plants, crops Severe damage to aircraft bodywork Page 154 Once the size of hail rises to H4-H5 magnitude it becomes disastrous to equipment that is parked outside due to insufficient cover. Pottawatomie County and municipal officials consider any hail exceeding this level as a major event warranting warning to the public. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES There are numerous hail events produced by severe thunderstorms that occur in Pottawatomie County each year. Between 2000 and 2013, the NCDC has recorded 119 hail events that have impacted communities in Pottawatomie County. In the interest of space, the following table only reports events with hail one inch or greater are listed: Table 3-15 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAIL STORM HISTORY 2000-2012 (Only events with 1 inch hail or greater are profiled) Date Location Description 22 Oct 2011 Asher, Wanette 1.50-1.75 - A potent storm system moved southeast through the central Rockies, with warm, moist air moving north through Oklahoma. Thunderstorms first developed over north-central Oklahoma, but became more widespread further south as the evening progressed. Strong instability and wind shear allowed for the thunderstorms to become organized, with some supercell storms producing very large hail and damaging winds. Storms produced hail up to baseball size. The storms continued to develop and move southeast, eventually moving into southeast Oklahoma. 12 Aug 2011 Shawnee, Pink, 1.75 - Very hot temperatures contributed to a very unstable atmosphere over all of Oklahoma, with thunderstorms developing by mid-afternoon. The thunderstorms first formed over parts of central and south-central Oklahoma, and drifted northeast. A larger complex of storms developed over southern Kansas and moved southeast into Oklahoma. More widespread severe weather occurred with this complex, as it organized over Oklahoma. Several locations reported wind gusts over 60 mph, some of which caused damage. Earlsboro 12 May 2011 Earlsboro 1.00 - The same storm system that produced widespread heavy rainfall and sporadic wind damage on the 11th continued to move east through Kansas. The cold front/dry line moved east during the afternoon, lying over the eastern quarter of Oklahoma by peak heating. Thunderstorms developed from central into southeast Oklahoma, with a few of them becoming severe with large hail. The largest hail stones ranged from half-dollar to ping pong ball size, although most of the thunderstorms produced around nickel to quarter size. The storms weakened shortly after sunset. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 155 Table 3-15 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAIL STORM HISTORY 2000-2012 (Only events with 1 inch hail or greater are profiled) Date Location Description 22 Apr 2011 Tecumseh, Pink, 1.25 - 2.75 - A cold front moved slowly southeast before stalling near the I-44 corridor. A dry line stretched just ahead of the front, lying from near Lawton southward into northern Texas, with warm, moist air present ahead of it. By early evening, thunderstorms had developed ahead of these boundaries, just south and east of the Oklahoma City metro area. Large hail was reported with several of the thunderstorms. The development of the low-level jet added to the already sufficient wind shear for supercell thunderstorms, but also aided the low-level rotation in some of the thunderstorms. A couple of short-lived tornadoes were reported over Garvin and McClain counties, with some damage reported. The storms continued to develop through the evening hours, with many of them moving over the same areas. The drought that was in place was helped by the welcome rainfall, although a few areas reported brief flash-flooding. Up to baseball-size hail was reported 2 miles south of State Highway 9 and 2 miles east of Highway 102. 14 Apr 2011 Johnson, Tecumseh, 1.00 - A dry line moved quickly east before slowing to the east of I-35 in Oklahoma. Dew point temperatures reached the middle 60s east of the dry line, with bone-dry conditions advection in on the back side of the dry line. The cap that was in place was all but erased by midafternoon and thunderstorms quickly developed over eastern Oklahoma. The wind shear in place was more than sufficient for rotating thunderstorms, with most storms becoming supercells. Very large hail and wind damage was common early in the thunderstorm life cycle. Shawnee 19 May 2010 St. Louis, Macomb 1.75 - By mid-afternoon a large storm system with a well-defined front was located from west-central into central Oklahoma, just north of the Oklahoma City metro area. Two thunderstorms developed near and along the front, one over Roger Mills and Dewey counties, and the other over northern Blaine county. Another thunderstorm developed further east along the dry line later in the afternoon, and the storm eventually produced a tornado west of Prague in Lincoln county. Additional severe thunderstorms developed across southern Oklahoma, but the main impact was large hail and very heavy rainfall. 16 May 2010 Shawnee 1.00 - Thunderstorms developed by mid-afternoon in northwest Oklahoma near a warm front. A long-lived supercell became organized over Major County and moved southeast, leaving a swath of large damaging hail in its wake. Baseball size hail was reported west of Fairview, with softball size hail west of Okeene. As the storm moved southeast, the coverage of hail increased, with numerous reports of golf ball size - and a few baseball Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 156 Table 3-15 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAIL STORM HISTORY 2000-2012 (Only events with 1 inch hail or greater are profiled) Date Location Description size - hail from near Kingfisher to northwest Oklahoma City. The storm continued southeast through Oklahoma City, causing extensive damage. Damage was widespread and significant in and around the Oklahoma City metro area. Numerous vehicles were heavily damaged or even totaled by the large amounts of damaging hail. Numerous buildings suffered roof, window and structural damage, and trees and vegetation were shredded by the large hail. Hail drifts reached several feet deep over some areas. As the storm continued southeast, it continued to produce hail near golf ball size. 8 July 2009 Wanette 1.00 - Thunderstorms developed during the early morning hours ahead of an outflow boundary that was produced by thunderstorms in southwest Kansas. A pre-existing outflow boundary was already in place over northern Oklahoma, which aided in the development of precipitation through the afternoon hours. The thunderstorms were mainly confined to the area along and east of Interstate 35, with marginally severe hail and very strong winds reported as the cluster of thunderstorms moved southeast. Wind damage was reported over southeast Oklahoma, with hail up to quarter-size reported farther north. 12 Jun 2009 County 1.75 - On the evening of June 12th, an outflow boundary extended from Norman to Holdenville, with a dry line south of the Red River over western north Texas. A strong cap suppressed thunderstorm development through much of the day, but finally weakened enough by late afternoon and early evening for thunderstorms to develop. Thunderstorms crossed into south central Oklahoma, producing hail up to half-dollar size through mid-evening before weakening. Thunderstorms also formed along the outflow boundary across central Oklahoma. 30 Mar 2009 Wanette 1.00 - A strengthening upper level storm system moved through the central plains during the afternoon, with a cold front pushing southeast into Oklahoma and a dry line set up over west central Oklahoma. A line of thunderstorms developed along the front, and quickly developed southward as the front overtook the retreating dry line, mainly east of Interstate 44. The thunderstorms became severe, with penny to quarter size hail and wind gusts of 50 to 60 mph the main issues. No damage was reported. 5 Nov 2008 Shawnee 1.75 - Numerous strong to severe thunderstorms developed ahead of a dry line, west of Interstate 35, and moved northeast into central and northern Oklahoma. The thunderstorms became severe and Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 157 Table 3-15 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAIL STORM HISTORY 2000-2012 (Only events with 1 inch hail or greater are profiled) Date Location Description Pink produced large hail and some damaging winds. Several areas reported hail covering ground a couple of inches deep. Two additional rounds of thunderstorms developed by nightfall, with some areas receiving large hail three to five separate times. Some of the hail reached over golf ball size, and this combined with strong winds caused fairly significant roof, window, and fence damage. The dryline and cold front finally moved into eastern Oklahoma by mid-evening, with much cooler temperatures overspreading the region. The hail broke several windows at Shawnee Lake with hail also reported a half of a mile east of Highway 102. Damage was estimated at $10,000 3 Apr 2008 Macomb 1.75 - Several factors came into play for a significant severe weather event over the southern half of Oklahoma. An upper level disturbance moved through the central plains, and a cold front moved into the northwest third of Oklahoma by mid -afternoon. An area of surface low pressure developed over far southwest Oklahoma, with a dry line extending to the south of this feature. Thunderstorms developed and quickly become severe, producing very large hail. The storms tracked east during the evening hours, with a line of storms also developing along the cold front that moved southeast. 31 Mar 2008 Tecumseh 1.00 - A cold front moved from northwest to southeast, entering northwest Oklahoma during the morning hours, and moving into southeast Oklahoma by early to mid-evening. Ahead of the cold front, deep Gulf moisture was in place, with afternoon heating warming temperatures into the 70s. Thunderstorms developed along and ahead of the front, with the strongest storms occurring over southern and southeast Oklahoma. The thunderstorms occurred in two waves, one occurring during the late morning, early afternoon hours, with another wave occurring during the mid to late afternoon hours. The first wave of thunderstorms was mainly a large hail threat. Very large hail was the main threat with the second threat, with strong winds and heavy rainfall another concern. The hail and strong winds also did some damage in the afternoon. 8 Jan 2008 McLoud 1.00 - A powerful storm system moved toward the southern plains with an unseasonably warm and humid air mass was in place. The cold front continued moving southeast through the evening and overnight hours, with the thunderstorms forming into a squall line by late evening. Large hail to quarter size and gusty winds were the main threats with the thunderstorms, although a period of moderate to heavy rainfall also accompanied the storms. Hail up to quarter size was reported north of I-40 and the US 177 intersection. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 158 Table 3-15 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HAIL STORM HISTORY 2000-2012 (Only events with 1 inch hail or greater are profiled) Date Location Description 21 Apr 2004 Shawnee 1.25 - A major hail storm moved through the Oklahoma City metro on this day primarily affecting the western and northern sides of the city. Hail up to the size of baseballs was observed along with many areas reporting hail on the ground ranging from 3 inches deep to 2 feet deep. The hail damaged numerous structures and vehicles with several people also needing their vehicles towed or dug out of the hail on streets across the city. Damage estimates across the Oklahoma City metro were 100 million dollars. Storms also produced two tornadoes in Ellis county in northwest Oklahoma with no known damage reported. Hail was observed at intersection of Kickapoo and Federal Street. 24 Mar 2004 Shawnee 2.75 - Several supercell thunderstorms developed during the evening of the 24th, along and just behind a strong cold front that moved through the area. Numerous occurrences of large hail, with the largest hail stone reported to be baseball size, and several areas of significant wind damage accompanied these thunderstorms. Tuttle in Grady County, and Shawnee in Pottawatomie County, were two areas hit hardest by the high wind speeds. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS Pottawatomie County property and citizens are susceptible to hail storms and will continue to be at risk. Pottawatomie County experiences several hailstorms a year, some of them causing damage. Damage usually occurs to structural glass, roofs, and vehicles. The PCHMPT considered the probability of future events based on past experience and concluded that severe thunderstorms producing hail would indeed occur in the future. The entire county is at risk from hail and the probability of future events is “HIGHLY LIKELY”. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT The strongest hail events tend to be associated with severe thunderstorms, and often do extensive damage to structures, vehicles, and crops, smaller less intense thunderstorms frequently produce smaller hail, H2 size dime or grape size hail (see Table 3-14, TORRO SCALE) often causes slight damage especially to crops or vegetation which can cause an economical loss to nearby communities and farmers/ranchers in the area. Hail from H-3 to H-5 can begin to damage vehicles and roofs and occasionally glass. Hail larger than H-5 can be Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 159 dangerous by severely damaging windows, vehicles, and roofs causing the need for expensive repairs. Hail larger than H-8 can cause holes in roofs, destroy vehicles, and cause extensive structural damage. It can also injure or kill people and animals. In spite of ongoing research and the warning system currently available to the public, people are often injured usually trying to get to adequate shelter. Hail damage, generally to roofs of structures cause roofs to be replaced more frequently than the normal life of roofs costing insurance companies and property owners thousands of dollars. Property owners on occasion have to find temporary housing or a new business location due to the amount of roof damage done to their structure. For businesses, this can result in loss of business and in extreme cases could even affect employee jobs. CONCLUSION Oklahoma and Pottawatomie County have a significant exposure to hail events. Early warning research is ongoing through the National Weather Service (NWS/NOAA) and the Oklahoma Climatological Survey to improve warning and threat information to the public. Government owned property and critical facilities, public and private are vulnerable to hail as is any other property. Damage usually occurs to vegetation, vehicles, and structures. research is ongoing through the National Weather Service (NWS). Early warning New dual polarization technology which sends out a vertical and horizontal pulse is undergoing testing and should be deployed at all Nexrad Radar sites over the next few years allowing for better hail size and probability. Public information is critical to minimize the effects of hail. An informed public can prevent some damage and in particular injuries or deaths. REFERENCES (NCDC) National Climatic Data Center www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/ Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 160 HIGH WINDS HAZARD PROFILE High winds are a common feature of thunderstorms, particularly severe thunderstorms, but damaging straight line winds can and have occurred outside of thunderstorms in Oklahoma. The National Weather Service uses winds in excess of 58 mph as one of the measurements in determining a thunderstorm to be severe. Wind is defined as the motion of air relative to the earth’s surface. High winds can result from thunderstorm inflow and outflow, or downburst winds when the storm collapses, and can result from strong frontal systems, or gradient winds (high or low pressure systems) moving across Oklahoma. “High winds” are wind speeds reaching 50 mph or greater, either sustained or gusting. Damage similar to that caused by tornados and other cyclonic windstorms can result from downburst winds. Downbursts are powerful downdrafts associated with thunderstorms. Downbursts often occur when a thunderstorm is collapsing causing substantial damage almost equivalent to a small tornado. Downbursts can occur anywhere convective weather conditions happen. Observations suggest that approximately five percent of all thunderstorms produce a microburst and significant wind damage can be related to them. Downdrafts are typically only a few hundred to a few thousand feet across. When the downdraft reaches the ground, it spreads out horizontally and may form one or more horizontal vortex rings around the downdraft. The outflow is typically 6-12 thousand feet across and the vortex ring may rise two thousand feet above the ground. Either can do severe damage to structures and cause significant injuries and even fatalities. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 161 LOCATION Pottawatomie County and its participating jurisdictions(Refer to Table 1-1) experiences high winds and occasional downbursts during some thunderstorms exposing virtually all structures, infrastructure, and individuals in the county to their effects. The communities in Pottawatomie County experience an average of 50 thunderstorm days annually (Oklahoma Climatological Survey) some of which will have high wind warnings issued during the event. Situated southeast of the Rocky Mountains and their cool air; north of the moisture-rich Gulf of Mexico; and northeast of the arid Southwest with its dry, hot air, thunderstorms producing high winds are common in Oklahoma and Pottawatomie County. EXTENT Officials in Pottawatomie County consider high wind a threat if the winds exceed 58 mph. Winds in excess of 58 mph can cause damage to structures and disrupt power service. The Beaufort Wind Scale is a system of estimating and reporting wind speeds. Its basis if the Beaufort Force composed of wind speeds, classification, from the World Meteorologists Organization (WMO), and descriptions of the visible effects of wind on land and water. Pottawatomie County considers winds higher than a Force 9 on the Beaufort scale as major and warrants high wind precautions. Anything less is considered minor. Table 3-17 No. Knots Beaufort Wind Scale for Land mph Description Effects on land 0 0 0mph Calm Smoke rises vertically. 1 1-3 1-3mph Light air Smoke drifts in the wind. 2 4-6 4-7mph Light breeze Leaves rustle. Wind felt on face. 3 7-10 8-12mph Gentle breeze Small twigs in constant motion. Light flags extended. 4 11-16 1318mph Moderate wind Dust, leaves and loose paper lifted. Small branches move 5 17-21 1924mph Fresh wind Small trees sway. 6 22-27 2531mph Strong wind Large branches move. Whistling in phone wires. Difficult Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 to use umbrellas. Page 162 327 28-33 Very strong wind Whole trees in motion. Gale Twigs break off trees. Difficult to walk. Severe gale Chimney pots and slates removed. Storm Trees uprooted. Structural damage. Severe storm Widespread damage. Hurricane force Widespread damage. Very rarely experienced on land. 38mph 398 34-40 46mph 47- 9 41-47 54mph 55- 10 48-55 63mph 64- 11 56-63 72mph 12 63 73mph PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES Hundreds of thunderstorms move across Oklahoma each year, with most bringing welcome precipitation. However, high winds accompanying thunderstorms are occasionally responsible for injuries, fatalities, and property damage. Following are the effects of thunderstorm winds that caused structural damage in Pottawatomie County. Table 3-18 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HIGH WIND EVENTS 2006-2013 Data provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location Description NOTE: Only wind storms resulting in structural damage are listed. 08 Aug 2012 Macomb 61 knots - A weak surface trough existed over Oklahoma, and afternoon pulse storms resulted in a few wind damage reports. Roof shingles were blown off a house. Estimated damages: 2000.00 13 July 2011 Tribbey 61 knots -Strong winds were the main threats with the thunderstorms, with a few areas reporting minor wind damage. The storms moved off to the east and weakened with the loss of daytime heating. A roof was blown off a barn and several large trees were blown over. Estimated damages were $9,000. 13 May 2010 County 56 knots - The storms evolved into a squall line that brought numerous reports of severe weather, including particularly damaging winds and hail. Several power lines and a tree were Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 163 Table 3-18 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HIGH WIND EVENTS 2006-2013 Data provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location Description downed by the strong winds. Estimated damage $4,000.00 10 May 2010 Wanette 60 knots - A significant outbreak of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes affected a large part of northern, central, and southern Oklahoma. Roof damage was reported to a business just north of Wanette near the intersection of State Highway 39 and State Highway 102. No damage estimate available. 8 July 2009 Tecumseh 61 knots - Thunderstorms developed during the early morning hours ahead of an outflow boundary that was produced by thunderstorms in southwest Kansas. A pre-existing outflow boundary was already in place over northern Oklahoma, which aided in the development of precipitation through the afternoon hours. The thunderstorms were mainly confined to the area along and east of Interstate 35, with marginally severe hail and very strong winds reported as the cluster of thunderstorms moved southeast. Wind damage was reported over southeast Oklahoma, with hail up to quarter-size reported farther north. High winds downed power lines, utility poles and several trees. A sign from a local convenience store was blown down onto State Highway 9. Most of the town was without power for a short time. Monetary damage estimates were unavailable. 7 Jun 2009 Shawnee, Tecumseh 61 knots - Thunderstorms developed over northwest Oklahoma while other non-severe thunderstorms developed down the dry line into western Oklahoma. By mid-evening, the rapidly weakening thunderstorms moved into central and parts of southwest Oklahoma. Very strong winds were reported sporadically from Comanche into Pottawatomie counties due to the collapsing thunderstorms. Winds were measured as high as 71 mph, with damage reported in several communities. Sporadic tree damage was reported from Tecumseh, north to Highway 3. The most concentrated area of damage was between Highways 177 and 9a. Three foot-diameter tree limbs were downed, and some shingles were blown off of several rooftops. Monetary damage estimates were not available. 10 Feb 2009 Tecumseh 56 knots - Power lines were downed and roof damage was reported on Highways 9 and 270. In Tecumseh, Highway 9 was closed for a short time from Malone to Skaggs Streets due to power lines lying on the roadway. Some fencing was also damaged at this location. Monetary damage estimates were not available. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 164 Table 3-18 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HIGH WIND EVENTS 2006-2013 Data provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date 5 Nov 2008 30 May 2007 Location Description Shawnee 56 knots - Numerous strong to severe thunderstorms developed ahead of a dry line, west of Interstate 35, and moved northeast into central and northern Oklahoma. The thunderstorms became severe and produced large hail and some damaging winds. Several areas reported hail covering ground a couple of inches deep. Two additional rounds of thunderstorms developed by nightfall, with some areas receiving large hail three to five separate times. Some of the hail reached over golf ball size, and this combined with strong winds caused fairly significant roof, window, and fence damage. A wind gust of 54 knots was measured at the intersection of Interstate 40 and Highway 102 South. In the Shawnee area, minor roof damage, mainly shingle damage to three structures, was reported as a result of the high winds. Estimated damage was $10,000.00 Shawnee, northern Pottawatomie County 70 knots - A cold front approached Oklahoma from the northwest. Ahead of the cold front, rich moisture was in place with numerous outflow boundaries from early thunderstorms located over parts of the state. Thunderstorms developed over eastern Colorado and southwest Kansas and moved southeast through northwest Oklahoma. The low-level jet pumped even more moist air into thunderstorms, creating favorable wind shear for severe thunderstorms with hail, high winds, and flooding rains. Wind gusts near 60 mph were reported over parts of central Oklahoma, with some damage reported due to the high winds. Wind gusts near 60 mph were reported over parts of central Oklahoma, with some damage reported due to the high winds. Several power lines and tree limbs were downed in Tecumseh. The roof was blown off of a building at Gordon Cooper Vo-Tech. Trees were also downed over Firelake Golf Course and numerous large limbs were snapped. At least one power pole was snapped. Six tribal buildings sustained minor damage, including the Citizen Pottawatomi Cultural Heritage Center. A door and the air conditioning unit were damaged at the Unity Health Center. Seven homes sustained minor damage, with a tree falling on one of the houses and a board was blown through a wind shield of a moving vehicle. Estimated damages: $207,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 165 Table 3-18 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY HIGH WIND EVENTS 2006-2013 Data provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location Description 15 Aug 2006 Shawnee 61 knots - Several trees were uprooted or damaged. Damage also occurred at an industrial park. Several semi-trucks were rolled over. One semi was destroyed when it rolled into a truck wash. The walls of the truck wash collapsed. The doors and roof to a steel building were also damaged. Estimated damage: $50,000.00. 03 Aug 2006 Shawnee 56 knots - Many trees were downed on the north side of town, near Interstate 40 and Highway 77. Numerous tree limbs, up to 8 inches in diameter, were also downed across town. A chain link fence was downed. An outbuilding was blown over. A movie theater sign was also splintered. Estimated damage: $25,000.00 21 Jul 2006 Maud, Tribbey, 56 knots - Power lines were downed. The roof of a car wash was also blown off. Estimated damages: $20,000.00 4 Jul 2005 Shawnee 56 knots - Trees and power lines were downed. The ceiling fell in at the Shawnee Care Center. A nursing home in McLoud was also damaged. Estimated damages: $13,000.00 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS Pottawatomie County will continue to have thunderstorms with high winds, some being severe. There will continue to be damage from thunderstorm high winds and the possibility of downbursts. Considering the high winds experienced in the past, members of the PCHMPT believe that the probability of high winds in Pottawatomie County is “HIGHLY LIKELY” VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT Thunderstorm winds have been responsible for causing wind damage to structures ad vehicles. High winds can cause death or injury to humans when buildings collapse, turn over or have trees or power poles fall on them by winds exceeding 58 miles per hour. Mobile homes are often negatively affected by wind of these speeds. Damage to weaker structures can occur with lesser winds. Wind damaged crops can create hardships for farmer/ranches who experience financial loss. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 166 Economic losses occur to communities if winds cause damage to businesses by loss of business. Homes that are damaged during high wind events may be uninhabitable and the occupants must relocate either to relatives, friends’ homes or temporary shelters. Other damages can occur including downed trees or power poles blocking traffic lanes as well as the accompanying power outages causing loss of power to critical facilities and the general population. This can have especially serious consequences during extreme temperature periods. Power poles and trees downed by winds block roadways causing travelers to alternate routes. Schools and businesses experiencing long term power outages usually have to close temporarily until power is restored. School bus routes may be blocked by downed power poles or trees across the roadway, requiring additional time to find an alternate route. Emergency vehicles are also often blocked by debris and must find alternate routes, costing precious time. CONCLUSION Oklahoma and the communities in Pottawatomie County have significant exposure to high wind events. Infrastructure damage most often occurs to transmissions communications lines facilities; and however, occasional damage to structures can arise during downbursts. Unfortunately, early warning for downburst is limited due to the speed in which they develop, although research in ongoing through the National Weather Service (NWS) to increase warning information for the public. REFERENCES Local Emergency Management Records (NWS) National Weather Service www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/ (NCDC) National Climatic Data Center www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/ Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 167 Hazard Profile Lightning Lightning is a result of electrical charges accumulating at the base of the clouds until Lightning is discharged. Thunderstorms occur when moist air near the ground becomes heated, especially in the summer, and rises, forming cumulonimbus clouds that produce precipitation. Lightning is almost always a part of a Thunderstorm. Air in the path of the lightning expands as a result of being heated, causing thunder. The sound produced by the electricity passing rapidly through the atmosphere causes thunder. There are four forms of lightning, as shown in the picture at the right: 1) Cloud to sky; 2) Intracloud; 3) Intercloud; 4) and the most dangerous, Cloud to Ground. Cloud to Sky Lightning is a discharge jumping from a cloud into the surrounding sky. Other forms of lightning contain elements of Cloud to Sky lightning in the forks which extend from the main strike. Intracloud Lightning is the most common form of lightning, in which oppositely charged centers within the same cloud ignite and cause a bright flash within the same cloud. Intercloud Lightning is lightning which occurs between oppositely charged areas of different clouds Cloud to Ground Lightning is the most dangerous form of lightning, in which the negatively charged bottom of the cloud travels to the positively charged ground below, or whatever object is highest, including the top of a building or a tall tree. It is not the most common form of lightning, but it is the most recognized. It is possible for positive charges to flow from higher parts of the thundercloud to the ground, though this more rare. All types of lightning are dangerous, and Pottawatomie County and jurisdictional officials consider any lightning event as a concern. Lightning is a thunderstorm’s number two killer each year in the U.S. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 168 Hazards associated with lightning include the following: Direct Strike: This is the most dangerous hazard, wherein the person or structure is a direct path for lightning currents to seek ground. The magnitude of the current determines its effects. The typical amperage of 20kA acting on a ground of 10 ohms creates 200,000V. A large strike can attain 150kA levels. Side Strike: This hazard results from the breakup of the direct strike when an alternate path offers some resistance to current flow, a potential strike above ground develops and the person or structure’s resistance to ground becomes the alternate path of conduction. Conducted Strike: This hazard occurs when lightning strikes a conductor and introduces a current into an area some distance from the ground strike point. Unprotected connected equipment is damaged and personnel injured if they become an indirect path in the completion of the ground circuit. Structure Voltage Gradient: Current passing through two or more structures creates momentary voltage differentials. Poor interconnect bonding may cause a completed circuit potential difference. A grounded person touching an ungrounded object creates the same hazard, for example, and completes the electrical circuit, sometimes with fatal consequences. Induced Effects: Lightning can induce electric and magnetic fields coupling into structures and into wiring. Magnetic coupling is transformer action, and the common laws for transformers prevail. Streamer Conductor: The streamer hazard occurs when a lightning leader influences the electric behavior of objects on the earth. Even streamers that do not become part of the main channel can contain significant amounts of current. Streamer current exposure can affect people and sensitive electronics. The National Lightning Safety Institute has provided some facts about lightning: • An individual’s risk of being killed by lightning is 1:28,500 per exposed individual. • Nine out of ten people struck by lightning survive the event but nearly 25% of these survivors suffer long term psychological or physiological trauma. • The best defense against lightning is preparedness. • • The average lightning strike contains 20,000 amps Lightning’s heat exceeds 50,000 degrees F. or three times hotter than the surface of the sun. Its’ speed is 90,000 miles per second (one hundred million feet per second). The average thickness of a bolt is 1-2 inches. • There is more than $2 billion damage annually in the USA from lightning. LOCATION All of Pottawatomie County (Refer to Table 1-1) is vulnerable to lightning. Hundreds of thunderstorm events take place across Oklahoma each year. Most bring welcome precipitation but the lightning that accompanies them occasionally causes damage, injury, or death. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 169 EXTENT Thunderstorms with lightning can cause wildfires and downed power lines. major crop damage and power outages occur. Consequently, Lightning causes thousands of dollars in damages each year to homes, businesses, churches, barns, schools, and other structures. Businesses often are forced to close during power outages and, as a result, lose business. Thunderstorms with lightning have damaged buildings and power supplies, and downed electrical lines causing power outages. Because of the deadly and destructive force of lightning, Pottawatomie County considers all lightning events serious and cause for added protective measures. Secondary effects from lightning may include, grass fires, explosive steam conditions in masonry, trees, and other water-bearing objects. The Vaisala Flash Density Map above shows a flash density of 4-8 flashes/square kilometer/year around the communities in Pottawatomie County. Records are not kept in the City of Shawnee on every lightning event, unless it causes major damage to structures or starts significant wildfires. City and County officials consider all events which contain lightning to be serious events and warrant evasive actions. Flash density of .25 per year is considered at major. Cloud-to-ground lightning peak currents and electric fields are dependent on the polarity the lightning discharge. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 170 For negative cloud-to-ground lightning, first return strokes have an average peak current of 30 kA and an electric field peak of 6 V/m at 100 km. Peak currents and fields for negative subsequent strokes are, on average, half of the respective values for negative first strokes. For positive cloud-to-ground lightning the average peak fields and currents are roughly a factor of two greater than those for negative first strokes. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES Hundreds of thunderstorm events take place across Oklahoma each year. Most bring welcome precipitation but the lightning that accompanies them occasionally causes damage, injury, or death. The following table is the history of lightning strikes as recorded by the NCDC: Table 3-19 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY LIGHTNING EVENTS 2000-2012 Data provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location Description 06 Nov 2003 Bethel Acres Lightning caused a house fire near Bethel Acres on Lake Road. Damage estimate: $15,000.00 19 May 2003 Shawnee A house was set on fire due to a lightning strike. Damage estimate: $10,000.00 09 Jul 2001 Shawnee Lightning struck a house on 11st Street, causing a small fire in the attic. . Damage estimate: $1,000.00 09 Mar 2000 Asher Lightning struck an oil tank battery, igniting a fire. Damage estimate: $2,000.00 Usually if lightning hits the ground, lightning seldom causes damage but when it does occur, the damage is usually severe. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS Considering history and location of Oklahoma between the dry, arid southwest and the moist air from the Gulf of Mexico, Pottawatomie County has significant exposure to lightning events. Damage usually occurs to infrastructure, such as power transmission lines and communication towers; however, occasional damage can occur to structures. Early warning research is ongoing through the National Weather Service (NWS) and private organizations to improve notification and threat information to the public. Property damage and possibly injuries from Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 171 lightning are anticipated in Pottawatomie County especially during thunderstorms. The probability of future lightning events is “HIGHLY LIKELY”. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT During thunderstorms and particularly severe thunderstorms, people are often injured or killed by lightning. They are either struck directly or a nearby lightning strike causes injuries to individuals nearby. Lightning is an underrated killer and second only to flood in regard to the number of weatherrelated deaths in the United States each year. The National Weather Service publication, Storm Data, records only six deaths from lightning strikes in Oklahoma between 1998 and 2008, and ranks the state 27th in the nation. According to the National Weather Service, lightning causes an average of 62 deaths and 300 injuries nationwide. In Pottawatomie County, lightning has been responsible for starting fires to buildings and displacing occupants through loss of business, employment, and homes all of which displaces the occupants. Pottawatomie County, its jurisdictions and public schools consider all thunderstorms that produce lightning to be dangerous. Thunderstorms with lightning have damaged buildings and power supplies, and downed electrical line causing power outages. Large trees often succumb to lightning strikes. Lightning causes thousands of dollars in damages each year to homes, businesses, churches, barns, schools, and other structures. Businesses which are forced to close from power outages lose business, creating an economic impact. Because of the deadly and destructive force of lightning, Pottawatomie County considers all lightning events serious and cause for added protective measures. Secondary effects from lightning may include, grass fires, explosive steam conditions in masonry, trees, and other waterbearing objects. The National Lightning Safety Institute released a 35 year study in 1997 concerning statistics for lightning strikes causing injuries or 1. Location of Incident: 40% Unreported. 27% Open fields & recreation areas (not golf). 14% under trees (not golf). 8% Water-related (boating, fishing, swimming…). 5% Golf/golf under trees 3% Heavy equipment and machinery-related 2.4% Telephone-related 0.7% Radio, transmitter, & antenna-related 2. Gender of victims = 84% male; 16% female. 3. Months of most incidents = June: 21%, July 30%, August 22%. 4. Days of week of most incidents = Sunday/ Wednesday/ Saturday. 5. Time of day of most incidents = 2 PM to 6 PM. 6. Number of victims = One (91%), two or more (9%). Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 172 fatalities. Schools are very susceptible to lightning during outdoor activities such as sporting events which often draw large crowds. Students waiting outside for a school bus to arrive are also vulnerable. Public education is important in lessening the effects of lightning by encouraging residents to remain inside or in other protected areas during thunderstorms. CONCLUSION Thunderstorms cause billions of dollars of damage throughout the United States every year. Lightning is considered one of the top killers in the United States because it sometimes strikes in advance of the thunderstorm that produced it. At particular risk of thunderstorms are outdoor activities such as fishing, sporting events, and large public events, all of which are readily available in Pottawatomie County. Mitigation projects exist in this plan (see Chapter Four) that can help protect and reduce the effects of lightning on the citizens or visitors in Pottawatomie County. REFERENCES National Lightning Safety Institute (www.lightningsafety.com/) (NCDC) National Climatic Data Center (www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/) Vaisala (http://www.vaisala.com) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 173 HAZARD PROFILE TORNADO A tornado is defined as a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. A funnel cloud is a rotating column of air not in contact with the ground; however, the violently rotating column of air may reach the ground very quickly—becoming a tornado. A tornado is spawned by a thunderstorm when cool air overrides a layer of warm air, forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. The damage from a tornado is a result of the high wind velocity and wind-blown debris. Tornados are among the most unpredictable of weather phenomenon. While tornados can occur almost anywhere in the world, they are most prevalent in the United States. Tornados can occur in any state but are more frequent in the Midwest, Southeast, and Southwest. Oklahoma averages fifty-eight tornados annually. National Weather Service documents that Pottawatomie County has experienced 59 tornados since 1950. Tornado season is generally April through June in Oklahoma, although tornados can occur at any time of the year. They tend to occur in the afternoons and evenings; over 80 percent of all tornados strike between 3:00 PM and 9:00 PM, but can occur at any time of day or night. Of the 59 tornados that have occurred in Pottawatomie County since 1950, 47 or 80% of those occurred between 12:00 PM and 10:00 PM. The most violent tornados are capable of tremendous destruction, with wind speeds in excess of 300 miles per hour (Moore, Oklahoma, May 3, 1999). Damage paths can exceed one mile wide and several hundred miles long. According to the National Weather Service, about 42 fatalities occur each year from tornados. LOCATION The entire State of Oklahoma is at risk for tornados including all of Pottawatomie County. (Refer to Table 1-1) Oklahoma and Pottawatomie County are located in the center of the infamous Tornado Alley. Tornado Alley is an area of states generally making up the primary area of the United States in which significant tornado occur most often. It is a region from Iowa to Oklahoma to Mississippi, with the highest threat in Oklahoma. In addition, this area has a consistent season each year – from April through mid-June, with the most tornados normally Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 174 occurring in May. These two factsthe conjunction of high frequency of strong and violent tornados and the relative constituency of the season from year to year from north Texas up into western Iowa- provide a natural, objective way to define Tornado Alley. EXTENT Tornado wind speeds are estimated after the fact based on the damage they produce. In 1971, Dr. Theodore Fujita devised a scale to classify U.S. tornados into six intensity categories. These categories are based upon the estimated maximum winds occurring within the tornado. The Fujita Scale has subsequently become the definitive scale for estimating wind speeds within tornados, based upon the damage to building and structures. It is used by meteorologists to estimate the speed of winds after a tornado by studying the damage caused by the tornado to structures. F-Scale Number Intensity Phrase Wind Speed (mph) TABLE 3-20 FUJITA SCALE 40-72 Some damage to chimneys; breaks branches off trees; pushes over shallow-rooted trees; damages sign boards. Type of Damage F0 Gale tornado F1 Moderate tornado 73-112 The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed; peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed off the roads; attached garages may be destroyed. F2 Significant tornado 113-157 Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars pushed over; large trees snapped or uprooted; light object missiles generated. F3 Severe tornado 158-206 Roof and some walls torn off well-constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted. F4 Devastating tornado 207-260 Incredible tornado 261-318 F5 Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak foundations blown off some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated. Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable distances to disintegrate; automobile sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters; trees debarked; steel reinforced concrete structures badly damaged. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 175 The enhanced Fujita Scale replaced the original Scale on February 1, 2007 which made wind speed estimates more accurate than the previous scale. All events from 2/1/07 are estimated using the enhanced scale. References to older storms will still rely on the original scale. Both are shown below: Enhanced Fujita Category Wind Speed (mph) EF0 65-85 Light damage - Peels surface off some roofs; some damage to gutters or siding; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over. EF1 86-110 Moderate damage - Roofs severely stripped; mobile homes overturned or badly damaged; loss of exterior doors; windows and other glass broken. 111-135 Considerable damage - Roofs torn off well-constructed houses; foundations of frame homes shifted; mobile homes completely destroyed; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles generated; cars lifted off ground. EF3 136-165 Severe damage - Entire stories of well-constructed houses destroyed; severe damage to large buildings such as shopping malls; trains overturned; trees debarked; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance. EF4 166-200 Devastating damage - Well-constructed houses and whole frame houses completely leveled; cars thrown and small missiles generated. EF5 >200 Incredible damage - Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 m (109 yd.); high-rise buildings have significant structural deformation; incredible phenomena will occur. EF2 Table 3-21 Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale Potential Damage Since the Fujita Scale is based on damage and not really wind speed or pressure, it is not perfect. The primary problem is that a tornado can only be measured in the Fujita Scale after it has occurred. Secondly, the tornado cannot be measured if there is no damage when the tornado occurs in an area without any features to be damaged. Nonetheless, the Fujita Scale has proven to be a reliable measurement of the strength of a tornado and is used in this plan for that reason. Any tornado activity in Pottawatomie County is considered severe and reason for warning and appropriate actions by emergency response personnel. The results of a tornado rated EF-3 and above is considered a major event. Since the enhanced scale replaced the original scale February 1, 2007, all events after that date use the enhanced scale (EF). References to older storms still refer to the original scale (F). Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 176 Using the newer scale, tornado wind speeds are still estimated after the fact based on the damage they produce. According to the Enhanced Fujita Scale, tornados are categorized on a scale of EF0 9 (weakest) to EF5 (strongest). Pottawatomie County may experience any of these levels at any time during the year. EF3 tornados and above are considered severe in Pottawatomie County. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES There is a history of tornados in Pottawatomie County. In one day on May 10, 2010, four tornados ranging from EF2 to EF4 touched down in the county resulting in hundreds of residential structures seriously damaged or destroyed. Since 1875, Pottawatomie County has been affected by seventy-eight tornados, with the tornados ranging from the weaker EF0 to the strongest EF5. Twenty-seven of those tornados either were in Shawnee or near it. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 177 The table below shows the number of tornados that have affected Pottawatomie County by year: # of Tornadoes 6 5 4 3 #of Tornadoes 2 1 0 The following pictures are examples of damages experienced In Pottawatomie County in tornado events in recent years. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 178 On Sunday May 19, 2013 Tornados impacted Edmond, Arcadia, Luther, Carney, Lake Thunderbird (eastern Cleveland County), Shawnee, and two near the town of Prague (Lincoln County). The most intense tornado occurred within the City of Shawnee, where EF-4 damage was found as the tornado traveled north of the city before crossing I-40. (NWS Norman) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 179 Damage Path May 19, 2013 TABLE 3-21 DATE POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY TORNADO EVENTS May 1999 - May 2013 Sources: National Climatic Data Center National Weather Service – Norman LOCATION DESCRIPTION 19 May 2013 Bethel Acres, Shawnee EF4 - On May 19, 2013, with an upper level low approaching off the Colorado Front Range through the Panhandles a fairly stout dry line began to surge eastward off the Texas Cap Rock and Panhandle reaching as far east as El Reno, OK. With deep layer moisture and more than favorable wind fields across central Oklahoma, supercell storms quickly developed along the dry line, primarily along the I-44 corridor, and moved quickly to the east/northeast. As these storms gained intensity, many became tornadic in nature, with Tornados impacting Edmond, Arcadia, Luther and Carney, Lake Thunderbird (eastern Norman) and Shawnee, and two near the town of Prague. The most intense tornado occurred within the city of Shawnee, where EF-4 damage was found as the tornado traveled north of the city before crossing I-40. (NWS Norman) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 180 TABLE 3-21 DATE POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY TORNADO EVENTS May 1999 - May 2013 Sources: National Climatic Data Center National Weather Service – Norman LOCATION DESCRIPTION 24 May 2011 McLoud EF2 - A tornado developed west-southwest of the intersection of Fish Market Road and Memorial Road to the south-southwest of McLoud. The tornado moved east-northeast where a telephone company building lost its roof, and a number of sheds were damaged and causing tree damage as it crossed the intersection and Fish Market and Memorial roads. Extensive tree damage continued northeast of this intersection, at least one home suffered the destruction of an attached garage and a few homes suffered roof and window damage. The tornado turned north-northeast crossing Interstate 40 near the Walker Road bridge where it struck and semi-truck, lifting and destroying the trailer, lofting the pieces to the north. The tornado dissipated soon after crossing Interstate 40. Although the tornado was very narrow, the rotational velocity of the tornado was observed to be very strong. Monetary damage estimates were not available. 10 May 2010 NNE of Earlsboro, Pink, Tecumseh EF3 – (Note – Three tornados from this system caused damage in Pottawatomie County) A significant outbreak of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes affected a large part of northern, central, and southern Oklahoma. Tornadoes were most numerous across central and southern Oklahoma, with significant damage occurring over many areas. |Severe thunderstorms erupted by midafternoon across northern and western Oklahoma. Given the potent combination of ingredients in place, storms began to produce tornadoes quickly after initiation. Storm motions of 50 to 60 mph were common. This tornado crossed into Pottawatomie County from Cleveland County near State Highway 9. The tornado crossed the path of tornado #J3 and remained south of State Highway 9 in Pottawatomie County, causing tree damage along State Highway 102 before dissipating. This tornado lasted for at least 30 miles with significant damage along almost its entire path. At times, the tornado damage path widened up to a mile. The most significant damage was located north and northeast of Earlsboro near the Pottawatomie/Seminole county border. Here a two story home was destroyed except for a few interior walls. A pick-up truck was also lofted approximately a quarter of a mile, and a semi-trailer was lofted or rolled approximately 200 yards. Farther east along its path, seven high tension towers were downed. Significant tree damage was reported along the entire track of the tornado, some of them debarked and stripped off all their branches. The tornado developed near the junction of Walker and Ingram Roads, causing major damage to home and damaging several trees. The tornado crossed to the east side of the lake, downing high tension power lines and another residence. The tornado grew to its widest near Highway 102. Another home, a mobile home, and barn were severely damaged just east of the highway. Metal poles that were embedded in concrete at the barn were ripped out of the ground with the concrete still attached. An 80,000 pound box car was rolled about 300 yards. A few trees that were damaged were debarked. The Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 181 TABLE 3-21 DATE 7 May 2007 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY TORNADO EVENTS May 1999 - May 2013 Sources: National Climatic Data Center National Weather Service – Norman LOCATION DESCRIPTION tornado lifted south of Interstate 40. Damage estimates were not available. County EF0 – No other information available 11 Apr 2001 4 miles NW of Maud EF1 – No other information available May 3, 1999 Shawnee, Pink, EF1 to EF2 - A record outbreak of tornadoes struck Oklahoma from late afternoon of May 3, 1999, through early morning of May 4, 1999. To date, 58 tornadoes have been recorded across portions of western and central Oklahoma. Additional tornadoes were reported across eastern Oklahoma from late evening of May 3rd through the early morning of May 4th, and are listed under the eastern Oklahoma portion of Storm Data, provided by the National Weather Service Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Pottawatomie County - A tornado moved into Pottawatomie County and struck the community of Pink where the Pink Baptist Church, located on the south side of State Highway 9, 1.5 miles to the east of the Cleveland/Pottawatomie County line, was significantly damaged. The roof was taken off a new portion of the church, while the roof collapsed on the south side of the older portion of the church over the sanctuary leading to significant water damage. The church was primarily of a cinder block construction with a brick exterior. An F1 rating was applied at the church. A detached large, metal "gymnasium" building to the south of the church was also damaged with the southwest corner of the building caved in and support beams bent. The tornado continued to the northeast before dissipating just inside the city limits of Bethel Acres near Stevens Road, between Waco Road and Hardesty Road. With the exception of the church buildings, damage was limited to trees and power lines. The 2nd tornado, D2, formed in rural Pottawatomie County near Independence Road and Drummond Road or about 6 miles west-northwest of Downtown Shawnee. A few trees were damaged as the tornado moved northeast into the Clarks Heights addition along US-270, just south of Interstate 40. At 45th Street, a portion of a roof was blown off; a nursery was damaged; awnings were destroyed, and trees were downed. As the tornado crossed US270, the air conditioner was taken off the roof of the El Charro restaurant. Continuing northeast into the West Gate neighborhood, fifteen homes suffered significant damage. Three homes were completely unroofed, warranting an F2 rating, and a number of others were partially unroofed. Other homes suffered shingle damage; a number of large trees were downed, and a garage was collapsed. Signs were also downed along the interstate adjacent to this neighborhood. The next area of significant damage was along the 38800 block of Garrett's Lake Road where a mobile home was destroyed, with the frame of the home blown 50 to 75 yards to the northwest. The disintegration of the mobile home indicated a high F1 or borderline F2 intensity in this area. A few hundred yards to the northeast, the warehouse of Shawnee Light Systems was Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 182 TABLE 3-21 DATE POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY TORNADO EVENTS May 1999 - May 2013 Sources: National Climatic Data Center National Weather Service – Norman LOCATION DESCRIPTION damaged; one large metal storage building was unroofed, and other buildings were damaged. The tornado crossed Acme Road and struck a number of double-wide mobile homes along Valley View Drive, where one fatality and one serious injury occurred in the same home. The mobile homes most heavily damaged in this area were destroyed, but not disintegrated. To the north, a barn was destroyed, and trees were damaged as the tornado crossed Wolverine Road. The tornado then curved to the north-northwest crossing Acme Road damaging more trees before dissipating. The 3rd tornado, D3, touched down about a mile southeast of where D2 dissipated, or along Wolverine Road and 1/2 mile east of Acme Road just outside the Shawnee city limits in Pottawatomie County, where it destroyed an outbuilding and damaged trees. The tornado then moved northeast continuing to damage large trees before striking the Country Meadow housing addition in far north Shawnee. A number of homes in this neighborhood were damaged, two partially unroofed. The homes in this neighborhood appeared to be well-constructed and were approximately two to five years old. Damage here was consistent with high-end F1 damage. The tornado continued northeast downing power lines as it moved into Lincoln County 3 miles south-southwest of Meeker. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS Based on the location of Oklahoma between the warm humid air from the Gulf of Mexico, the arid hot air from New Mexico, and the cool air from the Rocky Mountains, conditions are right as proven by the history of tornados in Oklahoma for tornados to continue to threaten communities in Pottawatomie County. Fortunately, better construction practices can limit the damage potential from all but the most violent tornados. The residences and businesses of today are more likely to withstand the damaging winds of weaker tornados than those structures built fifty years ago; however there are still many older residential structures in the county and even the stronger modern structures are not immune to major tornados. The inclusion of safe rooms, below ground shelters, and hurricane straps in current construction plans have help mitigate the effects of tornados to both life and property. The National Weather Service is also taking steps to improve warning time. The next step in NOAA’s long-time weather radars is phased array radar. Available in the next few years, these radars using electronic controls of beams and frequencies can scan for quickly, thereby Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 183 increasing lead times for tornado warnings. However, the system is very expensive which may negatively affect the end dispersal plan. Public input and review by the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team agree that the potential for future tornados affecting all participating jurisdictions in Pottawatomie County is “LIKELY”. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT Sixty-nine percent of all tornados are considered weak; over 82 % of all tornado fatalities are due to violent tornados (EF4-EF5), even though only 2% of tornados fall into that category. Tornado deaths by county are dominated by singular events, and largely a result of significant (EF2-EF4) tornados. Oklahoma and Pottawatomie County have had experience with EF 3-5 tornados. In Oklahoma the average number of tornados with that velocity only account for 2.7 of all tornados in the state. The greatest vulnerability would be in the event of an EF-3 or larger tornado impacting a major populated area of Pottawatomie County. Many injuries and fatalities could likely occur in such an event. Substantial damage would be incurred by the economy of Pottawatomie County. The damage to infrastructure would be enormous with lost power, water, sewer, gas, and communications. Many key businesses the residents of Pottawatomie County depend on could be destroyed or damaged. The major east/west artery (Interstate 40 or Highway 9) and the major north/south routes (Highways 177 or 18) could be blocked for several days. This could interfere not only with the flow of interstate commerce to other states or other parts of Oklahoma. Obviously if public school buildings were damaged, schools would have to be closed until repairs could be made or alternate locations found. School bus routes in rural areas could be affected even if school buildings were undamaged. Alternate transportation routes would have to be found for school buses causing pickup problems for students in damage areas. Schools, hospitals, grocery stores, and other critical need and economically important facilities would be damaged and/or closed for extended periods. Many businesses would be damaged or destroyed and have to be closed until repairs or replacement could occur. Employment would be affected because businesses closing and laying off employees due to the loss of business. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 184 Some businesses never re-open after a tornado and some home are abandoned after a tornado with the occupants leaving the area. Other roads and even bridges might suffer damage or at the least be blocked with debris. Emergency response would likely become overwhelmed requiring outside assistance. People would lose their homes and be displaced from their primary residence with high numbers of injuries and fatalities possible. Mobile homes and frame structures are the most vulnerable even with preventative actions. Some people leave and never return leaving empty or debris riddled lots for someone else to resolve. Power and water outages occur with most tornados whether in urban or rural areas. That often causes food spoilage and sanitation problems for residents, even those not directly affected by the tornado damage path. Many residents of Pottawatomie County have built safe rooms or underground tornado shelters. All of the schools in Pottawatomie County have locations to provide students and staff some protection from tornados but most are not reinforced or specially designed safe rooms meeting FEMA standards. These areas provide only minimal to moderate protection from tornados and little protection from EF4 or EF5 tornados. Additional safe rooms are needed in Pottawatomie County School Districts. CONCLUSION The climatological records for Oklahoma indicate that there is a real danger to both life and property in Oklahoma from tornadic activity and experience has shown Pottawatomie County is not immune. In the May 2013 tornado, two individuals lost their lives in a mobile home park that was almost totally destroyed by the tornado. The tornado casualty trend shows a reduction in tornado casualties over the last 20 years, and while the number of reported tornado numbers has increased recently, probably due to better detection equipment and spotter training, deaths and injuries caused by tornados are has decreased. Both government and privately owned Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 185 property are vulnerable to tornados. In Pottawatomie County, special considerations need to be considered over survival of critical facilities important to the survival and response to emergencies in the communities. REFERENCES Local Emergency Management Records (NWS) National Weather Service www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/ (NCDC) National Climatic Data Center (www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 186 HAZARD PROFILE WILDFIRE – Asher; Bethel Acres; Brooksville; Dale Public Schools; Earlsboro; Johnson; Macomb; Maud; McLoud; Pink; Shawnee; St. Louis; Tecumseh; Tribbey; Wanette A wildfire is any uncontrollable fire that occurs in combustible vegetation and quickly spreads into dry vegetation, heavily wooded areas, and residential structures. It happens most frequently in the summer and fall seasons when the brush is dry and fire can spread through wooded and heavily-grassed areas more rapidly. It may start from a campfire that was not doused properly, a tossed cigarette, burning trash or debris, lightning, or arson. During years of drought, wildfires can become a persistent problem due to the unusually dry conditions. Wildfire is a natural part of Oklahoma’s ecosystem. Before the land was settled, wildfires, usually started by lightning, ran across the plains, or through the forests replenishing nutrients to the soils and controlling invasive plant species. With settlement, however, the interaction of wildfire and the environment has changed. Now, people and structures are at-risk from flames spreading across the grasslands and wooded areas. Today, communities lie alongside wild lands, creating an urbanwild land interface that is at risk of uncontrolled burns. The development of urban-wildland interfaces is part of a growing national problem. Fire losses and suppression costs have skyrocketed over the past decade. As homes and businesses have edged into valleys, woodlands, prairies and canyons, often far away from available water sources to extinguish flames, costs of fire control have increased for local fire departments. Many of the fire departments in the county are volunteer departments and equipment is expensive to keep operational. Weather plays a major role in the birth, growth and death of a wildfire. Drought leads to extremely favorable conditions for wildfires, as do humidity, temperature, and wind. The combination of wind, temperature, and humidity affects how fast wildland fires can spread. These combinations will Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 187 change throughout the day and night, and the presence of fire will impact each factor, causing even greater variation. LOCATION Pottawatomie County has the potential of grass fires and wildfires throughout the county, particularly the areas with high density of red cedars. While most of Pottawatomie County is susceptible to grass and wildfire, the southwestern part of the county is the most prone to severe wildfire. With a large red cedar population providing “explosive” fuels the threat is severe especially during dry weather. WILDLAND URBAN INTERFACE: The term wildland-urban interface (WUI) has been used for more than two decades to suggest an area where structures (usually homes) are in or near wildlands (forests or rangelands). There is no standard WUI definition. However, the definition listed in a 2001 Federal Register notice is commonly referenced the urban-wildland interface community exists where humans and their development meet or intermix with wildland fuel. TOWN OF ASHER: A small community located between Ada and Shawnee with a population in 2010 census or 393. The total land area is 0.8 square miles. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 188 There are a few areas within the WUI that could result in a wildfire and in some instances result in lost property such as this location at 5th and Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Kickapoo Rd. Page 189 TOWN OF BETHEL ACRES: Bethel Acres is a small rural area with a population of nearly 3000 people but no business district or major population center. Shawnee is the primary business area for Bethel Acres. Bethel Acres There are areas in Bethel Acres that are like most rural areas that have large wooded areas and high grassy pastures throughout the area with no major residential or business areas. There are mostly ranches, farms and acreages throughout the town limits. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 190 The Public School campus is shown below but is obviously not considered at threat for wildfire. Bethel Acres Public Schools TOWN OF BROOKSVILLE: Brooksville is one of more than fifty All-Black towns of Oklahoma; Brooksville is one of only thirteen such communities still existing at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Located in Pottawatomie County four miles southwest of Tecumseh, Brooksville a small volunteer Fire Department but also depends on Tecumseh Fire Department for assistance. The population of Brooksville in 2010 was 63. The general terrain around Brooksville is heavily wooded and is prime territory for wildfire to break out. There are no schools located in Brooksville Town limits. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 191 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 192 DALE PUBLIC SCHOOLS: Dale is a small-unincorporated community located on State Highway 270 in Pottawatomie County. The school is a participant in this hazard mitigation plan. No school property is threatened by a wildfire threat. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 193 TOWN OF EARLSBORO: Earlsboro is a small farming community east of Shawnee. The population was 628 at the 2010 Census. Most of the populated area of Earlsboro is in the southern part of their town limits. The rest of their Town Limits are rural with all the problems that rural residents experience including wildfires. Some wooded and tall grass areas exist providing for the fuel for wildfires. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 194 There are a few areas in the Earlsboro WUI that could result in small wildfires such as the area following. Fortunately, there are no structures located within those areas and the schools are not at risk. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 195 TOWN OF JOHNSON: Johnson is a small rural community in the county with a population was 247 at the 2010 census. The land area is 3.9 square miles. There is no business or populated residential area in the community as it is populated by acreages, farms and ranches. There is no populated area free from the threat of wildfire therefore the entire area is susceptible to wildfire. Johnson Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 196 TOWN OF MACOMB: Macomb is a small rural community in Pottawatomie County. The population was 32 at the 2010 census with a land area of 0.1 square miles. Macomb School campus is next to a heavily wooded area that is a possible wildfire threat. Fire evacuation procedures are in place. CITY OF MAUD: Maud is a city on the boundary between Pottawatomie and Seminole counties. The population was 1,048 at the 2010 census Land area is 1 square mile at an elevation of 968 feet. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 197 there are areas within the Maud WUI that are susceptible to wildfire. Enforcement of city codes would help eliminate this hazard. This area on Ballard Street near Jerry Drive is an example. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 198 CITY OF MCLOUD: The population of McLoud was 4,044 at the 2010 census, a 14.0 percent increase from 3,548 at the 2000 census. The land area for the city is 18. 4 square miles. In 1949, the city was recognized as the "Blackberry Capital of the World". Many communities have areas in them where a wildfire could develop although city codes are effective in reducing the potential of this occurring. McLoud is no exception. The area at Main and Lawrence below is such an area. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 199 TOWN OF PINK: The 2010 census population was 2,058, a 76.7 percent increase from 1,165 at the 2000 census. The land area is 26 square miles however the population is scattered throughout the limits and not congregated on common areas. Even though there is a lot of area in the town limits, it is mostly rural residences with occasional businesses such as grocery store/gas stations. There is not a populated area free of the threat of wildfire. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 200 CITY OF SHAWNEE: Shawnee is a city with a population 29,857 in the 2010 census, a 4.0 percent increase from 28,692 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Pottawatomie County and the major metropolitan area in Pottawatomie County. The city’s land area covers 42.3 square miles with 2.4 miles covered in water. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 201 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 202 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 203 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 204 SHAWNEE FIRE DEPT. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 205 N Bryant near Faith Road Railroad property which runs north to south through Shawnee presents a severe problem for possible wildfire within the City of Shawnee. TOWN OF ST. LOUIS: The population of St. Louis was 158 at the 2010 census. The land area of St. Louis is .04 square miles. The small business district is along State Highway 59 however this area is not at threat of wildfire. The rest of the town limits and the population is rural in nature and the population is scattered throughout St. Louis. As in most of rural Pottawatomie County, there is ample fuel for wildfire ignition. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 206 There is not a populated area representing an appropriate Wildland Urban Interface for the Town of St. Louis. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 207 CITY OF TECUMSEH: The population in Tecumseh was 6,457 at the 2010 census, a 5.9 percent increase from 6,098 at the 2000 census. The Tecumseh land area is approximately 15.3 square miles making it the second largest community in Pottawatomie County. No schools in Tecumseh are at threat of wildfire. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 208 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 209 TOWN OF TRIBBEY: The population was 273 at the 2000 census with an increase to 391 in 2010. Tribbey is a small rural community with no residential or business district designated in the rural town limits therefore there is no Wildland Urban Interface selected for the purpose of this plan.. TOWN OF WANETTE: Wanette is a small community in southern Pottawatomie County. The population was 350 at the 2010 census, a decline of 13 percent from 402 at the 2000 census. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 210 Wanette has a number of areas even within the WUI that can become a wildfire problem generally due to a lack of codes and the enforcement of those codes. Areas such as these contribute to a major fire within the community. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 211 th th This area between 4 and 5 on Miller Street is a potentially hazardous wildfire area. There are a number of abandoned homes in Wanette that contribute to the enhanced wildfire threat. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 212 EXTENT The Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is a mathematical system for relating current and recent weather conditions to potential or expected fire behavior. The system was originally developed for the southeastern United States and is based primarily on recent rainfall patterns. The KBDI is the most widely used drought index system by fire managers in the south. It is also one of the only drought index systems specifically developed to equate the effects of drought with potential fire activities. The result of this system is a drought index number ranging from zero to 800 that accurately describes the amount of moisture that is missing. A rating of zero defines the point where no moisture is deficient and 800 is the maximum drought possible. A level of 400 or higher on the KBDI is considered extreme and reason for fire warnings. Pottawatomie County experiences a variety of wildfire conditions found in the Keetch-Byram Drought Index. Spring usually centers on the 0-200 rating while the July through December months are usually drier and rate in the 400-600 range depending on fuel and moisture. During extreme dry conditions or drought such as 2005 and 2006 or 2011 and 2012, areas of Pottawatomie County may experience a KBDI of 600-800. Officials consider this condition as a major event. Table 3-23 0-200 Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) Fire Danger Rating System Soil and fuel moisture are high. Most fuels will not readily ignite or burn. However, with sufficient sunlight and wind, cured grasses and some light surface fuels will burn in spots and patches. 200-400 Fires more readily burn and will carry across an area with no gaps. Heavier fuels will still not readily ignite and burn. Also, expect smoldering and the resulting smoke to carry into and possible through the night. 400-600 Fire intensity begins to significantly increase. Fires will readily burn in all directions exposing mineral soils in some locations. Larger fuels may burn or smolder for several days creating possible smoke and control problems. 600-800 Fires will burn to mineral soils. Stumps will burn to the end of underground roots and spotting will be a major problem. Fires will burn through the night and heavier fuels will actively burn and contribute to fire intensity. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 213 The inputs for the Keetch-Byram Drought Index are weather station latitude, mean annual precipitation, maximum dry bulb temperature, and the last 24 hours of rainfall. Table 3-23 reflects the KBDI levels and their relationship to expected fire potential. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES Pottawatomie County Fire Departments respond to wildfires on a monthly occurrence, with the majority being small fires that are quickly knocked down by the first due brush pumper. Occasionally, these wildfires require multiple fire departments to respond when terrain and weather conditions are a disadvantage to the first responding fire department. Some of these fires require assistance from state firefighting resources, such as aerial firefighting capabilities, firefighting personnel, and firefighting apparatus. Table 3-24 The chart below lists the wildfires in FIRE MANAGEMENT & FM ASSISTANCE DECLARATIONS Federal Declaration # Declaration Date Incident dates Location FM-2953 August 31, 2011 August 31, 2011 Twin Lakes Fire Complex FM-2872 March 12, 2011 March 12, 2011 to March 15, 2011 Shawnee Fire FM-2602 January 2, 2006 January 1, 2006 Bethel Acres Fire FM-2140 March 12, 1996 March 12, 1996 Little Axe Fire EM-3118 February 27, 1996 February 27, 1996 to May 31, 1996 Oklahoma Fire Emergency Pottawatomie County that were approved for a Fire Management Assistance Grant since 2006: Since 2009, Pottawatomie County has been impacted by numerous wildfires that required the coordination of multiple county fire departments and state firefighting resources to contain. In 2009 there were three major wildfires that scorched close to 3000 acres. One in St. Louis burned close to 2000 acres, another wildfire on the Pottawatomie County/Cleveland County line burned 120 acres, and one near Macomb burned nearly 400 acres. In 2011, Pottawatomie County was approved for two Fire Management Assistance Grants from two wildfires in the area around the Shawnee Twin Lakes. A fire in July 2011 that began northeast of Asher, OK charred Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 214 over three square miles over a two-day period and resulted in the response of every fire department in Pottawatomie County. The drought climate that has affected the State of Oklahoma over the last two years caused a significant amount of wildfires in Pottawatomie County in 2012. One fire in Earlsboro, OK burned around 600 acres and destroyed a commercial structure. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS The State of Oklahoma and Pottawatomie County have a wildfire hazard due to the climate, the types of fuels present and the cultural practices used. Pottawatomie County is south of the Snow Belt, leaving its grassy fuels exposed and vulnerable to fire in the dormant season. Pottawatomie County is located far enough north of the Gulf of Mexico; it is influenced by the continental climate in the winter. Summers are hot and usually dry with daytime highs in the mid-90s, and generally have less than six inches of rain in July and August. Oklahoma recognizes 10 months as fire season. Wildland fuels are prone to burning from July through April. Only May and June are not considered “fire season”. Most at risk are those people who make their residences in woodland settings in or near forests and the rural areas of Pottawatomie County. Pottawatomie County has residences and commercial structures located in woodland and grassy areas complicated by a lack of water supply in these areas of the county. Based on past experiences; dry conditions during 10 months of the year, numerous small grass and wildfires; and the wooded areas having a significant amount of tall grasses and weeds, the potential of future grass and wildfires in Pottawatomie County is “HIGHLY LIKELY”. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 215 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT In Pottawatomie County, some critical facilities including transportation routes, pipelines, and electrical transmission lines are vulnerable to wildfires. Loss of any of these facilities could result in a critical drain on local resources, and the response and recovery capabilities of Pottawatomie County. Wildfires can damage or destroy residences and commercial structures located in wooded and high grass areas causing occupants to evacuate and possibly relocate. Businesses damaged or destroyed due to wildfires might close until the area is accessible, repairs are made, or in some instances, the building rebuilt and stock resupplied. This situation can result in loss of income for both employees and owners. At times smoke from wildfires could affect patients in healthcare facilities and nursing homes who suffer from asthma, emphysema, or other respiratory ailment and may be forced to evacuate if the smoke becomes extreme. Loss of transportation routes in Pottawatomie County due to heavy smoke could severely effect mail delivery, school bus access, local, intrastate, interstate commerce, and tourism negatively affecting Pottawatomie County’s economy. Ranches and farms located in densely wooded or grassy areas grazing livestock could suffer losses of food and even animals causing economic losses. Wildlife and the ecosystem could be devastated resulting in longer recovery to vital land used for agricultural and other purposes. CONCLUSION Pottawatomie County is susceptible to wildfires. Due to the capabilities of fire departments in Pottawatomie County and surrounding counties, property losses have been kept from being much worse. Firefighters often experience problems with accessing the fires due to the location in densely wooded areas and have difficulty maintaining a water supply due to hydrants being Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 216 sporadically located in parts of the county. Public information efforts are necessary to help reduce the potential losses of residential and commercial structures in certain areas of the county. REFERENCES Local Emergency Management Records FEMA Disaster Declarations (http://www.fema.gov/disasters) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 217 HAZARD PROFILE WINTER STORM A winter storm is an event in which the dominant varieties of precipitation are forms that only occur at cold temperatures, such as snow or sleet, or a rainstorm where ground temperatures are cold enough to allow ice to form. A winter storm can range from moderate snow over a few hours to blizzard conditions with high winds, or can be freezing rain or sleet, heavy snowfall with blinding wind-driven snow and extremely cold temperatures that last several days. Winter storms vary in size from affecting several states to affecting only a small part of a single state. Flurries are snow events with light snow falling for short durations. No accumulation or only a light dusting is all that is expected with little or no effect on the population of the state. Severe Winter Storm is one that drops four or more inches of snow during a 12-hour period, or six or more inches during a 24-hour span. Winter Storm is a term that refers to a combination of winter precipitation, including snow, sleet, freezing rain, etc… Blowing Snow is wind-driven snow that reduces visibility and causes significant drifting. Blowing snow may be snow that is falling and/or loose snow on the ground and picked up by the wind. Ice Storms occur when freezing rain or sleet falls and freezes immediately on impact. Freezing Rain is rain that falls onto a surface with a temperature below freezing. This causes it to freeze to surfaces, such as trees, cars, and roads, forming a coating or glaze of ice. Even small accumulations of ice can cause a significant hazard. Sleet is rain drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground. Sleet usually bounces when hitting a surface and does not stick to objects. However, it can accumulate like snow and cause a hazard to motorists. Wind Chill is used to describe the relative discomfort and danger to people from the combination of cold temperatures and wind. The wind chill chart below from the National Weather Service shows the wind chill derived from both wind speed and temperature. LOCATION All of Pottawatomie County and central Oklahoma have the potential for winter snow and ice storms. These events can be extremely paralyzing to communities in the county. Even though the terrain is generally flat these events can still overwhelm the residents and their ability to Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 218 travel to work, school, or other areas of the county. Along with affecting local activities, winter storms can have negative impact on Pottawatomie County as a main transportation artery for central Oklahoma. EXTENT Heavy snow, sheets of ice, or sleet can immobilize Pottawatomie County and strand commuters, stopping the flow of supplies, and disrupting emergency services and interstate commerce traffic. In some instances, large accumulations of snow or ice can cause structural damage, collapse building roofs, uproot trees, snap limbs, and sever power lines. The cost of snow removal, repairing damages, and the loss of business negatively impacts the economy of the communities in Pottawatomie County. The cold, snow accumulation and the potential of ice all have a part in the effect of a winter storm. Wind chills have a devastating impact on the residents of Pottawatomie County during severe winter weather, as the temperatures can reach life threatening levels. Wind chill is the combination of wind and temperature that serves as an estimate of how cold it actually feels to exposed human skin. Pottawatomie County considers wind chill values below -19 degrees to be extremely dangerous to the population, although hypothermia occur at can warm temperatures cause death Table 3-25 and to unprotected individuals. The National Weather Service issues wind chill advisories when wind chills of 20 degrees to -39 degrees with winds greater than 10 mph are possible. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 In Pottawatomie County, minimum Page 219 temperatures below 15 degrees with winds exceeding five miles per hour, as shown on the wind chill chart, bring local concerns regarding the potential harm to people and pets. Snow and particularly ice often plague the area causing road closures and limited travel. Snow during winter storms in Pottawatomie County generally ranges from four to eight inches annually, although in February of 2011, over 9” of snow fell around Pottawatomie County with snow drifts measuring up to four feet due to winds exceeding 35 mph. Many businesses and schools were closed for a week as snow removal efforts were ongoing. Ice cover exceeding ½ inch or snow exceeding 3 inch cover is considered a major event. Table 3-26 The Sperry-Piltz Utility Ice Damage Index The Sperry-Piltz Utility Ice Damage Index. The categories are based upon combinations of precipitation totals, temperature, and wind speed. Light to heavy snow can immobilize an area and paralyze communities, strand commuters, stop the flow of supplies, and disrupt emergency services. More than half of the winters in Pottawatomie County have at least one inch of snow, with eight inches or more occurring less frequently. Snow exceeding two inches in Pottawatomie County is considered a major event. Accumulations of snow, in rare instances, can collapse buildings and frequently topple trees and power lines. The cost of snow removal, repairing damages, and the loss of business negatively Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 220 impacts the economy of the communities in Pottawatomie County. Pottawatomie County snow and ice events can cause damage countywide and such damage has occurred in recent years. The Sperry-Piltz Ice Damage Index above illustrates damages that may be caused to utilities throughout the county. Ice accumulations of ½ inch are considered major due to traffic problems. Snow and ice frequent the area causing road closures and limited travel. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES A series of major ice storms during the last decade have plagued Pottawatomie County and the State of Oklahoma. Ice storms with extended freezing rain events with heavy accumulations lasting from several hours to many days have also had significant impacts on Pottawatomie County over the last decade. The winters of 2000-2001, 2006-2007, and 2010-2011 each featured a major ice storm that deposited more than three inches of ice in 24 hours across much of Oklahoma including communities in Pottawatomie County. See Table 3-26 for historical winter storm occurrences. Table 3-27 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY WINTER STORMS 2006-2013 Information provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location 25-26 Feb 2013 Pottawatomie County 8-9 Feb 2011 Pottawatomie County 31 Jan - 3 Feb 2011 Pottawatomie County Description Winter Weather - A strong winter storm system moved from west Texas into southern Oklahoma overnight on the 24th and lasted through the morning hours of the 26th. Very heavy snowfall occurred to the north and west of the upper low, mainly over parts of northwest Oklahoma. As surface low pressure strengthened over southern Oklahoma, very strong and gusty northwest winds developed, leading to blizzard conditions for several hours over much of western Oklahoma. Up to 18 inches of snow fell over parts of northern and western Oklahoma, with lesser amounts from southwest through north central and central Oklahoma. The winter storm gradually moved east through the day on the 24th and slowly exited the region by the morning of the 26th. Most of the county saw little to no snow accumulation, but areas south of Shawnee picked up around an inch of snow once the storm had ended. Winter Storm - Two to four inches of snow was measured around Pottawatomie county, including three inches measured around Tecumseh and Shawnee. Numerous wind gusts over 25 mph were reported for several hours greatly reducing visibilities and causing considerable blowing and drifting of the snowfall. Winter Weather - Thunder sleet, freezing rain, and snow began during the late evening, with wind gusts increasing to over 30 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 221 Table 3-27 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY WINTER STORMS 2006-2013 Information provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date Location 28-30 Jan 2010 Pottawatomie County 24-25 Dec 2009 Pottawatomie County 26-27 Jan 2009 Pottawatomie County 12-14 Jan 2007 Pottawatomie County 9 – 11 Dec 2007 Pottawatomie County Description mph by midnight. Nine inches of snow was measured two miles northeast of Shawnee. Wind gusts over 45 mph also created considerable blowing and drifting of the snowfall, which reduced visibilities. The event began during the evening hours of 1/31. Estimated damages: $119,752.52 Ice Storm - Due to severe winter storm on Jan 28-30, ice covered the streets. Roads were impassable. Motorists were stranded across northern areas of Pottawatomie County. Officials and responders coordinated search and rescue efforts, sheltering operations, and other emergency protective measures. Estimated damages: $31,446.76 Winter Storm - Due to severe winter storm on Dec 24 & 25 with snowfall exceeding 14 inches the City of Shawnee pushed snow from designated snow routes. Travelers across Pottawatomie County were stranded due to the snowfall and rescue operations were coordinated throughout the county fire departments. Estimated damage: $43,114.25 Winter Storm - A quarter of an inch of ice glaze accumulated, with an additional three inches of sleet on top of that was reported near Tecumseh. Travel around town was significantly hampered with several minor wrecks reported. Shawnee reported at least a half of an inch of sleet and ice glaze accumulation. Ten minor automobile accidents were reported with a few minor injuries. Monetary damages were not given. Winter Storm - A strong winter storm crippled much of Oklahoma from January 12th through the 14th, spreading snow, freezing rain and sleet across the state. The freezing rain and sleet occurred mainly over central and southwest Oklahoma, with mainly freezing rain over the southeast. Also, the prolonged period of wintry precipitation closed airports, schools, malls, and other places of business. The slick and hazardous roads caused many schools to remain closed for several days after the winter precipitation had ended. Ice Storm - A devastating ice storm affected a large swath of Oklahoma beginning on the 9th and continuing through the 11th over parts of the area. The storm left behind a trail of severe damage to trees and power lines, which in turn led to the worst power outage in Oklahoma history (in terms of the number of people impacted). By the time the storm had ended, over one inch of ice had accumulated over a good portion of Oklahoma. The governor declared a State of Emergency for all 77 Oklahoma counties. At least 27 deaths were reported statewide, mainly due to hundreds of automobile accidents, although some were due to prolonged cold air exposure or carbon monoxide Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 222 Table 3-27 POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY WINTER STORMS 2006-2013 Information provided by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Date 29-30 Nov 2006 Location Pottawatomie County Description poisoning. Tree, power line and power pole damage was widespread statewide, which resulted in hundreds of thousands without power. Some of the trees that had to be cut back or cut down altogether were over 100 years old. At the peak of the event, more than 641,000 electric customers were without power (the actual number of people was likely much larger). Due to the magnitude of the outage, electrical crews from dozens of states worked 12-hour shifts daily to restore power. Even with this huge relief effort, more than 150,000 residents were still without power weeks later. Even city water and sewage plants were without power, making them unable to pump water for a short time. Fallen power lines created another hazard as the broken lines sparked structure fires. Christmas parades and area sporting events had to be rescheduled or canceled all together. Final exams at area colleges were also postponed. The local economy took a huge hit as the ice storm hit during a key weekend for holiday sales. Widespread tree damage was reported across the county. Several utility poles caught fire due to the weight of the ice. One of half of the homes and business' were without power. Meeker, Tecumseh, and McCloud were also hit hard with power outages. Numerous traffic accidents occurred as a result of the ice accumulation, which occurred mainly on bridges and other elevated surfaces. Winter Storm - A strong cold front brought cold arctic air to the region. A strong upper level storm system then translated across the region over the arctic air causing winter precipitation. Winter precipitation fell in the form of freezing rain, sleet, and snow beginning on November 29 and ended during the evening of November 30. Thunderstorms also occurred with the sleet and freezing rain. Several inches of sleet fell across parts of central and southern Oklahoma. Ice glaze accumulations of up to 1/2 an inch were also reported across parts of central and southern Oklahoma. The winter precipitation caused hazardous travel across the area with numerous accidents reported. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS The frequency of snow events relates to drought periods since during droughts little moisture is experience whether rain or snow events. Locations in central Oklahoma, including Pottawatomie County, have gone several years between winter weather events. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 223 Oklahoma’s location between the cold winter temperatures of the Rocky Mountains and the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico gives Oklahoma the potential for further ice and snow events. Northwest Oklahoma receives more snow annually than communities in Pottawatomie County; however, heavy accumulations of ice and/or snow are still possible. In recent years, communities in Pottawatomie County have experienced more damage from ice storms than from snowfall. The Oklahoma Climatological Survey map below shows Pottawatomie County in an area of the state that is subject to 3-6 inches of annual winter precipitation. The probability of Pottawatomie County experiencing winter weather is “LIKELY”. WINTER CLIMATE Average Annual Snowfall: 7.5 inches Days with snow on ground: 2 Greatest Seasonal Snowfall: 24.1 (1977-1978) Greatest Daily Snowfall: 14" (Pottawatomie Co., Dec 29, 1954) Last Freeze in spring: April 1 First Freeze in autumn: November 3 VULNERABILITY AND IMPACT Residents in Pottawatomie County have been plagued with a series of major ice and snow storms during the last decade. Ice storms typically last several hours to days with heavy ice accumulations. The icy cover can down power lines and tree limbs, causing millions of dollars Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 224 in damage to vehicles and structures, and producing widespread power outages. These events are extremely paralyzing to affected communities and citizen residing in Pottawatomie County. Strong winds often accompany winter storms creating blizzard conditions with blinding winddriven snow, severe drifting, and dangerously low wind chill temperatures. Strong winds with these intense storms can knock down trees, utility poles, and power lines. Heavy accumulations of ice also bring down trees, electrical wires, telephone poles and lines, and communication towers. Most electric and telephone lines in Pottawatomie County are above ground which exposes them to winter weather. Communications and power can be disrupted for days and weeks while utility companies work to repair the extensive damage. In extreme cases, especially those involving elderly, handicapped, or very young, it is necessary to move them to shelters where they can stay until they return home. Even though shelters are provided after a few days, most make arrangements with friends or relatives in unaffected areas to stay with them. This is not only inconvenient but the temporary loss of population along with inaccessible roads for essential services causes critical economic shortages to businesses that are able to remain open. Extreme cold often accompanies a winter storm. Prolonged exposure to the cold can cause frostbite or hypothermia and become life threatening. Infants and young children, elderly residents, and people who work outdoors are the most susceptible. Freezing temperatures can cause severe damage to crops and other critical vegetation, and pipes may freeze and burst in homes and businesses. During power outages caused by icy wires, most furnaces and heating systems will not operate, adding more threats to citizens of Pottawatomie County. Structure fires occur more frequently in the winter due to lack of proper safety precautions, and present a greater danger because water supplies may freeze and impede firefighting efforts. Icy roads may also hinder firefighting operations. The leading cause of fatalities during winter storms is from automobile or other transportation accidents. Even small accumulations of ice may initiate extreme hazards to motorists and pedestrians. Heavy snow usually immobilizes transportation facilities and strands commuters Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 225 and school buses, stops the flow of deliveries and supplies, and delays the response of emergency services. Schools in Pottawatomie County often close due to safety concerns for students coming to or leaving school. In the recent snow storm of 2011, many schools were closed for over a week. Accumulations of snow can collapse weaken buildings, and knock down trees and power lines. In rural areas of the county, homes and farms may be isolated for days, and unprotected livestock may die. The costs of snow removal, repairing damages, and loss of business can have large economic impacts on communities in Pottawatomie County: the cost of running equipment not normally designed for snow removal can be costly to repair after snow removal; roads are often left with “potholes” requiring repairs; aand business employees or owners are often unable to get to their place of business due to hazardous roads. CONCLUSION Pottawatomie County has an extensive history of winter storms and ice storms. These have ranged in severity from heavy snow to severe ice conditions. Winter storms have created numerous problems for residents and local government due to loss of work time and revenue, wear and tear on city equipment, and the additional expenses in recovery efforts from these events. The continued threat of winter storms and ice storms has been a mitigating event in that it has prompted activities removing weakened tree branches and securing power lines to avoid power outages that could result in further destruction and fatalities from the storm. Future mitigation efforts should focus on keeping utility easements clear of vegetation in order to minimize the impact of future severe winter storms and on maintaining effective de-icing and snow clearing activities on roads in Pottawatomie County. REFERENCES (NCDC) National Climatic Data Center (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/) (NWS) National Weather Service – Norman http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/ (OCS)Oklahoma Climatological Survey (http://climate.mesonet.org/) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 226 CHAPTER FOUR MITIGATION STRATEGIES Local Hazard Mitigation Goals The Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team reviewed and analyzed the goals of the plan and found them unclear in their intent. The goals were redefined at the first team meeting and reviewed following risk assessment studies. The goals listed below were determined to reflect the objectives of the participating jurisdictions and the State of Oklahoma in reducing the impact of hazards throughout the county. The goals and suggested actions were developed by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team with the assistance of the chief elected officials of each entity. The selected projects should address these listed goals. 1. Protection of lives and property 2. Improved identification and protection of Critical Facilities 3. Prevent repetitive flooding 4. Educate citizens on all potential hazards 5. Improve response capabilities to hazard events. During the risk assessment phase of the planning process, the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team evaluated various mitigation strategies that could be feasible for use in Pottawatomie County. Historical references from residents concerning flooding and specific locations were discussed. Research and references to the print media proved to be ineffective, due to their lack of archive material. The most reliable local historical information available was contained in archives of the Emergency Management Offices in Pottawatomie County and local jurisdictions, federally declared disasters (FEMA website) and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) records. Wildfire data was collected from the Oklahoma State Fire Marshal’s office. The selection of the projects was based on the cost benefit of the action and what could be done in the community. Each community will make their decision at the time of implantation based upon the community’s capability at the time. National Flood Insurance Program Participation Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, and Tecumseh are currently participating members of the NFIP. Macomb is not listed in the Community Status Book and is not a member of the NFIP. Asher, Earlsboro, Johnson, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, and Wanette have been mapped but are not participating in the NFIP. Schools are not eligible for NFIP participation but their flood insurance rates are based upon the participation of their Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 227 community. The following table shows the date each jurisdiction became a member of the NFIP and the effective map date. Jurisdiction Current Effective Map Date Regular or Emergency Date Pottawatomie County 9/3/10 6/1/88 Bethel Acres 9/3/10 12/1/89 Brooksville 9/3/10 8/19/85 Maud 7/18/11 7/3/85 McLoud 9/3/10 10/16/87 Shawnee 9/3/10 7/2/80 Tecumseh 9/3/10 7/16/80 Current Effective Map Date Sanction Date Asher 9/3/10 6/4/77 Earlsboro 9/3/10 4/2/93 Johnson 9/3/10 9/3/11 Pink 9/3/10 4/2/93 St. Louis 9/3/10 4/2/93 Tribbey 9/3/10 9/3/11 Wanette 9/3/10 12/20/75 Jurisdiction Macomb Not Listed There are four identified Hazard Mitigation Action Items addressed in the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan incorporating flood plain activity and the NFIP. The four action items are: Repetitive Flood Properties Continued NFIP Participation Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 228 NFIP Education Maintain Floodplain Administrator Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, and Tecumseh are members of the NFIP and, as such, the citizens of Pottawatomie County and member jurisdictions are eligible to purchase flood insurance through the NFIP. This is an economical advantage to the citizens of Pottawatomie County. Flood insurance through independent insurance carriers would be prohibitive due to cost, if available at all. Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, and Tecumseh will continue their participation in the NFIP and continue to maintain and update floodplain ordinances in line with NFIP requirements. Floodplain ordinances will continue to be enforced in Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) to maintain compliance with NFIP requirements. County, city, and town officials will continue to promote and encourage flood insurance and public participation in the NFIP. Mitigation Action Plan This chapter identifies specific actions to achieve the goals of Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette and all Public School Districts in Pottawatomie County; an appropriate lead person for each action, funding sources, and related hazards. During the risk assessment phase of the planning process, the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team evaluated various mitigation strategies that may be feasible in Pottawatomie County. The selection of the projects was based on the benefits and cost effectiveness of the action and what could be done in the county and participating communities. Mitigation Projects Many of the mitigation projects identified would offer relief for multiple hazards. Outdoor warning devices most certainly would be significant during tornado warning periods. Also, this means could be utilized for flash flooding alerts. Low water bridges, if corrected, would not only improve transportation for residents during heavy rain periods, but would provide a more direct route for use by responders than is currently utilized. Certainly, sheltering would have multiple hazard usage. Each project listed below shows the related hazards. Current Mitigation Projects Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 229 The following projects are the projects that were included in the action projects for the 2014 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan. Action Project 1 - Repetitive Flood Properties Description Identify, acquire and remove repetitive loss and repeated flood properties where acquisition is the most cost effective and desirable mitigation measure. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Floodplain Management, local elected officials Funding Sources Local sales tax and bond issues, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program. Action Project 1A - Repetitive Flood Properties Description Identify, acquire and remove repetitive loss and repeated flood properties where acquisition is the most cost effective and desirable mitigation measure. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Floodplain Management, local elected officials Funding Sources Local sales tax and bond issues, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 230 Action Project 2 - Flood Prone Areas Mitigation Description Implement structural and non-structural flood mitigation measures for flood prone areas as recommended in the basin-wide master drainage plans. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Floodplain Management, local elected officials Funding Sources Local General Obligation Bond Issues, Local Capital Improvements Sales Taxes, Potential Stormwater Utility Fees, Fee-in-lieu-of Detention funds, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC), and Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) programs, Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Action Project 2A - Flood Prone Areas Mitigation Description Implement structural and non-structural flood mitigation measures for flood prone areas as recommended in the basin-wide master drainage plans. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Floodplain Management, local elected officials Funding Sources Local General Obligation Bond Issues, Local Capital Improvements Sales Taxes, Potential Stormwater Utility Fees, Fee-in-lieu-of Detention funds, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC), and Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) programs, Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 231 Action Project 3 - Community / School Safe Rooms Description Construct safe rooms as needed to protect first responders and the public. Construct safe rooms on school campuses as needed to protect students, staff and visitors from tornados and high wind events. Hazards Addressed High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, school administrators and local elected officials. Funding Sources Local Capital Improvements Sales Tax, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), general obligation bonds. Action Project 4 - Early Warning Devices Description Evaluate and Upgrade Community Warning System. Install Outdoor warning devices as needed to provide adequate early warning to citizens of the county, cities, towns and schools. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Hail Storm, High Winds, Tornado, Wildfire Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Shawnee/Pottawatomie County Emergency Management, local elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 232 Action Project 4A - Early Warning Devices Description Evaluate and Upgrade Community Warning System. Install Outdoor warning devices as needed to provide adequate early warning to citizens of the county, cities, towns and schools. Hazards Addressed Hail Storm, High Winds, Tornado, Wildfire Jurisdictions Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette Affected Responsible Party Shawnee/Pottawatomie County Emergency Management, local elected officials. Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local and School funds Action Project 4B - Early Warning Devices Description Evaluate and Upgrade Community Warning System. Install Outdoor warning devices as needed to provide adequate early warning to citizens of the county, cities, towns and schools. Hazards Addressed Hail Storm, High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Affected Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Shawnee/Pottawatomie County Emergency Management, local elected officials, school administrators. Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local and School funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 233 Action Project 5 - Public Cooling / Warming Stations Description Develop and publicize locations of cooling stations where residents can go to seek refuge from the heat and warming stations for refuge from cold. Hazards Addressed Extreme Heat, Winter Weather Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, and Affected Wanette Responsible Party Community Development, local elected officials. Funding Sources Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), Oklahoma Gas & Electric (OG&E), Canadian Valley Rural Electric Cooperative, Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD) agencies, senior citizen centers. Action Project 6 - Special Needs Identification Description Conduct assessment to determine vulnerable special needs populations such as the elderly and infirmed. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, senior citizen centers, Department of Human Services (DHS) Funding Sources Local funding, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 234 Action Project 6A - Special Needs Identification Description Conduct assessment to determine vulnerable special needs populations such as the elderly and infirmed. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, senior citizen centers, Department of Human Services (DHS) Funding Sources Local funding, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Action Project 6B - Special Needs Identification Description Conduct assessment to determine vulnerable special needs populations such as the elderly and infirmed. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, and Affected Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, senior citizen centers, Department of Human Services (DHS) Funding Sources Local funding, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 235 Action Project 7 - Drought Strategy Description Shawnee and Pottawatomie County shall develop a strategy to combat the threat of drought affecting the area. This system shall include development of new technologies to assess the probable impact of droughts; development of education programs designed to promote awareness/mitigation among the economic sectors most impacted by the threat; and the development of indices and response actions that signal the onset and various stages of drought. Hazards Addressed Drought Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County, Shawnee Affected Responsible Party Shawnee Public Utilities Department, local elected officials, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Funding Sources Rate Payer User Fees, local funds, county budget, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Oklahoma Water Resource Board (OWRB) Action Project 8 - Additional Water Capacity Description The City of Shawnee shall seek additional water reservoir capacity. This will include working with other regional cities and governmental agencies to develop additional water storage and transmission capacity. Hazards Addressed Drought, Wildfire Jurisdictions City of Shawnee Affected Responsible Party Shawnee Public Utilities Department Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), General Obligation Bond Issues, Rate Payer User Fees Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 236 Action Project 9 - Mobile Home Tie Downs Description Revise building codes to reflect latest guidance for wind resistance and tie downs for mobile homes. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Affected Maud, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Bethel Acres, McLoud. Responsible Party Community Development, local elected officials. Funding Sources N/A Description Develop and distribute public information and education materials to vulnerable populations through participating community agencies during fairs, seminars, and other venues. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Action Project 10 - Public Awareness / Education Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), local elected officials, school administration, health department, Unity Health Center, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC). Funding Sources County, Local, School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Private Sector Contributions, Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 237 Action Project 10A - Public Awareness / Education Description Develop and distribute public information and education materials to vulnerable populations through participating community agencies during fairs, seminars, and other venues. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh. Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), local elected officials, health department, Unity Health Center, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC). Funding Sources County, Local, School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Private Sector Contributions, Action Project 10B - Public Awareness / Education Description Develop and distribute public information and education materials to vulnerable populations through participating community agencies during fairs, seminars, and other venues. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), local elected officials, school administration, health department, Unity Health Center, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC). Funding Sources County, Local, School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Private Sector Contributions, Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 238 Action Project 10C - Public Awareness / Education Description Develop and distribute public information and education materials to vulnerable populations through participating community agencies during fairs, seminars, and other venues. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Dale PS, Tecumseh PS. Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), local elected officials, school administration, health department, Unity Health Center, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC). Funding Sources County, Local, School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Private Sector Contributions, Action Project 10D - Public Awareness / Education Description Develop and distribute public information and education materials to vulnerable populations through participating community agencies during fairs, seminars, and other venues. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Asher PS, Bethel PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Affected Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), local elected officials, school administration, health department, Unity Health Center, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC). Funding Sources County, Local, School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Private Sector Contributions, Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 239 Action Project 11 - Bury Utility Lines Description Partner with land developers and utility companies to locate utility lines underground and increase trimming of trees affecting utility lines to prevent tree limb interference. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette Affected Responsible Party Community Development, Local Utility Providers Funding Sources Local Utility Providers Description Partner with land developers and utility companies to locate utility lines underground and increase trimming of trees affecting utility lines to prevent tree limb interference. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Action Project 11A - Bury Utility Lines Jurisdictions Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Affected Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Community Development, Local Utility Providers Funding Sources Local Utility Providers Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 240 Action Project 12 - Alternate Power Source Description Purchase emergency power generators for critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, local elected officials. Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County funds, Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG), Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Rural Economic Action Plan (REAP) Action Project 12A - Alternate Power Source Description Obtain emergency power generators for critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, local elected officials. Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local and School funds, Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG), Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Rural Economic Action Plan (REAP) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 241 Action Project 12B - Alternate Power Source Description Obtain emergency power generators for critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, local elected officials. Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local and School funds, Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG), Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Rural Economic Action Plan (REAP) Action Project 12C - Alternate Power Source Description Obtain emergency power generators for critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Dale PS, Tecumseh PS Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, local elected officials. Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local and School funds, Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG), Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Rural Economic Action Plan (REAP) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 242 Action Project 12D - Alternate Power Source Description Obtain emergency power generators for critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher PS, Bethel PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, local elected officials. Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local and School funds, Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG), Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Rural Economic Action Plan (REAP) Action Project 13 - Wildfire Awareness / Education Description Conduct public education during fairs, seminars, and other venues to provide advice and guidance to the public concerning wildland fires. Hazards Addressed Wildfire Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Fire Departments, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), local conservation districts Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Fire Department Appropriations, Fire Act Grants, Private Foundation/Business Sponsorship, Fire Clowns Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 243 Action Project 14 - 911 / EOC Enhancement Description Enhance Facilities for the 911 Center and the Emergency Operations Center. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Emergency Management, local elected officials, local 911 authorities Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Local, 911 Tariff fees, Homeland Security funds, legislative appropriations, general funds. Action Project 15 - Earthquake Construction Standards Description Update Building Codes to Reflect Seismic Design Standards for New Construction. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Hail Storm, High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, and Wanette Responsible Party Community Development, Emergency Management, local elected officials. Funding Sources N/A Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 244 Action Project 16 - Earthquake Resistant Utilities Description Retrofitting existing utility distribution systems for earthquake resistance and encouraging owners of structures to retrofit their businesses/homes. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, local elected officials Funding Sources Utility company budgets, individual contributions. Action Project 17 – Dam EAP Description Revise Emergency Action Plans (EAP) for Dams including Inundation Zones Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Shawnee and Tecumseh Public Utilities Departments, Bureau of Reclamation Funding Sources Emergency Management Performance Grant, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Departmental Budgets , Oklahoma Water Resource Board (OWRB) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 245 Action Project 18 - Dam Monitoring Equipment Description Installation of Monitoring Equipment on High Hazard Dams Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Shawnee and Tecumseh Public Utilities Departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Departmental Budgets, Oklahoma Water Resource Board (OWRB) grants Action Project 19 - Hazard Awareness / Education Book Description Develop, produce, and distribute an Hazard Awareness / Education Book describing all hazards that pose a risk to Pottawatomie County, How to prepare for them and actions to assist in recovery from disasters. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Elected Officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County funds, private business and industry, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 246 Action Project 19A - Hazard Awareness / Education Book Description Develop, produce, and distribute an Hazard Awareness / Education Book describing all hazards that pose a risk to Pottawatomie County, How to prepare for them and actions to assist in recovery from disasters. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Elected Officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local funds, private business and industry, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Action Project 19B - Hazard Awareness / Education Book Description Develop, produce, and distribute an Hazard Awareness / Education Book describing all hazards that pose a risk to Pottawatomie County, How to prepare for them and actions to assist in recovery from disasters. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local Elected Officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local funds, private business and industry, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 247 Action Project 19C - Hazard Awareness / Education Book Description Develop, produce, and distribute an Hazard Awareness / Education Book describing all hazards that pose a risk to Pottawatomie County, How to prepare for them and actions to assist in recovery from disasters. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Dale PS, Tecumseh PS Responsible Party Emergency Management, School Administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County and School funds, private business and industry, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Action Project 19D - Hazard Awareness / Education Book Description Develop, produce, and distribute an Hazard Awareness / Education Book describing all hazards that pose a risk to Pottawatomie County, How to prepare for them and actions to assist in recovery from disasters. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher PS, Bethel PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, School Administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County and School funds, private business and industry, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 248 Action Project 20 - Motorist Information Signs Description Purchase lighted electronic signs that can be positioned along roadsides to warn motorist of potential dangers such as flooding, down power lines, road wash outs, heavy smoke, and other hazards. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Earthquake, Flood, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Emergency Management, county highway departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County funds Description Purchase lighted electronic signs that can be positioned along roadsides to warn motorist of potential dangers such as flooding, down power lines, road wash outs, heavy smoke, and others. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Flood, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, county highway departments, city street departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Local funds Action Project 20A - Motorist Information Signs Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 249 Action Project 20B - Motorist Information Signs Description Purchase lighted electronic signs that can be positioned along roadsides to warn motorist of potential dangers such as flooding, down power lines, road wash outs, heavy smoke, and others. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, and Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, county highway departments, city street departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Local funds Action Project 21 - NOAA Weather Radios Description Purchase, program, and distribute weather radio receivers to the public, schools, and other critical facilities throughout Pottawatomie County. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Emergency Management, County officials, School Administration, Unity Health Center, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), county health department Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), private business and industry Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 250 Action Project 21A - NOAA Weather Radios Description Purchase, program, and distribute weather radio receivers to the public, schools, and other critical facilities throughout Pottawatomie County. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local elected officials, School Administration, Unity Health Center, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Local, and School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), private business and industry Action Project 21B - NOAA Weather Radios Description Purchase, program, and distribute weather radio receivers to the public, schools, and other critical facilities throughout Pottawatomie County. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette Affected Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local elected officials, School Administration, Unity Health Center, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Local, and School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), private business and industry Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 251 Action Project 21C - NOAA Weather Radios Description Purchase, program, and distribute weather radio receivers to the public, schools, and other critical facilities throughout Pottawatomie County. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Dale PS, Tecumseh PS Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local elected officials, School Administration, Unity Health Center, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Local, and School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), private business and industry Action Project 21D - NOAA Weather Radios Description Purchase, program, and distribute weather radio receivers to the public, schools, and other critical facilities throughout Pottawatomie County. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher PS, Bethel PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local elected officials, School Administration, Unity Health Center, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Local, and School funds, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), private business and industry Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 252 Action Project 22 - School Intercom System Description Install internal intercom system to allow for immediate communications between classrooms and office to alert faculty of impending hazardous situations. Hazards Addressed Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party School Administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), School funds Description Provide a mass communications system to notify citizens in emergency situations such as flooding, tornados, or wildfires. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Emergency Management, County elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county funds Action Project 23 - Mass Notification System Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 253 Action Project 23A - Mass Notification System Description Provide a mass communications system to notify citizens, parents, students, and faculty in emergency situations such as flooding, tornados, or wildfires. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), local funds Action Project 23B - Mass Notification System Description Provide a mass communications system to notify citizens, parents, students, and faculty in emergency situations such as flooding, tornados, or wildfires. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), local funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 254 Action Project 23C - Mass Notification System Description Provide a mass communications system to notify citizens, parents, students, and faculty in emergency situations such as flooding, tornados, or wildfires. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Dale PS, Tecumseh PS Responsible Party Emergency Management, School Administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), school funds Action Project 23D - Mass Notification System Description Provide a mass communications system to notify citizens, parents, students, and faculty in emergency situations such as flooding, tornados, or wildfires. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher PS, Bethel PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, School Administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), school funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 255 Action Project 24 - Lightning Detection Description Purchase and install lightning detectors for use at outdoor events and recreational areas to provide advanced warning of approaching lightning. Hazards Addressed Lightning Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, County and Local elected officials, School Administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local, and School funds Action Project 25 - Surge Protection Description Install surge protection – battery backup devices on all critical electronic systems in critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, County and Local elected officials, health department, Unity Health Center Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local, and School funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 256 Action Project 25A - Surge Protection Description Install surge protection – battery backup devices on all critical electronic systems in critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, County and Local elected officials, health department, Unity Health Center Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local funds Action Project 25B - Surge Protection Description Install surge protection – battery backup devices on all critical electronic systems in critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Dale PS, Tecumseh PS Responsible Party Emergency Management, County elected officials, School Administration, health department, Unity Health Center Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County and School funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 257 Action Project 25 - Surge Protection Description Install surge protection – battery backup devices on all critical electronic systems in critical facilities. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher PS, Bethel PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, County elected officials, School Administration, health department, Unity Health Center Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local, and School funds Description Install stream water level monitors to monitor the level of streams to give warning of fast rising waters that may indicate a possible dam failure or approaching flood conditions. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Emergency Management, County officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County funds, Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Oklahoma Water Resource Board (OWRB), and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Action Project 26 - Stream Level Monitoring Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 258 Action Project 26A - Stream Level Monitoring Description Install stream water level monitors to monitor the level of streams to give warning of fast rising waters that may indicate approaching flood conditions. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, Local elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), local funds, Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Oklahoma Water Resource Board (OWRB), and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Action Project 27 - Flood Prone Roadways Description Identify local roads at risk of flooding and mitigate by raising road bed, installing larger tin horns, and replace or install bridges as needed. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party County Commissioners Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 259 Action Project 27A - Flood Prone Roadways Description Identify local roads at risk of flooding and mitigate by raising road bed, installing larger tin horns, and replace or install bridges as needed. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Local elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), local funds Action Project 28 - Flood /Erosion Prevention Description Install rip-rap as needed to mitigate against drainage ditch erosion, for bank stabilization, and as needed to improve drainage flow and prevent drainage back-up and flooding. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party County commissioners, local elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds, Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 260 Action Project 29 - Drainage Ditch Improvements Description Deepen, Widen, Straighten, Line with concrete or rip-rap and other improvements to water channels/drainage ditches as needed to improve water drainage and prevent flooding. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, County and Local elected officials, public works departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), County, Local, funds, storm water management fee Description Install signs as needed to warn motorist of approaching hazardous areas as needed, flood prone areas, etc. Hazards Addressed Flood, High Winds, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, County commissioners, local elected officials, public works departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds Action Project 30 - Hazard Warning Signs Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 261 Action Project 30A - Hazard Warning Signs Description Install signs as needed to warn motorist of approaching hazardous areas as needed, flood prone areas, etc. Hazards Addressed High Winds, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette, Responsible Party Emergency Management, County commissioners, local elected officials, public works departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds Action Project 31 - Hurricane Clips Description Encourage the use of hurricane clips on new construction to prevent or lesson roof damage in hazard events Hazards Addressed Earthquake, High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Affected Wanette, Responsible Party Emergency Management, County and local elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds, business and industry funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 262 Action Project 32 - Window Film Description Install window film on windows of critical facilities to protect occupants from shattering glass in a hazard event. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Hail Storm, High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, County and Local elected officials, School Administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county, local, and school funds Action Project 33 - Cooling Fan Program Description Develop a program to provide cooling fans or air conditioners to the handicapped, elderly, and other special needs cases that may arise. These populations are often the most susceptible to the hazards associated with extreme heat. Hazards Addressed Extreme Heat Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, health department, senior citizen centers, Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), Oklahoma State University (OSU) extension center, Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD), Central Oklahoma Community Action Agency (COCAA), volunteer health clinic, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), Central Oklahoma Economic Development District (COEDD) Areawide Agency on Aging, Department of Human Services (DHS), Shawnee Senior Center Project HEART Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds, local business and industry Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 263 Action Project 34 - Hail Impact Resistant Roofing Description Work with insurance agents and building supply centers to encourage the use of hail resistant shingles and building materials. Hazards Addressed Hail Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, local elected officials Funding Sources County and local budgets, business and industry Action Project 35 - Retention Ponds Description Install retention ponds where needed to control water runoff and reduce or eliminate flooding. Install dry hydrants in ponds to fill firefighting apparatus for fighting wildfires. Hazards Addressed Flood, Wildfire Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, Floodplain Manager, local fire departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds, Dept. of Agriculture (Forestry) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 264 Action Project 35A - Retention Ponds Description Install retention ponds where needed to control water runoff and reduce or eliminate flooding. Install dry hydrants in ponds to fill firefighting apparatus for fighting wildfires. Hazards Addressed Flood, Wildfire Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette, Responsible Party Emergency Management, Floodplain Manager, local fire departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds, Dept. of Agriculture (Forestry) Action Project 36 - Water Wells Description Drill additional water wells as needed to provide additional water source for drought conditions and as a source of water for fighting wildfires. Hazards Addressed Drought, Wildfire Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette Responsible Party County commissioners, local elected officials, school administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county, local and school funds, Oklahoma Water Resource Board (OWRB) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 265 Action Project 36 - Water Wells Description Drill additional water wells as needed to provide additional water source for drought conditions and as a source of water for fighting wildfires. Hazards Addressed Drought Jurisdictions Affected Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party County commissioners, local elected officials, school administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county, local and school funds, Oklahoma Water Resource Board (OWRB) Action Project 37 - Water Tower Description Install a water tower to provide a reserve water source for periods of power outages for both potable water and for fighting wildfire. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party County commissioners, local elected officials, school administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county, local, and school funds, Oklahoma Water Resource Board (OWRB) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 266 Action Project 38 - Xeriscaping Description Use xeriscaping or landscaping using native vegetation to reduce or eliminate the need for watering to conserve water during drought conditions. Hazards Addressed Drought Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, County and Local elected officials, School Administration, Oklahoma State University (OSU) Extension Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Funding Sources Local, county, and school funds, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forestry, Conservation district, Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), local business and industry Action Project 39 - Continued NFIP Participation Description Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, and Tecumseh will maintain their status as members in good standing with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and update floodplain ordinances as required to maintain eligibility. Communities not participating will be encouraged to join. Hazards Addressed Dam Failure, Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Floodplain Management Funding Sources County and local funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 267 Action Project 39A - Continued NFIP Participation Description Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, and Tecumseh will maintain their status as members in good standing with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and update floodplain ordinances as required to maintain eligibility. Communities not participating will be encouraged to join. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Floodplain Management Funding Sources Local funds Description Install additional communications repeaters as needed to improve communications for first response agencies countywide. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, County Sheriff, local fire and police departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Homeland Security, County and local funds Action Project 40 - Communications Repeater Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 268 Action Project 40A - Communications Repeater Description Install additional communications repeaters as needed to improve communications for first response agencies countywide. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, and Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, County Sheriff, local fire and police departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Homeland Security, County and local funds Action Project 41 - CERT / MRC Teams Description Assemble and train citizens as Citizen Emergency Response Team (CERT) and Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) to assist first responders during hazard events. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Earlsboro, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Emergency Management, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), health department Funding Sources FEMA, county, local and school funds, Homeland Security, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 269 Action Project 41A - CERT / MRC Teams Description Assemble and train citizens as Citizen Emergency Response Team (CERT) and Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) to assist first responders during hazard events. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Wildfire, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher, Brooksville, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Tribbey, Wanette Responsible Party Emergency Management, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), health department Funding Sources FEMA, county, local and school funds, Homeland Security, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) Action Project 41B - CERT / MRC Teams Description Assemble and train citizens as Citizen Emergency Response Team (CERT) and Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) to assist first responders during hazard events. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Flood, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Dale PS, Tecumseh PS Responsible Party Emergency Management, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), health department Funding Sources FEMA, county, local and school funds, Homeland Security, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 270 Action Project 41C - CERT / MRC Teams Description Assemble and train citizens as Citizen Emergency Response Team (CERT) and Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) to assist first responders during hazard events. Hazards Addressed Drought, Earthquake, Extreme Heat, Hail Storm, High Winds, Lightning, Tornado, Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Asher PS, Bethel PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party Emergency Management, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), health department Funding Sources FEMA, county, local and school funds, Homeland Security, Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) Action Project 42 - Individual Safe Room Program Description Institute an individual rebate program to reimburse citizens part of the cost of installing a safe room in their residence. Hazards Addressed High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Responsible Party Emergency Management Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 271 Action Project 43 - Red Cedar Eradication Description Remove red cedar trees from wildland areas to reduce the threat of wildfire. Hazards Addressed Wildfire Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Responsible Party County and local elected officials, Fire Departments Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds, Oklahoma Department of Forestry, Oklahoma State University (OSU) Extension Center Action Project 44 - Rooftop Snow Guards Description Install snow guards above doorways to prevent snow/ice loads from breaking loose and injuring citizens upon exiting public buildings. Hazards Addressed Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party County commissioners, local elected officials, school administration Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county, local, and school funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 272 Action Project 45 - NFIP Education Description Provide educational information to citizens on the benefits of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, Tecumseh Responsible Party Floodplain Management Funding Sources FEMA, county and local funds Action Project 46 - Maintain Floodplain Administrator Description Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, and Tecumseh will continue to maintain a floodplain administrator to oversee construction and other activities in the floodplain. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Maud, McLoud, Shawnee, and Tecumseh Responsible Party County Commissioners, and local elected officials Funding Sources County and local funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 273 Action Project 47 - Roll Down Doors Description Install area isolation doors to partition critical areas of critical facilities against high wind and tornado events. Hazards Addressed High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party County officials, local elected officials, Emergency Management, school administration, critical facility administration Funding Sources Local and facility funds Action Project 48 - Snow fencing Description Install snow fencing at airport and other critical facilities Hazards Addressed Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, Wanette, Asher PS, Bethel PS, Dale PS, Earlsboro PS, Grove PS, Macomb PS, Maud PS, McLoud PS, North Rock Creek PS, Pleasant Grove PS, Shawnee PS, South Rock Creek PS, Tecumseh PS, Wanette PS, and Gordon Cooper Tech Center. Responsible Party County officials, local elected officials, Emergency Management, school administration, critical facility administration, public works officials Funding Sources Local and facilities funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 274 Action Project 49 - Individual Window Film Rebate Program Description Initiate a rebate program to encourage citizens to install window film on windows to protect occupants from shattering glass in a hazard event. Hazards Addressed Earthquake, Hail Storm, High Winds, Tornado Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County, Asher, Bethel Acres, Brooksville, Earlsboro, Johnson, Macomb, Maud, McLoud, Pink, St. Louis, Shawnee, Tecumseh, Tribbey, and Wanette, Responsible Party Emergency Management, County and Local elected officials Funding Sources Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), county and local funds Action Project 50 - Coleman Road Ditch Upgrade Description Elevate the Road Bed, Remove siltration and increase capacity of ditches along roadways in the vicinity of Coleman Road and Ruggles Road. Hazards Addressed Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 275 Action Project 51 - Re-channel Squirrel Creek Description Re-channel Squirrel Creek, Remove siltration and increase capacity of ditches along roadways in the vicinity of Hardesty Road and Brangus Road. Hazards Addressed Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Description Elevate the Road Bed, Remove siltration and increase capacity of ditches along roadways in the vicinity of Hardesty Road and State Highway 102. Flooding Action Project 52 - Hardesty Road/Hwy 102 Hazards Addressed Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 276 Action Project 53 - Bethel and New Hope Road Improvements Description Hazards Addressed Elevate the Road Bed and increase capacity of ditches along roadways in the vicinity of Bethel Road and New Hope Road. Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Action Project 54 - Construct Bridges on 113 Road Description Construct 2 bridges along 113 Road between 349 Road and 350 Road Hazards Addressed Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 277 Action Project 55 - Retaining Wall On Propane Road Description Hazards Addressed Construct a retaining wall to channel water away from roadway along Propane Road between Sacred Heart Road to Cherry Hill Road Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Action Project 56 - Lake Chambers Road Bridge Description Hazards Addressed Construct Bridge along spillway for flood control lake on Chambers Road between 337 Road and 338 Road Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 278 Action Project 57 - St Louis Road Bridge Description Construct steel deck bridge on St. Louis Road near Aztec Road. Hazards Addressed Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Action Project 58 - 344 Road Tin Horn Description Replace insufficient tin horn with Box Culvert on 344 Road south of S.H. 39. Hazards Addressed Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 279 Action Project 59 - 353 Road Tin Horns Description Construct tin horns and fill along 353 Road south of S.H. 109 Hazards Addressed Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Action Project 60 - Dripping Springs Road Low Water Crossing Description Hazards Addressed Replace low water crossing on Dripping Springs road between 346 road and 347 road with bridge. Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 280 Action Project 61 - 347 Road Tin Horn Description Install tin horn and fill on 347 road in the vicinity of 114 road. Hazards Addressed Flooding Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Action Project 62 - Debris Removal Equipment Description Obtain vehicle with auto crane and grapple hooks for debris removal Hazards Addressed Flooding, tornadoes, high wind, Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 281 Action Project 63 - Salt Spreaders Description Hazards Addressed Obtain 5 salt spreaders for 10 wheel vehicles to treat roadways to help prevent ice buildup. Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Action Project 64 - Demolition Trailers Description Obtain 6 demolition trailers to assist with debris removal and disposal. Hazards Addressed Flooding, high winds, tornadoes, winter storms Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 282 Action Project 65 - Response Vehicles Description Hazards Addressed Obtain 3 operational response vehicles to provide work space supervision, basic emergency tools, and signage for response to disaster/emergency areas. Flooding, tornadoes, power outage, winter storms Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Action Project 66 - Salt Sheds Description Hazards Addressed Construct 3 salt storage facilities to protect road salt from environmental conditions Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP,funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 283 Action Project 67 - Brush Cutters Description Hazards Addressed Obtain 6 sets of brush cutters for tractors to assist with debris removal and disposal. Flooding, high winds, tornadoes, winter storms Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Action Project 68 - Debris Grinder Description Obtain a large tub grinder for reduction of debris. Hazards Addressed Flooding, tornadoes, power outage, winter storms Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie Board of County Commissioners Funding Sources County Funds, HMGP, Soil Conservation Service funding Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 284 Action Project 69 - Flooding Benedict St and US 177 at Tracks Description Hazards Addressed Redesign and widen road for runoff with additional drainage ditch capacity. Possible railroad bridge re-design/rebuild to lengthen for roadway Flood Jurisdictions Affected Shawnee, Pottawatomie County Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Local street funds, ODOT funds, HMGP funds Action Project 70 - Flooding MacArthur St and Runway Tunnel Description Hazards Addressed Full hydrology/hydraulic analysis of area runoff, enlargement of Storn Sewer pipes, drain hoods and inlets to collect and divert adequate water flow. This will include the demolition of the MacArthur Street tunnel where the existing RCP,s are. Flood Jurisdictions Affected Shawnee Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Local Street funds, ODOT funds, HMGP funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 285 Action Project 71 - Flooding Broadway and 7th St Description Hazards Addressed Enlarge the storm sewer system to creek and install adequate hoods and inlets. Re-channelization of creek to accommodate 100 year rainfall event. Flood Jurisdictions Affected Shawnee Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Local street funds, HMGP Action Project 72 - Flooding at Union and Wallace Description Hazards Addressed Rechannelization of the 6967 foot drainage way and new enlarged structures at Wallace, Highland, Oklahoma 10th, Main and McKinley Streets to install larger pipes, inlet gates, and curb hoods. Flood Jurisdictions Affected Shawnee Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Local street funds, HMGP funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 286 Action Project 73 - Flooding Between 4300 – 4400 Blk Aydellote Description Grading and drainage design of new road/or extension of Storm Sewer System. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected City of Shawnee Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Local Street funds, HMGP funds Action Project 74 - Flooding at 2nd St and Bell St Description Enlarge the storm sewer system to creek and install adequate hoods and inlets. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Shawnee Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Local Street Funds, HMGP Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 287 Action Project 75 - Flooding at Kickapoo and Kickapoo Spur Description Enlarge storm sewer system and install adequate hoods and inlets. Hazards Addressed Flood Jurisdictions Affected Shawnee Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Local Street funds, ODOT funds Action Project 76 - Flooding at Independence St and Minnesota Description Hazards Addressed Extend storm sewer system north along Minnesota Street to Elizabeth Street and install new grates and hoods at the intersections and along the road to allow for catchment of more water. Flood Jurisdictions Affected Shawnee Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 288 Action Project 77 - Flooding at S. Gordon Cooper and Hardesty Rd Description Hazards Addressed Design and install storm sewer system to help water recede from road and surrounding land or build roadway up outside the floodplain. Approximately 2 miles of roadway Flood Jurisdictions Affected Shawnee Responsible Party City of Shawnee Funding Sources Action Project 78 - Rumble Strip Cutter Description Hazards Addressed Purchase an asphalt rumble stripper cutting machine for each county road district (3 total) for use in marking dangerous roadway conditions and edge of road surfaces to warn drivers and prevent vehicles from traveling off road surface during ice and snow pack conditions. Winter Storm Jurisdictions Affected Pottawatomie County Responsible Party Pottawatomie County Funding Sources District road funds Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 289 Prioritization The Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team identified several hazard mitigation projects to be included in the Hazard Mitigation Plan. These projects, along with the responsible agency, possible funding sources, and the hazards mitigated were listed previously. The Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team discussed the implementation of action projects in great detail and how they would be prioritized. Consideration was given to the cost-benefit of the projects (what benefits the project provided as compared to the cost of the project). Social and political factors were also considered (would the public at large and the elected officials support or oppose the project), and many other factors. All of the participants on the Hazard Mitigation Team representing the jurisdictions participating in the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan agreed that the priority for implementing action projects will depend on: 1. Available funding and 2. Public and political pressures at the time projects are chosen. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 290 CHAPTER FIVE PLAN MAINTENANCE Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating Plan The Pottawatomie County Emergency Manager is the chairman of the PCHMPT and will be the primary person responsible for overseeing the Hazard Mitigation Plan and coordinating with the other jurisdictions where changes to their other planning mechanisms might enhance or interact with the Hazard Mitigation Plan. The plan will be monitored, evaluated and updated annually during the five-year cycle with the assistance of Pottawatomie County’s contractor. This will also occur at any time there is a disaster in order to determine the effectiveness in or changes to programs that might affect mitigation priorities. Beginning on the fourth year, the Pottawatomie County Emergency Management Director will make all plan revisions final and submit the updated Hazard Mitigation Plan to the State of Oklahoma Hazard Mitigation Division and FEMA for review and approval six months before the end of the fifth year so that the jurisdictions will maintain eligibility. The following individuals will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the plan, mitigation activities, and coordinating with County Emergency Management. • Pottawatomie County Emergency Manager • Local Elected/appointed Officials Town of Asher Mayor Town of Bethel Acres Mayor Town of Brooksville Mayor Town of Earlsboro Mayor Town of Johnson Mayor Town of Macomb Mayor City of Maud Mayor City of McLoud Mayor Town of Pink Mayor Town of St. Louis Mayor Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 291 City of Shawnee City Manager City of Tecumseh City Manager Town of Tribbey Mayor Town of Wanette Mayor • School Administrators for each public schools district and Gordon Cooper Technology Center. The individuals listed above will perform any necessary monitoring site visits on a monthly basis and will also be the lead contact for phone calls, scheduling of meetings, and will: Monitor the hazard analysis for changes and additions; Monitor objectives and determine if they meet current and expected hazardous conditions; Determine if there are any implementation problems such as social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic, and environmental or coordination issues with other agencies. The individuals listed above will evaluate the Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan every year to determine the effectiveness and/or progress of mitigation actions and the implementation of other actions. Items covered during the evaluation process should include: Evaluate magnitude of risk and determine if it has changed; Evaluate current resources and determine if they are appropriate for implementing mitigation actions; Determine if there were any implementation problems, such as technical, political, legal, or coordination issues with other agencies; Evaluate goals, objectives, and current or expected conditions; Evaluate how other agencies and partners have participated; Evaluate mitigation actions and determine if outcome occurred as expected: o Was the intended purpose of the original mitigation action met? o Was the mitigation action met in the proposed timeline? o Did the listed agencies participate in the mitigation action? o Did the mitigation action stay within the proposed budget? The above listed individuals will perform site visits as needed on projects involving their jurisdictions and will work closely with the County Emergency Manager to monitor and evaluate the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 292 Additionally, the Pottawatomie County Emergency Management Director will give the Pottawatomie County Commissioners an update report annually. The report will highlight the results of the previously mentioned activities. The plan will remain an active and relevant document with continued public participation. Implementation through Existing Programs The County Emergency Management Director is responsible for overseeing updates to the Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan. As such, the EM director will also coordinate with other persons responsible for other plans in the county, cities, towns, public school districts and Gordon Cooper Technology Center. The EM director will coordinate with county and city elected officials and school administrators to identify projects that could work toward meeting the goals of the Hazard Mitigation Plan and the jurisdictions participating in the plan. As the Hazard Mitigation Plan and other plans of the participating jurisdictions are updated the information deemed pertinent will be shared with the person / persons responsible for those plans. Plans identified and reviewed during the planning development of the Hazard Mitigation Plan include: • Emergency Operations Plans • Standard Operating Procedures • Capital Improvement Plans • Community Development Plans • Dam Breach Warning and Evacuation Plans • Comprehensive Improvement Plans • Debris Management Plans • Economic Development Plans • Floodplain Development Operations • Land Development Codes • Zoning Ordinances Continued Public Participation and Involvement Public participation is an important part of the planning process and public input or the lack thereof can be instrumental in the success or failure of the plan. The public will be invited to participate in annual open forum meetings and will be notified through legal newspaper notices, mailings, and personal invitations by phone or email. The public input will be reviewed and, Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 293 where appropriate, incorporated into the Hazard Mitigation Plan, consistent with the update schedule. This Plan was developed under the direction of the PCHMPT with the support of their consultant, Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC. The draft plan was reviewed by the PCHMPT and made available for public comment both during and after the draft plan development process. The personnel responsible for monitoring the implementation and evaluation of the necessity for updating the plan is the Pottawatomie County Emergency Management Director. The Emergency Management Director reports directly to the Pottawatomie County commissioners. ~~~~~~~~~~ Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 294 Pottawatomie County Appendices Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 295 Appendix A – Plan Organization • • • • Contact List Letters of Invitation Meeting Minutes Meeting Notices/Agendas Appendix B – Maps • • • • Pottawatomie County Pottawatomie County School Districts Pottawatomie County Lakes FIRM Maps Appendix C – Critical Facilities • NOT FOR PUBLIC VIEWING Appendix D – Public Survey • • Survey Survey Summary Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 296 Appendix A – Plan Organization Contact List Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 297 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 298 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 299 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 300 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 301 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 302 Letters of Invitation Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 303 Meeting Minutes Meeting Minutes NAME OF ORGANIZATION: PURPOSE OF MEETING: DATE/TIME: LOCATION: CHAIRPERSON: Topics Introductions Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Introduction/Hazard Identification/Critical Facilities October 13, 2011 -10:00 A.M. Gordon Cooper Technology Center Don Lynch, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Mngt. Meeting Content Participants Introduction of participants and consultants Don Lynch, Emergency Manager Introduction To Hazard Review of objectives and goals David Van Nostrand Mitigation Hazard Mitigation Specialists, L.L.C. Hazard Analysis Review of Oklahoma’s potential hazards and David Van Nostrand the effects they have on citizens. Reviewed potential of occurrence in Pottawatomie County and its jurisdictions. Critical Facilities FEMA definition of a critical facility. Judy Soos Introduction of forms to identify local critical Hazard Mitigation facilities and discussion of what facilities are Specialists, L.L.C. usually identified. Announcements and adjournment Don Lynch, Emergency Manager, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Management Meeting Minutes NAME OF ORGANIZATION: PURPOSE OF MEETING: DATE/TIME: LOCATION: CHAIRPERSON: Topics Pottawatomie Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Review of Previous meeting/ Introduction to Action Projects November 17, 2011 - 10:00 A.M. Gordon Cooper Technology Center Don Lynch, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Mngt. Meeting Content Participants Review Reviewed goals and hazards identified during David Van Nostrand the meeting October 13. Hazard Mitigation Specialists, L.L.C. Introduction to Action Discussion of the types of projects and Steve Somerlott, Projects requirements for appropriate tasks and needs Hazard Mitigation Specialists, L.L.C. Announcements and adjournment Don Lynch, Emergency Manager, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Management Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 304 Meeting Minutes NAME OF ORGANIZATION: PURPOSE OF MEETING: DATE/TIME: LOCATION: CHAIRPERSON: Pottawatomie Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Possible additional Projects January 26, 2012 - 10:00 A.M. Gordon Cooper Technology Center Don Lynch, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Mngt. Topics Meeting Content Participants Project ideas Presentation of possible projects not previously Steve Somerlott, identified. Hazard Mitigation Specialists, L.L.C. Announcements and adjournment Don Lynch, Emergency Manager, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Management Meeting Minutes NAME OF ORGANIZATION: PURPOSE OF MEETING: DATE/TIME: LOCATION: CHAIRPERSON: Pottawatomie Hazard Mitigation Planning Team March 22, 2012 - 10:00 A.M. Gordon Cooper Technology Center Don Lynch, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Mngt. Topics Projects continued Meeting Content Participants Final review of project ideas from participants. Announcements and adjournment Steve Somerlott, Hazard Mitigation Specialists, L.L.C. Don Lynch, Emergency Manager, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Management Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 305 Meeting Minutes NAME OF ORGANIZATION: PURPOSE OF MEETING: DATE/TIME: LOCATION: CHAIRPERSON: Pottawatomie Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Prioritization of Projects/Maintenance May 24, 2012 - 7:00 P.M. Gordon Cooper Technology Center Don Lynch, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Mngt. Topics Meeting Content Participants Prioritization of Projects Participants were provided with forms listing Steve Somerlott, identified action projects to fill out according to Hazard Mitigation the S.T.A.P.L.E.E. system based on their Specialists, L.L.C. jurisdictions priority. Maintenance Determination of maintenance program and Steve Somerlott responsibilities. Announcements and adjournment Don Lynch, Emergency Manager, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Management Meeting Minutes NAME OF ORGANIZATION: PURPOSE OF MEETING: DATE/TIME: LOCATION: CHAIRPERSON: Pottawatomie Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Make-up Meeting May 24, 2012 Gordon Cooper Technology Center Don Lynch, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Mngt. Topics Make-up review Meeting Content Participants Reviewed: identified hazards and goals, David Van Nostrand, definition of critical facilities, and the identified Steve Somerlott, action projects. Hazard Mitigation Specialists, L.L.C. Announcements and adjournment Don Lynch, Emergency Manager, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Management Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 306 Meeting Minutes NAME OF ORGANIZATION: PURPOSE OF MEETING: DATE/TIME: LOCATION: CHAIRPERSON: Topics Introduction Highway projects Adjournment Pottawatomie Hazard Mitigation Plan Combined-meeting with Commissioner District employees April 20, 2012 - 9:00 A.M. Pottawatomie County Highway District 1 shop Don Lynch, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Mngt. Meeting Content Participants Preliminary remarks and introduction of consultant participants. Brief presentations regarding possible projects followed by opportunity for workers input on areas within their individual district that needs improvement. Don Lynch, Emergency Manager David Van Nostrand, Steve Somerlott, Hazard Mitigation Specialists, L.L.C. Don Lynch, Emergency Manager, Pottawatomie Co./Shawnee Emergency Management Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 307 Meeting Notices/Agendas Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 308 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 309 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 310 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 311 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 312 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 313 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 314 Appendix B – Maps Pottawatomie County Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 315 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 316 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 317 Pottawatomie County School Districts Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 318 Pottawatomie County Lakes Thunderbird Lake (Cleveland County) Tecumseh City Lake Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Wes Watkins Lake Page 319 Lake Inundation Maps Lake Thunderbird – (Located in Cleveland County) Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 320 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 321 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 322 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 323 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 324 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 325 FIRM Maps Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 326 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 327 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 328 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 329 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 330 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 331 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 332 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 333 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 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2019 Page 462 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 463 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 464 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 465 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 466 Appendix C – Critical Facilities IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL FACILITIES AND THEIR VULNERABILITIES WHY DO WE DO THIS? Instructions in the Federal regulation stipulate: Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(ii) (A): The plan should describe vulnerability in terms of the types and numbers of existing and future buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities located in the identified hazard areas Requirement §201.6(c)(2)(ii) (B): The plan should describe vulnerability in terms of an estimate of the potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures identified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section and a description of the methodology used to prepare the estimate. Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 467 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 468 Vulnerability is calculated using the “Potential Damage” estimations and the “Table of Probability vs. Impact.” The chart shown here illustrates the potential vulnerability of structures based upon their location, age and type of construction. Some hazards have little impact on structures (e.g., drought, extreme heat), while other hazards have an enormous impact (e.g., high winds, tornados). For instance, a wood structure over 50 years old, located in a rural setting has a much greater vulnerability to wildfire than if it were located in a metropolitan setting. However, if that were a brick structure in the same setting, the vulnerability would be less significant. Type construction LOCATION: METROPOLITAN Less than 10 yrs < 30 yrs < 50 yrs > 50 yrs > 75 yrs Wood 20% 30% 50% 75% 90% Metal 15% 25% 40% 65% 90% Masonry /concrete 10% 20% 35% 60% 70% Brick 10% 20% 35% 50% 60% < 50 yrs > 50 yrs > 75 yrs Type construction LOCATION: URBAN Less than 10 yrs < 30 yrs Wood 20% 30% 50% 75% 90% Metal 15% 25% 40% 65% 90% Masonry /concrete 10% 20% 35% 60% 70% Brick 10% 20% 35% 50% 60% < 50 yrs > 50 yrs > 75 yrs Type construction LOCATION: RURAL Less than 10 yrs < 30 yrs Wood 20% 30% 50% 75% 90% Metal 15% 25% 40% 65% 90% Masonry /concrete 10% 20% 35% 60% 70% Brick 10% 20% 35% 50% 60% Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 469 Using the determinations of the probability of each identified hazard, the impact of the loss of that facility is then calculated. The combination of the two factors produces the likely impact of a specific hazard upon that same structure. Although the probability of a hazard affecting a specific structure may be high, but the impact of damage or loss is low, then the overall impact is ranked in a lower category. The Table of Probability vs. Impact is also shown here. Estimated values of structures, contents, infrastructure and other identified resources are provided through local assessors and insurers. PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT PROBABILITY vs. IMPACT Highly Likely 70-100% Likely 50-70% Possible 30-50% Unlikely 10-30% POTENTIAL DEGREE OF IMPACT Minimum Moderate Major Total 10-30% 30-50% 50-70% 70-100% Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 470 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Asher Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 34.98879 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 117 W Main St. X Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.92668 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1979 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $175,000 6,000.00 40% Contents value: $750,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 92,500 Drought 40% 10% 25.00% 231,250 Earthquake 50% 50% 50.00% 462,500 Extreme heat 60% 10% 35.00% 323,750 Flooding 50% 30% 40.00% 370,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 508,750 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 647,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 416,250 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 740,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 277,500 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 416,250 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 471 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Asher Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 34.98889 FACILITY NAME: Town Hall COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 117 W Main St. □ Emergency X Government □ Health Service Service -96.92651 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1979 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $125,000 2,000.00 40% Contents value: $100,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 22,500 Drought 40% 10% 25.00% 56,250 Earthquake 50% 50% 50.00% 112,500 Extreme heat 60% 10% 35.00% 78,750 Flooding 50% 30% 40.00% 90,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 123,750 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 157,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 101,250 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 180,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 67,500 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 101,250 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 472 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Bethel Acres Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.33221 FACILITY NAME: Blackburn Chapel Church COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 36305 Lake Rd. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -97.01118 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1986 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $300,000 11,000.00 25% Contents value: $75,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 37,500 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 112,500 Earthquake 50% 40% 45.00% 168,750 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 150,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 168,750 Hail 50% 40% 45.00% 168,750 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 243,750 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 168,750 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 300,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 150,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 168,750 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 473 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Bethel Acres Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.30134 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 18101 Bethel Rd. X Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -97.01831 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1970 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $250,000 7,000.00 35% Contents value: $1,400,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 165,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 495,000 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 907,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 660,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 742,500 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 907,500 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 1,155,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 742,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 1,320,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 660,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 742,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 474 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Brooksville Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.19631 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 170 Miller Ave X Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.96769 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1992 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $120,000 3,900.00 25% Contents value: $500,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 62,000 Drought 40% 30% 35.00% 217,000 Earthquake 50% 40% 45.00% 279,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 248,000 Flooding 50% 30% 40.00% 248,000 Hail 50% 40% 45.00% 279,000 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 434,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 279,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 496,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 248,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 279,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 475 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Dale Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.38978 FACILITY NAME: Church of Christ COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 201 Oklahoma Ave. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -97.04612 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1998 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Wood 1 $225,000 7,000.00 30% Contents value: $80,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 30,500 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 91,500 Earthquake 50% 50% 50.00% 152,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 122,000 Flooding 50% 30% 40.00% 122,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 167,750 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 213,500 Lightning 50% 50% 50.00% 152,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 244,000 Wildfires 30% 60% 45.00% 137,250 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 137,250 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 476 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Earlsboro Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 110 S Lamar X Emergency Service 35.26711 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1/Town Hall COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: X Government □ Health Service -96.80372 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1988 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal/Masonry 2 $350,000 6,400.00 20% Contents value: $800,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 115,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 345,000 Earthquake 50% 50% 50.00% 575,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 460,000 Flooding 40% 30% 35.00% 402,500 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 632,500 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 805,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 517,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 920,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 345,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 517,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 477 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Earlsboro Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.26223 FACILITY NAME: Free Will Baptist Church COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 611 S Lamar Ave. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.80322 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1983 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $110,000 4,200.00 25% Contents value: $60,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 17,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 51,000 Earthquake 50% 40% 45.00% 76,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 68,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 76,500 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 85,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 110,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 76,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 136,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 51,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 76,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 478 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Earlsboro Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.26809 FACILITY NAME: Pottawatomie Telephone Co COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 300 W Main St. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.80626 X Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1995 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $300,000 8,400.00 20% Contents value: $2,000,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 230,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 690,000 Earthquake 50% 70% 60.00% 1,380,000 Extreme heat 60% 60% 60.00% 1,380,000 Flooding 50% 70% 60.00% 1,380,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 1,265,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 1,495,000 Lightning 50% 90% 70.00% 1,610,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 1,840,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 690,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 1,035,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 479 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Earlsboro Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.26767 FACILITY NAME: Rural Water District #2 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 102 S Seminole Ave. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.80487 X Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1990 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $150,000 1,800.00 25% Contents value: $90,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 24,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 72,000 Earthquake 50% 40% 45.00% 108,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 96,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 108,000 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 120,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 156,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 108,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 192,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 72,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 108,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 480 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Earlsboro Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.26087 FACILITY NAME: Sinclair Gas Station COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 48600 Highway 9 □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.80143 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1997 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $150,000 2,000.00 20% Contents value: $80,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 23,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 69,000 Earthquake 50% 40% 45.00% 103,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 92,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 103,500 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 115,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 149,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 103,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 184,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 69,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 103,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 481 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Johnson Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.40516 FACILITY NAME: Church of God COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 46209 Garrett's Lake Rd. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.83724 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1981 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $140,000 8,400.00 35% Contents value: $60,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 20,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 60,000 Earthquake 50% 70% 60.00% 120,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 80,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 90,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 110,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 130,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 90,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 160,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 80,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 90,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 482 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Macomb Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.14759 FACILITY NAME: District #2 Road Dept COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 28830 Main St. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -97.00936 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1931 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $80,000 8,000.00 60% Contents value: $40,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 12,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 36,000 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 66,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 48,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 54,000 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 60,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 78,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 54,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 96,000 Wildfires 30% 40% 35.00% 42,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 54,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 483 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Macomb Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: Highway 59B X Emergency Service 35.14493 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: □ Government □ Health Service -97.00822 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1993 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $80,000 2,400.00 25% Contents value: $500,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 58,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 174,000 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 319,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 232,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 261,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 319,000 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 406,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 261,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 464,000 Wildfires 30% 40% 35.00% 203,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 261,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 484 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Macomb Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: Broadway St. □ Emergency Service 35.14795 FACILITY NAME: Town Hall COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: X Government □ Health Service -97.00812 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1975 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $90,000 3,000.00 40% Contents value: $40,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 13,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 39,000 Earthquake 50% 50% 50.00% 65,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 52,000 Flooding 50% 50% 50.00% 65,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 71,500 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 91,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 58,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 104,000 Wildfires 30% 40% 35.00% 45,500 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 58,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 485 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Maud Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.13144 FACILITY NAME: City Hall COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 206 W Main St. □ Emergency X Government □ Health Service Service -96.77745 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1925 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $100,000 7,000.00 60% Contents value: $90,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 19,000 Drought 40% 30% 35.00% 66,500 Earthquake 50% 50% 50.00% 95,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 76,000 Flooding 50% 20% 35.00% 66,500 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 95,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 123,500 Lightning 50% 60% 55.00% 104,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 152,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 57,000 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 60% 60.00% 114,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 486 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Maud Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: □ Emergency Service 35.14284 FACILITY NAME: District #3 Road Dept COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: □ Government □ Health Service -96.79111 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1998 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $60,000 5,000.00 25% Contents value: $25,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 8,500 Drought 40% 10% 25.00% 21,250 Earthquake 50% 50% 50.00% 42,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 34,000 Flooding 50% 50% 50.00% 42,500 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 46,750 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 59,500 Lightning 50% 60% 55.00% 46,750 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 68,000 Wildfires 30% 40% 35.00% 29,750 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 30% 40.00% 34,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 487 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Maud Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.12983 FACILITY NAME: Dollar General COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 513 E Wanda Jackson Blvd □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.76828 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 2010 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $150,000 9,100.00 15% Contents value: $80,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 23,000 Drought 40% 30% 35.00% 80,500 Earthquake 50% 50% 50.00% 115,000 Extreme heat 60% 30% 45.00% 103,500 Flooding 50% 50% 50.00% 115,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 126,500 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 149,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 103,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 184,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 92,000 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 50% 55.00% 126,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 488 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Maud Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.12995 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 507 W Wanda Jackson Blvd. X Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.78086 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1985 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $150,000 6,300.00 25% Contents value: $1,200,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 0% 0% 0.00% 0 Drought 40% 30% 35.00% 472,500 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 742,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 540,000 Flooding 50% 50% 50.00% 675,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 742,500 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 945,000 Lightning 50% 60% 55.00% 742,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 1,080,000 Wildfires 30% 40% 35.00% 472,500 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 607,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 489 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: McLoud Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.43567 FACILITY NAME: City Hall/Police Dept. COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 107 N Main St. X Emergency X Government □ Health Service Service -97.0923 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 2007 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $120,000 5,000.00 15% Contents value: $200,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 32,000 Drought 40% 30% 35.00% 112,000 Earthquake 70% 70% 70.00% 224,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 128,000 Flooding 50% 60% 55.00% 176,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 176,000 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 224,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 144,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 256,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 96,000 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 50% 55.00% 176,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 490 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: McLoud Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 111 S Main St. □ Emergency Service 35.43301 FACILITY NAME: Family Dollar COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: □ Government □ Health Service -97.08902 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 2006 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $225,000 8,000.00 10% Contents value: $70 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 22,507 Drought 40% 30% 35.00% 78,775 Earthquake 60% 60% 60.00% 135,042 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 90,028 Flooding 50% 60% 55.00% 123,789 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 123,789 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 157,549 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 101,282 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 180,056 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 67,521 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 101,282 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 491 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: McLoud Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 107 S Main St. X Emergency Service 35.43336 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: □ Government □ Health Service -97.08896 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1992 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $90,000 4,000.00 25% Contents value: $850,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 94,000 Drought 40% 30% 35.00% 329,000 Earthquake 60% 60% 60.00% 564,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 376,000 Flooding 50% 60% 55.00% 517,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 517,000 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 658,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 423,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 752,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 282,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 423,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 492 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Pink Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: X Emergency Service 35.24599 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: □ Government □ Health Service -97.1086 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1973 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $90,000 4,400.00 40% Contents value: $650,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 74,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 222,000 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 407,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 296,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 333,000 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 370,000 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 518,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 333,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 592,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 296,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 333,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 493 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Pink Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: □ Emergency Service 35.24587 FACILITY NAME: Town Hall/Community Cen COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: X Government □ Health Service -97.10762 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1996 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $70,000 2,400.00 20% Contents value: $20,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 9,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 27,000 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 49,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 36,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 40,500 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 45,000 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 63,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 40,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 72,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 36,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 40,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 494 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Shawnee OK Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.329 FACILITY NAME: City Hall/Police/Emergency Ma COUNTY: POTTAWATOMIE Longitude: X Emergency X Government □ Health Service Service - 96.924 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Metropolitan SFHA 1980's Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Masonry/Concrete 1 $774,400 9,680.00 20% Contents value: $503,360 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 127,776 Drought 70% 20% 45.00% 574,992 Earthquake 60% 60% 60.00% 766,656 Extreme heat 70% 10% 40.00% 511,104 Flooding 60% 20% 40.00% 511,104 Hail 80% 40% 60.00% 766,656 High winds 90% 60% 75.00% 958,320 Lightning 80% 30% 55.00% 702,768 Tornado 70% 80% 75.00% 958,320 Wildfires 100% 10% 55.00% 702,768 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 70% 65.00% 830,544 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 495 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: WHY CRITICAL: FACILITY NAME: Shawnee, Oklahoma COUNTY: Latitude: Longitude: 35.3289 X Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service Pottawatomie County - 96.9244 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Metropolitan SFHA no 1990 Building value: $192,000 2,550.00 20% Contents value: $478,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Drought 70% 15% 42.50% 284,750 Earthquake 60% 30% 45.00% 301,500 Extreme heat 70% 10% 40.00% 268,000 Flooding 60% 15% 37.50% 251,250 Hail 80% 20% 50.00% 335,000 High winds 90% 30% 60.00% 402,000 Lightning 80% 50% 65.00% 435,500 Tornado 70% 80% 75.00% 502,500 Wildfires 100% 15% 57.50% 385,250 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 30% 45.00% 301,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 Fire Station #1 Value of loss NOTES Page 496 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Shawnee OK Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.3462 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #2 COUNTY: Pottawatomie County Longitude: X Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service - 96.8938 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA no 2005 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $198,250 3,050.00 15% Contents value: $495,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Drought 70% 10% 40.00% 277,300 Earthquake 60% 30% 45.00% 311,963 Extreme heat 70% 15% 42.50% 294,631 Flooding 60% 25% 42.50% 294,631 Hail 80% 30% 55.00% 381,288 High winds 90% 30% 60.00% 415,950 Lightning 80% 20% 50.00% 346,625 Tornado 70% 75% 72.50% 502,606 Wildfires 100% 15% 57.50% 398,619 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 35% 47.50% 329,294 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 497 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Shawnee OK Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: X Emergency Service 35.362 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #3 COUNTY: Pottawatomie County Longitude: □ Government □ Health Service □ Utility ABOUT THE STRUCTURE: Location: Urban Vulnerability due to location, age and type of construction SFHA yes / no Building value: $216,000 Probability of this risk? 70% Degree of Impact 20% Percent of loss 45.00% Earthquake 60% 70% 65.00% 491,400 Extreme heat 70% 15% 42.50% 321,300 Flooding 60% 70% 65.00% 491,400 Hail 80% 40% 60.00% 453,600 High winds 90% 30% 60.00% 453,600 Lightning 80% 60% 70.00% 529,200 Tornado 70% 80% 75.00% 567,000 Wildfires 100% 10% 55.00% 415,800 Winter storms 60% 70% 65.00% 491,400 Drought Year built: 2000 Stories: 1 Type of Construction: Brick - 96.9178 □ Resource □ Other Square Feet: 2,700.00 Vulnerability quotient 10% Contents value: Value of loss $540,000 NOTES 340,200 Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 498 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Shawnee OK Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.3277 FACILITY NAME: Shawnee Public Library COUNTY: POTTAWATOMIE Longitude: 101 N. Philadelphia Ave □ Emergency X Government □ Health Service Service - 96.9191 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Metropolitan SFHA 2000's Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $1,067,200 13,340.00 20% Contents value: $640,320 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 170,752 Drought 70% 20% 45.00% 768,384 Earthquake 60% 60% 60.00% 1,024,512 Extreme heat 70% 20% 45.00% 768,384 Flooding 60% 10% 35.00% 597,632 Hail 80% 40% 60.00% 1,024,512 High winds 90% 50% 70.00% 1,195,264 Lightning 80% 60% 70.00% 1,195,264 Tornado 70% 80% 75.00% 1,280,640 Wildfires 100% 10% 55.00% 939,136 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 70% 65.00% 1,109,888 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 499 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Shawnee OK Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.3297 FACILITY NAME: American Red Cross COUNTY: POTTAWATOMIE Longitude: 232 N. Broadway Ave □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service - 96.9237 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Metropolitan SFHA No 1970's Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Masonry/Concrete 1 $60,000 706.00 35% Contents value: $20,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 8,000 Drought 70% 20% 45.00% 36,000 Earthquake 60% 60% 60.00% 48,000 Extreme heat 70% 20% 45.00% 36,000 Flooding 60% 10% 35.00% 28,000 Hail 80% 40% 60.00% 48,000 High winds 90% 50% 70.00% 56,000 Lightning 80% 50% 65.00% 52,000 Tornado 70% 80% 75.00% 60,000 Wildfires 100% 10% 55.00% 44,000 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 70% 65.00% 52,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 500 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Shawnee OK Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.3867 FACILITY NAME: Walmart COUNTY: POTTAWATOMIE Longitude: □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service - 96.9216 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA No 2004 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient C-Block 1 $7,097,417 171,615.00 10% Contents value: $4,613,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 1,171,042 Drought 70% 20% 45.00% 5,269,688 Earthquake 60% 60% 60.00% 7,026,250 Extreme heat 70% 20% 45.00% 5,269,688 Flooding 60% 10% 35.00% 4,098,646 Hail 80% 50% 65.00% 7,611,771 High winds 90% 50% 70.00% 8,197,292 Lightning 80% 30% 55.00% 6,440,729 Tornado 70% 80% 75.00% 8,782,813 Wildfires 100% 10% 55.00% 6,440,729 Winter storms 60% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 30% 45.00% 5,269,688 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 501 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: St. Louis Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.07221 FACILITY NAME: Church of Christ COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 34200 St. Louis Rd. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.86258 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1995 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $95,000 2,800.00 25% Contents value: $40,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 0% 0% 0.00% 0 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 40,500 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 74,250 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 54,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 60,750 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 67,500 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 87,750 Lightning 50% 60% 55.00% 74,250 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 108,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 54,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 60,750 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 502 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: St. Louis Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.07228 FACILITY NAME: United States Post Office COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 34000 St. Louis Rd. □ Emergency X Government □ Health Service Service -96.86223 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1976 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $70,000 900.00 35% Contents value: $40,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 0% 0% 0.00% 0 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 33,000 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 60,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 44,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 49,500 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 55,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 71,500 Lightning 50% 60% 55.00% 60,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 88,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 44,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 49,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 503 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Tecumseh Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.2581 FACILITY NAME: City Hall COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 114 N Broadway □ Emergency X Government □ Health Service Service -96.93716 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1965 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $5,000,000 19,600.00 35% Contents value: $1,500,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 650,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 1,950,000 Earthquake 50% 70% 60.00% 3,900,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 2,600,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 2,925,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 3,575,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 4,225,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 2,925,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 5,200,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 1,950,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 2,925,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 504 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Tecumseh Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.2604 FACILITY NAME: CPN Express Grocery COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 214 E Walnut St. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.93465 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 2004 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Masonary 1 $400,000 10,000.00 10% Contents value: $150,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 55,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 165,000 Earthquake 50% 70% 60.00% 330,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 220,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 247,500 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 302,500 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 357,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 247,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 440,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 165,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 60% 55.00% 302,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 505 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Tecumseh Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.25793 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1/Police Dept. COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 109 W Washington St. X Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.93778 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1971 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $350,000 7,700.00 35% Contents value: $3,000,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 335,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 1,005,000 Earthquake 50% 70% 60.00% 2,010,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 1,340,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 1,507,500 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 1,675,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 2,177,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 1,507,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 2,680,000 Wildfires 30% 30% 30.00% 1,005,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 1,507,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 506 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Tecumseh Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.26039 FACILITY NAME: Love's Gas Station COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 100 E Walnut St. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.93623 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1982 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $170,000 3,000.00 20% Contents value: $90,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 26,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 78,000 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 143,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 104,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 117,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 143,000 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 182,000 Lightning 50% 50% 50.00% 130,000 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 208,000 Wildfires 30% 20% 25.00% 65,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 50% 50.00% 130,000 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 507 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Tecumseh Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 35.27931 FACILITY NAME: Wastewater Treatment Plant COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 19762 Patterson Dr. □ Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -96.92646 X Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1988 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $50,000 1,800.00 25% Contents value: $40,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 10% 10% 10.00% 9,000 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 27,000 Earthquake 50% 40% 45.00% 40,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 36,000 Flooding 50% 30% 40.00% 36,000 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 49,500 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 63,000 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 40,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 72,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 36,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 40,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 508 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Tribbey Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: X Emergency Service 35.11129 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1/Community Cen COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: □ Government □ Health Service -97.05943 □ Utility X Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Rural SFHA 1972 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $60,000 2,800.00 40% Contents value: $450,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 0% 0% 0.00% 0 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 153,000 Earthquake 50% 60% 55.00% 280,500 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 204,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 229,500 Hail 50% 50% 50.00% 255,000 High winds 70% 60% 65.00% 331,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 229,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 408,000 Wildfires 30% 50% 40.00% 204,000 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 229,500 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 509 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Wanette Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 34.96189 FACILITY NAME: Fire Station #1 COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 108 W Main St. X Emergency □ Government □ Health Service Service -97.03264 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 1988 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Metal 1 $80,000 3,000.00 40% Contents value: $475,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 0% 0% 0.00% 0 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 166,500 Earthquake 50% 40% 45.00% 249,750 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 222,000 Flooding 50% 40% 45.00% 249,750 Hail 50% 60% 55.00% 305,250 High winds 70% 70% 70.00% 388,500 Lightning 50% 40% 45.00% 249,750 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 444,000 Wildfires 30% 40% 35.00% 194,250 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 249,750 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 510 CRITICAL FACILITY IDENTIFICATION FACILITY LOCATION: Wanette Latitude: WHY CRITICAL: 34.96242 FACILITY NAME: Town Hall COUNTY: Pottawatomie Longitude: 108 W Main St. □ Emergency X Government □ Health Service Service -97.03382 □ Utility □ Resource ABOUT THE STRUCTUVulnerability due to location, age and type of construction Location: Year built: Stories: Type of Construction: Urban SFHA 2012 Building value: Square Feet: Vulnerability quotient Brick 1 $200,000 4,800.00 10% Contents value: $85,000 Probability of this risk? Degree of Impact Percent of loss Value of loss Dam Failure 0% 0% 0.00% 0 Drought 40% 20% 30.00% 85,500 Earthquake 50% 70% 60.00% 171,000 Extreme heat 60% 20% 40.00% 114,000 Flooding 50% 50% 50.00% 142,500 Hail 50% 40% 45.00% 128,250 High winds 70% 40% 55.00% 156,750 Lightning 50% 50% 50.00% 142,500 Tornado 80% 80% 80.00% 228,000 Wildfires 30% 40% 35.00% 99,750 Winter storms 50% Hazard Mitigation Specialists, LLC 40% 45.00% 128,250 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 □ Other NOTES Page 511 Appendix D – Public Survey Survey Summary Pottawatomie County Survey Summary Number of Surveys returned: 13 1. Have you experienced a natural hazard in this County? 1a. If yes, which natural hazard was experienced? 0 Dam Failure 0 7 Drought 4 2 Earthquake 8 4 Expansive Soils 6 7 Extreme Heat 1 2 Flood 4 6 Hail 0 7 High Winds 2. Yes: 10 Landslide Lightning Severe Winter Storm Tornado Wildfire Windstorm Other : How concerned are you about the following natural disasters: Extremely Very Concerned Dam Failure Drought Earthquake Expansive Soils Extreme Heat Flood Hail High Winds Landslide Lightning Severe Winter Storm Sink Hole Tornado Wildfire Windstorm Which disaster is most likely? 1 2 3 Dam Failure 0 0 0 Drought 6 1 2 Earthquake 0 0 2 Expansive Soils 0 1 3 Extreme Heat 6 2 0 Flood 0 1 3 Hail 5 2 2 High Winds 6 1 3 Landslide 0 0 0 0 4 0 2 4 0 1 3 0 0 3 0 4 2 2 No: 3 0 3 1 1 3 1 2 5 0 5 3 1 5 5 4 Somewhat 0 1 0 4 3 4 5 3 0 4 2 0 2 0 2 6 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 4 0 1 4 3 1 Not Concerned 11 2 4 4 1 3 1 0 10 1 0 10 0 1 1 3. 4 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 4 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 7 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 8 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 0 9 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 10 13 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 11 Rank 14 Page 512 Lightning Severe Winter Storm Sink Hole Tornado Wildfire Windstorm Total Rank of hazard 4. 5 8 0 7 5 6 54 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 20 2 2 2 0 3 2 3 81 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 28 4 1 0 1 1 2 1 28 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 6 1 1 1 1 0 0 24 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 24 8 0 0 5 0 1 0 24 9 0 0 4 0 0 1 36 10 Have you gotten information to make your home safer? Yes: 3 a. How recently? 6 month 1 b. Where? News Media American Red Cross Other: 6-12 months - 0 1-2 year - 1 Government Agency 2 Salvation Army No: 10 2-5 year - 1 Insurance co. Other non-profit 5. What is the most effective way to receive information? Newspaper story 3 newspaper ads 1 TV news: radio news 3 radio ads 0 schools: Emerg. Mgmt 4 Mail 8 Fire Department fact sheet/brochure 6 Chamber of Comm. 0 Workshops Other 5+years - 0 Utility Co. 1 Not sure 1 7 1 3 0 TV ads outdoor ads Internet Books 6. List activities you have done, plan to do, have not done, or are unable to do: have done plan to do have not a. Attended meetings 4 0 8 b. Talked to household about plans 10 0 2 c. Developed family emergency plan 7 2 4 d. Prepared “disaster emergency kit” 5 3 5 e. CPR/First aid trained? 2 1 10 7. How much time are you willing to spend to prepare your family? 0-1 hours 2 2 – 3 hrs. 1 4 – 7 hrs. 2 8 – 15 hrs. 1 whatever it takes 6 Do you have flood Insurance? Yes: 0 unable 0 1 0 0 0 16+ hrs.1 8. What steps have your family taken to prepare for a disaster? food 3 bottled water 8 flashlights 11 extra batteries 10 First aid kit 9 Fire extinguisher 6 smoke detector 9 disast. Supply kit 0 CPR/First Aid 4 Fire esc. Plan 3 Discuss utility shut Other: offs 3 9. 0 3 2 0 Battery radio weather radio No: 13 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 513 7 4 a. If no, what is the main reason your family does not have flood insurance? Not in floodplain 7 too expensive 3 not necessary 4 never considered it deductible too high 1 didn’t know about it 1 insurance co. refused to cover 3 0 10. Did you consider potential of natural hazard when you bought home? Yes: 5 No: 8 11. Willing to spend money on home to make more disaster resistant? Yes: No: 4 9 12. How much more money are you willing to spend to protect your family from natural disasters? $5,000+ 2 $2,500-$4,999 2 $1,000-$2,500 2 $500 - $999 $100 - $499 Other: 1 Less than $100 0 Nothing 2 Don’t know 0 4 13. What non-structural modifications have you made against earthquakes? Anchor bookcases 3 Secure water heater 2 latches on cabinets 1 Gas flexible connect . 4 Home to foundation 4 Cripple Wall 1 Braced chimney 1 Braced masonry 1 14. Which incentives would motivate you to take further steps to protect your family? Insurance discount 6 Low interest loan 1 lower construction loans Mortgage discount 3 Tax break or incentive 7 none 0 4 15. Other projects you would like to see that might lessen or eliminate natural hazards? Better police barricades in an affected disaster area More public tornado E-mail and/or phone to keep spectators not from the area out 1 shelters 1 alerts for disasters More volunteer Road repairs to prevent Rebate program/tax 0 Better fire protection firefighters 1 sinkholes 1 credit for storm shelters 1 16. Age 18 – 19 20’s 1 50’s 4 60’s 4 30’s 1 70’s 1 40’s 2 80’s 17. Do you own or manage a business? Retail Agriculture Electrical 18. Male: 6 1 1 Yes: 3 No: 10 Female: 5 19. Highest level of education: None: 0 Some high school College Degree 2 Post Grad degree 1 2 H.S. Grad/GED 2 Some College/Trade 5 20. Your zip code 74801 74878 74873 74826 74804 Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 Page 514 21. What type of structure do you live in? Own Single family home 9 Rent single family home apt (3-4 units) 0 Rent Apt. (5+ units) Rent Condo/townhouse 0 Own Mobile home Pottawatomie County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2014 - 2019 1 1 2 Duplex Own Condo/townhouse Rent Mobile Home 0 0 0 Page 515
