1 - Lewis Family Farm

A project
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Foxfire 4
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Edited-by: Eliot ,Wig:gint.on
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Published by:
DoubledayTiand Company, Inc':“‘
501 Franklin-Avenue
Garden City,~lNY 11530 USA
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systems, fiddlemaking,
logging,
garden&
sassafras tea, wood ca&g,.and
further affairs.ot plain livj-ng
So
edited
with an: introduct$on
E&JOT
WIGGINTON
Afterword
by Richard
,by
5
IM. Dorson.
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Anchor B$&
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An&& Pr$ss / Doubleday
Garden City, New York
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Eliot
Wigginton,
grade
EwJish
who
classes in 196
h~f~m~tziins ;f North
The
’
Fo:&Y
cltide
stark
F&d,
‘o.xf;re &gnzine
;till tea$es
Id, wi&
Gedr+
lents
Inc.*His
110~ only the production
with
his rtinth-
high schhol
his students,
of the Fo.x/ire ma&rut
tenth-
iri the .4,ppklachian
guides
liow are kpanding
and
the zictivities
their
and
efforts
books,
of
to in-
but also
the creation
of television’ &ows for ~$heir commllnity
cal~le TV sta&iorr, a
‘~ series of recyd
all~ums of t@itional~,~usic,
and n furniturymakin$
business. Eliot M’igginton
k alsd the editor‘of
F WISH I coui.n
TYIL” R.Apo”.
~~
e.
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nf thii; hook
first nppcared
HilJlioqr:~phy: p. 4qC>.
Ini.ludes indcs.
~~~,~~
.,~~
d:~ ~X:liiitii+ ~life~Ceor,~la-Rahiln
~~.~,~.,J.’R>k.m $~C;ap. Ga.
I. \yiyxinton,
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Sjzi.i.G+Fti+5
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of Cor>geis
1. Handicraft~~eorKia-Rahun
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13lick,~,~II.
Foxfire.
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The Anchor I%ess ediGon is the first pbblication,
of Fb.~fire.I iA b&l; form.
It is p&Iish~~~~simultaneously in hard and papek COYUS.
lbok~
edition:
~$atalq
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Ilcsi~ns by,,[im 2tfrIViilinm ,
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of this hook, firsi Qp~~cd
Copyri,qht ,c *9j3, ,974, ljj5,
All Ri,<hts Resen,ed
Printed in rhr United
$tates
in Fi~.~jr~f m&zine.
I?iG, Iqj7 11) The Foxfire Fund,
of :America
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l’bis -l;oo~ is drdicated
~~ci$~lxrhood
put
those
thr
wclfarc
to organizations
oi Atlantn.
run In men
of their
neighlmr-hoods
ijlcsscd foundations
that support
IiKe Patch
md
t&m,
women
ahead
in the
\vho
C:ahbagetown
have
consisten~tly
of pcrso~$tai ,gnin-2nd
!.car~after
)-ear:.!
to
INTRO~lJUCT2
!j;ces in the
&t %Tem to
s
~forces, despite Gythin~
stndrnts
we ,::A do to
will rcma’in imlkdded
of
these
it, ~Gs~;o-‘;;~ that
certain
in our memories.
I’ve 11ad mv sharr, ~0 far, &ttudents
like that. l’hry are indelible. One of
thrnil a kid nanied Er&st,.i~ one of those cst~aordinar);,hurnan
kings who,
while
he was in our high s&o&
set asidt
ta help me l)uild my logzho~se.
do\v and~duor
that structu,-e,
then,
iot
,.
rlearly
He raised
every
one of his weekends
logs into $iace,
hbl& with mv~chain sziw, set rafters--he
laughin&$ld
talking. Despitr
the fact
I los~~trnck of him.(Biiporariiy
after
him.
&t
out the win-
was everywhere
011
that we were ‘hose
he left Aur.school,
but I never
for-
$3
Se\:rral !:ears lateI:, d$l?g
the Septunlxr
summer of 1976, I was in the
par~i*~~~!ot.of~~~y~~...~c‘hodlon one of those scorchiriy afternoons
that bring e+p, ,;+~
;;;i~,
er)-thin3 to@&Jt.
I..w,as,le&ing
agair+
the side of my green pickup trucli
talkin$T6$&&~~
~roo!e when I gradually
b~camc’aware
o! another presence.
I ,.$an&d,
Ilackwards
fourand-a-half-foot-high
frail& lrih
fo&!,all
;enn&
under
jexxys
H’e ,hesitated
ile brother.
with
for< a secq~d,
little face
and
sabv, one after
failed
with, was I-epl&ed
hopes
and
new
nec&
inside’&
through
in whi(.h
new
It was important
.
that
,#
7
“\,
et,ch. face
I’ had
;\nd
remember
brxces~~
feeling
for~d&iDg
* ~~
yellow
and,;*
pair
I’m Ernest’s
David
me, and I looked
student
little
of..
, ,,,
at least twice.
I got hk?e.‘I’m
in a never-endilrg
that happenthen,,
jeans,
the trash
“.4re your Wig?
expectations.
me that I can never
ihro,u&
weariil~g one %f those
.the other,
eacli
hy another
and
saw there .a skinny
the sleeves,
from
and then said,
crashed
an endle%.par-adr
and
around
q&d
He rold me to firid )ou when
a wave
and
4~ IJX, ~grinning;out
hair,
Clk~l, stripes
other,
,around
of blovd
must have lxen
r\nd’instantly
hensive
the tailgate
kid lo#$up
a shock
shoes‘that
over
Flanagan:“~
-
into &at appre~‘
replaced
succeeded
line-each
I felt
lit-
t,hings
+by ;~nwith,
or
I~
with new
smhhing
before.
.
the same summer,
we
~-
_
at Foxfire
cclel)mtcd
hundredth.
--what
And
our tenth
I spent
I assumed
Ijirthday
~vhil~‘i%c n;~iio~,~celel,r;~ted ifs twc?
re,ward to our organization
a lot of time
other-:: were
doing-in
supposed
to lx
doina
in regard
to the na-
:
tion : looking- backward
in’ order to see forwnrd.
I saw we had come a~ long
~,wav. and i noted. with gratitudc,~ that we had passed through
some choppy-
~
TteI\ \~ncc I wrote the introduction
to FnrjYre 3, ancl WC. had come
KY
p’
the othe side relatively unsca~hcd-~stl-en,~hened
instead of weakned.
At, the time
I wrote
\vorld
The
outsi
‘;:
spectke.
lie saw that
force
that
that
introduction,
had descended
could
world
con.sume
quite
on US with
was an appropriate-~--‘elen
ing on our door:
priorities
.years
back in ordcc
p&m~nteci
Lx-ge
be there
portions
that
happened,
on that
ver-y outside
v2 was \-a~?.
through
tinle to get our.
WC celebrak
of ho\\; much
MGI-I~, \v,e fcared
most of thezsi,~nikcant
Office
of Edkation
when
picked
up a phpne,
c;alled Her11 RlcArthlir
ihe Humanities,
and
:!,qain tr+ng
board.
a chance
Shot-tly
a good friend~and
of maturing
it in our kids.
gd
had depended
Foxfire
our httle
y
magaiine
project
-
~wwe in-
who was with the
o~nc day Ixggi:ing for money.
He
at the National
for
for iue that
after
Book
OUP Goiporatiot)
come
slpggeted
of Llan.-for-
college
fratcrnit!
together’
and
on it.
to reel-uit
Some~nc
When
for esamplk,
set .up an appointment
to; w-ho xot IIS’to put The’Fcfrfikc
Or this:
kind
with-
Endowment
ksultcd.
in our $mt
:*’
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,~~.Or >likc Kinney,
into. taking
Eddy.
I hit k\:+shington
not from
our success
event< affecting
by othcr-s. Junius
down,
for txvo reasons.
so gre;ltly.
in our beh?lf
so. l‘hey will
where I stand
a.1 ~\:c observe
I thi&
For scve~-al
and,we c.x-
peace.
the same
n11d is hnpprnin~,
itiated
ci,~nilican~L grant:
broken
that’
fists *beat-
them there.
in tic past,
it1 rclatwc
have been
F-irrt was the ~ro\\-ill,~ rtxlizrtion
.
time to I-cgroup,
formula
5s M.C‘W gone
as in organization
matwing
Study
the siran,T
portions of that defense~srill stand, land appropriately
for as longs as our organization
wI-\%xx. But from
process
That
to-:$I
aHd figu~-c out how to l&p
lxcn
th,lLII \\:ehad
within,
per-
t
~~-reaction
witI1 OUF o\vn cducation;ll
but ,fl-am
frightened.
fron,our
* convinced
onr kids. 1‘111
introspectiw
now> I can FW that’other
out
iital
It ,gave us time to breathe,
11c ~CIC more
9 was
as the greatest sin,$e tKr-tit to our sunivalLa
us, an d cause us to lose sight of our pel-spectivc;
our main goals, and au,- m&n purposes.
ou~xlw~~;urd
.knd co WC built a”wall 4.d
<, oun
that
frankly.
wc,h fol-ccthatl
out on
&en
was fornk~l,
and, worn;;;
Sam Stanley
to
Ilrother turned edi.‘.
talk&Anchor
Press
I
.,
I \vas*in
sct~e.~~n
of: thc~ Smithsonian
in other
,culturcs
we were
doin,? in Geor,$a.
wlture~.
kc thoGght
misht
.xxnrday
and since
he might
Sam
want
to-do
lx aljlc to, Ix helpful.
our
advisory
tt$
the same
was an expert
‘iVashington
s Center
;rt~fkx~+&w~~~~~c XCK rltertiri~inS.the~nodon
studcnt~
L
,,
fop the
other ~dm
sort of thing
in several
In,dian
Sam was visited
severa!:
5
I&,rl;RODUCTI~X~
hours
;dter~I
bin B&n
in \\.ashin&n
gmups.
Smi
\
‘.,~ .,
left his of&e
vate foundation
Indian
,.
/
Beun
and
.4nn Vick
that was exploring
~9
,j
-
a pri-
of \DEA&,
I
ways o
showed
t,hem the c:“pies of Foxfire t.h
and on my next visit to \\-ashingtpn
,Game down; and
me out of the jail 1 had heen placed iI>.Ixcause i didn’t have enough
him. tlley got in touch,
ixriied
r&h
with
hour
traffic ~“n then way.ti
me t”&ttle
~a traffic
that
meeting
violation,.
I :made
in n”rt$west
the fi;t~ P.W appointment
led; xo our eventual’
collaboration
D.C.
rush-
I had with ‘them;
as consultibts
and
fpr dozens
’
“f
and
ne3 Fox/ire-type
publical,ions
in hivh
~ schools all uier >he ,c”untry,
ucationai
“,pportunitjes
Fr
students
of
opened up a whole new sqrles 0
projects to spend a sqm:ner on location
mine 6ho were often invited 1)~ II
6elpinq /~ them &t their fint issue’of a magazine
together.
$Ii,ke Cnok, for CSNew Mexico,
hq\ping
t6 start the
ample, ‘spent ‘a x~mmer
in Ramah,
in journalish,
at th; Unix~ersity
Savajq
publicntioli,
Tsa’Arzi’, then majored
of Georgia,
Claude
and is now on “<r &taff ~running
Rickman
was able
to spend
our entire
a summer
&ideotgpe
,
.
operation.
in Kel@unkport,
Maine,
helping Pam IY”od an,d bei kids s&i. their nlagazine,
salt :*they ndw have
their first book outi and Ellen Massey‘s gr”6p in I~.el~~non,, Missouri., that
publishes
Riltcri~:rrf
the publication
have on< as <dl.
&!soot~
of tw” books~‘&igned
in thei; “wn.sch,bols.
Erpe~:irr~t’e.~ I wrote specific’all~
3
Cuiiir
(and
that:s
.&d
Center
especial]!;
Journalism,
g&f$ng),
IDEAS
in Xew
Tennessee,
Market,
?nenti&lriefly
its prexnt
what
down
enrichment
grokr.
$Ioments
of both.
Then,
where
would~have
not by me
jnd
at Salt.
,f met &I$es
he;,kids
Horton,
2),
as nc~,
We
are n&and
Mike
or. Guy introare now
arrod,
Brian
and
Ann
not
ZIIX$pay my fine for running
,.<!
Washington.
lives intersect
bad
its founder
and later
its m/lsi
happened
i,
to the -Hiihl&der
to.Fod/il;,e
to that- police, station
when
a Foxfire-
fbr students
,I wai ‘introduded
that
Guy Caraivan,
that s,top s~gn>on S Stieet~in
Linkages.
jmplemcnt
ReynpJds,
and George and his/ wi
our, kihs do field&k
in traditiqnal
Often,~ i,Fonder
been ,abl$~,come
Wood
in the ,intr”duction
di&tor,,‘and
duced us to George
on 0% staff helping
was written
but by Pam
it was through
ia man,1
Clark,
fo Cultural
to help teachers
sponsored
01ie of the I)ooks, ,L$oments: The FoxjS~
for teacher?;. ‘l’he &her, You nnil Aunt
type‘project
Arie:
Recenflv
,_I IDEAS
and :c&nbine
must
to
the
not/ be-isolated
that ~%rikes me as being
a/very
eventual
if we are to
profound
notion,
for
“those intersections
in out lives, if welcomed,
lead us on iri ways we could
nevdr have mapped
in advance.
It’s an old notion
(“Knowi$-@A?
wav
--led&@,+&. it”.~ &pm-,~L’~;
_1’ j -n&*a%bXitiXs
yvo33 noting now
~, .
&hen.
“UT &&n
,.4gain and
unsrlfiuhl~
so. the nekvork
,~
again
during
opened
door!,
those
first ten years,
liliked
grew. .4nd as this’happened,
new
us up with friends
so, too, came
friknds outside
I
of ,theirs, and
our growing
reali-
. .
IO
INTRODUCTION
‘I ..
ICICin the selfish acceptance
of. thap
\\as our obli<:,p&rcros,it~
.J.:;*
pass it 6n to othc,~~‘~~~~qlld.ursel,~~s
c of .that cncr#ahd
in wavs~thnt
we had never
Second
\cas a realization,
cheatin’gonr~l\id.s.
triad bcfork
Thosk
And down
c~y>~~cc~
Wdl.
;,&y‘
g,roM-ing w$h’ cqtial ,forcc’,;~,
who \vcrc not, ‘ztt that
point,.id
tli&
Elivcs, able t;
get caught up in and cxoitcd and motivated
by tl& processes imolved
in
i>
pill)lishing,Fo.~i;re~
were cheated because~ that ~was all WC had to-offer. .T‘hose
who
did.gct
caught
same
reason-~~e~could~stret~h
In addition,~
up in tvhat ..wc had
thk
by beirrg ‘fiercely selfish
from
I day:haye
$have
in ~the c\~&inntGori
of man
~learncd &o&h
thyt
kost
it is not cnou,gh_ for m): kids to lyY.c an intimate?
?yn
past,.,r-opts,
and heritage.‘That’is
citizens,
of their ,culturc‘z
we arcall
relationship
students
that
self-indulg’&nt
erected
erec,t$.
and
an~cquall~~ sophistica’tcd
knowledge
LorId,,
to the point
community’h;td~
the sam,~ kinds
\.aluc;
of “walls
th~~chunk
as our basic
1
nn$l
.for~ Ircttcr- or foi- war-se.
defrnskc
So down cay
Retaining
fgr example,
sclf-ezamiH~~%-inll. WC rran the risk of making
only their- own
; dents,
rhc
one
would
to ot~hcr-.q. k\:c arc a multicultural
linked one to ,anotherl
‘_ I.,r our rigorous
risk of isolating
of .th&
understanding
of: their
VI
ihnpot-tan’, Irut to Ix truly
imnicnscjy
they must n’e’xt acq&e
for the
of our own tin)
Iritt 4-I‘ cxpcricnx;
that
cffectk:c
Iatcr
or rnrotiorrally.
~f,~.p&cr-s, &c ranthc,.
the Iarg,e;~~om.n~unit\
~to enter.
got ~hcatcd
no Irrr,thcr mentally
piece of the glolre to the cxl.ysidn
students
to &cl-
\vhcre
and
that
somc.of;, our
they
could
so sometimes
they,
bur
organization
of the wall.
.
lxlieve
as stu-~
had
earlier
1 e1
”
cd
f tinn must !,e %ore Lperien
ncnts to oxi program
that
who were not prcscntly
ex
were itr.\v;tys they had nc\
tablish
link@
community
that
worrld
by a ne\v perspcstive
each
L seemed
new
possilrle
WC began
gimmickthat
1Ve had
component
could
ahcay
fighting
and
for us to implement,
philosophy
distract
known,
the same lrattlcs,
fo;- cxanrplc,
fixing
‘,
lx):ond’
si
strengthencd%nd
their
cmbolde)ned
as’ ap organization;
:
srcrnrd’.appro~rl~tttand as it
lacing a i~rtrrryl,,
than
or,ganic d-%ten+- ‘,
an artificikdly
imposed
new /
US.
that ,thery m~is
:;L,larger
P;ppalachia,
to which
we ovrC’;rllegi;u,ce,
the samr
foes. \\‘c arc now actkcly~
Appalac;hian
own
responsilrilities
each
rather
and fr-agment
link;rgcs ~wi’th other
artivcly
sensifkity.
,slowl~., as it
\vith staggering~. prolrlems
to lruild
morr
to expand,
on our roles
sion of our educational
.~~beset
them
in tern?: of undcrstarldirrgand
C)nc step at a time.
adding
move
organizations,,
‘whc~nx:,cr possilric in the same May wc M’CX ontc
.
-
assisted.
‘~
for; we are all
arid
working
,assist them
Ll:hcn ,Parn Porter’
~
-,
INTRODIi(~‘I:,,r,~;_~-~
y---~
m~_m_‘,;I
---------;---“---
II
a
,sho~vcil t:p on our doorstep one day front
rathrr thm hil-ill:< bet- for oursrIves (sin;e
m;wily
lot- people
here))
to .w~lllta
;\pp+~chiful
as jobs
P:;m.
nei#l)QJ-hood
Conm&sion
rejoiced
towi
helptxi
ihem
~there that
there,
that
as they
is filled with
and pli&pphs.
is Ixiiig marketed
organization.
non-existent
gx-& up nroun’h
the Fulton
Our kids then &ted,to
grant
q;mt
froni
working
with
a~,,book oi‘ their
with elderly
their
own
residents
they
Georgia
Arts
kids, ana
then
about
along
~_
give
with lwhich
the
.
poor
C+bage-
with
recipes
it completely
paid
for itself
ins a nl’atter
of weeks .after,
other books are being plannedl.
In ad,ditibn.
~ve‘ve worked
towel-many
grandparents
oft \vho&
we~x born
our center
for varying
;.oots:
my, kids visit
and
like in the middle
out a program
whereby
kids from
Cabbage-
have never been to the mou;ltains
>vhere their
and r&ed-can
?otie and stay with our kids at
periqds
of time to learn
Patch
twfind
out
more about
whit
what%
meant
,an Appalachian
1
by
ghetto.is
of a.+!;.
I\-r XL .also working closely &ith Pa&& to deveiop,~ in one of ,the ahana
.>
doned null luildiqs,
a furniture
itrdustrv that will turn out authentic
hanti
‘.~
reprodti&ons
of mountain
primitive furnjturc.
My students, assisted 1)~ :kia$,
c:
from Qbbagetown,
will scour our part of the ‘& untains for pat&n+z-:
cord those patterns,
produce
a catalogue
filled \~photogr”phs,,of
wit
the
furniture
round
,*
we ‘~‘an: offer;
up
thr
and,
licxxssary
with
wood
the
from
help
local
of local
men,
sawmills,
cut
they
on a co-operative
I)asiS. ‘t: \ e will split
pl-ovide~additional
jol)s;n
Fol/Tre
the
that
hooks, we ,ha?e added
of developing
and linkages
vantag&
has come
~$&ff plumbers
use the
to us,through
here,
a whole. negr:.ranqe
profits
!
to
:
the sale of ‘the
each of whom
of p?ojer;s
and
’
has the ,re-
opportunities
Ix&
over our county
on videotape,
vi~deotape program
filmed’ and edited
to* the
by kids
caT,le 1‘17 s$t!&&~be
,programs
,
.~ ,I”.?$:~p,;T~k~7
^,
Iwt alao such thlngs’,as m-depih
are not
o,n such issues as clear-cutting
a&
asxmbly
residents
for OUI; kids:
only Fo,~/Iz~P articles
11y students
b
-.
Mike Cook, for exampl$
has expanded
our
point whel-e we’xe
now I)~oadc~~st~~~~~~rograrns
on a weekly
and
I:
pieces
both areas.
the m~nltiesLmotiev
sponsibilit!;
the. p&eeds,
:*.
&hire,
qut
according
to the patterns,
and truck the-pieces
to Atlantg~ for
:~~~irh wooden
pegs), finishing,
and marketing
by Cabbaget‘own
_ Using
~
~
The book, Cubba,getow?z FuG~~~J, Cabbapt’owin .&oorl,
by Pat& to ,bring’ additional
operating
income into that
Since
publication,
there
published
intervi&vs
almost
:I small
s~:et :I second
to keep hrr emploveti
bvith them
are
to ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
the despernteiy
the ~oi!!nlunit!~o~gall;zatioll
co,~;lti hire
,,r
h~k
.-itla~~tn~lookin,q foT a job with us,
we rexxvc 0~11 staff ,ope.nings pri-
and ~Cott~i~~Xfill at the turn of the centu!y.
P:itch,
I
‘this community_
\+~cLA+
Sbuthrm
KS
from
,\~
disadvanta,<es
.~
1
of consolidated
on National
schools,
Forest
land,
(we are .about
’
studies
the adto qpen
_
~,
*
k.
1
10
;<,” ~
one in &r
count);)
VCTSW neighborhood
dates for I-cgionnlpolitical
% %corgc
schools,
and intervie&
and Sharrod
a y&s
Reynolds
of record
ut’ed by oy;sttidents
with $,@8i,,
_7..=f
offices.
have,
through
new courses
inGin our school, de\:eloped
a file of musicians
!, Lo
students now building an. archive of traditional
n{w come
..,,..$ ‘~>< ~
~-“-’
~~
‘INTR(+TIQf+
/ >?
albums
under
recorded,
our Toxfirc
the)- are bffer-
in the region,
music.
edfted,
lalxl.
Out
and
of this work h&
designid;
Thr
have our
alhums
and di&bfe_ature
tradi-
tional ~music\alls talkingg- about and” playing, their music. mountain
song
writers who kre creating
new mu$c .out of thqir ‘roots (some of them are
from Cnl~l~n~ctow).
as well RS mountain
peo$
talking about their lives,
their. aspirations,
and their d+am&our
“person;alit!.”
articles qn albums.
Paul
Gillespie
and ~Suzy Angier-,have
begun
our regi&nl
publishing
?
corn-
’
panyl the fil-st offering ,from
which was produced
by Suzy and her kids and
I
\cas titled, Memories
I;/ a Mountain,
Shortline. It is an oral-.histor)
of the
fift!--sel-en-mile-long
TalluJah
County (and M’~Sso spectac&y
F?ils R,Glroad
that~~rlE+ to run through, OUT
that M’alt Disney wsed it as the site for his
G;l’?ilf Locomot
Chn~c)
l;tlt is now
defunct.
of, mountain
yme
of the log huild:ngs
that
have heen~ reconstr&ted
g with a photographic
Bemxtt,
in addition,
ing- black
.4ppalachian
.e’ also designed
elementary
Is, ha\:e
s
on environci
them
$i
“’
residents
for a forthcorfling
study
and
ljuilt
log playground
structures
designed
‘and
equipped
wobdworking
added
a staff
F stcdies,
and
member
will
two
By the time
this’hook
who will be xvorking
he builc$ng
for
a greenhouse
‘. ,.
is
with
’
with
‘,,
for use wasa labo,rnt&y.
In
every
instance,.
thtxe
high
ext&sicy
within
our public
receive
full scho<a>\iG credit-for
school,
& ‘high school~ma&ine,
nit)~ that Ixlieve&in
and
are
the students
our potential.
ret-eiviy
off, ‘like 5~0‘many
th~is n&ion,
A4s one icachcr
who.are
was paid
welcoming
school
we hax:e
wc atrophy.
in one count,v-~,,,.-the en&
1;;’
in them
for by a corn~~u~~
,.,i&_/,.,
..*,.+_
s-~
.’
we,‘live
me;, we shrivel
studen
,.pf; courses
of appropriite
of energyPthflt
r\,c-ha\,c
form
i,nvohed
ib
and giving
high
in the
do Mith us. AlI this ffrom a lit-
the f&t issue “of w&h
C!ut off, like so ~many folds people
around
offered
the work;thev
And it is c&v in that growth-that
UUI lives and t&t
Cut
-.,,g
record of their movingis workin,$‘.with
students
nd laid out one nature;trail.
at our cente
them
I
nce in the mouritains.
of the black es
shops
P;wl~ is working
g two’ ~QCC Ilooks: One is a sociolog~ical stu’dy ’
:vho are
at,,, incl~i~~s~~~~~~.ie,~s
with over fift;c mount’%
religion
.-;;,*c~;,~,
on, was o~~~‘%i@~Vive
yqs
of age; the other is an
with.students
two
.
&i
met
linkages
in
apd m.ature.
hecqme
,
dust.
in classrooms
j
,‘,
> ,pop&&on
of whih
could
he
.e.
P
L
,
I
a,
..
~
.~,
i.fl~Ron~;:.,.roN
swallo~wd
~-Aantly
~
*
up, + one corner
rcmilld
provided
atensions
a/
;I ncrrvo~-k of experiences
necl thent
to thcmsei~:es,
nnd
to the wwid;
th;ir
capacity
rather
blessing
than
to their
and an endless
JO ii-t r&ponsil,ly
them
at the opportunities
I and the staff I hire
It an endless
ex
m~asu~
oilto
to $er better
%
a~~&mo~$&;
w&id’s
the
through
,
fi~easure
space,” and
an infinite
year
and
,.
re
me&s
an infinite
at this job each
of en-
and bel’cf in
ii;, &
of hope
to correct
for human-
measure
.,:
of defer-
the insaiie
mis,,,:.,
dLstrrs;111~~irequenc~:. For-~~,~~ys~~ i-F lock st,q+one
->*z,;~.‘,,e’,,
j:~:~
~b&hind.. the o!he~~lst;\~?tl~y~:~pp~~l-ing
I~~hm~~l@~&~~~~s~
of zur~~ plckup
‘.“%$%..~;
‘d,~‘~?l~~~,~,.‘,’
trucks, freshyfatrd.
oper ;,s?arcd, hopeful, shufH;yg m tennis shpys, and ‘grin*
makr
have
number
f deter&ation
and sensitively
naked
must
it? on this rock ;LSit whirls
mination
that
than :I 11‘1If-ren~en~hered ,q-I-aduation s&xch.
:Ul of us, as teai-hers,
taktxcwe
rejoicing
work
ning pnt rhrough
ivith su’h
braces
_
and opportunities
fox- kids that will con: cornmu&,
to their region,
school,
Andy pl-ovide~for
thl-o&g~
throtish
::
_’
T’,
1
13
*.
con-
of any ~major c,ity-~~.~-Imust
of ou”r ori$rul
can bxi!d
trers into that world,
%i ~-” I ~.~: ~~
of one suburb
that it is only
]\,+f
1)~ tlq<
‘:::
i
~;-~ ‘-~~
~CL~F
:es.c
I.i:i:l;;ycl
~~~
1~
.
come the David
Idlana~ans~~;rsiiiny:
where
we stand.~
RF.11’
”
_ .- +? \“;r *’ T j ,+‘>
$y$g/+,.
,yif&“;,
*
,j,,‘~ ,,,/q ,(;.-
.
: .,-,, ~~,~;,g.&&-r;
,~ f“ ‘# ,,. 7,’
r,..q:
& i-:~
+[~. ij.
PLATE
I
1
>
;i
.;-‘.
.,’ I, i, ‘.
l-he letter Charlie
s&t us,,which
:
,,T;; .,>,‘,~7
/ ,? ;. i ~,$j
% ,.
i
%C‘
,/ ( L,“) y’
I ,;, f ,/‘
_,,/ /Jc: !
& ?+-w
-/ ,>
,.*c z.
b;gam,pr
fri~~$hip.
/
-
I
ETTA A$lD~ CHARLIE
ROSS ~HA,RTL~EY,;
he letter
rrived
map
df Kosth
sgunc\ed
\Xs
C:al-olina
like someo~;e
\s:is near
we’d
like to meet.
SLI~X Grove,
and
\Ve
we had
on the
opposite
page
in our oflice one
t us all in search
Vilas was. Mr.
found,
to y&$jight,
already
I)ren
,;
day,
of”a
Hartley
th’at
in 6ommunica,ti&
with
how
;L ‘feds-a Harmon
there who made banjos and Chad agreed to show US
,,xc Fo.xfi~~e 3). \\-Ed now ‘had tw$
as much reason for a pilgrim@
.
inio that part oi~the mountains.
’
Ii
\\‘c ~~~rore~~I\I~-.Hartley
back immediately
and asked penniicion
to visit
with
him. I-tG\,cd
ir, collfirmcd
the dates with ‘J‘edra,
and headed
put only
u~~~solilleshorla(e
that had closed every gx station
to~lic rul:Ilrd l,;iik~.&%%
the a‘
~~,~
on our rdure. \~~&twmed
home, tried i; &yin two months later:~and
made
k.
;‘?J&
it.
‘llic
grrti~~g;%2~
genuine
from .ChaPlie
.that in&$&e G.eek NT spent
opel-ations.
were
received
co+srantl@%s.~iy~
their
little
tous ~intenie\v$&~;
\vc‘d stop
anticipated
had
US,‘and
TYe touched,l~ase
Subsequenr
rripp; up that
seccnd
way
have
kept
Pi&~&/is
onIy,:to
that
of”
we B
yzrendipi-
find that
they
had
and pier on the table.
0,
the” friendship’
open--a
friend>,
i
c
fm+Y
Chaflie
comments
as he read
carefully
we focus or! C:hailie‘s~o<vn
.m17tic/e~ ii), Rily
on the way
nes a day.
lx, and gateful
farni~ly maim;. and remark;il~Ic
:~Errhur.
to another
seswa
the holes he.3 found
parr,
home
ee on the stove
and
l~ca~~~e our l&e
home
,It ,just seems
in “for ;L moment
In the Fiat par< of this chapter,
fillsin
their
how -it happened.
a ptit of
with them
ship we are flattucd
and
up,~rhere,
T;\‘or~?$f us really. k;lojv
his wife was SO warm
and
‘$ I
,
on the Fox,'?~~$oo~s,
through
life as a IxiJder,
them.
mason,
In the
contractor,
,:B,
l$mxu~ I)+~.
,urnii//e>
by Tom
Slwe
.C?,iii/l.
c.‘cldtorl.
Cheryl
.cmx~,
and
lmLise
Y
.
~‘9
.
;dSFIRE
.
4,
B
‘I.he)-‘s rz loi of this stuff that began
in$t,Aese
here Foxfire
’ M.&d in thrrc
from
pa$~s.
thrm
to slip,, my mind
until
But all that stuff is the truth.
old fcilrrs
I started
read-
I 1x3 they kin:t a
ain‘t the tg@h. ‘There‘s SO much of,
it I h,n\e1 d one. 1%
what
it I know. NO\V I‘ve not done all of it, hut they‘s @@‘of
nlade
\
CVC~ piece
about
never ‘Uuilt ,chimne);s
I’ve lx&
as wqym
for lo,?-homes,’
\vith a lot of different
Now
~1: ;f tbcse
was b\lili lxforc
lo,?. :b,d
at one
my day.
,,I)- brother
that
F was horn
was l,orn
miothc&n
I)nt I‘ve hrl-pcd
pcoplr.
old buildings
time~or
patch
I‘ve wol-~ed-ncarly
you’ll
find,all
there., Now we lived
I‘v’c
up one or two.
e\rrywhA.
these
in ti log house
my life.
over
loql~~~ildings-.
here
at what
on Highway
was lmown
at,’
thAt time as the old’ Moss place. And tve lived in a log house. In fact, there
C \~a, two log houses;-and
my wife’s mother and~,daddy lived in’ one, kd.,my
; c&d and mewlivrd
r~memlxr.
1 ‘d&‘t
in theiibther.
think
;\ow.I;m
~1) daddy’wa\
just gbing ~td, tell you what
a&
ah-out, but n+dad+
was a ~‘59’ man.
The real poor peopl< thb I can ~:irteml,er
may%
your
somqthinx
fire
CO+
you don‘t know.
~~or’your ashes 6ut
happen
Chariie
Ross Hartley.
used
ash cakes.
to haye
on it. If you=have
,,a
e-1
PLATE,2
IfTqu
I can
as poor as I’m going to’ tell YOU
i, ‘5
‘:
a hearth,
your. dough
*
Now
th,at-s
you r&e
ready.
you
‘-
_
.
,r
I
.*
ETT;~’
.kSD
CH,\RLIIC
@W
‘H;\RTLEY
17
.
laid it ‘davn on th!+t, and @Ci mverrd
tliat with conk or k<hes. \\‘hen that,
got,donel
)-ou‘d rnkc ir up anti ~h;~hr the ~azhc~ off and eat it; nnd that’s the
;,,,,,
fun that the old poor- rncn like my dad xot to do.
SOW my $ntl y;i:: poor.
and dmcn
r ;I rentp.
rhc \\‘;lt:luc:l
’
,,,
;liiti t!w~:~~\~;15n Iwr of~~~thein+mor people
Rix~r~-*an8 in ~kllc
\Ve ma\-ccl from
pl;m
.to place
C1-uci.y:~t ihe time.
around
thcrc
A+
up
hIy dad was
fol
fore we got our own plate.
I~,:$ goi+
:.
had %:lnr
10 tell nl,out
hi
one fellu
rmp.&for.
Back
kno\\: how it happened-lmt
lvhere
rhey.come
no~.~~~~~hc‘~dead
in the
Retch
the)‘set+d
somr
to get into thCmountni&
n
~.IInuntnin
country-1~
Hick,< in therm
,I don’t
know
don’t
And why a$ci
h&v i~t ever hap-
.~ pened. Butt there w&q a xr of fiickz. I hailt n house lnck theI- on that
mountain
for n iellcr 11) the nnme o4 Brn~~,Ik-ks, and lye took n ,grent”interecC
i
in tellins
that
mc how the\- watt
the fir.sr Hii-kc ihai
mc 1u~t ,wh;lr
\con.‘t helie\-e
1 told
e\.qr con,c
yo&g\
nut
1 l)uilt
into that
thnt~2~honse on the first lot
mom&u
al~out a~11 polrcr.
conrc
I ,.could’lmke
rhc ~~aim&t;~lc that
my mother
rh<til. .$id’old
mm
he first come
there.
they
;i’sood
don’r
knb~i-. kn
had-~1
(,a11 rhern old Hi<.!+ l~&au,w rlyz!~ \<a\ the fist
1
t\rel\.c huiidl-cd acic\ of ?illld.
iyd
,\I1 right.
his old d;iddy,
nox.
?eu rake the wajh,jt,y
quite-a
\Vc urcd ;I hr;w
few yc;w.
bushels.
Pretty
set it on the gr-ound
if you wantGd
conmwrity.
that
the wa.,hiny,
to wwh
rhcnl
IJO)- lived on
kettle
-nut;..’ they
wcr
the ,old Hicks
I would
One
s’inr,: it had
c~1ottle.x and thcy’ti
mow
rmtcr
it ;moundwash-irig~in.
hr;rss, kettle.
alw;t\~~ hat1 ‘to go to a Ixanch
:I hl-mch
01: t\z:o
was sorta
!&le~-mwith
they ,dorlc all their
in that
for
~1):. about
w;Ls huni
thm:
km\\: that
the!~ nxntcd
it wxs
at my ktlowing
on this end and carry
wan what
for it.“1
F‘~>v/irc st~~rt~ it with
t11;it licttk
to. OL-mpt)-.it.
c\,rrythlrrg
I was in
anti I lxlikvc
It wo~~ld hold,
~(j\C
up the crossbar
111it. Thydonc
seein< to me it NW rnwtl!.
ready
fact,
I;tnd
llu\inc.~s. So\\-
krrtlc.
~,izetl ones.
pkk
cooked
much
,set up on WC side ;r~lii onr
loose and :~ou would
lind
tladd$~~-in
Hut the>: worked
they IV;~Sali;ol~~tcl~: J’,U w;~shpotr
good
utake~. One
the whole
of m6ne~:.
.hc t.old mc .how
Kou
They
and
to thii counc~-y~,~But now 1)~~the time
Ii\.&-plenty
;I bl;rcK k;t;hpot.
forked
you
Hicks- told me hi\ pobt- little
,ash cakF;s when
two
hc told
Hartley,
k iid daddy inked ash poncs ju,t to,hho\v IIS skids how to hake
the tlnl;h k. I&elped
IAx them In)-self for the curiosity to see if
~.hein. ;\nd
about
to. And
Hc mid,, “Mr.
it. IJUI my dad and u.5 lived on ;ish pon’es.:’
.And he t )Id me jmt
my mother
;dor;.
or a c&kat it. l’hey
lmil ttrmr ,otlt in ihat
kettle
go’
with lye
yoap.
‘1‘hnt.h Al KC !,rlr~wrd in thcnr d:~~~.~.I C;~I~I cvrr ~.cmr‘ml~e~- seeing n
’
cake of stuwlmuyhr
+~p.
:‘l.hc<i thcy‘tl rawy th(, clothes to ti?e’I~mch
,in
IIIIIS.; ‘l’hcrc
daddy
could
nlrlut h:i\-c I,ren
m&e
;I, ihat
III?I<: uon,r
1111)rn:\!iers.
11%fact,
ni)
iul,~.~,He had all the tools: lmt I IIC\‘CI S;IW him make l,ut
’
:_/
-I
, !i
l~os1~lliI:~
E
4
;
*
b’,
enc. Up1 x\p h;icl ;i~wooti t.n~c’k~t. Now $1;11’s yh;it XIC had at that time. You
p~it your. iii~th~s ~~II its ant1 ai-riei’l thr;il oill hew now to the lmmch:and
1&d
1~:‘ll;lii
:i ‘l!j$ ro,~i’ iigh
t~n7~ilii~~5lic.k. xtT c;;ltl+
~~rou~ti
for
ii. Att~~l~ct~~~
l&ltl!illg
l~tttliilg.
clic.lc+
~i’att~-~~;itx
x+lt,~I
with
‘_
Ihe
guess I‘\:e~set3~~a
hijllii&i
oi.~tl;w~~~ ~3~;~sm;ide *of rc,ci n~;ipl~~. Nob; ylu ‘iliight wo~ltirr ~wh);
I
is :I [iric yain.
:mtl i;; igrtilig
011 tt~ern clothes,
@i 3
IIY ~r;lin cytays ~~i~iooth. KI,W ~yh,i tdcr cjati, popjiii- !>I’ cheslliut-it’s
red m:lplCr? \\-etl: ~rcd nxtplc
ccnrse
_
!y,tix> 10 it if ~011 renwml~rr,
If vou l~,eat with that
I+d;‘it
::cts so that
itJ~?rou<ll nnd l~~a\.c\ ~tt-~~~~~~~,tt~~:rc
md bc:i&
2,~ ~0~1,. clothes XII 10 pie~ms: ,
weSon rh:ir tiiirex. you (.ml‘t ri;uc hour, i.totl~es in a pond. You’Ve Sot ‘to
WatCI
h:!\.r y&l- TK~~c:~~
I-urlnilrg. \;?:c al\v;kys,tl-ictl ;\I c;~tctl ;I~p!ac.c yhrre-the
N:IS rbhiiy
o:‘cr
mti
iin
!ou
;i .rwk
the sh&ls
~11cnl; Scmictjjirs.
mzhiil:
or smnethin~~
if you ditill’r
;III~ i.oll- lr1111 Inlij
mc’r it, mu
ttlc
~hold your,
‘~rhcx !‘ou per to the -pll~Lk nelt
l)r;lnch.
7‘hu1
w:liel-e iou
hxvc
the first I+, that
poptx
“C:hxii~,
xirer
1~~~stoo tact
so 7vc cm
cut this d&n
pmu
and hw
him dowr,
rh~crc~~ G1ljppin.q
thev c;ill ;I. “1.:.
wiih
squxtxl
the asc.
Sow
&,rh&
Boil rhk.
rinse thenr,
Chopped
\t’hr~l
oui~of than.
irat
;I l&~notch
s$juarc
~*,,~,
it
duwr
Am,
il T\:;~s all of tl;m
rhnt
wmi’t
up &I
‘it ~ii&tf.*.
-~
it dries WC:\? them;
we mmc
that.
;,doir:,
l,ut t&m
ir w:w nwch
old-
the”kme
%’
the&,, ~0 hack and rim:
them
H~II~ them
had tr, h;rni: ih&
just my dad~_and
din;-n thr
r~~ursitlr of III\ dad
owned
10 th!i
O~VII i~d~~it~:l-~.
1 ili,it
of then:
il,0!ii thii
thrir
aqin
10 get the
on the fence.
‘C:ouq
an ~:,~il
\ Emces, lushes,
I (hat
\\l;itq+,
farms.
I~IIc,\\. \vt~:il r\‘,‘r M;c’I~,with
ytiilg.
.~
into it&tks:
;md 1 mxlr
,pokG
~’
stuff like Ihat.
Xow
“’
of ~frct’:&i rhcni.
and then dr\- them.
ihey wa\n‘~ no wire 50 thy
;
she. said,
horn it’s done.‘:
tm the rwk;
hab to do sun~cthi~~+
land
Ch~op it &wn,
tt~al‘s 111~ firrt OIIC I G&.‘Lw,
\~a>-> md t1~x.s the \\;Iv \ve time
wrinkles
to wash in, and,
.~
walk?xl lip to ths
him off, antl..j just st~t~ecl chop$ng,nl~~~~~
But sillt r \tl:~r (iillc, I’\.r scm hrirltlwils
rfi;ir t;&rini,
through
It-om the top to
,”
off and leak-e the top on ;ind I’ll show-you
I choppid
get
1nr out :L to- Co ,rw1 my ~ ’
it OK.”
I wii. “.~ih. Mother,
I~c;tn’t.“
Shc’.d xen one mmewhe~-es, of COUI’SC‘:‘“Yeah.
timers
wxtel-, running’
had no LKC foi- ~-ate~; 11~~ nlother, $c
t
say almut &ht
inches in dik&u
lx:tie\~e you A
rhri3ugh
that
the ~M’;L~c~~
canoe
tl-u--I‘d
i
So\;-
bvhm
I cvr~‘sl~\v not<.hed
CZI-I-~w;~tcr. I nladc, it. 1 ‘e qot to ;I place’th;rt
tirrl;
ynder
rinse ihet-c.
the 1ic;ir.i of :I lo~.~So\v
we juct a!~wlutel~
c-l$hes
have tti~t. you coul’d nianage:
Riw;.
‘(:oursc
ttrrln
had
to‘live
Arid
all of ,theni
the fa~nns was hmded
lx~.ss kcttlrs.
A lxlrt of the folks had a six-foot
th;lt~y:ly.
lras~
\$
.,,, ~.
It
fellers
down
I‘\,(: no tinowledcgc
kc:~;t~lethree
fret deep.
,,?;1.1-:\
;‘.X\:D -C%kRLI@
,~
g
11 ~rns:bliiit
1,~ 1%
washpot:
down
md
make
n~url~~~~~~‘,;\\-onde~f~il
JOIS done
:L wo~idcrfi~!, joi) ~of that.
he‘d hccn
that
Old, Daddy
Bcnrdm--of.
he had a sii-’
C:2~1?in
~.~ ~~~~ k& Wm~~ had~h~c~ccu&mde~ ~;~~
,~~
_~,,_ Ben Bc;l&‘~ti~i
,his daddy $ttjns ~bacl, on+thc ,,to+d. I:ve saw tha; severaf
up t!+ hill t&l-c on th6z.riglit.
ant! there‘;s a ~iiitle~dld br;&l.
Ii set thcrc
~fop yars
1,~.anch. And~a<! the aid-timdrs.that
$111 six-foot
with rilud.’ You
shot II? a Yanhec’&no\;~
used to,cit up l)y’the J!;II II there,
edrk’&f
.* ,: ‘9
:iiltl
to hiy.ia!.
tinxs.l:Jt
_,.,
:
szyi t&c I$ ?l+iJ
h~i-ye his d:iilt!y
fopt
i
ROSS,, H::yRTLF,i
hr+
ktt!~~
?cx!d$
and
goes ;
\:ew~ right
I can rkneti~ber
~1; the
that
had
~thcir ,hq& in~theni.
Now rhCnl 1‘11; go&lg~to tcli yd;l ;! tale about, black pots: I ~w% a &t
Ilo!-, now, when
about
the hla(:k .pots comc~ around.
,4nd iii fxt,
I never
big
thought
yhcrc
iz’l~the. devA did them Irws kettles set’~to until after 1, started
,,,
[this,~ intcrur?<j
\yhat
!&ppcned
,to thcsk~ kettles ~~\yhcre they, w&t-I’ll
-xl+\-?I- &,‘;a~ But II&:; theIrst
black
pots my ,Idxld\- &?r
H;~,$~rnar~s, l,~hc)--~~~vnrd.~a sawni!!
,.A feller
yp here.
by the 11an1e of JvIoss owwx!
.klt!
hntl co&
thcy‘tl
it originally.
siartcd
from the
going broke.
Haqm~~x
bought
it, but”,
iin~li)- he went I,roke
he:,ieft
there with his three
~+iht
that
to &f
or
\Vrli,
away.
I~ig fat-n17kxnethinq
o\::er fi’luih qf fifrren o~.t\++%/\~ do!!&~;that
~.~~
[aloli,~,.M-ith! xlxlt little stuff‘l;e’hG!.
,~;:c’
i ,:,SOL\:J ‘&
One
&neml,er:i&o
&as anc.~~bf.these
ant!&? ktil
&;~‘!,nSk~.S There
to.~k~~;~l~l
thev had.
$ay~in:’
off after
come
!,aqd:td
him z;hat
what
l,la~l< pots, a&’
ca,ye,of them.”
I&d’dy
wer~t to, the
~down~~through
Kay
him
around
and
He s%J,
~sakd
nc\:er did
had al!)ack xnd.
@It Tom
and
showed
said,
“\Vc!l,
“Ybu just t&
sounds
like
up;qd
one lee,q off~,~~,-,oneIcg off aad
that
I~!arks&th’s~shop
hi,rcit pot.
pot
and
was
mad’,
put a bolt ;md a littk
wc‘\:e used~,that
thing
ruined
h/m
don‘t
it? But
a’ piec,k’of
washer
on there
fob years and.ycars
Lz‘i
a hole
bar
my
to fit
and tightnow with a
icg on it.~
then;
C?rc-o~he to the skillet.
‘I first ~~en~nlxr.
knbrved
them.
took hinl out there
get then1 honie.“
rinril we bu:ned
thel-e and
&ned,her.right
~’
pot
it. .~Xow that
hon-ien~ide
*
‘~
i J1’e used that
daddi
out. They
Ijec’n took ‘from
‘JVoiv ri!: dad, th;il‘s !~~ow!~e ,qoThi,&st
~through
,My daddy
~&C,SC ‘~~;IIISCthe people
for him.; ,4nd the looked
th$!- to mc? I wit
from
‘I)lamc ~thenl io,’ Got toming
daddy,And
he Chad ia\-ed
xood xe
&&htcncd
~‘~!l:‘th;rt they’c!, ha&ad
\-is&my
rtka?
dad took, care oft f&h&.
the,:< V&C ~a tub.
w&t
Y&r rtiuldn‘t
taken
..‘.
hx+! that’@!-
ThnC~. one~:qf ~t,hr~I~o?;s~$go&rta
yet ihis !)iack l,x:k
f;eady
;t&s_he
&s
at&at
but*J‘nr,
not .positivc
I think
that my dad had
of that.
tinlc had ;; skillet that {ou~lxdxd
;Cskillet when
All of t.hesc folks now that
);okbrezd
I
in. When I WE
*.
‘$1 i’
,:”?
%
.~
I-OSFIRE
D
$0,
a ri+t
small’ kid I can Fernember
beef pies. Ndw that’was
.. I ?ver
had
:L biscuit
us lxkirrg
pies in one-‘wl~nt
up $11 I was pretty
to e;it until
after
much
we bought
tie
~rov.6
I doll’t
n liitle
farm.
4
called
think
that
We f;na!ly,
..~~Lzkr~a!l~th;it rsovng
our qw~j~wheaL
argw~d,~~~g~~+Al!!c farm of our “WE., ‘l‘hen we raked
I”
;:,
,b
c ~”
Y&me old-riniersfnoy,
‘stnying up and down” Watauga ‘River-!)eautiful
country,
XI+
wer-e e&in:
hOw hard
~cornbrea~
baked
was ;io stores
reniember
~,qothing
&s
in the
faring,,just
It:w;ls just h&,
when
Ta\;lor‘i
I can
is now.
,Intlch,. You might
th&~‘cause
and ,shortening
tea. And
nobody
first
back
uli there-$@
The
first
,& $:
on&~ I,-&
It was Iright stl-aight~ ac$ss
sell vet;); muCh.
the building.
nothing
much.
f&ii
‘He didn’t
You didn‘t
shave
sell nothing
Now they didn‘t
IN- coffee
davs. You l&w
what ,the); used? Spicewood
;, :;
t.ea. Kow that‘s what, the\ used. I,.ne\:er did~ seemal&>
I xv;15,gro\\:n.
.They
didll‘t
know
~what sugr
was.
They
~~scd mo!;ww~
renxrnlw,
they was a lots of mapleltree3,
nnd~they
old-tini?rx
did. Xow .I Iuouldn’t 1x surprised
them
th&tyThat’s
in .them
red,sakafr-ak
coffe~ti!!
say he had
of us. They
ddne
&that’s
remenlixr.
But he didn’t
bought
like @rest
skillet.’ All ~of then?
Was n little store~Xt VaK53uciC
Frank
much
there--Lthey
>v~ li>-ed hack then.
There
yhere
liying’ig
z;weetcnirl:
that
t&
didn’t
That’s
the first sweeten&
‘sqar.
l‘henl,
them
some of the stuff
that
credit
they
know ,yhy
rnnde lots of: tree. sug+,
when they wanted soye
sugar.
‘I’hey q~ade
,&at I can CL& remember
&Id sages knowed
You got ‘to :ive
I don’t
we that ,maple
more
than
ftir &t.
S\;hen ‘I fi&
rl. lot ‘of it.
m+self was that.n?ap!e
hoth’~~ou
and
,I ‘wis\l, YOU could
mc. put
to5ether.~~,
go witlJ me aild see
,T’;>;
\VOlkCd out:
it is, Ijut they’s ~a~lot of people
,$, ~ihis countl-)J,here-
yopnq people’ I‘m talkiy
aI@t, educated
fol~s-:-ti;nt.:,,wi,~lts some ol~$tinie~~
stuff. Just n \vorltl of then). I’, had so much 8f ~.it ihat~ I wasn’t i&er&ed_&
ol~d-tinicy
‘,l?ought
stuff.
whxt
I never
paid
!ni;ch
l~ooks I got. ,Then
and we’d f,prget ourselves.
ntt&~ti&
wee -at
Set @there.
up and set up and t:dl, three
hour:.at
[until
that
F,,@c
aad
t&kl,out
reccnt~~1;~~~~[~~~;~fe]
and
we’< $3 up’ there
old times.
n tinge .about~ old times,
We’d set
and she loved
:
to
talk
,that
ahout
old-time
I’m telling
every
theh.
word
Business
through
SIl~~~geG
bek<lw
you the truth.
see how much
put*two
+1ti
a
,g+t’kick
I &now
it. T+e
nun;lxr
one I;osfi,~~‘there.
,,:%;~
wwd f&y tiord’!ik,e’I
laowed-
7‘hat was so much
t~hatayay.
o_ut .of mr ~telling her nt”)ouC
ITntil number:
two. J$t
for ftin ~1.wanted
kids had!~~ nris~ssed:Ftl,~-tr,?ih].
“6, they didn:t.
~~~~~~~
rocks out-here toyther
you colildn’t~~ mkke$ti~i6 (IeaTer than
board
[thox
I-r,a~in~,w~~s,true.
The
t:il~c ;ind sn:tke ‘101-q I went
seen a iilacksnak
kill n poison
talk to one man in Aiar):!:md,
Iox &ins
through
snake.
nlld,I
that
w’& tiil& ia tr\lthful;“Th~em
nll’of
I’ve he&d
t@n.
Except
to
‘If you
is.
old
I ‘~~evcr have ’
that -talk all ,inv life. I did
g\less he told: me the’ k$h.*He
saih he
i
I
1_,, LTTA
.%XD
C::H.-IRiJE
RO~SS H.\RTLEI’
i,l rhcm
old ficlcls: ;liid~ hc wcnl
was out in art
I\rid thq
iv;15 50 iiicc anti SW% hc sioppcil
hc
wrnctl~~ir~g ~comini:
heard
do&
,:
r~~nirr~~,~rom
I~,-iars. Ihe
sta:: foo~$!t
fi$t-
heard
tell thq‘d
he said
caught;
the
it. I ncvcr
ado that.
&ld
~ha,ppelr~~lx~t~ I‘ll-tell
you on:
thini.
no~~~‘lo~;~ afte;
rattlcsriake’,
ha\-c
,-and
and
they
but
to
I’\;e
thc~-e‘s one or two men
I’& not sure-1
WC lived
got
hc had
s;iw that. happen,
I I)elicvc
in F@.r/ivc that sxid the)-‘d secil that happen.
:
licld.
through
l~ln~ksnak~
tills it Mlcd
lots bf.th&
i,hto ;L fiuc blxkber~-y
itr, lh6t-c to cal some Iwrics
a lil~a~ksri~%k?.~:Jnd
throughJhc
21
,th~: i&rs.
‘thr~t’s the way he
.L,
clo~:n~ to see \vhat it was, and it was a ‘rsttle-
,,tolil mc nri\vi; Ejc cot to looking
;_ ‘- :znake
_,
never
saw that
neat’ ;I copperhead
den., We
shad hundreds : of chpperheads
around.
But ~~YIUta& a summer
where wee
.h;td a lot of.bincksnaktx
arid ICC didn‘t,xe
I)ut very little co.pp&hends.
Now ,
that’s’a honest fact. B t as far as swing a blacl~snnkc~ kill a poison snake,
I I‘S2 IICVCF,done it:
,“, brow medicine &a late thil$.
teeth
,’
M;& ,pullrd?
,take an older
man than
: ,didn’til&ow
.,. rqnedics
Tha~‘s
about.
the
You glow
truth
I’a@ to.shoG
E\w)‘thini’s
having
would
a I+~.
A4nd they
come
,wacn’t Tvorth a damn,
ten wrre
pretty
all the stwff M;C~
e\-er had.
was ii>-e or
t
pneumonia
what
the!
what
the others
done.
15-e Ia&
home
come
The
you*,g
doggone
Them
doctors
did, they’d,sure
a lot giving
the
them’ midv,iivcs
that
leave]
nine ~times o& ~of
qld~ ~pcopie de&we
today,
enough.be
if ~they hid
“p .a,&nst
credit
well. Btit one thing .that
.for this:old
a lot of credit
to get out’and
what
can’t
Imagine
here
eighty-seven
years.
years
from
now
be someboa);*along
theI’
a wilderness
country?
he done.
I can’t ~understand:
<~
Two
mystery’
hundred
to me.
here
do
years
I can’t,
sort of
[made
head
them]
of my
aso,
even
Btit ano;&
wondering
He ,done
what
wa? in Engl&d
this was. At least
1t’s.a
for
a stump.
for ivhat
M-hat sort of home
rug-ged
that~ tea
f&er,hac,k
in them days and r’nost df x
lots,@ ,&e.s woui~ pull them thrdugh
old-timer
from ~En$and.
That
‘c~~‘hxl: I ~was raised when
4LL
the.‘~tda my’self: WC had no doctors. It
been
doing.
9 _s
aqgu;
did~them peopl’e from’England
and Germany
ha\:e that
here to develop this countr)-?aVUoir
my anc,estors,~-the
.name-conic
then!
Made
felw-.
.in
that~ ten stuff
ie. You~got pneumonia
It a few old midwives
died.
‘even x?th
pretty
with
old
you w&e .sick p;
,c ’
‘~ !
&omcn.
doc,tors
I
We’
on the bid midwife.
~;du when
te,?‘. 1’1,~ heard
Ilut in m< opinion,
\vPI1 right
,A lot bf them
was ele\-Cchildren
.~
caic of’~all of US but~two.
arid ,wnit~on
‘They was wonder-f&
c’ould- alwa~.s find
about.
hook.that
There
had to deperid
outs here
the way
?an go. It’s’ going ~to
in,,that,bld
I &ow
1.m the oldest one. A midwifc.~iook
’ old~midwifc
them
me something
there” that
had no dyctsr~q. and we absoluteI\;
I;os/Yrc says ahaut
aTyou
\\-e used. Let me tell you somethi&.;
our family.
that’s
ivhat
& siraight
tibli
~.’
’
[to make
and
we’
if I’have
hun I! red
we were
LI
I
l~~xClGIy.
4‘=
d..
i’frit
olii-ril<lvt.s
15C,~,,,,l IWW, My
I
wheat
:II~c,Ii,~ir~l igd
lcllirlg
<,oil: rh:it old-ina!
than’he
ii\X$
011 ~;““‘.“1‘11.()
tlidll’t
stuff ‘i’ik,: WC do..tr:~~l;~!:.;:I:li;;r’\ \vl~;~t, tllt:y Ii\-ed, on. ‘I’;n
ithat
!,rui;e’-1his, i-i,vGup*,
he descr\:es
more
e\‘er KU!. &Io\v ill tl?:e dicker% that e\.er’cu,>>e al~our, that‘:
th’ing ty t6in.l
.A
l&lVC
ahout.
~1.1.c I,een,.ltl
th+t y:& two sroriw.
‘$‘w+stor~-
log h&&5;.
10s h&~?e,%Ad
t!Gri jusi as ~fiilr; ~nnd they h&n~thin,
pole axe :I+ :I I,,-oadRle.,~?Kat’~‘:1lf,~~e~
the!- ~hnd. and. &err xhir\~rd
In f;lct,
1l?c i&es
yor-Gtli
and they knowed
th;it rhex
”
%I 0117’~ ’ .-
\V:IS jL!st, setti~ls LLIJ
c; else absolutely,to
had,
.
jllst some-
I :yins r?iGd
thelIt-ltrgs
rredit
but a
that
I)uilt& \vondcrfub
was:~~l~ ;
.
houses.
.
Arid th;jr’s :!I1 ihcs hxl.
and-thev &dc ~heril. _
*
.
.’ L,Iy ‘dad &‘;I
good l,liii~~i!ljrh,‘,;,,,d
1 S;IM -1,;~ lay a head on. $1 a$e. I’,,
IIC:\‘CIsaw hinl*in;lhe a l,road;ixe.
I)~11all them ha2l~honier~~;~tie axes now tl!at !‘,,,*
d&e ,jhe, N,cJ;?. Thy
were 211~hqmrniadc:
,.\ncl
you u,illd’ grip?
them
a2es \
and whittlc rhcn~ ~lo\ul \vhc~-e you UJUI$ sh:rvq the hair off ~vixuy IcQ and
ho~v in rhc dicken< ~hrn;’ old-rimars
could ,e\‘er temper;so
so&l; Bout the)’
made rhrm
\i.-ork going.
or txo
‘*
up in rhr COIII~TI~. There .xus I)lackslnirhing:,~~~,he~
kept their
/,
1; n>iglj,[ lx po~~.Cl,le that up in onr’ settlrnl-alt
they’d have 011e’ ’
l~la~~k.~n~ith~.
Kow
\\~hen,it
came
to I-aising a hou&~l$
folks ‘has told me this-when.
old fo!ks yor I-eadv to l)uild a I~OUSIZ(,a new man
or a IWW mb.n gor rn@&
yet all them
rolling
fellers
who
enou~~h to h&Id the h+~se.Sl’hen
;md get that
house
did them, ,~o I guess
man say that-he
hcbped
hr split them> hewed
coming into ;hc settlement
mzc all t&r
log* c3ut, and
in there, ~
th‘ey‘tl ,pitch
Io,~s together
a lq
nuke
raised
maylie
in dnc
I’ve got .it p;.ettv
;L &IU ‘a house
then1 out; got cycry
ihry
day:
straight.”
out uf puplu
log ready
.Jbe
I’ve
have ~fo norL~h rhem. Them
ular work
notchrs
talked
heard
to
on’e’
logs, and he said
I;$ [hi-ough
thcrafters,
;
was cut with a axe;~&~d that
~~~
was partic-
l~a~,k~ihrn
.\nd I wani ta reil you sonjething
that I’ve had*a dozen peo;lc
guess. How did them old-tinleys get thei]- house 16vel and squ’are?
ask n!$, I
Yqu know
xv nci iev’els. HOW \vouPd ~OLI get ~that loi level? It’s !‘erv siqlple, IKW.
a l)uc.ket of \\;ater and ,set-,it on the~re and ,stand and l$i:,Ft
‘tha,t wate!
Lvith vour eve till it got pi-acticallv
It’ll work
j;s;
a$ good
way they did it.
And
co\,errd
a great many
with slate.
Ibarn fort\
come
.
GOuld have
and thcu fiir!, &~~ yx ill thex aild they iaid that house up in cirle da!.~
-After the log, is split and c.ut out, there still his a-lot df work to do ‘cause you
there
Take
,,,
as my fo&foot
.& I,
of them
Al ar~xmd
lcvcl.
old log lluildin~p
III f’a~,t, I coverctl
feet wide and
eighty
(iif che old flint ,miil there.
ya.s in _\,laryland?
the sang
;I llarll
l&t Ioni
and
You eveI- read
Now
a!ld you li;ld it !evel.
suit
enough,
irlol;th or herr]
III;I~ I built
co\c&d.:it.
al&it
tbt
Phat:s the
,:’ : ),,,~
was ‘actually,
.,
up theI-c, Built~:I:wit,h the slate tJlat ‘.
(;iG Airit’~xnill j~hhat :_~
FVell, the): said the old flint ,mill was ;L htlndrr&years
old
~
1;‘1‘7-;1 .:\xI)
C:H;$&IE
R&
f&\&y;;~
.
*
A n,;it~ that. 1 w;rs’E%Ykin~
irli.'.!il~l!~7s~
Irortiiyg.
r~10i
;III~ it w:u
pwtt)~ much
wiih
Ot&timers
pnlc;.
‘~l‘\\;rt~r-jll~.tl wide
+cc~r;tic.
called
And’that
it \vei$hi
rhe nxw~
rodf ~rexr
;
i&n\.
I knpw
is $at
poles
-or
for up cA&c I~oi~ght tllc
I-obf,?nu,l<:, was he!,& on
that
<i-i old fetler’%er,c
,:>‘axgu&
;IIJ~ help 111~do the job. i>tit he’, x;olJdn’t.
man
on
bought
m\self.
I:irit
Atrrm-to
dk,it..He
slate’1
ever put
c.
out there iand
c&x
i
tried to beg him tn”sta)
&owed
me&w
to ‘put it
I .i\outdn’t
say that all of them log’b~itdings~~was
b.
co\~rrrct~!~~rti datr. l)llt ;i :<I-cat mm) of them \I?,& I
So~~%r~~ WAS a %I-cat many: 6ri~ht^poles
used d,,o~n here in North C:+ro-
.,.
rhen
ihat
itood
I‘m the rftx~ that~ pnt it back on. Now’thai
mc hcxv IO put ir on. ‘I:hc ma,, .i worked‘w~tEi
on and
fhirlg, had
on it.1 r\nd
h+d $ n:tjt hole in it. 1 c‘ut theholes
01,. 1‘!y
~,
;~c~d~~two-foot lo11g slntcs,
state
p~l.es~~~o\v
tt<el-c a hu~r~l~ctl )~car.q. SOIF, with weight
ic_ and
.?j
/
\\h~?7 thrl ‘Cwk’ii tlo\m.
st;iic~
’
’
he left.
liln.
‘~I‘lx~c:~~
:11l ihcv had.JSut
:.l.oof\
the;~. 11-c nc\~e,- had
those we$&t~ poleQeid
iio slate ‘here.
~‘lia~e a Poole. I \\.;,\ ;! Iwat-~1 ma,i n;)self.
first I~oartIi ~,;~crver
thn
lqall
makyg
had bid cur IlaitsJI!;
nyake a~thi:r~~inch
t~ixird in&~:
yis‘orie
llut rakiyq
nlakiay
down
them
,&
l,oal-d mat&s
p~-rrt\~ t%rl.
d+ded
to whew
thick,
w;~c so good
gut of ;vhalf-i,nch.
NX jwst 10 sho+%ybu
\Tou don‘t
.
cGrci$
The, h;df;i~~,ch’i’;i~&d
‘&d
rh;r&&‘:inch
fexv gor to’:nakin
1l;lhe
!heii,.r\~~~.ni!‘-fou~~~ilct,e~
thc+$,
cyf ihc t,oxd.-
I,‘\+ slept ~~ntter~thrrn
rhr-b\v boi\~ (uff: (:tc;in
:lnd
the txst
ixwl-d lvorkcd
t\~-ent!,-fc;ur-itlih
you ~IIOK. )ou
me, ai;d .my did
[in skiill,
,-0;
’
fun
can split
a
hoard-’
hc could
ta\~c that
But that,
of cowsc,
avant a quarter-in<h
board
tuo thin.
rentt!-,~worked
loq
~~! fa$ionl
tb
that >vas a
I co~tld xptir ;t half-inch
‘Xl!; dad
Ix done.
be’hest
to him
oak,
and cli&dc iI ;I~;I%I. 1IaKc: IWO Iloards
itbxltd
mari. The
;t oh& MY& rt ain‘t~ much
o;ik ‘or ch&tnut
to
th%t time
it, wo&t
M\~ clad learned
did get a-\ Fad
I rot
;it,i,‘a half-irl(:h
i& ;I KW~. Th;ttk
a board
here;; I got pret&clo$e
‘Mai-tin. K’ut \ou :J:rke \vhitc
l’&i-d
d+l,~
board
you had
t~e~foo~‘~t~~~ar~~~ 4n<a?
CXwnty.
~t?te~ oak I ne\-cr
make
ir,-
Wards,
so ye cut it to ~t:Kil-t>-.I’m the I;ist man
in \\ataga
Of rhe lxx
I.:\-cry row’of
&la and ti<?~;ti,rther
kmci,
Ikin:
ys
tloal:ds on. Had
i
Kow
and put them
inches.
you ,could have.
~;iwfUt Jyood. Liter
tloards.
lo&
lap it’sis
01 anythitq
Shingle
that’s
on they, was a
a bad
board.
ori sh’ingle fashion:
Board
faxhiob
not
you tap two-thirds
l*.
-.
old j)oard
roofs.
I’d jilst get~rrp iK&e
>,,p the: housr SO you &Id
:<ct hrcakfast.,
\C,‘Cli, I stick mid* mud chimney,:
~~t~ir~ii~iw~ 1tier. \v;,\
mol-ning and ‘1
,,
~., i
hue.
Now
that‘s ;i lr;~~~t,jf~~l
crliitnnc:\..IA!, yy!~. .lcrgs11p;mtt p;“.k your ~n,udin them,
.lhrj~ :~i~trl;ill!~jlxl ii fin: in .tMlii. ‘I’hcre w;~s UIO~I+ mud i,n lher-c so,yau
~ric~ltll~uiict your fire clr~iul h;l-c and.ic went rigtit on. ‘l‘heri’> a yrcat rn+ny
of them.
and I ciorr-t know
whey it can’t lye done
,.\\id
t,I-ii.k- ~-1125,fir<t .Ixick
,
that I e\~er‘rrm&~hcr
*)
today.
IrAng made’ in n’atauga
2.4’
,:
.”
&I:: ‘mtde
mud
oi IIILI~, red ‘clay. -They
mnchi~;e.
lqper
. *.
‘l‘hr~w
that
tooi u~~derxand.
had
:r-nx&hine
red clay in therq
Had
m$c,
they
;\II~ add water
a yoke of, own
hitched
p.\;“IR”
4’
called.it,
ihe
in it. It had, a
to its to pull that thing
al-ound and around. The); g{t~ thzii mud ,rlli~& lip :md put it down,e~l$re in
~,square molds. Set it in t&“‘su&iine’t6
dl‘y. M’hA that pot thoroughly
dried
~rhen;~yoll had a .prerty’fair
,Iri&
l(ut now it didri‘t last too rna~ly~yea$
I
sortj
brlicve
I have a recollecti~owof
;,liith ,stixw
addrd
to, the
something<
rnG< ~for a$diti6nal
-good IJ~,&V of them h&&made
b;icks &ed;i,n
ninii\ of tt~cni Li,~ed in mudl,i:~~k~.i~~~~~~~--~
[Later.
s~a~\-~i~iljs&$I,
said a\,out
a stl:aw brick t6o ,,~
~strength].
And
they
was a’
thPm old times. I &%!a a good
-~-~~-‘~~:~~~-r~--.-~.-~.~-.,~~-_._
,’
..
<o~~produ~‘e ,iru~~lding.~~“~~Zier.] I can take yap, back
to the fii-st old-time mill there ever >vas’arourid
her,e, The first,sawmill
ever
p”t 711 our county was .wrhat we called “a &sh ~saw.~,~~~~entu$;N~$ down1 IVow
~~,c~u‘vcweir
I,andsa\vs:
A :+n.dsa~
L$+ :&r
a, p~l~#
,a~$ ~&es
*~
down
around another ptille\~ and c$‘ts always g$ing~,dowil. A sa&~~~:~gdes ,up $d
cuts as it goes bat@ down,yiu$
it,&xs,!,up atid down st@hi.
‘Right ‘up and
do\vn
srraight.
And now then the$~ had~ an .ovjx;s~o-t~~heel~. l&xe~
wheel-in
it for $o<$e<. T&t
He O\VIX~ that
ii&
mill, a$
it set way up th< ro~~“)lor;de~‘.dpw~l~~~~r
little
we call Gab
old creek
Orchad
krrek,
it cbnie
Orchard
down
a poplar
do~x
to make
it didn‘l
wix thenq~o
did they care’? C%+
somethi$
\\~kn
the nlodul
r@
I)!- the
-~thouzh.
the
back~wds
side
cut ‘rlo:
&e
wheel.
2nd
ovr
wood
cogs made
tried
down
forwa.rds.
where
whcu
cold
&the
and cut
‘two feet through:
If.
and t~hr.ov+~the~other:,out.,
was &er
Au&and
p&&into
w&h wooden
You didn‘t
feet
ins 0~’ co$y.
‘~
pull
long ,011 t,hem,
of hick&y.+black
that.
but
walnut.
the buckets
cogs to puM your
I don’t
much
ofi
logs
,believ,e.they
tha?$“‘.th& WV .;? was.’ .4nd
.4n,d for a drive
shaft
most of
10 get r’cd maple.
I saw somti of oak once.
hxl
in the mount&ns
that .to~ m+&$ed$
It ivas~‘gear&;p
tkveive
them
be&-~~
mills.~con~c
out,~‘I%etiry ‘I%ylor put whim a m&&n”tiill
,,i
of that ~+L%K.Thit
sash saw was p&wed
with water
The water
ovrr\hOt
I?&
tWo acres. That_,~,
wh&t~,$ve it ~the
; ~,C /
,.i~
Ilut tjmlier ,)vas”~illioix
outat.~‘~Ia~l,e,it.iu;~s
up and cut ‘anbthcr
., But ~hat’~ the first sawm$
called~-C+b:;-
there,m:vst
;
at those.,mill?,
a ,good Ilit of tim!,&
of feel: \Vhat
&i
the: ;I~
space in .there aI@
I ever seen, and that’s
Ilame.
and million
H<x~~~$$‘l&‘.
And why $d<i<
Creek.
bff the mdunt@n
qx~cc cleared 1,~~the, Indians:-a,\little
wxs the thickest place of crabapp‘les
Thc\~ w&cd
I~qi~~&d:~o
was not$:i’~
i~ng but the ovwshot
:I mill that
I liw
he run
saw the
I’d say the first one~,I ever saw was red ~napie.
‘1”
In fact, [my wifr‘s] ,g:li~ndpa on her rnothei’s side,
for years.
turbine
That
wheel.
was with
It had
a turbind
:I overshot
wheel.
.Wheel
I%.
~hc 1imc!:co&
and t& water wheel ,j,:e out--tler,l-‘old-time
‘*j
$ZSout,
un~dcrstand ; they d.An TV1ast a l,ifeti~me-solnetlody
That’s
\Vell,
wheels
cams
Eita’ Harik~
holding
a coverlet
woven
by Charlie’s
gr$mdmofhe~.~
\
,‘T
\
: :~:
,~..~
~,.
,:;~
.‘\~,,.,,
?;.-/
,.
/r
/
.,
.~
c
I’OXFTRE
26
4,
:~;
a@
along
with su&
and
all about
this turbine
w&z1
aird. he recommended
it
and told him how it workeddown
in there, an$‘$;ul’dp;t
putkone in. Now 1
didn‘t wc hiijl put it in, I)rrt I cafi tell you wl?a
t- see, a1rd know. WC
~~uo\w~ ot:vr$hout
t\vq miles ~ITXI~the mill, alid we ‘n&c
‘?p t~hnt’ mill. .4nd
x~herl me :Lnd Walter,
cam
ovel- the mountain
and
!,ou‘tl think
to it, we took
$tcr
his t&ne
and
he:d
wheel
got some
1~went
lodged
right
&I&
.+up. there ‘W;IS gr~dpa
down
my I~ushel down on the floor, walkrcl
you *ome clennin,g
,’ IIe~said,
I siid,
He
that
grouchy,
But hy \,~a”
with
somt
had o\rerrun
~down in that
wheel.
ctirn
the thing
And
when
I ‘i
ill there cleaning that wheel out. I set
down thele, and I said, “Could I. helps
l
1’
yrs you rould.”
where
snid, ,‘+Ydu stan,i
do you want
&er
me to work;?”
ihere-right
close to the
to you and you pitch
dry, we’ll use it fore wood.
him get i~t cleaned out ‘ipod,
it was sieel, and
He too$:a-#ini
onk time
and’he
out?”
“God;mli,+t!;
“=\I1 right,
up the&
~~?ohim.
to go
packing’
Ac was vxta
Ml y@.~ gyt ‘&d
had been put in there,
tr;ish
it a practice
first started
a peck apiece.
he was ;I old hellcat
fl-iendl\-. ~That was ju~st, his &iy.
,n~,y I)rother,
.
how
wat~er there
and ;I’11
it over‘~on the Ijai& there, ,and
‘, j
an’d while
all the water
we ‘was cleaning
and
all went
it
down.
as I f$,down
t’o h$sing
him. We got it gqdd
1~
you stand right there until ~1
and c[eaned out, and he said, “Now $harlie,
;
get the~xvater turned on and let me s& if it works.”
--.
He turned,~it qn and see’d that hit u’orked pretty good, and he said, “come
’
OI;, Charlie.
to mew quick
That’s
gonna
\‘r’e event up&>
Ix &st fine.”
+nd he said,
“Charlie,
I’ll gl-ind you as much
Corx! over a I)ushel
fi-om lh:It day $1 that
old man
o\w
died,
been
good
to hklp “e.
he was + real friend
‘,.
And
to me. I could
go
and tz~lk io him and he’d be just as nice as you please.
Xow
took
for paymknt
he’d take,
two toll d!s&x-out
just
a half a bush’el,
\ras
a lalv for old-time?
than ~half~a bushel,
One
time
the
he took
he didn’t
raised
ge~tting prett~y .well straightened
maybe
grain.
thrashing
that,
what
something?ou
They
w&at.
they got to grindmg
he,+didn’t
there
toll%
toll 2’ peck.;~ If.it
done that
I don’t
gu&s
whe’at, that
He
i
was (’
T&e
wa$Jess
way12
they~ raised
was when
more
\
the farmers~~
out. First old:thrashing,ma<hine
I ‘s&v
machine.
little
f-hey raised
don’t know.~Now
laid the grain
this frail
lx a ‘gallon:~,If
z peck,
toll it. iill of them
h&e
were
Before
ten g%llons in:,a bushel.
would
oire. If it was
corn,
was a \cood
That
mille& ‘that~ you cou!d,n’t
cotinty
but when
let’s see. There’s
of. a bushel.
than
And
you’ve
as ypu can get ~hsck home.”
was about,
duvn.
they
,uscd
a frail
[Aailj., on. That’s
they h’ad~to have a~.plac,e io hold the
Some of them
I’d say ten feet
long.
laid it flat down
It was hinged
on the floor.*
Bt, ‘one, end.
l’s’
I”
~,~
~~~~~~~
,.ETT.4
=\IVD CHARL,IE
You had
vour
~~.~27
hacl, ,lme, and you colne up with it and-therl.cotie
t
on the Gheat withone
whomp.
‘khe f&Is Gas usually
withe WTUII~ around
hickory
H.4RTLT:Y
handle
OWI ;mti do!vn
and
around
[:;t the joint]
so the end
a
would
,flip. Bent &c old stack of whe.at with *hat end till y$u got it done.
Then
take
a cloth~and
take your
what
they
first done
I underxaild.
that
was made
~~ ,I:don‘t
know
:~‘,,~,’
pretty
wheat
rig~ht in and there
mills around
but,finding
1
“{he m&&x
a bushel
was lcranked
of wheat
through
like~a mill hoF)pcr.
you go. -411 of that
windmill
.’
set up here.
hy hand-had
that
an4
YOU just
now’ was hnndwork
a ’ :
clean
pour
unt:l
it ‘3
your
the
C:arolina.
of hammer
7
to flip that [hammer’
to have water to run
‘
pull it up and down that way, wh$ not have the wheel?
O’
down.
But you
.i~~ I ;, through thereto
,* ~’I Ixliq:c~l3l
sa\ t~$:
!
with it, But that
that.wheat
tom-the &I.
big mills ome in, they Was Ia right smart
~lxfore
wrii?e V&U aboyr
got to :I~,, a, small-like
i
Thent;ake
Xorrh
ufi, and
That’s
and iogs. ‘I’here was at> loId, one that
It Chad a hopper.just
machine;
it in tha wind.
But Inter on they
lvith wood
$3: one,tiine
,, ”
,,,~
up and clean
you couJd~-rljn
quick.
thrashing
i end]
wheat
~vhar ever \sent
,,‘fan in it-and
_.‘,
*’
ROSS
ou hax to have.&ter
go to all that espehse
I seriously
in ‘the old-timey
tht! man that knows
doubt
business
about
it
if~~they’s ia thing
that’s
‘actually
that
+ey,c)Ln
never
,Now this old N&h
lieen
ever.
,,
here,
~a~c&na’s
Charlie on the ranrp‘.he built leading from the porch ,of ,their home to
cm the highwa!;. Borh he and bta 110,~have trouble neqokltiqc steps.
’
~
9
. ..~_
-.
L
-~--\~.~
28
been
iI Ion g time.
set up
way back \:onder,
Now
t&y
few ,lathes
spindle’.
vwc
w:~tc~-po~~c~&l ,too. l!$e.whn~~:&
in them:da\:s
III\ ~hllt w;is run I,!; w;iter. ‘lh$%,S~
a
.
crp
.: ”
I,!; hand too-~,,.-;t-l)ig ten-foot
wood wheel, hooked
tom n
c
I,can’t remelill)er
too nluck r~l~,out th~:lt I,iq wheel, ,I)ut I ban
that
in ‘40 that
Srandigz
run it until-Lh+ve
C:akolina?
cleaned
,three
inches
\Vell;
you hsard
tall, of the ‘40 flood
he run it up still then. ~.,T\‘ehad
this whole
cou&ltry,out.
of the floor,
cleaned~ ex:erything:out,
No\<
that
hack
.‘,hyre ixi North
‘,, within
lathes
t&led
Xow
remember
tonight _,.I\
A lo; of this st,uff I’m tellin,g you ahout
and, it‘s I-MI survival.
had turning
most ,nothifig
_,
msF.I&‘4
.&
and
u
W&r
stood
on a little
a flood
~~~~~
~~~~
here
up on the porch
creek,
too.
That,
flood
no%,. ‘l‘ook eierything.
ali of that _listuff came along up to where we hit ,Foxf;re.
is just so accuratti there’s no ase to talk nhout that.
I and
Foxfire? 1, which
T ,,(_,,
”
-_
In the ;econ,d section of this chhpter, rue ,tr,y to covei
‘n builder-a
/<lent he learned not.in school
by esperience~altine.
stantly
today,, though
coul$ point
&iiie.
’
the& &t
Those
Mhy~of
few
wen,t to college)
the ~buildin,gs her ‘built ore’still
of the people
to y&r
(he rz%r
Ch,arlie’s career as
in h~is surro&ding
Ile\ did his work quietly
buildings he is proudest r+f he supervised
-
but his caree,- spanned more than, f;ftvyea&.
:
but
used con,,,communit?~
.;
Fn,d t[Len stepped
d,urii,g :vPA
days, .~
,
There are IJZ@L;I’
fhin,ys th.&t mgke this coi~ple, notewol-thy;
not’the
l&art of
’
which is.,the durnhility of their partntirship (~they’rw h6en imarried sixty-j&e
years
j
and their iarge, Cloje-knit, fgmily
guzndchildren,
“and Iwent),-tfuee
(they
have foui
gre&:grandchildfeh),
children,’
Whe$
they
ttielve
mar-
ried
CJ Charlie was truer&Lwo a& Etta was sixteen. They were introduceJ
by 7’7-0~ Dnnr!er~, one of the kni/r mak& featured in this book.,“I
robbed
the czadle, ‘jor he>,” st&,~~hnrlie.
“Thnl’s
kind of a joke, but it’s the t-rut!,.
I‘did
take fier out ht sl.xteen. I*ve,ckon thpt’Svthe
c >>
made-listening
to mew!
Equa/!y +mazin,< is tl& amount
lack of formal rcitoolin<;
that Charlie
wont ,mistake’she
uccomplished
&
despite his,
a??tI more an;+zing still is the fact thnt ~ii-, ilid al/ ‘. ‘.
if his finest work after losix?
one lek ln d lo:~$,nlrrg
clccident fift$fiz!e
years”’
cigo. He Sets cuoitna on a pe,? le,? made by hand out of a two-by-six.
Etfa’,wwnpd
us that if &e encourn&d
hint; Andy I’m gladb,we did becnwe
rlnrl
phot
thtiu,eh the pride i*. thiie.
w?~r arcomplis~ed,
him: he’d br:g.
their s$ory i,r one that?
it is tunpered
WP” encouraged
worth tellin,g~
by an cilnztist childlike a?e
and a keen Jeme bf,.dishppointment
at
now that the
n,work is done. .-ls C’hwlie said, “SWnetimes 4 &lk aroui~d, See ‘l~uil~lings,,‘thdt
I put up, and f say, was i rnan~&ough -to put that buit/ling up,’ wh& I
,’
I ,?>.’ ‘-. _,,:
j
*
CTT;i.
,~,
n
;\N~‘C:H$&L’iE
know rl0r11 udl
,n&+
~;&&&,E’
I put il up. I’ui ~&ng
ii! ,rny so~~tlling
,~ci’cr sniil IO ii/hl~~~ else. I hnr~c went to /AC /O/I,N.SI’w
to ~OZC,
thati’l’6’e
--.‘L_
t&i you, q~tl b&n:
rvlic’rc I hod lo fake ttie b~~~lL~,y
/hc ho,r~,~~,~~!;l,i.tn- dilc.~An,d st&
me. .-liron~~ssheen 6;~ the bank when [ wns (Jo liouble.
~
But &is’s
I;een b.y
what I’zre
I
‘, m~,%,-othcr tokitr
knot-Xed otit iii u/i.
_,
~,“~.1ridIiiI,E nii,~?r ~been~stde~.
;~i)hodl~
7i~crl.c me now
~~qhnlk no/
‘cnusc
II~IIC, C‘tidie.
But I’m gone now. I aidt
,’
nwgood
l’our
/~rln;l?,
neeti.r you,
cmo’e, the /L(:o0.f I’**Lgii’e d~~,,o~~s’a pattcm
,:-?~
cleilr liqht to lcjoir-e oiler.
nd
we need y&,
,~olhr:s
,_
in constrtiction.
in wtiot, hi to/d us.
PLATE
5 Chrlie
md
T&I
C:mlrnn
lonkill,~
:,t .,dlC cove
C~rcek SchLtr~l that ,Charlie built
.duriq
TVI’.k day
(we
Plates
j w;.~~
be-
to go by. and n ray 01 strong,
We br,gan bj, asking Charlie I; tell IQ what jnri of e,fucntion
prepnl~c him fori hit careel
nbw.
I nin?t no good.”
he\ had, to
Me began to laugh, ,and,.m&f
5 I;.,
_.
\’
-.
y-..,
F
A
~3’
.
30
Lth I& tell you somethi&.
1,
I
--_
..
,*,-
_
There
was
three
months-,[,~uf.,,~f
the year]. It
:.~~~~,~~,.~~‘.,-~:,.
nib&t‘ nc~r‘~~~~~~~~~:.thert’ +muld Ix windows
‘:.,
\vo;~ld Ila\C-Eb:fi~~,that,
and it would cut
t\vo and a half mon’ths.
school:
It was years and years Ixfore
But :JOW I &dn‘t.~go
~0, to rchocil,, my daZ
N&V rn!: dad~yas
us&d to’say
wrong,
hal:d up>&.
would
rwb’i$oriths
sc,hboling
school
The
old ~, fdlbv
i
children
that .I,:go\,
C:rucis
up. I‘hey
that
started
of y&n
of ~nf>;,education
to give
the way it went.
come
help you’ get an education,
for ,seven cents a month.
So we went
to school
a part
to i)e, honest,
the Episcopals.
corn,,, throukh
them,
that
the pait
Now
school.
an old&e
but
I ain’t, got much
pass a fifth
eclucatiofi.
started
being a carpenter
cxpenter.
One
hbwe,
Cme awa!~. \\‘rll,*yhcn
.~’
hax:e my little self; I had
old-rimey
shingles,
help l&
when
I
*
best th~at’s eve!
educa&n
and ,learning
&od
iobls,
he ‘got ready
and they-w%
a,os? of the time.
to climl, that
now, Then
to pit
Once
the roof 011, I just
lad~dkl- and carry
that
didn’t
away
up--he
shingles-up
lx- :
to whim.
:r&hi’t ‘want to p‘ufthe
and, I gbt sup there
I guess you’\Fe read
ever started
about
the
Mast
hel& :
and
nailed
’
go. We
putting
Store
water ‘~:
in tlibe-
papers? Now right across the road thye is the firs; house he ever owned.~H~e
conic to \‘alle Crucis a sill& nx~ and he married thcrc. iVow ahay nround~
up 111~hill there was a &ood spring,and
,*a little Jvood spout.
He got it there
a litlIe stream
and carried
:
p&the
up and withpne:phand
Jots. \\:e <vere the first ones that
house.
that.
couldn’t
them7t\ro
nails to the.shingle.~ T‘hat‘s the first wo$ 1~can remember.
.’ AI!; father rau@t me a little. fle taught me as far ns~~he could
to a man’s
he was
satisfy~ me land I Chad ,to ge’t ;
him a two-b)--four
;with ‘the other,
L.
carpenter
He got to iakin, ~7me with him tb sorta
on. He, throwed
to,+ther
I ~tias
and he had ,?d,out*a mile to &,dk ‘from honie.to
On the last-getting
la-id the;shingles
of. the
with ‘his tools
He kept the ke< in his pocket
hz’d get lonesome,,
pipes
‘.
grade’ +minat$n
work,,,lxit~ he didli’t~ fi>& much
in,Imessing
job, and
worked
uw
they done $or: mri Bigger $art
I could
I really
dd the i&t
a spring
and
education
-:,
huijding
~,that
oft-the
I‘nr not an Ep,iscopal,
wot-kPmhe >ays six ,years’ old. ,He had i ITo? of f&l\
last sbffbld
’
i,,,’
here; and. started
oldest
I really xtarted
up and
I got &out
his four
1\1y d,ad,dy was
Thar’s
get
&to sending
gix’e them, credit “for what
l,eeir, anh’ [he] ‘eoqld
kept locked~up.
he yulcj
SQ in a way,
the’Episcop&
talked
us an education.
When
Daddy
So I nev+r got ‘buch
[eithel;j.
that
all my experirnce
with arit:bneflc.
a kid.
try
folks to try and
t~herc. Infict,
hut Pwill
.~-doubwith
when
are great
I got it through
derstand,
he wotild.
but he did the best ,hecould’.
in,a few yars.‘That’s
to that s+ool
of a c,quplr
to6
co~me and take <us out of schobl.
.ii’e ‘lived~ at .\Wle
their
td &ool
of water
his water
running
into
back to his house:
i
,
“By gr-;,ciou.~:i IOM
‘: itrc
’ -“Cto\tl, 111,. *Ilast. 1 dorl‘t linw.
the hotlsc?”
Ali I I,
-
* ‘~
T?r-..~-.-mm~.m---L
\\‘cll,
_
,~“^--,
rh~tid&$~‘t
\,
I‘CJSFIRE’c~‘~--~
-
.~____,-L
:’ ,,
m+
$
Ixk~::Ykou
it much
still had
thq same w&&
ning
down excrpt ‘yOu h:td water jn,thb
kitcherkv.
_ I
;
~,
f&v &\,S L&et- ihat. ~.- ~
. -’ I,
’ ” “I ..
“CA&lie,
I ‘\vanf~that
$ipe
chairgcd
+e+t).
/.
.I
loan meethe \k~lies.”
I said.
ti’rnt,
“~~I1 rights. M’e can Cut krd.f$$
khc
mn;-
i)~ck d&k
a~,
I
omission ,says +e!;Y
,
i
:thnt ‘n&md.‘:
~a!jre yen”
over,
there, and fixed that..Therr
that‘s
vih&q, I F;to~peed-livo.~-~;ing]~ gith whim./ But
frail
got-to
bkkre
then I$
~‘fi~&.jol~-that
I eventually
I i~one riiter that’:1
D+$dn’t &en
After
,n&
the&]:
$t’
r&v
‘~~~~~~~
&&The
?‘~ q *,
and a l@e
file.
was i~~ade.kxn&&&s,
tl&‘s
: _:,
the ~&I+ ‘& st&c,d’
my
d
>,lr. Afast
ri$t
~om,pipe
the!l.“,Prol,ii,l(l.thev
knok’alxx~t
pluml~in~.
5)
don~~iL:~~it~h~~ipjpe wi&ch
know khac~saw
[but .we didn’t
f+t
&Ad
T ~’_
had
water
pump&
;G, ;t got, 10 & + ‘~@c!$ th;n&
land
C%W there4n
hire He&ii:<
h~6use is the fi~st,~,athroonl::and,
tub
,.d.,,..
_-.”
.’
gut up ;I; Watauga
@unty;.:Sly
got-ihe fir.st lkhtub
&W was
Y&f. ;,
every put *in -3~\‘&tauga. County;
a&it’s
~till~;t&re. ‘& V.a~b~d~“~~~~~~~~~~arley
~,
that yas.e\w
~‘byl?r
illhen ?G~$&t that i ‘~
“Char~~~;$~l~ ,Siye, :
job done, rhea, $urnlxr
in chayge~ walked @er a#$d;‘
<$di;,$
20 wjth m‘to,
John;c&,;r: g 3% :?s “”
;~
yoti the same price ‘as I‘m gettinzg-“to ~~
in
.r
c
s,
L
,,.g,
::
hel&.”
~’
G ;,
‘1.
I sai&“;‘I ain’r 90’ no’ use
~in,&ljn+
Citl;-.,I’vL
got ‘a h~p$$&
h&e. I
-’
.
ain’t
pur fin the,rccond
interested
,home.
otie, a+
in going
I d$r;‘t’go.
And
,down
from
there
jlittlr
I&r
but rn far as knowing:
it IIK:IW~
concrerrd
here,
ybur cement
and
.lnd
that‘s
smart
a dinrc Linus&
it done.
pluni,,,.‘~~
1: $ayeS
nt
i’~3’,-*s,;
~‘6~ till I‘ve-got
so\ I ~@n’t, pl6mb,
r&e &I, copper
heri,~ t,&k I patron-
tu)Jing
&I
&h
know it xi ))it.l,ette$
I corrcreted
the
ajol,-~-l,~ingin~.~
distance,
bit.
~hclji yoti
they don’t
quite
put in y
helper
these plun$ers’;ip
right smut
.so far :L.sa plun!)~er,
w~ouldn’t ler them
want
than
on up.
box---it’s.3
feet. Th:lr‘s ;L ;ight
And
plumbing,
I come”ri,yIn
a$
thit,[ti&]
ofI and on I 1~ Iwzn ~plGnhing.
ize no\\-. they’re
I, w&the
first.&in~
. I
&k water
as thit;
_
tl&n I know
that
was ever
‘.
arounc$,make
job. I run ‘C&Eone time tweike $in(red
hut I’ve do&that.
ifs 1, was al&
plymhiy~
to do my own
pkm@ing:
.for,,n diIlre. I youldipk
I’ve n&7& see11 n pluInL-
[now]
let, them
do the ti&+,~evactl,y
I-
have ,~,
the way
I
I hnm to patronize
theni liow. I’vk had them do&.p, here two
or three tirne.c in the last five years. :Mlherr I xo in* the& (‘they’,re~ Rep~hlican
I 40 in at. the door and say,! “Hello ‘therel .~Old
and I’m :L Democrat)
Democrat,‘~
Th,ey
in troullle
mi+t
near
today.
nlwa~s
You Donna
say,
“\llhy,
ain‘t ~~OnnlL,11,-n yoi, dowlr.“
But now thr timr‘s
old head ain‘t so craze
Soy
..
COI~~Cwhen
I .bn‘t
help rn~$?”
+h;~.$c:re
n.
’
~~ixmx help
*
you.
do’ ;xothing.
But I could
libss. My
vet that I ~don:a knowChow&
up till I wa$ &\waeen;
my dad w&the~Z&
.~
11’~ ”
-
joh‘s-done!
~ahyAutcly.
~’
The .way he
El&:4iun
Cti.4RIX
ROSS
said it M& wh:rt weni.
I was under
‘rmy cpvn ,goinl: outs hc1.e m;lylx
1~~s~: and
I)uiid‘it
, blueprint.
wodd.
c+
know
“I$&
They
I?orn with
sav
foi-‘:b&
~C$I&?‘s
quit.
enough
tracks,
hook
~+v~~x .4ud he
‘there
~‘as. al)out
nobody
:Xfarxlnnd
,,nra+e
work
tinie.~ And
to. huiltl
dairy
$pme.
way here.
Ihyself.
’
in ?nllc
(:ru(:is
/
who
people
I WCS workinK
Ii, therr
for. “I’lut
a&.t no rucll~thiny;
work,
or Iuild
‘That’s all done
away &th,.
:\:mnn
:I hou~e;nnd
But lloy
most rase.$, the): had a hand.irr
then.
comes
trips to
too”with
lilt to build
,wit+
stay
\chnlc
houb
and ye
l+n!);sbif
it’s-Frnig~ht): h:ud
{fiat’s kindly
But since, World
aft&
your
,own
the way I worked.
the ~olnnlullit~;that
would
.4nd now ahout
tlr2~vin~~knife.
I’hc
that
lvx~~~~sc y$an’t‘put’thc
to raise your
.._
a
the
War
and WRIIJS yob to do him
you~~ook.
1)oth went together
And in”
”
be able to help-
way; I hate
rafters
board.
fiever
there
and
built
;L
Up: l)y yoursrl~f: And
fyanl~e-~~~onc m;m.
the only tools I had tier+
firs1 few houses,
now,
n haid
I built
,,
ihem.
with
not; a carpenter,
underst;md.
I 11rudly. ever had’n carpente,r.
I’d @out
2nd pick lip n lallorer-:;nGho{y~
that could help me.~I done the h&g
IxW of thei work.
let
:md ask for
~luy
till it was done.
was c&tomary
x; that.
him
them
work-
~wouldn’t
the h.ork
asked
my own
~ypair
1.11thein ~‘days, y!+~‘” go put a~$ stay withy the?i-bda,rd
stay wirh
to
$&IX old, I was
‘to go out
Illountains--alne
Ix
I dip’t’have
;\nd
1~x1~. I W;L? li;y’,lxass nnc<do&
**
out, ~I~uihLn I~.o~se and
:a da)’
good.
that
It/ini$t
‘I’>vent to, rl~r~~~~rssee,,and made
I‘d & OL;~ i&e
,buldn’t
il coGld~ go qtif~on
it \V:IS considered
womrn
He n<ay 1)~
al,s.olutely
work.
I,uh nie, so I didn’t-have
thrn
one hand,’
~~‘,Same
;lnd
si:x or ei@t
else do their
~so~:k at that
Co
n house,
that
1 don’t
al?d the time. come
al~solytel\
it niight, lx carpenter
lx$ness
car&&,
,on my +G&‘be-
on my own,, I
rind. build
’
I)ut he’s got t6 i,earn it
to tP’ll him aii)rthins,
alo~r? ii, the carP.entcr
to the way
for any trade:
ooil got”~;o the point where
$i
so akd ;1k for n job. T-hey a&Q mc. \~‘hen I was &$tre_n
Jar
I went
Folks
like this.‘!~.wo
c:lrpenter.
i was practil-ally
I @~,‘a~>~ my own
nice:’
your blueprint?”
i,
x naturaI-116r~1
seventeen,
and ‘tomorrow
l’hose
1.211 l-lot ‘a, n&x-iao~~n
was
e\nqn a
piutur&.
one- built
‘Where‘s
ser the newer
l‘hen
“I want
in his daddy’s
till I &s
cbuldn”t
farm *vork today.
r\fter
we first/ started.
ever nattiral-l&in
of his children
him
house,
of a
without
1~ctus.e.by looks, just identic’ai
wanted.
f;Aer
a sense of folloGir~g
ms far&
Ine and
‘l‘xke ci%ge
it mybzif
LO hi< head].
the?
my
is the wa!; I see it.“Up
rstand
when
L
come along:
got just .what
“~kno\y.: 1, don‘t~think
cause
of a certain
up hcre’,“~[@nting
understand.
Build
,
I %+/asdoill,yS, I was on
01 five milcy
l&ds.
blueprints
I ICiilt that
ity,Soyi,odi’d
~,:I- always
miles
thirls
out ‘iA&’ all the I)eautiful,.honlrsi-lust
0’; an)-thillg;
the)- wanted
there
;.~
;
him., Next
one or ttio
pick out a picture
IAuepCnt
”
with
N.o& we,didn’t
big &t$o$urs
H,\kTI,EY,,,;~
<,.Ye,
33
sati,
n hand
axe, and z
w&e. not sto&n~sheeJqri-
/
r
.L. .FO);FI.I&
34
4
:
~~
weatherboa%led.
a forty-fi\-e
‘\\:hen. they !xgan
[di-glee
I’ve done,
$v,
angle].
storm
sheeting,
We cut ‘.a11 that
\vas old hard
wobd
that
it went
by hand.
was taken
up and down
And-a
from
at
F
few jobs th&
t,he sawmill.
The
culls that wouldn’t pass for mark&w&Id
pass on into subflooririg
and sfd~m
t
sheeting. and It all cut~‘on a forty-five, and with a hand saw for the first few
1
‘r
years.
,s
iind on a ior of them buildings
I’ve qut up, that lutiber
was not ‘Sur-~; ‘1: ’
faced,
and you had,,>yorlds
nd- worlds oi’,-maple and oak to cut ‘on a fort!@
fiv,e., ,N& let nle ..tellL$o~ the d~fferer~ce. Twelve-inch
boards cut straight
,:;.-&.I;>:y;,:.:?pi‘.;2,z
‘i =
I
*
-~~~~~~~‘is:;Iust:e:actlv
a twelve-inch
cut. But when you start at a forty-fivqit
,~,~,::,~~:~,~*!:
:::‘T,,
’
~~~~&&$+meteen ,in?hes to cut that forty-five.
T&t’s the difference
in, doing~it.
,<$$
.:~,~,,~.
,~,;
~;G~,,$iGti~b~~~ltone ox: two ~that I had to put a fort+ve
on the roof; which I .~,
y?: III k’ was foolishness. Lumbe;
:?;I:~:,,
[S,o I was a’boss on those
_,say~-so. I had
started
to show
uni(er
came
.of the
under
.;ing I went
what- I could
said;
Can ‘you handle
hard&
For
jobs .tH&
sixfy-five
men.
forty-seven
“T\“ell, here’s
yoti
I had
nren,,I
your
had
c&w,
the way
I started,
I escaGated.under
can
think
of-to
forty-seven
you
I
that
.,huild
a
_
the first morn-
ten shovels.‘The
~Charhe.”
,)
I ,%ad no
~
boaman
got ten
&hbvels.
.
them?”
“I’Li divide
ado,, That’s
I Gent over.,“there,and
it. I had
iq there.
in and
1 said,
theni
the,cou,rthoq.
.courthousetone’
~foundation
going crossways’ on the rafters!
jobs, bui] when that WPA started,
them-work
one ‘&an awhile
Gid w%rk anotfier
’
one
awhile.”
Now there
ever
was men standing
star&d.
called
.4nd
“c&ified.”
showing
mrthat
@ain them
all these
d&hi&patched
some
,Depressibn
‘, live: without
gry and
&are
&made
‘and people
done
;hey would
had to have
come
job L
-.-
was wh.t.we
from
he_azg&@s~
~~,~~
hardly
and’that’s
And.it
haalto
,with.~WPA
have 3 job.
ever let him on ‘eatise’th6.y
stmation
infn
during
A~ fellow
figured
job. A4 mafi ori $TPA
and
then
that
:,
:
he. co&
was hun-
why
didn’t
l@:%s, put the&
It,;:&?: uplto me to-take
‘,‘:q.:&.
makt+&atamn,
bit of difference -td~the’m whether
I took care of hiq&h
fellow
&d
big b,uildiqs
kepf~&
could &or&pretty
out and not too stout,)&
and play around.
these
that
I! d&e
,,;
;
in with. o&k
jbb. C&x
to eat. I had io take care of fhem
it. Let’s say it. wa$a
If he was ‘sorta knocked
work-get
that
that needed!a
withy l@%)ers
him, work or not work.
awhile
a card
big rock buildings
~‘&l. If he was a gobd stout
work
‘,he first,big
that ~came to me to work
tb have
and not enough
naked
of th&.
That’s
the ,right
too. -411.these
were
had a farm,
hung?y.
to work,, them-all
of them. And I, had to
tixn ,,tq help me.~ Wheti I started o L WPA,,I
did ‘not have any-
,body but raw laborers
work
hands
They+hid
1~ha,
right,fhere
well,‘let
on the iay-~
him work.
him, t right job. Let him’
Now you nia
[put
a little bit of know-how;
up]
wonder how did I do all that
1.
well, I
w,ith that type of people.
and {hey is nobody-even
+-that
iS
’
ETTA
.4ND
CHARLIE
ROSS
HARTLEY
’
‘~
~
3,
’
6
PLATE 6 Xhe
.,~I,
,>,_ plaque on the
Cove Creeli:SdJqll.
.’
,.
,,,!.,lA,
,“.
i:
7
.:i
‘.
f
,~
F,,
~~
,:
‘_~
‘(, * -
1,:
_
p;
r:
.tt:-
$0 dumb,
tience,
that
he can’t do something”for
you can. take anybody
use a pi<k, he coald
put
him-to
?arr+ig
and train
us6 a shovel;
water.
me somewheres.
te
for something.
and if he w&-t
I g& some
If .you’ve
If he couldn’t
stout enough
criticizing,
along,
.
got pa-
to,~do m&h,
but
.,
it was from
.
I’m the man
1
fellow-s who didn’t iino\v.
sKow
the Vallc
Crucis
that built that absolutely
had
a few m&later
hit
the County
I’m gone frqm
here. The
[Foxfire
looked
‘job I bossed.
except
i&or
were oh the \l’Pk
pvtzr there
for’ about
fvrtr
thk rocks. Woti I
good <rock $5~;
they wanted,?
wil!~ be, a m~onument
.
,:
good job. “*,~
‘,
when
It’s still.& be+ti-
yeais. n,?y.
~~
~,Mr. W&i&~
/ .
over there Tao lOok z$ that, and s&ad ‘tfaqe: and,
,+$t
tb’knbw‘how~ifi
t’he~ world you,
at it and said, #’;\ci. Haif&,,?
a job as that is.” iZ’ell;-nc2w,.on.thrit
iob, 1 h&good
men.
Then
I built
a big rock buiihing
I’ock~ g)-mti\iumthat
at B&x.
I built.“Pm:prpud
land
ever done,
.During
bc!i<g i,nf&ested’
but,P h&men
Tl’orld
there
~ionlething~lined~~up
in: I think
h&I
want
You’vz
more
,’
rock
has a big
l?it .the CoveCreek
been
there
of that job than
and seen +
any I’ve
that was hungry.
T1-ar:. II,’ I was ,riding
the one in ‘th& middle
Blowing- Rock
of~zll of them,
is my pl-ide. That~‘s the Ias! :ob$ I built.
it. That’s.worth
slapped
~:,._
went
done such xprelty
School
‘1
to my grave
first dixz I ever p’ut up on WPA.
_It’s ~been there
ad\-&;
laying
t-h&were
hired most of the roc*k men b&au&
standing
building.
is the first Tl?A
with common
gn that
So that hiilding
ful
School
to wake
to towq
him
up.
with
Said,
two
“Wake
to show you in a few minutes.”
,men.
Driver
up.
I’ve got”
: .~
~~/,
,,
,_
..:’
~ .~
;’
-.
,.(
F\q~XFlilF,
$6 ”
4
‘,‘~~
I
I
6~
PL4TE
Charlie
i
in~fro&af
the’&&
Creek Schogl.
”
,,I
.i,
”
’
+:’ FVe,,,
I.was
~,011
-’ d erq
;
wh&%e
said, “Look ox& tKe&~$ou
“Jvhy sure.‘.’
Said,
“Qm‘t
you’tl%k
see ,that’rock
jmilding?“’
man.
.,~.
Got ,upi
:”
!
c
that’s something
L ,~He ~ar@&ed
him,, said,
~.$&&?$ovei
and :sla$prd.me
you~t.l$k
was going ‘to ~show that
“That’<:&
finest-~thini
o&that
that’s a nice~building~over
fine?“’ ‘3
oli
~$0””
I ever seen.”
‘1”’“Mister,
Jeg; siks,
don’t
‘e
there.”
#!
~~,~I’~~d.~‘~~-atura!~~~ I’d thinlait r&&$ nice building,, 1’” the @an that built
it;,‘~~:J~
s
j, ;i
3 ,#.
”
.
<:.,9-i.
He jooked,~,% It an& looked traight
back at me. Says, “I don’t give a a.,
.y/
damn whc+uilt
it. ~That’s the prettiest thing I ,eyr s”:‘~’
That’&+
fellow
building
Boone
a great
that lyilt
it. ,I wonder
to show,
that
surprise
I guess
to .them
that :Jw&
IheJittle
old pe$legged
y.
“Dick
I&o
this?:‘:But
there’s
~the
lc&of’times,
I could
pick
out
a; hundred
I was the I)oss on. Bu;, ,,,cov,e Greek
took two years to I)ojld.
The
archite?t
huiidings
is ,tiy pride.
w&s Mr. :C%lfee whose
[The
&bun8
‘ll$lding
oflices,.w:ere
,’
in
.
ETTA
-WD
CHARLIE
R‘OSS H.&LEY
p,;,; :~
,.‘,
‘37
* ,~-~:~.
~+::
0
PLATE
8 Charlie. watches yith
a smile
School f&e by 6n their way- tu recess.
Ix&r,
for
&rth
most.of
,him %s’an
,fareman:at.
The
all
stalls
Carolina.
the time
assis&t
heni!oc,k,
fl&&and
under
three
attend
for&n&;
and
Cfeek~~,
I 06 men
Working
with
a fourth
’
I’
are twelve
inches
..afl,d the’ floor
p&ter
thick.
The
inside
joists dare ,two-hv&w&
wal\s. A%l1the concr‘ete
&&s
= .,
Federal
his Cove
and &as over
construction.~
building
at the site.
,F
whg
the supervisor
was
sup@$rtendent,
of the build+g
are wood
was
building
the ;ock quan?;.
txx-by-six
7’here
Charlie
the
as students
&ver&x&‘~&id
fgr%the
major
labor, except
studding
is
hemlock.
:
‘. ,.
were precast
.#
_
for the three
RS lxot,hers&‘Leclie,,
Clarence,
and Earl&&ho
were the main rock men
49Gp”
“and; yew p&l 1~1~t’l$ County.
The ,$ounty
‘also ‘&id for the. &ate&s.
Three
other
rock mycn, Ben Brew&
Gu)
Carlt&,and
Wl’iUar~~~\$~atson were
paid by J\‘PA]
So
huts I fooled the public &Id a ldt of
., I -didn’t ~havc 1;1l!Ch education,.
fellows. I,‘nl going to tell, vou one. ‘I~:hat Cove Creek
School that I l&sed-I.
.-.
.went w&&g
&owd
with 6 fellow ,who was the ,cht!ckcr. That’s theman
i
s_,
:.,
:..
L
38
‘.
FOXFIRE
”
watchidg
to see that nothing
he knew well and good
was buying
there
all tb$
should
was siolen.
And
who w% running
material
which
hzu& niac#every
he was withy the enginekis
that jol3$?
there.
was [the engmeers’
one,of
them
4
bills,
and
He knew t&t
I
’
joh]. *The engineers
bui’they
did not
do.it.
I
,nlade all th,e bills and everything.
&id so. I’m a$alking
around
one ‘morning check+
my,huilding
and mi men, and he W&S always kidging, .and he
&jd, “Charlie,
Jvhere did you,go to college at?”
~~ I said, “(Good God, man, I ain’t never heeminside
And he turned
1, said,
around
“I am telling
him.
He said, “I want
of i college.”
and said, ,“Don’t he tellihg me a darn lie.”
you the truth,” <an d I like to’ have never convinced
you to tell me how in, the world-1
ing the hills for this job-how
in the world
kndw you are m&k-’
I
this job if YOUR
are you carrying
ne\:cr went to college?”
I ~sajd, “I got’mine
rience.
I went
the &unty.
kow
days
way.”
.And I did. I got mine through
to the top1 At one time,,!
was the highest
At one timk, I had as much
the woman
~
the hard
setting
there
[his wife, Etta]
let me tell ~ou’somethitig,
a month’:
Twenty-eight
Cruci,: School:
I quarried
&three
that
We were
days
calls a week.
month.
them
~-built~_that school-up ~to the foundation-basement
lars a month. Now you study ahout,that.
What
on starvation,~wages
collar
man come.in.
“What
And I said, “Fifty-six
are you getting?”
The
cht?ck come in .and .it w@ seventy
eighty
dollars.
white
collars
And he walked
And
hegan
wl$n
And when
lars coming
to me asking
ado?” That’s
th’e tiay
I finished
me,
:, T&‘s%hat
hnbw
what
I mean.
S
the big white-
now,
done,?
was up at a hundred
Creek
that
building,
weeks,
the
we gonrr;i
Charlie.~
all
third
the’ dirty
how ‘and let them
If you
what~
the white,col-’
this? What
,I told you I was going to brag some ! Even
and.
man
don’t
know,
..I
I can
come
to do that?”
-2
On
al-’
around,
And me fool.
for k: You
tell you:
on de-
the one that
work-they’d
get the credit
“’
down,
I
WPA
thBt knqws
job, I had
work
hc& we &ping to do this? How we going
to tell them
I? Finally
u<
I was the little boss-the
enough
fifty-six dbla day? I was
In a few Aore
we gonna
heating
“Charlie,
the ditches,
dollars,
with
the Cove
fense jobs when
the
Valle
1~
ways
gets
that
in, done
we‘ got a man ‘up there
“Hpw
I’ve come
‘,You’ie hragging
CHARLIE
I took
off.
I got through
to say, “Well,
he’s doing.”
ETTA~:
is
~j
By, the tin% I got that building
a monrh.
there
dol!ars.”
feed.”
.dollars
in
twenty-eight
and all-at
was I getting
too wasn’t
“Chicken
next
Right
supposed’to,work
the rocks out, hauled
near working
cabenter
can ,tell you that.
is *working
pretty
paid
expe-
ought
all/jobs
to
any-
9%
E’ITA
ANo
where,
whenever
around’
pear
CHARLIE
you
ROSS
get
,ou
there
what
[as a carpenter].
right Snow, they’re
is there,
can
go into
there’ll
twelve
ioved
four-foot
pieces t6 each corner.
Well, I,aon’l
certainl!
ain‘t a.s stout
I head to build.
collar
hundred
houses
the work.
hut that’s
I never
ap-
you get
Nowadays,
and some of them
know
ofices
he when
‘or fifteen
with plyweod,
any
he ,a.*white
the way’it’ll
i4nd I always
stern? sheeting
as what
you
tq do. That’s,
there, now.
But I guess I’d be safe to say I’ve built
in my fifty !ears
39
to the ,~point that
and br the best secretary
over you telling
H?rRTLEY
put only
i
all right,
but it ~“‘. ‘,’
to sheet
had plywood
the side with. It wouldn’t
he- quite as stout, but I g;ess it wo Id hold if it
1
,lveie put oh, right. Now: plywood,
you’ don’t want to make j st a straight
I
joint. Now that’s \@hat allot of, the,m do. Say you put in two sheets right
over :each other.
1;‘s quick,
and ,I reckon
it’ll hold,
It’ll he. ~$1 r:ght till one or two of them
one way oi the other !
‘Back
CH.4RLIE
:’ She
away
bossed
w&
from
the family.
r that made
-~ETf,4:~
them,
at
home.
home
looking’
after
She stays at home
you’ll
the
family.
She
children-hut
shk’s the one
aw,~y ~from home.
old rough
Sent
m&ntairis,
steepee
iv&n’
than
Do you feel that a wije ihould st& at home and work?
”
CHARLIE
[laughing],:
I doq’t much ‘yant tti answer
an ~old,foge)
myself.
from
what
it;then.
hoy and a man from
My
One
back
anything.
ETT.4:
I tbok
wa); I’d love
to ch&nge w&d
to&e
an ‘old crabby
at all. I’d want
to answer that.
lifk,
,)
back again,
sqme;
permit
it. Back
then
friendly
That’s
She
I’ve
diffeient
,,,
and
poIite.
go back,
about
I
all the
;
I suppose,
training.
to work .at, that
my children
were
so I could
small
work., If I
I love that
now,
and
but
”
differentI,
two or three
If I could
different.
I’d like IO go into hurse’s
but I’d love- tb be able
more
mostly.
it enti?ely
because
entirely
I’d change
I had
many a day
,,, ,,,, ,,, .~T..,
,~,,,.,,,, ,~~,.,., ,~,,.,’
.I’d he an kntirely
T believe
I’d just \vish to keep gooh h’ealth,
was i:oung
won’t
back,
I’ue ever bees.
want.that
way I know
If I could.,go
that
everything
what
life has been
wouldn’t
1’4 love to just turn
~~-,ILL, - ~~
,/
the. mo;ey
and worked.
been
.--
’
I
1 -‘~ ~~~
up there till her heart ,~knock&d her out. She’s been there
things.
has’ never
Eli,
not trues! L
I’ve, worked
I done
done.
find out
arid has be&n’ a rcal’kife,and
not me.
She Stayed in those
worked
Then
dpllars d ‘months, whrit was Etta
~~~~~~
~~~
~~~~,,~~~
~~~~
__,
and we’ve got four wonderful,
4\%, noTtXa?s
CHARLIe;:
some.
making fifty-&
)
worked
It’s a lot quicker
away.
-
when you z&e
:doing?
blows
work.
tiy
h&al+
I couldn’t
leave
?
~:
~
I;OXI:$R,E,, ,$. :.,,,.
40
them’and
do what
I wanted
to do because
I felt my duty%%
to my chil-
dren.
CHARLI’E:
truth
There‘s
is there
home].
two sides to look at. \Then
wasn’t
Back
too much
then,
we
to the, babies-taking
ba&-she
h$
considered
ETTA:
,~tq do
the ‘woman‘s
scare of them.
land
went out in the mountains
some,
I was raising
~else for the women
place
~she didn’t
a family,
[away
at
home
only take
and worked.
the
from
the ~~
tending
care
of the
I’d send money
when
:>
I
and she done the best sh: could.
1~did the farminz;;in
CHARLIE:
And
bossed so much
ET’I’;\:
I call
a woman
should
I don’t
Ix at honle
her
the
bogs
[laughing
again].
She
farql.
I‘m still a,-little bit fogcy
now~ that
with her kids. But the way times has got, living
see much
c,hancr
only to let the wife work
the wife caii get, a jobwhen~
leaye home,
: -~~.~~~ ~~~ ~--~‘: ~~~~~~,--~~L-.~~-~
help but boss a Ifttle ! ,
a’txent);-six-acre
is so high
children
why
she still can’t
\\-e had
23ometim~s
that’s
~othe~r~woids.~
it’s all right
the husband
can’t.
when
Ahe can.
I think~after
the
for. the wife to get a job, but I’~d,rathcr
~~~t~ome~t~~~~t~t~my-~children-~~~taken
c?~~of
up till they
be
c&n. go,?o
school.
CHARiIE:,
. ...tended
Mothers
are tiorking
to almost zany way
[That’s
and
tbday
letting
sort of drug
EI‘TA:
I’d like to see some
getting
to see changed.
I’ve thought
,~work~un
ill
ihex
and taking
here
cart
and ex:er)-body
defense
pitched
other
words,
been.
Now
plants
things
and
Of course,
kids don’t
I think they
War.
done
that
The
in’ place
heads.
away
.-.,+
with.
wit-h&w
mothers
needed
during
an$.’
I woulcl love
went
of staying
[the country]
all they could
to
~~
‘at ,h’6me
some_help,
'Course'
the War.
know nothing
about. Well, it left the ~~,
just djdn’t have enough
disqipline ini
‘~
and ‘they felt t~hey~weren’t
I’d love to see more
racket
one thing
I’m ,goin,g Vow
be frank
World
fin and helped
that’s soniething!that,$u
Children’ by theirselves.
and
the %wld
of the children.
of their
..b
~‘,
of it. Now that’s
tell you one thm,,‘o. and
this evct- since
:
of this here crime
to he too much
kids be carried
up by the hw
the (.atIsej for a lot of this deviirilent.
The&c
their
taken
mothers
care
of like they
stay at home.
should
I think
have
it could
be
‘~” ‘~
managed.
I stayed;at
-home and raised my~ children ,,,.an,d,. 1 ,l;gqw 1~,h$ ,+. ,,,~~_,
Krdi time, but I’d ra;ber
do ‘with less and know that my children
were
taken
care
cart
of propcrl)
of theirselves.
than
Do you
wet-k as best you can‘and
what
come:
[Of
I think
firs
left in anybody
and what
understand
unless you alxolutci~
course,
,me? Now
try to improve
othe.r people
the lessons
parents
else’s hands’and
thinks,
things.
but
you’re
Just
left to take
goq
to have
to
Now
I may
be wrong
in
I think
that
your
children
have ~to get out and work for a living.
try to teach
kids no\y
aren‘t
so different,
.
..l
... ,,
“TT,\
>-\Nn
CH.-\RLIF,
_ ~j..y;~-,<p;c~~:
_~ ~,:‘i-: -
,:~
R,&-~;#$++,,
-‘.,“.,
frhnl~wlut
.~!~~~~~~vc~I;,lck:!hen.:~;~lley
\\:t,/I IIOW.] Uy
truthful
paulntsj
aborlt
sol did ,$s~,. alwa);s
_,
Find I supfiose”&&
children,
I think ~f~ie~rkhi~~t~~~~~s~.gaes-n~lo~~~~
reading
somehod~~,
the othernight
?vIaylx
it plade
par$ntG
on that,
whir, how it helped~ them
~~l(ibrtlwm
rhq
I -l&o+
it made
them
nidre,
,4t least i
‘~.
do ‘%qh
their children ‘that
,.,=;.. .-:
W%jFS.~I~“iell.~you:girls,
&i~“if ;-au $oke
so tQ~sp:nk,
kind
e+en
words
if you
to
didn’t
feel ~I)et er if YOUspoke‘ to them kindly~ And
f,.
-.~‘,
it does; 1 ry tomlie kmd to ~:!n$)q~dy, weti if
you feel Ixrtcr.
I think
Xppw<+tte
it or nothing
dolli
that
and
us to I,e h&&‘a~d
pare~?ts do now.
now.
I~was
and
taught
did IO rnt
.+d
‘. * d’. :.. ,
to.‘l,~:;:tr~~ir~g,.hbld a~
j&%n’&&n
and
e~~r~tlring,
;+;F ‘, _I&
.a.
,,,,,~’‘~T:*~“;,hy
~~‘&&‘d&
,: .,:,,::’ ,:
allout
you?1
‘le~cl
,Ixtter
about,
it,:,txca~lr~
ir \-oul-self.
:Zlld
WC taughi
didn’t
pa)
with
and
.~childrcn
tattling
our- children
in the long &
it \v~nt a,qGnst
it~at all. I’d punish
~thent ~if they
in Durham
told
[Charlief-~wa$
done
away
I had
allow
them~They
-at
to he’ truthful.
or antthing.’
I wouldn’t
cza~lse I kn~i? .W~t&her
it
upi
to look after
them,
it d&‘t
thilrking
~~ouldn‘t~hnve
and
I’d take
punished
them
‘~2
or
I just,simpl)
concern
with
b
punish
in Illaryland
to corn6 in home
at school
allow
I would
at work~ma~~lx!
it, lIecause
did wrong
punished
That
~Gsually it was cauiht
if they did. .4Jld they ‘und&stoo~
I x&ldn’t
how they
&d
xnothe?~&hi;sg
.7,& ).i that I stressed on my
t~hey went ti+&hool to come home with
students
or .\sheville-and
didn’t -ronc,crn
hoxlest
And
when
the other
them
did.
111rm that
abour,
them.
was to never, braver
tales of what
to Ix
not to 1~ truthful~.,~?$
me and
gre$t
big tales’
up for them,
if they
it,
hadn’t
bedone
%T”,,,y,
.2nd
another
old yrias that
night,
rule I laid down
if they
wasn’t
hack
I’d comc‘~ nftrr-rkem:&nd~-I
the)- were sixtern.
up ti)l they
1,~ a ~cel-tain time
~did~Bfnt tlq
the): had to.l)e
was sixteen
$ I))- 9 : jo,
when
‘or eighteen
they
went
i~Gl1~~ ~i%&ed~
and not later
ctandiq,
hut I had certain
[-Tow ‘I didn’t
didn’t
f&r
never
rili3sed
force
hours for them
things
a~? them
ir on us to go to church,
chw(,h,
liut
we went
ogt~ +t.~-,~~~~.-
in. LJp till
either,.
was a little too strict on them.. I alwnvs tried to be kind to them,
years
I guess I
and urrder-
to~~g-etin.
like, rel~igion, though.]
My parents
hut th,ey ‘took 11s to church.
I know we
willinglSlfecause
to go ‘with
we liked
thrm. I don‘t think ailything
should be forced on anybody
because in time
“I’
-they -Willis,p ,rircd-~af -it-‘alid .fe]i~r .:i+inst “~‘.‘~..
It, lj:heii
‘1. ‘Gear f~i~i~~g”~~ .b&n
children,
never
we took them
said anythin:
to chu;ckl
and
iliev never
r&elled
ag’airlst it. Biii I didn’t ‘push it on them.
against
They
it. They
just natu-
rally Fcent.
CH,\RI,I’E
~voman
that
: I don‘t
10 do certain
expressed
thirlk
that it’s a good
things,
it to me once
In fact,
idea to force a kid or a man or a
we had
one college
in a way that ‘suited
me:
teacher
over
if a [student]~
I
here
is not
.’
,,,
~~
*r~
,,
~~~~~ ~-
-~
~~~~-
~~: ~‘;,~~
interested
enough
absolutely
,-I
’ FOXFIRE
,~~,,
in getting
pleases.
~~ ~~~~~~~~
an education,
If he don’t
want
turn
4‘.
h&i loose. Let him do as’he
an educationJet
him’go.
Don’t
r)
~force”
him. I stkll feel like he did.
Aud
I don’t
the main
think
religion’should
thing that caused
them
be forced
on ariyhody
to leave the old country
could the free here. Now we have a tendency-you
8us-to
feel the church
.a tendency-to
thing
that
Democrats
heaven
70” belong
feel that
is really
way,
and Baptists.
toI-,~me now.
They
I don’t
be good
but
Presbyterian;
them.
,-
lxlieve
what
or whatever.
So,, I thinc~it
odist~church,
there
there’s
all the church
My
That’s
with
daddy
You’ll
her.
Now
of they.
her and all .of
there
land,
is. We have
mammy\were
nobody
went ,to
I WAS raised:
organization
in it, he it a Catholic;
find good
is ~
‘But
Now when I got up and’got
away. NOW you just remember
is any kind of religious
good ‘,people
that
I,& me tell you some-
how strong
men and good
sh~ould he on. his own hook.
I went
idea.
<axed ~me with the idea that
or z~ Baptist,
now I’m a Methodist
and she is a,Methodist.
out in the \vorld; I had to throw z%ll~,ofthat
this:
on account
and I,-ani
but it’s the wrong
funny
,hut a Democrat
to, that’s
l~&ausc
When
I dbn’t ‘helieve,in
that
wOrnen
she joined
being
tries to
Methodist,
in all of
the Metha Democrat
.~
.,
PLATE 9 Charlie remembered
meeting Tedra Harmon when hc was working on the
church in Tedra’s community.
\\!hen he found we were going to visit Tedra to see
some of the knives he made, (see knife-making
chapter in this book), Charlie asked if
he could come along. We weicomed him, and had one hi the best ~intemiews of the
t*y~szE
~~~
/
,,,,
T,TT.<~~~.<&
CHARLIE
to~day ,nnd romorrow
ROSS
a Republican,
ist toda\~ and, tomorrow
I think we‘d har:e a regular
IXXW to d&l
’
I don’t
43
believe
in heiqg
a Method:.
But I’nx,~a ~&I&odist~~ nowmand71,‘m
to ever co&
war right
glade::- ~7’~:~~
to go to forci;g~~us like before,
between
us. I don’t
beheve gin forcing
I
fol- anvthins.
[.4n’d th:it’s
pqlc
and
a Baptist.
‘iv@sr;Ly~ed~rhcre: If the tinie &s
p&g
HART,LEY
:i
criticized
the
,~~~~~ ~~~I
SOIIK. :I&r+!eirtg ~&out
it; tho~ugh; and ,&out an you all
I just don’t know but what the younger
generatipn
is
the
way
acia!;
with],
\vc raised
our
children.
Now
we’ve
d,oing a pretty good job of it. We have a lot of jack-leg
up-\vhat
I mran bv jack-leg is qnes that’s just about
preachers
that get
ready to start out.
They‘1.e got 10 criticizing
that all the kids~ are going to the bow-wows
and
rhev’re going to the devil a&all
such stuff as that. Noti accor~ding to the
nul;lber
-of Ilad ones] we had when I was. a boy? you could almost pick out
the warsi g;iilg [of young people] we’ve ~uot now and i1 would be a credit to
us elder ones. I’d just like to see its keep on.like it is and keep getting a little
:>
whetter.
ETT.4
That’s
:. I think the young
what I Think al,?!<
people are fine now. I think they’re more sincere.
ill--~~-,:i ~~~
~~
pi ~~ ~~~_~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~
CH,IRLIE:
I’m of the opinion
much sense as us old~ fellet-s had.
ET?‘.+:
~That’s
what
generation’s
got just
as
around],
I’ve got one. You’ve
think Ettri will agree.with
I’ve always
been
made
ever they got too tough
I’d go right
WP.4
back
it. ‘C~OUIX, everyone
one man
ca> overcome~their
and the truth
a difference:
faults.
hard
back-cuss-just
the faults
I had.
deal to do with
j
on us. Wheri-
as big as they could.
I sort of broke
myself
of
it. But these big~ cpnstruction
jolts that I had to go on-(
I say I had to go-on t&m. I reckon I did. I had
to go somewheres
to get a job.) I learned’s
great &al there. I learned that
if ?a,~ had a lot of men, more .than ygu had jobs for, kekp them moving,
them
reti~em!xr.
moving
arou;ld,
on the defense
part of the time when
and
jobs,1
there
riper
I was a foreman,
was
no
fuss
fired a man.
but I never
about
it.
I
dbn’t
I had the authority
fir,ed a,man
agree
\vith al!,,gf them
Tvirh me-a
and mostly
lot of the faults
that
quit the cussing.
I had
when
[Etta]
b
just
‘,
TO
,on all them
big jobs when I had~ hundreds
of men scattered
&r
the area: I was on the
defenses job out in th: open for fbur years and then I went into the factory.
I got along
_~
I
is, in the community
‘l’hey was always
with me, I could
days had ‘a great
faults.
I’ve done away with a lot of my faults.,*
fellow;
611 ,it. That’s
has their
had his faults and it:w&iL
-~_,__%szcze~-all people has got a
got one. But people
me in that
a high-strung
was I-aised in, that
keep
.’
+
I feel about
[l\‘hen I was out working
=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cai]y
that.
the younger
Alore.
CH,\RLIE:
fault.
that
I think
I was young
will
are not
.,
FOXFIRE
44
there
now;
~~--~~-dm$t
maybe
some new ones though.
It’might
~&ink~ there ~+wid~~l,e~ ,ati; :f;~&&h&
what ii
you could
‘ETr’A:
overcome
Like
be somethink
you+ied
‘,
it.
my g~mnddaughter
said,the~
other
night.
- worstq
but
they
lrar.9 to rialize
CH,4RL~~:
didn’t
see them
your faults
People
They
before
see them
‘~e&zq&
She:~thaught
an ac-
and they stuck
just as bad:, or,
in the other
person.
than
~.,
a
You
:.
you can ge; rid of them.
now ~are~quite different
~~
~~orse~.A ~~
hard
quaintancd~ of ours felt that the &her side ,had all the faults
out like a sore thumlr, but that person has faults chat were
4
what ~they used to be. In a
M;a)-, some are better and some are worse. ~Young people are just about like
they used to be !vhen I grew up ‘cept they’re more frank about things, I
think.
‘~‘they
I think
the average-run
are and
I know
some
,didn’t have too man)
~,, ,,,
I’ .~~sands and thousands
$ounger
young
fine young
people
now
gener-ation
people
when
where
in most
are fine now.
people
and
we was being
we didn’t
I’m proud
raised
have
ways is far different
; first or a &I
‘,words,
firsf),
something
that
“Holv ~many
\vould
with
j crowd
they
oughtn’t
w&into
;that?”
lie. There
might
we thought
up,. We’ve
We
got thou-
than
I was coming
when
you’ve
But the
got to be a boy
are more
plain.‘In
‘other
it’s open.
But back-&en
I was doming up, the y?ung follq and the old fol&, @J,~ was
.the same way. Thev was more sneaky then than the generation
is nvv.c-- Q ou
can go aloK& out here
that
of them:
then.
they are more’dutspok6;~~hey
if you do something
I hope
a hundred
up. The. boys and girls (we’ll put it that way, because
:
At least
be some of them
that you oughtn’t
fact, you want
You might
v+cn
sneaking
days,
?-ou didn’t
difference.
‘. But so far
there.
that
~~“~~’
“”
you
when
They
ETT4:
CHARLIE:
goiqto~
./
and do just what
you think’s
right.,”
do it intentionally.
I heared
you
they
and mothers
truth.
got
meaner
If sGmethi*$
the: truth,
I’ wai.,~ It’s not
Ad
going
sup
there’s
fight iYe$e
to- us
them
come
I thiqk
else to tell you that-“Oh,
than
were just as
a’
got now
sages
back
I didn’t
to the
”
to the do,qs.
when
I wasn’t
_’
do
he,kn too many
get up; “All the ,y,o&g folks ark going
the ‘boGwows.
that
folks
But nbw,
are now. abut back
is a credit
get nobody
shut
1
it. In
you
young
mouth
”
own up-to
the greatest
were
In other words,
got
keep their
the drugs-thit’s
years since the preachers;would
‘bow-wows,’
get into
it. iou
about
the
when
as oth&ise,
they
I
.“I
than
know
have
and
out here: arid do
sneaking
know
then.”
tiotild
but you don’t
jtist ~didn’t
But now you can‘t
back
spoken
wrong,
was more
Kow’we
boys,
You ain’tf.goi&
up, us boys (atid our fathers
as %?w&)
wrong,~ you
that
praying.
to, be sneaki;g
to tr); tq be plain
do something
I was agrowjng
of girls and
to but you could line them all.up
and ask,
and there wo~uldn’t be a one of them that
until they had to talk, but they’re
something
back then was wrong,
six years old. ,4nd {,OLIstill hear it
.
/
,*,
_~,‘.
.~.~ ,....
or
.~.~.~.~~.
,~~...~,~~~
ETTA
~~~
.4NlJ
yet~from
~~~ -..,
C:H.4RLIE
ROSS
sonic of the preachers.
givi,ng the \-ouny
,,~...
,,
Hr\RTL&
$XTA:
.~ . .
RInyl?e I expect
‘.
too much.
Maybe
your children
)
valuable.~
have you, how would
Is thc,re somcbhiug pu
I do.
I ~manag&th,y
cmld hnrm done without in, your
: 1 could, have done
there:ve
been: times
mone$7there’s
a gpqt
ro make
the mane)--they’d
twic‘e or three
cipn’t think,
backhone
would
I’ve
hsd
many
everything
childre~n?
’
to do Without.
times, I had t&da
~much money
would
be people
gi\:e an order
times old as you.
on this earth~that
here and shoot
store.
mo:-rey and
i
for years with orders
but suppose
when
taxes
any,.
pay ~you
way.
no orte human
ir the &t
it.
i’m
being,
I
is then
enough
your ~house doivn;
So moriky
and yet we’ve got to have it. C:an’t live without
Now I lived
of the time’#&ut
all evil and it is. Money
I mean.
take
work it
some money-money
to go out here and burn
money,
you
We ma~de it’ that
can live without
ypu. Enough
ins!ance,
a part of t,Ke time when
no family,
root~of
life&r?
t$r who co&dn’t
we’d wo;k
They’s
bzai the Bible says it’s t)e
hire you somebody
orders,
For
Gthout
and part
to~the
l&n’t
‘but her, if I’d had to: In
out, me and her, the&was
it without
butt now’~list.en, there
A,
without
I\;?lY.
::Fvhe$ we liisi started
ive,had
we’re not
‘~
~~i+to teli nie that.
some other
4j
You want mc to~~answer that I~onestY~Right there~[pointing
to
is the +st
valuable
thing of ahything
in my whole married
~.C:H..4REI^E : if I didn’t
fact,
‘1
folks a chancc~.
Char.l~e; you consider
,?ZH.-\$LIF,
-~‘,”
‘;;,
,r,
II ‘hirl is purr mail i~~lunble poss~ssion.2
C:H_\RI.IE.:
h:ri. Hartleyj
_~~ .,&$.
“’
~~~~?~,~,
~.
go out
of all evil
*’
:
for ,the stores arid go and buy stuff with
paying
come,
then
you had to have
money.
I ‘can remember
when the old people were so ha;d up-such
a little money
-now
not [only; m); daddy,J’m
atalking about all the pehple. They were
so hard
them
up ~for a little money
back
in a certain-pi~ac,e
LOW ha&z~&one)
‘+< and
’
Etta
:’ work
stores (there’s
cheated
other
and
words,
xventv-fiye
even
save the pennies.
Put
to pay taxes with.
Now
that’s
and
we practically
on the,farm
and take
would
was. I said folks my father’s
\“as married,
.bad sqmetfiirig
that, they
an order
nobody
we could
at. the store,
takes
[the storeownerj
them
had
anymore)
took enough
if you t~ook an order
or ei,yhtv cents in goods
age, but also for a while
to save the money
Sell, sell that,
I had
at that
time,
off of it where
lar in money,
they 1iy the stuff out and iou
give vou that
much.
1’1:e got the mqncy
& if I could
to do it. But your
to the stbre
for that
how scarce
could
and if we
get a day’s
orders~ to the
‘they was ,always
you was hurt.
for a dollar,
order.
after
If you go in with
say, “Well,
to pay for it.” They
In
you got about
a dol-
I ain’t genna
couldn’t,
stick
*~
.FOSFIRE
‘~46
8
‘you ‘then because
you had the money in your pocket and you
the little boy told his mother, “Do as you _damn $lease then.“.
ETTA:
Well,
worked
hogs
whPn
awav.
and
raised
we
I raised
things
chickens
lived
chickens
I had
with.
‘l‘hat’s the way we lived
wme
of the only people
were.several
done
raised
chicKens
there
a’little
CHARLIE:
schooi.
mother
work,
ETTA
always
after
Some
of them
school
and
on ,the farm
crops,
that
they got out and worked
They
they helped
sh,e ever
helPed
refused
over
Ha
go to school,
Andy usually
have
and ,~~
, -,
hg$iGe tom’,
they’d
when
they’d
they’d
come
to get ou,$;,and
chickens
somewhere
and
some
a snack
ing. I was well enough
when
the
We canned
six to eight
It hid
to work and I didn’t
it a rule ,and I
they
come
work
think
home.
was finished,
hundred
cans, some-
It ~took all that
to do. all winter
it Andy I s’ometiines
get a
else happened.
if the school
half ~gallor&, of food.
going to school.
time again:I-enjoyed
I could
the boss. She made
them
in the garden,~ and
and sometimes
w-here
a little unless something
with the canning.
quarters
would
feed the
_
I lost my leg. I was up
Then
children
living
to death-
then
would
joh and she was at home,heing
~garden
goqd
hbme with the kids and I was off somewheres,
suppose
times
and
do. the milking.
don’t
ETTA:
eggs and hut-
a l+rg6 ‘garden
We raised
starving
Get a little knack
: She was usually
especially
four
a pretty
’
CH;\RLIE
I raised
there
~to,kill and sell if’:&e needed~ to. I
farming.’
come -home’ from
: I’d usually
money
then
me with the wbrk. They
the kids were
from
-
of (well,
I sold enough
and
made
on account
We ~were
and help me.
l’&y’d
a snack;
hogs.
go on relief
thafdidn’t)
rough
dren got older, they helped
‘ielp
he
Of course,
then come hon!e
home
and
we had to huy flour and sugar and co
with the moirey we got from eggs and chickens. Af
our groceries
have
didn’t
to sell, so-we
like that.
everything
e Depression.’
~&ring
‘%?a~we’ had~ chickens
even if it-was
things
that
over there
of our groceries
all our canning
do like
and
iri our neighborhood
~,ter to buy + ~hig part
we raised
I
could
had~ a ocow, sornetirnes~two
cows, land
verything
we
ate. WC
\p\re raised pract&l
‘buy. a lot of grberks
enough eggs to’~,&l’
like. that.
and
on a farm,
4
till it come
that
have to,buy
food for
spring
and
was then best liv- .‘.
everything
like we .,
do now.
CHARLIE
explain.
think
: Now you see a lots of divorces.
I think that
in some cases probably
that on each side they should
and then the? wouldn’t’he
so’many
lutely
we’ve
can’t
hate
divorcitig,
get along
Well, I don’t like it. It’s hard to
together
hut
without
come
it’s all right,
tb an, understanding
divorces.
got
two
trouble,
/
hut the average
about
I
things;
1’11he h_onest with you. I ahsokids that’s
then
that’s
divorced.
But if you
the only~:thing
/
i
_
‘L,,-
you. can
‘~
1
,,
.’
*
~I
_
b
ETT.4
.4ND .CHa4RLIE
R&S
‘HARTLEY
‘.,
.
‘::
‘4i~
-,
do. I :don‘t
~hrlieve
in it; l~~lt there’s
of Givorces
and I know
~3 a great
a lot of it lqeing d&e.
many
and d&o]-ce, Andy both ‘sides afterwards
1i:in’g. So: I guess maybe ther$!+~little
9 L
cases <where there:s
some fxo/h
there‘s
never
been a couple
disn,~reements
iVhat
age?
be wron$
in the
devil
is~,the trouble
[&d
me .and Etta
live.rogether
most foolish
thing t’Tihappen.
the family%
another
gbne,
little
crazy
or something?
mind
mus; have went
the world.
you”can’t.put
To &ink
&en
”
tl+g
six or gight words
have
never
slapped
about
passed
she’d
happen.
a fama
it. His
_,
per&n
And,&11
you put
two’
tried’that.
Presidency.
TGo
2
i
‘~_‘~
‘,
for” a feoow
I went through
even studfzd
he and
like me to+&aybe
about
Mrs., Hartley
we’ve~ever
one or,‘the
madness.
She has never
slapping
other
one &other.
kill me. [Laughter.]
,a divorce.
we’ve
Quarreledla
a quarrel
hut wh&
together
all”of it ex- ,,
l+?gh.]
had
its’
that,more
cooled
slapped
‘.
8pwni~ I
me. When
B&.she
,~And I w%s craz$
’ *
said if I
enough
,to’
I
her.
ETTA:
You‘d
I conx
CHARLIE
have
to h;no&
me cold
_.
to.
: But it’~has &ver
TVe’ve scolcled
sixty-six
*’
“*
Is solar&so
figure ,ab&t
I’ve even
_~
out hunting
can stake, where
it, because
never
her througli
was to ever hit her,
iaising
and start
can y&n ir: hy ‘himself:
you
fair
beliele’that
~young, we played
with us
I. thin~k it’s the
tog&er,
I’can
~
at this old
got wrorig
Now
that
they
a marriage.
Ixxiness..zt\Te’ve
than
KrT.4
B
in the devil
today
one. But you can’t-no,one
in ‘cause
I gueys’ it’s not hardly
but I guess, *I ddn’t
when
the only
a. spat--a time or tu.O’: [Both
believe
what’s
ahout’l&g
two hosses can’t:run,the
little,
Jlrhaterer
see thiough.
the President
ain’t fair for me to be atall@&
we 6as
th&
fol,ks when
to divorce
same joha ,and loo,k what?ll’~h?ppen.
cept the dil:orce
sa+iljng. Oh.,
can,w&k
these
p&t]?
but we have
That’s
Two bosses: can-t’run
CH:ZRLIE;
ha+
I’can’t
off, nor his woman
Not
bo_sses can’t run a job;
ETT.!:
h&you
then ha\:e to get a divorce
tw-o P,residents
bosses on~the
then
if we were
man and another‘woman,
can run
all smooth
with
and ,raise a family,
in our old age? ‘I‘hat’s ” question
fly, after
b&q
didn’t~ disagree,:
grandchildren
with
If we could
it h’&‘t
”
a farnil>- and
\youid
find, t&t,
I~~
that
yet that
out.
CH:\RLIE:
rnie
in this time
&rriage
wuld
i,npossible, ~Ilow hmr you made it?
Remember
been
a lot
got ilong just fine z&l made a good,
~:,
01’ fogeyness there iti me.
Yodw been
marl?ed
~fO7
~&t)l-sixyenrs
ETT,4:
There’s
one smother
years together
; T\‘e’ve talked
a&l
he&r
be ~outside:
been a times me land her has felt like’ figking,;
and
I douht’if
there’s
anybody
that’s
but what’s had a few cross words.:.
things
,. ,
over.
‘_
*
then ‘you’d
1
ever lived
II
.
,=,,
i-C)SF;RE
>’
48
CZHI\KLIE:
CT-C’?.
had
was
I Ixlieve
I‘ll tell you
the worst ~spa--the
worst
with her. ‘~‘1~~\~orst sp::: GE P <:r hatf&cjufeing
.sq miscral~‘lc
bar-du&
~!xit 1 had
QJH nm~n
feelings
4
I’ve
the’ WVPA days.
enough
and
got
”
I
ahead
cl&q$~~ till I W;U a’blc ~to hu!; 21car: 1 had a go&? “39 cai: ~[.Our son] WilS thC
restless
type
and‘ you-can
tell I‘m restless,
nc\:er still. [Hej just z&solutely
Il’l‘Ki:
l’h;rt^sTour
C.:H&%RLIE:
Part
NY+!;.\Vcll. one niorniI>g
\lTirn
son.
1 got up and
to run around
,car and go off.”
She said; “C:h,arJie,
fly pf
knbw.
the old toilet.”
of went
She
went
fi1.e ol:‘s$
time
and
come
so I,adcy hurt.
.she was; but I h;idn’t
kno*n
it, I sai d, “Darlin’,
pneumonia
She said,‘“I’&
what
around
her ,and hugged
how+.”
already
I thi$
done
that‘s
Like’1
says,
“She
I walked
I was just
come
couldn’t
ahout
won’t
up there.
as Ilad as
011 and let’s go tb. the
~
her up and
it an&die.”
petted
her and said,
an’ old cw. The
damned
old car ain’t worth
your’ feelings.
Come
An; let% go to the
td hurt
about
In a little
she went up to
‘
the house.”
I)ack and
And
fel;er and. die.”
on. M’e’ll not fuss ahout
1‘~
I &elie\-e
hilrt so had, I don’t ,give a dcrn if I do t&e
I put my a&x
“Come
scolding.
to ‘gc~.: !Laughter.]
acryin’
/’
soita
with me, too. I said to Granny,
there
YouYl’ta:&
J ,just ‘did’n’t have the nerve
words;
~‘a? there
,,
up there
6
‘I’hen I realized7 it was I,!:
house.
son] have
you*lct the boy take t,he
u
,, :’
She ~~~~t~but.~.t$~, dooi.
somc.~~
She was settin’
that
‘\
and tell her to comc,tn
up” there
my,self.
let lour
have it:”
and her ~!lother
She says. “1 don’t
‘Go
I said, “Etta.
he b~g,ged so pitiful
I let myself
Etta
see it’that’
and l~urn p?s.”
“%lYhere did Ettn get to?”
I~said.
don’t
~,
to tell him he couldn’t
hit, 1,niisscd
gas, Imt he ~qnltin‘t
I said, “Ettzl,
I come in, thk cat Was gone.
[Laughter.j
up-~-I’m
Ix still at home.
’
to let him so out nnd hurri
themcar tor\ight
ni& crippled
of that time, I took care of Ltta in the daytime, and at
. .,
the car to go acourtin’
or somcwheres.
Wll,
I frlt like I
ni<qht he wanted
M;q::,too h:~rdup
youngest
could’not
t’ven and
the ~worst one we ever had.
I‘ve never
‘.
sin&That
told her not to let the boy have the-car.
Now that’s the wav I look at it and you~kids,
tan
look at it that
SW);. A little 01‘. car-yori
hurt
!-our wife’s feelingrPyou’ll
and
I’ll never
remcmlxr
,$t
that.
over
Now
hut we’ve ~nt!ver had
still here together.
never
it. ‘Cause
wc‘ve’scolded
that
wh&,you
get over that.
I wai
so dirty
one~.anotherPcme
big a scrap.
Now
gSet,n~arrie&
you
Fan buy \fmother~ car. Rut you
S$e’ll
never
tq~ scbld ,her~:I’ll
always~
or~.two words-since,
you see how”i?goes?.And
*
get over it
we’re
j
d
i-
E’l-1‘A
’
I
AKD
CH.4RLIE
XO,$~~~.-\R+LE?
fir/orf ~:or~diitiirz,~l/ii inter&w,
~49
j
we nskr;l ‘~jharlie and Etta if they would.
l.nlX lo u,s briv/il, ~~ihoutre:hilt l,hrq .inw /iilf~)&ting ,rqith lmfi
/riiKs,pi~imi. m1rdso Oli.
CH.L\RLIL:
I cai
:
But on the other
hundred
acres
\\‘ard
think.
Hc didn‘t
handl
rifle and a hound
have
farm,
~, ,,
land
hue.
fifteen
with
Kcw
ho$c.
:\nd
KC‘X throwiiq
howc
;I man
it and paid for it aJd
WC moved
here,
I bet we got
That
home
wnt
monc)-
of the ones that
trying
dcGlars. In my day, I expect
I could have
xli, the stuff
I wouldn’t
I’ don’t
thi&
thr)l-c
I-uining
of these
a lot
for instance
‘that hill off and
hex
from
as you go toward
CHARilE.:
t&s
intended
fl-om away .from
that.
stuff
goes to getting
to do. that.
WY ctiucatcd
to i I)OI.P with
11-c nc\w
troul)ie
God
R&k,
au,yer.
In place
I
_
to
,~
the): h&.&ii%
;4nd
that sway. I think
,,,, I’
wants a pj&
”
that~‘was
it should
a’
be
in the mounup for sale, arid
it1 lot of us don‘t
wan@ to- do
up in ~:aiue, we ~$1 get excited.
BGt m;e and Etta,~ we’re ,not~ going
of’Lqol$r+
for more
expensive
we have
ever):l)ody’s
now.
to sell it for’s
got to where
things,
If a man‘s
dollar
instead
itis dog cat dog. ‘l‘hat’s~the
got a dollar’;s”worth
of stufl
of asking
$or it:‘,Now
five dolks
\
,,,
,,
that,
our children.
But nqw almost
Bught
a Ijigger
hal-c.
of ‘theses
intended’them
here
da!;‘. But there‘s
whcrraw
‘:I lot
Njhat
just walk out here and ~stick a little note
that
,, ~,Yc [want
taking
-Oh,, it’s ugly:
sell [this pla~~c‘Jma\-l~
Othcrsl
go craz&
apprqve,of
it to Ix.
F,wrybod!-
now. .I rould
people
But now
out, a Ix&l~cl~~~~~~~~~
--~:+
ok. I don’t
done
a
much.
up. Some-
ii for ten .thousand.
Blowing
an ugly:sight.
j
we,, had
it. It. cost’too
dexlopers
Ixzautif~~l place. ,I~hate to vx these pla&s
irft like S;rt!lre
&ople
where
/ _,~”
ho& to figure
them
of pkrces
that’s
homes
tg sell it for six-~-y thousand
IGlt
bow
and hills and just hulldozing
he. !:%ou t&c
dozrd
appro1.e
that hill
or four
put.the-money
~,t~day to. t,cll: \:ou thc~~cozt. Mon.ey. cometin-;md%ne~
mo/intain.x
tosec
was three
n million
hod:y dsc is IiT-irq theI-c n-ow, and they’re
I:‘l’,,‘l’:\:
stuff to’,
away f&t as WC gc,t it. I knokz whe.re there’s
into the h&s
Now
have
the law is you can do as
there
i)irilt M-here hc w&It Iroke~l~ui~ding
is YO high.
and
I hxtcd
then.
brick
an old-
have to pay a’thou&;d
I
Now it‘s going, for summer homes.~&ight
here.
;p.
fir
live~.off that land.
!+I1 game
hill cut out for- a manl~
it.5 ~owrcd
money,
and
yoti;d
it. \\‘hen
or Axteen
dog along
was four
as kg a fool as you might
and
tore up, but th:il man bought
~you please
he was$‘t
to db with, %o h,e”,;fouldn’t
is worth
tiollar.~ for a little lot around
up thcrc’.< :t lxnutiful
it sbld to o< e man
and
dog. 4nd
nothing
But he r-oil/d take the rifle and
liar on.
;‘\o\\:. of course,
That’s:
when
ih the old Moss
they
\
Iarid ~w~$~,/fi\lc ce ts &a&&
what,was
that ‘knd w rth? There
remember
nothing.
in the moun-
.i
~<
to xl{,
-
one.
,,
he .’
v@u’re
”
~:
c:G
.
~
*
I
* ..
I”
<
i:
‘_
1
to pay out so n;uch
,.
,r ~;:,,,;~F@i’RE
*
,:
\
,j
r;l\:ing
I)
:I
moiiey
for nothin$‘,tiat
,I”‘ion’t
h<rdly
.an old ~fellolv o,v& ihere
Pretly
good
old-fbhion
doctor.
,nm she scnt~ wo@ over’to
Fq
:on Cove .Crc,ek
He,had
him.
see how
qu~ffering
die!“,
t~he ~wny,~~@now~in
just &i‘t’
away- from hirn’[as
ETTA:
~1 think
come
a-way
they
attractive.
have
a li<ing and p,ay~for:fe&izer
doesn‘t
get eflougti
Andy se&
CH;\NJE:
why’ ~ur~young,pe6ple
all had to btter
much
out to g$a
1x1~ & go Away apd
of~.t,heir daddy
dne’i in Rhode
in North
and
Island;
Carolin%
mamtiy
here~starve
fti
j$,:.There
for a sho’&%me,,,at
ix+
And-of
$ake
farming
tS$ pr!&dc
$selfs
‘they
~+d
or&s ifi Florida,
’
to
(,
with
to
had
starve.
to@,,
NOW
&na’ one’s dgy.ti
ba;ck. ,,There’s
we’ll have ~&have
ihermore
~~
Ou?,“~$~ily~t@:
I&$,~ qr’ let th,e- peosle
?ou&,
farming
was a$$ut$y%othing
,He’s been over in England~and
to (leaih
that
tq.~;iE d&n
to
takeb
~stirXYe one?&d
iii them
one’s in California,
I’l! hav:
are so, $igh’ that
are :I! leaving.
hunt ~a job”or
a
me?
lob. rhea ?be+‘t.~~co&!out
,>,I
,ing foi~ihem to do her6 ~tb make ?gi~ of:it..
,I d~bn’t‘know w&ai we can ‘do, hut, I:&iess
li,ke the \VE;\
Ptjces
ihe,cor$itions
disheartened.
do hex
that
no@ tRey’ve?veQ
I
a living.1
eno~ugh,~ and h’&ts
bol;s.and
and‘see
wit& ):ou this morn-
wrong
o&. And
&ore
Thit‘s
‘@d one morn*
I
this country.
need~~to* improve
‘
~of Bingham.
over
and-(u<ting,s&d
f
of niqkiqg
TheQfarmer
woman;
your come
in the wprld’s
get he&r IGfoie 1 c,an Aen
that’s
name
’
ing, lad\:?“*:
She said,;~Oh,;.ddctor,.I:,n,
Now
& nelghhor
‘.‘D,octorO won’t
kindI>- &i: thiS m&ning.l
He .walked ,in, &id, ‘W’hat
the spoor nian
by the
*
4
+e can fi; it. People have just gone cra!zy. We’ve got a situation
thjt’s got
I #,
~0 get iro& 01: better or& \\i!ay back yokder Gheri I was a $oung man, we
lad
*
just~noth~sqmethin’i
yhat’vant
we ha&to
”
to stay
y-‘
help thc’nl, the
more 1 hits us [thy@
iaxes].YBut ifs we hake to put him on relief, and p”y,
B .~.
it hits Us Just the &me.‘~W’h&xr
“way, v&e
goifig to have to carry them
through
f& ‘a while’.[until
him.1 ‘%‘&I wb$t
star&
JO death
we get things
fixed].
sit in ~your homes and! see ypu
will you?
just
as long
as you’ve
!4(e’ve
nelghl,qr
got to try to help
over
g?t somsthin&
thece
hy r~lt
you’ll, help
him-~won’t
YOU? ~~eli; that’s what we’& got to do. We’ve all g&to do a littoo much ?tioney,< We’re spendtie extra.~ People will say, “We’re spending
ing too mu+ m6ney.T’ But .what’s the money for if we, don’t tise’ it? y:‘v<
:
/
got to,stick nut a~hel$ing hand.
I &mit
that
I can’t .help
much.
l’m
lxpke
<own.
I can’t
thiough the-hopre.
But.if,there’s
a way I can help, I’ll do it.
&&how,,
we’ve got to get things ‘fixed.
)~ i
1
hardly
walk
_
”
~
,,,
,~’ ,~,,,
‘”
w
;
.~
,,<
_. ~,
.~
-*~~
,
.‘\
~‘_
. .
,( >-f--’
,
i
,,
./
-:,
I-
*~
K~
‘- :.
I. a ’
i
:
~1
,e
:
*,;.
i:
_.-
f
I
*
“ir
’ _
. r
(
^
r
*
,I
~.,;
‘I
\
‘.I
4.:
‘~
i ‘,
.~
,,‘.
/
.I
i\
r
L’
.
.=
ma$g’
c+ies
~a
real$
becanw
knives
aftec
of some th~at were ~in&e
werc”mad?
before
‘modern
intt+t,ed
~,~cJo+
,machinery
I~~beg,w: to w&des
out &d &Tied, &o f&d so$e
as the+ were made
and Kelps from good
lina; I found
_
people: t&
fifiy years or mare
fridnds
two pedp[e
By interviewing
‘:formation.
how
equipment
I
So I,&lt
kniv&
one of my
zind I$~ksri~ithing
>r+s”invxntcd.
6
in”making
I ‘had made
wn. .4ftel:~~ompleting
it, I 4eJ out
ke othti:’ .4ftci going -tomsto?& ,and
whi&h I cot1
for ideas foJ T+igns’by
&e~
*
/_
iike Ch&lie
ago. By ,~ea$iing;
ROSE Hartley
&ho slill%a&e,th&n
Troy
Danner
AilA.knew ,hoti ,to T&ke
thejold~ way.
&d?T&a’Harmon,
In.~the follawing.inrervielvs;
a lot ‘6f ltikk,’
irt @a$
North
’
CL&+
.‘~ :
I collected
much .ini T
the difIert+“way$?ha~
,
theseStwo;inen
vake kniv& ‘I‘edra HarInori
h,ad
an
extrao
,
n&i&
a kitchen Knife.: He used- sections of th% spring+rom
phonograph
far the blades,
Troy
1 will..shbw
Danner,
on’ $e
the oldest methods’ of ~a11: k:nifc bl&&
brok&
.”
J&desy:
~~
,,,O~
~Both “a)-s 0Lmaki.n-g knives were really
shown-ou
I
hoth in this chapter:
,other, ;hF
off, [r&n ,bld crosscut saw
“,’ +, _ .o~,,~‘~~~’
,’
sometliing
co see, andT’w~$
*
tq,to,
i
,,
Arti~cle,.diagr-urns, iind phkgraihs
by~‘Tom’ ~:a&on~
r~
*,
j
,,.
:/
T&
‘I&A
Tgdra*Ha&on
I Iabdut
the banjos
to make
VARIETY
th’ings besides banjos.’ When we .fbund out
.I
knives, we jumped at the ch’ance to jntervieG.him
~ag’ain.
wakes
When
Charlie
view
6 L
(,
‘~ ‘. ~, ~~’* .
.~
has ?~&$nc
+ godd friend since we i&&e&$’
*
he makes. Since then~; we have fouh’d that’ he knows
HARkOn’
lots Af other
we started
off
ROSS ~artley’s
with~us.
He.wtinted
that
morning,
it was
holfise~.and picked
hiti
pretty-
cold.
We
,Up to. go along
to’ go as ,he’rem&mbered~
. 0
r
Jo
:
&at
.~.
>
hi&
$04.
he
,
weiit, by
eon the in&-‘~
‘worl&with
i,._
a Oman by
I
'
i
,~"
*.
a
PLATE
11 He theh ~sco& it bn’ each
.side with an q$, an&. witli~a sharp tup, r
snaps ii off. ‘“=~;
:
*
‘that&name
m
to. see cf it was the same nxmhe
started
drove
up ‘into Tedra’s
id
haat
out
he had
He had
made
was just
whatever
it cherry
of xaw
yard,
h&and’&;&
‘they had, as good-a
i’
it intbspieceg
tkken theapattern
time
,a lhng.time
dunkit
up on his’ owh.
Pinto water.*ze
and’ he showed;
day we were there
he had ‘gotten out
t’he lilades
fqr the knives
ones that were used years and years ago.
/
as we did
he was a kid.’ His father
he picked
metal the c,oCld End. If he had
,before,
to’make
‘remember&each
<,jsitillg together
knives’sinck
a skill%at~
red Andy then
blades
~*l&ives to prove it: The
thin strip of m,etal that
breaking
..*
out just using
would
knives
for ,t’heir commu-
had known
.‘,
l’~6ther right away,
an’d
,.~I
.’ ,~~~ bkitik there.
.Tedra
told us th&
a,
neve; &a& <them. It
ihe
a church
;~z,‘. j
.‘,
“\Iheg~\$i;e
,.-,.
was helpin, m to build
whe;l.he
nily, abd he wanted
~zigo,
.
once
-.*
,.,?
.i
,,
d
2~~
He
to temper
it,
has’made
us a cou&
of hunting,
\:
&q~yey~:,~ her was~~~sl”ga~!ong~~~
of an old phonogriph.
He .was
for a set ‘of eight
from
arvold~ kitchen
kitchen
~~~~
knives.’
knife like i’he
~~
PL.J,TE,
~hnmmer.
12 Kow,
hc zcski
13 Then, using; &other knife
: PLATE
bladcas
a vattern,
he marks the width
of the blade.&
the net; stock.
B
using ,a, ball peen
the steel until the
PLATE
15 ,Then
edge smooth,
‘PLATE
14 He again clamps the blade
%nhe
\-IV? aid breaks it off by striking
it. l\~iih a hammer
so that it is ‘the
proper
width.,a
*
*
*
~’
For handles,
good.
he uses hlatk
He al<6 told us that
dles together
is better
it’s hammered
*
,walnut
I<‘catise it doesn’t
he thinl\s:t,ha:~using
than
using rivets because
into the>.handle
he files the ragged
copper
split and it looks SC!
wire to brad
it’s ea$ier to work,
it ~swells irito the wood
and
the hanand when
holds better.
He
said he had seen a knife. once that was held together with wooden p~egs, hut
1
.he hadn‘t tried that.
“: ,’
TVhen he ‘makes a knife out of a saw bla&k,. he ‘cuts the saw blade out
T?Gh Cxabe?
saw; but when
breaks it out with
wtka-f?le.
<‘~
~~~
He claims~that,
:I’heC$hotos
and
knives
he made
a cold
he makes
one ‘out of’a
cr&cut
saw blade,
chisel’ just *as they used to do,~ an$th~cn
~~~~_~~~
he
shapes-~it ;,
like~~th_e:old knives, the ones he makes will last a lifetime.
diagrams
show you the meLhod he used for the kitchen
while we wcrc there.
c
. ~~,,
.,.~...,,~~~~~~>
&&-TE
-,i g-~r’,,:~
: Te&+
$&s:~~
the
,,steel where thr holes will be cut fi
rivets that hold, ihc hondl’c to the blade.,
PLATE
wooden
into.
.
18 xorr he saivs a slg in the
handle
for tfve blade to slip
‘/-
.
_ p~.A~
PLATE
20 He then pIa+
the, blade,
ho!es ,punched, o\-ei the handle to, n&k
the ooints where holes ‘inust be drilled
” ‘in th&ndle
for the rivets..
:
s. ~I ~‘~
‘; -
,iPLATE
21 Kftc! marking
~the holes are drillrd.
thelhandle;
I
PLAT& 2%: 3.z slides the blade’s base
into place in the handle, matches up the
,holes, pushes
pieces of copper
Tvire _
‘thiough
the holes. and the~+lattens
the ’
ends to hind
the handles and blade :
firmly together.
I”
‘D
1 ‘-~‘~‘~
~‘~
PLATE
21 Final
sanding
corhpletes
‘, : ,$vz job., Tra~$&mally,
rhe handles were’~
riot ,.waxed., They wxe just left natural,
,i and,
throtigh
time,
kit+en
grease
soaked in and darkened the&
,PLATE ~23 NOW he ‘smooths
rough corners of the handlewith
:
I;
j
-‘bff ~the
a file.
j
~*
,.~,
a.p
J‘3 i,;,
:$
:’
PLATE 25. The kni;f+ at the tpp has a
handle
mad? from a’ deer’s, foot. The
other three .aives
slam various stages ,,
of construstibn
of the knife w,e.lust saw
Te&
make.
,:q
: I)AR(bLf
lfGWj?E
‘D 5iEEL.L
jf&5
kELf
Qi
;‘~Th’ Wt’tXry6 4, @till-&,,.j?
&K~‘W~L&‘-l-
TM* HANDLE
4N’%#ILt!
WSLL
l-&fIT.J+FTHFd.
b$
MRDE. 2 ,<’
CA! BE CVr,!Jh~
A
1
sA8RE~ SRW 04 cWEL.
m
CUlnMtA
.QbSS~Cti5&3. rt-iSLur
0
=
W?irtiR.~U~L.,
1
-#
.,
-,,~t@+JDLEt~ AND
&IL%.
’
’
’ ~’ ;
+ ‘~
a
* .
&$&J+&
,~zj,
,a*
‘.
I
THE SHRRP E\)6’SAKE
&,
i?WNo@
OFF. y-r @U.
HAUF fb 8L”m
mp,
Dq.umjy
P~:4TE
7.
ye
;;
I~,
;, .. i 1 ,
,:<I
*v
a I,,
26
‘,-.
”
_~-*..~
.
.,
%
Jo
*,.‘i
.,
.
,.
b
*
_
i
. ‘l
4 ~~~~&
.i
j
,’ ,,b ; “‘~
-i-E
OF
WOODz-5 Yl-$D
$!A~~
l-tin1
WD
m
ALOT &h5kJ fitEN %ul
wALn!T.
~TbE RUt$oN
VSLMG TKU
~~PLEWLY,
FOR
WOOD r
c&t
LqALt
CbfJ B!i’
h’DLE
Ht&E$
@TW
ED ti’THE
~’
STEEL
~<.i
ICT LPOLS ECI-TEE
HRIJWE
PFTES
WY SOI
\IRh)DL~
&FoPe
+-IT
:
FOR ?$E
H&5 BEEFi
. Lvr DOVJN TO
FTT
P n5 BEEN cvf
m
WO 00th
LO~PLEIELY
PIN
73~
twb
‘-
WG-GonF
TO TtiE OlUFR.
8tW
EhOGH
,5O,THf,7
HAhlol.~ WILL
ITT
NENLY
THi? o-r@l.
WEi?
THE
HILT.
WJE HOW SAITHE”
WOOD APE l-l+E D&ES 7ltU
kwt 7i-Q
QnZPlETE~ ~HSiDLE.~,‘““+!q‘
I
RLiTHE
”
i ‘t$NEf5
j’
RJdDEOblk b&E ,~
SAMED j&k rt
WILL RT IA/ SH[
hVD” CON~FORTABLY.
~_
-PLATE
,,
27
Z!,>
z
=.-;.
$f
~~
m
&rtJD
5Ijf
vi@A ol=
~WtpA ni<
$ .;
KNIR
1oog
UKE
UrHFtd
~LT tw5
: DEEN
PJ7
jT$1
~~ElWiR
STUBS WDL
a-END
REOUT.'/p
OF RN
IJJCH.:.
TO6ETHER.
IT
HbSNT
dEN
t#,‘ti.
“lntT:Eg
I:
DOW
9-r.
-
:eo,
SSDE
OF
H@~%
5
:
CbMPlETFD kNrFE Lgolcs.
:
\irEG
Tl+E
,
KNIFE
I
.'
j)lH$q ~A1;*tl-f;5, -\
“.
,n
I’
/- 0
0
~~, a
‘*,:
~
“,~ ,,~~‘s~:~-m
-~ e.
\\,:
‘;
PEELING;
",
THESEARETHE
KSNDTlfRT
n
10 ‘0
0 ,-“II /
I
TPoY ~~N.ER MARL FOR~!j”W VSE. I-HEI.EAAE bL%
’
0.
c-h
r!
Kh/IV~S
MA&
FROM
1X055-
'"7
5m.u
BLROE~
n
BOi’CHER
+s
‘J‘E”n, ,ne
; ’ FbW{DN
,
i KSTCHE~~
r
FE. -VT5 r5
Ttk
I
TR~DT~oNR~DNF
TI-IRT
1
"
btR<
RFCN
..- ~~~-p,,.
C~RRJisON.-NE
KNLE 55 MADE
i?f T-EOf?k HRR~flhV.
M&l-IF
n,,r
‘~
0
‘,,
(-y;,
_’
(kJ
nc
ARE MADE FOR WXtni6 -’
I’kATs
!%$F
AL’P i”TCtiERIlUG\~
J&SE’ (Q?t-
mAOF
ow OF cross -~
,.P
Cv+ SAW 111Dnci’
I
_.
1;.,~~I
-::’
.~2
Dy-
.c-j aw ccL*
,I~
FOXFIRE.
60
4
:,: ,T&ROY
i$mwR
VARIETY
Troy
Danney
. told ‘us about
*
rived
rs one of our ~&est
hm\ and toqk us to m&.him
Friends
da\:, ;it was reall~~rjce
St$erai
hart
dowith
people
startkd
told ;s that
of the country.
out apples
Mr. Danner
door,
Hk finally
outi’
had
just about
to quit,
He said that
though,
p&e
apiece.
a lbng
i
at one tifix,
just about
tine, aIid the l&&ae
‘He says; ii&&‘%&~
to me just to have s&th%&-to
It takes
Mostly
him
;Ibout
that had
he could
stand
cheated,
and’s
~I
~__
‘, ._
\ -_
but thkn it’s worth
~‘X_.
..~..
-
f&m
half to com:
and a half
a whole
do to pass away the time.~, Makink
ju.3 a, gift given to ,me,r~ guetis.““~
2:
“he makes just
he sold any he sold theme for a .dollar
getting
for a ’
Once he shod
feel the sweat
he m%~kes the. blades
a day
to
,as he said,
a11 of his I’ifc. til~ost &them
to ,his own de$gns.
aS&,,$&aws.
in
because,
horses land putting &gon
tires on wheels.
horses at his little Shop in one day, “and boy you.could
1)
:
run out of $u too;!”
crosscut~stiws
us ins-
After
anything
day,shoeiI$
for his own use and
brought
sand oranges.
sixteen
k&es
~~A,.I~”
~~~~
we ar-
used to be the best t&&smith
He used to make
blacksni~thing;
‘_He has made
13arolinti
to relax Tvith them.
?I~ just got old aad wox
whole
handing
in fiorth
when we~gq$~,thkre. When
at his ~~om$, he atid his wife met us a? thegfront
side ‘!by the fire, and
~” that
con&s.
knives
lot
is
,,~~
I:
PLATE 30 Troy makes his large kitchen
knives from pieces of crosscut saw blades.
He breaks (rut a blade-sired
chunk of the
saw by striking it a number
of, times with
a cold chisel and hammer.
It takes hours
to break it out.
9
*4
I.~
_
”
,:
PLATE 31 Here Troy holds a finished
knife over the top of a piece of a crosscut siw he has just broken out for a
new knife blade.
PLATE
32 He trims off some of the
_,,,,‘,~., ‘jagged edges with his hammer and cold
,,
chisel.
PLATES
33-34
For
punching
the
holes ‘in the blade’s base, Troy
has
fashio%%~“- a homemade
clamp..
Th,e
clamp holds the blade tightly while he
drives an awl through the blade using
the holes in the clamp as a guide. Then
he attaches ~the handle and shapes the
blade with a grindstone.
i.,~
~’
\
;F/-,ff
JTELL
-
LNtY%?
Liik\ti,
~~~
JiiHFNt WSTtir!tr
COLDtiL%
eEbLJd TO LUT YOUR sTEel.
RRPUWD
OfiF
f@D
*E
60
S%w;
TVA6
~y,~yLgggggp~
OFF fttE
STEEL Izt
r-
%i-d~fD
7--
_ - - - -7fG^w?G-&.-
I
y;
WCIQJT~~~?~EU@
I1LRIlE
:
’
-
-OUbP/; I
.I _----: 2?%zk~.,,~,,:
TiiS
EDbm
WILL
8F
jbC&Sb
/,FTek
CHISL
‘THE BLbB~ bJI,.,w
It
.’
hRE
/L&$&+
b--J eJ/&Bkk
..,
i
PLAIT
3j
I
‘S
i
j
DE
:
,i
DFF,~TLLL ALL THE,
+\rEXFOR THE~RWDLE
&SIC
'.UEW OF '+'JH~T'AJtCd
!.'X$5
LIKE BeFOe
WoPkED
DawNTO
PIT-M
t'RNoLF. RPPt&OR
'ri5 OSLD,
/
5LOT
OK ~fP.GRewns,
HIc,RO('t
'
CiT
B
5
HiZ
HPLT
.TH.CHRtitjtf~
'
b~~flFl-ihlF;R
5" DMD
*
Lo&.
~~
kNlFL
TtE ONES w ,mrLLt
~HEtUk?rs WIL
‘-60 INTO.
APIE,R
THE m!73,~ '
HAULtW
~HRNih%iKED.
,i
J@-+- .ly -%mcwl&
/‘
~. ,.,
‘
,A ‘,
.Tj!$ RrZ/i7T.T. _ @iER
.
kLVEr;= CaPPER
AND ms
~7HE’i
fSE
li>Fo !%klUSE
TW
ARENT
-TljIS. 15 WHAT -TW
METrqt
AND THEY CAhiBE
tiOellE0
E&I@..
RLUETS--
Aesop
wm
&omm&,~r
u’
HANDLF70
kibM FAST TO THE StEEL.
f3l.ET5
LoaC5 MN\E-rrnb
w+E
~~~~~~-N~~PJNLHSklG~~HPLES
~‘.
: ~~~
Lhl-rHEStEPL.
PdNLi.65
l-r&
BEHIND
,, ‘-.
‘?4oLk5
;;&
?GEm JPRE~D WT. ~tfIs
yivy
wi3\iENpm)J6 J/J DE,
IT
~~“\;&;f;b
~c.AVS~S THE
B
,, a.
PINETYz IJOK LLtrEE
SFMRE
TN3
bR6
bi~~~E&DlIVTO
7?tr
_,/a:
.IttKj
i,,i,,
oEEj~
tft
ORnGD-gn, -&~loOO1)
Pwti
PJ
h &hlTER
USED l)lITHA ,WT
IT:
+I3
0 PERF=r
YooK5-=L.
WILL
_
i-F’+
2
RND QONCHEDLN
T-NE
5TEEL
I
~~~~,
:-
*y ,.-~
;&?.&.%L
,1
PLATE37
I
I
y
"
",_'_
ComP~nroht-.
7iiv-
@
4
,,'
‘/
PA'E
.hL
KNIFE.
:
,',
~;
i
d
,PLATE 3.3
~’
.l
i
k
“~
>.’
--.-
A j,
;y
? .
lx
~:O&IRE
4
.,:,.li, :,,.,. ,, ,. ,. ,..
his wife interrupted
nnd said, “I wish you could see all the
” Then
she went intb the kitchen and brought
out a
~,
.Inivk
. . . _l_l .he
. . iins ydy
were six’o? ’
hand&d c,f &xne of his lawes that she uxs in hei- cool&g.,There
At this point,
,:
eight different
designs, and they were $1 !)eautlful.
Troy picked one of ihem
up and said, ‘~~Kow you can go to the store and ,I)uy yourself a peeling knife,
,but vbu don‘t hax-e anything
after you’ve,klought
it. They just don’t have
the ktnl.
But, s&x ‘of these knives w6’ve mused $6~~ fifteen
and twenty
.
year%= R~
I, Troy &mn&was
lionj on March 29, I 892. He still feels that helping; a
~. kriend out is the lxst thing that a person could ever do.
THE,.JVILL
CAMPBELL
VARIETY
f
“~
1 I~
:z*
.
%,.
PLATE 39 A hutchcr knile made by Will Canr,pbell,,~vho
died several years ago.
cutthe
steel using a col,d c:hisel and a hammer.
If those’ t&Is wer&‘t avaiJabl&;
u-ould warm the steel slightly and scribe a line on it. ~N’ith the steel hanging over
edge of the anvil, the line, oil the edge, he v:ould hammer along the line until .the
cesr steei b~roke off. I,ike:Troy
Danner, he usually used old, C~OSSCU~
sa\v @des for
i
suppl>- of knife blades.
I,;,,
:’
”
‘~‘-_
,,~~!
..a
He
he
the
exhis
”
,
WQOD CARVkJG
,
,
;,
Y
n. the
,.
._
tiny,
in rn2~~lc.5 house,
inch-and-a-half-high
I ;lever
tiondcrful
young
rabbit;
of the, very
wooden
met who
generous
few thillgs
rabbit
I bade
and
hinds
tains
that
to shape
y;ue
mad6
winter’niiht
has been
&d
Violet
its base.
“$h,
I&
into
around~ for as long
Some
as gifts. ‘A coon
dog
It’s a
I’&
very~, : ___.
lt~ls one’,
my~, adutthobd
have
whi\tled
by the
stockins,
fire on a
fdr exam-
ple.~
Others
come:
carve
wooden
farmyard
bowls,
animal
scenes.complete
ger scenes
~home
gift op collector
complete
scenes
figures,
with
with
coti$lete
items as a means
mountain
furniture,
and farm
sheep
fireplaces,
and
in the Southern
of the groups
by All&
written:
about
the Southern Highlands, a tremendousistudy
lished
by the
Dover..
On page
the work
Foundations
I 86 of the Dover
don.e at the John
Carolina-a
miliar
Russell ~Saie
edition,’
C: Campbell
‘school still in existence:
to many
of us of ari earlier
uses than
by the
Campbell
Folk Sc,hool
his.pocketknife
farm
could
workers,
Mrs.
cut a fence
generation,
students,.
Campbell
raii in’two
has never
and
Eaton
been
of
and,pubI 973 by
writes
about
North
of pocketknife,
neighbors
believed
Many
.in Bra&own,
brand
Such
iA Handicl-afts
reissu@n
School
IXL
whole,
or mountain.,
supported
for example,
in-
or’man-
Appalachians.
H. Eaton
1937 ,&d
Folk
“The
or even
p&s and~*pans.
originally
in
extra
animals,
and, buildings,~
ca,?ving was one of the early industries
have been
a,little
characters,
mini&&+-ix
wjs,e~ r&land
with
bf making
fa-’
put to happier
,of the
thatianyone
1
been trees
h
in the moun-
fashioned
son’s Christmas
from
on wood
a section
as there
of the items
itself in a young
tihen
:, .,
sits a
by SOIIX
W,interfield,,and
‘/
a way as a~ny td’ begin
with.
expressly-
might
.named
brought
Creek.
them
JAM,‘into
of
as a desk
-there
‘i%it of poplar
me, here in the, mountains
is as approp&tte
craft
carved
his initials,
woman
those early days on.Betty’s
.siFning--a
‘rabbit
scratched
it was:given,to
by z+warm,
That
sheet,
~l~y,wood that. serves
,,
whittler
four-by-eight
John
C.
who with
in a short time or.cover.a
hoard
,,,
\t’OOD
CARVING
surface
with
his jown
sharply
incised
or anybody
an& energy
Scl&ol.is
&e’s
to more
more
IIlountain
conversation
satisfactory
‘$ezisant
hieroglyphics
might,
use
with
(Now)
or charact&istic
without,
than
intex~upting
practice,
no scene
the young.
put
that skill
about
‘the Folk
people
resting
at
+ch
time or around
the fireplace in the evening. whittling~ away at their
difi‘erefit figures in all stages from the rough wood to the finished ~ohject. A
small
block
>vhittled
from
which
a mule,
fits convenientl)-
a iahbit,
(tool
handles,
,firehoards;
spindles
for spinning
timer,
drnamentation
,inlav
wheels,
.walking
sticks
.
Beyond
in relief
scrolls
where
the
of-to produce
th:t,
there
<.;ow calls,
in&
detailed.
home
of it, hut,a
itipritit
The
variety
book
slabs;of
is just
twice
pegheads
tow&
as’religious
wood,
his own hands,
his own vigor,
:
and
couldn’t
individuality,
eAch c6lebrating~
’
or dul:
vine
h&b$n
j
wall hangings
sbme fully
astonishing.
this’size
.
and
the,hindle)
colored
carved
and amaz-
In this section,
we hint .at
show
%all>hose
the work
who v;ork in w;ood just in our state. There
are hundreds
such people, ‘each taking delight in seeing a recognizable
~through
m
sails,
pulpits
of a fiddle
of a honeysuckle
crawling
are even such~;things
turkey
such as church’
on’the
a Serpent
out of t\+o-inch-thick
,vfe
hhxes) , or practical with
,~.I,.. ,. rC _..-- ~.~..._. ._.
ari:&r+lKe
destgn em a
in some furniture
in gunstoclq
,taken advantage
$,&being
when whittling c’an he r&me&”
eilshaping
that is either totally prac-
woo’den door latches and hingeqtriggers
fonrahhit
decora~i\:e.~~ol~chcs~~ (to>{!;- butter-molds-~t~~~:le~i~e
~ppat of biirterl
or a rooster
and safely in the shirt p\pcket, and a iharp
another pocket nv;aits the free moment
Then,.of
co&e,
there is the carving
~tical
a goose,
and hundreds
of
s,h~ape fake form
the fact that .he can ,expfess.
and criftsmanship
in this fashion:~:::
BEW
,.’
/,j’
CHARLES
EARNHARD’T,
Charles
, eleven
soltie
selling
years
North
teach&
Earnhardt
whittles
J-ears ago when
good
aI&3
Charles
The
and for pleasuie.
him a few tricks
the rest by trial
years ago! The
North~ Carolina
to teach
afternoon
be wa.5 surrounded
and blocks
mpney
of his knives a;e made
\’
I~
thigh
his students
,that we &sited
by ..about
from
q
of two knives
a2iraight
razor
8,
He staited
of the art and
afid e?ror,
goes f&r a good
to hq
back
Scho&had
some
Charles
twenty-five
of w:ood.
tools he uses consist
r
SCENES
\~vhen we first met him, &$. Jim Hagan,
at Hiihlaiids,
pocketknives
showed
a’nd his wife haves been trying
Carolina.
been taughi.
,The
a man helmet
se&n
OF
both for a living
tools to use. He learned
pieces
his classes for a wrek
t&ium,
CARVER
and
began
cause;~‘for
the family
farm in
the industrial
asked
of the same
tricks
he had
at the high school
pairs
arts
him to,visit
of hands
audi-
holding.
’
and two small.chisels.
and ‘a pair ~of bar&r
The
blades
scissors.
.’ “‘.
,~.
i
_‘_’
PLATE
41
’
PLATE 42 These are Charles’ favorite
tools-the
knife blades hre made from a
straight razor blade and a pair of barber’s sciys.
‘”
PLATE 43 Charles hplds ;1 block that
he has marked accord&
to his pattern
and is no+ ‘roughing out ‘into the figure
of an 01.8 Goman with a rolling pin.
.
,\+Q(,‘D.~C>~R~Irj($,
1.
(~:lia~le;‘.fn\-oritc
wood
:
is whi&
pine beca&
easy to work with. L\-hitc pine~~hobld
to five monthcm~a
.+I
‘,
Carvings
hours
it is easily
be set aside and cured
pear is p,r6ferablcC
Some 13 Charles’
4e over-one’~himdred
~
~‘~ _
”
7’ ~,
aCcessible
and is
for at least,four
_I
n
a’;~ shown on the next p+ges. It took him a litto complete
the scene with the ‘ban and the
&er. The shop took close to qne hundred
hours and the kitchen scene about
two huildred’ hours. .He fspe~@s, five opt six hours on~.~sach figure tha’?, he
xproduc/ds
_
Some’of
m&r:
to sell. When
he ereaies
ihe lnrcer,~ more
for examples
snm!!Lzr figures;
scenes
Charles’wants
Charles
graphs shdw. he is incredibly.
_-~~-_~ = __ .E-~~~~
,r
<,
; Ph&p,;n$
~- .
intricat,e
is~‘&xc that
however,
a new figuI;&,$t,akes
makes
[&ted.
longer.
are not for.s\le.
to keep hi&elf.
specific.ally
‘:‘i
.The
dulcime?
The
to sell. As the
__~~_
- ~_~__ ~-,;I ~~~~c
.~_~~~~
~~~_~_~
.-:=I
)~
other,’
photb--~:+A~~‘)
RAY MOBRIDE
r ,/v ‘Ray nnd Ken, Kistner
<i. ,
I
PL.kTE
44 Mahy of his works ‘:are
comkal
or sarirical
in nature.
‘Fe
creates a ne\v figure or grouping
and,
oh.
uc,ng it ai a partern. turns ““t a S&!~
for sale. This wife yelling to hrr bus-,
b$
thml,yh
an car rrumpet
is one
such example.
PL.4TE
45 This little hsund ,scratching behind his ear is arigthei example of ’
the more humorous
works Charles pro-.
duces.
scenes are those two boys playing
of moonshine
behind him.
timbles,
PLATES
48-51
Others of his scenes are one-of-a-k~~d:PpreathtakinRly,exact
replicas
of scones from )-e&s ago. Here, for example,
is an Grly living room/dining
room
scene complete to, the tiniest pair df scissors and child’s.rocking
how-all
cawed out
of Irohd. In this scene,’ the sideboard is, IO%” tall, the long tahie is 105/a” long,, an‘d
the chair is 5” high.
:*;
L
1
d
52L55
Another3cen.z
shows ai old’ n+m iy his mpligfain
dulcime?
shop. *
Even the’lin)’ saw blade, spittoqn, pe$$
the ~+i&&
stririis, ‘ind, the &nobs, o6~the
drawers are painstakingly
can-cd out nf xny sli&&n&‘-blqcks
of a;wod.
‘WOOD
,,,,:
: ;;.,,,I;
CARViNG
PIATES
5’6-57
In this more comical scene, i?mxcul~te
in detail (complete
to shotguii andshells
and tiny squashed cans), a hunter is caught 8eaning
his gun just as a
,I deer walks,~~p$. The ldok of surprise and pain on tiie%an’s
stubbled
face tells the
$ory. Most’of these more intricatk
&orks ,wind up in private
collectibns.
i
,~
_
*
.
,..,,
‘C
i,
*
.QOUG
SHEPPARP,
Imagine
BIRD
CARVEli
a place where the only sounds a?~
,~~,:i.~“‘~
b&ng~over ro~ks~&&*ttds-of
?ngs like the z,hite
till kinds sin,<ir&
3,’
!;
76 *
_
.’
“I
,, FOX~FIRE
colors are easy {o work with, mix~,w&, hlmd with &e
look moor&like the. natural colol-s
of the
anothtil- easily, n&l
birds. He feels that pils and acyhx
are too shiny to he nmtural looking. 7‘h,g?w&r
colors ,airJea flat, soft. appear-
nnce..
Al-title and photographs
4
by Bit Cnwe7-, Shelley.Pnce,
and.Susie~ Nichols.
WOOD
CAPVING
I‘ve been
77'.
cntling
birds
all my life. I &\-cd
like ihis about
back there
when
and carve sonlething
out. And
that was a pretty good bird-it
didn’t
do_ a ve+
gqod
five years,
but I’ve been
I was a kid-pick
around
up a block
its
of wood
one time, years ago, I carved a bird out and
wasn’t bad’at
all for shape. I painted
it,
job
on painting,
but my mother ~gdt~that bird and
that bird somewhere.
I looked at it not too
kep it. I believe she~s’still Dot
b
..
long ago and I ,whsn’t at all ashamed of it:
>I>- dad showed me ways to do things wh&
I s&ted ‘carving.
I ireally
didn’t learn much from him, He’d tell me something
to him. I was d’erermined
to do it my way. A wbod
their own way-no
matter
what,
everybody’s
going
and I wouldn’t
listen
carver’s going to do it
to be different.
\\‘hen I started out I wasn’t any good at all, but they were good enough
to sell. I feel now like they really looked bad, but here Iately’I’Yn getting into
it where
can
i renllv.change
put somethin?
somethink
differenf
every: time
on it that
makes
I came
dne and
it loo!? better
keep learning more about ii. As small as it is, there’s
believe it hr not. When you t-tally get down to carving,
one bird
I-igllt here all day if you wanted
to it> go right on do+.m anti cut, every
chance
01 the time to do.‘tha’t.
$4 friend
and qhave
It is sguatcd
war
@ui
shop
is that
they
to study
are a’lot
I
it, keep
of people
North
who
like I’m doing
come
before
a
Carolina.
through
see stuff like thfs. And the good thing
can se! y~carvitig
can realI>: sell them.
T,Vc are calling
There
who ne\;er
all the time.
on it. I haven’t~had
just Xpenkd -up a shop ,in Franklin;
the quark.
h&e in the summe?
feather
.it. I
a whole lot to learn,
you ‘ian work on this
to, if you wanted
adding
paint
about
you,, land, I
i
“Cardinal
the shop
CI’afts.”
M/e are just selling
cqbirds
mostly. People seem to think\wc’ll
be a success, that this is som&i,fig
people
will want to come see us do dnd they’ll want to buy the birds., If It goes well,
we‘ll prol,al)ly,
keep it open
be carx4ng birds.
I ,cirn xii birds. I hope
~selli:lg in m): owl
get nlor‘e money
still T&t
cawe
to’$cc&nue
shop.
If there’s
treated
People
don’t
con,:
somethilsq
l)u~- something.
To tell mc~ just that
and
I wouldn‘t
If they
in my shop,
I will make
keep my prices the-sac
they think
drag
come
them
in land
if they
in.
I’ll
them
be-
as they are,,
just
is priced
come
in, they’ve
got to
I don’t
care
if they
say that
they
like it, that’s
do or
here and look.
too* low [would
be okay withy ID+
it,~~but a lot of our stuff is pricdd
II
as well as
time into it. If my~buyers
for them,
to co,ne in and stand
my stuff
don’t realize
supplied
I’ll
on them.
fine with me. Thry’r&elcorne
Most people
*
at the shop,
that’s ,any better
enough
mc, nice. 1’11 tr);.to
to the door
And
there
to keep my buyers
anything
I cyan make
now. I’ll not go’ up sk)--high
buy
If I’m down
I’ll be puttin g more
for it because
my birds and
the);‘ve
/his winter.
too cheap.
I get
OUR care ,” y
mad
when
that’s
l&d sitting
and~say
that
[our
I got into it with one lady.
over there&
I said, “Ten
She
idme in
they
not true.
dollars.”
said, “Oh,
prices
are]
too much.
I know
She came in here and there
thq sheif, and she said, “How
*
much’ is that
was a
one?”
that’s too much !”
I just said, “Too
bad.”
She came back t,he xxt
day a,nd she was still kind of nipped
about
,it, but
I just told her that fhat was a good price and she finally did buy it.
~~~~~~~~
I d.9 watch
There
bluebirds
Can
the birds
are so many
nesting
when
different
out there
right
you ‘hear those caibirds?
There’s
workshop
a family
of little
I can,
and
I feed, them
kinds flying in heie.
And
phoebes
nqw
T&x’s
[in a little
I’ve seen”a
nesting
over
through
the winter.’
a family
birdhouse
hummingbird
of Eastern
on the fence].
twice
my band&w
:
already.~,
in that
little
lots of them.
Last
~
out there.
I’ve seen some indigo
buntings
here
ihis iear-there’s
I
I
‘tiE:
a~-
I
WOOD
CARVING
‘79
PLATE
:
65
~~~~
~~
_-
~
~~
;~~~~~ ~~
PLATE
66 The knife
for much of his work.
Doug
uses I
.
-breasted
grosbeaks;
tied I have several
nce and
I’d never
go&d books
on bird
sometimes
fdr my
as models
I$ now. I understand
and dimensions.
It’s starting
to carve
I’m thinking
nd taking
here
on driftwood,
because
$ w~ant’to
stuff J guess,
hut you can find driftwood
tiest stuff you ever looked.
at.~ A person
could
features
it’s about
l
t$e
with
at F$nta+
and
that’s
pick up eno&h
my prices if I’m gonna
!
the cd-
thingsthe, pr~et-
driftwood
take time to”find
k, and spend, three
lit-
best things you ~~
I it. In fact, the&people
I’m going to start upping
to
be ab% ‘to
I’ll h&a
‘;ind cut off stuibps
pretty
proba-
about,.going
into my shop.
ss the birds’
‘m)- birds
There’s
~,,
a year of ait. I’m not inter-
and learn.
come
whatso-
to cpme tb me-
the feathers,
know,
I mount
it look good.: I
I‘ve had no art training
myself.
’
how to mix the
‘ve got to do to make
don’< know .about~distance
seen a
to
coming
real se-
or four days on
.~
,,~,
I!QSr-IRS’
Eo
one piece
o[ \vol-k. But that’s
‘1 ha\-c so mrlc-h i,lto”il, That
‘1 tiillc. I tion‘t, C;IIC if people
I’m just yin:g
I want
I l.an if I ck
This
like tc’dc
and c-ar\.e every
Ihnoir
I k~rpw it can IJC done’ Ixcausc
xuy in Asheville
dolkm
dollars
fxedo~m
caryes
fol- one little
thmr.
on it. I’ve practiced
on the interior,
rich.
of a t,uildin~:and
don’t
undentand
that:
&irlg
tc dc lvith
it:’ You
that
I mean,
and
oni
that
;u?d~
fmc work.
:\ man
hc keeps
spends
yklg
eighty -thcusalld
on ‘and oil, md~‘I
M.hy have
all tha‘t nio~~y?
.gct what
you
could
it for. a
really, detail
;rilti,l‘~e.stlldicd
~ik~cKSrc:~l
is 111) idea of beins
I‘ve setm it-
He does
l>ird nnd I do it for: a living.
it like he does-,~~-take my tikx
fcathcr
(
and Ix just
it’s like a real liird of some ItSi
I ~i%i 35 It now1 or thiSI
Hn\,ins
,,‘~
::.‘,
~find titnd.
tot.
I’d
wildlife n?tistc. They‘rc:rcal
gmd. They pai,n_t
on them. I want tc do work like that, and I 1~
and hr sets ninety
Rut I‘d scrta
l&ausc
to take time akd do that ‘cause I‘vr got to.
to C;IIKC one to where
out of Ixwwcod,
hol,h):
I’l! yp 1x1,)~
prices:
is, if I c;m find the ,t.irnc and 1’11: going to take
are waifing for me to cant
one Ikd at :I time.
as good as these [famxlsj
c\-~n hair or e~ct’\s feather
lie\:;
the only ~eascn
4.
rich, tc mcl is,not hh<itig~‘tb~ w?xj\ and @ring
. :md not h;lvill%y any hilts and not o\~in:; anytmdy
\\%a?
are )cu
wmt
+d then quit\ &n,s
~~~,,,,,
~~~
~i0~slccl~ late every mornu~,~
;\n!;thing
;md haviyy,
yorll
OMn plnce.
I’m net
rc;lll); intcrcstcd
ill nx$ing
1x1)- me a little piece of land
lot\ of morlcy.
tmc~ in the woods,
natiol,al
forest land sorlle\\ihcre,~~~~Llj~~~lV
scritrd
in ?‘hr Fo.xjire ,%ok. I h;\d always
*
.I
w;t* I)uitt,
a’nd then
that
Iloci
r;bnc
mr!;tx
wond&d
out with
P do wallt
cncugh
hacking.up
tc
to
SC&
i\ houxJ&c~~h~:w!
dry- :
how 21.house like that
t$c pIails
in it: I’ccultl
h~\c
fiwrcd
it out prcl~at~l~, l)ut this ;v;rl. I know \\iihat IK do and I‘m gcing to
,.
lmil,d mc a hm~x lik that somrd;ry.
[ 1 want a calrin Imilt / cyl of logs. I’m
goil~l- to IkId
Thrn
one oric of thrsc
I could
,~~i,e&w. khtx
<,”
wi!dlife
C.
just .sit and
I;,)- birds
artist--~who
P. LIGON,
look
d;l)v iI I ever gcb a place to Imild it.
C;uvc, kcausc
red.
I
hare
I hope
a
drenm
to ~really get’ tlcfiy
of Ixcomi~~~
:III~I
a lakus
lam\ys?
FOLti
1
ARTIST.
i~
One ilny ou/ of the c&n, blue sky, ,Zir. C. P. Li,qrm oi l’ocdon
h7~olqht
,~orne o,t hk cc~rGn~,rto Fo,xfirc jo,- th’e .rtudents nt OUT:school tq enjoy. This
wns /he i;rst timr tie Tad hrmqht
tti,rwo,-k is on, disidq
.;I C&I&
nn,y of ,hi.c /(qu,-e,r:u/) OUTroq ‘~1smost 01
cioso~~to t+ tromc in .Stephens Cbundy.
oi months laterlwhen
~oj ~65decided
it wns time to return the ccuvin,~s, severd
to ,go don,, (J and /indout
\
!
more
.
dmut
’
Mr.
Li,gmi and his
s.
i
IVOOI)
C:-\R\‘IXC;
.
d~,.I
hohb,.
H-c dr-oi’c into .hi.r h~ck~~n~.m~:&uMy
ni
za&+wbgf~
the ,Yhi fllcci~. His gcrr~ligeanil .rhoj~ arca were /i//cdtr:ilti logs, stu,mps,, and
.iiicks ;‘f all shnprs and size.r. 7‘heli?~ Toe,-e cnl-r~e~l~‘f~pl.esnsemlih,~
lotem
[IO!CS,/
rc~bCi/.r.(I scz,en-/oat-iad1 f~hnboc~ Crnrzw, o srnnll pcnguin+‘ll
kin&
o/ /i,<lrresIhal i-n,? he mnde /ronI
odci-sir’apii
~~~~
~ ~~~~~ J1iec:i.rof~~zo~~o/(+
kfchcri WC bc,cnn, lo talk u111h h&z, we jou?rtl out lhat he ~.wassecenfyfiue,
.j!emr o/d and hat1 hqun
rawin,,q in 1967 u/ler relirin,? ,from n ,-oofing busi-
IICS. 13~ IJCII/
nf’re,- donc~ my1hin.g like (his br,fore in his ii/e mlil th&
It ~11
bf,,<ar,r.he ,iciirl. one riiiril. dny when hr rtieal .lo lorcn to Ti,St some &nzel
pniht on/i be,:nn ‘painting
n (~iclwe.‘fle
had nez’er hod nn artist’s brush in
hir h(~~~dbrjorc ur~dsaid hc ei,zn did a loq
job
t~rrj~qv~dt//c !FEIZ’TI,J.
and he ,JOOTI~,
had picked
+7tm3mrxm/rti~zXrnlid7fn,.ieii
of pinling
011 a (Gke’
o/ w00d.
/i,qurc r,rnugcd nnd he was Jzmkcd. A’oze~ n stend;)~ s:~enrn
ain
fii Mr. L&n
in thr: parkiqt
lot
of
the
Rahun
Gap-Nacoochrc
Schrwi
with
t\\;<, of the figure
hr
hroucht ~along to share ‘;rirh <>,,I’ SI,,,dCMS.
(1 ho~~~sc.
But he
up n hntciiet,
n I~nndsmu, n
,Sou71 n ~%u,gh ‘,
of one-of-a-kin~d
PLATE
68 The totem pole stand&
in plkrr at thr Cayripfirc Girls’ Camp in
Tocrox’
Both sides nf the pole are
cowered Tvith C;lrvine;s.
FCXFI@E
82
4
cur&r comes
‘,om us s LO crea
.F,~~~~~
~~.i~~,~I-~~lU~
~~~
suri-oundinq woods and knots and
hi&. That‘i
something
The
‘, I us soqe
ay Iw s h’owe<
cypress
knq& he was goin,g to make
out of ewntunlly.
car$nqs
he rna&~~nre nezler san.ded~Ldow~n.He do,esn’t hejieae in- ~’
going to all that trouble. All ihe things carved by him’he desoibes
for the
(
school children.”
He feels they enjoy
thin,gs ‘that are finished and can’t “be
touched
as, “Junk
his roufih ~‘waorkmore than
and played
with.”
In 1in.e
wi!h his de,tire to make things for kids, he refuses to euer sell a piece of his
work. It is made e.>cl&iuely fob donation to, oi display by, local groups that
work u’ith you’?z~ people.
CoGctors
are sent away empty-handed.
I felt as ttiough we had been to a tionderful
wanted
to leave. :p/e were now beginning
and peaceful
to understand
plnce. Nobody
why Mr. Ligon
cawes the thin.gs he does and wants,nd ‘money for ~them: He likes what he’;
doing and he loves kids-money
Article
by Sid Jones.
~’ Robert McLanahan,
The
spme
first thing
apple
after
They
1 quit work
,I got my po$x’saw
dbn’t
natur&,Do
to,,make
cut them
curdown,
me any Indian.
‘grodves
out in his
w&j
~+round_fhe ~&&$fie
kou know what’s the matter
e”ys,~:an$
with peo-
use’ the t’al&s:
they’ve
the time to. Just like I was.! I wanted
took
a vacation
it was almost
%y Sid, All Oakes,
w~as an old ‘Ind&n.,,I
and
have
until
*~
and Alison Rutherfoqd.
and<1 said, ~“I’m going
trees out there,
_~d,.Toohalittle4ld_~.h
everything.
It just come
pled today?
Interuiews~ an.d photographs
Melissa M&ee,
I carved
~.out of this thing.”
can’t buy those things.,
t&e
got. &cl
to educate
that
‘?&it
ldts of ‘them: don’t
my children.
qork.
,,
j
sixty-seven.
I never
I quit work
at
I think kids ought to get involyed,,wit,h
things like this, e~arly. 1 w’as work-,
ing on that totem ,pol,e,.I-~&t Up at the’ Camp,fire Girl? Camp in Toccoa,*
and one of my.grands&s
And I said, ‘%fell,
TValter’s boy, Matt.
said, “That
just 90 ahead
justaon’t
look rights to me.”
and finish it like you want
So he just finished
it og. Then
and Perry and Bryan-and
‘they all work&d
‘!Go~to it, boys. You can’t make it’any r&gher
That
totem
~1 planted
tha;
pole’ &as from
tree.
14;; was up there
1 got~it
covering
a white~pine
from
down
his house.
about
twenty-fiue
the wind
and
came
I was fixing
tree that
bn Lake
I looked
there
h&been
Rabun
started
It was~planted
blowing
to go in ~,the house
apd
,
awful
that
ha&.
was
came-Mark
them;
in my yard.
from
I’
a fellow.
and saw that little white
years~ old. One :day there, wasn’t.ar
UP and
is.;
it.” That
on it some too. I told
than I?m doing.”
here
pine and I dug it up and took, it home.
the others
‘,
before
cloud
Igjo
and was
in the sky, but
It was on a,Thursday,
tree started~ giving
away~ and
PLATE
69 Mr. &igon replacing
the bow in the arms of the Indian
in the cafeteria of the Stephetis County High School.
I
that
now stands
84.~
FOXFIRE
fcli owi-.
I’1.e made
a fexi ?ther
little
&c,:es
ollt of it Ixsides
~rilrhrlt IIWI it Ll,’ no\\:.
:\nd (11~ riylc cm top of it is ~~xrdr of oxh.
OII~ ~JI III!- yard
mnde
c1w.e to the well.
ir up a: rhr, h6use
I dc~;i&d
It ~amefrom
to put that
the ,pole.
I’ve
n tree that
was
eagle
Lvhile we ,lxzd .the pole Iyin~down.
4
on it, and
Then
I
when they
wanted to take the pole’ down to the Ia& and. set it, up, they brought a big
~‘rruc!, doG:p there Tvith~a lift on it. “That’s W.&K it’s beers ever since.
/:
‘3x1~ I made an Indian for the Steph,&
County His-h School and: took it
down
thgre
and set it out in the hall.
Thev
didn’t
to do that. i‘he\;‘re the S&phe;ns Count)Indians,
lt,sar our thrre in the hall. ‘The boys,came
‘Th&
‘i@t’s
,‘;IIw.
rooh the al-&
all ~he>.!eft.
I kq’l
telling
and
them
pcoplc~ from Fo.~fil e came
that.
Then
elwything
So then
I remodeled
off that
it ‘%a~ ?et hack
if thry‘d
doirn
ask me
to. I just-wanted
you &sv.
along ald wanted
thins,;
justileft
in theCbook
stacks
l,r-ing it to nie, I‘d remodel
and hrou~ht
it to lvhat
it &s
it home
when
souvenirs.
the main
body.
or the storage’
it. Then
you
for me. I appreciated
you~saw
it the other
day in
PLATE 70 A f&we of Lester Maddox &dins on a donkey. The donkey holds an
app% in its mouth~and tbcw is a iwg in its hack under LcsrCr so he can also be turned
:c iarc ior\~~:~r~i.
11%in tlv ~tm rialldini: CFgurrs in I’latc 67, the ar!11s ;~IP conncr-tml 10
3 >rick thal ~X~SCS
rhrourrh ~I>IY
figure‘s lmdy ~~n:>l,lin,<
~hv :xrms ro rotaw.
i,
.,_
.~<_\
.
-
‘<
WOOD
C.4RT’ING’,“
85’6
c
thr dining room at the sthool.
I carried it over there and told them’ I was
I)ringins him home. I &ked.where
we should pUt it, and the lady 06% th?re
and thxtls~where
it’s standing
now.
sug,q%cd their it be put in the cafeteria,
The
principal
o\:er there
dents respect
him ali right.
I also made
a doll house
die of leukemia.
house f,o&?r
is a fine man. He’s a w~?nd&il~pe~rs~~>. The S&I,_
:--. --._~~
Her
once.
moth&
asked
them
walls and
there.
the
ceiling.
I made little shakes
those
from
do&
shakes
building
shiugles.
I had
the’ lumh&
I mjde
it.” And
that
a little
~‘~~
‘_
,us a doll
about
company.
chisel.
The
a lot of works for,theni.
to buy
to.gO
in
to
in
I had
with.it
It didn’t
take
I got some
go
about
*
a
me lorIg to
little
tel~~ws over there
I t:ook the little
bn
I worked
the next step.
a two-inch,
I got ii done
bit of furniture
for the roof myself.
week’. I‘d go hnrnc and think
blocks
about
f,or WZLSthe material
thereShe
J:yti
“How
The ~case like it is, 1’11 make
time.~ All I chxged
make
me,
brother
for her birthday?”
I sai.d, “=\I1 right.
:\nd
A little girl we know had fan older
two-by-four
give them
chisel and tapped
to me.
the lit@
out of rhe’hlocks,
~If ii’s a,good two-!~~-four,~~~I~can get aboLt tweniy~~~~~
Iwo shingles~oui~o_f~it,, butt I”usua$~ get about eighteen out of each one.~ ~.,
‘,The,,l$tle
chuich
I made
shin~gles on’i<> too. I gave
nr,e hotg
littie log buildin&.
I CJ~~Jwhen
~the roofing
Our
Me and the preacher
tickled
with
it up there.
. I had
come,
.
ahout
They
i-arved
The);
a museum,
here,: “Can
They
it mostly
didn’t
used to have anything
for is to bring
We’ve
\,\ie like to hunt
and fiddle
didn’t
hive
church
come
a picnic
toys. The
little
Thqse
in
I ~;a, in
ivas
I ~told her
for her old,alma
They
we’re
that’s
were so
going
going
over ,&I the liouse
if it would
looking
to duo.
in it.” YOU
from
one of,
be all right
at all the stuff
to
I’ve
here in the yard?”
got out there
and
my grandchildre;l
that
had
a big time.,They
$ay
in. They
way.‘Itls
great.
played
What-I’m
:
.’
it aback like this, countr~x used to be. Children
to~make
had
and
up there.
asked
got through
anything,with.
own things-cotintry
of most an);t+;g.,
real]\,
that
had
’
fun w,ith the children
doing
their
they
&~hive
ahead.”
I have a locof
her something
‘\I’11 tell, YOU what
little~chiidren
me when
I said’: “Go right
wa!;s made
said,
to Reinhardt,
and that’s the first thing
seen that, tree &use lout there
in there.
that little
a week or iwo ago. They
ask&
around
wife went
to make
College
Cdllege,‘too:
I had with Reinhardt
girls’ dormitory
while
good send-off.
about‘seventeen
the schools
t&k
Harris
to Reinhardt
Andy covertd”the
I ,was.going
that was a pretty
church
preacher‘s
mater.
\\;e’re’buildiqg
gav6 t&Y&g
,Th,? first c&tact
I welir up there
buoin&.
not tbo lo”ng ago that
know,
and
a little
ch,ildren
a right imart
arou$
with.the,
first~thing
Ng tools.
did, We’d
of little
make
fun with
The
ki$
al-
wheels
out
stuff: l&e that.
doLF and shave a good time.
I bought
for m-self
I
,~~~~~~~~~
We
was a little old
,
s
‘,,
~
_
.,
”
i
\
:
FOXFIRE
PLATE
71 ,Woman
~hurnitigl~
arms rotate puIling the churn.dasher
and down.
‘kn?f& for a dime when
.!
that
”
knife wouldn’t
try to get them
mg fancy
r&red,
interested
they’ll
that.
in things’iike’
under&&d
liked to carve
then,
for the school, children,
this. If I can get one of them
and maybe
enjoy
it. I don’t
but
for them
like this. Something
rough
I make it rough.
to do something.
like this, they’re
and
to try
try to n&kc noth-
If they go to the store and ,get somt%hing,
But this is an incentive
thing
have
I do all this,stuff
like it waz out of a store-finishe-d.
tinderstand
j
I, would
even cut. I just had it just to have a~knife.
But h&v that’I’m
‘soticthing,
PLATE
72 Mr. Ligon .standing
bemath this bearded
man in a top hat.
Thc’figure
was calved on an inverted
tree trunk.
The,
up
I wits ‘a boy.
4
And, they can
it’s all dolled
up.
Th’ey’ll
try to do some-
snot afraid
to do hit. Paint-
ing’s the same way.
I’ve work&d with all threc’grammar
in Habersham
driving
Like
Count?
.,County
so far.
up and say, “This
the pthei
back
schools
I do them
is, &hat
just
there:
I’ve got.”
They
County,
like I done
ichool
never
had
up there
had
and two
youLal&. ,I come
‘<
, ’
dBy. ,I Went up to .a little
in the country
in Stephehs
in Habersham
anything
much.
I
.
73
PLATE
‘,
I
I
‘_
L_
drove
up there’and
I asked
&ice.
I told him what
fqr the principal.
I hard. “Would
He,.tdld
me to walk
you like to see what
on in his
!
I brought?”
..
He said, *“Are your going
35
I said,
“No,
they don’t
ing it for the good of them.
to charge
around
behind’the
“We’re
going
They
broughi
the f&t
they all got through,
ated. That
They
good.
building
to;haGe‘a
grade
the&
break
and they took it right
in ,jen mifiutes.’
they brought
one kid thkre
who
the little covered
Ge’ll
ins right ,oi ui, to ihe sixth grade,
the little fellows
back in which
did me a lot of good for the little fellows
had
I had
,’
to See the &ff.~ I’m mak-
Not to n&e’mont!y.”
We drove
see it.”
them?”
have tb pay me nothing
’ and he said,
children
me inything~for
had
wagon
tu sit down.
with
on in,
let ai1 the
i~/~~
and w&n
I ap.ppeci-
to see it.
Her didn’t
me, aqd
he’got
seem to fekl so
down
there
and
.
.
D
.A
1:OSYlRE
looked
at th;rt> and looked
over
there
at me, and
4
i
~~
that ?w:t,qon some
studied
illor?. It was wrll worth that trip up thcrc for him, c!‘en if I’d got throwed
ol!t. He \V:W rlrju!-ing it. -411 those little kids crowded
;u:ound. They ,w:intcd
;
to kn;rw this ;~nd that. ‘l‘l~r): w;untrJ
to kno~y wh;rt it WAS all al)oqt.
~,ly \vife has seen ~~!J;Lc I‘ll: doins
f(lr the chilclt-ctl and
our
trip
recc!ltly,
they
7‘11~:gr;t~~d~~hilc~reir like for mr to make
h;ive~ in tllis :tui$. ;tnd she like.5 that.
stufr. ‘I‘hc)- take an in\errst
thc’interest
in it. One morning
my grandd;lughtrrs
when
I wiL.5iu C:alifornia
out
thr?c/ wcrc
!
cl.ippin~s and’stories
~cr;~pixx~k of pi~:~ul-es I‘ve got-xgd
looking
tlut
on
through
this
ha3e Ixen
writ:
_
‘tcu almut nay sttdt’. I iold them to take out any&q:
they wanttid,’ and they
ah&t &and
it out. I c.%n’,t cart. I wnnted them to have those thjnr~”
;\fy ~nothcr died ,~~hen 1 &s trn !e;rr~ old, and I loved hrr gre’atly. .4nd
;IIV father
h~o~kcil
and
:got hurt
al)o~~t three~or
out of a wagon~i)y
hurt.
After
care al&t
,,.
:
~l)tit~I lrarned
;i whole
.with my fathrr.
the other
,thiltgs jart likr hc wan&d
them.
kids ‘waiting
lot of what
ii. ‘l‘h:~t~s cn~ I-easor?,today
I,ON
,REID,
I needed
Len
such,
Rc”d
I h&n
FURNI~TLJRE
was orlr of th& most
WC feartired
did not mention
. / $op;Jar
at that
away
to people
dren,
and the thou&
time,
onesr
time survive.
melt6
wait
on him bev;~usc I ‘done the _
to know!
I didn:t
really
have
hc is dead
a ”
complain.
The others went to
and I n&r
iqqxt’ted
a day of
lot-of
res$x!t
for old people* and
MAKER
_~ ,S~
cxicitin~
chairmakers
we cvcr:found.
*4is
is that
WC
he was also a fine whittle?.
at all: he took all the scrap wood and whiir
one of his large ch&,
,md, with his pocket-
\\‘e I)ou$t
ihcm
~‘~~ :
noes’,. the h~m~$eds
and ca1:1y his narb’for~varcl.
that
IXXCS full.~of tl;em
today.
Magy
we.rc justiis
an,d gave
them
of tlTen& went< lo chil-
that ~IxcqAe~he h;td nevei~mrt,had
;
I
on
the old people.
however.,
who gilI treasure
I.un ~normouslj~.,
‘l‘hou~h
run oycr I?,’ the wagon
He wnntrd
those st.r:~pc into lvhat .he called ” “1oy‘“chairs
;;i the :larq
ple.ased
He wcs
him in 7Ylr~ EO.X~IP HooX. Orie :rsprc.t:~of his life that
Nor wantill,? 10 waste anythink
oak splits left over after rn;lki!lknife.,turned
whole
the kids arl(l I enjoy
TOY
at ~hc c.ottotl;gin.
1 le;rr~~ed a lot. I di’dn’t qet to go to school,
clhildhood like some ~hildtirn do, i)ut I +u’t
school. My f;~the~-robk up a lat .X my time,
kids, too. I enjoy
later
a bale of ~(~otton and tlirn
thnt~, I stayed
him. He didn‘t
four years
’
of tinyzchCiirs
rrcrivrd
his Mzork
he made
in ITis lifc-
~j
* ”
RICHAR” FGF
’
PLATE
watches
76.~ Len’s granddaughter
as he works.
PLATE
77 Lon
and
Foxfire’s
Richard
Page
with ‘ihree
Of
his chairs.
t;
6;
?
:
“i -- ~._’ , ” ,’
;:*<
90
!
;j’.
’ ;::r:,,?
ap
_.
,:
‘7;
~~
WiLLrAM
.
4
,,:’
L
&j&W~dS,
RELIiF
SCU&PTOR
‘“‘a,
q&
1
Fio@& was liorn and raised in Copper
‘i\-illianl
FOXFIRE
Hill, Tennessee.
He -now
K’ li\,cs \vith his wife and three children
in College Park, Georgia,
outside
r~
Atlanta,
where-‘he works the day &ifty on. the asseml~~y. line at the Ford
i
-Motor
Comp+y.
In his Spare time, he, c&es
in wood, and, most’ recently,
in marble.
‘.‘penters’
i<hat
he says, “I use hand
For his woodwork,
cfjis&.
hantmers,
size piece
mallets--a
I’m carving.
little
pocket,)nives,
c;lr-
bit of everything~according
to
I’ve got a few
tool;:
handmade
tools-a
fqw little
sh$$p biad~es and things I use; You know, you can‘t‘. hardly
I/liy them.
h;r<e$
had, +,day‘s train&
but I could always draw :rl)oui anything
‘\var;&d
td ~w&E’~,I was.a kid.. I never tried an:;~~woodwork
“_I.+:<
;,
)-c$irs ago. ~T&;first
thing I ever did, X+VX just playing
,,
niaihly
wanted_&ee
The
.,
niost
’ carves
quarter
out
round,
tures.
6
racers;
crucifizion
door
Park
both
of wood,
and stains
and
ten
I just
,
of va+ious
of his piece)
work
/
follow,
of. “I made
I live. I cut it down
open;and
1 did some hand
good.”
hav;
shades
with.
Shop-a
pur&iased
both
a
he has also c~arved many
a tomahawk
and
carved
fgr my+,-next-
of a hedge
a snake
the snake
bush J
around
it
and split a
my rock down in it and bound
he enjoys
ofxwork
he’s doing
working:,in
lifelike fig@s.
the Garden
in a four-inch-thick
He hammered
they have
and ‘mix-
and sponsors
and
painting.on
as he feels he can get more
grave.
three-
to work
Speed
he
it with
” :,
a photograph
of Gethsemane
which
in aIrno@
autdmobl bq
where
If anything,
chest freezer
fig$es’
at Curley’s
of Gethsemane.
pictures
scenes
buys more/.materials
fixes-private
and split the stick hnd d&e
on his father’s
the
saw some of. Flowers’
have
It looks pretty
marble.
about
‘around.
religio&
I gave it, ,to him. Itls a ,great big old piece
beside
M-e> however,.do
sion:
large
is a mechanic,
of se\reral
we don’t
with its mofith
leather.
that
the owner
neighbor.
got there
big rock,
for example,
pictures
that
hloiks
with paints
and a Garden
Although
things
&solid
he doe.s are
he sells a piece,
Cathy,
ra.ge in College
track
works
and colors
OC&ionally,
His wife.
until
I
I
if I could do it.”
ambitio&
in relief
on the porch.
it even more
Recently,
it out
in his latest ias-
for example,
slab 05 marble
at home,,working
His next
tfian
project
in wood
he c’a&<d
ahd placed
bn to;
is so large
it
of a
he’s goings
to have to do it away, from-h&e,
however,
at the Co.darti’Monument
Shop
.,,,
just outside College Park.{ 5,t s subject? A life-size crucifixion
in full round
&r%ed
much
out of one solid
mistakes
If he could
_
piece
of Alabal;na
with 8 piece of rock;like
establish
his work enbugh
that,”
marble.
“Can’t
afford
to make
he would,
“Come
he~laughs.
to make
a living,
‘,~
PLATE
78 William
Florvek ~~++&bhis
wife, Cathy, ,and his three sons, De&e,
Andy, and Bill!;, after one. of their frequent ca,mping trips to our mountains.
,I
PLATE
79 This crucifixion & one of
four Flowers has carved.
It mwxures
P~%“x~zJ~“x
I%” deep. It is carved
out of white poplar, and colored with
acrylic, paints and wood &ins. He made
up the design for this piece himself.
a,
PL.ATE
‘JO This
Garden
of Gethsemane
scene is .carved
cut of hard
maple
and rneas&es
26sffx3;1/f’x
~%l! deeplJt~‘was ~copied from a painting by the German. artist, H&rich
Hoffman. It is colored. with acrylic paints
and wuod.stains,
and is the second one
he has cax+:ed.
PLATE
81
Gethsemane
solid marble.
An unfinkhrd
&$at Flowers
Garden
is doing
of
ik! -.
,..
LIP
iii
-shopl
&untnins
the
all c6p:binrcl
onstwed
partly
his,f;rmily.
It was
!
contact~s.
somewhere
with
set up
things.. ” I+
naval
h): the
hnd
fr~qucnt
camping
cnrvih~
love
trips~hr
shop
and
ow
vjpo
of these
introduced
trips
that
him
he met ;Buck
to US.
mountains
makes
to our
f6hn Pop.
b?; W’endy
(:an;er,
one
Cuynux,
Counc$! /ITI:the A+and
!
1
is dem-
coullty
:I
with
1..
\
of o,?r favorite
Shill-on gap,
lU<l %per,
Humanities.
,,
’
/
I
photos ‘of the 1-e{i,qiou.rreliefs WYP contributed
of theGeorgia
:’
antiq~ue
‘r,
I
iqrd @otos
an
for the
i;
&
Al-fide
Wph
a
and
by Anna Wads!,
+-PLATE
82 FI~W~
h;ls oniy &ed
one Las; ‘Supper’ out of wood, and he:.
got the .dcsign for it Prom :the I&l+
B&k Encyclopedia.
It Is ryrvrd out of
white
poplar
and ~ineasurec
1&‘/2”X
2gvs”x ?/+“, deei. It his j&‘“l”red in the
same ~nan,ler as r.h
therx, uwith;,Jhe
,.~~. .8.
addition pf p”kcb.erli) 1 ice for the deep
reds.
:’ ,,
,/‘;,
’
PLATE
83 This frog was carved out
of ash, and won a jury crrdi~,$
the
~Atlanta
Artist’s Cjub. The award enti-.
tics the artist to IPZLVChis work at the
Club for thirty days to be viewed by
prospectivehuycrs.,
0
_~_,
.. _~qy,
/”
1,: L ‘-‘,
.~,
,,WO;OD
~” ‘~
$+&VFFiu@
“‘j, ”
~;
: ’
PUTT:
?
\
’
:;:
\,
~,,
;~ ;,,j
PLATE
carved
: ~:, mto a: diskded
,DIcK
,;
relief’
<*\(.
,( *:
‘,~, ,:;+c - ._“I don’t
?’ :,‘make a-g-
3.
’
\
unless it will make~a
YOU see, I shake
this way, but
3
u,
that
it won’t”.go
tree;
:.
good stick and
won’t
arid: it71 :shake this way
back ‘that way because
here.~~~Tell,~~a~~tr~e withy, one big ‘root,, it)11 never
and
bf this bii
support
a good
t,ree- [but it qill.qake
a .%,,
good cane] .‘If~ the tree shakes the same on all sides,
that.showslyo&-it
h+s,,;L~good bunch of brace roots,‘so~I
dorjl’t cut it-l&
it
,j
“~
,.
make a go&trek.”
~\
Ia
Trees
were
important
to Dick~Harrison.
t,ion on wood and things that could
make splits, shingles, ax’ handles,
wooden
sticks,
:
&en
woqden
part~,of
planes,
and
\
PLATE
86 Flowers has carved many
pn3ocks
fat collectors and enthusiasts.
This is onqhe is especially proud of.
WOODWORKER
like tb cut a dogwood
~; ’ it’ll cotie~ over
~maln?+
Scene
chair seat.
HARRISON,
- ,:
a, y<,
:&
1
:
He was a fIount&
bowls
of informa-
@r
stools.
his life. He was ,born
~~~~~~,1 .,
/
-.
.~’ . ‘1
,.
94
i
,g’
,/’
x,
FOXFIR.&
1
~house built, ii1 1852 by his grandfather.
shingles
Thk hozse
put on w&h nails handmade
.&out
a pit saw~used,by
_ shingle
mill on their
pine. He made
,s’
/*
many
by a blacksmith.
his grandfather
hnme
A& covered
place
f@’ cutting
and
of, the ‘idols Sd
made
ib$run&nts
with poplar
Mr. ~Harrison
planks.
‘shingles
3 :~,
OS
told us
HE father
*$, had a:
poplar, and
of oak,
used on their farm.
”
L \V!hen we arrived ene day $ talk to Mr. Harris&,
heYlad thee outline-of
a
wooden dread tray drawn’on
top of th+?st&k, He talked to us as he worked.
~”:
‘~ As he’~hewed
sideline
projects.
out
the
inside
of the
bpwl,
he &
so accurate
he split
~”
-
the ~_
in half with his small adze. ~Th&e ~bowls, were one of his favorite
He r&de thep?of
birch, I&tternut;~ mapl?~, black e,y!n, ~che$nut:
*.~,
‘,
serviceberry,
poplar,
sassafr,ay, cherry, do~~wo~$:,
four x
.:,,, and apple>&&st
‘.’ were his fa\-orite for lo&:
Applewood:;+tie
out spoti&d~~an6Gas
beautiful.
..L ;c
~. g
~..
~’
Her called this “appaloosa.”
i
:,~
When
ture’of
he finished
one-third
a bowl, he painted
spirits
&‘a’,couple
of turpentine,
and
of tl$ck,,c&ts
tw~o;thirds
boiled
of a mix-
,linseed
’
oil; He
satiuated
the bowls with it.“After, that dried, he Gould sand-and
w+x She:
,? bowl. As’far as h~eYknew, ndt one of his’ bowls had ever cracked.
‘, ‘I
,hlr.
,, ,.
Harrison
to friends
was known
and sbecial
fpr’the
‘@king
sti,<ks he made
guests of the Rotary~~Club”bf
~lina. He had been a Rotarian
:For these.,special.sticks,
seemed
unique
there
to h&i <:.puld make
Highlands,
Nqrth Caror missed a meeting.,
$nce’;g54,
he used small
straikht,
trees,
limbs
v
stroni
hen
ca
~noticed that’“a ilender~~~e_,~~ys”ck~~.~~“ld
around
fouid
a tree.
H<e assymed
thit.certain
vines
All of” Mr.
Hair&on’s
some things
quoting,
,,
put
about
gave
small
:
He
trunks
sorile of h;s walking
w&-sharpened.
He’ :
j,
of his adzes.~ He said xhat “A sharp
” ’
grows keener with constant use.”
the bread-tray
scarify>g
with
‘knives,
the carpenter’s
buttotis,
adze,~ he told
woodworking,,
ti‘s
arid preachers
.
him.
“Back
during
persinimons
the Civil War, ,my grandmother
for buttons.
awls ind punch
“They
Buttons
used the inner;
bark
There’s
had~-eight
a thing
little blades’in
of an inch apart,
there
and you pulled
.
a~$ they’d
for quinine.
,.,
knife.
in, a section’with
this back
for buttons.
All those
It ~8s
on the tool’ rack that
nle aliout, using
take one of those
seeds and u&them
of dogwood
up there
used to’tell
where scaice,,
two holes iIi~@ersimmon
owners had to have somcthing~for
medicine.
~“They had what~ the<, called* & scarifying
chine.
that
he
for the blades
is the bnly edgeth$
&~‘he~ hewed
-
wood
and
‘~‘* ’
right to lefty
of the earth.
limbs
fbols were- Ac+tly iac&ed land
had made boxtike,sheaths
tongue
iround
.’ i.
ttiat
he was a boy,
this was due to the rotatipn
h,eiped shjpe intergsting
spirals in-the
sticks a ;s$cial ~character‘.
,_
of trees
grow from
as the); wrapped.
‘7
and gave
reminds
a little bilty
ma-
ine of its. They
the blades~ about
and you’d
plantation
a quarter
cock it just lil?e a gun.
_
1’ ;~‘I-~ \11,-J,D~,&\&P
y?:u
put
its d/own on a.~fellow’s
shoulder
where
you’d
tiatit
and those eight little bldides would
“o ge’t t~he tllood, a&make
the ‘&s\ver
-~~ 95 I
‘~
and t~jp that trigger,
)’ deip
~,*
:
,” :
him bleed. They
to all ills. My daddy
hid’scars
come down
used to think
one time: I had~carried
one up jandj
it looked
him iq~;:tbe wobds
like a bun&
~,; ; ,,: ~nice one ~to ha\:e 3’ good handle.’
of something.
1\iood&rk
It, and ha\:e enough
(~
[you nk&& iJ1,
“Take,
those stools there;
one I~try to get different
‘,~:Nature
doesn’t
ideal
that’sstraight
that.
thing
with
every
close enough
piece
I’d ‘gey
and I’d say, ‘That’s
zind see-what
tog see &w
it w$
you can.
$cks
canil’f@
alike;
tiing,
that
‘like. amethyst
and
got a Xew straight
two
leaves
they might
I can
things
us how- to make
366-681.
a woo,d kiln and
We learnedethe
invol\;ed>’ and the funs.
mi&kes
like
tha’t are
but ;hev.wodt
be
:
:
how to~use it [see Foxfire
could
be made,
the work
died about
two ye&s
”
He left all his tools and work
ago. He left bowls and@anes
him.
that
’
lines-every-
on the ground
be sim&r,
recal,l
_
He also~told
.3, pages
,D
look before
identical?’
ilj
a
me seeing~~th~e~potentiality~
lihes. .“The only
on crystal
to be exactly
the
has to fit‘individua1l.y ,.’ and in each
the~e’s,,anysiraight
line.-
I know!~of-~tha;:s
You
:,
I’ve seen
In fact,; I don’t~feel
straight
the only thing
[else] is a curve.
imagination
”
3~
curves.
is the prisms
That’s
of ~roots to him;
d
so
qu~bted me from
is wEen yc~ see something,
Lnlake~oilEjf
there
to get some sticks:
He talked’ about
him,
ble~d$tias~
u& on his., shoulders;
them r&m)- times.
,,~
*
,~, ‘,,“’
~- “I‘ve ha,d~-a--&% oft P;eople q&t,
fne. My”preCher
pulpit
to scarify
bench
to us whkn’he
not finished,
But he also left the friends
a&
took a lot of knowledge
he had. made;~~an&some”of
the
things.he
The
:
ifistru&@
for-making-
to try--he
wasn’t.
a tray like the ones l&made
J/lake
mistakes,
particle by Don MacNeil,
follow.
Don’t
be
and try again.
Tom ~C&ltqp;~ Ray
MkBride,~Scott
McKay,
&werZy JZLJ~Z~S,
and Bit Cnwer.
Select
‘,
a good
pi&e
of wood
the tray to be. ‘Mr. Harrison
gum,
or pine-anything
ending
that
with a wedge
two piec~es through
the heart
you can see all the way&rough
.‘Cg&v
the
Miedges with.
ol’timers,
The’wedges
drive ‘em with j,ecause
TVith a hand
i
at least four
want
let and
=
-
_
had learned..
,nfraid
j.
with
we
or ‘five pinches longer
uses poplar,
m~ap& cherry~, walriut,
will split easily.
and
glut
aS shown
StBrting
(wooden
in Plate
used
the
with
wedge),
the metal
axe hew off the inside surface
‘~
you
Blacks
a free, aqd malsplit
the log into
use the g&it~ unless
,4,
wooden
maul
were iron, bqt they aLways~used
it protected
J
87. Don’t
the split.
always
;h+
to
a wooden
drive
maul
our
to
tools we haX”
of one of’the
d
hab.4.’
(See The
’
PLATE
?
a
~;(
~.T :
‘,,L,,,
PLATE
89
.i
i38
”
4-
WOOD
Fox$re
Hook.
and the proper
ures down
that
,L
the
will have
3y4”
three
a p&e
and
three-fourths
block.
Some$mes
the fro.e,‘he
hewing
” eqier
0
of wood.)
surfaces.
inches
of the
The’half
In Plate
top’ of the tray
splits t&
will have
and
maul
and
glut,
~must be hewn
SO
88, Mr. Harrison
marks
doesn’t
it’ll be ni&
wood-on
to I& finished
if ,ou
end of the block and clamp
“hh
: ,J
for a description
parallel
fr$,the
,coul$ also use a planer
/
Skills,”
for the bottom
mean
or ten
anything
inches
the
meas‘w,
except
[when]
‘in
I’ll be
on a bi? block.”
’ With
.~R
afjd
way to,bew
’ this particular
working
97
“Tools
‘~.:’ top and bottom
now
,,
C:.\R.VING
s>;
the Ini
marked.
,withi an
wished.
the wood
axe.
You,might
down
It will run out and
Mr.
want
as shown
Harrison
to tack
in Plate
says
cleats
you
on the
8g to make ‘it
to hew.
/&lr.
HarriSon works the top of the block to a uniform width, then hews
/q the two surfaces. Oncethat
is done, you are ready’ to mark off the pattern
~’ ,’ f& the tray,
~.
how the tray
as shown
i; Plate
go. Mr. Harrison
does this mostly
will look,: In this case, the actual
tray
had, to be shortened
,ca&bi
the crack yis&e in the lower right part of Plate
~~our~.~progress ,with tl$s photo a~ you mark ~outthe.:tray.
tween
the #7,,lines
ijnot
important,
center
‘~~’
: the block.*In
this
the block
by feel for
be-
91, You can check
The distance be-
but it must he ,uniform.’
line
( # I)
run&g
was I I %” wide,
the entire
so Mr. Harrison
length
of,
came in
.
e center
can.leave
tend.
The
more
line. The
2”
about &and
mark a Ii& ( 82)
are for the handle of the tray. You
o
less depending
on hoqv far you wish the handles to exhanc ilfL/won’t~ extend the full 2”, naturally,
as they will be worked
down.
-
j
4
ii
-+
ji
!!
:/;
h
1
Yi
(I
.,-
~
T
+
,q
j/
L
z
=
L
-
t
-
1
PLATO& 90
I
_
IO0
”
~-\
I~~~,.,~'i
I
FOXFIW
4
~:i a chip sticks to the l&de of your a&e, stop and take”it off. If you doti’t,
the chip might make y UT adze bbunce and,~ruin the tray or cut you. You
must be guided by you ‘h‘%x1 in this step; so ,work slowl~y until ~the bowl iS
rqughed out to the pG<t,,shown in‘ Plate 98. hlr. Harrison then.scrapes the
bowl with tools he has &de for this’purpose; then sands it.
To make thee scrapers, use a piece of &eel that will h%ld a.temper well,
and flare one~end. Bend the flared end down at an angle slightly better than
90’ and put an sedge oti it. A$r scraping and sanding, ptit the howl aside
to dry f&two to three wee~ks.
-.
Now mark the bottom of the tray ii the same way ydu marked the curva’ ture of the ;op. Mr. Harrison says ~a.1.0” (length) bottom was about Sight ’
for a I 6i’ tray. Mark 5” from each side of the short center line, Andyas much
as you want on each sidk of the long center line. After doing this, tuih the
, tmy over and, mark hit as shown in, Plate 99. The areaS marked with an “x”
are to’be cut out &h a saw. ‘These knew?out,er lines are drawn so they will
L
PLATE 98
PLATE 99
ii
I.:::
!
WO’OD
CAR’VING
”
*I,
;.
.
IO1
I
‘,
run’parallel to the arc of the tray as far as possible from the intersection of
”
the bdwl arc and one 04 the X8 l&es. If these lines do not intersect one’of
- ’
the’%7 iines,and the e’&e of the tray at the same point> draw another l&
.,
paral!el to the #7 ~lines from the point where,the slanting outer line inter- ,~
sects the edge, and carry this to the other sides of the~bo’wl so that the two
knew lines have t.he same angle. The inner hnes ax drawn IBngent to ,the
’
bowl arc at,its intersection with the first #7 line. Continue the outer lines ”
down the edge, to give you a,better idea of the shape; and cut
the-sections
I
’
out with a hand&%. Saw in toward the handle along the angle you’ve just
~marked on the sides of the tray, stopping a.little before,you reach the handle lines (#8).
Then spiit off these~kes’of
wood. ,Utalong+ke
&me-~---m
~~~~~ ~~~
~~~~
ljnti~perpefidicular
to the top of, the tray.
You c& now begin to shape ihe outsidc~ ii the ttay with a chisel. Work
the blocks left at the handles ddwn with the chisels until they are about
‘i
1
I ya” thick. Once the tray,is roughly &Aped, coat it with linseeil foil gnd’set
it qside to dry. This may take from~two to-six ‘weeks, depending on the
weathei and the: tiood,“so-t&t: it from time to time by feeling tp see if ~the
/.
wood is thoroughly dry.
Plate.100 shows Mr. Harrison marking off the handles. The innermbst
line connects the intersections of the a& of the &side of“the bowl and the ’
,,
two lines already drawn for the width,‘of the handle. Di;sp back from that
line 1 s” for th’e. outer lint! of the handle. Mea&e in from the width lin&
,,
’
%G” and make a mark. Then draw lines as shown & Plate’ 1~00. Saw ‘the ,,
1
handle off at the outer line, leaving the handle 1%“ long.
PL.41.E
100
PLATE
101
‘I
\
,.
FOXFIRE
IO?
4
I
PL.\TE lo?-.,
,.
,s
PLATE 103
.
i
.,
iI
~1
-.
P,’
Lleaslre do& from the’.top of handle about $A!” and make a inark as
~
E’ shown in P!ate IOI. ,‘he scratch gauges you see shdwn here; makes this an
easy job; Using a, r?~p, curve the wo~&from~the
tbp of thei haIldie to this
: :, point, Continue the width lines of, the handle down the end of th6 block
:, [Plate 162 1, Usi& a chisel, form the sides of the handle into these lines.
‘YouLmay want to’ slope’ the underside’of the handle up as shown in Plate :
103. Use a rasp to finish the curves, then sand the handle.
Th$finish for the tray is your choice. Mr. Harrisonused
a mixture of linseed o~iland turpentine (two parts to one) : if you intend to make bread,in
it, >lr. Harrison recommends
ihat you rub lard or vegetable oil into the
wood to avoid girring’ihe bread a bad taste.
4;
,,,,
,.
d
ALEX
j
.MARTiN;
WOODEN
BQWL
MAKER
’ T,\;e w&t to see .4lex Martin after a friend informed us that’ he made
woodell dough trays, spoons, and r6lling~‘~pins. JVe found his house at ~the
~,,~
end of a ruttcd,dirt road far back in the hills. .&lex was on the hack porch of
his little house worki& on one of the trays~~w~enwe~~---ved.~,~,~, .~~,~,
H~e~~lives~alone,surrounded by a ~good supply of~wood~ for~~h&work. In his ~~’
hard-packed
clay yard, we could see large halved logs and wood chips cluttered around.:The
porch was filled with the tools he uses. A well stood in
the yard acrosi~ from the porch, and in back of the house we could see his
corn patch and his beehives. There was event a combmation
sawmill/grist.mill run by an ,abandoned six-cylinder Chevrolet motor.
.41ex, is an interesting person. He has done many different things during
‘iis life. He has operated gristnG&~-i~one he overhauled during World Waf
‘~,’
II was so efficient that it could grinds zi bushel of meal in two and aahalf
minutrs flat j ; he has filed saws, and made knives out of, brqken saw blades;
\~
\\:QOD
C;\RVlNG
+
(‘03~
D,
.:
.
,.
once he even had a syrup milP that he hauled around to make’sorghum
for
neighbors in :hc WI (he got a third of the syrup as p~ayment) He has 7made
0.x yokes, aud hc h& made yplit-rail fences and strurtg the? qut:.%cioss
mountainsides.
And hr is liYll of knowledge of life in t.by m&tains.
Hc knowi, for exam% _I
plc; that the txst t&e to rastratc a hog is when the signs are~in the knees ’ :
and going down; and that to keep rabbits~out of&garden,
yqu can set sotie”
glass’-jars tilit I\ith the lids off. The wind blowing ovei’~the tops of thk jars ~a
makes a .yol;nd that scar,es them off. ,4nd he warns you,that the best’way.,fb . Y
pla>t is not il,!~puttinz fertilizer ‘intO the 1‘0~wswGh the se@, but by putting
rhe seed in and covering it and then, puttin g the fertilizer on, t,qp. Thht way
,
‘” .. +)irils xoii’t tix to go thrdugh the fer$lizer,to get at the seeds. ‘~
Hr‘s also full of stories. .4s he worked, he told us ~many. One of his fay?rites VY~Sthe start oft a white man who 0wned.a dog:$$th’a short tail,, and,an
Indian \vho had a long-tailed dog. Thd short;tailed dog,,was always butrunriing the other. and. one day the Indian asked why his,dog was always being
: oi~run. The \vhite,mnn told him th,at his dbg’s. long tail slowed it down, and
~’
he offered* to ,cut it off. The Indian i&reed, so he pit the dog’s tail on a’
,stump and cut it off-but
too short. ‘The Indian, il;~alarq cried, “l’oo fast,
;
~~---~~,
loo fast, 6$ damn!”
‘,
The tia’in reason thatQ,tie went to see him, however, M;as t,hat we were interested in finding o,ut BOW to make ,the bread. trays he is famous @or (he
~~ sells all he can Slake thrpugh the Georgia Mountain Arts Craft Cooperative
in Tallulah Falls, Georgia)
The ~ti,ood he usuaily us& is yellow poplar, .but
he also’likes walnut. He carves the bowls while the wood is still green, and if
the woodztarts
to crack: as it dries out (which rarely happens)
he” ad&s ‘,SS
painting a co& of linseed oi1.o.n the bowl.’
The directions for mfiking one follow. Before ,we ,left, we all tried oui
;
handat it, and lxofitec/in,~that that is one more thing we now know how to
1
do. ~~~~~~,
*GtOY
DICKERSON
I
PLATE 104 .Alex does much of
his work on his back porch and in’
his backyard.
:
making
105
w ‘hen
PLATE
bbwls, 41e.x first IG,lves a block of 0
on
wood, traces,
an .o 8”ztl pattern
the flat surface,
an d, with a chain
saw, makes a few CUES down into
the block to make the hewing go
a little faster.
Qf ~xourse, before .
chain
saws, he ha ,d to leave ;out
this short
cut.
;:
,i~
,-’
I::-.:,~ ‘~
‘~
‘PLATE
107*,: Despite
his
more
PLATE
I@
He also shapes the
bowl ~by using
a hammer
‘and
chisel as he begins
to set closer
and closer ‘to the critical ~points.
Here,
Roy Dickerson,
the author
.’
casuil
technique
(when
corn-’
paied
to the methodical
approach
of Dick Harrison),
Alex is a&ually very careful
to stays within
the oencilrd
oi-al he has marked
.
on &top
sur:;lce:
of this
it.
I>‘~~
~,:.~IT,
:
~~~
chapter,
tries
his hand
at
“?
PLATE
109
Finally,
using the hammer
faces, and then does the final shaping
and
And ch&l,
smoothing
Alex h&a
wit11 a wood
out the outside
sur:
rasp and s$dpaper.
‘X,~
~~~
I
; II
hen we started the research
on banjo makers that was
publjshed in Fnxfir~ 3, done
thing naturally led to another, and we soon found that ye had ,a list of fid:
“’ die mak.ers as well. We interviewed three of them, and the results of those
~’ ,interviews make up this~chapter.
”
One of the men, Hade)i Thomas, turned up ,in our ow;‘backyard.
‘, Though we had known:~him and worked with him for, ye~ars (spinning
&:heels: caskets, furniture, mill wheels) ,,wb never suspected he made instruments as well. I guess we never$ked
him. OCRhe never thought to tell us.
i’hat happens a ‘-*
r’-IUL 1ICLC.
North Carolina, found the other
HaRev 1. M
i two men for
in the Pigeon Rbost Conmvqity;
To introduce this chapter, we all thought that an appropriate
beginning
might Ix the following fine,.,piece of.material
from a Lawton Brooks interview that ye never found an appio’priate spot for until now.
They was, iots of ~piople I used t’play with: Oh, I ha& ‘played ‘with Bill
Lamb: Sure have. M&an’ bill played right Opt here at th’York House--A_nl~~~~~~
that old man but at Mountain City-his
wife an’ me Always used ~t’,d?nce\ Hilliard Taylor. They had a little place built, a little dance hall. It’s
still. there. They had’em on Saturday nights. Sometimes they’d have’em
through the we+ when big crowds was up. I.got t’goiilg out there tb’em;
* woe had some~awful good times. We just danced, had &me of the best dantin’ you ever seen,,, Now back at home,, we had, to have our dance?.in the
houses. Back then”th<y’d give us a dance, some of th’people would. Some
of’em didn’t heliev&n it, didn’t want t’have no dances, some of’em. It tickled mosr old folks ;t&e a darlce. Welp, they’d give US their biggest ,~oo’;” in
~
~~~~
the ho_use-they’d, r&n it all out. Us hoys would all go out, y’know,’ and
_;
get up wood an’ stuff $ead of Gme for the folks t’have good firewood. We
.
‘,,,,
‘\ ;
I
”
MAKING
~~
‘07
did that, so the old folks could set an’, enjoy themselves, so they’d give us anothe,r dance. \Vhen they gave bs.one, we’d git up enough wood t’do’em a
motlth’l-‘two. Hauls it in, put it right where they could get it. They’d just,
clear ex:er‘thing out of the way, an’ set those ol,d kerosene lights iri thd
corner, y’kno\,., so we could-seesee,med
like then I could see 5s good by
‘~
i’. them as I can by electric lights now. An’ so we’d have the awfullest dance
Us
you‘ever seen. An’ t\e’d da nce sometimes away long after midnight.
boys, we,‘d get bus)- for them dances, whether & yanted to work or not.
:‘, We’d all go ~:ork like.,the devil t’ge? t’go piay. We’d move evdrythiag out of
T the room--used
which&;
room was the biggest. ~Most times it W+S
th‘dinin’ room. The music makers, they:d git right up in one ,cotier. An’
they‘d come right around by us, y’see. We had t‘how right up in the corner.,
,,, It alwa)-s fell m!- luck t’help make t(e. music, a:’ I didn’t git i-dance too I
much th,em days, An’ then me an’ old Arthur Youngewe~used
t’kake. lots”..
,of music. \\‘e‘d go t’hotels down-there at Hayesville [North Carolina], big
hotels, the Herbert2thcy
had so&e big’uns !IBut-just around. rn the commti&ty,.oh.i’we‘d heave two’r’three + w&k all th’time. We never m$sed aweek
.
of not halying a dance, Saturdays especially. An’ sometimes two’r’$$ree dur‘ing th’week. \Ve didll’t git~no pay for that now; ti’ithout it. has-well,
v&at
you’d call a h.ip shot ‘Low, he might pit+ “n fifty c&s. They’d set +.hat
down if anybody wanted t’donate anythiqg. Lots of’em maybe do;ld put,;11
‘~anicke!, some of-en> a dime;some
of’em didn’? put in nothin’. Some days’
,_we’d get up a petty good hatful: Pretty good payday. I have made as high
a% fifteen dollars in a night. B&k:~in them days, that ~a+ lots of .fioney..~
That’d took me fifteen hard diys ‘?‘tiprli that lout, when I ‘madey 1 there
- just in a little while. ~.” ’
>ie an’ $loregce live> on that for a l&g, long; time after we was married.
‘If ir hadn’t been’ fo; that, I dki’t know what &‘d”a?ione.~‘You
~q~ldn’t Gt
’ work then. Back in whai~ tGey ‘caifed “Hooter
Days.‘: Always said, “He
come iii as presidknt, B ,-dollar a day an”a pair ~bf ~bv&lls is enough .for a
workin’ man.”
I>,
.4n’ that’s all they got. An’ they’s s’many ‘pkopie wadted work, you
couldn’t find nohod~~~~~~anv~money.’ People who hasa money jlIist set down
’ on it’r’somethin’. They didri’t c&late
it.50 all the way we had fan,! money
in hui pockets a-tall was t’gd ttthem dances a,Q’ we’d g:l’t a-f&v ni&ldr’d@lars’r’something.
Outside of that, you’d go wo&for
a man-he:d~‘p!y
you
in corn’r’meat’r’something
you could eat. The; could pay-me
in :that,~ hut
j
they didn’t have np money t’tur{ @se.
.~,1 ‘, ix;,_
Tl’e had som-e of the, awfullest times you ever’ seen. .AnAnd:
%hen we brqke
up the dance then, me stayed, by gosh, till ever’thing wa pul backjti tile
room an’ all cleaned up. ;“Cause see, i? was’in a~community--we
knowed’em.
all an’ they al! knowed Us. The women ‘an’ men .stayed fight-around
therk
i
a
‘I~ *
~.
. \.
.
“’
~~1
~
,,*
~’
.,“’
* ‘.y
.
V ~.~,
.
_
’
’
1 in
<,
’ ,I.
^_
:
;
o
I
,
io8
t’
.I
,,
: ,,,~,~.
.~,
,,
I/
*
,.
FOXFIRE
D
4
till we got ever’thing fixed back in the rcxxn like they had it. An’ then we’d
all go hotie. It wadn’t no time then till they asked if we wanted another
-: :.
y,,
one.
~~~
Oh, the old folks did dance! They danced just the sxme as thiyounguns. They shore did. They had just as much fun as we had out of it.
You ‘didn’t see no little’uns. That’s th’reason we had s’much better.
‘,,dances. They’d just sit back. They didn’t git in there t’bothg
nothin’.
They’d
go
t’th’house;
might
be
a
gang
of’em,
but
they
wadn’t
in
theie
in
i
th’way. It v.xs a $1 grown folks’ dance. It M’as nice. I’m a’tellin’ you, it was
s’nice, I’d just like for it t’be back an’ get t&o to another 6ne’r two like that.
* Sometimes they had fodd cooked Peat if anybody wanted t’eat anything.
Always kept somethin’ in there. f&em, t’eat on, but they didn’t’ take time
t’eat much; evei’body was too much interested in that dancin’.
We had such a good sob& time.- You didn’t see ~no drunks, nothin’ that
went ofi out of th’way. Never did se& no trouble in a da&e in my~ life’till
,’ after I moy::ed here an’ got~‘t’going t’these dance halls. Then I seen a
“.’ fight’r’two. But back where I was, it was as’ rough a cotmtry ‘as you ever
‘seen, but e&r’thing was~sober. They come sober an’ they left sober. Because
:_they knowed if they went wrong, &at’d be ,th’last one that they’d gitdt’go to,
;catise they knowed<them folks wouldn’t have nary another one are $ nd’em.
They’d say, “Well, if you can’t beat that, never be anpther on& at my’
house.”
Th’ey knowed ivhat ,was, comin’ UP. We all knowed what was comin’ up,
so we all stayed straight.
“*
Oh, I ho remember the names of some *,of the songs! We had’that old
“Cripple’ Creek,” an’ “Free a Little Bird,“, an’ “Down‘ th’Roa$,”
an’
-. “SJout Lou”-that’s
ape they always wanted us t’play.: Oh,-.we~ had lots ’
opem, sister. I,. just don’t remember how ‘many they was, but,we had lots~
of’em. Used t’be a man could just pick. up a fiddle; I could pick anything
he played. J still b’lieve7 could. Btit I just can’t do nothing myself, I just
can’t git its in m’8nm
.h. Just right, like,it oughta be.
,.,.,
Then won@
they was awful good t’stay an’ clean up,, Oh, they’d sweep,
+xnet&es~even
mop th’house before we left, But anyway, we~h%l B ‘whole
lot nicer times than they have at dances now. I know that+ Lbts better, You
~could take your girl to ~adance then,,dance. all night, then’take her Lome..
~,,When wee got married, 1. had t’make th’music ‘and Florence’d do the da;Tin’. She quldn’t dance with me. .Wadn’t mo point in her just sittin’ th~<ie,
s’o she,,danced. I got hooked to th’muSic all th’titie. We just played square
dance @~sic,I used t’kriclw all~.the steps. They were ally the same as~<hey_~
lpye now.
_ They had the “grapevine twist.” Boy, that’d kill you! And, the Georgia
“rang tang.” We had the saplk thing they have now. Shore did. Sometimes
,.,,
,>‘~
,,‘~
FIDDLE
/
I ,’
~~~
I:
~3og
MAKING
.,
,s
,‘.
a little; anybody’ who could
_
~‘f,,
‘~
somebody’d jump out there an’ buck dance
:
,.
buck dance.
Now they have so many more of these: cloggers, an’ :‘things, they’ve~ ~
9 changed the dancin’ around. That cloggin’ businesssis different. from a
square dance. They- kindly of buck dance around, and call’ A.~cloggin’. We,,
used to just kindly skip our feet. The way w,e done, we’ played the 5ggers
[figures], ‘we didn’t care about the dancin’. Just do every :figger when’it .+
wasp called, do it lik”e it was supposed~,t’be done. Then y’never messed up 2.
~
1 with your partner.
They always had t’have a extra man ‘t’call [not the. fiddler or, banjo d’
picker] all th’time. Earl Anderson was the: best man’ I eve; ‘heard~.~t’call.~ a
He run a’ hardware there in Hayesville. We-played then satne figgers they
do now, but we done it s’much better than they do ndw, you ough; t’just
see th’difference. I’d just like t’have me aboutsixteen~‘&
~the floor like we
used to back then when we used t’dance, an! le$, you see,. We could :j&t
play one whole outfit by ourselves, an’ just.show,~,you the difference.
We,didn’t
have no special name for our music, but the ‘people didn’t
want nothin’ but a fiddle ad a banjo: They didn’t have no guitars nor
nothin’ like that. They saidthey could dance as good again with j&t that.
i\nd I’ll still argue th,at wiph’em. It’s ‘a whole lot better-take
a man who
can play a banjo an’ a fiddle,right there, an’.yau get out there, an’ you can
_
do as good again dancin’ as your scan with these ol’~ guitars an’ ~these oi’
pianers an’ things. All t~hat damn noise agoin’-half
t~h’time,you can’t hear ‘,::
iyour figgen-the
man a’callin’ the niu~sic. You take a fiddle an’ a banjo, an’,
I~ you kin hear ever’thing that man says. Me an’ Floren~ce, quit when’they
started up with all them bands an’ things
,q
I,,
,~
i,
i ‘~1
!
THE
$2
HARLEY
THOMAS
VARIETY
’
,”
‘Harley Thomas has been one of our favorite contacts for a.long time.:
During the early years of Foxfire, Harley vitally contributed to hour issue on‘,
log cabin buil,ding, as he was one ~of only two people who could show us
how to notch the logs. His demonstration
included the detaile’d,intricacies of
the difficult dovetail notch (see The Foxfire Book, pages 66-73)‘. Harley
also&owed
us how to make a spinning wheel,, and his expertise in its cot?struction was somethin,g
to see (see Foxfire 2, pages 194-95).
‘Harley
~-a-greed to show us how to,ma~ke a fiddle, but before we relate these mstructibns, we wo’tild like to tell you a little bit about Harley Thomas.
Harley wasp horn on December 2, 1892, in the Skeener community of
Macon County, North Carolina. Except for a period of eight years during I
T,lr
_
:
,3
~~
,_c
i,
II0
.’
FOXFIRE
4
-,
‘II:,,
whi.ch he lilTed in Alto, Georgia, Harley has always~ +ade his home in
J,lacon Count\-. He married Fal>nie Bradley dn, Septemb$
1, I g i 2.
d
Harley has ~~iade fiddles since the early twenties ,and 4; learned how to
’
r~l make th’em by observing “old MTn Gurley,” who lived in Baldwin, Georgia.
Harle)- hxmade
a total qf twelve fiddles during his lifetjme and ‘ea,ch one ,,
waz
perfectiy
crafted.
He s&prised us all, however, by saying that he could
i*:,
complete a fiddle from scratch in ‘one week. He has his own sawmill and
carefully selects and cuts his wood for his fiddles. He also uses his sawmill to
cut: other wood since he is a skilled, woodworker. ,Harlry makes Lgun cabi‘, ‘nets, shelves, ,and other furniture as well as spinning wheels and! fiddles: He
ilso used to make caskets v&en there~was a demand.
1 _
Se\yeral older fiddles that Harley has collected over the years hang in, his
shop, One he tre%sures in particular was,given to him.by Fate Long of the
/
I~,,
Bettyis Creeks commonit)-.
He *@early r&embers
ho&~ he obtained this
_
fiddle, ‘and we thought it only propeg to-give you Harley’s ;c&unt oLthis
,:,
stpry : 8
,“I bought Fate Long’s timber up there on his place and mkved:$ sawpi<
in there and I boarded. with himm. He had ~that fiddle back there’ aid* he
,~
found out I ~could play a fiddle:He, had me playing the fiddle about every
night till bedtime! I didn’t have a fiddle at that time and lhey wamed me
I ~~~~ ~~
to play iown here at a part!, ’ ‘and I borrowed his -fiddle.’ I told-him
wanted to borrow It and play it.~ He said, ‘You. take that fiddle ahd you
;
keep it till I call for it.“He died out and never did call for it and I still got
it. His folks just told~me to keep it because he told me to.”
ROBBIE MOOREAND RANDA1.LHARDY I’
PLATE
! 10
Harley
Thomas
with
ckie of, his fiddles.
/
j
PLATE
111
Harley
used a homemade
.plane
to shape the top and back, ;of ,the
fiddle.
~,
3~
PLATE
112 The patterns
used for ;tbe fiddle’s top and back. T.hese are each mz+e of
ti?o piecer
of wood
5/a”X ~j”xq%”
that
are glued
side 6y side lengthwise
with .’
Elmer’s
Glue. (The fiddle is held together
only hy glue.) The &ip is made of spruce tb
produce
the best sound. All other parts are made of maple.(curly
maple ,is best) except the fingers b&d,
should he shaped,~ and
which
is qhoriy. The diagrams
the areas io be “dug OUY.”
indicate
houvthe
top
and
..
--
back
: 1:
/
~’ /
‘) PLATE
115
The “rib?
or sides of the fiddle
are thin strips of maple
I %“, wide,
and.are
soaked
in’hot water until pliable
and then placed
in M-ooden~~fnrri?s to harden
in the c~orr?ct~ shape. Blocks of maple-II/“-high-are
placed’2t
each end of the,top,
to ho@the
ribs SCCUR (XC Plawrwj
PLA$E
117
The neck
of the’
fiddle has been cut out of a block
of maple
g”X;j/q”X2!/+“.
It is
shiped
with
,a pocketknife
and
sandpaper.
The
end
may
have
any design
you wait.
Peps are
tapered
so they ~+I, tighten
in
their holes..
/
f
!
PLATE
tailed”
‘maple
118
The neck
into, a i y,“-high
(see Plate
.,
119).
is “doveblock ofa
,,
.
‘,~ PLA’I’C
119 ” Diagranls
&o\v
dimensions
and
shape
of fin&r
board
and
dovetaifini:
of
~~’
,‘KCk.
‘bF*
PLATE
120
Orerall~
view
of
completed
top.
Note
bass
bar
. (dark
arrow)
yhich
is 7” to 8”
tapered
at
long and
%” square
the ends. Also note pin holding
the
as mentioned
in Plate 116.
lining,
I
,~
(-.,
PLATE
121
The finger board is
made
of ebony and stained
with
black ink. Arrow
denotes
tapered
rredge ‘that
gives. slight
angle
to
,the
finger
board
(see Plate,
I 19
for’diagram
of finger
board).
I,
I
PLATE
1,?2
?iagram
of tqdplece
and’bndgk.
PLATE
123
After a sound post
(a small
dowel
%” in diameter
connectid
to the top and back on
the inside ‘of ‘ihe fiddle--see
Plate
143.
in .‘Clarence
Rathbone’s
zyariety)
is insert&
and a tailpiece
and, ‘bridge
(yc
arrow)
are
added,
Hark)denvmstrates
the
final’product.
II
I
u
116
T@S
GARRETT
AR$OD
VARIETY
‘. ~.
FOXFIRE
,,I
4
t
Garrett Arwood ~m&s his fiddles muc$ the same as Harley ~Thomas
made those in .the preceding section. ‘Garrett, as do most mountain, ~fiddle
makers, chooses spaiice for the top (soundboars)
because of ‘its g&d ‘tone
quality. The rest if his instrument
is shaped frym curly inaple which is
selected for its beauty. As soon as the ,tree is chosen, cut, planed to a ~3/+”
‘~,thickness, and cured, he begins shaping the top and baCk &ng
tools and
g~aug& he mzinufactures
in
his
shop.
~Both
the
top
and
back
are
cut from
w
solid 3/h”‘planks, unless wood is scarce’and large enough pieces can’t be
e 1 found, in, which case Garrett will join two pieces together side by side with
Elm.%‘s Glue (Plates 1~5-3;).
The effect in sound is no different, and he
has made fiddles both ways. The strips th,at Garrett uses for the sides are
cut from cukly maple approxim~ately $‘~e” thick, &nd must be cured for at
least a year. He must bk careful not to cut them against the grain,for the;
i.
would most likely split. When properly cured, they are shortened to the correct length and boiled in, water “until saturated
apd thoroughly
pliable.
Then he presses the wet strips into shape using his homemade forms as illustrated in Plates 133-34. ,The maple must be left to dry fgr at least twenty‘\
four hours w-hile in these molds.
Using s
tools as a saber saw, rasp, chiskl,’ and knife, Garrett carves the
n&k afid
11, and rasps the edges smooth (Plates *135-36). Because ,r‘
.,>
the precision required, he drills the holes for the tuning pegs.
The remainder of the job is, for the most part, assembly. With all lthe
pieces laid out, Garrett begins gluing the neck and back togetherfand
‘then8
concentrates on attaching *L
Lll~ dried sides. This must all be”clatiped
and Seth
?G ~dry overnight. The lining strips and reinforcing blocks are a&ed ~jlext,
the
and everythmg is sanded to’ accommodate
the top. When snugly fi;t
topis ‘glued and clamped, as is the finger board (Plates I 37-38). ,The~
‘“‘1, tting of the sound post comes next and must,:,be handled delicately (Plate
I 39) : The bridge, tailpjece, and pygs are the,,otily remaining items to”,h& at‘1 tached before the final step of either varnishing or staining (Plate. Ohio).
Garrett’s fiddles have a t&e and fekling all their own. He- takes a lot of
.pride and enjo);ment in the instl’uments he makes, and ma,, a friend and
neighbor has enjoyed the spirit of Garrett Arwood’s fiddles.‘~
.
DOUGCORNELL
_’
Photographs,by,Ken
CronicI ~
,i
PL.kTE
*PLATE
”
s,
pieces.
:
124
Garfctt
1’25
The
Arwobd,
patterns
playing
Garrett
his,.fi<dle.
uses
to check
the
slopes
and
shapes~of
the
fiddle
I
.
‘:
,\
ip
i
.I
rj
J
I
PL.?TL
l”i;
l-Ii5 set of homerxide
j’L;\TE
l?T
l’hc
horn&&
clamps
chisels,
many
Garrett
made
uses.,
of old,filcs.
PLATE
‘i 25
madr vise;.
PL:\TES
130-!31
Garrett~s
IIr
home-
checks
the slopes
. I
PLATE
1’29
inside
concave
outside
conve
and lx4
\vit
Ii
/
and depths xvith his
Gay&
shapes
suriaces
and
surfaces
of the
his chisels.
the
the
top
i
patterns.
PLATE.
132
The back
~~ bsed for the long cu~cs
,
‘..
PLATES
133431
The
sides
are clamped
into
and tivo strips
bn o& side of
the fiddle.
forms
as shown.
PLATE
neck.
135
Cawin$
136
The
PLATER
the
completed
scroll
of the
neck.
PL.4TE
glued
blocks
which
lining,
where
middle.
13i
The
tob is ready
to be
to the hack and sides. Note
the
at either
end of the back
to
the sides are glued,
the double
and the triangular
support
blocks
the sides
come
together
in the
PLATE
138
onto the body
The neck
is ‘now
of~thc fiddle.
glued
PLATE
139
Garrett
adds
the sound
post with th6 help of a curved,,
sharpened wire. He slips it into the middle
of the instnme,ni
and wedges
the post
into place, then pulls ,the wire out.
6
z.’
b
l.,;
i
FOXFIRE
PLATE
140
Then
he
@xc: strings, and bridge.
adds
the
PLATE
141 ~Garrett
the finished
fiddle.
tail-
Arwood
shows
(
4;
us
I-
.
,‘y
THE
CLARENCE
RATHBONE
y:ARfETY
;
,.‘~ ’ _a ~- ;::-‘“!.
CJa;ence Rathbone is another one$‘fthe g&atjpe&e
that Har~ey’,i’&iller
:,
introduced us to. He and his family live at the &d of a narrow gr%.vel rod
near the t,op of a hlouhtain
m&s from the close& totin,, ‘%al$rs&le. He
made his fi’rst fiddle in 196!, and gaVie~%tto his’spn as a, prt%ent: Et’s.tiot for.-‘1’
sale. He may make some‘in the future for sale, hut he ~h&n’t ,decide( y& ‘y, :;,*‘i
For this particular fiddle, the top is made from a ~~ll-thick~solid:%~~ce qf
white spruce (the longer seasoned,, the better). T’he bac& .iEk 3/4”.“fiddleback“ or curly maple, chiseled, dut and sea&vxl. The,toy ;tnd lpck ye both’,
inlaid
with
white
hickory
strips. The groove for the strips was cur out ,with ‘a
poc,ketknife. ‘The strips v&r pJaced into \,oilin& water to soften, theri placed
~~
into the qoo\:c. The sides, he called “rilq” are of c&d
. 1 curly maple %c”
thick. Her put them into boiling water, theh placed them into the forms,: ,. !
‘,
until they dried. Once dried, they could be iemdved .and would, not IOX or’ ‘0
* I ~_,‘Eli
shape.
/
a,
,,., 2’ .,
.’ ;
’ 1
I
I
‘$
,.~~
.;~.
,_
\‘,
:,
”
:
i;
,,‘,
1
:
,,
~I..
r
~,,,@t
r/_ayg&&i
t
b&&c9B+f:
not4 64 +x4, &-&2fl
,’@\
;FL.ATE
‘ha::
~:;
1’
I
~
\
\
143
PLATE
Clarence
0; “ribs.”
144
uses
The
forms
to shape
the
that
sides
:,‘,,
f,“,,
.,,,,,
,/
?:
!
1’
‘,;‘,
,;
##
‘~
,$
I,::’i”,._ ,‘l ~E~-:-‘:‘:~:~’
:,‘:‘- “-‘:’
his father
knife,
own..d.
carved
Clarence
thvhead
remembers
on his own
I
,~
PLATE
PL.4TF
inlaid
1,4,3, The
148
with
back
The
top
a,. white
,seeing
fiddle.
-,
of
Clare‘nce’s
of his fiddle
is
hickory
strip
the
lion’s
head
&~a
boy,
,”
t 1. i
A,: ,,,<!
h,,,
‘ii,
~‘,,
,,
-~
‘THOMAS~ C~~BELLj
PLOW-STOCK
,.‘,
‘~
MAKER
“,
:,
niet
.rom cgnpidi
through
Harvey ‘, Miller’s
r
generosity, and we?e’genui+ly &at&P to Harv$y for ir ltroducing us.; Tom was b&n in’ 1829. Alanymore,:
he
farms usinp a uush
thowhY he doesn’f clown with a horse .~.
._ still
,?F
9’
~‘>’
nlow.
Heraised
fortv, bushels
of IDotatoes this 6;’
1 ,~
~~~~~
,x
hfrmh&
of his Iawe familv live nearby and are in,constant touch, but he
still prefers to live’alone, do his ownz,housewc Irk, and lkt h~isshop keep ‘him
:‘,,j
IY,J~v~“~,~+
nf ~thst tinv uhnn, Gmrs 2’ flo&l of hand-shabed,baqdles
for
e;e$
‘:
/
?A ...-_ “^‘J u---r ~---a.-- - ---_ -~~~tool imaginable, apple.buttei~Stirr~,,~ in two si:r.es, ho,es (he’rivets a piece of
,i*
F+crosscut saw blade to th~~‘&Lsh&k
AI
:xd
adds
a
&ew
handle
:
“They
don’t
’
,/’
,,
1 I
used to ,I ”
never wear out.“,) ,, and plow Stocks. He’s slog ied down a little-he
1
hP made
.rnzke
. . .._._ hzninq
.-‘,i-.j-- ton
.__ ij.~.~...~~~t~hmm’
~~~~ frbm a solid poplar or whit,e spruce rim,. a;;l
groundhog or ~h&seXi< hi& ~ta+ect owfer-a%ead,
and stfings ~~&e iof c?f
’
.~.
.‘ gut):
1 His biother had a blacksmith shop out of which came knives, ,rifles, grain
rradies. fiddles-and
iust about anvthinrr else.
Tom still doesn’t YISCclasses. “I read the Bible without them. And I read
rrev&p+ers,
letters; see there [pointing to t%’
;o twelve-inch high stacks ‘of
_ ~.,,
&ill
I don’t
mati ! Any that ain’t just lit,“*.“‘*.v” 2-h-t’; pp9i lPttP1.S
tion people.”
.
_ ‘.
Ed
_._I....__..-_..-.
~~~
1
i,L‘Lu,*_
I .drticle and’~hoto.pra~hs
by Tom Cdton
Llr‘rr
Y
lrYl
I”..I.l.
and Gena McHueh.
Y
...~_,-
” “hIy daddy was seven year old fin the Civil W&. ,That’s what he alGrays
told us. He lived a ,hundred years, eleven months, and ten days. They’s juS% ’
two of us.brothers living-. The’rest are dead. I was the firsr born.
“We had a,:log house.~ My d~addy built it. 1He was a pretty gqod carpenfer. He’d build weatherboards houses and WC)rk every speck of the timber
~”
Khv hsnrli~ T~lrt rmlph lllmhpr. vou know. That 1.1~~Iwfnre’thprp W+PP‘&w”
1”T::,‘I
l::m~,
,‘IY’I’I
,R~
~:
,’:‘,:~!~’
‘,~
~:!~:
; ,’,-:~
‘,.’
:,~c‘,::~
~,
THOikIAS
(1a%MI’BELL, PLOW-STOCK
MAKER,
,’
‘27
PLATE 149 Thomas Camp!,ell
” ,I$ls, ,7‘!1ey’d~I-kc i~cyds our of~wxtcr ,oak for do&s,
the .hb!lse wifh. ;\I>~pl-nnddaddy did it~the‘same way.
t&k:] lout xy :vidc as’ i;od ~vankii then I&&Is [see
4~61.‘be qiti ii),lc nxs thrck~‘fcet loci; thefd,lap
that .lumlq was to handy dress:.Th~ell it ‘wa? to ~joint+had
to gauge it and
joil;t it&~-kci then ~$1these facings +n.d trilnmings to.&.; two edges and a
d
.- fxe,~ y~yk~~n~-, 10 nail up. Had our toois to to’&e and grqo\:c with J ally
th.
“j~\‘hr~~ they Ijuilc ;I log hqvsej, they only used ;r~liroada~e,and a rhopping
xw.“J’hat’s Ai ~hc\~‘h+d. :-lnrl~a fruc t,&ri\-e I)o;rds wif.h. There w’as <IOlochs
1,.
on thr tiool?. K c u~nc
.” IIII\‘” ~~~~
)’
.~ holcs.~ ‘I’hcy’d,~rut uut /wi~~tiows~l Iwide
~~1st
~,~ L~L
,:.‘c hrn,lq ~. to gi\~c light to the ,I~I-epl;rceroon~. ($oked
on the ~%~placc.
1
~
.,
,,
~”
”
,~,,
I28
.s&j
i
FOXFIRE
4.
“Families made it hard,. It was hard ,living back then. They was no
m&e);, 90’ jobs, ‘no work, ‘$u se‘e.~O,nly just, cleariw and building fence and
m’akim$corn and taters atid stuff :like &at back in’these mountains.
: “Mother. ‘wove blankets. ,Old Bill, G;i&taff
u&d ~to make looms back,
bver ,he;e where ,I &&or&G~~aq~~
Creek. : [We. had lane, he made.] And
my~grandmother~,wo\,e
cloth,,@ ,rnake pants,~out of and Stuff like th&And.
‘
Daddy made shoes; got leather and ‘m%de us-shoes. Only ~got, aye piri,r a
winter., He ~made’em i&the fall, you see, atid wee had tomwear, them all win-’
ter. If we %x?em
out, wee ‘went ~barefboted. I’& seen a lots, of, kids bare~f&ed’&d
it, as cold as wbjz. Go to sciibol thataway. Big ~heacy frosts ati&
,,they hadn‘t got no shoes. One man liv&I right at us ,and his children-half
I
of them-never
had a~sboe to, their foot all wititer. They’d go outdoors,
though,’ and paddle ,&un’d
in then snow. And, didn’t have,no ~outhou~ses
,‘then. T~hev wash’t even thought of. People just went to the woods: ,~
‘,’“I ,remember when thei <vadn’t,,a s$eck of lamp oil. The)- had rio lamp
,oil when I was a boy. Not a match. Had to kindle a fire With’s flint. T,ake
oiv? of these flints, and they was ,,a~ma’ple that has what you call the ‘punk’
in it. You talie that-flint and your knife and lay this punk down and you
[strike the back of the,~closecl knife blade against the flint] till it’ll ,spark~,
_
)-& know. Arid that p{mk’ll catch th,e sp,ark and, then you~blow its and keep
ablowin’ it @tiilit flamei, and then you, add sl?avings and build you a’fire. It’d
just~spread right out arid burn like whi,z/y& &now. Blq; it a little and~get a
blaze and pick it up arid put it in a~firepIace’,?cd pU’ you sotie shavings on
it and first thin&y& l?+~yoU
had a fire. Ib’d
yy daddy a many a time
get down on~his knees and kindle a, fire when I,was a l$tle boy.
“[Foi light] he’d go over here in Limestone Cove and,take him a sack ~’
_
‘eland his ax? and he’d hew, out these rich, ‘pine knots: and split’em up Pinto
splinters. Then he’d light one and stick hit in the chimney someplace f?r’~.
light.
“And then another way-Gother
would put hog’s lard in a’pint cup and
twist her a piece of cloth into..a wick Andy push i{ doyp in there and, light
that wick, and that~ fire ti&ld draw that lard oil, right up in that wick.
She’d set that on-&e tabfg a&l we’d eat breakfast before daylight.
“vother’s
first ‘stove was a number six-step .stove.. Then they ‘come a,
hun$$r ,scven-5 bigger one,> you k,now. It’s an iron stove up on fotir legsa li&fl%t .fellel-. T+y’s two caps [eyes] down here, and then, it raises up a
little and &ey’s:two~,&lx up here. They’re a good cook stove. They come in
~”
about ‘seventy-five ycarc ago, I
“‘Big Charles Hughes.up
here, he got hini one when they,first come in,
y’ou know. &n$ he built a fife in it--h&
good dry wood-and
it got red hot
‘on top!, And hi;s wife +as n<mcd T$. He said, ‘Till, that stove is going to,
,~blow up! Get ;t bucket of water t0/throw on it, to cool it down.‘, And b6
/
j/
,I ,,.
I
,,
~.
,’ ,/
pi
I~ ”
,I,,
xjlrre
that Stove AlI to pieces.,1 know right
ater on there a&busted
the house was. Been in it a many of a time. Big old log house. That
n the mountain.
Had
ut I’ve learnt someway. yoil can’t figger
can figger with any of’em.‘I’ve got it up here
cd, I built xome rock culverts over streams for’the railroad.
ns for&en
That
yearsto
was a m&r
Ripshin
County
day’s, work,. A
’:
,i
,I
.~
:~,
‘-._
l-30
.
.’
..,>
. ~FOZ&RI?
4
,’
malt stood there .with a rule~a, log stick-afid,
meastired every dne that
went cAthe carriage. That’i X&he’ done.
_ .I
“The sawil~g then was big h&nlock. Fifteen to sixteen thousand “feet ifi ;a
log.~ Had a double rig [so thcy~kould take the whple. trbnk’without
quaitery
irig it!. Had ‘a gang’edger, eq&lizc,-, cutoff GI\Q, and all that stuff. When,
,sbnle of those big one.5 went thrbugh the edger, th,eieldJ>e four”twp-by:fo&
6
th&& to pick up and get out ;gf the way. Ziad Ito trim’em, too. “Turn’.em
around and throw’em on that tnmmer.
I.
‘~.
,“I r&n a I:,ig saw. Put trveniy-five ye&s in on: that. Xever done nothmg
rm of a’ fall-comr
in and pick
else, ha’rdl>~..I’d work a few days on t
,off apples and put‘em a>,~). \\le gc,
j
put
up
thee
or
four
hundd
bushels of, apples every fall..An$ kept a lot. of cattle. My wife and kids
/tended to them.
.~ ‘“\\-hen WC nwe sawing,. we had sawmill Camps--1jo;lrd’iIl~ houses,, we
‘, ,call~d’em.~~~hut a month ia time is the longest I’staykd ofI from’home. I
,‘gcncraily went h&e e\:ery weekend I’d- cr,osq those Unakas-I’ve
cros$,
., ~~ ,, thjt &king
a many a night ~a<- in the dark. il‘henTafter I got acrossi I still,
b
2. .e
had t,hl-cc mile down the creek to get home.
i
“They logged Tvith yokes of cattle. Alove the mill up into ihe mountains
and Iox to it.. Then they got’ trucks.: The);‘d skid-em, lpad‘em on’tru,cks,~ and*
,p
‘. lxin;‘&m to~tbe mill and durnp’eni,off.
(
,*
c
“But hack then they had ‘no t&ks,
you’~know Didn’t know
’
abotit’em. Ko gasoline. We‘just roughed it.”
,_
‘,’
Thorni; Camphell learned ho& to make $&s fr&, his father, who h$d
a pattern that Simon Harrell, an old ,Civil War,,A,:eteran,~ had gi;;en hi*.
was Tom’s fath~er’s uncle, ‘and’~,after’~,he returped from the yar /X
‘made his living m&&g plows. Thbse he made, however, were for’ oxen, ,apd
so they hack a shoi-ter foot (see Piate I 5.2 for ~n&es of- parts) than thF
_ .:’ ‘j : ‘,Tom makes~. Tom lygthened
the foot because when ,p&s~~lad,e
fb&’oTel1’
/
..,
were hitched tb: hbrccc the height of the h&e wpuld &use tie: @em toi be
tllted up tbo Cih to m&~ it @ective.:’ ~’
It takes him:$wo days to make one p&wktock. He uses nothing’but
hand::
tools, including Ahax:ing horse. For~holei t&t hai? to the ‘+are;‘h$
@i@
the holes first with a hrncc and,~I,iti and fhen c‘hisels out the remainder, and
dresses up the-sidenvith~~a ~hkmmcr and_chi{el. The pegs and”cro$pieye5 are
all made of hickory that he &r-seasoned fop a y&,,or rye,
hut the $$-s
they are driven into’arc aJw?~)-sgreen. As ,with,chair ,..~rounds, this is?+ m$t,,
effective means of .keeping them fi-om @nii~g loose’, hecabr’e as the. gteen!
th& &a”$+, i,t shri& ardun@ the p
M.ood seaco~s, ‘!i shrinks; where;u
,thus ~grippinq it more ‘tightly than woulb. pr&ahly he ‘possible otherw.,
The woods he uses arc oak for the b&tti; ):elloy loeiist :f&the’ foot,
i.
~
-’
.,
t 1
6
,’
PIATE
150
Tonli
work
area.
qirh
axe
handles
and
hammer
hmdles
in the
fore-
‘*,znmund.
handle,, ani? hit-ko;( for rhe crosspieces xld any pegs !I-ecently he has been
,~r$ng metal holts in place of prgs to se; how they yill wor,kJ. He, makes the
;:,’‘,,.,I
&.%ces 1,); randdni with his drawknife
;foot+iistl rhen the heam, .sloping
andJock
plane. .Then he makes &&&naining
parts and pins it *all toget,fier. The false coulrer is alwavs’,$$d$&f
‘-~#“, --> methl. “You see, he a big stout
,“horse pullin ,q that, J~OUsee> an dA”M+j
hit a stone or anything, you’d
vLl
break !-our foot our. Tear it ri@t &&??&aii:ay,
it can’t move.”
His brorheI’z George. ~a.~r&d.‘~~$$&~
them ail to, pieces. Have a‘niule
going prery perr and hit ;I root’~:~$$C’~,
I ~;,,.*L,:?,,&
:: The plow point goes on last: @i$E+ ,_c the lob.
Tom is consranrly. ~~tir~kerin,$y&h the construction
to make,~~it ‘:2:~better
ploxv. a7‘he”present we of bol&&ead
of pegs is one example. ‘!I ivork evcrything that I kno\\, how ofTan think al)out. [Add] something new to g&
It to mme, you how. .\nd r$ making them to /cut. ?‘hese plows someday
: will triris ;~I;hiiiitired dollxc., :A
y- hey’11 I)c in tti(: ;~ntiquc~pl;res, you know?
7:: Though ?‘om has made them for years (“I made about every plow stock
ow@eon,; Roost”): he hz nof hecome rich. Fork years he sold them for
not ,,what
three do&u< apiF:,e. Xow ,he gets a little more, but prdxtbly
the!~‘re worth,: tie doesn‘t seem to require much money, though, and so it
doesn,‘t seem io~liothei’him greatly. Being rooted m-the pa&, his attitude t?ward ,mosr mod&
con\,eniences is &ual at best. \\:hile. we were visiting,
fo~~~xampl~, one ,&f the relatives who NZ there noticed, that his refrigerator
i was unplueged.
She pointed it out to him, saying, “If you don’t k’eep your
Jrigidaire
TV
oo!:ed
” up now. ‘I‘honxv. it‘ll die !”
“I don’i cart if it, does die,” he,, replied. “I don‘t use it in the winter
j/
‘, “o\\;l~~;“
He h;is. ;~iow,e~.c,i,;;l:icc~i
al~le to S;IVC~JOT,~_E
money. “I got a bank nc’c0:mt,‘~
he says pr-oudl~. ;:I goi X’C” l~!untlr~d ~loll;~r\ ill thcrc !”
,i.
-’
‘~,
.>/
I
1.3’
:ti~
in* ~~‘~
On& of rhe rel$ives
us Githiq ciewe:mhot,
FOX1Tk
‘$ o
\vho, w~&th& heard him: ~~u&~~ and then, said to
‘.Well! He’ll have to get us an awJy1 kce C&i$tmas ‘~’3 ‘~‘:
~~.,,
;~~;ti
~.I
;,, ;;$
‘,
Tom stiapes,a
piece of raw So&.
Note
PL:ITE
15!
rhat pui1.s the head of the clamp bck
when rhe foe
*=
$ i
deprwd.
”
PL.\TE
ii2
0
_
the hickory
pedal
‘icpring”
of ~the shaving
.,
ii
(me
horse
arW)
is not
.
,;lTE
153 “I’llis sbnt. ‘from unrl,mc;i<~, the ,I&;
ih<nvs how thr
,~>t is n>ortised
inii, ihe under.e of thr oak hram., .X:ote
also
~_~ ~~~
_~~~g&s
thmu$
tyun
(and
ih’w through
the
‘t’s rennn:
and rhrou?h-each
of
c
PLATE
I’.$
the Gde,
addition
finished except
for the
of the plo\v point.
-~-~B
The
plow from
PLATE
155
Here Tom
attaches
the metal
plow
point 10 theToot
with a,
~~~~~Q~tL~~~.~~.~~-~ ~-
~’
ildiiUii>.
PL.2TE
156
T am
wnh
-’
fur
another
a locnl
PLATE
157
Tom
also ~,&cs
some
repair
work.
Here,
he .shows Tom
Cartton
how he
s;~lvagetl a hoe hy riveting
a piece of an old
crosscut
saw blade
to the original
shank
and
addins
a neck handle.
,,
”
ui
W~QQoEr\r
*
&,
1
.,
.,SLEDS
‘:.~
“’
,,’
*
‘a
I
n ‘th”e Appalachians’ long before I
was, horn, mountain
farmers made
c
sleds -to ’ use whe,re the+wa~,
>:’
ds wouldn’t tip over nearly as easil)
wouldn‘t go. Low tp the ground, th
as wagons; and being narrow, they tvould fit through tighter places between
wxs ins rhe Wb@. Bob Bennett, our school’s work supervisor, fqund one of
t~&&&l sle& rotting away in the woods where someone had abandoned ;t.’
,~ ~~~~~~~
He brought?
back to his house and called uwwer to look at it.
b&ike8~ to Tommy Lee Norton and’ Lake Stiles about th~e~~sled;
zr~&ttii~isis~~‘~~~~
,y’ ‘;’
,$
wh~t%hq told me:
*,.
~,,<~~
~~ (~~
“%i ~our~area of the mountains, ~the~rmnmler&~for ~such 4eds +ere rsual&~~ ~~~~~
ntade out of sounvobd (a soft Good that soften has a cumed place in the
’ trunk thar makes it ideally shaped),. the,star&rds
out of locust or- hickory,
add :hr benches (the horizontal pieces~ rhat go across the runner to hold
tl/e body of the sled up off the ground) dut of oak.
1 There were three kinds of sleds, hut thPy were of basically’ the same
design, and built of the same materials.
One type was thrsled
that had four- to five-foot standards drilled into
the runners but no sides or ends. It was use2 for dragging split-up add
wood, firewood, fence rails, poles, or long. strips of, tan hark out of the
woods.
-4 second variety had lower staridards with side pieces nailed to them and
no ends. These were used for dragging heavier loads such as rocks for a
chimney, ‘sand, or dirt. Sometimes a s!ed of this sort was fixed so that ends
could be s@ intb place if needed.
Third was the type that had high sideboards and ends and was used for
hauling lighter loads that wpuld slide easily such as corn, fodder, hay,
\vhkat, grain, etc. Without the sides and ends, the farmer might leave a trail
of corn’behind him.
If the sleds were to be used in’, the woods, the. benches were usually
‘mcunted high up so that the body of the sled we well off the ground and
.
i
PLATE
PL.J.TE
160
PLATES
-158-161
Hughes
are brothers
who run a selfQlicient
farm
in Ibe
mountains
of
North
Cardlina.
They have always used
‘~,,a sledeof
the type Tcdr;r
Harmon
built
for us, iind thr:y slill fawr
it over a
t&ro’k
and wqon
wbirh
might
overturn on Ixnd LASstcr:p as ‘theirs is. In the
photos,
they bring
a lmd
of hay into
their barn.
161
‘; d
1:6TPIRE
136
.
4_
C~.
could be pulled o\-er rocks and -stutips with+
t&$g
o8.t the tiott!+m.
Sleds used in fields, on’the,other
hand, w&e low&,‘their
benches cestln,q
dir-wily 011 tile tops of the r~$ners since there was no need to worry about
,I
rocks and st~m,ps.
7 a 1;0l3c, mule, 01‘steer by “leans of a pull7‘1,; sleds \vould l,e pul
iilg bar runi@
bet<wXn
e runners at the front. l‘hc bar would have a
cievis ior.a sing!etree, or a
le drilled in it for a chainar rope. ~,
lf’rhc &d v+ used frequently, the ~;w~ers might have to be changed ai
often a.5 e\;e);‘iis oq seven months. hT&&~s
would lie cut &d their sides
and tops hewn off square, but the ~lotts~~s~,would~i,e left rounded as they
should war- do\rn anyvay through &e. L4 &d that wasn’t being used was
turned upside d6vn so the runners could not sozik up ground moiStwe and
*,
‘.
would face thhsun .so thev would harden.
~,~~~
ALL Srile~~ai.~~~~~~s]ed
is new, if it’s been w$ mad$, it can sure be
a preny rhin.“~ I can imagi~ne it would be.
St;inlev,Hicks,-one
of the banjo makers featured in Fo.x/ire J> is someone
thar:ve also r&ed to about sleds. In his section of the mountains, several
ho&s 10 the north of us neal Sugar Grove, North Caroiina, sleds were
sometimes hzif-soled (a process described later in this chapter)
to keep
,r&ti ~from weaCig outs sh ~quickly. He describes the sleds~ hcrernembe~s
from [heir farm as follows: “Dad made all of his sleds. And I’ve m&e
many of a I&c. \V& had, one ~we:called a log,sled~that we logs6 on, and
then we had~a rock sled. .4nd ihen ~-\;ehad the oncthat we hauled our hay
aad corn and stuff like that. The rock sled, it was down low on >he ground
arid solid floored across. The log sled only had two crosspieces on it-log
pieces hack here and in the front. And the.other
sled; it was slatted the
other ~,.a\.
“3ladc the runners out of sourwood mostly.~ Ore, if we couldn’t get SOWwood. WC got ash. Got them where they‘d be crooked up, and then we’d
hew rhem; you know. We diiin’t half-sole them at the lirsr. That wisp IaJer.
.%nd we bored them to put the standards in and put crosspieces and that.
“Tia rock sled would have,>a solid bed on it, and it was built real 10~
down so WC could roll rocks up off of the ground on it. And it had sides on
it and~a front end. Hardly ever had any hack end on it so we could ‘All
Y
rocks on~from the hack.
“.4nd’rhe othci sled was made up higher so we could get it over rocks.
Sometimes ha\ze to take a prize, you know, if it got down too low \vlth a
lnad on it and got on a rock, and prize ii off, or lay something un er it and
jxill it off.
~:
\
“If yci~ukept ~2~in the dry, it would I;tst. Then sometimes wr’d half-sole
them If ih(> runner qot wore d0wn too much, we’d half-sole them. Rut
they’d !rL\t about half of the sunmxr without half-soling.
y,~,iyy~s
‘,
“Then~whe”
we’~.llalf+ol
’ cut a Ghits cak I?& an
and put it ox-er the end
it,. and then we bent ‘it d
pegs. Bore a hole with ah
J\je begin ihis chapter
p”ge,s 6 ;y;$. a”nd, ~34
t,hA is m&t ~‘pm~non
/“;orth C:arolinn. Man
.~ half-sol&d to l&vent the
* \$‘e il>til conclude the
of sleds \cc ~vere fortuna
it~\vduld be imposible to document all the &riatioris, for sleds, it seems,
come iIy
many shapes and sizes as the farmers whq made then%
qua .~~~
.~.~~
~~~
~~_
~~~-~~~-~
,LOY:~S$iITH
s3
c_’
I
i
THE
TEDRA
HARMON
SLED
y*
~:‘, ,J-Ji
.i
Tedra Harnlyqn, one of~the banjo makers-we fzature$~~ in ~Foxfire 3, @so
.knows how to niake sleds. When l+ found we were interested, he offered,
to make us a sled so we could get a series of photographs
of the entire
process. It turned out to be a longer jhb than we lyd counted an, and
we had 10 drive th2 several hundred miles betwe&o.tir
school and hii .:.
home twice before we finally finished it, but we made it,’ as you can se~,&~,
,,
‘-s
~from the folloyin~ photographs:
~
I‘d like to tell you a little bit more about our visit befo&.we get Jo’ the
mal&g of the sled. Once while the o?hef guys were working on the sled, I
took a walk around his land arid in his shop. His shop fascinated~me. It is
like a small hour witli a heating,,stove un?t-‘and a. kitchen in ,it. Upstairs
~were bedroonq
but 1 didn’t want to bother sbmething I shouldn’t. I later
found out he and his wife actually did live there until they built their,new
house about ri hundred yards ‘away. X huge deec hide and deer skin cover
one of the,&lls of the shop. On another, he has letters ordering banjos, as
I \\.ell as IO&Q saw blades, banjos, and pictures. ;\lso he has a rack with deer
hooves turned at a 90’~ angle holding up some knives he made, and a hat
with a fox head on it. The fox hat is a dark shad&of gold and is thick an-d
fluffy. I found a l)ox ~of,groundho?
hides cut in circles Geady to put in
cr
at
his-furs, banjos, kni\:es, and things
lxiii~jos. _\li I icodd say while lookin,
W;I.L “1 &I~1 I had ~omc money.” I had some, but not enough to buy all I
\v:!rried. Hc la~cr :,old mc a knife hc made with the handle made from a
, .
deer hoof.
,.j
rp
‘~
<
~
~,;~ 7.~ ,.
,:”
/
~~: ,:i;,
< \~. ~~~~: -~
(
.,
\.
1~~’
During rhe mi??$$$~ & $te&iewJ h$rs;\~~~&&,
“Ha\:e y&l ,nll’had. &v~ l&ch~‘~~Siiice we had,$$fiad “$
little \rhile later she~~carne o+itside’and snid,~,iiredra,,~~b
stopped uvhat NY &&e ioin$ kind went ‘in 2nd b& eyes
There on the ta!@%vas a whole lot of good food. ~&%
we had eggs,~s~usa&, fried~~chickel;,. fresh creases, $;C
%&ns, hoinem,7dz~ bi%iit~~ hofl6y,-cake, f?&Fi~Kini~
and coffee. \\:hile ive were eating,’ Mrs. Harmon kept aEoldgizing for not-~havi&!-&ough, \\lhen we t,old her how ti~~h.we‘ liked the creases, she gave
us about three hundred~~&ds to plalit for ourseljes:
9:
!\lhen we got’through
eating, we just talked+ for a wh~ile before’going
back to the sled. .T~e& started talking about the old-timers:
“It’s unbelievable to know how ,well the old people dici get-Talong [with almost nothing]. Lots of people m;ght laugh at th_ern, but they was”? nothing to laugh
ar. 1.1~ had n 1ot.onlk-s
come 5,;here ~EFi?li@%rnrn~t?ii~~.~he ~I W
ting oats lvith a cradle or mowing .grass witch a scyth’e, and they’d it&d and
look nr that and say, W’h!; anybody can do that: Will, I’d l&d it to them
’ and the)- couldn’t dp orie thing. The{ thought it was easy; bn$~~when they
took ahold, the): foun$ out different. I haves a few, tiyes thought that T
icould do something tl$ brst of anybody and come to find’out*that
ay:@her
” man could just &in me alive: i-learnt to just keep my mouth shut u$les$ I
know Tchat I’& talking alaout.
I
“Kow sometime: people get so ‘educated thky can’t ,ske obvious, things.
‘That‘s anothet thing that g& me. I was talking to a man once-had,
a little,
toolbox and a handsaw that wastoo big to go in it., An,d he says, ,‘I’11give
some man a fiv-dollar bill to tell rne~hqw~ to put that saw in that box.’
“I~:,,saidl ‘Gimr& a screwdriver and hand me your saw and I’ll put it in
for ~OLJ.‘He handed me the saw and a screwdriver, and a crowd just went
to boohooing
and laughing.
I toqk the screws out of the handle and
throwed it dolcn there and throwed his saw dqwn in ‘there and said,
: .‘Gimme your five-dollar bill.’ .A”‘$ [since7 he ti& so smart-like
I didn’t
knew \rhat I was talking about4
kept the five dollars. i would have give ’
it hack TOhim if he hadn’t acted.;0 smart. But why he couldn’t see that al-;:
wa)-s buffaloed me. \‘hen I~took’that,qff, he,looked like a fopl.‘:
Ii-hen Tedra asked Cheryl ,$&
had one,wish, what woulh it be, \&.
turned around and asked,T&a
that same qu’estion, and he~saih, “If I.hid
just one wish, I’d wish6
have my health Rack when I was eighteen years
,old. Then the other things that I want so had I’d be able to go on and ,wok
rind gets ~them. A lot of people~you ask about a ‘tiish ask for absolute ,foolishnes and stuff that don’t make sense. ‘11bet not four in a.,hund&d wishes
for a home in heaven. 4 wish for
, and then I can $>ihead
and
<*be ;y$J
6; ,~,.C”
?!
99
: mu+.
L,ot ,of people, they
.stuck away up?n~ the air. ‘I don’t w&t that. ~
‘~“If-1 ‘b&t&
he&h t@t’i ,had’when I &as &g
~n”,v~‘li”T,~,;i~~;es~lots~~lupidthings
p-Ge &Jhe &it I,
had tt ~2~30 back over, IPeou!d,correct that a:${ liv
iife~~~~I‘~Cdonea’lot of stupid; m@qthings
that if I had +y life tq,dive aye;,,
._>rin ,c6ijldn’t get me to.~db at &. 1:ve even ibused Amy bqd~‘drit+n$‘and,
.
stuff i&e rhaf, .bd yo~~~knowgours~lf they’s Ia. lot of people”doing th&ight
%nv. .-Lnd this ‘acid, m$rijjanzC, dope.” Well;,,yoti know they’re’ruining’ltheil
body. Just a’ ruinatid6 of *‘And God, he didn’t ,.make’our bdqly to just be
.bruised an&beat~~~,
nroundO&ery way. I thi?ik~w&oulEl
take car&of it. Be as,:,
particuiar abbut ,takini”?ar?of
your health as you can. For wh$t;ou%e
10s;
>-our heal&, ):di~‘ve lost it &‘Aiih qu’:don’t realize that until $&>Gdome.ito’
that point ‘and see that you ‘haven’;, gof n&d and can’t’ do, no&&$
think
person can .have is’ health. I&o&-~
that> the.happiest
thing that a~j,
id .&.wh,enI went through thzt oh,v~a1 a’went through the s&ering that
Iking abo+i,[Tedra
had a -dise&ed
‘tioti? yoti’d know exac$ly &$t f’
section ~of the claih arterywZn,his leg Cut out land replace2 with a patch],, I
\<anSed to die,afid.get- dut’of,th&..$ch
pain, my mercy. It was awful. But
God tells in Hi; b6ok’that He won’t put no more pain on you than you can
bear.aBut, brother, I*had a”load of it. Now the doctor explained,aaid,
‘Mr.
Ha?mon,.now
I’m gonn? tell you the fact<’ Now you’re old enough to reklize and not get excited_now’
“I said, ‘You~f;et&‘f w&y about exciting me.’
“He sa$, ‘I can’t tell you how long yqu’ll live, but,’ he says, ‘1’m’~hoping
r~
you’ll live a Iolig time. But,’ he .sa);s,, ‘whenever that “artery rloes come loose
from that patch on either end ,where I cut it, & I had you on the operating
table I coiildn’t save you.’ Said, ‘You’re~kone.’ Said, ‘Ydu might ,live to
breathe two or three paths.’
But said when it come apart, my heartld just
throw all the blood @t on,:the inside and stop it. He says, ‘It’ll be an easy
death. I un assure you thai. Now don’t let’that scare you.’
“I saia, ‘it ain’t~ scared me,’ and it ain’t. If a do&or would sit right there
and say, ‘Tedra, you’ie gonna die in fifteen n&utes,
I’d never even shake- I
my hand for I’m ready to go. You won’t be afraid with the power of God
almighty. He‘s your protector.
“Kow I‘ve-seen the, time that I guess I’d,a’been like a lot of other people.
TVhen I seen death on me, I’d start a’hollerinr~%nd a’screaming. I’ve been
in hospitals 4th people real sick, and someone come in and say, ‘Are you
--
-=-oxp~~fi$‘?@j
,~..>$;~:
,,: .,F=+
~2
die?’ and they’d go to tiawling. Well, something’s wrong. ‘Tbe_y’re
hey ain’t got the faith to s<a:ld up an&ay, ‘I’m lyot afraid tci dime,“,
:!/,
nrit
td die, hut I a&‘t afraid to!”
\ I’
‘$.+;
out into th: yard~and, worked .!
the table-and&vent
-‘~%Then,, w,e,iot up frd
i
.
.
*~~&T&e sl$l until dark.,
N
.,
ITWAYNES~KENES
@$o&bhs
Ke&rc,ni<,
&d reseqh
Loy Smith; and
ujayne, Cheryl Stocky, Louise
i
j
‘Bender.
/
PLATES,
:
i
sleds
with
the runners
which,
case,
are
made
of cucumber.
Cheryl
Stocky cuts the notches
froni~crosspiece
will fit into.
:
162-163
Tedra
F&mm,
begins
his
in
this
Here,
that the
,
’ ,PLATE
164
,‘$ece
(made
Tedra
tits the front crossof seasoned
locust since it
~ ha
to take so much
1 notches
on the runners.
I’ into place later.
strain)
into the
Herwill
peg it
I
%$
PLATE
toenail
mnncr.
blocks.
Cheryl and Dwayn
Skenes
165
three chestnut
blocks on 5 o each
The sill9 will fit on top $f these
in front
has been
nailed
on temporarily
to hold
thi runners
the correct
of”Tedra’s~lettI~and:_
+tance
apart.
!
~;:,a’~
; : ~_ I_i ~~:
SOW the hemlock
sills a& tacked
,bto place.,They
hi
be set &ma-’
PLATE
IGi
.nently
later. They hold the floor, of the Bled up off the ground
so that it, can be pulled
over rdcks and stumps without
hang+
Lip.
/
PLl\TE
16R1 .4 hole
is drilled,
throjich
cac& ad
of ihe cross,j;ec, biro the runhers
belo\!,
and
JC~F inwrred.
~Hn-e, Louix
Freeman 5a1s5 the yello,v, locust. pegs
off flush.
0
!~
,(
PL.4TE
,‘I69
After! the bottoms
of the pegs arc saGred off flush,
Tedra
splits the &tt?m
of each
p&T&n
he d,rivkS a u:rde
into
the split -~to %ake~~;;he
peg bind
firmlyin
the hole.1 , ~;~~
:i
~~~~ ~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~
2
~~ ~~~~
PLATE
1iQ
When
the wedge is
in plait,
as chnwn
here, again a
sa\v is wed to gut it off Hush with
the botl~>ill uf the run,,er.
~~~~
,,
(
~PLATE
171 : With
the sled upthi
seasoned
oak
fight
again,,
crosspieccs,
a& piaced.
Tedra, fifst
,:‘. s :-dTi[ls”ht~I~c,for
,hc ,,&
to keep
them
wnod.
from bending
in the hard
Thcni r)\V;iyne
drives
OX
&I in each md o,f the crosspicces
and places them off cenlcr so they
xvon’t interfere
with the I” auger
,used
next.
-
p
L ,,;~ .+
1
,t, :i,,i_::,
:;.:$” ,,
~:,
,~:,
PLATE
1” c,,t
pole
I i5
Then
he shOus
a SC,-its of ‘IUiS :rt; the
inust
Ken
ho\v
S,‘O? the
bend.
f~
a-
(
~~xYpm~~
.
.s ..~
i
p,~.;,‘,-[.:‘(
1 ;i /... I ;;
Tc~,I~I
nxils
s!. metal,
a%“~
IhIm hi
Grip ,I> I!?%. il~ri,,: <,I <:;I<: -W,ln,~i-.
ii( ,dh
ir,,~;i ,‘;aii <ii ‘:hi: ti:hlf ~01~. itllu it
:,:,(I /W,,~l’ i! i,‘,~?r !O iii Iill. rill1I1<.I.‘s 1’111KC!.
I’IA’FF.
17R \iis
dOi(.” Whil<! ‘l’erlr:,
\vilt~ Itvine.
holds
the half sole
tics it telllpur:lril)
F&&i%
179
Ken drills holes at rcguT
--~~~~-~iarinfervals
(four holes per half sole, in
this case)
for the pegs rh~at will pin the
half stile intcrplace.
PLATE
180
Then Tedra
carves a seasoned
half-inch
yellow
locust
peg for
each holel(thc
holes go through
the half
sole , and
completely
through
the
run&r)
and
drives
them
in. Asps the
green half’sole
seasons,
it-grips
the peg.,
The excess peg length
is cut off with a
hatchet
or sa\v.
.
PLATE
181
One
half
sole in place
and the other ready to be set. Thc,half
soles weai me with-use,
of .course, but
are
easily
replaced.
Meanwhile,
the
runner
itself
remains
unworn.
If kept
1
dry when
for years.
not in use, the sled
should
last
,.
*
.iPL:4TE
182 ’ After
-the
other
half
shls
ifloyx ins addrd.
With
the stand+:
re; placed,
it‘s ready to ust‘~ ~omc farmers
1 a!so make a, long w&d
box with high
‘sides
that
will lit down
betwren
the
; standards
and rest; on the floor. This is
/~,set on the ,sled when
lyulin~$
small
rocks,
corn,
and the like, and
is refs
:~: .’ moved when,not
needed.
g 1. Tedra
calls his sled a “b&h”
sled.
:‘There.
is ,~lsb a “Yankee”
variety
held
together
with metal
rods. He thinks it
gbt this name when someone
from cutside the community
introduced
it (see’
L
Plate ‘83’).
I
PL.4TE
183
_,/:’
,i’
,
,
‘sled, made
hy Tedra
years
ago, displays
son&notable
differences
from the one ho
made for our article.
Both the runners
and
the half soles are in two pieces,
the,*crosspieces on top of the sills are inset, the front
of the sills extends
to the runners
and are
bolted
to them, and the standards
run besjdr
the
blocks
rather
thap
through
them.
(3
‘;a~,
.i..I-ie
Jfdn‘t2r3
P
Gz3h&-c3;& .,,
cnm; I
P-/KE
-
.,
2
6v$bi&&
Lrosspec~ivtis+on
~~
+&Lb/
,,PLATES
188-190
(\,‘ariation
#z)
This sled, made
by a man
outside
Bakersville,
NOrth
Carolina,
is a very simple
but very
coti’hon
variety.
The outstanding
features
are
thk
crosspiece
in
front of the sled ‘\vhich is actually
set into the fronts of‘the
runners
bind almost
mortise
and tenon fashion, and the‘four
one-piece
standards
(see
diagram).
There
arc
no
half
s&s
on
the
runners.
These
runixrs,
like those
on so
many
mountain
sleds, are simply
curved ‘sections from the&mks
of
yqung s”urr\“od
txcs.
.
PLATES
lgl-1g2
i\‘ariation
#3)
This sled was made
in Rahun
County,
and found
abandoned
in‘ the.,woods
by Rob Bentiett.
It, like variation
gz,
wood runn&
without
halPsoles,
a~ crosspiece
mortised
into the runners,
and
standards.
@her
variations
show sup in the diagram
(Plate
192).
Georgia,
has sourone-piece
t
‘,/
:
_
f
/L”
,.*.,”
~~~~;, MY
I- LL?, _,~,/L,
L -+
2%”
f
h ,~,~,
.,+*7,
bia*tttrof
stPnha5,=
;
9
.’
\,yTc /,9+“-+I~
A-21&“-+
:*’
L&i
for
, TV+”
*
widffi.of
(RtjLm~t)~~
~+.dt
(il
sidthoo~5
_
kny&
ktiyh
wibtii
~‘,_~
‘,
, gvy
‘q?
,,JWd
,J_
*.Lbki’
= f%”
2 , /: (ffiiknuc)?
laufskk
sied
Edjt
jroffl
_
:I
bf lUiMi~,;$
&jr=
33%,:#l
~>.z:~,
,
\ .’ ,I
1
PLATE
192
,
,I
PL.hTES
193,194
(\‘ariation
#4)
This sled was made by Harv Reid in Blairsville,
TV Geor:gia.
It has crln,ed
sour)\zood
runners
and a’ mortised
ciosspiece,
but the box i,s
nailed
TO the standards
a’lid rests on crosspieces
that. are nailed
to the tops of the
~runners. In Plate 1~~4, Han, shows \vbere the clevis goes.
’
,. ?~ :>
i ,,.:
I,
,,
-
_~
1
.:a,~,
,;:.,,>“:
-‘,y$,y;;.
-’
~ a. *
,,,: ,N
,”
GARDENING
II my life ,,I haA heara talk’ of,
and even watched m$ family
make, a garden. But because 1~ _
was’?;oung;r and the grocery store was just down the roadi.1, never felt that
I should go out in *the ho{ sun and hoe the garden. Suddenly last year the
fact that I was ,g&g to $ave to plant n garden dawned on me. The first
thing that came to my mind. was, “I don’t know ‘anything about a garden.”
That’s when~ I ctarted working on this article.
‘~My first question was why did they plant a garden? Esco Pitts, one of 0;;
contacts, said, “Then you couldn’t just g0 to the ‘store and bulLm,u,ch ;tuff,
‘cause the)- wasn’t much stuff ‘to buy.‘.\nd the people just made tI@rhving,
just got the practice of ‘makir;lg their living at home.”
And that’s jut what they did, The women would take care of the x&etable garden. Mr. Pitts recalled, ,“My mother would always put ofie row of
‘~ flowers bindthe &ddje,of the garden. She to& care of them ‘just like she did
/
the vegetables.”
‘2
~What did the meri do? They t&care
of the field uops-thin&
like two
acres of corn or wheat. The corfi’,‘was saved to take to the m’ill for their
‘~ cornmeal and the wheat was mad’e into flour. Somctim& they grew cane for
cane syrup, which could be used in theplace of sugar.
Yes! People really did,get out and wtirk in the field. And if you got sick
and couldn’t work, you didn’t’worry
about it much &cause some of the
folks that lived near would’come
over and help. Aunt Aries said, .rPeople
wasn’t a’scared of each other, like they are now.” All the people %r and
,,_”_~ ,, ,‘x+r woulh. gather atone house. They would have a barnraisin’ or bean‘tringin’ or cdmshuckin’. The famili& would all bring food and aster the
,‘,*,
,,,;”
%:wdrk was done, all would e& and talk. Lawton Brooks said, “We had a
many a~T:mshuckin‘ way backyonder,
but no ntbre.”
I ~~~~Aftergetting th$ land ready and planting the seeds came watching it
__-,~~ .~.~~,I~~
igrow a’nd keeping the animals otit and the buss off. Fimdly came the
.-.~ ,~~ : harve+. That was the time whrll c~~&yl~ntly wor&l. They worked not only
‘b
I
\
.,,., “’
1
$
! .
‘~‘~3
I
P&ATE
_,
,,.
19.5
Ednir
Buchanan’s
vegetable~garden.
c
ii
:*
”
v,
I
to gather it, bur to store it for use during the winter. The moth& would can
,the \-egerables and dr)-‘the fruit. T~he father had to bury the things like pota,roes and .cal,bage. He buried t&m to keep them from ~freczing,. Florence
‘;Broo!~ said, “You.could go hack in the dead~ ,of the winter and dig out a
“’
cabbage and it Tvould be $ust.as good aS the day y,ou cut it.”
<i
The people raixd their pork and J>eef, so they didn’t hav; to buy much.
The:- onl!: bought what they couldn’t grow, going to market about twice a
)-ear. .A fainil!~ xvould raise enough~ \:egetables td have some left to sell ,after
i
purting up what ihey needed for the famil,y. Kenny Ruriion remembered,.~,
“\Ve loaded up the wigon and it was so iar [to market] t~t~we.wdulh,,haye~-;,,
to camp on 111~Tray there or back.”
~,:
,,
TZ’hen the! sold the vegetables, thev wo;ld buy their,,;uppli+ consisting ~gf
pepper, salt’: ~11~ seeds, land coffer; beans. Mr. Pitt? commented,
“I’ve
woke up man\’ a‘mo&ing ~t6 the smell of coffee beans roasting, on the fire-,
,,~,,,~~,
place.”
_,::
~-after ahour ten or fifteen interviews I found that I had not only learned’ ‘~ ,“‘lj
how tp plant a sarden, but I had gained a small, amount df underst&ing
of what !;fz \vas like &irty or fbrty years ago.
\
;
,,
:,,,,,
Intcwie~t~~s and transcriptions
by Bit
MARY
Carver, ‘Mary
Chastaini Surir J’irhols, Cheryl Stocky, Mnry Thomas,
THOM&
Chastain,
Vicki ‘_
and Terese Turpin.’
Cj(qonizution nnci editing by Maf)r Thomas and Lynnette l$illiams.~ Pholo,~r~ophl’ hl, Brenda Carfientcr, Myrh Oueen. Annette Reems. Barbara
To$or.
.lfory
,’
,,
CLEARIi’&
THE
LXND
?~
.
_
-Fnmilies in, the nzountnins gencl-cdl!, settled on land’thnt had not been y
and
.pei:iousi~
/~omestec~ded. The?,, ~he~cforc. hnh t$buiiti ,th,rir ho&x
”
rlcar their laud, join Jarming using only sim$e
,. power. TO cut the tiecs, nxan:~’D/ thy
t,i,ols, mrirpo~el’,
and ox-
trvo and t?t,ree feet, i,~z:dianzeter, they
,, had only’ lnrge two-mm
richesi-looking
crosscut J(LWS‘and axe’. T’hq ‘Ghose the lez!elest,
In&, and cleared ‘thg for their ,sraps. Thi~~prns r*ery irnj@
‘~’
tarit, bscausc /l;nse.-~~noztnt;zineEls
re’ere not gai:d .!kitig casually; they were, o/
necissit~~, farming fWr t&ii suwical.
,d.
_’
R. XI. DICKERSON
: All this coun(,ry, this b&tom linnd here whe& wesee.
it now. in my fathe*-‘s and mother’s day and-my grandfather’s day, was in a
swamp: It ~,vas growed up In woods. And -the first settlers here settled
iround the foot oi the hills above the swamp. The swamp was full of water
and you couldn’t do any gooh dowri there until it Gas drained out, so they
,’ first settled around the edge of, the momitains and up 011~~
the mountains.
They cleared ~the land thefe and got the logs and built log houses; that’s the
kind ;of hollsr
was raised in-~a log cabin. They btiil? tho& log cabins dut
of,logs th
they,,took off the land they was goin, = to~cultivate. They took
em
those logs ,($nd used this kind of bractor [a horse and sled] and’skid
w
up to where they was goiqto
build a house.
t c>
:$
1
They .[sawed~!~the trees dpwn on th’prac? and cut‘cm up. Then ones that
i the! M-as going to use,, they rolled them’ovel- to the. side. But they rolled the
old rough logs and the stuff that was too l~,igfor a house log, they rolled that
up ‘and built’em a fire and $,u+d?&‘hll
up’in the bru-sh. Sometimes it
&ould takc‘tlvq nor thrG&)s
to burn all the logs. The&l just ,keep rollin’
the logs togefhcr till they got~:cm Iuxt up.,~
Nel:er thought anything allout getting them sttitips out. You’d jqst plsw’
;, around the stu’mp. In the ~&ddle the& might be some ,Jittie stumps or rocks
in the \\:a!;. CO lie til!lc to take a l;ig stump, they might’lay some loose rocks up on .it to g them out ,of the way of the plow or the hoes or maybe a
stump th<4.J vasn’t burnt ‘;?p quite in the pile the)- would lny~it up 011,the,
stump and let it rot.
hL4R? ‘C:&UIPI;NTCR : You’ve seen them big bottoms in the valley. That
was’all in timlu
WCC, and that :v;ls all cut down. [In order IO clear the
land], they’d go out \Gith thei~r crosscut saw ajld fan axe,, and they’d chop
‘h
down tlrc trees :untl they’d work them into logs if thq wanted to build a
P
house. If liot, they ~.orl+ theni into fire~cood; saw it and bust it up. l‘hcn
they take the m:lttoc.k and the shovcl~ and dig the stumps up. It took a long
-~‘y:
time to dig ;L stump up, bnt that’s [what they had to do]. Sometimes they
,3$$
,
:,‘f,
.,
Jo
I
_,
3
.’
PL.4TD
196
It rook :,
tremendous
a&unt
of
M’osk years ago to
I
coml~letely
clear this
fertile
lmrtonrland.
dig down to a tap root. That was B root that went st~raight down, [the
couldn’t hardly /
others spread~~outj and sbmc&es
they’d be so.big that t
roll the stwilp out of the hole. So t,hey’d hitch a~mul+.to
ith x chain and
pull the stump out. Then they’d fill the hol&hack up.
People wou!d s!ed rock.g off a &Id. Why, wvpsed t,o’ halve an old mare
_
and we madk;‘sled,
atid put rocks on it.‘Wie’d load ~that old&d
with rocks
-every
one we could ,put~ SII it, and,Oshie Holt would drive the old mare.
She wq~ a big and ine%n horse, toq, if she wanted to be. And we’d take
them ~down in between Grandpa’s place 2nd Bleckley’s and add’ t%ern to one
side of. the rock fence. Mr. Blqklev would haul and pack the &her side of’
. the rock fence. ,Iawas down in thcvalley, just old loose rock out of the field:;
we’d just take a sled load, place them in there, and ‘keep filling the wall up.
1Ve didn’t need any wooden fence;Bee, there wasn’t no cattle grazin’ in
there then, but it was a line marker between their,place and Grandpa’s,
PREPARING
THE
SOIL
I,
A may couldn.‘t walk into the, general store and buy his~fertilirer and limk
--no
such thin81 existed. The people
had to provide for the ,enrichment
th,e soil from ze’hat wus available Q.Wtheir farms. Every scrap
animal manure that could be collected
I
~.~,
Of chicken
of
and ~
was put back in the sqil: Some folks
/
-’ I~
1~~
.;
?
,;,.
,,,_
1~’
154
mile
.
,,
compost piles, an,~~mannyspread
.I
r.n.Jr.Trlr
P",\\rIKI!.
+
ashes on the ground to sweeten: and
en,rich,‘it,‘T hey were true organ,ic jamlers.
ANNA HOMFA4.RD : \i’e’d~ terrace if we had~a really steeb place. So&times
you’d; have t’do that. YOU know>‘the way, they’d. don that [was to] make a
ric& right through here, a~‘,~they’jd pu; some ~sage’r’somethin’ throlfgh
there) and it’d stay the& ai! th%me, a~!’ th’sage’d-~hold the edge of the:.’
“ridge.
_
I,Oj$ n0VF.R
: Now that new ground tiith na&ral soil that’s not $xn.dis-
” turbed ?~aybe Tor a hundred ]years ,or longer, see it’s
hit needs. I.:ntil you tend&it
an’ ,ot~ nutrients out of
have nothin‘t‘do
but pl,ant it.~ Wheu we’d grow
wo,uldn’t make any~more, we’d ~sow&& for th’liorsss
got every;,hing,in &eye
the: soil, w$y wedidn’t
stuff til! the ground
0~~thqse !,ald ~pl~~ecs.
H&+RY~ BROWN:
Jl:e took;thc &iure
out of the ham and put ic in a
pe” as big as this room.‘We’d~ clean out the stalls of the mules, cbw&hqgs,
and chickens in the early part of the f 1. And tlien we2d go to the woods
e&e. From t.ime to time during th?
a&l get a ,load of leaves to throw%ill
wi$er, we’d mix it up and keep ad n’ to i! till it wa$ time to use it.-\lie
P
.
/ :
,
.,
GARDENING
_
/
.-
-“(-~*pj:
had l)ig sacks lrc n&de into big aprons, and,we’d go to. th’pile and some(
body would fill up &r zipron arld Ge’d.go scatter‘ it around the gardens.
I F\.;I,~raisrd ;lt Scale\;, back fin th’mountains,
and yo,u’ll find that nearly
evei-‘l;hd\‘~has a diffeqt
way of farmin’,. Ou+ garden, wc kep’ it speci,nl.
\\‘c‘d”clear it ir: the spring of th’yenr, cleared off ever? little briar, xi took a,
rake :m ‘raked it; then brqadcnst it with stable manure-tried
t’lxoadcast’it
cc\-er‘ycar. ~oo\v~fnrnun’~ is differefit-like
g broomsage field, we’d I&I% that
C-of?, w%erc if C%d had cometh~lll’~f’tuln it u;lder, see,*fhat’d be jtist’like good
” frrtilizer. \\-e didni .know that back then. L&d ~‘as c~heap I,&& then z&d
people c-learrd up new ground &rly ever’y&r or we’d .iust leave. ‘Course,
th:lt’uz hard-plowin‘
with those stulnps ‘Xl pround. .4n’.,we’d tend that
ev~q ye+r rill ir got where.it ,wouldI;)t make nothin .and then wtz let i:grqv
.,
,.,
up. .T,hat’s tll~reaso1~S’much of this’mountain land Washed away.
e”d tr$‘t+lpw it th’first &?~we’d
just go along an’ ‘it’d.hang $, an’
wP’d tske~it out and go a&i
an’~~hang it [the plow] uE;agairlGt’uz
kiilda
ggravatin’. Son&f&
just dug holes arid pi&e,d,.$
the. hills -th’first year.
0%., tho,e,-~,:ipr&ts ,,/’a~ briars m that rich”:di$d
glow %ome times six.
s in one~,night. Yau CO&~ buy two,~ three acres ~of land backs ~then
caper than you ~could~ buy a”two,hun~~~~~~9u_n;lsacli
~of f&l&r.
~Mv-~da, bought threehundred
&es fork I& than a dollars an acre !
;\,I,IRY C,\RPENT.ER:
We‘d cut those tieeds and things all down, then
we’d &kc them to the middlq’of the garden.~~ Just p,ut ‘them all into rows;
one ate one end, ,and one at th.;’ other end, &d one iti the middle, th& .light
and’ keep stickin’ it along-it
don?
a fire io them. \\-k’d:light
at
a
time.
You
know,
if
it
had
been
make j big fix. Just
have made a fairly l%g. fire. It’ll
burning froin one end
stir around with a fork an~d make
just burn up so high ar$l
.>.L+certain it’s
with a horse or a mule.
.._,811 out. Then/we
’
I
old cornstalks and vines and
L.4WTOIU
BROOKS’:
they’d plow’em undoer. They !
r’th.& rot on the
because rhe freezin’an’usually plowed in th’fall or through th’winter,
thawin’ would break up that dirt an’make it s’fine. Made y,our ground better. It don’t have clods’r’nothin’ in it. You plow it in th’spring of th’year
Bn’ it happ~ens t’be a little bit damp, you’ll have :clods in there all year you
couldn’t >b,ust with a durn ho& I’,ve hoed old cloddy ground when you
c,~uldn’t do nothin’, only roll the clo&.~I despise~that-just
like gettih’.in, a
pile. [They used ashes for fertilizer.] I’ve hauled many a’wheelbarrow
~~~~~~
load of,them: They used’ern kinda like~chey usFlirG~~6 sweeten %‘a
An’
thal‘s where they get their potash., They put that mainly, in their vegetable
garden, not in t.h’cornfiel~~s. Put’qll down through th‘winter. Every time
y’clean out th’%replace, $f your ashes and ii11 up your w’hcelbqrow and go
f
spread it on th,‘garden.
FOXFIRE
.,~;.I,., /b.‘; 0
-:
9
“4
1~ ,~. WILLIE UEDERWOOD
: B e f ore we planted, we’d have to plow hit; back
then we’d have to plow ii%&
a mule, ’cause ye didn’t have any f&y
,
equipmen-like
big harrqws and things like that. We used,,a low gopher-;,
~plow and what we call a single-foot mule and plowed through those things.
WeTdidn’t tear it up too much the first year after it was cleared. We worked
~>/~”
it then through rhe &m&r,
and the next.year it would be a l&t es&r, ;m&
*;
we could do a lot better job ‘plowing because we could break those ~roo~t$up;
t&y died out and started to rot out. And th’at helps your soil, $.
Whez I
was growin’ up it didri’t take too many years for the soil ;o*stop pwducing -8, :.
good‘crop; we’d let it grow up iti stubble one,year,and
the r&t year ~we!d
’ plant it in rye and the next year we’d plant ‘it in co&1 We rotated then.
Now a lot of times, we run year after ye,ar with the saT,e thing. We put a lot
morC3uff back uito the soil th+we
used to. You’gyoW a lot more.,in.soil if
”
you put back in it. Soil builders, you know. ‘l‘h+$ rot in there and make bet‘e
ter soil.
,,
PJ+A
push
ing.
Gay M$I
lay off Rk
C.$.~RDFNING
j : ;
pi"
'57
*;,,
~~ TOOLS
7
.TThe fools ~~~x~ilrnblr forfnl-ming
in this area fifty
to one Il,undied years a,go
wel-e ~elnti:wl~~sinzpl~~and norr-/,zec~~n~~izedlexcept
% sleom ~107c~ri~~cl pc~irz thresher which people
for
the wiod-burning,
hit-&d ,out on & shares basis to
:j:rr:~h their- i~yc. whent, nwi ants. If SE~ZS almost ,eoery~ family had a plow,
.~i~~~~~~~ls,,
hors,
spades, ~nkes, and mattocks:
but mme families had several
kinds of plows, hnr-razes, n corti plnnter, and a grain qadlg.
And then so&e
people just made do with what was on hmd-Florence
Brotiktold
us that
since her fatAm didn’t hme n harrow,, he to& n big old,‘&
of b&h
and
hitched ii to the mule cmd dragged it o’&
~, ’
the field qatil it z&s smooth.
R. M. DICKERSON;
Well, people’ used at-out the same &Is-hoes,
rakes,
mattocks, and a pIox--that’s
about it.
b
h/I)- grandfather used to have a braid hoe. F$h& they&me
out’herk to a
,’ pretty good-sized sprout or grti!) that‘they wanted io ~dig up; they’d use t&
,hoe ~‘a mattock alld dig it up. And as th’sprouts cotie out on ,a stump,
.
‘_ttiey could take this old braid hoi and go ~around ith’stump and knpck’em
off. But these 01: light hoes we got now, you’~d ~bke& the harldles Out &
:,
this h6gib.r
~<~
enny Runion
over sixty years.
has
used’
~~~~
..__I____
. FOXFIRE
IjO
4
them. ‘IX:: one‘ had a good. big.~‘?tror;i ha~~dld i,tit and it was wh;Lt people
c,allcd a~g:-ubbin’ hoc. I don’t know how come them to be called ‘.‘braid” ,~un-_/
1c.y 1sorll(~o~~~~lal~~~d~
BrGd~invcrrted them.
NOM.you‘ve xc11 these single-foot pI+v stq&s th;kt people would la$T
a
1ow at a time with ju?;t one~mCle to it. Now that was the only kind of.2
plow
the)- had to get the land prepared. Afier’they got the land prepare2
:,
and the I‘OWSlaid off, they‘d have what they called a double-foot that would
have two feet o~~,&-~~~‘plow in f&of
the other. The front plow wo:~ld -’
; ::i
be n&t to <he ro++iid a little ahead zind~this one wdul,d co& along and go
alon~g like tha? ahd get some of ~the c&t to tke~ row soit of, and then they’d
turn around and come back down t.hat&v
and throw the dirt to the other
~.;
,~ k~~,:,~ row. Ivow that& what they called a double-foot plow. And that’uc the .only
kind of a $0~ that they had tomcultiyate corn with. They had this sin+
foot plo!~ that they plow-ed up thc,la@ with and laid off the f&ows, &d
then ~they used this double-foot to cultivate the corn with and ~~0 plow up
,,
the weeds. Then ‘along-behind
that the children would hoe. Lots of times
one bf those harrows~would .belong to three nor four families. Every famif,y
didn’t have one-couldn’&fiord
it, So they’d work together and w&n thei
got the land re~ady, they’d go someGhere to ,a~ good&eighbo&
over ther,&
.,;
and.~they’d get his harrow maybe ?nd~ t’h~tqy’dgo ins together &d all’ [wok’:
..
.,
together 1.
,J~
HA4RRY BF$OWni: We didn’t have~nothin’ but a little hull-tongue or sk,, gk-foot plow t’&‘& it with,didn’t
have tenners back then. They:call’em
,~. /.
PI,:\TE
this harrbw
./ .~,
200
A homemade
woGld
break
drag
up~clumps
harrow
of earth
with
wooden.
in a &den
teeth.~ brawny
t%forqplanting.
behind
a hake,
~!;
:
:
1
*.
GARDENING,
‘59
sirlgie-foots now, IGt back sixty pears ago they, c&d’sm
a bull-ton,gue, lx-,
’ causexnost ci:er~hody plowed with a steer..:;! can remember seein’ one fellow
plowin‘ ,with a plow he inade out of a’loqt. tree-just
a stick hangin’ do
t‘dig up th’ground.
For
a long
time,
hand wooden plows wre all we had. ‘Then people kgan
t‘learll, liow t’ti&k A&iron;
thei made the plow-shoe out of that. Later
0~:~ had twnin plows, an’ shover or [a] lay-o! plow for layin’ &rows,
an’
: ;I .
.,~..........._....~
~~.~.~,.~;~~_’
twister ,plows for hillillg your dirt. ;
”
MARY~C:.4RPENIkR:
They-had a drag h,‘NIOW
..
that was a IJig old iron
,thing with lairs across .ic and sharb teeth., l‘h~ey’d put a~-iGg rock on there
alid a log~and sometimes they’d st’and on it, when they’d~ get irt;~+aeethat~
- -I’~~~~
,’
was pretty clotty, ,you know. ‘ljhat’d~help to k&h it down. ,4nd you could
harr&v it when the ground was ~damp.
_,,,~. Why, it’d Ix as smooth as a lettuce
1 1 ,.
uea:~
,~’FAYE LONG:
Well, they used a horse in those days. We didn’t have.;a
:Jl:actor arid we-h~6ed. the corn. We’ pi~anted ‘hi- fields of corn, Andy we
” plo\ced the corq &out +ree or four t&es: Every: time ~tie ,plov&l, we had
‘,~a hoe it, hut 110~ we itist spray the c+ inst$ad of havirig to hoe .it. That
~~ was a lot of vw&, having to hoe the ,co~-nevery time it was plowed. &a you
liad to, keep the w,eeds down. We--used a singleioot
to la); off with,, and a
culti\zatdr to’plow with. We used one horse,,, Andrehook&kit-r6 T& cultivator.
That turned the soil real g&d and if you,&uld plow it, if ydur corn was big
.,
enou@, you~.plowed closes to it, throw, the fksh dirt from the far side of ~the
r
/-~-~---~
~-.-~~~~~~
;
/(
PL.-\TE 201 ‘Rob& Letsoniholds another ,homemade drag harrow, this on,e with
metal spikes for teeth.
.,.
.,,,. ,.,
,:,,.,.,,.,,, ,‘.,~,~_,
..
Fi)xFI.RE
160
.I
4
TOWover to the nest. Th*$t would cover up a t of-the little weeds thz&were
coming, but you still had to cut the big weeds that wwe in there, an< if it
was a dry season that, yould kill’cm. Butt if it was rainy, they’d grow right
t =PLATE~
cultkxtors
use.
.,,.
SEBk
,i \,
,,’
0
of thei;r seed, but many
for exanij&; Gaihering~hnd
~a‘$& almost all
lettuce an/dcab&e
seed,
peal-‘s cryps was 6erious busilzess. A su@ly
,_ t.h,at, bar&in,fgreat
misfohum,
insure tha,t +he seed would jemain
.;
.
-top d~-~~
one
dra~rn
LX
still
in
of healthy
people
rlid buy some;-
storingseed
for next
seed assured a jnmily
they would be,Gble to make it through the
&xt yeaL a; they, had made it through
_
-Hi&.
such 21sthis
..b
.,
Eceqw&
m
the last. Prec&t,ioris ~were~taken to
safe and drj, asscne& year’s food
supfily,.
in;
there’s not much I$ anything a fellow Gu,~
off of. Let’em get ri@ on th’stalk or
dry’eni, savk’em in little $ux
or jars. PePper
kihd of b&n see.d$ 511 kinds of. s&k
used t’save theii~ onion seeds, ioo.: ‘.
Had : th’muttiplyin’
onions-red
button onions-that’d
run up an’ make
their buttons on th’stalk. Savkth’huttdns.
We never did SIT-e no cabbage
seed, but you c&d savc‘yo~iir cahhage through the winter, and then set’em
out in th’spring of t’h’y+r. And they’ll make ybu cabbage seed. Beets, the
~ same way-~~--~savethem through the winter, put them out in a rbw in
th’spriqg of th’year, and they’ll run up an’ make seed. If you leave’em in
thcy‘tl m&q s&d th‘next .?pring. [My daddy] picked ,him ‘out
~_ th’ground,
1~
/..
,,.
“” “_~j:~;~.::.r-.l;:,-“”
.,
; ,.
_,,,.:,:
i’$ (,
GARDENING
some purty potatoes,’ and he’d take some hay ,or somet,hin’,
put that ir a ~holc in the ground and put.h%-$$tatoes
oh tha.4 and put hay
over them, And rake dirt o\-er it ,&$ut
a piece of tin o3er that to kq$p the
;,,at~~~,~,~,~t;~T~rae-~~~~;~~e-se~~:.’;jow
sweet potatoes he
had lo buj them.
~,,~ ~~~~,
%;O$GDOVER,: Yd~i~get yhii?~ ~~~d~~~frornpretty ripe
on so&thing
and let them dry. Then you take them Up atid put’em in jars.,
l‘hq: ‘h;!\-e ,to bc, dl-ied; or you can’t k&p them through $4 winter. We’d
,~ ‘put th’secds in a ja, or a tin can back then. When th’bugi,,, p t’gettin’ in,’ ’
people would ,?tore their bean se&d in a snuff can an’ kept znough snuff-in
” there t:co\-er’em up. For tomato seeds, you’d just squeeze th$ seeds out on a
cloth, then lay them down somewhere to’dry. ‘Then put the,i’cloth, up sometvhere to &i-e for the next year. The seeds stuck to the’cl&h; ,You do the
,’
same thing for cucumbers, Squash, and pumpkin; but you had to’let,.the
.
seeds dry before’yon packed them away. Pedple were more a&bus in savin’
xeds then than we are now, freezicg things. That wzts a big thi’ng.
MARY CLXRPENTER:
There~,was nowhere to’ buy seeds, ‘,$o we saved
them. Once we,Kottm, ,we kept-em. We’d leave a row of beati in the .gC-- =
den to seed fol- nest Lear, then we’d shgll them out whe$&,$
dried up, and
put them in. a can and put’s spoonful qf soda in’em %pd shake~i! real ,good.
r?nd that’s your seed for next year. 1t’s”the same way with peas.
For corn, whei we ‘we% shucking it out after it Waz dried on the ear,
whenever Eve found a big pretty ear,~wp, throw It ,’m a separate pile to sue ‘.
for seed. Even mustard-we’d
let 6ne~~or tw‘o grow up and make seed, and
they’d leave one cabbage stalk to grow up and ‘make seeds. Same way with
spinach. The pea and bean seeds are the oyly ones I pbt sod’s in-the
rest
I’d just put them,,up in 3 cloth bag in a dry place and hang it on a nail
,e _I
.
somewhere.
’
PLATE
203
Belle Dryman
buns ahex
bean plants in her barn to dry in the fall,
and will use-the seed next spring.
\
FOXFIRE
IG2
4
;~ -/_ ‘;’
BF,LLE DRYKW:
1Ve growed our own seed. For sweet. potatoes, we’?
Sal-e some from the last year and, in the spring, bed them down. Fix up a
seed, bed, ex-er how big y’want, and put manure in it. Cover that with dirt
$at&‘em
l&it -in,- then put...~ous..po.tatoeu..p~rett~y..~cloSe t.~gethero!!..~.?,p,~of ,~,,~~~~~~__~~~
co\:er‘em up with”some
mar: dirt. \\:hen they start t’sprout,
and let those slips get six, eight inches tall, and pull’em off and
plalit’,em whew-e y’want your sweet’taters.
SIGNS
,-
*
It n,b/mrs that mnny ma,-e ,beo/de used tb f.dnnt by the si,gn;
thnn do now. some, rnq
I
‘, ~’‘_ ‘+uen,- by it. l‘hejr wo&
,i,
,,~ fnnne~snowwouldplnn
call this practice
:’
.
moor,.
but mmy
no &ore plnnt corn under the zwong sign th&
t,o cut hny durinng a r&y
a~ny ca~i:fzrll2;‘ront,-olleri scientific experiments
,‘,’
of the
silly O.Tsuperstitious,
~,,, hi tiie sig~!S, but swe,-nl people
spell, Pl’e don’t know il
h?we hem done* on. pL~in.~:
hnue told us that they hnve ‘conducted
own simple e.~rperi&znt.r and found that’ the seed plmted
thei,
under the pro@
sign dia nzuch,~ mtich b’ettel- thnn th,e~fame kind of seed planted
mdel- then
~LON DO\‘ER:
I wouldn’t plant nothin’ only by th’signs. Now they’s lots
of people that don’t believe in that, but I do. I’uz raised that way, and I go
by it yet. Don’t you plant an)%ing till th’moon gets full. Don’t plant
nothin‘ on th-new moon for it’ll grow “p high and it won’t,.pake he$y as
much t’eat. Kow roastin’ ears planted on th’new m’oon grow small ears
iight up at th’top of th’stalk.+An’ planted on th’old moon, it makes a bigger
ear an’ kinda falls over. I plant by th’signs or I won’t plant at all. Irish p’6tatoes,. plant .th@m on~~th’new ,moon and they’ll grow that [three feet] thigh
.,
and theywon?
make a to’tal failure; but they won’t make half $s many. The,
old moon [is] any time from.the time-the moon fulls till it gets iis smallest.
You can .plant all the wa): JO the new moon. Plant e$ything
oh th”old
moon. Now,n+&
or greens, if you @ant on the new moon, they’ll run
_’
way up an’ won’t have much leqves on’& an’ they:11 go to seed.
I don‘t kno?? what causes the sign,s to ado what they do,’ I just plant mine
like I told you, and I don’t know much about how it worb. I plant by
th’signs an’ ,gather_when it gets ripe. I learned it from the old folks. If you
want to m&e a good yield, you better go by th’signs, I’ll~tell you that Snow,
~~ The dark nights is’when th’moon is gqing down, last quarter before it
~news, there’s threedark
nights befoie the new moon. My daddy,[pranted
by I
tlie moon].‘1 doh’t know:~ what the signs were, but it WBSth’moon,~ ” certain ,:
time he pIanted his .corn, a certain time he plapted his water,~el,on patch.
1
JVhenever tQ’s+ns are in th’arms his the best time t’plant your beans.’ AR’ :~, j
I-,~~~
.
/
.
(y GARDEN,p&
163-
h’signs is i*; the lieart-y‘get
I~lack spots in
your gInin. ‘l‘here‘s cutain
as th-moon goes down that I wet?’ Ijlant.
Somcrimes as they go dow
)‘I1 be n~avbe in th‘bowels an’ ,ge(‘in th’legs
an feet is a real‘good time to plat..A; .A,,!ol!tfr.~.~~.!d.otml!!e.-the.I?est
pOt;ltO
..
~’
~-,.
..~
.-. ~~- ~~. .~~ ~. .~
ers when th’signs $&the
ieet~ even if.
raiser I ever saw-said
t’plant your
in
the
world
t’make
Irish
potatoes is
it’s on the new moon. Th< 1x3 tir
1s a,-~ good 11.o.mthe heAdown
to
&hen th’<&ns ;IW in the feet. The
th‘hral-t, then from just Ixlow th’l)owe 5 on dowt~ to th’fe~~..,r’l’he
sig-ns get
..,
~~ t’e\xr\-:~~part of th’body ever’momh. The,;
1,. ~~o~~I=ronithe feet ~l,ack~to th’head
)xX1 shouldn‘l
plant
C”1’11 w
‘
~’
Al oycrax:niIl.
H.\RRIET
ECHOLS:
[There are certain signs to plant under], and that is
on the new Of the mooo when you have dark nights. When you plant YOU
cabbage, plant when the signs are in the head. FoW. the dark nights. is for
onions and potatoes. ‘I‘he new moon, I Ixlieve, is lo]- corn ‘where it won’t
grow so’tall-if
it’s planted on a full mtion, see, it grows straight up. Ybu :
~ sow your plants at different signs, nnd(khen
ybu’plant your beans the best
time is to plnnt’em in the~~arms. \,1!@ you set out plants, start with the
signs in the thighs and you’ll have g6od luck. Thnt‘s’ the bald-time rule, now,
and we stilLgo by it. ‘C~ourse, I’m old tiI+y myself, you know. My parents
went by ‘this and I found [usually’] the old timer’s go 1)~ the zodiac~signs.
\Vhen the sign is in the bowvAs, you don‘t plant because your seed rots.
ETHEL CORN: ‘A4n’if you plant Ixans on th’new of the moon, i&y’ever
~’ like t’raise any, they’ll rot an’ speck. The)-‘11 make good vines, but they’ll rot
and speck. I didn’t b’lieve that at one time-then
I tried it once. I
.PA4UI,INE HENSON:
If you ~,nnt a lot of cut-urnhers,
-when the signs are in the t&ins.
plant
[the seeds]
R. M. DICKERSON:
We!l, some people’d plant by the signs, ‘specially
beans, but we n&r did take much stock ,in plantin’ bv the signs. P;:lot offs, I
people believ$ in’eni and~sometimes it worked out and it’d lpok like ‘they’s
right; then ;;&n maybe it won’t. But what most rver’l)ody had to do hack
then &hen they got their land Jeady x<d the timi -rome, they’d plants signs
or no signs.-It’s kinda’ like UnclB Bob, that lived in this ~ttio-story house
over here. Somel)ody was asking him one day about plantin’ by; the moon.
He said he always plaited his down here ‘cause it was so,far to go t&the
moon to work it that he’d never get3 worked.
.
XKIZZIE I>O’\‘IN~: I\~fnmma $nnted beans whe~n the signs was in’the arms.
They‘d never plant corn ,wh& ihe signs was; OR the new of. the moon;
it
” would grow so high you couldn’t reach the enrs. Th$y planted corn,on the
full moon, and,it’dtgrow
short and the ears would he full; And potatoes the
same way+f
you plkt them on then new of ,the n~oon’x,,they’d make ‘all
vines and no potBtoes. ,,SO w<d plant potgtoes on dark nights in March OF
.~~~ ~.7.:
~,~~~._ ~~-~.~~
~~~~~
~a:
.’
,~
“~
i
3;
.’
_
,:
,’
‘;
,:
FOXFIRE
‘64
1
April. My ,mamma used to iay the moon was just like a man. It changes,,.
eight day?. She’d ,plant things that grow leafy on the new of the *
ut onions. out in March. Ydu can pu$ them
to put them out on ~a~dark moon,/for
they
/
B
i‘he diferent
kinds of uegetab&s grown here jwzrs ago are s!ill prevalent
today, w,ith so&
u&iatio&
in particular varieties. We
J~rusalkm artich~oke, zvhich mpny people &sed to cultiuate, appears to be the main excep-
’
,
j
,.L
tion, az it isn’t grown very widely,~here now.
::&+
Corn was one of the most impbrtant crops--it
was a staple for both pea-
pled and all ~.,their animals.
.~’corn cornbread;
at! it fresh on oi%#
used it dried to make cornmeal,
grits, and hominy;
uxu used..dr;ed
They
the cob;
(,
T
in fresh ,) ~
popcor-n, parched ~corti~;’
and sprouted it to make moonshine.
The fod&;+$leauesj
to feed the .animals, and the shucks were made~,znto mats,
scrub, brushes, hats, and various other things.
.general order in which people said ihey -I
&es in the early spring, a$
:i~A
going to the warm-weather~d$es
in latewpring and througk the
sur9er.
;,~~,
R. M. DICKERSON:
Usually the first thing they would plant was Irishpotatoes ‘cause they’d stand the cold. We used to plvt’em back in February. ‘Course they~never came,up
maybe until sometime in March. Then
you’d have some to eat because inore’n’likely you’d eaten up all your pota-
1 .
.~’
‘h
”
e$ potatoes on a dark moon in
or even February. We’d cut the
seed into +~~,,coupie
piec&each.
h piece. Well, we’d alr@.dy
we, and just plant those p$ces:,.
1 ,deep. We used to alwa$%&$
”
“then ~~cover’eti~‘,ti,ith EI,3%~
e
i:
~:
.,.
ADA KELLY: After wee planted the potatoes, we’d work’em and ridge’the
”
,soil up some as the vines grew. We found ,that if we niade a small; &ge,
~
our potatbes; and it@ade :
oes aromg the time t$i’v.ities
_,’
,:I<,, ; ~:~z
:~,.~_
Q.,~AL’,!*,,,:~
\vere
‘,&cd
and
them
-,.
‘~
2 ‘_-. ;
16g
\
blooming, but wouldn’t dig the whole patch until all’ the vines had~
down. We’d plow theIn &t-that
plqw’d run along under the potatoes
run’em out on top.of the ‘ground. But I guess’~&ne people w&d dig
”
out.
I/
LAWTON
BROOKS:
[To’ s&e] potatoes, we’d dig but a round.hole,
nbt too far. Then we’d take us a big s&k of leaves, put right in th’bottom of
that hole, pile th’potatoes
tip,. You can pile them up over the ,level of
‘lh’ground? then you ‘put some leaves ‘over th’top .of them, or ss,~a
k CO"W
_~~_
_“,
that:wlth diZX%
end up with a sort of ihound, then-when you want some
~ pot&es, scratih ypu out a little hole right down at th’bottom an’ them potatoes keep a’walkin’ right to you. You can do apples th’same vay.
?
I’
AUNT AR~E CARP ‘ENTER:
[The onio& were] p~a~;,~cJ early. We put
them out in iMarch ~if it got dry enough. The earlier yb!$$get them out, the
-~
-~~~~~w~y~~~0~~6~~~t~~~~,
Cmd Xtirq~y3ZJ
some of ~_
those multlpPving onions. A big’ onion made ~little onio&and
a little onion
.+
‘I
niade a big &x. And we had these littler white shallots,, as they call’ein. Set
out one and they’d just make a whole big bunch.
-.i
-.~
\,
I
.”
~
I
66'
,\,
I FOXFIRE
; z
4~.
LON DOVER:
If 1 don’t get onions out il.3 March, I might just ai well not
plant.
Seems
like they never would do no good [if they were put out any
later]. Thry do lxst,in a pretty loose, rich dirt, and they need lots of sunshine. Sqmetim~~,along in August when the tops dies~ down, we’ll pick’enr
land sprcad‘em ob<,tmh’dirt
gets dried off, and they get cured good. You
‘\can’t store them till they’ve dried and :xuied. ‘?ben we;d pu$‘cm in a
liox’r’somethin’ and not let‘em freeze: Lots of people,:ud tie‘em .in bunches
hanq’cm
.~an’ ~--~-L
_~~ up iti a dry, cool plac@.
&$,LI. DKYM;\N:
We always raised our own onions. We had what they.
called th‘Illuliip&yin’ onioli bat then. [They were biennial Ixcause] the first
P _.
“1 year, a little 4nion \Jould grow mto a big onion. Save that big onion till
,>,,
next spring, plant it, an it‘d grow into a whole hunch of littlc onions [each
of \vhich, Ghcn pl;mt?d nqxt yea;, would grow into another Jlig onion, and
‘so on]. An’ WC had some that madC’ M;hat we called I~utt,~ns 011 the top
o’th‘stalk, wh&c thc~~~~bloonrs giow. You save those I<uttons still next spring
,,,‘~
~‘~~~-~---;\n~+lll%n~ ,;rpa~~;\nbpanienl.~~No\l~~~if ‘Q-U,plamted~~the buttons or the litI” .c “‘~’
tle multiplyin’ onions in the late summer, they wouldn’t mak.c:‘tdo big of
o&q
jut gr+r onions.
,1
-~~
o
~‘,~eettlq
,, I~LORISi%~:E BROOKS :*They did haye leaf lettuce; you didn’t Jlever see”
’ a head lettuc,e. WC planted ii.carly, ?nd wheti it give up, we planted it late.
*It needs cooler we;ytherTwe didn’&y
t‘grow it ig +h’iniddle of ~th’stimmer.
.~I~,i~
PLATE
205
Onions
and let&x
_.
may
lx plnntcd
in I:ebruary or Maich.
,o-
j,
.s
*
,,
-
Gj\RDENING’
Plant it around
hIa&
bought’em in th’store. 0
if t:hc crdund’s
1
.
drv I,: enou:h.
,~ ‘~’
-,
Our
‘61
seeds-wee
I
ESCO PITTS :, h,ly fliother grew it ever!, year: She had two kinds+leaf
lettuce and seine that mhde h?ads.; Shk ~plant~ed~it very~‘earl!; in the spring,
even before th’frost quit, because lettuce is a hardy plant.:,She had %Icqme&
of th’garden where it se&d
t’g?ow better than “ill~ other;place.
Then she
;
ha? ‘lettuce along in her on-ion rows.
, ,I
ED$IE BUCH,\PJ~4N:~~I ~~~
just ~~~~
sow.my
~~~~ @tuce in sort of~a
-\vea;hG; and once It gets up some, even a ,freeze don’t ki
gocad where the ground is rich,+ut now it’s something yoil -h
.:’
it‘s ready,‘or it will ruin:
:KERSON:
[Plant] five or six rows 01 garden
nothill,< but a hard freeze’11 hurt garden peas. The frost don
1~
and thenG~~May we’ll bS gettin’ peas fron~~~fh’g’arden.
LQN DOVER:
You plant
up good with dirt,’
.th’calendar;
you can see
I go by th’moon.uid
owe had what we call
T’e’b~,let th’peas dry all’s
a .I‘OWoft peas on th’new ixio
’ HA4RRIfi?‘ ECHOLS:
We’d pIant garden peas, also-‘called. them English
peas. You”have tepla;t
them early, February or R+rc&because
they like _-:.: cool weather. l%ev don’t 1leed a real rich soil like, say, corn does, but a
pretty good”soi1. They do best if you.can stake them up, but you don’t have
to. They’re harder t? pick if,yoti don’t, though.
F\‘e also planted crowd&
peas and blacl<-el-cd pehs, which are r&11$
*:::.,
more.like a be&$ in th&%,av thei grow. Now they~ M&6
tiarmer weather,:
and you. can $nt’ezi?
in y&r corn! and they’ll +&+ the corn and you’;,
4 ;<&j
b
pick-em after they’re mature and all dry.
,:
:,
Turnips
c
FLORENCE
BROOK%
We raised’grfat
big turnips?people
don’t raise
~’turnips lilx they di.d then. Qld people &id great large turnips back then,
and they ‘had’& 21 the winter. Lot of times they’d: hav$t’plow
those old
&i-nips up and push them aside to plaint a&&‘in thejspring. And my father
‘went to th’field’with
a big basket ‘[io gather the cast-aside turnips], and
we’d put on plots of:& t$onk,.,.for the hogs. We u&l the same turnips”for
greexthat
we used~,fcir,the;,turnips themselves.
i,;$;,.:.~F:
,,,”:
168
I;PXFIRE
PARRIET
EC:HOLS:
The turnip$~~~u
saw them
‘bout like peas or lettuce. We u
tied-ihem
ip,
ier. Turnipslll
have the greens through thz falls’
,[$~iz
)jieens, you
now if you want the turnips inst
some so.they’N_ have room to grow. eople used to bury
the winter just like t@y buried potato@.
4
early~ iU the spring,
late summer,, ~t:s, to!
grow in a falr~:w&~
., ..,,I
have to th;ti)k& o&
t:%ips to keep over
~, k
,c..
ESCO PITTS : Tht turnips [we> grew]’ ‘was the purple-topped
*
I’\-e seen them get as liig aspsix inches through.
gold.,‘\$nd
lOi’,
“I
D
.’
‘7
.c
Carrots
:_+
i
‘~EDNIE BCCH,?NAN:
I &a~,> carrots just about the same time- I c@ beets, ,~,
early sporing. I dig a little rihge, then sow the seed along in that &&.‘They
do the best in a loose kind of dirt, !,ut it doesn’t~ have to be tosrich.
HARRIET
ECHO&\
Carrots :!ike’ the cool weather-you’
&n plant’em
in e,zqLy-)spri@ Andy you~can plz&eti~ aga&&~h~
~summer for fall, ctirots.
Row y’can’t plant’eti too deep,’ because they’ll not come ‘up: too weil,.~.and
you have t‘cover [the seeds] with fine dirt. You have to thjn’em good and”
_
keepiem weeded, too, in order to get big carrots.
eets
,I[~-
,:q
”
%m
&44UNT ARIE: Now I’ll tell you when to plant bqets
i tAe twenty-sixth,
t&&t?-seventh,
and +yenty-right.6. of March.) If :vou _Iplant
on ~~~.-th&n .
/.~, beets
~._~~~
three days, you’ll sure have beefs. %~%~Gu~)lZ%to keep r?ght after them. If
you let the weeds per a l,ittl&ittahead
of you, they’re hard to raise.
HARRIET
ECHOLS:
Beets: should & planted i$ Fkl,ruary-if’
they’~re
planted laterand
along comes a dry spell in @)e spying, .they may $e if
they’re still real small. They like th’cool tieathef, +nd want a fairly rich dirt,
blit nothin’ like corn;. Sometimes they’re Jlad q-@t germinat~e, .so it’s gosd’
to sow’em’pretty
thick. You have to thin
if they’re real thi&
though, or they won’t make much beet. Yyu
but they taste thT*
sweetest right out of th’garden.
c
b
Mustard
rlo
.*(,
.i.~
FLORENCE
BROOKS : We planted~~,in$&ard
[i~$f$h]
about
same time as turnip greens.~ We mixed th’&:$ togeth@‘lmost of t
Then we’d plant’em both again along in +4ugu& fn’ hav&@ greens. ,
-~-~~:~
-~,-~~ESGO PIT-I%
You plants your mustard early in th’spring-it
frost an’ it’s th’first greens that come in th’spring: ‘,
;
Z&, /
,i
,,‘”
.
the
sari stand
__
-
1 _
i
G;Itii3E~NING
‘MARIND-\
Cabbage
:
,I
;!q;,
;~.,;;~
.’
,,~~
;A
RR
‘69
to sow mustard from early spring,
but it did all right ,through
a goodPrich garden soil.
’
was. [Onions, havcabbage moth, which ,lays egs
C~
P
e worms w.bich eat the leaves-Ed.]
ally plant’em in March.’ Some folks’d
e would sta$%m in a small seed bed
they got up about toour to six
and dig some out.
at we called late Flat
Dutch
’
I:OX~l?I~RE
170;
,
~+
~-/
in
Coni
’ -
LIZZI’$ LOVIN:
Bach several years ago,. people grew yellbw pro&
and
The ~Indian corn, sometimes Dad would
it grotilld] and us kids wouldn’t
too red. \\‘e~ didn’t have any sweet corn back then,
the time, people would put it on
for a couple of y;+rs until it
&lied
Then,we‘d~@x
the ~m&s to ;he sled, and went
\he stalk standing. But then
and he’d plow them’ under.
the corn and~ptit it in the cri$.
R. I$. DIdKERSON:
Our old rule for printing corn hack then was the
last week irr April and the first week in May. ‘I‘hA was when the ground
begin to get warm enough for the corn to come up. That ‘was as late wasyou
?ould.plafit that old field’corn and it mature in the fall.
‘:’ :”
,~,
,,,,
?
‘.,,
“..
LON DOVER:
Up in June, we‘d plant’s ,$atch of corn, and’it’d he’ in
good ro~astil? ears till fr.ost. 1\‘e’d cut th’stalks dff before th’first frost,
stick’eti down in th’ground and shock it. Th’frost~ wouldn’t hurt it and yqu
could pull roastin’, ears~a good while after th’frost. Stick th’stalks down in
th’ground, y’know, and just sho~ck’it up. Make a hii year of corn-y’get
it
‘?n roastin’ e&s what y’want ‘now, hut what you don’t use for ,feed~~or-&-., ~~~~~
Ed
;”
,
,,:,,
.MG-gal-etand Richard lNO,dOilplantinp corn.
P~ATE~,207
17, _’ j>,_;
,~-~~;
,. J{
i:
-‘~;;~j,:
an‘ it’ll u&up
quicker- But
h’old way, and th’hest corn I
d it’d.ket up all? get frostbit,
if it’s barely picked‘ $p out of,
t won’t come out. As ,long as
that I)ud, your ‘corn’ll co&
g to, keep ,over them
so the corn would..
is corn
has
ma-><
i
.
~’
“’
‘I L
‘72
1
.,_~
I _&3XF~IRE
4, ,
F
get good and dry. If it
in in’, pick the co@
through with a wagon,
we’d pile it out in the
didn’t, when you gathered it, it would rot. We’d go,, ~~~
and heap it up; and then somebqdy would come
loading up and carrying it to the’barn. Sometimes
.
yard, and have a corn-shuckin’ with twenty-five to
thirty men ,;md have a great big dinner.
Sweet potatoes
AWTON BROOKS:
You take y’pot@oes for seed, an’ you got to fix you
hod bed, &ep
it where it won’t rain-in it-keep
it covcrcd-and
use
rich sOi1. Plant your seed potatoes, lay’em in there whdle, bury cm
by side till you get your bed full. When they come up, you just slip one
another’11 just come on. CmTater’ll just )e covered .vp
have t’kcep’it warm. You
g-reti them in a corner of
: play< your slips along in June. We a ways
land, not rich soiL:Them
h’t make. They’ll get real
long an’ not be any bigger than my thumb. Y& harvest them lotig about
an’ you cut your vines off. If it rains
ost goes in’em, an’ causes th’taters t’rot;
t you cuttin’ a lot of’em
.
‘ESCO PI’FI‘S: My father always, when he dug his sweet potatoes, let ‘em
dry in th’sunshine. Then hd’d bring’em in th’kitchen’an’
put’em I,+
of,
Tli%ve; Xe‘d sort -out all th’small;~ ~,g~stringy~~putatue~++~
.>----,,,,,.i,,,,,,..,.,,,,,.,.,
f; .,,.
Igm~ ‘.~~~~~~~k.~~~~~~iji...~~ea3:~‘~~.,~~~~~~-,~h”~~~~~~~~~~
,,.,,.
toes over the winter in the smokehouse, E&y in the spring of th’yearj he’d
take those little ones and make him a cold frame with a co&r to start his
’
H.4RRY BROWN:
TO
m’ake seed beds for~&r Itomatoes, we’d burn [or~, ganic] trash in a pile.~~Tluzn just,took a shovel and hoe,,~and just turned it
all up, and! mixed it all in the ground. Then we‘d sow the seeds,~ and when
they got up, several inches, we’d set’em out ip rows.
EDNIE BUCHANAN:
I sow the seeds in April and ,sometimes I soti them
the first of March, but you canit set them out without keeping them covered
’ until-the middle. of May.
0
LAWTON
BROOKS:
People’ didn‘t always stake’ up iheir ‘t’maters, but
they do just so much better than when they just crawl over th’ground. Now,
‘~t’mavters is a thing that does.best in the new ground-;even
if you put lots of
hi+@
T’
,i?
>
.~.._~.-.~~-‘-,~
GARDENING
‘73
E manur‘e.or fertiliie fo [the old] ground, there’s still somethin’ about th’new
.grouird-~-they do best in it. The dirt needn’t be too rich, but it can’t ,be’
sun or ~they’ll grow taller and taller
\ poor ~leither. And; sun7{‘~naters-need
~~~#‘~~~~~~~~
lookin’ for light, and not &lake tilauy t’maters.
’
ESCO PITTS,;X
never
hardly
’ a hog
lething we
s’aw a ton&o till I wz
go to t’he’table :if there
would eat’em and he
never saw in our young
ten oi twelve years old. My
was a~fomato on there. He
wasn’t going to’ eat’em. Totlays.
l
_
ESCO PII’TS:
Mother used to grow a lot of hqt pepper-we
didn’t have
any bell pepper in those days-none
of these big sweet ,peppers. She sowed
th.seeds right in th’g-arden usu+lly,~ !,ut s&ztimes
she’d plant’rm fin a bsx ,’
an’ set em in th’kitchen, an’ they’d get up an’ then she’d transplan~em.
Ygot t’wait till frost is over t’plant or set’em lout-latter
part of April. It
ta~kes quite a while. They don’t start making ~peppeis iill July or August.
.~,
,~.,’ ,5he used~ pepper in her sausage; rubLIed pepper on th’dured meat t’keep
‘,~
~, .th’flies awav. She used it in,her relishes, too.
>
:
‘: : FLORENCE
BROOKS:
[Th e peppers were] just ~like~“theyhave, iow-all
but th’banana pepper. We had bell~pp&
and hot pepper.~ %‘e planted
Planted~ th’seeds ‘right in th’row-didn’t
~~~~~the~~~e~a~~l~~al~~~t,.~~~~~,,~,,,gu.~~~,,
h’,‘.,,.~.*..,.j,.l,l,,.,
,~,...,,,,.
~,,,, ~,~,~:
ever thin’errl
out I,e~ause
pepper~ll
nlake ,Prett!:
thick.
;’
~j
“‘*“” ” “““‘nrrmrr”“ni*.,.““~“~‘~“~,‘,~~~~~,~~~~~.
,
~a
! Okra
:,,~-,‘.‘~,.,,‘.‘~,.‘,,‘,‘,‘,‘.‘.,.’.’.’.’
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
i;,,,,,,,,,
,.,,,.,,;
,,,,.
,,,,,,,,,.,,;,.,,,
.,,,,,
L
,..,,,,,,,,
i,,:
,,,,,.,
i...:
,,,,,,,
~,ii
.,...,.
in.. ~:,1~,..:.l,~.l,i.,~..,,.l,;..~,..,:.l.~,.,,,.,i.‘~~
..i.,.i.,.i.,.i.,,~
.,,,.
..,.‘,..
,,,..
i..i..,:.l,:.l,l..,l.l,‘..?...i.l,:.l,
:
ESCO PITT??: We plan&2 ok ra just as qui-ck as,waim~ weather gets here
after th’last frost. It can‘t stand cold weather. Mother sowed’em in ‘ih’row;
then thinned them if they was,too’~thick. She had th’green kind of okra.
FLORENCE.
BROOKS: vY&ti don’t put any in till after frost-1
guess
May. ~!I’? dways ~pui th’seeds irl a CUP of warm water one night, 1et’e.m sprout; an’ ~take’enr out ‘an plant’erti th’next day. We alwavs~ made sure we
,
ptit chicken manure
arourld--chicken
manure
will really -~make okra.
.: Th’okra was just like bh’oix we have nowCan’ tie used t’hnve a white okra
--it’s just soG?retty and smooth, an’ it was good too. Okra takes a while be-. *’
fore it star8 bearin’, but’ once. it slnrts bearin’,~ it just keeps growin taller,
and keeps hearin till ‘i,ost. It’s best t’pick it ever’day, when th’po&
are
around fourinches long. It gets tough& the longer it grows,
Squash
ESCo PITTS:
I qon’t &Tmember seeing these yellow crookrieck s&ash
,~mwhen I yas a boy. [My mother] planted huhbard and butternut
squash,
.
_,,
:\
,_~
-
“,.,,:,.
FOXFIRE
\
‘74
4
[the kind that can ?,e stored over the &nter].
My daddy, had a
smokehouse where he put his meat, land That’ where he stored the squiSh.2’
He‘d pile them in there and cover them with shucks or sxks to keep the&l1
from freezing. Squash~iikes any good garden soil and pretty much sun. It’s
‘,: not a hard thinq to grow. M’e’d just plant them in hills, several feet apart,
and gi\re them room to crawl.
H.4RRY BROWN-;:Old
people alGays-~-any vine, thttenth day of May
they c&d
Vine Day--that’s
when they always planted thtm-squash,
Kershaws, ;md hubbard-. Kershaws are pulp-filled an’ grow great long, an
they‘re white, have a- heck to’em kind oflike (crookfieck squash,. only great
Ijig. They yk
really good t’fry IXc sweet potatoes, or s!ice rip an’ ptlt butter an’ sllgar on’em, an’ put’em in th‘stove an‘ bake’em.
,.s,
‘ !
~~
I*
,Cucumbers
,,
, i.
as quick as th’danger of
E’I’HEL~ (:ORN: 1,\ ’ou put cucumbers out-just
frost gets over--~7fr(yst kills’em--alon, e in May, unless you just put out a few
,~ that you can covc’k from the frost. Plant’em in hills an’ give‘em plenty of
room to crawl.
: .~.
EDNIE BITCHAAAN:
W.e usually plant cucumbers a&tid
the,tenth
of
1.
May, Vine Day. i:]ust
plant them in hills, several seeds to “+L
hill, and ,they
~. j;st run out on a vine 011’the gkound, and the cucumbers ‘come on the vine.
,I
~~,,:;~~i,,-,.,,.~~k~.~~t,,~,~~rvthi~~else,
they like a good soil.
“‘**”.*_)
‘+“~‘:‘,‘,.“~,“,~~~~~,~~~‘~~,~~~~~~,~~~~~~.~.~~.~
h,,,,,,,
.h.,i.l
~I*
.11,..,.?
,,/..”
,,,,n.,,.n.,,,,,.*,;,,,.
,,,,,.,,,,,,.,.,,,(,,.
n_, ,,,,,,;,1,,,,,1
,.,..,,,.,,,.
,~,I,~,..i,..,,i.,,~,~,I
,,,.,, ,,,.:,i..,,.,i..,.,l,,
,..,,
.w.;,,.,,,,
..,..,.,,...,.
.,:.,,~,,,,.I..,...,,..,,,,
,.i.l,:.l,i.l,i.l.i..i
.A.
.,,..,i.
~,,.,,,..,.l,l.l,..i,:..~..i.l,~.l,i..i...l.i,~..~,1,.I,...
.,,l,i,i.j,l,,.i,:.l,:.l
.,..,,.
,,,,.,,..,i.l~h..,,,,:
,:.,.X,i,.,~.il.i,.
,,. ~.,~.
,,..,,
Melons
..
I,,ON DOVER:
WGd plant watermelon bang’mushmeloll-y’always
plantedthem th’tenth day of May-ViGe
Da)-..i‘ve known:that as far back 6s I~can
reme&er.
termelons.
L
’
Poppy ahvays>d~step off about a half ~a acre that we’&, ut in waP
EDNIE~ BUCHANAN:
We used~ to grow whdle patches-of ,melons, but
we didn’t have a certain time to plant them, just early erlough in the late
spring or earjy summer so they’d have enough time to ,g;ow. We’d have
watermelon
and cantalopes, and the whhle family would come over to eat
watermelons. We never did sell them, but I think we sold a few cantalopes.
’ My husband just loved to r;&x‘em, I don:t know why.
MARINDA
BROWN:
We grew watermelon and nr~~sl~nrclon, which they
call cantalope. now. We grewthem
in the field, in good bottom land, beca;se they like a more sari--dy soil, snot in the garden. We’d plant them in
hilis, and work’em until [the ;ines] started to run olt,’ then we couldn’t
weed’em any more.
-
wx haye pumpkins!
Ne>‘er did plant’ern till %out th’time blackberries ,go
t‘hloomin‘~~ ~-that’!, th:hest time. We had a old mule that got scared of a
.’
Th’greasy-black
hean, you can eithu
s
‘eat the green bean orb a dried bean.
HARRY BRO)W:
We ili$n’t have an~~half-runners~~hacff in those days;
we had cornfield i~eans. We’d pi&em after they got large enough. We’d
_ ~~/~I,76
PLATE
?09-
Exwyone
helps
when
‘FOXFIRE
b&ns,c,~n~e
-i
4
id
-X0
PITTS:
When I was a boy we didn’t have bunch beans---they’s all
cor+ield beans or running beans. Around the edge of the garden ‘;ny
mother planted her butterbeans and what we called October beans, those
;
big old red striped beans. And they’d run, up those garde?c palings, and
~-they’d be nothiil’ to bother’em and they’d make all kinds of beans. And &t
in the cornfield we’d plant field beans and they’d run .up- on .,thk cqrn: and
they’d,T~~,,.~~~.sh,~~~~.d,.,.bpls~~l~~,,~f,~~ea,n~,~~~,,t,he~e;,,~,e,,,ate,,~th,e.cornfk&i:~ ,,,..,.:::
~: ;
I
\
I
be&s] i -green as long as the seas& was open, and what we~didn’t @pick be“‘C‘.” ” “’ ’ ~““‘Toi~~~~hf~~~~~~~~~,~~,,~~~~ vine,
.$i.
“~“/‘~.h!h.~.‘,‘~“h’,,*n.~,~,*.,,,.,’.~.~~.~.li.~m.n.~
.,,.;,~,,.n.nm
/..,,
n.nin
,,,,n.~,i
,,,_,
h,.,~
,,,_,,_,.,,__,
;,
/.
: Fall garden
It was a common
practice
to take advantage
late summer and fall to grow mo,re cool-wenther
the same kinds of things they planted
‘variety. Collards
,’
::
in the early sporing, but not as big ,a
are included only in this section because they really don’t
taste good until~they’w
been hit &I frost, but &rythiwg
was also grown in the sp;ing,
”
of the coo&r weathe?,jn
vegetables,~,~Peopleiplanted
elsementio~ned
here
j,
’
ESCO PITTS:
For a fall crop, we planted turnips in September ax@ cabbage. Sometimes we’d’ put out late-multiplying
onions in the fall~,[around
’
September] and ,haye &ions all win,ter. We buried ~th’turnips along with~f
th’cabbage t’keep’em through th’winter. Usually, my mother planted ~[col* lards] in th’fall~haf th’year. Latte’r part of July, first of .4ugust,, she’d SOW a
_ l.’
r;
s
ok
_.
‘77
GAmE-NING
ctillnrd bed ;m’:whcn they come Up good size t:transplant, she’d have a row
in th’garden. Gollards are not much good till th’frost hites’em-niakes’em
Ixtter 1’eat.
‘,~~~~
FLORENCE
BROOKS : They planted mustard an’ t&nip greens; that’s
about all e.%cep( fot.,lat~e cabbage which they planted before August. They’d
dig a hol,e an/ slore those cahbng~. Didn’t plant late potatoes-they
,~~
~~~~~
wouldt;‘t make.;
~<
(lollards you hrc& like y’giow late ,cabl)age. They taste th’hest if it, frosts
on’em l)ef&e ydil pick’en-thej&t have a sweeter- taste that ~w~ay.If vob
gl-ow’em like early cablhage, they don’t taste right. Yo,u c.an sow your seeds
[in July] ill yours rows, or in a bed an‘ then t,rarisplant’e~~ into ,rows.
~~~
~- c;om~e tfref rrsr p--5’
lasts m October, you can start pickin’ the lesves ‘and cookin’
‘~3. \;‘don‘t pull the whole plant up at one time, just keep pickin’ the
leaves, and they like cooler weather, so for a time they’ll just keep growin’
. more lea\:es.
HARRY BRO\,\‘N: My fath~er would take the collards after they got so
; high, and push them over, &id ptit a piece of pine bark and then dirt over
them. That‘d protect the collards and keep them t.hrough the winter.
,
..
,,--
Other farm crops
In
addition
to .the gar&en
th&gs, eifhel’ for themselves,
separate
sect&n
uery important
because
vegetables
or fw
their- lirxstock.
they .are riot garden
to the over&
people
mentioned,
These
vegetables
of the,farti
functioning
grew
other
crops occupy
a
per se, but u&e
as a nearly self-con--
tained unit.
Pereynials; herbs, andspices~
!
b
r,
~”
it was common
for
,cqrnq_or~~ed+
o#~&.~,,vegetable garden-bo be s+
~~~n ~~-,
‘~~~‘~ nszde fol- peren~mals. The herbs an2 spites (many of which are perennials)
_,were often dqfrom
dew so the$d
fallow or wooded areas and transplanted
into the gar-
at .!hand. Plan&&h
~a; ,/erusalem artichokes and
rhubarb z&e commonly grown (as vegetables) ~with the herbs &d spices.
The Jerusalem artichokes form edible tubers under the ground,:,and
if a
few are left each yew, they w~iil spout and grow up again in the spring.
Rhubarb
tluded
brciore
grows aback each year from’the
anoth.er well-known
spoke to, used to glob
I.
perenn&l,
same stock.
asparagus,
(We
have not in-
here, because
no one we
it.)
MARINDA
BROWN~:~~,My~~mothei had her herbs and spices_set~aside’&
one edge of the garden. She grew horseradish for puiting in pickles, sa ,e for
$
(,
,& '?
I 78,
>LL
FOXFIRE
4i
,;,.
.,~
!
‘~~ssknsoningsausage, garlic for flavoringdifferent
things, ~dill for dill pickles,
:
/and peppern$t
fbr flavoring ~tea. Npne’of, these things took much pamper:’
) in-all
but the dill ~~~ould,c”me back from the same root,s, and that would
(self-sow, and they di’dn’t take a reall$~rich soil. Of course> you had to wee$ ~~ ”
‘them and’keep then1 fr-“m spreadingitoo far, especially the
/ She also grew rhullarb and Jerusalem artichokes
‘-7gardkn. ‘l‘he rhnbarl~ she gbt \yhen a neighbor divided hers. ‘l‘hey like a
rich, well-drained soil, and [the$“ots] need to be divided every couple of
years. rrhe Jerusalenr artichokes ,&ew in rich soil, too. We 1ike.d t-o eat them
/
‘, raw.
.,
i
etusalem]
artichokes.
I don’t
‘FLORENCE
BROOKS : t+, & had [J-~
know WIiG~ they~planted‘en~~ they was just there when I was. They kept i
“coming hack. an’ we’d just $ig’em ani eclt, Lord tiercy! They were planted
outside of th‘fen?e-it
wasgood~ rich soil right belolv th’garden.
Everbody had rhul~arb. We always set it “nt hy th’garden fence an’ let it
go,. Didn’t dig it up, just let it grow, year after year. It gets in big bunches.
Set’em insides th’garden. ~:
ESCO .PITTS:
My mother &ad all kinds of [herbs]&rhuharb,
, rue,
comfr-ey; ~Jerusalem oak;’ mallards, :sage, parsley, and catnip. She had in one
cot.ner of her garden all her medicinal plants, at&that
corner neve; was
plbwed up-she
was ver~rareful.of~th’at.
They’d just cotne up, evei-‘spring.
The rue she made tea of, and I ain’t ~seen a stoc~k of rue in-many a day. She
used Jerusalenr
oak to make candy out of for worm medicine.
And
th‘mallard leaf ),~a’;to pnt, on a burn7wilt
it in front of th’fire an’ slap it
on a %urn an’ it would draw th’fire out. The comfrey she&&d for poultices
for sores.
i
-4D.S. hEiLv:
‘RI!; niother Ihad.a,.comer,,.of,~.,th,e garden-where,
she grew’ ”
dill ,and sage, catnip; ground ivy-the
babies’had ito have that for tea. And
.-..s~,g~e~~..tan~~. and..pe.pp~~l~~hat~,-~~;~-“t.~~~~ ~a~e~J~ack..~~~r,.‘af~er,..~ear,.~..~..~
.___...
~h~~~~~ili~~*~~~~~-~~~
-L~m~--p~ _ ~~ ~_ ~~.
_~
*..~~~,
,~,
,.,~./,~.~
~A~any people
peache&nnd
pa/&
cuitizmted fmit
.,..,.......
,.,.,,
.,.,.,...,...,.....
jfl the mountains
bein,? the most common.
But
,, . .~ -.- ..
years ngo, with apples,
it ,appea,-s to~~us that
Pie relied z:eq hen~~ilyon the &ild fl-uit~which grew in abundance.
dmples WE blnckbewies,
st,awbeyies,
,~~’
..,~.,...,.,. .,.,,.,.
huckle~berries, p&ntiqns,
mulberries, ?naynpp[es, and elderbevies.
pea-
Some exch&ies,
I
:
//’
KE~cNI’ RUNION:
grew apples, peaches, grape+l+inms,~ ~andd ~-~~
.~~
~~~
~~~
,,,,People
c,,
pe&.~ in;’ ihey \ycre dqlicio&, ~,4t’~~~t:time’~there- k$&&su~h,
thing, ‘as “~‘~~’
“’
sprayin’. The people in’nry young life pruned
their tree&d
‘,,A
grape vines in
,
just dug holes in th’ground.
o&e and I)amyard. He always fertilized
ar. The kinds’1 can remember that he
/
is I can recall he
s that
were OIXthe
when
Dad
self-sowed p!um and peach tices a11
ok care of theIn-all
we did was pick
,, ,,
.,.,
,,.;,
I
was hard.I. work. We couldri’t se!1 it. I used to sell it for twenty-five cents a
gallon, hIy father just nlade hundreds and hundreds bf gallons. He cooked
syrup for all the neighbors. He had his own eqnipnient,
his own furnace
Everybody couldn’t own a vat to cook
and cooking vat nd everything.
;7!
syrup ‘cause it was too expensive. One person in the -neighborhood
like
4
~~.:
would start the operatibn. They paid’em SO mu.ch; I .don’t remember the
i
”
prices ‘now, but we always had ‘a I)ig cane patch. I had to hoe it, &d that
,.- a l?b
:
MLL
Plum up until after I married, we had cane.
1
Tobacco 1
_
/
-i
,. ., ;.,I,
/
r ECHOLs~;~;,~uu-.ge~~he.~‘~‘~~t;;i’~~~~;;~re
your bed, &I-St you
HARRIE’,,~,“,l,.~,.~,.~l.l’
1
~” put’yonr fertilize or barn.yard litter in, it. F&me it i>nwith pla&s and put a
screen~ovcr it; Dig the dil-t up and make it soft. ‘l‘hen, in fhe early spring,
sow the seed, jwt pat them jn. Thei are little seeds and you don’t want
‘:
them xrer); decp.%hen
they come up then you put a screen over them,,; or
wire; the+
,j a plastic cover. You plant them on the.$ast side so th?morning
,.,,‘,’
sun wi~llhjt, [~KQJ,,You .let );ouc plants .gct. up six. to,.eigh.t.inches high;,.at ,least:‘ ” ” ” ” “““”
SK. Maybe eight. The bigger the better.
Their ‘you sct,them o& in your tobacco patch. You’ have td work tk soil
; car,cfully ,to keep the weeds down. Plow it,‘bui you can’t plow close to the
plxl&; you ha7.c to go around and be careful not to bruise them. When it
8
starts to rlpen, it @es to Seed; it has a bloom and a~seed on top. Then you
top it. ‘I‘he!; have little suckers ‘on then;, little plants that come’out on the
stalk at .the leaves. You have to pinch those li~tle~suckers off to make good
i .?,
tobacco. and all that streiigth goes to the leaves. Then when it ripens
i ~,,,i
imp ~~~~~enough~~all the leaves go ~together:~~ ~~~
They cured the tobacco. back then: ‘They didn’t have uringl&xsjust:
\ ‘1
F
,,
.~
”
_’
for a small f&n. They would jtist +ng,it in the barn.
.,!b
1’
ES(:O PI’I“I‘S: h,Iy grandfather
grew t&acco for his d,ivn use, a $atch
about as big as this robm [I ‘L’X 14’1.. Wheh ,those lea&s Ibegan\ ~~~
to ~~~L~~~~~,
tul-nGn
now th,at was ,his j.ob, we couldn’t do rhat-he’d
g0 through the field when
those bottom leaves began to tgrn and very carefully pick,one off .at a ti&
and put them ins a basket. He’d go over his little patch two to th,ree times,,
.~~.,~~
‘~~
a week: He’d take those big tobacco le,aves,. tie a bunch, together;~take’,em-:
and hang’em up in the barn till they got good and dry. H&:,d put/em where
we couldn’t get to it<; It was hard to grow; seems like every three to four
days checkink those leaves, looking for worms. I always wanted to work
wit,h him in his, tot?acco, but no,, that w+s’apart.
iVhe,n he got. i.eadi tomtwist his tob&co, he .would make a sweetened
water with homemade sywp and he’d put a big wagon she,et down, put hi’s
nice leaves down d;S@at sheet, aid take that’,sweetened ,w~&er and sprinkle
,:
.
3
1. ;
,~.,:
,
PLATE
211
When
the tobacco
is cut, the curing process
is begun
by tying it in bundks’%d
hang. _*‘,,, ing it in the field.
i :,.
PLATE
2~12 .Tobaccb
&Gi~
in tlk
sun on Conway
and
Park
giughes’s
farti;
‘G,
‘>
I~~,
:K(
,:J
GARDI;NING
Eli
I\
\
j, >
r,:,’
:
J
0
183.,
::
;t on the tol~acco. When ,;t got~‘pretty damp, ,why, he’d tkist. it. ‘&Ie’d ke$
or! until he $0~ hit,done. Some parts he’d have for chewin’, and some for
smokin’. I’nypretty sure he saved his seed. Some pehple had big old tobacco
patches. They~,didii’t sell it. The)-‘made their toi,aqo and they &ided, it
,,~.T
with people &ho did$t have any.
,.
/
ji,
I
j..:
Hay
,
il
,,,
,,,
::i,
,*
..,
i
”
LAS2’TON BROOKS:
J,o~ts of’people ~grew hay.~ Thei could sow ,it albrig --‘; T
in A44ug~1si
in their corn. Af,ter I laid j)y my corn, I‘d go in ih’qqn an,’ sow it.
Then ~vhe:~ y-gather yo& co,-n, you go Ixxk ib th~erc,~,cu; th’stafke”, rake ‘Y,,’
the& off, an’ you’ll have you a clear:~meadq,w. :1y’ t&r whenyyour ha?<,g$ts~ ._ c,
up big enbugh t’cut, you cut it somet@yin
~th!spri~~g-.They’d &et.an old
~
mule mowing machine [pulled with mules or’hoy Jes]. Then tQey h&3 an old
rake driven with horses, an’ it’d-rake up un’ when ‘it got f&l, you’d trip it _.
an’ it’d:dump th’hay. ~Thhn-<after it cured, y’had t’staclz-it: ,Didn’t have no
-’
I~~
y b~alefs th&.
~\,
-3
You co&d get ,three cuttings hilt of ~a nv&dow.J?ou
w&i’t get to, ~&ch
n
“‘th’third tilnbikf~eeps_~omin’
up by itself each time. Then you could’plbw it
,c\
~/
under and pet it in something else,,lik~e corn. I, _~,
,7.
’ ~HARRIET
ECHOLS:
Hay is~a Crop raise.d; in mpstkveq
area now. All
the wo~-Ii isdone with tractors and l)iq nx&ine!:y today, bti.,used to be, it
a -was all done liy hand’. iot of times people would plant ,$ss on worn out
PLATE 213 Bellq~DrYman and, her, so,, Foy put ‘up Yhrsr hays~acks.~,Hercows’have
nibbled a!vn)-sxne oi the~hay fro111the b&tom portiou.
i
‘*
i ,
I~
‘;‘~,
~.sci,,
\,~i,
@
y.,,
FOSF&E
,
IQ
~4
cornfields, where the land wasn’t ,good enough to grow other -crops anymdre.
.:
8
W’hen the h&got
up tail e$oufih and there was a good stretch of dry
wr&er,pepple’d
,qo out with their scythe and cut,& Now some folks had
CI
~,~~~~~,:~~..
horse-di-afv1-i moviiig machines,~ but we didnlt. Hwv long it Takes to cures
depends on the temperature,
how long the su~n is out, and the humidity.
’ ,
T$$d,turn
it a time or two with rakes w~hiie i~twas curing, till it was ready. *
Then they‘d rake it up and haul it ii1 the wagon where the); were going to .I’
put their stac,ks. We didn’t know,what
a~h& pf ,,>haywas. I ‘didn’t +ee one
1
until I was fully giown,,‘,?aGs< they didn’t ha\:e ‘the, machinery to work with
l,ikc they do now.
”
,I
.’
BELLE DRY>lAN:
We stack our hay yet: [My son] Fey hales some. but
we don’t haw-enough
cover for it hll: We put up a tall~polc t’st& the’hay
~ arouftd it, then lay’some brush on the g~rouhd [around the pole] so 1:
does~i’t set on th’grou~nd. Then we just go to stackin’ it arourX the pole.
,, l~‘have t:try t’make the top of the stack bigger than th’bottom,
and ,;&I ‘!;
have t’lay th’hjy on the top & the water.11 run off. It’ll keeps right o11m,
‘~::~I
,just a little 01; the o,utside’ll get n!oldy.
‘6
;’
‘6
,/’
,,’
‘.
” -A.~&;
.‘~~~..
ye, wheit, and oati
ESCO PITTS : You can plant wheat in Decem!)er, %nd ha~rv,& % late next
bpring. Back then people h,ah t’harvest it.with a cradle, an’-th’same thing
with rye and oats. I’ve followed my father many a time and.banded
it,
! picked it up and tied it in bundi&--an
put eight ~bundles to th‘s&k.
Let
that cpre, an? th’thrashing machine’d ~&~e’.zq$md:after
a Chile an’ thr’ash
8. You grow all three ‘bout th’same way, ex&$,y’sow
your,.rye when y&
lay by your corn in’~-June. Wcnever
grew many oats, bq<, I think we sowed
them, in th’spring. I$e$d
just cut th’oats in th‘$een
&age, and feed it
. .
whole to th~anirnnls--grain
and hay and all.
~.
LAWTON
BROOKS :~~
You, can sow rye in August, in your corrilit
likes
cooles weather. I’pz always proud t’se.c th’old thrasher come in ,;therepuiled Ly oxen-after
we cut it with a old-time cradle. :M‘da$ly’c! &a& it
an’ me an’ m’brother’d tie itin prqtty uod-sized
bundles. Then we’d gb~. ,
back an,: shock it-several
bundles in ,a &qck an’ ~two bundl&S sprea$ oltt
on th’top for a kind of roof. Staye$dry
till woegot ready t’stack it in th’field.:
M’e’d stack it wheti th:old iron thrasher could be lx-ought ix1 by
When they got done thrashin’, jt my house, he’d g6 to
haul wood for the thrasher-its
hzd a~.old Steam boiler.
t’use for bed ticks. Ever‘yqar we got new straG for our bed ticks.
\Ve grew hr wheat ai~ld oats.;At harxst time, you
1
9,
~’
J
i /
/
i
.,..j
i
‘-z&L
-;+*
,i
~”
‘* ‘.
:
!
_
*’ .
!
:-- e
‘85
~.
“~&*ib~.
B
,
:q*
had.a thrasher thrash tli%&&eat out, sack it-up, ta+ it to the mills Andy get,
your flour. ‘l‘he oats was for th*~nitn&.
:
:s;&\
,:.
H;\RRY BRO\\‘N:
Well, th w;ipi~e thrashed th’rye, we laid~a bunch of
th’hole. We laid
poles over a hole in th’ground, an’&$$&d a~wagon sheet
.:
pole.
You
get
as
~~
the h&&n
lxat~it with
th‘?ye on fop of th’poles
s2Vzy?&much as you would out
thrashin~~~~~e,
just
longer. Th’rye
you %$&&&&@on
sheet out, and
falls down into th’wagon
..UP>~~
,
put ir in sacks. Tlien y’had &lot of’chaff in it. W&+&n a windy day, you
get out and pick up a handful 6f rye an’ pour it ove??%o,z$other
sack, and
th’wind’hlows th’chafl; out of it.\
.~
-~~~..~~,
,JX4RRIET EC:HOLS : .K J7e, wheat, and oap, it’s’all planted ‘the same w.ay.
Ebept
rye;.,~thcy’d plant it earlier in.&gust
or Sepbemher. Th$‘#i
will
make withp’!t being Plowed. Wheat &d oats, they had to ~prepa~$&q:
_ -...;*
ground. it’s ihe same way thy’,didhay:‘They
didn’t have to sow the grou&L?&
..zy&ga.
as thick as, they did~ hay, be&x
it spreads as it comes up. They plantgd ~‘s’~‘li.._
wh:at an’F oats about-the same time. rf thky had winter oats, theji’d plant
GARDENING
0
w
dr
nrc*-‘;,.,
,I
L,rkI
0 ‘i?
*
..~I~~
n~>L:
1
LUUIII
cdaucSrlOWS
us ImMa gram cradle 1suse*.
,
T
-’
._
,6-d
..
,
~,
i
,~
,. ‘a
~*\,
!
-
*
‘18F
FOXFIRE
4
I
March. The &it& oats will
them in the f;+ll, thqspriq, 2oats in &b&?;Wr
+md the hard free&~ but the spring’oats they had to put in when the hard
fwzzes \yere o\;er.
They ‘had to.$repare &he ground the satie way, p$ in the fertilizer o; the :
barriyard I?tter,~wliatevx they had. Broadcast it over ihe land, then plowed,
it ‘und&,, then sov-qd their grain. A lot of peqple used Q sow if in rows.
They-had this machinery to~s.oti~it. One little grain will comet up .and ,make
dozens of stalks. Then, t,hey had to’harvest it. They‘d~ $~~with
,gr& cradles, and ~put it in bundies and shock _~~~~~~~:-~~~~~~
it. It ~~~~s~~h~afd-~~l~or
all together. They
called it cradling the grain. The~qxm,cradle
was as sharp as a raztii blade
-it had to be to~cut the grain,%‘hen
the shock- cured, they’d haui it to the
barn where the thrasher could go, and.,thra& it out. It took four or five to
operate the’thrasher.
c
Int&estingly
enough,
all the people we talked *to said the insect problem
~
us&d to bP r:el-y small. Some felt it hnd to do with the fact that people often
burned $ff their gardens and field; hefore plan&&
were Burned orier ever’? ye&.
little tieed /or chenical
It, muit hue
and that .the .,m”ount&
~
We were assured that there would have been
i&e&ides
euen if they hdd already been developed.
been quite a blow to people
who had for years grown hialthy,
.
relatizwly bug-free vegetables and crops, to witness the ~euer-growin,g insect
~upopulntion anal watch them lower their gardens productivity.
I
L’“Animals,
t~~eop’le’s
&$&le~
howwer,
both wild and domestic,
presented
a greater problem
@rd.ens $ears ago. For this $eason almpst eueryone
fenced
cardens, and while cattle, etc.,, were s$ii&o-nopen range,
pie )g&s-& their /..&,YF
ll
o owjn,g we present
o ,gen.eral quote
Hoiunyd about pest.?; after that we’ll ‘give suggeitions
their
most peofrom Anna
on dealing with indi-
vidual pests, and finally, we’ll present a small piece on fencing.
ANN‘.4 HOWARD:
[There are so many insects now] ‘cause they ~ain’t no
cattle nor hogs ,nor no;hi;‘~ in t@oo&
is my idea, qn’ people don’t burn
like ihey used to-burn
off fields and big brush, piles, kill,all them dnsects.
_I~+rqnher
tie had rats. They’d,‘get in th’garden once in a while and cat
alittle in the garden. We didn’t do anything about them. Now crowb.would
A
eat up your corn crops if you didp’t keep them scared out. We’d make scarecrows and put around the edge.bf th’field-that’d
scare’em qut. Sometimes
they!$vouid get~‘so bad, people would get out fin th’edge of th’wobds and:
$
:*3
shoot,~at”em.
i
Now we had rabbits. They was. worse than anything else. We%ds would\ .(&,
have a couple of rabbit boxes Setbut in the edg!&,f th’field, and ev,ery’,
;,
,,,
1,
;
.,
,.
I
,GARDEN&
.,
.,,
~,~,:
I 87. ~‘.~?
,~,
~’ -..~...-‘Y’~: ~’
morning or t\r;o, lvc’d bring in a couple a’rabbits and -Mama’d chok’em.
l’h’rabbits’could
get through a fence like that, but they ,had $m$ch”~st~ff
‘ent 11ack then, they didn’t bother gardens like they dpi now. We’ had moles,
,r’ 1’
y used Yo, one of us’d sit around through th’&y ,I& a ,hoe t’kill.it, but
then WC got a mole- trap. Th’ground
squirrel% got in i lot atid we’d Shoot
[them] an’ cat’t+. Seemwe .kept dogs, and that was our pastime.
Well, noir. ‘c.oons, they’d eat cqrn in ,th’field. after it kot h$rd an’ dried
up. Rut th’rabl)its, they‘d’eat stuff.some, but ~OL#I
could put ! &are-boog,ers
an’ ,keep’em out, an’ nearly everybody kept!~$ogs to keep’& r run out of their
garden. People’ud ,make scare-boogers,~tiloo~~‘!ike a. man. an’ put a hat an’
clothes o1x’em.
,I, - ““.‘. .,
;
b
‘Ants:
_:
,*,
3
,:
,, ,~,
~~~~~~
plo:w the garden up good*
.’
sprinkle fireplace ashes, so&, or snuff over the anthills
*pour hot water over the anthills
*
,pour gasoline $cr them arid light’it
~.,place cucumber ‘peelings in the garden ; the ants qvili avoi~hem~~.~
;
~~~~
i
~. ~~~
_--y--
plant marigolds in the beaiis~-~
6 pick them soft and put them in kerosene~~6il
Worms:
o pour warni water that’s .had ~a red pepper soaked in it ‘bver the cab:
bage
@ dust with soot or ashes from the fireplace
o sprinkle dry dirt on the cabbage
e pinch off a leaf,from the bottopqof the plaint, lay it on top o4 the cabc
‘bage-in
the mgrning it will be coCeredwith worms
$2,
Cut Worms:
‘.
7.”
o dig down to them and kill’them
‘-*,
Flea Beetles:
@ dust &em with soot or ~ashes~from the fireplace
1
Potato Bugs:
.
_’
~,
<,
‘,Bean Beetles:
Cabbage
~,*
@.‘sprinkle plants with sulfur or ashes
D
I e ~1x21tobxco stems in water and sprinkleiover’the
b plant petuni;u yn the patch
,~,,~
,,
‘,
~~~_,
,e
.,~,~I
I
bugs
s .,
1,
i, I
~~~~,~~~!
.~~~~
~~~~~~ -.~I
‘. _~
.i
I,
I
z c
188
i
Tobacco
<-: Y {
Worms:
CB dust with ash& orsoot d
. pick~them off a&ill
them
Blackb+;-~
/’
_7’
/.”
~0
e
o
6
: ~
’
,./
‘r %
shoot them
I,:,.?
use a scarecrow
_/
keep a cat in the ga&h
run otit to the garderi qnd make a lot of noise.
’
4;
.
J
Crows:
,,~ i “’
_ ~,~~~~a.
p”t ,~p ;’ sca$&&
~~‘_:
4:
shoot them
e hang tin foil or %lu,minum pie pan< in nearby trees and On the planb;
’
,the$ll~ rattle ,in t:he wind and ~r$Iect the sun intermittently
afid scare
,’;
‘. ~them off
_~.F
- !
\
shoot one croti a$d hang it up’in tlie garden-it
will keep others. away
put an old hat high on a pole
’ \I
,~I#‘!
\,
:~w’illflap in the wind and scare
hang
a
white
she&t
up
ip
the
gardeI1-ii
* I
\ I.
.~
_~~,
\,
them
:~ri
Deer:
~.
_~ ’
watch for th&n to enter the field or~garden~and
put up a. tall fence~zaround th6 garden ~’
Groundhogs:
I
,,
9_
A
>I
&3t
.
tb.eq__
”
;fl,~ ;~~~.~~..~.?
\
j’ \;
‘.A__..__
o keep a good gr&qdhbg Ed,.%z
.~~~
. stick a sock soaked m gasolme in 3s hole*~
i \:
(;“
@ fill his hole with tin cans
e Set a trap in front of his’hole
:
‘\
*“sit around thc~ garden in ;I concealed spot and shoo$’ him
“~1
‘C
.,
;/”
‘/I;
~,;
/
./
PLATE
‘k
deponstmes
,&ky anim;rls
I
Jake
W~idroop
ne way of
rcping
&t of his garden
.,
‘
,~‘~
”
e
,,, ,,,
~, ‘._
I’QXFIRF,
190
,*
<,,i
Owls :
c) se,! a steel trap baited.,with
4
0
c:
a piece of chicken on top of a pplc
I
,;
,,:-:’
Rabbits:
A
s
e ge;~a good rabbit dog
a sit around out of sight and shoo&e
ivhen you see it and then make 1
rabbit stew
@ set up tiakes around the garden and 1.un a string about six inches of?
the groupd around the gardeIl-they
won’t cross the string,
@ set out rabbit Goxes (straps)
., @ sow lett+ice .- your.squash---it’ll
put the &bits to sleep ~:~:~~-+<I
put up a fence
plant marigolds in ‘$our~beans, or ,&unias in y&r potatoes&the
smell
will keep them away
c .set an old shoe out in the rbw~
;. ”
@ ‘feed them all. they call~eat, and they won-lt_eat sup your ga~r&ti
set glass ja$ around in your garden roqghly twenty feet ‘apa&‘The
sound $f the yind blowing over iheir tops will scare them a&y.
@ ,fill a g&Ion jug with water, ad~d one tablespoon of kerosene, and sprinkle it oil and’~around the plants tt& rabbits will~~~~t; the smell will keep
them away fqr several days
‘:
@ take a piece of paper like the Atl,anta Constitution, two or three folds
of it (it has to&e th+ii
hecaus,? it’ won’t rattles jf you don’t) and fold, .~, ,,
the paper down o& the, stake at ihe top. ‘Tie a &ing big enough to fiGi”
around ,the stake so.t.he paper wdn’t’ blow off.Jt -looks just like some_
body‘s head and arms flapping. Wfleti’:the~,wind blpws, the pap& rattles and flaps and scares them‘somethink
awful.
e, string s,o~fie aluminum
patis oti wire. Be sure you string them over
i
wh&vcr
the animal is eating. You can tie the wire to twb stakes,
~~~~;-~~~~~~~tiees;-orarrv~hi~~:thatls hear around. ljon’t put ‘on too many-just
_ enough ~so when the Grid blows, they’ll rattle: land they ‘sliine in a
7
the dark; so that helps.
I
Raccoons:
::
*’
0 keep a good ‘&on dog and hunt
season
@ set I trap for them
.,.~
-
‘iaccoons regu&
dur$g
gardening
*
~,
7
G4RTXA’iN~
Rats:
,
.ea set nmthl~nlls around kvli’ere you last saw them’-. ~~;:
sets a rat trap in 3 mole run, as rats otten use molf$ rune’
teach’your cats to hunt and kill them
Squirrels-:
*
‘?
get a squiyel dog T
e shoot ~IICIe;%tthem
o pump corn: with lye :hr ~xsenic
_The folioroi~~g- jjeo.$le
dc?r~pests:
Joe
Avoroood,
cmtrihuteci
> -,
‘injol-matio?
E$&
Buchn~nan, Mrs.
to deal
tiilh
gar-
Cetil
Chastdin, Mrs. Norman
C~annon,~ Cal-1 Carpenter,
Coleman~I&ogene
Dailey,
Fred Darn& Mi&n@
Dickersonn, Barnafd Dillard,. Bobbie Dills; Harriet
Echols, Tom Grist, Lonnie Harkins, Mrs. Eql Hoit, 1Z4r;. L. D. MoppeT,
&4,-s. Roy Kelly, Ted Lanich; Aunt Ff$
l~Tlyss.te~
Ah4cCoy, Bclzora
Keu1ly
Runiori,
Moore,
Will Seagle,
Vi&
Mrs.
Long, Pen:1 Martin,
George
Speed,
h’ix,, Mrs.
Jim McCoy,
J. D.
B: J. Stiles, Lake
01-en Swa~mv~~,Gladys $wanson~, Glhdys Teague,
‘.
on how
r
L.eanu 7‘. Gnwcl-; Dot
j
”
Cal Tho&s,
St&,
Quinn,
Mrk,
NELLThomas,
MYS. Birdie Mae If&son; Ralph Vinsorz, T. F. I’inson, Pearl Watts, Grbuer
Webb,
h’nomi
Whitmire,
Williams, Will Zoellnei.
Mrs. Ben Williams,
Mrs.
&ace ~~W%icifru, Lee
-.
” ~.
_
PLATE
277
den.
‘.
This
old
paling
fence
surrounds
Auht
Arie
Carpenter’s
vegetable
gar:
”
PLATE.218’
ones pwplq
The rail fence in front of Thomas
used to p&up
around
their fields.
1:
Stubbs’s
cabin
is very
much
like the
GARDENING
‘93
..)
R. M. DICKERSOIV : E&‘body
had to fence their own fields. You had
frnce logs and you were s$pposed to take care of yobr own cow yourself. But
ba k when I was out here, they had,tihat
y‘called an open~,range and any1~cfdy,could turn their cattle out, and if &had
a cornfield; you had to keep
it fenced up to k&p the cattle out. But after,we voted out the free range ati’d
voted, in the fencin’, ever’hody ~that had cattle had to put them UP and
kcep’ern in ,thcir own .qasture. A&r that we didn’t ha\:e to fence OUT
cornfields so much.,
”
”
(
DIFFERENCES
IN THE
OLD
AI&
NEW
~~~~~
Mnn,y people we .r@ke to felt thnt’th.u~~~,~etnhles L5.y us&d to grow tasted
better than thpse they g’~ow$pdayI
The difierences
,fncts that they used, to grow anon,-hybrids, whereas
hybrids:: that they used to grow
vegetables
were’ attributed
today
totally organically,
~~,ou,;and that CL@may h&e hindered theirfense
,,
to’the
most seeds are
but don’t
of taste.
‘~“ANPU’AHOWARD :. I think the fk&ilizers make a difference. I think that
makes th’difference in the taste of the plants we eat. You take peopie that
,_ use stable manure for their girden; I think that ~rnak~ a difference in the
, flavor of the food-it
grow% off better. Now I garden with store-bought fertilizer, and 1. don’t like it either. I can’t get :a good pretty gardeA like I
want to.. I’think about back when I was a kid Andy my father use’d t’have
t&S&&pretty gardens. And now 10&n’t get one like that; and:I’m sure it’s
that st’able manure: It’s reali): good for a garden.
I
3
ADA KELLY: I ‘realIy belie& ti@t some of them had .a r&r
flavor. They’
were grown just from’the soil with no addi.tions at all, and it just seems that
they had a better flavor.
’
LAWT~ON~BROOKS:
They.have
a lot of difference-in
th’bkans an’ in.
th’tomatoes and things !ike that. Th’btxans tasti altogether different froin
,_
‘~
th’kind they used to grbw~ then.
HARRI&T hCHOI+S:
There is ‘21difference in the taste of vegetables now
and then. I don’t know whether it’s that ww.people have grown older and
our taste buds are getting away f~oni us, dimmipg, like our eyes, but it
doesn’t’seefi lib the vegetables here taste as good now as ‘t&y used to. You 8r
know, I use’8 to love fruits and I ate,,OJheni all the time. I still do, but I have
to force myself. I~don’t care for them like I used to, 1 don’t know why.
’
h.,
\
&a’
) ~.
*
’
I
“,
.:
j
P
BIRD- strips;
DEADFALLS,
I
AND RABBIT BOXES
‘BIRD
‘:
TRAPS
awton Brooks, one of our most
informative contacts (Fox/ire 3,
pages 221~44, for ‘example),
amazed us again by sl&qYing us how to do something that we hadn’t seen
before. Lawton, who stops by our office occasionally, revealed on one par-.
titular after&on
that he could’,make a bird trap-a
trap thai not only
caught other small;gamC as well as hirds, butt one that also left the aninial
aliye. Sinze we were interested in other methods and devices that snared a?awt~on to show twg.of
imals such as~rabbit boxes land deadfalls, we aske_
the students who work with us, Robbie M,oore and David Hopkihs, how he
made one. As Law&iFmade it, he told us a little bit about them,, a!~well as a
f&y
story about his brother :
“Back when I
learned to make ‘bird traps,‘my~ brother Neil and I
would .use our 23
father’ hoards. He always kept a stack of boards ar&nd for
patching
the roof, with-everything
was covered with old-time boards.
WeIT, we’d slip those baa& and split’em up and make t+ trap out of them.
%’e d‘d
1 n ’t h ave no nails. We knew that if we got his nails, he’d raise Cain.
You could use nails, though. But we had to learn to do it the way we had to
do it. We didn’t have no nails to nail’em t6gether ,wit~h, so we put a.bow
r
oh’em to hold’em together.
“‘We used to catch a lot of quails, or any kind of little bird that’would
come and get;;; it. ‘Course you take an 01’ hog or something big, they’d tear
it up pretty easily, but just cbmmon game won’t. I’ve caught rabbits 1~ it,
before. You can bait if with corn or anything. You just makexcha. trigger
and put a nubbin of corn, a piece of bread, or anything you w,a$t td,put on
,.
it, and the animal or bird will corn&”
:
As Lawton shdwed us’how to make the trap, he told us a little about his
childhood.
Th’ere were six children, four boys and tyo girls.: His oldest
hr&hei w& Em&t; then’ after him was Wayne, then came Neil, and Lawton was the youngest boy. Neil died, as a’result of the flu in the flu epidemic
about the tin& of World War One. He was twenty-one;and
w~as working as
a brakeman on a train.. “He took the flu, but got better and thought he had
I
buf a month or two when he died.”
As he talked about his brother Neil, Lawton
remembered
something
the
and fly, and he liked to have got killed.
/
and Neil wo$d
have a fight.”
PLATE
22@ Lawton~ ad&
on boards
alternatelygoing
straightly up on two
sides and sloping
td
other
two sides
until
the ‘trap
is eight
co ien Lioards
high.
PLATE
221 :~H@ then
“fops
trap
with several
more
boards
birds
cannot
fly out ,the
top.
says, “You can top off ?the trap
you want to.‘Make
the spacing
boards
sp- the bird [or animal]
and they ain:t iir the dark.”
PLATE
222
boards
in place.
PLATE
223
Lawton
do&ng
use nails
in makin!
his traps,.~but
holds them together
with ? bow--a
green stick about
The
rtrap
with
all’
the
off” the
so the
Lawron
anytirfle
in the
CT
pee
2’ long that he pulls taut over the top
-and
ties with rope to the bottom
Board.
on either side.
#
PLATE.
2’24 Diaeram
show1 stalk of
the
sticks
used
to make
the trigger.
Stick “A” is z$’ long, 9”
is g%“,
and
“C” is 20”. The sticks are the same as
those
used for the deadfall
trap
(see
PLATE
229).
c
~~~~~‘~,~~,
~
‘1
P&ATE
225
The
trigger
is made
of
small
green
sticks
of hickory
or other
hardwood.
Lawon
carves
out
the
notches while the wood is green and pliable, then lets it dry before putting
any
stress on it. The set triiger
.is baited’ on
the right end 6f‘the
horizon61
section
with bread or corn or-other
bait.
\
\
~’
PLATE
22,6 The ,trigget
assenibly
is
made of ,three sticks. When set up, they
make the numeral
four. When
set, they
hold ~,tog&her
only
Be&se
of ihe ,,
weight
of the trap pushing
down on the
vertical
stick. It IS so delicaiely
set and
balanced
that die slightest
movement
by
the animal
or bird against
the horizontal piece will collapse
the tiigger
a&embly and bring the trap down. The,base
of the vertical
stick is not stuck into the
ground,
but sits on top of the @cud
so
that it will fall ovei easily Bnd not keep
the trap from falling.
I
PLATE
holding
227
The set trap.
the victim unharmed
& the bird~or
animal
inside the trap.
nibbles
at the\~bait,
the
trap
falls,
/
PLATE
9I
-
PLATE92
.I
E
;/
Now measures in another
”
;/8” and draw
another
one you just drew. This link <vi11indicate
From
this~ line, measurk
side of the trav
”
dicular
tothe
to be
center
down
(;in this case
I 6”))
In this case, you would
Transfer
Go back
are about
:
measure
this line to the bottom
to the center
to mark
whatevgr
and
out another
““” Y ““’ ~““Mxatka~- cente,s-width,,,,~~n~,~,j,~,6-the,,
9I)
the thickness
the block
line, Mea$~re
draw
) parallel
to the
of the tray.
length
yo,u wish, the in-
a line
,(#4)
5/‘1’ andmark
perpen-
again
( #3).
one with’ the circle ,OIJ it in Plate
”
of.~~the:,inne,r,,l,in,es.
8 “iK”fkii &her
by the method
line you drew
out the width
line ( #3
shown
ddwn
of the handle.
in Plate
the length
92.
” ‘-““‘~.
‘.
of the~block.
YOU
The lines you see in Plate 93
are marked
I y!” on each side of the center line fdr ,? total width of 2%“.
,9 Extend tht center line down over the edge of the block on both e,nds SO YOU
canidrawa
ce-nter!ine~on
rhe~bottom.
The other lines oti the block are’ what
Mr.
qw’n theory/About
help him keep up with what
doing
when
making
he marks
these dff by the width
0~
the ‘trays. They
the curvature
and begins
Harrison~uses
to develop
whist ~~,
he is
to dig out the bowl. ,He laid
of his square:
the circled,linein
I%ate 91 you will notice
a’short’mark
near the edge
of the blo&. The m&k is ?/*” in from the edge of the block. It is marked,jn
with dividers (Plate 94) using the point at~‘which lines # I ,and #6 inter-
>’
sect as the center.
In Plate
the tray.
95, Mr.
He tries several
ful not to mark
dividers
Harrison
until
radii until
the, wood
the curve
uses the dividers
which
begins
to begin
he gets one that
will become
to turn
toward
to mark
“pans
the .h;mdle.
the center.
out,”
the arc of
beiglg care-
Mark
Finish
with
the
the ‘cuTye
.
‘.
PLATE $4
’
‘..
PLATE’95
.
,.
. ..........
’ PL.I\TE 96
.I
with a Trench
rule,‘:
as shown
in PIate
‘cause I get so many curves out of it. There’s
91. ‘+J~call this my French
sonic more up there
just beni this piece of green pine and it holds.” Mr. Harrison
the final outline of the bowl with a lead pencil (Ptate 96).
You are now ready to begin digging out ih& bowl of the
rison uses a small adze called a cooper’s adze to do this. Start
die/and work slowly outward J,Plate 97 ) . Be very careful not
;
.
;’
rule
I made.
I
then goes over f
G
”
tray. Mr. Harfrom the mid-.. i
to go too deep.
.
”
’
,
d,
DEADFALLS~
-4: dezidfall
trap
works
on exactly
the same
triggering
device, ,as the bird trap Lawton
By definition,
however,
a deadfall
killi
principle,
and
uses the same
Brooks showed us how to make.
the animal
when the trigger
is
released.
Tedra
large
Har%non
flat~rock
be under
ivith
explained
it when
a bird
that
that is, heavi
it>,falls. the
trap,
when he set3 up a deadfall
enough
the b&t
then
is placed
to crush
raises
any animal
one
on the
end
and
pointed
to
As
bf the horizontal
s&k. In order to keep the bait on the stick more securely,
o&t the Dointed end, splits the end, and drives a wedEe
Tedra
pushes it
into the split to
spread
and
”
the end and
uses~apples,
minks,
grai
beets,
foxes,
squirrel
To, insure
.,,,
he finds a
enough
sets the trigger.
end
I
,:,‘,
trap,
unlucky
the bait
or cabbage
possums,
in place.
for bait.
or ikkunks, Te.$ra
For
that
then animal
are placed,
possums,
he uses sardines.
the trap
with
he
For
ome third
of a
enters
the trap;
Milkrd
only
frbm
the
front;
wood, ”
at both sides of the/trap.
and photographs
228
rabbits
raccodns,i
baits
.’
by Ro~bbie MOOI-e.
,~
I
PLATE
_
For
or a whole bird.
rocks; and brush
Arijcle
anc,hor
Buchanan
and Wig comtr~~t
a deadfall
trap:
PLA?E
..“’
‘;’
230
The
set trap.
I.
-~~~~~~,,~~,
~,,
-~-__
-__-__-~__---~~~
200
1 .; : ~_
FOXFIRE
‘:
4
&.a+,
,~~~
‘RABBIT
BOXES
Th&gh
B&k,
tiqon
~,,fbund
graphed
pa&
rabbit
,J+%@$,ha.ve..b~~~~-mells~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~”~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~’~~’..r~“
‘571,
we, never
them.
Recenily,
found
who had wore
two of our students,‘Mike
an old one at. an abandoned
and measured
a&&e~
home~place
Drake
compIete
and Bob Sjostrom,
in, our county
it for this chapter.
informa-
‘and
photo1
‘,,’
PLATE
232 The
bait
is
notched
I placed
behind
the
triggering
stick.
When
the
rabbit
pushes against
this, it
.
PLATE
set and
‘~ PLATE
231 The
ready.
233
mbbi<
bsx-,
and the door slams shut.
I
PLATE
234
Dia@am
illustrates
&e trap mechanism.
.,,
PLATE
-..
23.5
Diagram
shays
dimensions
of the rabbit
-
box.
-, ‘;AN.T;;IIE p:my,
,.
,,h
i
“,_(
~ZI;
~,~
.~
~,,;;_~,
”
._
.-
./
,~~
‘_
.?.
-x
,, ‘-_
*
.~/,~
X.\, i;
1.
_
in
*.
b&t
before
knnie-when
the
Civii~ War.
is a: lively
.three-yea&W$ly
I‘
,~
,;.
‘,-‘>,,
nnle’%<ry
The,one
thing
a home
&ho,
that
that’really
i first met he~f was her remarkable
eighty-
l&.:~~ancestors
ama?ed
memory:
lives
&%aut
She can r&nemb~.r
.,, .,thinms
from one day to the n’ext. For ~xamplej
she
,a thnt I can’t r&&her
‘. & remehber
how to measure
i room to see how, many bushels of corn it
will hold;
she remetibers
‘how to figure out ~the i&rest
on b?>rrowed
money;
but I think
ill in this world
Annie
the most &p&ant
together
and that
also has a great
had a newborn
one thing
to listen,
; beautiful.
,‘~
we are
first
other.~~
time we met
had died and she was fee&tig
her,
she
it on a hot:
~,.~~..~--_-A-
anybody
feel at home
she loves to & is talk, especially
w$h
when.there
he;. Sl;g:iold
are people
US
f
.,
there
Annie talks a ldt about her hair and. how it used to be ,so long and
She has told us many times’th&
she thinks a .pe~&oh’s hair is their ,~
beats feature,
‘,
The
to eat.
She has the gift ‘~of&&ing
that
she remembers,,$.that
tie have tt, love and help each
love for animals.
pig whose mother
tle until it got big enough
thing
and
she told. us that
she wished~~ ker~~hair
thick.
_ But.,Annie
I know that
doesn’t hav,e to worry, about’her
inside Annie is the most beautiful
that means~ more
Interuiews’by
to me than
Kaye
Carver,
any outer
beauty
Maybelle
was still long
”
and
hair or her oute?appearance.
person I’ve ever knotin,
and
a.nyYwbere.
Carfienter,
Jan Brown,
KAYE, CARVER
\~
a&.Laurif
~)
Bl%?l.W%
Ph.@os by Jan,
Kiye,
Maybell<,
Roy Dicker-son,
I’ve lived here all my life, ‘round
_
July
1864,
and iri’.\ugust
and
his neighbors
built
and about.
it was finished
it. It didn’t
have
0
with
This
and Beverly
J~sius.
house was started
abobt
a top on it. My grandfather
any ‘chinqey
.
and
Grandmother
.’
.
r~*--“,.c,’_~I: . ;~“.--r~~~~~:
‘r”>2j~6 .A
nnie Perry String-
- _ .,:.
ing and. breaking
beans ‘in
shad e of her back porch.
cooked
with
outdoors
boards;
co\:ered
under
ai brush
three-foot
with
pieces
logs land btijlt
with logs for the-gable
[poles running
split
In the
bf the building
from
acting
where about
ave been three
We
had
Tad’ and
floqrs
store:bought
foot
fimemade
weren’t
big railings,
and
slats.
stead,
never
did have
them
out ~every year.
what,
they
nb bigger
Ir’didn’t
ode
We
,,lay good ~wit,h a big, heayy
wants
after
quilt
I
,,
and lathing].
they were smoothed
.,~_
of-,~spf~~_,.‘,
off. Ther?
_~
had
a little
iron
haves any ‘cords-it
had
&e-old
bedstead
Then
w+‘t
straw
you get them
fired
over the top of that
to lie .o&Mother
and
straw
had a feather
and
new.
leveled
one
big posts,
a corded.
mattresses.
fan,d ‘get some
and’ its
Tve had
It bad great
bed-
cikaned
~’
1’0 tell you
up. They
r ~,.,
‘~~:;:,
r&t 3 ess, Just as
~~_. ‘1
hed.,,~,,,,,,:;‘~:l~-:i,~” ”
~,~,,
,_..,.,,:
I
/
Its w-a~+tape~&up-~
b~uym&e(,.,p$amk ,,,,,
than. my iittl,e finer.
of those,., b!e
We’,4 burn
~h,juse-‘~~&.i’~first
as both rafters
was a ,gre,at big old thing.
lay just as gopd
‘. ‘gogd a bed as anyone
Then
[since then].
!furniture.
bedstead’that!
crack
fall,. It lasted about a hundred
years. We,~
ago becausk ,ic looked like it was going t0
two !ii&hes thick.
extra
&e
the long ways qf, the house
fall on us.
B
,_ ~-.The~ ~first~floor~~wa~~.-~~u~eh.eon-fl~r;~,~~.~~.asn’t
loCqsthat
~ The
:A!L&G+G&
putt acros
They put the chimney.‘on-that
tore it down about fifteen years
they- sealed
fal
out ~of timb
like ~.a birdtrap
and~logs
the length
‘arho&
the
__,’
~.,
;,-,,,.,..+
;;
j
.~,.
;
r~ ,,
^71~
“,
PLATE
‘237
&mie
‘greet$g
two
Foxfire
editors
from
the
front
porch
of her
log
hwe.
(
’
.~~~-
My mother,“my
aunt,
an,d my uncle
~~ ~-~~
all grew up in this house.
‘,,
~~..
My mother
a;( father lived here till I was born, and then they built them &house
up
on a hill from here, and we ~lived sup there till my” grandmother
aied ,i&,.”
‘r”
’
I 1~25, and-then
we moved back down here. We moved do-y,~ ,,,“_
h,~~~,,,~;.,ac---,,-,.-,--,-~~~~
.;,,_,
l;l,__,._u,
,~,.‘I_,’
thing’ that
greatest
,-: -,,-,,1,1,,,,,,,..
,com~-o& ~~~spri~.g~.,,.~apa... t bought,:,, t~&spring
was the
t
:,’
pzr has been., I’ve bken here ever sincei.:
A----‘~~_~~~’I,‘d&‘t
want
Carol&for
’ ’ know
thPre.
no city life because
two mqiiths,
I. don’t
I don’t
atid J didn’t
like it, because
like it. I lived in a city i; South
vke it. I lived ‘there, l&g
I like neighbon,
but
they
were
just
enough
to
too close
,_
8 When yqyl, live in the c.puntry, you can have a garden and you can go.
pick fresh veg’etabjes w&en you want’em,
Qnd.they
don’t cost you SO much.
God,gives’youlthe
make
and
a bountifyl
nobody
strPngth
and if you use *hat
crop, but your can make some.
%on’t
hire
you
and,you’re
able
He gave you,~);ou
If you’ve
to work,
might
f
not’
lived long enough
you
can
make
you
:,,,
.;~~~~~~
,~~~~
I:##.::
5..,
;:: .<
:.“!
,c~
somethi,Fg
to eat, and you can eat it.
I
--~~~~~
T~~-~~~~
PLATE
238 Annie in her gar‘den. SheS had, the garden, in the
same sixx since .+he was a little
girl, arjd~,:it stil4 grows cnrn ten
feet taij., She ~dmtx~~otmuxe~ fertil-~
~i%r, ~a,!$, plants 0%nly‘by the signs.
-
-
artis,
you plant
your cucum&~s.
Your root cro~oQ
plant when the. sihn’s
~,_._
in the legs and feet. NOW as’for :other things, we’d make jelly on tNe +v of
the moon, and get a who1.e lot more jelly&d
than m~aking it on the full of the moon,
My grand’tiother’d
make
on the new of the inoon.
Wxen
we’d~~kill, ho&,
her own :soap. And
That’s
alwavi
it gets smaller.
old thick
pieces,, and it’s easier
We
had
And t&
some
be+.
SW~~IXX,.
-
bees ,ever
for a ,long time
she’d &+aysis~&ke~~the
t’kill’em
youf
jeUquicker
I -
meat
the&t.
on: the
won’t
soap
decrease
.of the
puff up and be big,
~the chapter
OII planting
by,
Book.1
a iot of animals-&en,
‘We’ve had
try
to rend&,‘~[Sce
mules,
ducks, sheep; dogs, and ~c+,Th
pLeared all ‘bvef flie mountains.
children
would
when you j~&t s& it jelling
i$d
moon-when
the signs in The Fbxjr~
the juice
hogs
a ho&
candy cows-~~w?nt
sin~ce 1: could,‘remember.
except
Suzie
He ~‘gavk- ins done ~-s&d
it belongs ~to Suzie.
The
next
There
,and ‘me, &d
gnd
hogs,
he said
thing,
cows,, chickens,whCreC&
weren’t
I begged
no-k?and-
Grz?ndp+’ for
the -first ,&&hat,
it- swarm+’
they
1
onto
,‘a& ~that: onei%
kst, wre”ply
Sheep. Yes.
-it’ t’hk@ ,~~r;;~“,‘\Y$~~~-:~~~,!ik~~~l
~~~$&i%~~~~~iv’hcn Ihey v%I-~ little. A also
_, ‘,~:~,...;A
.I ~‘,
I~~&$~~*l.~
.~sijki :I wnsn’t no
~
,.
I
ndlthby tl-cxted’ris the &,c.
prlt ],&.to
&&k. File ~;,,$&I1
.
*
d keeps’em
from doing things ,L:__.,
mind: on their w~ork, ;hey’ilsbe
_I
“~ .,.::&
.~
“i
,es,to:do.b~e~?fql~~~:~~
chsres to
,,~,,” ,.,_.,,,_ ,. wetit to school. And I 0<&Ld
_
:&ad no special time to I@& We $ayed
om
r i 9”,+
..d
&hen
we @2i the t~$ie. ” i-l
@~ *..
We,didx?t
work
$orked
to have something
to live on; Papa’d
~; ,for
w. fu
by~the .fi;e, and his mauls thai he u&ed, and
*
~,
sto$k. ,We had pine knot lights to see ~by “at
grown when @.ma~ first bought her
iready
le bitty rlanqm~~that’$; hold
&ity,
a;ld kerosene
I iti the winter,
und,
about
oil cost five cents
,we fixed
the fence
and when the ground
0~feed the chic’kens,
at weBhad
school.
ducks,
sib he didn’t
want
work
an
around’
hogs: sheep,
never
~,
agal:
was-d?+&~gh
My daddy
how much
I,.noimat;er
a Pint-it
~~.”
but
:’
” ..‘~~
k?pt us
he, had to do
us t6 grow
up like he ..’ ~.
did.
:
‘, We had a ha$Gme
go! that
down
to the branch,
We had, a big old pot (I’%
then put’em
have
h,o&erix\de
elf ljke a Ilat. yon‘d
Thai, a@put
your
in the pot and
p,ot, parboilhm,
and
then
clothes
have
&&there
put a f$
,.
,,
>‘,
,Y.,
lye soap,
dirty
clothes,
fill “up th’pot,
and
a big stump,
\
still.
take’em
.,
,heat it go@
a big stick abo&o
piece~of
and beat’em
around~‘the
boil’em,‘~ Then
^~
i.~~ >~
‘-,,
up your
fill, up yo!?r tubs with water,
it warden, and
&med
up that
the clothss.
Cva~shp~r)~ of iron’, a&d you gather
an,d have
,10&i
washing
pot, and, some
you rinse your
wood
with that
clot&
settin’
stick, and
soap in the
and
get all
.
,,, ,i;
n.,:’
,,”
,.,,
l.
:,
.
,/’
,,t
.
FOX/F&E
,.:
,“?;~he soap,&t.
You didn’t
‘Xwring&g
let’em
motioi]
have
a wrillger;
with your
dry and they’d
you wrung
this way
hands., And then hang’em
be pretty
+&white.
We’d
[Annie
fiat
would
like. what
they:
You get after’em
aft$r Dad’s
I didn’t
we got now;
old britchesLit
[Th’e clothes
hang’em
with a battlin’
would
have very many
get’em
today
I
make5
out .on the line and
6n the grapevine,
and go to the woods and get 1ong;‘slim ,poles, and ger one with
set it in there and hang y&xx clothes I$ that. The clpthes were
then,
i,
4
a fork ,and
real styong
wouldn’t]
st?ck Ii@1
last ‘long,~
used to have
to
>’
clean.
toys. I’ll tell you what
toyi we had-we
had twos
i
dogs and Iwo cats and a rag doll. My grandmb
made me a rag doll about
three feet lqng one time.,~Yes,%he tgok a one-pound
,.flour s&k to make the~--~~
‘front
‘care
of it, Stuffed it with cotton. Me Fqd ~S~@zie,~th~at’sm~y~sistei,~we~d~~~ke
of our cats, We had-two
old cats, Sandy and Coachie~. And ,Boun@ng
King was the dog. He’d ,go as far as from
a”ll :day. We’d $ay with’our
dogsand~+ts.
do now’: We climbed
trees,
too.
.;
here to the ‘cop of the hill and,stay
We didn’t,ha<e
toys like children
I .fell qut one
time
and
like to brpke
my
,.l.-~-.,,“~“’
‘,?iZ% And I’ll~tel! you another thing.,,Down.
below where we went to play,
‘3~;.:.
~~ theie v&a
bratichzand
a white $k right bn the edge, and a limb sticking
-.
&t. We’d catch ahold of that limb, swing way out over that ~l$.nch,,~W~~d
;<
a a’killed ourselves if we’d ,+‘fallen. Papa came al&g atid found uphanging
on that limb. He cut it off. “That ended
the fun. He cut it down,.
&es
around
to everything,
us and we’d break
, y&s a game
Ither,
/I
_,
where
&ring.
it. They
didn’t
It ain’t nothing
.
think
out right,, There’s::,not
,
this what
were
strict,
and: they
dancing
6
-up
Now, that
c
no harm
no’~more
harti
~~_
a hig time.
and there’s
gets lost! ! The
bars’ hoqe
you c&e
wasn’t
daddy
would
I’m telling- you not~tir&$-I
we didn’t
do it, bezaG&
me. He wouldn’;~~haG&et
~‘~‘~where,
‘~‘~
al-low us, to do that
.~I, eitb the top of3he hill, that’s
There’s
a’bit
I@g
,~It’s lots of fun.
but square
it was right.
We
They’s
noth-.’
teachers
didn’t
in dancing,
surely;
in square
dancing
there- is ix< eating.
My parents
Well,
shady a partner.
and we’d just +e
If nobody
:;
didn’t
halfway
a partnerapiece
they let us off by our;elue<rfly
,
fe&
They
the road,
any inore~interesting:
if it’s carried
*I
Each
and ~swing ba&kwards.
we’d all go. Just have
We~played
than
k&w.
we used to play eat school.
and we’d slip off down
irig that’s
aIli&
,you
_’
’
We’d play ball and drop-the-handkerchief
and, ring-them-a-rosie.
also played grape-vine
twist. It’s a dance. WI? didn’t have,any
music.
‘two
~--,--~
I want
w& came back
us g&y
to know
home.
house,
sa);;=Now,
better
get ahold
you’d
of i$and_lI’ll-
my dad>$-Mias-zQuthf$
he,‘d say, “I,f they’re
where
yoilr+re.”
whip
man:8mQe’d
wi& it. When&?-le~wgo
to’~play with, the children,
hack.
only ~strict at the
If they
He kept a real rlose~~$-welli’he
but
if
‘j,
.’
not d6
you.”
whip
*
to the~~~~fieigh;
g&g-~-saFewhere,
were
~~-~-~~~‘-~~-~:
goiihjust wanted’~\.
~J-?...:
~~
~_
c
,.
PLATE 239 !4nnie$ &CT,, Liz.
zie, with their dog.
1
3
i
know
where
\3e were.
He said he didn’t-want
from here to the Chatooga
: .
We
didn’t
, enougl$
‘_
have
.hut that
were.,not
much
River
freedom.
was his way
allowed
to <o&we
one whippin&one
and ndt know whe&%ve
Sometimes
ofrthi+ing,
I &ought
whi#in&
and let USA
+
~.
we&..
we ‘didn’t
and:. if th>r$ was one
were not allow,ed
Mamas gave
’
to turn- us-loose
to talk b&k.
:<ave~
thing
Daddy
we
gave,me
~5; rna@:v ‘whippings--I
,+$&lt’ ~’
~~
I’d’x&$&;
keep count.,But
Daddy-whipped
me one time’fqr; telling ,hiti
if
he
wanted
it
done
to
do
itihimself;
He~%ade
ge come to hin$$#$+
me
~.~
come.. between
his legs and &it on~~,qpe..&&g a;id her set on +, woodp’@,and
talked
to me. He said,“Now,
ty talk
‘0
Ann&
me-ii& this atid you’re
When
you are grown~, .+ou may
‘~
stay under my roof.”
He taught
o :~
I$~,.your
goin;
tom respect
talk’to%e
like
me to be ~truthfu~l;. honest,,,and
speak
ugly to a grown
othei
peison
,without
person
asking.
and not,tb
When
daddy
me.
I’m
y:6ur
th& b& not as long
kind
touch
2nd you~‘re notggoitig
as you
t&G<{j&&+m?,+nt<
a thingthat
wee ~first started
daddy.
belonged
t6~the~
to ~~001,~ the path
.‘~.
~-.~_
went
hy ,this little bridge where Mrs., +&y-&d
&apple
tree and, apples would
fall in the, &ad, and ,we, didn’t have any appl&.‘~Dadhv
said,’ “No&., Annie,.
~,~
MIX Bleckley
has an apple
,,.~I.
.,,..,._,
you ego picking
tree’right
there
up her apples.”
I went to school
about
on the side bf the road
i
two miles and a half from
here, t&a&the
and dori’t~
east1 I
went for thirteen
years. @e of my nie+
‘saicl, “Why,. Ant+,
I wouldn’t
a’went that .long’!” I went till~l was twenty-two
years old. Yes, and I didn’t
get farther
I wasn’t
than
so dumb,
the seventh
but there
grade.
But that
was all right,
w&n?
nothing’else
toi@
from
I w&t
July
:::
,~,~ i
to sch~.ol.
to Decem-‘y,-.~:>
,,,.,,~: ~~.
~,~T’-...
12 .~*,
.=m
‘“.
:~
,o,
FOXFIRE
,, ber. We’d
help my daddy~ in the fields. Tl&
~the teacher
maybe
you’ll
something.
ing.
y ou’ve got nothing
I never went
someihing.”
learn
I was sew&n when
I started.
1~ was ~built in ~plank. -The
ile from
here.:;1 went
th& they donsolidated
the
couldp’t pget along through
iether.
we’d
wou_!d say, “If
Then
I went
The
to do, and
to do, well come on then,
a year btit what I learned
s$oolhouse
first school
there
have nothing
4
was a good
building
I ever
till I was t’en or twelve
build-
went
years
to was
old. And
schools tdgether,
there was two,,,schools.
dne
>
the winter by itself, so they~ put em both tb-
from
this side of ‘the Baptist
Church
~’
‘I i
4,__
to a slab-blo.ck
building $th a r@df 6n ;it. When it rained, its leaked at the top.of the door.
We’d go start up to class, go up right througfi that water. We went in about
eight-thirty,
supposed
half of’recreaiion.
fifteen
to get there
An.hour
minutes
in tKk afteinooh.
run ourselves to death
‘~, ,-We studied history,
” could
hy then,
eat lunch
find~me
in the, school
We done
play&
hall !
geogiaphy,
English,
a United
States
year]’ and
and you’d
and fifteen
history
some
I!~.i
an hour
and
the morning
hour;
and spelling.
I wish I
out at three
[months
I started
quit. at six ‘“months.~ The
a~
and
tali playl:ng eat that
arithmetic,
hook.
have
minute&
‘-
county
provided
that.
I
don’t k&w, I guess the state paid in some taxes; too. But the teachers didn’t
get,but thi,G~y;five d&is
a month, and that was the ,one,that,got
the most.~
From
twenti
stitute,
to thirty-five
and
they’d.‘~&
dollars.,.They
and
they’d
l&what
train’eti.
papers land have’em~ to .%%rk, at them., And
; and they had qne, twp, and three-three
‘had a school
teacher
in. my ~life, honey,
that
responsibility
then
that
Teachers
they’d
they’d
give’em
giade
,first,‘second,,
had
I”their
their
papers,
third.
I never
a high school
education.
grade, and went to this Teachers’
finished the seventh
grade
could
:’ teach school. 1% not fpoling you.
‘I don’t~ivant
td tea& school ‘cause there
don’t iah?
‘Then
grades,
They gentxally
went through
the seventh
~Institute. ~A go& scholar that had just
-
they called
on my hinds.
are too nlany
I went
bad
young’uns.
t@school,
and
I
I’vebeen
in school,
and I know, good and welLthat
the poor old school teacher just
had to ~sit there and take it from-he or she or’ whoever it was. Give the child
’
a whipping
here
,h?ck&y
he’d go home
come;
tree th,anPe
~teacher.
liex
ana
p&aiij
[the
Oh,
You can make
children
wise gu;
day living.
i said, ~“Shoot,
a school~t&cher.
wh<e,~ no ! ! I belietie
in ivhigin’em
-!The
and tell all in his’favor-in
WeJl,
now.
with
black~%?d
hon’t have
They
don’t
I’ve~questionecl
I don’t
blue spc8.s with’eti
the education,
know
anything
some
of the
yet, not
children~ myself,
believe
And
be a knot eon a
I ain’t ,a, bit better
in correcting
a switch.
his favor.
I’d,:>rather
in hitting
a school
and
wit,!
I ,be-
a paddle.
and hardly
know
you’re
using
the knowledge,
that
I had.
I’m ~a
about
children
everyday
around
life, about
here,
and
~everyI kn?w
‘.
1’. i
~~~~~~~
~/’
‘~
.,
.‘C
-e
_;
ANNIE
~theydon’t
.know
211
PERRY
know
it, They
how to measure
don’t
l&w
how much
sions being ten feet high,;eight
know how to find th’dimensions
metiq
tb,ey don’t
-they’ri
and
lumber,
would
tk&y don’t
hold with.the
dimen-
f&t wide, and .twelve feet~ long-they
of a bushel of corn:Xhey
don’t know
they
subjects
tell me if they had two ‘hundred
for two~.years
to’r&asure
corn: a room
hnow~ English;
the most essential
hpw
don’t
@now spelling.
the&are.
Why
They
couldn’t
need
these children
to lend to someone
six months.
You
don’t
anththo;e
couldn’t
,on 8 per cent -interest
tell ~rne hoti, much
whoever
borrowed
the money would b&due them at the end ,of the two y,ean and six
months. Can you? I can ! The\ don’t teach that now-or
they didn’t teach
the children
People
around
had
here that.
different
around.
For instance,
to work
to make
khat’s
what I call~evetyday
ideals $hen
children;
our bread.
I was growing,up,
are not taught
when
to work
dinner-come
there wasn’t
hack in twelve,‘one
n&here
to go-none
I don’t
elderly
appoye
they
wouldn’t
else ! We went
don’t
thati
want’90
care. ‘~1‘don’t-think
when
changes
people.
don’t
take
They
think
care
they
can dd anything
$ely more
believe
bo’dy pride.
Went
are”good
I won?
Now,
their
my dress
I’m gonna
tells LOU.
nakedness.‘They
don’t’
tried
to pin-fig
”
are hot:
sotie
Some
bodies
as they
should.
don’t,rely
themselves.
themselves,
than
“I’ don’t
they
haveto
they went
Children,
can’t
do that.
do now.
They
have
call on my Maker:”
I think
to the moon.
farther
i::~a-I
than
I’m eighty-three
rule the,earth
/
you
Book,
and-all
I don’t
never. studied
the seventh
grade,
years
And
old.
and the Good
the heavens
learn&d
Day’is
know.
that
They
Things
Judgment
won’t
to
so much
’
get bkt-
But I just don’t
science
and
they
used
close at hand.
,-
be-
in ‘my life,
I’m ilad
I never
did tire
Book said that
therein,
They
.pn nobody.
It gets ‘em to think&
when
to-
of it has
of their
They
of
leaves
as they 2hould.
can rely’on
I
have
the‘ Sabbath
within
I ~’
and Eve was ashamed
and
and
no
Now,
observe
And I read the Good
was made&o
about
do, and ihere’s
don’t.
s+hool
science.
got Up the
They
Yhy the moon
~~~~
~that much.
any
to hide their nakedness.
ter, not tile way the woi-id’s going.
I don’t
have
care any more.
was h&i.
ins the world
eon their-,Maker
,that‘ they think,
9
they
care rio more
they
and make’ aprons
degraded
and
I thinl, of kids today!
but you all.’ And
don’t
don’t
people
hear what
as Adam, and Eve did, ‘cause Adam
nakedness
Some
dark ‘came,
of a lo’> of the ways that young
my knee% They
~‘care as much
‘gether
td bed when
that do. Ydu don’t
You asked me ! They
their
get, up and e& thejr
~o’clock in the night. I ,didn’t do thatof this r&ing
up and’ down the road
show my knees @-nobody,
shorter
had
wt did,n’t loaf here
when the syp came up.
people
think
all the..way
like we did-we
we got out of school,
no sir. N%w they @e in bed till ten. o’clock,
next morning
.
different
and yonder,
‘, fof me, or anyone
living’.
I
I got
for
the moon
fishes of’the’sea,
and
iin
21’2.
FOXFIRE
,.
,
the fowls of‘the
air, and even
man’s
body.
And the moon
4
rules the+eg&a-
tion. I don’t think they landed up there. You just know what ,they said. And
how do you know but what they c’arried~them
rocks+with’em?
Possibilities
that
they did.
reach
And
of man.
if it was made
I believe
that,
to fool with,
too:‘CausC
it’d been
we know
that
the worlds has made
&at I think
is money
don’tthink
that’s
the eai.th and
fair
anyhow
where
it’s--well,
There’s
rend
no means!
not a thing
Knd
terday,
*
in the world
they’ll
true.
We had
and the .stars-the
the stars was made
to’luminate
don’t think
that they ought ~to he fooiipg
alikc.~ Don’t
_ me!
you that
the moon
we see on the &ogn
see the shadow
you~,,think
Some night
when
He didn’t
rules the earth.
it teach
and
And
if they
moon
is-fir?
created
was
it in S&lay
‘moon was made
ence, don’t
hour maps
the
g
that
it alone!
the
made.’
School
yes-
do it in one dir.
with theapon,.
is the ‘kc
: adow,of
it is? If you don’t
you see a-big
and
study
1.
Th&e’s
nothing
up
the earth.
You.look
at
it is, don’t
moon,
sci-
therefore,
see if if ain’t just
think
round
the earth,
Now you girls that
rules fhe earth?:And.so,
on the mpon
:
to shi;le at night-.and
the sky, and the sun just warms
$1 it does. But the moon
And what
put it
creation.
And so the moon
there.
the moon.
it is--they’ll,
find ,out how God
everything.
Man was ,created.
The earth
of cou.rse. But-it’s
He’d
Leave
what
’
I
to rule
Up! I don’t think
but just
i*
moo&for
to reach.
is the, moon.
,~
It took him six days to create all these things.
that’s
make,the
for man
find,out
moon!
man
I believe
he made
abput~the
He ma&
and~go
moon
up there
of Genesis,
chapters,
~I‘m not educated,
.The
to go to/the
And he didn’t
man could get on a stepladder
the first c,hapter
earth.
therein.
every-
but
everything.
If he did, he’d put it down
it’s just
“and second
made
created
/I
they’s, a f5w #things
And that is trying
God
all the inhabitants
man to play with.
:
at~all.
in the
God
great,pkcgress,
spent foolish.
down
that
thinfi:
.; I think
but
exactly
you agree
you lqok at that
with,
shadow,
and see if it ain’t joist like the inap of the earth.
I don’t
know
nothing
:~ ,ncv~cr wxs~lxought
-about
ghosts,
nothing
about
up to hea? ghost talcs. My daddy
a ghost.
In
fact,
I
”
said not to tell children
ghost tales. Said it’d make’em afraid. Well, I’m not afraid, but 1 tell you I
.ti~~~~,~~i~tei;.f~.~~~~,~~i~~~~~o~~~~~~.~~..,,~~~.~~~~i~.~~~~
.iiiit~~.iiii~~~fh6~~.~~rch~
and get a
d&k
of water
I&ver
at the well, She was~just
did know
such thing
justimagine
as a haint.
thought
and
they
abo$
I had
afraid
It’s no! a thin&n
t~ale-this
was haunts
houses
but
and they#don’t
seven
these~~wood
,in’the ,woo&.
and~,ghosts.
the world
is tgue---Cwas
to gb through
of the dark.
haunted
they hear the&things,
his not a haunted
school,
anything
And
over
imagination.
hear’em
years
&xr
this
I started
An@ everyl,ody
at that
old house
:,,
no
They
at all. Now
old when
there.
yonder
They’s
_
I
’
ANNIE
where
lived d&l1
;you c.aught
“Now:
a.pig
Annie,
up.“‘Well,
or n&e
wdods
had
me afraid
there
look
or them
I’d have
Not a thing.
They
siumps~‘a’l$n~<
there.
That’*
the!, scared
so now;
$$ething
and
arid way out
do-hut
Your
one thing.
and your
And
it some.
[The
I know
in
just some
‘Magination.
But I don’t
me. We’should
conscience
read
tales get
b
it too
read
6
”
the Bihle,,p-
tells you whether
If you wa+ to steal something,
you’re
hv-
say my hat-which
something
inside,
a-
say you done wrong.
Bible]
days will be prolonged
~hath made.”
thing
a mile of.ahere,
if you was to steal my old hat,
on the inside, would
I know
there
like a
.4nd there wasn’t’s
like a hog to me.
I read
My eyes wonlt,let
or livin& hrong.
* inner-man
there;
looked
a hog out of it. Now ,that’s the way+ ghost
the Bible too much.
I can‘t.
you wouldn’t
it looked
that
through
me with hogs. And I’d look way out, arid I’d see
+ cause He g%es~ us knowledge.
ing right
old sows’11 eat you
I ,s,aw a thing
a h&i within
say,
pigs WF~
ain’t no ghqsts.
read
~- much., ‘cause
But I guess
I’d make
[There]
~,, ~I,don’t
wasn’t
Mr.
they’d
(them
to $0 by myself
way out here
Directly
,and
sows. And if
the sow’d bite you. And
bf hogs.
in t~he world.
lived there,
on the side of the road
so I had to go by, it, and I was Icared.
the world.
st;trted.
Bleckley
had lots of big old, brood
jnd’ gq through
over~there-I’d
be a thing
hog.~Al;d
hndythey
a pig sq&l,
the road)
they
‘_ wouldn’t
there.
don’t you get out there
on the sidc’of
those
. 213
you tu,rn iii this way at ‘that ham,&Ir.
Swafford
.
%
PISRRY
says, “Honor
upon
another
thy father
the earth
thing
which
and
thy
the Lord,
it says, “Whatever
n&her
thy
God,
:
ypu sow, that’s.~
_ what ye also reap.”
When Linda was 2 little girl, she cnme up here ~and’she wanted
me to
read her a Bible srory. And I &id, “Well, we’ll just read the first chapter of
Genesis.
Well,
I had
time I ever read
through.
about
But He didn’t
light
on all my life, and
it and got the real meaniqg.
it? Just one thing.
He made
made
read .it off and
make
The
hut one thing
earth
I’d read
a day.
was formed
and He saw it wasgood-Corning
didn’t
the,pictures
,by men-and
that
a man
were
made
shame
for
glory.”
It’s her gl~yy. But it said a wpman
it was a shame
to wear
long
intend-I
hair,
fbr a man to wear l&g
,and
evening-.
know
Then
He
And
Adam’s
does
done.
Adam
that
now?
days, all
,Book says,
‘IIt is a
hair
aura
is’ her
cut her hair.
hair. And 1 think
on
side and
[in the] olden
Good
,~~~
and
He,c+li’sed
who
a woman’s
shouldn’t
thought
with all He had
And
And
the
along,
dark
arid evening.
a rid froin
made Eve. And op.the seventh day, He r&ted.
And He hallowed it and called it the Lord’s day.
,~ I’ll tell you right now, God
you~,ever
and
till the sixth dav. And the sixth day, He was pleased
1,’
man, and man needed a helpmate,
sleeti: ‘And He topk
it, .j~ust goin+
Had
‘And He created
a condensed
was ‘the. first
first. It was totally
the fowls of the air and it wa;s good-morning
to go into
that
of
But it said,:,,
they look shameful!~
/
,.*:,e
,.~~
FOXFIRE
,214
They
look sorry to me! If I was a xoungster
laok at one that
had that
Do ‘you think
wearing
they
did
look
moustaches.
stinging worm.
Religion back
than
hair as a friend.
admirable?
Now
It
jvst
they
F bit more
do now.
im@allt
&en
than
they
it is now;
was more
but
they
around
,they’d
of nobody
goipg fishing
olina,
,.
were
the grand
jurors.
‘have to pay for hunti,ng
a,much
more
and-she
,Sunday-not
on Sunday.
She said they
they
to tend
They
made
You nkver
heard
my Sunday
back ho&e.
i
dinner
a&if
sometimes
in South
get to cook.a
‘~
Carp-
thing
on
to do till Mondiy
ever’thmg
that
for’em.
was done.
wants,to
But
Everybody
church.
me back home.
ought
with
I ‘go \;isiting
need
the rest of
when
and eat dinner
‘~.
I cook
me, why
in the
aftert
to have. one day out of seven.
I walk over
there
and some
of eighty:three
I feel like that’s
of the neigh-
trou-‘~.~~~~~~~:;;~
i
ble for afi);hody to come after me. I walk a mile. That’11 keep my~legs wprk1,~
ing. But I can still make it. I say, “Why not use what God gives you?” I am
thankful
t-hat God has seen fit for me to live and be healthy and strong as ~1
am at ~the-age
But I walk over.
didn’t
at~home
I cook my dinner
come
eat just l&e I do. Sometimes~
I don’t.
And if they
And ~they stayed
of a,morning.
somebody
I go to the Methodist
bors.bring
it and
used to observe
was reared
didn’t
for
all their food,
c ws. But as for,cooking,
7
to churcp and If somebody
was sick, they went
went
they’d, come
can, but they
noons,
did. ‘People
one Saturday
tea and that’s
see if they cOulil do .+iything
my breakfast
they
up~food
prosecute’em
’
to the hogs and
the day.
I &ok
cobked
a little
they ate it cold. They
done,
Sure
was Presbyterian.
a thing.
to visit’erni~to
on Sunday.
tiould’
My grandnlother
They
had
They
than they do now.
morning.
.nothing
”
conscientious
of anybody
going hunting on Sunday. They’s bre:aking the Sabbath.
A&i in
my childhood
days, if they took a gun~and w~ent ,squirrel hun&g,
the neighhors
‘
down!
then,than
they are now. In your ‘reading and going about, don’t
they were, too? They observed
G&‘s la+vs more than they do
now. You n,ever heard
,,
,,. ~,..~,_
so strange-and
men
>
1.t d be like kissing a
either.
I believe
I viotildn’t
I’d just cuss him
looks
I don’t. like that
then wasn’t
live better
Christians
you think
shaggy
going to school,
4
y’ears. My birthday
too much
was the tzventy-third
day
of May.
r don’t
there’s
more
Yqu know
what
people
ha$caused
in the world
people-they
don’t
able t6 do all these
things,
don’t
But God,
know
knowledge,
.I
know
nothinT.
everybody
ought
we get in real deep
tro,uble,
Cre’ator
of all.
an,d Maker
the, difference:
and
think
more
about
Youa don’t
conveniences.
get no wisdom
Him.
know
Let
~God giving. them
He gave you your
to serve
I’ don’t
from
rn6’~tell you.
wisdom
the
life; if. He gave
He’gives
whether
us everything:
to,&,
devil.
He
*
:’
you your
When
who can we go..+?? ‘Who can we call on? He’s ,~.
i
.HO&SE, TRADING
iis
i”
,/j’
4
.
P
i
‘\
\,,
,I,,:
,,~
/
/:j
I,’” “:-\ v,hat the old-time
:, ~~‘~“~~~&Ihad always
wa+$,,qf ho$
sensed
~,,.,..~~~~~~~the)“re
just like anyone
; :~~$$&ader
would
: and &de
~, ‘, trade
a horse
now,
w&e.
traders
horse
owmyself,
how
people
I was
cmious
had bad
else\: ~Some are more
take ? horse
it; another
J
trading
that ,)&se
eing
seeing
horses
to find
reputationqbut
honest
out
I found
than
others.
One
&t,b a lame leg, give it a shdt of morphine,
trader
&uld
cure
thk horse, of lameness,
then
it.
\\,
‘\_\
As I talked to many different
traders, ‘I found tmding
much of a living as it was an obsession. Once, they trBded
they.couldn’t
stop. &me
were children
and kept it going,until
The
string.
of the
old ways of horse trading
port their horses
in big trucks
horse
traders
are ~just about
instead
bf riding
Now ‘they ,i trade primarilyx&%horses
tend now to go tp horse auctions
.used tp f&g~their
ho&
started
wasn’t; always as
for the first time,
.traditig
they were fifty anAs&
to: aTperson’s
gone.
when
they
years old.
Today
traders
one and,leadi$the
instead
mules. They
I
and
trade
of York
transrest in a,
hqrses
and
and deal in cash whereasthey
farm
and
trade
for any$ing
they,,,,,,,
$&~s;=~~@!&s;~ guns, ;alid land. However,
there are still a; few men
~~~~~~,~&+e+x&@z++&:ih~~
old-time zway, and they really seemed to enj$y sharing
--~~~~~~~~~~~~~eri ences with “s,
,: ~
MYRA QUEEN
Phptographs
and interu’ieup
by Mjra
Queen.
“Tie two or three 01’ horses to one good one :and
~_~~~~
‘take off up the road.” ‘,
!
: LA&TON
Hbrse
BRobKS
trading
Back, in them
&u
days,
1;
kind of a &mplicated
it was h,orses they l&ked
traydin’, you’d keep your eye’out
&fig-like
to instead
it is with
cars now.
of cars. If yqu was
all of the time all over the country.
“__,
y‘\,,
PLATE
210 A. Teeth are an indicator
of horse’s age. They~ may be filed down to
make a horse appear younger than he is.,The”longer
and more protruding
the. teeth,
the older the horse is. B. Horse’s relative age can be determind
by the sharpness of
his jawbone;
the sharper it feels the older the horse. C. Depression
above horse’s eyes.
’ A deep depression shows that the horse is old and/or
in poor condition.
Some horse
~’ traders would blow it. up with air to make the horse appear younger ,and better. Alsb,
if hoise has moon blindness,
one or both eyes (just below C) will turn white or light
blue for two weeks out of ,the month when the moon is dark. During this time he, is
blind in the’qffected
&e(s).
D. Area on face which may turn’ gray with a&. Some
horse traders would dye the hair to make the .horse look younger. AlSo, a broad flat
face mtxis
a horse,wikl work. E. Ears are a sign of temperament.
.4 horse with big
ears is more likely to be stubborn.
F. Sunkeo area along side of neck indicates. horse is
either overworked ,or too old to be worked other than lightly. G. Broad chest-sign
of
i
;l good worker with a IOC of stamina. H. Swinney--when
the muscle in the ,shoulder
deteriorates
and the horse can’t ruse the leg. One attempted,cure
was.to slit the skin~at
the shoulder and slip Inca piece of poke root about as large as a man’s Ii&e finger.
‘,,.,,,,
I. Straight legs-good
point of conformation
in any horse. The horse is more likely to
remain sound and have smoother’gaits.
J, Ringbone-a
hard. gristly growt~h in the pas~‘,, tern of + hone usually results in lameness
and is considered
incurable.
K. Twirl
-~~~Y-&?re’the’hair
on the flank of the horse forms a spiral-shaped
cowlick. It is a.sign of
st&ina.
L. Area on the sump of an Appaloosa which is likely to be spotted. One horse
trader Ge spoke to dyed fake ~spots on the rump of .an Ap$~loosa
who didn’t have
many- spots of llis own. M. Well-muscled
hindquarters
indicate that a horse has a lot
of strength. N. Big, foot--a
desirable quality in a horse used for a lot of plowing. Large
’
feet are less likely to sink in the dirt, and allow the h&se to get a better footing.
’
PI..ATE 241 John Houck, w-ho has&traded
trading unless you make.= little something.”
a few
I
*
‘;
‘i
,,..,,..,..
,,,~,,,,
PLATE
242 .Blaze, a nine-yearold work III&
owned by John
H,ouck.
FOSFIRE
’ 218
4
.*
I was seventeen,years~old
brother
and
I rode
breakin’
hiril to ride,
till I ‘was married
;I
hard
and
and
then
make
somewhere%
’
traded
,make
mules fro&the
dollars.
and
I trad.ed
I was fm~arried. Things
cents
a.day,
trade.
up
were..
,but you get out
yo~u thbught
going out and making
and
mule
Sometimes
you was getting
five hundred
dbllars.
I’d get on these
their
country
horses,or
a pair”that
to you
and:then
watched.
Everybody
farmed and logged beknew everybody
in the county because I was
matched
up--I’d
get it so it would
h ow they
about
you’d
would
uQ and trade
go off alad in a couple
match
yours.
I’d put
~look a&d hpw
some .with me. And
a
them
to-
tiuch
you
that
was the
him
because
way it went.
When?
,
have
talk
wduld’&ade,~
c
and
and go right into then field and unhitch
Ild find one and
and
after
tB see my
young
plow and hook mine up.
ahvavs riding.
Say you didn’t
gether
I went
for-a.
twenty-three
Then
Blairsville
N’hen d was tradin&horses,~I
cause that was all they had.?1
of days,
I tias
some
horses.
maI& two or three, dollars ~a day.
It‘s just, lik: today
and go to barns
trading
just. traded
ove,r seventy-five
ter; or fifteen
I’d go to Hiawassee
roads
when
horses and you could
you would
I started
th~at I had
I married
!;ou couldn‘t
and trade
when
a ‘mule
I’d already
gqt one, I‘knew
.just where
seen a man
had &j&t
that
to &ke
him and trade
like him. I didn’t
aim to keep any
of them myself. I had pretty’uns
and some I couldn’t give away. But, I’d always get shed~of,th’&m sonic way, or other. I knew what to match up with
the man,
but all I was tradirig
hogs; anything
turning
around
or three
,~Sometinles
would
trade
everithing,
e
you kinda
liked,it.
01’~horses ,to ont!‘good
cash,
chickens,
y,ou could
and if you tended
make’em
:
Fake off ud the rbad.
twq 21’ thre:Pbou.i~sbefore
---+:
with me.
take horses
’
one<and
,Ild h.+ve~tq’si~~~wxd~ talky to a man
You could
1”d take
I could go trade ,again, I’d take it. And I just kept that stufi
all the tin&. ,It was kind of a co~pti~cated
thing, ,once ,you
got into it, but bnce you did,$
Tie’two
for was the boot
to them
look a &hole.lot
right,
fed’em
better.
Then
right
, s
he
and
t!her. .were
horses thjt had what they called the “heaves,”
f!Td the) was the bar’ 1 est to
, trade because they would~shoti
up 6n you. YOU, had to know how to doctor
one till you got shed of him.
week
or so, and
erything
anese
they
w&Id
And
[the heaves]
come ,ba&
he eats; even his hay, you’ve
oil ahd
give its to him
Ghile,~~ you can get shed of’em
sides would
goin
tubes
again.
with
for a while,
heaves‘ about
&me &y
“,
stay.down
Y??u have
got to wet. Th&
the
him.
~~0%e could
a
The
they
‘#
;
would
off a hundred
Japanese
get his~~breath,
for about
to dampen
a
ev-
give him a little Jap-
hQy. When’you
When
and out real big. I can stand
if a~ hot-se has got any
bro~~&ial
along
wotild
do this ~for a
breathe,
yards
oil. worked’
but he .cou@”
their
and tell
on his
let ‘hit
1 ‘b
-’
HORSE
TRxQING
out. They
would
i
“9
kind of whistle
after
a while
when
thr_y got tired
would do it bad. You could hear them a’cpniin’.
Then some horses had the swinney-that
muscle
across from
That
the bot~tom, he’s got z’muscl&
muscle
Will go away
when he starts
just perish
taking
awai.
and
hots killed’more
swinney.
can’t,do
There$
again.
nothing
ahout.
Finally
they’ll
They
That’s
gp crazy
hurt
wallow
so bad.
paint
better.
what
I’ve seen
to ‘make them
I have
they
horses
worked
can tell their
would
.‘,look younger.
They, could
a lot of that
teeth
at! their
take their
pump
horses
their
and file their
Hiawassee
to trade
at one tima
died down
the hank,
here
They’d
horses.
I.don’t
at Franklin,
know
. around
when
Then
I decided
” 01’ plugs
worth
if one
and
man
I started.
i’ve
a dime in the world.
goin’ down
they’d,
always
Mules
that
the road.
trade!.
had
never
Ferd
been
went up there with a man
that road fro% ‘Hayesville
thro/pgh
there.
/
any
That’s
fooled
some and
a needle
with
a lot. He had
tal~k about
.money
buy horses
had
Burrell
broke.,
always
used
Ferd.
in
him ever
>,
Watch
him trgde.
them
for him.
can~.::I
got
I got me up twQ .or three
horses,,
trade
and
+ve.
some
right
that
wasn’t
Look like quilting
somewhere
horses
AAh cash them
built
He
I gpt to fooling.,
at it, another
to ‘get
that had our place
to Hiawassee-the,
skin
a lost of money
and traded
that you would,n.‘t
But they’d
.::
was
at Franklin.
trading.
cheap,
som& real
Some
I
I.
them
the
it. I’d knowed
with 01’ man
make
.
mouth
make
under
he owned
I took his horses
can
Costella~~Brothecs.
I
:
look
a horse’s
or another;
in by the
j
carload.
for the m’bney.
I
~~~~~
~~~~~
rented for his tent and bi&
first, @d
thaf~. ever went
it. Ferd
seen-th$
was doing
s
;
get some
the law, but they’d do it.
tradin’
horses. He owned
I got up with horse
and you could
frames
-.
people
I got up big enough,,
out on my-own
looked~in
hoiv much
with him: I used to go around
Theri
get bet-
them
ever
at
and
I’d al-
look younger.
tka&
stick
but he owned
they tell my. I’v’e heard
since I was a kid. That’s’how
’
They’d
it made
teeth
abotie the eye ‘and pump them up, It was against
Old mati Ferd Bu~rell, he ‘made a fortune
,
They-don’t
might
color.
a man
he’s ever
gnaw
the holes up with air right “above their eyes. There
done
‘~
The
do it again
a fence.
to make-them
ages any titie-if
It will
if he was lame.
thought
teeth,
’
limp
for that.
something-he
change
btit I never
on their
god by. Looking
any: The!
them,
look good
he’ll
They’ll
and,they’ll
pay attention
to nothing.‘?hey
would kill the horse.
Hardly ever,could
you do anything
with a horse
his.foot~on
and
away.
that they take and ,ou
‘they’ll walk, through
ways just tell the man he’d sprung
perish
is a’remedy
a~ thing
they
and they’ll
go so crazy
ter or he might-not.
would
a horse to take the swinney.
colic: There
horses than anything.
a thing
That
y
his l&g starts
you can do about.it.
what caused
kidney
their sides and bite fheirselyes
there.
he’ll be as slick was a board
I never did know
A lot of h,orses died with
right where
and ‘they
:-
,
i;*with
(
,
PLATE
LaWan
243
;i
Brooks shows Myra Queen
how to tell the age of + hprse.
HORSE
TRADING-
‘:,’
in a ong-horse
swap
him.
He tooLthe
take hit home
sari, that’s
sheep
mutton
and
with me. I said,
your
have nothing
them
trade.”
That
wq$on.
And
-for a chicken
left the horse
“I wouldn’t
just tickled
if they
d%n’t ‘have thee
we could get turkey or
and
there.
Wayne
take
that
begged
thing
his wife to death.
home
.
for me to
with ‘me.
But I wouldn’t
to do with it, She said,
.
,)
.’
I:,’
Y
?
.
-‘
,_
.’
!, ~
;\
222
~-:j:
FOXFIRE
,;
. I said, “That’s
exactly
whit
this horse.”
dark and started
.with
me awhile.
)JJO” might
trade
Cree2.
&n
over
People
’
I’veigot
Then’,he
said,: “No,
to +J somything,
with
him at. You might
trade
1
So we got up there,
trade
He
We had to go over by,Hiawassee,and
I’!1 tell ,you what
He was ashamed
and have
might
pver there keeps such horses as that and
says, “Well, we’ve Fat to dq some-.
“,
there.”
thing.”
town
to go home.
I swear
!‘I1 tell !;$I where,you~
hi& over on Crooked,
town?”
to have a thing
*
I said, “We]!,
” ~“Lnwton,
to do. I ain’t going
~~,’
I
to do with it.”
,’
I stayed busy Uabout
- ~1 want, you toktay
I’ni going
4
people
you’ll ride it through
I’ll db. Whir
to let anybody
la&&ng
he~says to me,
you ride
see him riding
at him.
to&for
don’t
He said,
“I’ll
me and let me ride your
this thing
through
that
through
thing
give you a dollar
”
if
horse.”
I ~said, “All I-i&t.” I-*,d st got down off amine an’d got on the old poor
thing and we just .&nt &kin’
on up through there. Went over on Crooked
Creek
and
and ~went ‘up to a), place,
ol”man
enough
years
,ha.ad this
to makq,he?
and, years.
the door
01’ mare
fat. The
Well,
&me
this i: what
apd
tickled
Fe.
she got so old that
old’mqe’s
the funnjest
nnd #this lady
was.,Hicks
N&v
name
td the door.
woman
waSi Bess. They’q.had
t~hing .was he went-up.
w&s a horse tr$der.:Wayne
This
she couldn’t
He asked
eat
her for
and knocked
her where
on
Hicks~Mars
said he’d just give it away if he coda
g$ anything
Tiayne
.;;g;,
1..
out of it, Sh~;.$&!i, “Do you want to trade,some?”
said, “Yeah, I,‘ve ,ot a ‘godd horse out here, I want
She said,.“Bring
it out here and let me lobk at it.“:So
“and led it around
to trade.”
,,
he got the old horse
:
the ec$e ,of the house where she could, see it. She said,
seven years older than~God !” I just fell’over.
life.
He knew be was hooked there. He
his head. He Said, “What
are we
‘..
/
I saicl, “I eon’t know what you’re going to do, Wayne, bdt direc$J’m\.,
goinS hb,ne.” ;We waS abo”t +iht miles~f~~~~~~~&&, ‘~I-w-~s~-~~~~~~~~~~~te:
We
come~to~~a~lit~le~=ro~d~~u~~-‘;t;ere that
~~I~~~~~~that
little road,
Wayne
said, “Wait
a family ‘lived
a’niinute.
down.
When
!‘ll tell ‘you what
we got to
1’~ going ‘,” ~
do. I’m going to bid 01’ Bess farewell.”
I said, “What are you going,to do?”
He said, “i’m
going’to
I said, “Well,
that’s
those little terrapin-hull
the kind of saddles
them-terrapin-hull
that
\
P
turn her Ipose.”
your job. ” So he took his saddle off. ‘That was one qf
Those are
saddles. He got it from &dy-in&w.
they ride on these. race tracks.
That’s
what
~
I called
.?
-1
saddles.
..$
”
,,,
(
~,Y~QRSi?
~,,
TRAiNI+
my horse behind land took
b&idle reins up,:around
that old horse and led -it dewn
her neck so they wouldn’t fall
the road. She went out of sight.
anymor$
Where
that
horse
there
ail!
probably
‘him d$vn
ho&e and didn’t
The
fun+est
big ol”qr’ay
swapped
know
thi@g was ~1went/up
l~orsc and the pretti$% ,mule you’d
a lad,
out of on Croo&d.Cre&and
it_ It would
kick the de&l, &t
went,
cost them
to ‘?.usquitty~‘to
‘I
R$e and him never
I don’t know.
to get him.
glad
a thing.
trade.
This
man had a
ever seen. I had
this gray :?d L
it wouldn’t
but I didn’t
work
of ‘the~cross:,[When
qray hoi-s ej i asked if it’was si gqod work horse and
L
good wqrk horse.” I think she &%a horse trader, too.:
,. .
for her “‘2. ‘:<~
.I
“Oh, yeah,
I -traded
she, said,
I knew this,poor
01’ fellow: up on Tusquitty
; &e ‘had -this ;I& griy h&se
and a good mull, and I thought tb myself,~“,J, know where to go. I’ll head
for Tusquitty
: ”
ins the morning
and
I’ll kn’oy
wheri
to place
you
good 01’ worki?’ horse.” So I went’up there and ~this man> was’ do
L
field gathdring co,in:j ~=ked
’
his wife where ,he was and Shea s&d, “Go ,down
that road
Well,
and you’ll find him down-in
I started
d,o+
tha;
road
the field.”
and%ere
was a hill right
up to &e barn
and I was going down- this hill and met him right at the foot of it. I knew
that was the wrong pJace to talk to him, but,that
was the orilv Chance I had
so we got to talkin’.
I said,
vou’d
“Yeah,
to have
have a team just nearlyalike.”
He said, “That’s
,~ How
He said, “Boy, I like
you,ought
would
Well,
the truth.
I’ve nev&
):ou like to swap him fortha
that
q&fzn any two match
one there.
.Xnd
up any better.
I
,t inmle?”
r &I .e and if I~had to, I’d give hi
little boot. The mule wasn’t too old and & vas a pretty m,ule.
~, ,(
A<
~T\le ~kept on talkin’ and he said, “Let,
: p~yt the harness on l&and
try
him Up the hill.” I.didn’t
knsw what.to &I q. He bad me there. Pknew, i4 he‘
hooked
I knew I would
y>c: looks of that horse.”
th,is o,n’e to go‘with
‘i‘,, !
him to t&t
tip to the &gon
swap for that
w&on,
and
‘he wmildn’;
’
ill a*:popound, ‘clause I hook&d him
he kicked
the~de\ j; out of it. I beit the.,d&il
out of
him, hut it didn’t do any good. I had,
,I;’ take hih l&se frdm the wagon.
He’d walh a st,ep or two and then go tom:UC:kini’.,~:
’
1,
Well,
I knew that
was what
he’d do, b&1: there wasn’ti-a thing I could do.
4~’
I studiezjust
asminute
and said,.~“A11 r 4 .t.” I just thought
this trade w&s
I,!,h
lost Well, I’ll just tell hi&; the fdlks.gu: afa .nt&d him to:be a;good~ workin’
’
1,.
; horse to inc. Of course; it dydn’ft matter q0 me~if he didn’t tike him. Some,,, ;~
one else would. He put that 01’ fool to
(
at wagon, and he got Up on his’
kvagon and I just ‘shut my eyes. I just knl
he’d kick the front.end’out’oi
his
i
‘wagon.
1
pulling, he did, tpo, and thdy
right up where he unloaded~his
I’d get in with them
put-a
saddle’ &I, I>ut,that
r lifk. He would
They *kept hiti
in a big meadow
for something
hogs. Come
I always
had one picked
else. So he studied
horse
This
do nothing
ould havwhim
eaded
out for myself:
said,
on up here and jet me show them tq you.”
a,
was the
fellow
so hc just gakhim
Sometimes
“I’ve
.
and if
gave
with Mm. Hc
up on Hog’ Creek,.out
a ‘minute ,and
I traded
just go in and out,
on grass all of the time.
He cculdn’t
kept me one.
and trade.
pulled
corn.
to,’
of Hiawas-
I’d trade
got some
good
~“’ ‘1
-,
>
r
a
,-
c?
226
FO,FFIRT:
..
4~
9
woulql
coqne Ilack,
I&
they
ain’t
enough
horses; they do it 5th. tract@?.
YO,LI couldn’t do no tradin’ now
; body
;J
:,.
ban&d
to w&to
, c
ai@ get a job
way.
at all. .411 you’d
y@u:d just have
then, they was
some&~
That’s
,J:hey
dhn’~‘“far~~
find
&hat
make
logging
th’ey were
In trading,
anythins:
you
bride;
you’d
Iye
some hors& on your harids to’ feed
working :thein. They had to have
If you had
or haulihg
looking
with
for., I’d
haves to ,:keepiyoyr
a’iean?,
you could,+
for som+od\;
alwais
and
~“~a
:
; ~;’
‘u
‘“‘““~, ‘~~
out
~rnld make
rig them
eyes open
*
~QW is one: some-~
to ride. If you could g-et-one to suit somebody
~~’all l;ig’bt. If, yo&‘i&~‘t,
for ‘nothing,
But hack
there
around.
,
mo,$y;,
up a “teain ,some
;
you ,h+ve to know,
too. Ypul&m‘t
ju,?t z&t today in the’husiness.
You’~~e got~to get outs overthc“,
/
bnd you:& sot tp~ know pho’s got Ghat and what y&think
you.
rountry
go hack
and
see the&
you eveqy,day.
daddy
again.
They
If you ever
was a dozen
get started,
at the house
to tell IQ& to ‘&e~‘theni; that
wanted
to kn@\hb:%?+ha~
you had.
you busy as a telephone&perator.
there
all the time’
they needed
What
is
some
you do, it kept
Once: you get on the’linc,
you really
like
it. I ~a+n.
‘ir
,~.
i’
I
: ./
.~
~~. ~~~~~
?tire~wh& you’ie trading, you better trust
I
judgment.”
ENNY
,~
RUNIoN
!
Gas a fellow
some,“,with
come
hi
&
~mornin’.
I ~was quite
young.
I idon’t
oyer sixteen, seven&n
years old. He ,said, “I’ w&t to trade
you.” He was a horse trader and I knowed him.~ H$sai$,
“1:~
J
I said, “How
c
old’s you? ,horse?”
I didn’t
know
no more
about’ hoL
old a*
’ horse was than a thing in the world.
“Well,” he said, “he’s comin’ nine year’old.”
I said, “That
old..‘1 had some
&$!I’t old.”
gob+ steers,
He said he was round
and
a, wagon.
d’o; ?ll swap with YOU for twenty-tibe
all~d sbund
He said,
and’%ne
“I’ll &I you what
year
I’ll
dollars.‘:.
Well, my mother couldii’t~-get around,
and I had a Ilrother w-ho. couldn’t
get around,
and I thought
it would hc an advantage
to get,somethin’
for
them
to ride in. We staved, around
said, “I hel&vT I’ll just trade
7
Now he got away
and he wouldn’t
an old. horse
down
there.
wg$.
So I decided
.-, ,~,
,I ’
I kept that
horse
to go to Hiawass
&% dead Snow. ,I rigged~ that hor
horse I want to
I said, “I’ve ‘ba.young
g
(
pi_
j
a while in th
trader;~
) -
I
there
with you.”
with me. Well,
,.
‘i
‘.
‘,
~~~ the
s&d, “I’ll he~glad’to
I said, “The
He looked
trade
at him, shook
his head
I was beginnin’
me at Bll. I’rode
One
day
friend
got ,a young
horse.”
fellow I got him from said he was young.”
you- give him to me. He’s twice
Doggone,
with you if you’ve
“No,
I wouldn’t
have
him if
then some !”
to ‘get disheartened.
He wouldn’t
tiade
with
~~
him hack and put himGn the stahle.
a fellow
of mine.
and said,
nine,
came
He said,
hy, an old friend,,of
you
uTell
what
mine-1
I’ll do.
‘reckon
1’11 give you
he w&
a: dollar
a
if
you’ll take me to ,Blue Ridge.”
I said, “I’ve gpt a horse that’11 take you all right.‘:
Ferd Burrell
never
wouldn’t
tradefdi.]
asked an); questions.
I hitched
that
He had a sack with somethin’
WeU,- I said, “I‘% just gear up.and
horse to&&ggy,
and hd’said,
jug and
tell how
you couldn’t
“I l~klieve~I’11 tak;
much
it up, and it was pretty
Let’s have another
drink !” When
After
we got to Blue Ridge,
n
We got &t$
<’
It was in b.
They)/ I took
a while,
.’
in it,‘and,I
a drink.”
you was a’drinkin’.
heavy.
horse
take you.”
and me an’ him Started.
but of the settlement,
jug, turned
[It ~was the s&e
the:
he%ays;“Whoa.
I ‘tell you, I &
just
.,r ”
228
~
n
.ahout
out of,business.
half a gal!on,
I was as drunk
thre$
,and .I~ went
back
quarts,
that
was straight
down.
move.
;
Some
So I rented’apasture;
tiIl fall, I decided
nearly,
hardly
wrong
I’d go down
any
.~.
“,‘~. ~,‘~,.-.~
him.”
hair.
He went and~got
So I lost abomtwo
I don’t
hundred
~. better
a&
traders
will~te!l
trt&)our
tell you. I’ve had some mules that
years,
it took one to lead ,the mule,
He ~,wasn’t worth
another’un.
%?dgo
He’uz
hot
hfnd
feet.
you better
watt1\A on horse
out some money
buyin’
Uthem
and
I swapped
truth
there.
----y&d-g~&iii&ith
country
I
-’
drive
r&&g&?G~
open
the, door,,“;.\,
to save your
three
had,
or you’ll
made
Eellow
‘:
life. He’d
inches.
Boy,
lose what
you
‘,
a~deal. I’ve put
good
’
old mule.He,
was tellin’
~.
mew the
,herey ~yoU.~
better look out, or
a”rope and your horse gane.”
:1
,_
were
FretI
L.M.
here.
up;
<were old,and
his daddy
had
there.
they’re
<fiIe their’ teeth
and
and
L.M.
e had~a~ sale down
horses
one mule
an’d%r~o
you’ve
for him
give~the
as ,far as
k
WILL-ZQELLNER
Cornelia.
won’t
That’s
you’d
mules. P had one pretty
a stove
trading,
,1
you
He’d work.,
“These horses tradq
There
I&ore
miss my head
shore
~~.
on that one.
I ‘got to drive
They
when
get in that stable
‘one
died.
you’re
the plow,
one;
swappin’..~You
get
no ‘couiit:With
for nothin’.
You can’t~go hat
was
one dollar
justnine.
wasn’t
I ‘bet he didn’t
that
if y&ll,go
I got stuck
to trade.
one to hold
have in a fewfninutes;
was club-footed,
,calle&it
drink.
a‘.horse
~Got another
and you couldn’t
kick with
and
a blame
still,worse.
to kickin’
swap.
They’re’out
they’ll
and -whip.
,was ,just a sore -all over
false. I ~don’t care what
a;~mule’~as over
got home,,
plow, barely
,and the horse
was that
age.of
had,
,,:
v&&m
dwn~judgment.
seven
Well I finally
what,,they’
the, liqup<,:I could
people
and therbad
can have that horse
on that
and
t.oo. Let him stay in there
him home,
dollars
to Blue Ridge‘ahd_aJ
Horse
“You
horse,
He wouldn’t
high,
remember
him, brought
All I ~got out &them:steers
that-man
down.
and look at him?He
with him. I told my daddy,
in Bl,ue Ridge,
that
th.at horse.
it was pretty
‘,:,,
He went. on this~away,
whippin’
that buggy
do somethin’.with
4
ever ‘gets. I guess wee drunk.
folks met me there
up in that buggy
I really~ broke
and I seen I had~to
as a man
FOXFIRE
since the time we, started.
away.
: they said I was standin’
.
‘,
,‘:~
,y ~’
/,,,/ ; ~:
^ ,:d” _I~-~
,j
were
a bunch
$I.
two
of plugs
and
of the slickest
that
So, L.~M. says, “We’ll
all trained
their teeth
L.
,but
they’re
were all filed down
down so they’d
couldn’t
there
hardly
have a sale and
not
able to go.”
He’d
1 ~~~;
sheriff from
that
take those
look like a six- or eig$year-old
*
was in,‘this
go and they
1’11 dope them
Most
of them
horses out and
horse.
kdti
I ,n,~. ::;~’”.,-. ~:~L’-;~J.‘q
”
I
,,. ‘:
A’
‘!
‘.. i;; yzp
‘..‘“),
‘, ;
-’
.,Ilistenifi’.
bout I didn’t
“we’ll buy them
Just’as
‘P
;,I <
,~”
I ‘told. her I w,o&d:look
’ knew of several
; /
& ‘I quit
know if .a tiaa
‘~
.,,She said, “What
L.M..
told him,
&
-
them
talkin’
right
“I’,ve got any-
looked
caretaker
on in where
who don’t
there
and the old man
saddle. and-ride
Well, th,ey to:?two
them
that
have
said,
before
over there
“We’ll
but
take .them
wasn’t
more
tooth
Oi
time], some fellow
ground
could
throw
man Joe looked
W& j&t wanted
that.”
r
1
let the
;
“Yeah,
here
money
and
they
broukht
L h?_rse with
that
jaw tooth
~~~~~~~~~
the
a jaw
pulled.”
got to come
you’d~h&er
I said,, “If you skill that .horse,
hories,
1
out.”
~~~
those
to that.
you’ll
that man, has money~~~arid he doesn’t
that
horse.
He
get your
and knock
before
chain
gang, ,because
horx&loodied
that
you do
it aTmany a time.”
go to the
want
old
to slee$: \V>ll
drills land punch
.~
I’vedid
It was
a big saddle
his ja.w and take~a $upch
~~~~; ~;~,
sterlhze
there’s nothing
out of that.”
and put whim right
dowIl.into
:
“Aw,
had
tooth,has
It was~~bne of those French
~otit.”
He sa&
and
pull it.‘.’
and drill ahble
.I said,
there
over, and
him. So they
“’,,,
and
tip at me and said, “That
s’aid, “\h’e’ll take him right
‘tooth
over
tha~n ati h&r
the said, “I want
~‘Iwe’ll, pull its. We’ll, get some
Oman Rosid’s~ horse.
drill-bit
come fin there
off to ‘the si~de. knd
I said,.‘bYou~c;an’t
He said,
are no
I’!&+
right then whit had happdned.
See, the horse knew
saddii&‘than
the man did.,The
horse knew yh6 he could out-
wit and if it was a kid, he kn&+he
,’
I
for nobody
the rest
no riders.
we get ,ori them.”
andit
I was and
1+6 heart
are okay,
horses on back.
[Anoth~er
We
any one of the ‘I,.‘,’
j’
.‘,/
~~
get that woman kille
He dldn t, give
were fixirl’ ~to ‘go eve’ arid his wife
wi&‘a.man
He’s got horses. over
at. them,
railroad.
I guarantee
tame, horses we cbuld drawl 6-E and take our &K.”
I Said, ‘<I’d never buy nothing
from him.” So they ,went
come back.
more about
.g;
he said,
oy~r by t&
to himi-:and her husband~come
foolin’
I
~, _:--’
good. They’ll kill you.”
“Well,” he said, “I’m glad you told me. We’re
:,
1: “1. ,,
,‘:‘:,
,,
:
“Oh,”
in.’ He said,
:
across” the street
down thererand
“You’re
; ‘but.~,h&nsrlf:
two.
buy them.
jumped
,’
~~
So I knew right then that he might
a durn just so he got the money. They
was oUt there
find them
have you got?” :
the +aid~;~“I’&
got sistser~~head
c@d
4
them.”
talkin’]
-thing you need.”
----JmFIRF,
ar~ound and see if I could
if you c&n losate
sbon
.H
‘-~-_
_ ,’
.‘~’
now
up like that?’
”
/
I let hiy~ @+ve the bit and the went out and put him: to sleep and laicl him
_
down On B load of hay and d&led his jaw. R;M. rti: the drill. They did~ it; ~’_~
ir
+n hour went
by and he had never
co&to~.
I Said, “You
either
gave him a
*
,,,.
/
!
HORSE
TRA,DING
231
~big dose 01; something’s
wrong.
That
hqrse
should
Kive
come
to in thirty
minutes.”
He said,
else. I don’t
pretty
Tliey
“He’s c~omin’, he’s cornin’.”
know what
it was. And the horse
bad and he gave him another
the horse
and
gave him a shot
raised
shot. The
~~’
of something
~:
’
pn up. He was bleedin’
fellow
come
and looked
overt
put .the saddle
eon him and took him home. Old man Rosie
and told~ hiti, “Don’t ride him. Just put him in the
lived o<er at Five Points
stable.”
\1!ell, he got on home
and
ing. And the nest morning,
They
got the vCt from
,_died from
There
blood
were
to. -They’d
would
and
on down
old~ fellow,
stayed
there.”
the horse
ago,~ but they
thirty
They
days
swap
and
onk
We had
one here
from
He had
a whole
string
sixteen
by himself.
He lived
Then
or’eighteen
wanted
to buy
on up there.
in a shack
+d
&-weighed
about
eight
.
’
’
years old
a horse
_
that
He ~was a nice
and ‘had the horses
pickin’~ in and ~~~~~~~
around.the
strawberries.~~Daddy
~~~
at them, and he had a little copper-Bottomed
mare
you ever loo&d
:
belong
it isn’t wisz
another
up here in the valley.
my_,, daddy. ,fiaddy
wagon and~we went
there
leave.
around.
with him. I wa$&out
didn’t
he knows
were
said, “1’11 guarantee
Daddy
and died.
he told them
because
with
to a one-horse
tiest thing
eat noth-
out in the orchard
fiffy,years.
abou\,
‘a place
was broke
and looked
’
stay
that he brought
They
but he wouldn’t<
up themand
don’t stay long in a town,
He boilght
I come
loose.
College
corn,,, Andy take his place.
of h&es
‘, then.
the horse laid down
Clemson
a 10~~of horse..tr+ders
come
h,fississippi!
night,
poisoning.
A horse trader
fwk.
fed him~ that
hundred
went~out
there,
~~‘~
~~~
pret-
pounds.
He
her to work anywhere.”
shoe was a little small.
I told Daddy,
“That
durn
at me as I went by a little while
He said,
thing
“Well,
is mean
ago.”
I got a bigger
[the big horse].
:’
one out
It snapped
,. ,.
He sa$““This
horse here is hard to bridle, but that‘s~all. If you can get
bridle on, you have got~ it made.” So I told Daddy to leave it alone. I
“That~.little
ted
a small
t,wo hundred
Come
there
,; When
you opened
they’d
there
will do all ~the plowing
animz$.
He
didn’t
want
from~Highlands
out of it. These
trade
horse
work
Rest
turn
around
but when
is all kinds ,of tricks.
,for saddles
traders
.1
and
here,
we want.”
He’bought
Her
h&r for
was perfect.
arid dut of the whdle
a’tall.
you got them,
normal,
and~sb;
over th,ere,
they would
when
be almost
~~~~~Tkeyw&d-
would
the door,
doped
,~~~‘betterlbok out. l:here
a big animal.
atid we took her on home
but six that
f”eet. They- were
them,
out
+ollars
a bunch
wasn’t
horse
of theme would
bunch
kill yo,u.
and kick you with both
and ,when you
got home
with
you got up in the morning,
‘.
ydu
things
you better
likes that.
They,
get something
look out, or you’d
get borne
i,
~~~ ~~~~~
FOXFIRE
4
”
,y”
PLATE
216 Harry Brow?, ST.,
who with hk wifvz now operates a”
thriving crajt business in furniture
and weaving:. did some trading
when’he was young. . ’
HORSE
TRADING
through
the
country
just
horses.
You
traded
with
“I bet you a dollar
get outs andsay,
never did bet o!PTt+.o@e~dollars.
beat. They’d
yours.” They
-dollars ,was money.
Sometimes
whip
trading
I believe
when
five dollars
a horse
and made~ them
and
my horse
‘Course
wS%~rn~~I
around
back
got them
till they
of them
bet-
;I
got them
all livened
but
get those
thencollar.
Sometimes
you’d cut a hole out~~-th_e~pad..inth%collar
rot or sore on their shoulder.
All work horses had a knot
around
spavins
where
,, :
.;j,
~
got a !; b ‘;
out land
be stiff. Those
sores
outrun
,;I’
nothing
they’d
;/~I
$R,
five
a horse would
and
got
then
of timis’~in the-morning,
arthritis
:c::
you
will
heard
A-...
was a little stiff, they
go a,round
them,
233
they
!‘i
was
‘;~
wore
‘1 ’
to proon their
whe.re that bone come out.
Some~ of these
horse
f course
there
ypsies
used
to go through
Gap
where
didn’t,get
or more
e the
post
n’t matter
on horse tradin’.
office
along
younger.
they judged
and
era1 hours.
filed the
some of them
get crippled.‘They’d
&tow there
a horse
gets worn
That’s
that
a horse
what
a~ weaver.
that
they
they’d
wears
_
up
i/
cheat
They
had
and they
on their
leg]
a
come
look,~,
and-
,,
last for sev-
and different
things
in w$h
I don’t
.,’
and’
who’ll
and it would
called
have
the signs of the saddle.
1
he&n’.
think
their
gun
:..s
!
like
feed.
powder
[also called~ heavers],
almost
bust
they’d
And
their
a harness,
where
where
be a work horse.
the next thing,
them
the weavers;
awhile,
chains
the,collar
rubs.
‘you
and,,,’
you’
and~‘round.
lookedall
are,
’ ’
the hair
If you didn’t
with a saddle
you examine
when
they
the trace
And
lungs,
go to heavin’
fits and they just go ‘round
aAfter you worked
And
horses
a little ways,
off and also on the shoulder
signs, it wouldn’t
for
till it would
they got ~to going
out to plo;,
called
[kno!
powder
because
‘they call windjbroken
They~run
just fall down.
They
the gun
did’
place ,covered
mouth
i
at Rabun
teeth ,off.’ It’d ‘make the horse
gun powder
give them
horses
by his teeth:
in the spa&
superstition,
ever
here
find someorre.
a horse
didn’t
on them.
11, when
to&them
that
have .a spaCin
feed them
was mostly
are’ what
and weavers.
horse’s
would
that to peps them ‘up. They’d
had any effect
to have
,(
go through
drivin’
over
put in the horse’s
shoot novacain,e.
And then they’d
k that
they
$Jobody
through
to camp
money.
that
seen any gypsies
you go, you’ll~always
At that time,
there
And
used
make’
got beat,
horses.
went
used
cquld
that
trading
they
They
is. They
where
fellows
here
First
cars.
float [file] they chilled it, which
right
slick-they
b,eat. I haven’t
years.
secondhand
the
weFe.very
was a lot of poor
h t,hem,!that
twenty
traders
horse,
their teeth.
look
Be- ;
,,
',,_,
FOXFIRE
234
.+
.I
fore you buy a horse,
rent it for a little while and if it is a heaver
or weaver,
you catch it there. Anothu‘thing,
you want to pick up one’s foot and see if
it. can be shod. Lots of hqrses &n’t
let you shoe them. .And you can notice
where~ a horSe has wide
thing-in
These
mountain
land]
draft
sections
mountain
,We usually
“‘~ kept in the pasture,
,‘, &se
horse
cattle
didn’t
mules,
a team much
counted
is b,ad to
and raised
after
mules.
we had
or two. Horse
traders.
tias hke any other
wi*raised.
tradin’
to find’;1 way to take advantage
a couple
than
daddy
in the
“HAPPY”
I used to’swap
i
Sometimes
-,, _
a horse.
to make
by hbrse
a livin’
and some that ,wasn’t.
ybu got somebody
that’s
0
like
it
‘going
of you.
-
DOWDLE
horses lots. ,I’d. buy a horse,
tie’e&
together,
made
so&
&rig
and you. hah two-three
1,id buy’em
I
of mar&tie
them.
:
,,
:-
“I didn’t play any tricks; I’d let ,them ,be the judge
.;
of what they thought.”
THAD
a
old. At
got cheated
.was just ,,a way
In any btisiqess
back
nine’yeqs
and ,trained
My
heavy
off on somebbdy.“
We had some that were honest
business.
People
it passed
We had
our own mules
too
atidehere
[in the bottom
*, s
a nag and slipped
oi young
want
are too, big,
to work. A mule is more dangerous
bf the horses
a time
peop,Je
likely to own horses.
kept a team
they, were hard
sections,
likely to have
keep a horse.or
‘,,’ that age, it was usually
traders
A narrow-hipped
horses ‘like Clydesdalrs
were more
were more
You didn’t
Most
hips.
/
kick.
Another
horse.
or narrow
hit the various
money-that’s
settlements
the way
maybe
two-three
more,
ig the coux!try,
and swap.
And I
I made
yeal.lin’s,
what
little
I had.
If I came
or q cow dr two you wanted
iB I could see I ~could make
a dollar,
of two. I. made
to sell,
money
\
all
”
fthe time.
When
down
s’long,
I got one that
was pretty old,;I’d
take a rasp and file .his iekth
.
t&he c&Id eat. He’d put on more weight, and his teeth wouldn’t
be
as long te,eth is a sign of an bld horse.
Sometimes
I’d blow up the hollow
above
the horse,,
the
I’d take
under
the
the skifi~ and blow
.up. It wd&l
I didn’t
deeper
stay puffed
play a”y tricks;
hollow.
air ins ther,e with
he all layin’
shears and trim the~maqe
a needi-dle and
and ilim
stick
of what
ai-e after
go back
it
down.
they thought.
down
with it, an:d the
they shed.
the tail, and sometimes
~,
it in there
pump-puff
but it’d finally
oil and rub the horse
slick as they
look youpger.
a little fold hand,
up for a good while,
in place,
make’em
the. eye c&an old horde:, Theolder
I’d Ie; them 1,; the judge
I’d take a rag and som6good~
hair’d
It’d
,,
A4nd I’d taki’~
I’d shear
his ears
_;
PLATE 247 Thad DowdIe remembers
the days when one of the main purposes of
m~ding 1 ‘as to match up a good work team. He.re, James Wilson
plows with a
horsc/nruhe
combination.
)
if he had
01’ !ong hair in his ears. I’d also trim
shoes on’em.
[To make
dope
and~~I’d’&ve’em
theie.
And
a lame
a load
if the horse had
horse,appear
it’d heal up in just a 1$&e,.
[To m&e
and
put
an old or:lazy
it. in it, mor$hine
souncl]
of it-linseed
a cbrn,
I had
up the hooves
and
I used to have
oil’r’so,methin’-just
a blue
put ne$-
ointment
a’~little
rub
it on
to rub on it, and
’
horse
lwk
spirited]
you can get you a little
dope
be lively ~then. Just
like a
,or something.,fie’ll
e an old dgad
man
a’draggin’
hinl the f&ce
if he had
around,
a good
and in two days ~maybe
dose of dope.
He’d
climb
that
it niaybe:.
se shoe pdlish on-a horse to change
\
coat him with it. Shore
‘,on him, just enough
of blue ointment
to turn
on where
T~heherewas a fellow
all the
time,
too,
looked
at nearly.
did look good,
that
but you didn’t
the color of him.
they were turnin’
lived
and
I got
And
I thought
his color. Take
And
gray
want
to ~put too mudh
I used to use some
around
the eyes’and
in my settlement-hCtiied
from
him
the
1,‘d made
pr&tiest
a good
a little brush,
to swap
little’ horse
trade-got
you
,him
kind
such.
horses
ever
pretty
.
w
I
FOXFIRE
~A$
4
/
cheap,
swapped
for anothe?un.
night. Th6 next
bat. I& couldn’t
I fix&him
there,
I ‘took
a fellow
schoolhouse,
home
and
mornin’ when I went out to water’iq
se& a thing in the world ! I said, “Well,
up as good as I could.
and
him
had
There
a pretty
good mule.
and he said, “Where’d,you
I said, “There
was gonna
hck up that
,.~
hd was blind as a.
I’m fixed now.”
Sb
be a fair, so E, went~‘up
I rode
get that
put
u~p into the yard
at the
horse?”
ain’t no use askin’ me that.”
He says,’ “Why not?”
I I says, “That wouldn’t
make
no difference
about
where
I got him;
I’ve
,got him:”
,~,
:,,,,He says, ‘,‘I%
‘love t6 have
got a good
mule
out her?? I’ll ,swap you for that, Ijony.~ I’d/
him.”
I says, “Well,
if you want
We ~went on out there
do you want to swap?”
him bad enough,
and
looked
you can git him.”
at his‘mule,
i
”
and he said,“‘Hoti
much
j,
I said, “you git on that hoysean’
ride’& o&, the’trail
thkre an”.back.”
I.
:’ ~: (‘,
,~ ,’ : thought
maybe surely he’d see that he was blind. I&t no, he rode him out
::‘,,,
~’there, loped him back, and said, “I’ll give you a ten-dollar
bill and that
mule for him.”
,.
I said, “Just
make it twenty
He said, “Well,
I said,
“If you think
it’s .to,o much,
there
again.
and take him on with you.”
that’s a little too much.”
I don’t
it is, don’t
trade.
I thought,
“Well,
fast; somebody
was peckin’
Well,
the next
morning
at the door eat home.
I’d t+ded
at?”
My~dad
and
rode
him
if you had any sense at all, you’ll
atid we traded.
and it was the man
the way I’d do, if .I thihk
He got back, on him
5s.” He didn’t,
door,
do it.!’ That’s,
the horse
’
before’.I
My
did
to. He said,
back. out
see how .he
ate break-
stepped
to the
“Where’s
Thad
‘,I
said, “He’s down
So here he come
horse on me?”
I said, “Well,
down
to the barn.
I guess.”
He says, “You
know
you put a blind
I’
yeah,
He says, “What’s
at the barn,
I knowed
it.”
your idea?”
I said, “To get shed of it !”
.,-He says, “I’m going t’town and take a warrant
for you.”
I said, “I don’t care if you take a dozen for that: Anytime
thing and you ~look it over and don’t see’that there’s‘anything
well, thk trader
ain’t responsible.
I. was comin’
come a snow.
home
from
Toccoa.
I had a boy helpin’
horses in between.,
/ Well, we crossed
He was riding
the creek
It’s you who’s tradin’
and
I was down
me, us both
behind’em
there
there
\
you buy somewrong with it,
for it:”
on the creek
and
on a horse and a couple
and
Gas another
I was ridin’ jyG front
crkek comm’
it
more
of’em.
down
that
”
HORSE
way,
TRADING
and’~the’~creek
ardund.‘We
dog trotted
‘i
’ 237
thought
made
camped
between
it was somebody
-trottin’
back.
kind
of .a bend,
way
off the
road,
passin’
by. Well,
I had a little old shotgun
he went
on and
in the tent and
him?“.
:I
“Nd,
And he,said,
^
a laurel
thicket
body.”
let’s just let’im
your
pistol and
He eased outi~and
altcarin’
go.” Near
them
bushes
step out there
directly
down
I heard
night.
they’d
” plus what the other
boy had, about
,,
:‘,,
have
he come
me,
“1’11
“Shall
I kill
we were camped
was
his gun go off. .And they was just I
They’d
And would
‘in the tent asleep~. I’d sold all of my produce,
” horses,, and shucks,
here
1
see if you can find ‘any-
and
to, get out of there.
out of town to get to rob us that
:.,
where
on each side of the road.,
I said,’ ‘!Take
plumb
I said to myself,
i
,:just see who you are when you comeback
again.”
i
Well, here it come back’again.
I said to the boy with
//
and
there one night, and in the night this big old yellow
our tent and the road. It was nearly dark, and I just
followed
of done
us plumb
it if we’d a’been
and all but two or three
got thre.e or four
hundred
dollars
two or three hundred
I
of my
from
me,
dollars.
.’
-w&ddn’t take nothin’ in’the world for tke
*
experience
.
I got tradin’ horses.”
.
HOB DUVAEL
The ‘first horse
~
bought
I ever
him with
from-I’d
owned
money
that
say five years
saved
my money
father,
a Baptist
was
a jack.
I got together
old’or
I was eight
from
six-pencils,
till I had’fifteen
dollars,
preacher,
want
didn’t
tradin’.
knives,
what
an~d I bought
me to have
years: old,
and
I started
tradin;
have
you.
me a jack.
this jack,
I
Sol I,’
But my
sol I carried
him off to a barn quite a ways from where we lived. When he got ‘out Sunday-morning
to start his circuit [four churches]:
the ~jack started brayin’,
and he wanted
,“Well,”
to know
whose that
was. Finally.1
he said, “if you’ll go to’church,
I;11 ~let ~you-keep
him;“~;Thetem$tafion
mother
day with him. When
told him what
he :ome
all had happened.
home
cart,
take
that
jack
back, so he kept the money
The
\
next
horse
horse had a,kidney
back.
This.old
Sunday;1
night,
He said; “Ta~ke that
naturally
back.”
my
That’s
It like to have, killed me
boy wouldn’t
an
old
colic and h>d been
horse
down
trader
give me my money
from
Hiawassee.
This
for a day or tiuo.’ It had rained
him, and the mud was about
knee deep,
,i
put 31
and, the jack, too.
I got from
and run in ..mud~ all around
that
Sunday
the only time I&e ever went back on a real bargain.
to have,to
~_
to say it was mine.
and be a good boy and go to_school,
~
~~ was so gr:at ,for me to get to’ ride
that ,jack and drive ‘him to a little old t&o-wheel
tfrk’whole
had
:
and tbe~
:
’ ’
:
4
238
trader
--
~uXFIRE
picked~vp
that horse.
an~+..e and
-4
w+s.gonnalkill
Give him to ,me.”
He said, “You
.’ *
him. I said,
i
._
“PIeye
4
don’t
kill
with him.” ,,
I said, “Give him to me tin’ I’IJ show_ydu. ” Well,, I got me a b16ck and
tackle, put a bunch of sacks under him, tied ropes to it where I ,(:ould brace
him, and pulled him up. In about two hours, I had him to where he could
stand,
can‘? do~nothin’
and that evenin’
I was wo,rX-i~j,’him.
late, I led him home.
Then
,ve&s old, I’swapped
I started
thr&or
four
tradin’
times,
In less than
and
I got a mare
raise the colt.
another
1;roke her leg, Qd
kicked
story. I’ve been tradq’
I worked
~her and
horses
for a- man from
then,’
’
on, that ,pne. ~When I was eight
have a colt-, and I .was gonna
h&se
a week from
.
I’carried
whq was gonna
her to a pasture,
that
was the end
and
of that
ever since.
Texas
for five winte?S,
atid he’shipped
as high
as fiitv mules at a time to Atlanta,
atid I’d meet him there, and then we’d
body to ‘,help me, and I_had Went):” circuit ride., One’time
I didn’t ha&
:’
i
!
PL.vlT
218
Hob Duvall-with
I$dy
“Hess’: Litterell.
,,
_ ”
Sidewinder,
‘~
a six-year-pld
‘
j~valking <hho;se owned
&’
;
seven
head
of horses
Carnesville.
and
I tied them
when
gray
.
twelve
horn
Tmodel
the&
three
one would ,start,
horse,
saddle
and’ mules
got%m
then
hundred
started,
and
maybe
pass j dozen
and Frank
I said,
“Listen,
said, “Take
Frank,
and
to
Then
they
mailmzi’n,
ridin’
I tied
wasn’t
day. You
Rickinan.
I pulled
this horse .is four~years
to the
nothin’
but
now
and
couldn’t
up over
had ,a four-year-.old.palomind
that horse off. I want~to
a big
a hit&
or somebody
cais in a whole
with a load of horses pne day, and.1
the truck,
We& -was
went.
the
\
from.Lula
I’d ti6 this one to the tail ahead;,
pounds,
.
to tell you one on me an’ Frank
I want
I led them
why,~~ hue&h+&-
You’~d pass
but you wouldn’t
that today.
abreast,
to fourteen
and
Fords.
in Lula,’ Georgia.
do
there
horse
on
see him.,”
hid and half
spoiled.
He’s
mean.”
He said, “Rooster’11
I said, “&ten,
ofi him.”
ride him.”
Frank,
He grabbed:him
“If you want~hiqrode,
the little
to put
put that .child
him on the horse.
’
up a big old parade
I said,
back, ,picked
old horse;
he just boweh
up. A saddle
saddle,
throwed
has a keeper
it on !
(”
on the back
keeps it from goin’ back on his flanks. Anything
rope~around
swung
.,that
up and started
.D&‘t
you get oti him.”
\Vell, he reached
cinch,
I tell you this horSe is mean!
their
into’the
flanks-it
saddle,
tickles’em
that
keeper
will buck if you put a
‘0
shore will buck. When he
an’ they
slipped
back
and
horse
just went straight
up with all four’feet,
seen when
he’ hit the ground,
Frank’s
out of him,
he come
down
when
he hit the ground,
threw
Frank
ground,
high
kicked
feet. Frank
with
Frank’s
enough
both
to where
him on both
on the flank,
red. It knocked
The
next
time
him
twice
sides of the kndes and
he went
said, “I felt my shoe heels go through
before
then.the
I
the breath
feet flew out of the slitrlijs
he kicked
an’
like he was on spiings.
f&e turned
such power.
hittim
loose,
and
he
he hit the
bottoms
of the
the top of my head!‘,’
I*
,_ I’ve raised my family by tradin’ horses. I tried to ‘farm. My wife’was
r&ed
at Clairtiont,
Georgia,
and when her daddy passed away, why he
I
give her a little farm, and w’e lived there for twerity years. But I never made
~’a dollar in’my life farming.
I’d lose money. But niy wife loves’s farm; One
time
when
driving
WC were
a mule
with one man,
living
and a horse.
that
of,plgs,
was holding
‘, swapped
hooked
the wagon.‘Here
down
two,,three:
times,
wqon.
‘and when
a’tradin’
I, come
eon. But
I got a cow for the horse,
I come
down
the road
drivin’
’
I got ~a
for a sow
to ‘this ridge
through
I .still had
valley,
I ,swapped
Then
this shotgun
pigs in a sack, tied them
down,
I’d been
and when
in the boot.
the road and swapped
I put them
the hay
this horse
to.the
1,traded
I wefit~ to the Nacoochee
I got a load of corn and a shotgun
load of hay. And I come
and a bunch
i~l.Clairmont,
~’
Cleveland,
pole
I
a big old muke
and tied her to the back of
, ‘_,
f&x~ule.
put-two
lmes on
next
time
I said,
and
told him,
“Okay.”
Then
with you for &enty-five
I said,
dollars.
“I’ll tell yiu
w&t
If you don’t want
I’m gonna
do, I’ll swap.
to do that,, ,I haGen
got
;
,;:.,
~HQRSE
.
TRADING
‘~‘If,you want
;,’
‘:
~,,
-.,
,,,
’
24I
to go to court,
I’m gonna
bring
that
g&on
of whiskey
in and
let you pay for sellin’ liquor.”
That
just slapped
notliin’
and
him just
like that;
to me yet. Well, he crooked
I seen
plenty
he didn’t
of money.
have
and
~home and
me, he let me make
no principles;
so I decided
he went
he was
I’d even uu’with
ain’t
two trips
a big liquor
said
up there,
man,
‘,
had
him.
Why, 1’~: had people to come back and want to fight and
else. Right here at Clayton,
I sold a horse to ,a tian for four
,
everything
hundred’n
.i
fif<y dollars at the horse show, to a .man ifi Marietta.
And this horse had
_’
* in,,
__ taken a blue in the show. He paid me two hundred
down and owed me two
UP
‘,+undred
and fifty. He was to come
Tuesday
horse.?
like he said,
“No,”
”
I said,
“you
and
oh yeah,
I said,
have
,-h&e
said,
“I’ve
that
kind
c.an’t make
He said, “Yeah,
“I don’t
then
Tuesday
I want
your
to get the. horse.
decided
He pulled
f wouldn’t
take
money,
I’ve got my money.
,I’/
You bought
,,
this
I’m gonna
law you about
it. We’ll just take it tvcourt.“”
.( : I said, “Okay, we’ll have to go to Rahun County‘ to try, it because
,’ where the crime&as
cbmmitted
if they’s been any crime.”
4,
;.,I”’
fair and square.”
,,, He said, “Well,
.~’
tip
thzt
..
of a decisibn.“,
~~
my honey back.”
/
/,
,,’
Well,
think
he had a man with h?in and’ his boy.
we was gohna
up in the truck
I told
fight,
but
we didn’t.
We fussed
Anyway,
around
he said,
that’s
and
“‘Come
1.
y&‘d
on, get
with us and let’s talk yt out.‘;
my wife,
“Bring ‘my gun
‘s, but I’ll do that
out here,
before
I may
have “to kill these
I take this horse
back.~You’re
two
*,
goAn3
pay me now.“~
He
said the didn’t
have
gonna
do. I’m gonna
take your, check,
for two hundred
you
know
wife was really
wrote
go blind,
maybe“&o
got on the dark side. This
old, and the prettiest
tried
v&b
and
me a check
once, and I had~a blue-eyed
mule’d
x-trade-w?th
L
he done?~He
just five years
-‘---~~Trk,
I said,
:‘I’J
tell you
what
I’m
pay mej~ 1’11 kill you
and took that
enough
to cry almost.
mule.
At a cer&tirr$
horse.
My
Oh,
I’ve
times~in my day.
~’ I~was travelin’
to trade
and
and if you don’t
a lady, but I ‘was mad: Mad
had so&e awful
the mopn
money,
and fifty dollars.”
what
~~~.month, that
the
I said,
weeks
out of every.tionth,‘when
mule’s~ eyes would
mule
of the
turn
white.
She w,as ~, ~;.~
you ever Jq&ed~~at; Tti&~~ti&I’d
him two threes times; ~6ld~~fkl6w Allison, and I cduldn’t c;
_m~~mm-~--~-)+
Xm. I cotie by there around
three or four P.M,‘o~ the
“Listen,
I’m
and here!s
a mule that I don’t
this, that’9
the one they
want.
a’goin”‘over
want
I’m
to trade.
gonna
to Hiawassee
If you’ve
and
got a g&d
pay ‘you to leave.sher
BJairsville,
m&e
like
h&e ~with
,*
,:
;
,,,
\‘,
: ” :/~
‘(
~~~~ ~~
FOXFIRE
1,1”,,’
you. I may !)c g?ne two,
barn.
I knew when
I knew
she’d
three
put here in the
1, left her
work
4
I got g&e,,for
anywhere-she’d
ride,
do a;iyihing
you’d
want
her to
‘do. But I knew
then’at a certain..:time,
she’d go ,bl@d a,gain. So I went
then come back by, said, “Well, I come t’p&k up m”~ule.“~’
i I
Well he said, “Wait a,minutc,
P want to swap for thjs ~egle.”
I said,, “What have you got tq trad~?i’~I-Ie~‘Showedri?e
a mare
said, “I’m
gqnna
swap with you fbr a hundred
said, “$ ain’t gonna
‘~~“Oh,“‘he
give that
dollars.”
much
you.”
and
“,,,,
:,,~,
So he just paid me the’ fifty dolla&,
I just walked
(Kept
the
colt.
straight
Anyway,
across
and
the,road,
1~knew
that” he’d
,‘:,,
and. cqlt. I
swap
wifh
and
colt,
the tiqre
sold the mare,;?
be back’when
’
you fifty
\ ‘.
I’m gdnna
I traded
and
on,
‘:
for hei:\tlt,@e
,‘$ollars and the mar& and colt.”
“Well,“~I
said, “I ain’t got time to fool wi(hhyou.
’
a logger.
that
tiqJe’s
eyes
went bad, and here he come. So I swapped hiti a,,mare. He was a gre\at ‘big
” ” :’ “~~” old tall man. This mare would work anywhere,
but when you hooked her to
she co@ go. That timt he k kvve
?
a plow, she’d lay into the harness as hi
‘6x fifteen
?\ $g&,
,;
i
dollars
~no time,’ and here
for. tb6 boot. -So it w
and he said, “‘J?hat’maie
you’re
“‘+&gge& and
for
1‘f y&
have
can’t
to have
keep
ok with
ten dollars
Seems like I traded
this time. I said,
for the gas for this truck.
You’ll
here to buy the gas.”
.*
He said,
“That’s
been handin’
have
gotten~me
to give
faci
with
every
hitiwrong.
gypsy
When
n take the mean,est
him and
I learned
you’ &$d
up to their
t$ey’d
:ahd
&em
+rom
Those
carried
bought
travel.
spmethin’
They
else.”
for
the boot
\ ;~
is this gas ybu’ve
on the
road.
A gypsy
or what,
telling
will
fight
thing> you stand
6e ain’t’gonna
yob
if
up to a~’ ~,~~
htir& you.
and if he tells you a lie, YOU can
a lie.”
then gypsies.
face,~ they’,ve
done~,you
they won’t take it, ‘I’hat’s just a
pe,n, I~eckon.
Most
me ten dollars
you done the right
man in the world
say? “You’re
somethin’
have&$
\
I’m
got t’have~~something
into all this trouble
‘don‘t care, let him be a mu;derer
:
me.
you for samethin’
“I’ve
:\
long-
me !”
;e traveled
done
what’s
h&r, it’d be impossible
~?o boot land swap
him a mule
,I
that I can’t keep up with her.”
‘?
I
“with her; you’ know gdod find
‘\
is, jus’t s
4,, I said. “Well no?
if you can’t keep’:
rv.
&yell there ain’t no use for me or nobody else to try her, ‘cause
ghnna
’
he was’baik,,,
”
t’eat.
the’m
They
come
was the smartest
wives
in the five a$
Well,
always
gypsies
their
a$
dime
women
swapped
families
store.
would
It’s hafd
get
o$
with ever’hody
to the mountains
hosse
with%m.
traders
Well,
t’feed
afid
in the
they:d
a bunch,of
swap
that
that ~would trade
in the summer,
world.
sell lace
and ‘when
horses
la@
with
for
them.
the &tton
q,
j ~,.
p:
:
.<
I
~
j
i #’
:,
begin
t’open
south
Georgia.
up, they’d
They
gd~ south
were
Stinyt!
none
people.
thing,
get discouraged.:THeyid
never
and
iny/‘yinter,
money-niakejs;
bui they were smart
The,y’d
243
confidence
then first- thing,
7 v:our
,
friend, that, they’d do’anythjpg
Th#y
spend
of’em
were
Irish!
They
really
Then
Smart Reople.
~1 he&an
just play/ along
break
After
these
*in the winter,
”
knows
much.
and
make
fro money
kids
over
them
horsrs
to the
they’s
horses
t% em);-five
bill,
hi,m out,
at a hundred
Had
hooked
hors.e’that
But
.*
A
~~~~~~~~.,~i~--
tias
tl&
your
horses ~to
th~ese
an awful
that
ddll2rs
first of the
t’death
They
I’d go to
have
a ,cold,
of’em.
a horse.
I bought
got ins pretty#good
twenty-five
,dollars
&d
said, “Gee,”
and
“Haw,”
i
in fork
shape.
I.
.,
I
!
him,’ and
wh$t,
and lo& it tomorrow.
work
hors-snow
wanted
white,
a
a?!$ he”d tiiiih
@buy
me just
like my
.’
he bought
hundred,
~him. But.,yhen
..._
and, a q&t&.
,I
il.-~.
~**
Anywiy,
I pr.ikedL
he went, tp pays rn” f~+i&h~~>a$_-~
“\,:
~~
1
! ‘.
..:
see&s,$$a
’
!,;
for him. ‘c~.. -
I sold him to a
He said, ‘~Wl&t,d~z you ask for him?”
I forget
$
one lit-
~fiIt~y,Eut~it~‘s a~rough-gnd-&m-i
good
,;
!
It ~was espcn-
and ,kept .him
twenty-five,
_
two 6~ three’hun-
H<~ reeled as he’ walked.
comet and
,;~.
up here’
year.
time.
of’em
an old quilt,
he’d
you
ir$tructors
be tickled
all that
you make it today
old man
two,
horses~~
whim, and, 2
~~- __
d+C~~+SZid,3iiK-A
Jail ~T’put the hZEESon,
.~
him to the/plow,
just reached up, pulled: then bridle off of ham, hung
it on_the hames,
little d;ig;. ~,
Well,
.i
don’t, you see? You’d
the cold~out
at the c,amp far two hu&ed
horse.
the
got a hun,dfed
kind qf like a gambler,
a little
little
.” ”
for these
of the
,just
the horse,
he was poor.
with
and
pregy
few
1 &et I’ve:.spe&
to knock
;I took
&l
be ~LWO01‘ three
of horses,
c~arried hjm up to the c+p,
ble game,
you.
an’ [I’d] j,ust pick’em
ar~ound
i used him for two summers
little girl there
very
and” them
there’d
the,bunch
when
get ,:
unrea-
ho’rses around.
horses and pet one, maybe
put him iti, a stall and ,cc$ered
,!
t’using
an+ you had to feed’em
tle horse fqr ,a twenty-doll+
I
old bbys’ll
l?uyin
siv~c, but I’d get a hundred,jnd
and
with
,g& $rses
them
camp
start
a year on p&i&lin
two msnths,
an
at that., You had to buy these
down
bu+ a load of horses;
dollars
trade
‘i’ went
ride, dand
nest,
t’winter,
and it’d go through
*
as high as five ca,mps at a t,ime. ,But it,got
buy three
can’t
use’em ~until June,
1 L\tlalita,
ask $0~
c&nps:I’d
If the’ kid falls off, you just blame
wouldn’t
dfed
for]
I’ve had’em’turn
move’em
have
bec&,e
horses
rjnd you’d
use. ‘These
sell a?):-
had two or th~ree !>~o$ carup~~ut~~tfiat~wduld~~
governmen&
,could
+th’em.
[suinmer]
they~ quit: rowreroppii7g,’
-‘-~~~
‘:~~~
camps. I’ve~[supplied
,;,
to where you couldn’t
could
:
to follow
the federal
death.
in
with -Ivou, that they were your
for: you;’ then when they’ got
in the/ world
kids at these girls’ satigs.Xve
:,
winters
education,
talk to ydu for two hours,
,’ your; confidence,
then tht$d
~cheat~ you. Then,, they’d
:
son+le
boot. Well, you’d offermayhe
half, then they’d
they’re
the
g&z any
.~~
.
‘.: ._,,
‘i.
63
.~.’
.~
“tky’re
srkart,
manganate
and .let them
potash.
hC@-the
T~his farmer
o-six-hundred-acre’iarm,
ray-headed,
potash,
corncob
&d
her whqk:hea;d
a little salt, ~&I
he
up
a little
and go over that
hair.
d this mule for the man’s
spot-
_~
*
24G
i
: ,~~
ive own ~6ti.r own l&e.
four.children,
fortable
FOXFIRE
i
Wee kiti-
rrch, but we got a \‘cry com-
livin’ for our age. ‘But it% been rough~)or
<feedin’
\
whatever,
4,“; ‘~ ‘.‘~
both
you have.
of-us.
A dog,
a, horse,
whatever.
~,
bney by buying ppp?: ,I never made no mbney in my life
-ijIg a fat ~horse; buy poor, feed hjnl’fat, tlren you &n a& something
for
and get it. And e\&body
’ poor
I
horse.
Trading
wants
horses
a pretty~ fat horse, abut’ nobody-wants
is a sight
pense to,,go ‘along with it. You hear
in this ti~~I+.~Now
the pretty
part
be. It takes nzo~ey.
Ijite that he eat.:I.love
to see’em
“~ ~~~~Jt’sa loni old life-a
lear:n~~~whole,-iat of-things
tic thin&that
.
I’x:e never
Well,
eat.*~;enjoy
fe&lin’:him?
trader-if
h& ztays ;with
horse
qf. You~$a:n’<ex$
pushin’.
Thatls
why, a8horse3rader’Mn,
‘- have the determina&ion
’
nothili
like hue
I begrudged
osc
,~
~c
it a lifqtime
he‘ll’
about.
have
get ~~y;~term$$~r_““.
of ~a? elephant:to
go thrhu’gh
YOU
costs
give ‘up: Yo.y’&
,~fig%; a losin’ battle’. If,you~ know~~,vou~-,:,~~na-lose,~yau
,,,
it
that~ he mBy never ,even haves thought
you~~woirldn’~t.dream
atid y@
car&, ,‘of~him
fed a hors~e yei. that
Lit-
~,~
to just’ keep,
“3
You’ye
got to.
with ~t.~I~wou!@t
in I& world for the dxperjcti,ce~ I ,got~ tra$in’.‘horses.;
take
:
-----L~~.~~
“I’d trade’ for,<anything I coulcl get ahdd’.of.”
,~
AD/&f FOS’J-@$ ”
,~,’ .,
_‘.
,.,, ~~
-z: ,~~
I?&%
&ad.
I wan ‘just born
,Firsx.trade
for anyth:ng
to like to trade
J’e<er made
I could
5 &mmen&d~~t@~‘~
I Gapped
get ahdld
j’sheep
of. I’ve swapped
I
got to
” :‘c.; I
i
~~ ~~
lots ‘of ex-
of these traders
a barrel
of .money.”
say, “\\ic’l, .that man’s made
.
somethin’
to tend to-a horse, and fee-cl himyand~ take
should
there’s
a
f& a’b&od
”
.
,‘._ ‘~
I.~
wh& I was
. _
sow.’ I’d~ tracle
fork Cl&&ens, banjos;
,,:
~,
pistols,
anything.
I qev& &d*ob
h&r.*If they~were
,.,’
much, about changir;‘~~the~loolis~~?f a horse, esrept dye their
gray, I’d dye~their hair &md
%eir~~f@ with pertian-‘,*
~,
g&tc,
potash. ,iMix’it up in warm cbf?ee;, &+J~~JLJ& its cola? better:,~‘+d
~: us&d to, back yonder when I wa;s %L-~yo$i tian,
I’d raise~the’ depressions-~
abov&-their
eyes. I’d pump
:’ ‘, do ,th& now.‘&
a-4
_
niake’&
I wouldn
airj and-,then,fill,that
t’$ade:$.’
0
in the olden
d~iJ’ do th,at. They’d
look younger.~
Jill it with
iong enough
a-week,
a lot of peopleback
hut 1, never
up&nd
a littl~e h6l,e;n’there,
tip. It’d stay maybe
Thef’s
that
days-who’d
work.en
ho)e
their
file’em
off. It didn’t
help <he’tisses
u&d
to do it-he’d
have ~% bii
,t
teeth;
any. & ’ ,,
old thing
~’
‘pit imhis mouth to hol$‘it. opei,,so
the horse. couldn’t shut his south,,
and
:: “-h,e’d ,take,?a ‘fi!e~ ah+ c,ut theni teeth smogth
aAd flat. S?q$mes~~~&i@‘d
~~~,~~..,S
cut:‘e~ too’~shar: and,the horse couldn’t eat nothin’.:~-~ ~,
,:
:I: ‘~
mah
older ,than
,Spmetimes
me ha&
$‘d hive’&
$tider
t’hawe a~s&ney
:~
in ,the, shoulder.
The,y’d
,\
‘@ hopa.
,~,
:I
.,
‘,‘.’
,’$‘:
hk creek. ?here
‘~a couple
ther
mule
t I. said,
was,an
oid foot
boys to hbp
me push
loose
“I’ll
and
never
a team?’
7 own
he swam
learn
He said,
money
it out when
rich.
no
to
you
I kept one
L
1,
‘~’
,:~‘,
~’
P
HORSE
,I,.
TRADING
249
I
‘,
driving
his mules.
I wasjust
afraid
he wouldn’t
want
matter--you
to trade
with, me, with
~havin’ trouble?”
hot. If you .hook
wouldn’t,pull
those mules
that
to it and
car. That
singletree
on theni’s~~too little, don’t you see that?”
I didn%
wouldn’t
!
know
,,pull
what
‘he meant
nothin’
but
the
then,
but
buggy.
as it turned
Put
the
a little ‘weight
woulr!Irr’t pull, and he didn’t
want
I got it cranked.
the top of the hill, and
I got over
out,
me to know
that!
Iskept
made
mules
to’em,
they
on till eventu,ally
it fine from
there
*or; in. He ~wanted me to stay till the next~ day and teach his son how to drove
the car, but I told him, “No, I “had to @et on home.:’ So I got myin mules and
-~ ,.,
;;~
,,!I
&nted’back,
and got in way after
dark:
Next
day I swapped’em
‘,,
,for a little
~ saddle mare and g@ a hundred
and fifty dollars to boot. I ‘was mak$
..
mane); I thought.
I just give ninety dollars for the old car.
of my
I+rst kept on gain from there on-not
regular. I war &Jobs.lots
,‘Z
,,lifeP Rut back through
the thirties
tr~adin’,~to support my family when
Id
trade
a horse,
The money
and if I got five dollars
“from horse ‘trading
corn, ~beans~and
I’ve done
you’re
had
ever’thing
a trader.
when it w:as so hard, I made enough
everyone
else was,gettin’
on the WPA.
helps
to boot,
but I always
my hogs ,and killed
but
steal
Sometimes.
to, make
you make
five,
‘that’d do me a month.
made
six, eight
a living.
You
some ‘money
~.
my crops-‘faters,
hogs
don’t
every
get
year.
rich’ when
and sometimes~you
O
lose
~~_same_money.
I used
North
i m
to go from
Carolina,
place
Clayton,
be these h~orse-swappin’
to place-Franklin,
Georgia;
tin’ ,drunk.
farmers
They’d
and I’d go to court
conventions
have a week’s hoise tradm’.
over in Union
It wasn’t
you’d
A fellow
Carolina,
to swap.
County
beg in a different
place
every
traders,
Murphy,
And
people
year.‘:There’d
swappin’
there’d
and around,
a fair, just a horse tradin’,
go, but mostly. it was us horse
Maybe
i?orth
with
be
one
and
’
get-
I
a few
’
another.
make a,;little man&;
corn&by
d& dav, and he wanted
for him for ten’dollars.
I s&8,
“All right,
me to take a mule
PI1 take
him.”
to. Blairsville
He had
’
it traded
off, b$ we stopped down here at Hiawassee,
and I saw a man lookin’ at the
mule in my truck. He said, “I’ve got a four-year-old
mule I’ll swap you for
that mule.”
He said,
more
twenti
I
tradin’
than’1
‘on downthe
[bushels
He ne\er
man who ow,ned,the
“You ’ just go ahead
about
~~~~~ awes w&t
The
let on it waS ha
a
trade
me to go ahead
the way
do. If you can make
road
of soybea
and
horse told
you want
to. You
me a good trade,
ule. Well, we got the little
gb ahead.”
four-year-old
s+,
I
~~:
know
and the man give ,me a big fat hog, fifteen to
to boot and the old man with me just set still.
I
: /
‘,i
and trade.:
~’
1
’
mule
!
‘,I
i
,,i
4
,,,,
,~~.‘,
*~
25”
,s
we traded
foi,~ and it was wild,
with me said, “Well,
&
I said, “Well,
I
.
to trade
said,, “Yeah,
~I1116%~
said,:, “Ally right,
‘the ,wagon>
with.”
for. bow
” ‘~ I started
for him.
but he couldn’t
to that
him twenty~dollais
trade
got the horse loaded
;y,,,,“,
(,,‘,
“I’ve
dollars
with
and
no horses.
home,
the
over
no horse
mule
here
trader.
got beat.”
and
a%d logot
same
‘I told ‘him after
up, “You’ve
mule,
that
over here to Blaiisville
We swapped
that
,”
down
to hlurphy,
home,
‘work.
and
my brother
In the wind-up,
traded
prettiest
started
mule,
to Young
Harris
to
he traded
the trade
So I swapped,
,he
paid
it wouldn’t
load
It was about
tie him in themwith;
,,“,
:
’ Hayesville,
intothe
I drove
friend’s
-:,:,,’
house,
that
and
I patched,
day’s
to.
mule
,.
j
I
the
He was a,big
when
it
seen.‘:
withy that mule.”
., j
t’get it. ~Trade on it.’
I
and lust as quick ,as
I wanted
Hepaid’me,
the
it :,wouldn’t,
I went
a fellow
Ferd
I saw the sheriff-he
over tQ Franklin.
.
I. had
on back
get its breath
wind-broke
to town
through
Burreli,.
‘coming
and I~asked
and figured
the old man
was a horse
we’d leave
lived,‘and,
up the truck ~a little
trader,
But G
+,
‘tear the side out~df
i&8
A..,
8.;,-:
and got some big ropes t$,
Franklin,
withme,
\
‘mule-he
ride ,on’ a truck.
I seen it was gonna
I ,just sot
on siowly out to where
‘the stable,
mornin:
he v&t.
‘~‘~
went on
it for a big old mule,
as ever you’ve
till I loaded
and
and
for
Angel’$father.
wrong
dbllars.
on a truck;
then
&on
hezexpected
out tow&l:$.,,,,
and that old big mule tore out of the side of the t&k,
road
mule t”,a
.,’
wait
dark,
Let’s
a little;short?”
with him for .fifteen
wouldn’t
dollars
Couldn’t
and that’s;why
did get it, on the truck,
the truck.
Dot
ain? nothin’
was broke
do.
and
j
:
we come
day than
and swapped.
old man
that mule’s wind
me-he
knowed
finally
thirty
that
that’s a good mule
“,Oh, no,” he said, “there
”
got some boot,
agai+-, anh
more
but her was wind-broken.
I knew his:.wind
she’ll
cattle,
boot I got, and he give me the’last
it to.Franklin,
He said, “Oh,
I said, “Ain’i
got boot
He made
ever I seen; from
t’work.
what
me twenty-five,
I give him what
mule
fine-lookin’
give
old ,man
h”,rses‘again.”
again,
it to him.
for. And I’took
1~ know
it’&
to,
Now
for a good littler oldmule,
swapped
It &as worth
He
yarned
we finished
1
,~
he
it “worked
,,’
old mare.
and swap
over there
and
‘.P
he had
/ .”
“~ ,
my brother
He wasn’t
owned
the man
to boot.
He said, ‘.‘How~ do you know?”
I said,
man
do?”
fellow’s 3house,
with his, 01d.gentl-e
that’s horse ti-ading.,
horses
4
I’ll just put it to ,th@ wagon.“~ \21”e hooked
fifty
out ‘one day
do you want.to
there, and swap with
with us. I got us back
and
FOXFIRE
on the truck.’ The
what
over
I asked
withy you.”
swapped
traded,
go down
We went
if it’ll work.
a hundred
tihange
you’ve
to,,we’ll
and it was hitthedup
all {;ight.‘I$e
trade
but tie: got it loaded
now that
if YOUwant
you planned
rboirt
.~.
?,i ‘”
and’ right:
him to ,lead thee
him there.
we put ~the m$e
r+pd come
So
( ‘:,
;‘: !j
,.,,:::d
;?,&-~-~~
on home.‘i:%N$xt ‘:,: ‘~-1
“too, and I said,
I’ve got a mule over there I ,have to go and get.”
~,-\
~~~.J
“Let’s
go
We’ went
,.
:;
,,-,
“*
? ‘\
:
,.’
,~,,
k
,:,Y,
I
,.
HORSE
TRADING
o,ser there
in his truck?
and we finally
and trade
looked
brought
,I,
.
he stiapped
the mule
some this evening.“:8o
at that
big fine sorr&l inule
got a good ,mare mule down
a tiine or two with
on back.
up thefe
ate the house
mont+
&I the truck,
So we went
you fifteen
:,~
I’d ask you.”
on down
dollars,
to^ his house,
every
dollar
I’ve
.p~rqtd his, bd I knew it. I said, “Just let me
r rnu~~itput’hi~‘n~;on
the tru’ck aid I Gas gone. Weiit
swapped it the*.next~ day for another’n,
got fifty dollars to ~,
you make: a-;.:.&tty good little trati1
But I’ve gone three
,$t a time with onlyXh&ee dollars.
-\
‘1,
,.,,, 4,’
,.’
and an old fellow
and he said,’ “I’ve ’
1’1) swap you for that mule.“-
pay me ‘the hoot
zt,‘~YEgive
Burrell,
“Let’s~ go to-Blairsville’
we went’ on over there,
I said, “I don’t gue! s ybu’d want,to
He said, “Just go ciown ah8’&$0
‘, on hack home,
-- ‘?
:B boot.:So~etimes
He said,
this fella&,
251
,’
‘..._
., ,~~,
;. c
.MAKING
TAR
r;
ys
,,
hen wagon
~,,,
hubs
,,,,~,”
,:.
,,~ ,,~’
,
&t,‘of
fat pine was smeared
tion of the turning
when
.keep
cattle
wheel
were
,and
and~l?ound
i forced
when
when
livestock
they
into
rheir
used it. For cqughs,
IWO parts
sulfur,
a syrup
years.
We trakked
Mack
and Terry
turn
thing
Dickerson,
it upright,
few teen-agers
perience.
Mack
and
asked
Terry
I WZLSdetertiine&,to
books,
but
r&lly
we&
getting
make
lo&
so ihat someday
could
tell th&kids
,,,: j>.
‘;
Even
humans
up.
and
helped.
Tar
ivy.
us if we had’ever
:: ~
the conimu-
c
,,~, I-
the crew that
ready
a;d
something
to make
learn
ahout
kids
it. I
that
ago. Perhaps
my age had
had
they had read about
WBS sdmething
inside
I was
ex-
came
tfis
of me that
z
V’
would
j
it in
tell my kids how it was done,
an.d so on; At least somebody
~’
some-
some of the neighbor5
other
I cpuld
had
out of this rare
6
a
of it.
tar,was
to see. I felt proud
spqzial~ when
to see-“lt; There
~know how to do ‘it.
”
on the
full
a little
where
getting
to witness
how ,,pany
to see how tar was made
told me to newer forget
_~
to
into action.
my age ever get a chance
it. I wot$ere?l
they
and
of a ro k on Wolff&k
an opporttinity
chance
and then
horns
poured
supposedly
even poison
our office
uses:
tar, five parts ~molasses,
at a time;
put it’back
,I knew it w’as sbmething
out tp watch
heads,
*
“‘tar’!) ~‘~, ,~
farm
of .the
rot,”
1
the fric-
was smeared
out to the tar rock ~with the reskof
I’ was getting
a payt of it, and
other
‘I’
t&do it, but it had ~Lxltten turned over on its side ‘over the
-%‘-h:wn, turqed
it back upright,
and with ,the help of
I first waiked
,felt excited,
their
of one part
into
He had just heard
nity us&d to gather,
helped
walked
(or
,were
sheep~ got “hea,d
to open
made
hooves
sores, and sometimes
da!/ a neighbor
When
when
or cut,,,it
their
one teaspoonful
was also put on’blisters,
seen tar mtie.
feet,
t,e,ar ducts
taken
resin
on-+=the stubs
got scraped
got sore
completely
the tar found
it was smeared
wheel‘
made
on the axle, ends 10 minimize
In addition,
.Up with r&g-s; and
down
0n.e
hub.
dehorned,
flies away;
:~ wound,
,:,,a,
v
were
of wood,
melted
0 i ‘.,
1
axles and
still
:
,(#,@
j
Y
-x
MAKING
_~,-
When
:‘~*5j
I was out thepe ‘watching
me more
there
ii
TAR
interested
tieren’t
in how
any machines
and helping
people
did
‘4.
rnak,F:i<l
them
lust
like this long
,,&
ij
to do if for them.
.i’
or-devices
do things
When
nation.
I set out
wiih the
rest
We were going to turn
had the feeling
that
I. hid
a feeling
rock over. No question
this was just some big hunk
useful.
M’e hadnlt
been used for. When
Fn it. Finally
became
of rock
A couple
to watch.
making
came
out,
I wondered
it. We also
that ‘was in some-
,j
,rock fo? making
the rock
about
that
was once used for making
had
once
depression
tar. Then
I
6
and
Mack
and
very interesting.
started
Even
through,
the people
the aid
thought
some
reunion.,
that
of Fox/&,
way of making
All of us ca
were
Some
qf the ,people
used to make tar.
the old way of making
‘Mack
e
he
tak p-T
of the ,community
folks
them of the past when old-timers
some’of
again the old-timers’
to make,it.
a lot of pictures
It was kind of like a fr;endly
it reminded
Well, though
died
thee r&k
was interviewing,
of the tar *as
to watch.
saiLthat
had
that
what
”
in ‘it.
of days later, Terry
There
told in advance
we’.got to the rock,
I realized
interested
heen
of determi-
about
&e’s way all the time, We had no idea that it was a special
something
CAkLTON
used to watch his ~father melt resin (“tar”)
and Mack Dickerson’s
help, we recreated
came to watch.
of then crew,
that
.~‘?.
,made~
ago when
CR&C
PLATE 250 As a child, Terry Dickerson
out of ,fat pine on this rock. With Terry
that experience, and many of the neighbors
+
and
Terry,,
and
tar
us, once ,
tar was relived.
l,
DALE
FE’RGUSON
,
PLATE
251 To turn the rock aver we
dug thee earth out from..:behind
it and.
rolled it back using’poles as levers.
,,.
:~ ~---~
PL,iTE
L-y
T&r)
‘jy;fimered
the
last
pieces into the pot with a stake to make
sufe~ it was packed as full as~i; could be.
,.:
PLATE
752
Mark
and
Terry,
first
packed the iron pot full with slivers of
“fat pine
(pine
that is almost isolid
resin).
PLATE
254 When
the
pot
was
packed, it was inverted over thedepression in ihe rock’s surface, and. over the
tiny groove cut in the rock to aJlow the
basin to drain. Then a piece of tin was
placed bet&e&
the pot’s~ rim ana the
!
~‘groove in the rock.
<’
PLATE
255 Next, Mack and a neigh-~’
bor brought water from a nearby stream
to make up a batch of red-clay<mud.
c
$
,,,_ .*
ii
PL.4TE
256
The x,+x
was ~poured
onto the clay, then stirred to ‘make a
good stiff mixture.
j
T--~
2L.4TE
?5(7 The
clay’ \vas ,, tlien
packed
ar&nd
the &m of the got to
‘1
.,I
~from the:&
that &I
I ~
“*
‘E keep the fi+es
be built &+r, the pot $rom lappihg in ,,;
~ ~,
under. the ,rim and setting the wood iti: “:* s’+
:
side .on fir&The’ piecwhf tin keeps the -’
mud from,(lli<g
the g&a
in ‘the rock
,, .7.,
’
and blockink the HOW of, resin.
; *‘[
.:I
I
,,
.,
\
_:
~ 4
q
.~.
‘,
i,‘.
~~I
.
*,
;,:
”
.. I
,,.
&-
j
,‘>,
,.
”
!
1
II
”
PLATE
258 ,~Next ‘?$a&- and Terry
piled wood over~the pot and started a
bonfire.
They, kept “adding,
wood to
make the fire as ,hot as possible.
.>
<
~PL,$TE 259 *Then t&waited
t&to begin to flow.
,~,
for the
,:r I
PLATE
26&. Finally the resin began to
melt and ;un~ down the i&ides of the
black pot’whcie
it collected, i” the rock
basin and drained out the, groove and
‘down the side of the rock into a pan
Terry had Gaiiing.
Y
When ;he pan was, filled, the ,resin was poured into a container
for fuPLATE
26J
ture use. It keeps indefinitely,
remaining
in ‘a syrupy form. The flow finally ,stop’ ed
after we had fill,& three pans. ~\Ve‘toqk one pan with us and Mack and Terry kept aI he
.c
LOGGING
:
,?,“.I
,,i;
’ =
1
/
,5
‘4
+st&ec,ame
logiing
,inferested~
~tihen
BU
one, of our earliest
contac,ts,
to work
told us the haunting
memory
that
follows.
We saved
q
Lamb,\
’
and finest 1
it specifically
\
.~I
!
into this chapter:
“They’d
iake
wouldn’t
they’d
trqil
them
old log carts-1
up logs-kmt
they’d
just have to scatter
-that cart
down
like people
around
the mount&n.
got to doing
don’t
hook
the
to stay,out
Ins the place
finally
know
oxen
to this
to them
day
why
the;
carts
,and
then
of the way, of that
of stringing
in this country,
1,
log pushing
up four
why, they’s
~‘~
or five logs
just’have
to out-
run one iog.
Li
“1%~ seen ,oor
have to-run,
old steers-and
juSt as hard
,’ and the log just running
hit ‘something,
‘r’nother
as they
them
it was just
that
them
big yokes oh-I’ve,seen
it run out
otie’s neck
they’d
[of the’logging
broke,
try to jay loose from
as they chuld be until you pulled
and twisted
“1’11 tell you ,what I’ve seen. I’ve seen as high
to one log when they was in here logging
five or six yoke go through
thing.
‘Course
a hump
the ground
or in a holler.
wasn’t
by the ~head~~going:througb
going over the top with khe old,wheel
them
pulling,
in here,
cattle
it &as
timber.
of cattle
I’ve seen
ever you see’d on any-
Just,to
, twee-n a’log
once in a, while
and a
foot just abou\
any old steer’d
.
’
get out hit was over
plumb
off ~of the ground
Mthqn_It\:e_-seen
them ~~~~~“~~~~~~~
in back next to the log-maybe
over
every
just
off.
ther k-8nd
them just-htiving
to slide their head
in the ground tb keep from catching their nose in the, ground.
sideways
“And
that
level, you know.
any
just stall them
as five or six yoke
I’ve seen steers picked
5 low” place
road]
one where
out the qld virgin
all the punishment
And
:”
or his leg, or someth$g
on too bad a run. And if you hit a rock solid sometimes,
as dead
them
run to stay out of the way of a log, /
over:If
about.
way. Soinetimes
could
with
get’s
foot cut off-catch
you know--and
maybe~just
off.
right
it be-
cut their
)
I,
z.
p
‘,:;I:
~,
I.2
‘,
‘~.,,~~ j
‘_
I
‘~-
~1 -1
‘-~
,~,
1,
FOXFIKE.
25&
.
P,~-J
._
it was a sight the punishment
:~ “Why,
was always
h
People
and
short-legged
always
a man
used
nearly,
a whiplas
bould’make
a’popping+h$d
I
;;,,, “And
.+
*
that, was put on~the old cattle.
you know,
long
the hair
and
as from
couldn’t
here
fly off a steer
to-that
with
,They
get ~around
seat over
that.
Them
good.
yonder,
1~
old whips,’
go like rrfles sometimes.
fiv e or s&yoke,
Ametimes
road wasn’t
straight,,.they’djgo
and
around
them
all,strung
a tree here
out.
Well,
and below
if .the
a tree
the woods.
yonder
They’d
dig all ‘~
they’d come)down
through thexand
that was back next to. the log-it
~
old&cattle
there
with
them
whip
,.,
‘-stocks, you kntiw, to make them wheel over to keep that log from binking
inst the tree her{.; and them other ones out yonder had lots of that load
yonder
past that,
you see. Well,
they had
to hold
them
cattle
load,
too. Well, that’d ma,ke the awfullest strain on them
see’d. If it’d jerk them over and throw them over the fender
back up everything
*
:
tili you got them
“Lord, the punishment
on anything,
it was when
take all of that
great
burden
big,barn
Thatis
could,
what
and then
I’ve heeked
Ka-how!’
that didn’t
them
as long
and-they‘d
and
oxen.
have ten or twelve
have n~o mercy
it so bad.
Why,
they’d
head
of cattle.
on themselves’norl
A poor .old
steer
as big as a thirty-eight
you was where, you could
out of them
cracker
maybe
pop
4~,eers where
as my arm
”
had,. If there was ever a blessing that come
got the trucksI-and
bulldozers
to log withy to
have
the cattle
doing
out
they
pistol.
see,“lots
of times
was hit. They’d
of thread,
and
plait it on the end of that whip,
they’d
nei-
everything
Just,
a-
They
jtbst reac,h over and’ lift him off of the ground.
whips
and,if
trickling
made
aman
cattle ever you
log, then it was
back up:
off of !the old horses
full of cattle;
was sonre’people
ther.
they
they
and their
it
Why,
‘Ka-how!
the blood
was
a plait
on a
take
beeswax
you see. And then
that
thread
they’d
have
a
big long whip stock on them.
“Why,
porch
they could
just stand
here and whip
Bucl7ana~~~~;wIrcj~~~~~~ntmyc_h of his life logging,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~niary~corltact
for this article
ging from the time it was
Queen
of England.*They’ve
was
Branch.
raised
He lived
“That
right
there
through
been in the mountains
abate
fq
becam,e
largely because he has been involved
done ‘with animals
up through
the
trucks and modern machinery.
Millard’s ancestors settled in the Smokies
sion:
at the edge of the
and just make him bdunc.e.”
&hard
self
one yonder
Waynesville,
thirty-five
North
years
was badk in the days when
right
everything
$~ land
with logadvent
of
‘:
“’
gr%rt~‘fr&i’the
ever since.
‘qarolina,
up th_&
our pri-
Mtll,ard
on
‘~
Browning’
gh the
was down
him-
Depres-
so low. Jim
f
tlloughf
that
house
\vas
said, “I’hat shut the joh down!’
ing at I$&.
By the time he,got
man)7 as a hundred
linqwhere
and
near
fifty head.
tliey’d he sold, loaded
Raise you plumb
“b’e
”
up off the’ground
used to ,,have an old mare
the end of his route,
These
he’d drive
on railroad
.somet$ne,s
we called
caq
he might
to Clyde;~:North
and shipped
,have as _
f:aro-
to Chicago.;
it’d kic:li so hard.
Dinah.
And old Dinah,
I’d put :
.
I
1,~
FOXFIRl$
26.0
ever been’in
sideways
the world.
and snapping
in reach
“And
1, throwed
rocks
her teeth
at her many
at me!
And
an hour
for running
she’d~ bite you too if you was
of her. She wouldn’t just pop them teeth. She’d hite, too!
then,; ‘of co&e,
I ~did a lot of logging with horses and steers.
have stopped
raising
them.
Young
people
4 .”
don’t
take
an interest
People
in nothing
1
like that no more, Young people now, why they’ve got something
else to do.
’ If they work, any*,at all, they get out here and work on a car or motorcycle
” ..
or something
like that.
> ‘‘%ee, back then they wasn’t nothing for. USAto do70nly4hings
likqrrthat.
1Wasn’t no picttire show. Nothing
to do without
you just wentj~over ‘$nd, sat-“and tall&
,.
to your
~. Wasn’t
such
lantern.
[By
smoked
neighbor
Wasn’t
flo radios.
If you wanted
a light,
the]
carried
hour,
time
you~‘d
on it till iyou. just:as
damn,thing
with it.,Go
or fortpminutes’
time
,,
a while.
a thing~as~‘lights.
it an
w,eil ca,tch, a,light$ng
i,n the,hduse
and think youcguld
habe to get up and, clean, the
And: that
* wan
.,‘;: it, see? So they wasn’t nothing
: ‘,,only,’ just fiddle” arou~nd with something
like steers,
.,
w&r ‘5t working.
:
,,
” “And’then’cattle
,,I
_
wasp cheap.
“. best would~ sellfor
fifteen:~or
Well, if you had iv’$ke’of
.,
could*sell
difference
Be&cattle
twenty
steers
and, milk
dollars
that
apiece;
was.broke
TVs.
an old~,-~.
globe,~ w1ould 7,e
couldn’t’se{a
read, and in thirty
globe where it was
to do much
back
then
you
when
you
1
was cheap.
The
‘~
‘bring.,,
“’
know,
cattle
That’s
all they’d
and matched
of cattle‘wduld
: ‘:
up, well you
otherwise.”
*
following
training
section
steers,
‘begins
and progresses
with
’
through
Intervie&
5’ ith, P&r
4
.,
Millard’s
method
his logging~days.
“- _
‘r
joy it.
r
“.
them for a:hundre&‘and
fifty or two hundred
dollars. You see the
fin price? Good.~yoke .of itcers would hring was much as a pretty
good herd
The
the
bug forbyou
,’ ,~:“:~~
.!,::snroked.
,,
Wasn’~;~no
you, carried
1
of breaking
and
We hope;%you
by Wendell
Cglpeppir, ‘Doug James, Jim Renfrg,
Reddick,
and Mutt Young. Photof by Doug and Mutt..
en-
Steve
in,
I
BREAKING
AND
I like to work
TRAINING
with steers
tured,’ thi most of them
[better
is. I just
to you and-pon~~~get’em broke;
or a mule.
&id
they won’t
horse or a blame
,
OXEN
i
than
horses
e
or mules].
like to fool with’em.
they’ve
come
half as near
mule ,and you~think
world-maybe
keep him ten-years
son-of-agun:
kill you. Wheel
got a whole
They’re
After
slow-na-
they’ve
got used
lot more sense than
hurting
a horse
you.: You can work
they’s not a bit of harm
a
in him in the
and go in to,get~him_one.mornirrg
and kick you or something.
i
and the
I ~always liked to
!
_..,_
,._,
+-..A-_
years ago. And if you had one, didn’t
thename
thing.
have horns,
for him. He was a muley
People
cow orSamuley
was really
ahold
breeding
them and
’ muleys-and
they was long a&far
muley
heifers
See, they
gci’em
lured with
z~ith horns.
with
The
horns
much success onthat
[If you h&oung,
;\nd
dchorrring
That’s
they’ve
is about
lrreeding
horned
of one. That’s
dorqa&iy
they
if now.
with:
inate’em
was trying
You
But the,.
you could
make
hands
on them
rubber
day or so and then
you can shape
rare
the way they started
them
donjt
up.
_,,,,/./
see many,/
wa&rn’t;.rnakgg
,,
the horns
3
grow lin any,shape
and
a ‘stick’~to~ separatc~
take; it off for two
them.
CT,
to do-
the horns off till along ahout ‘40.
~~~~
I~
cattle and );oucwere going to leave
th,em]
was
It was justa
bull, they’d
what
got
That
The):~%‘get t,hem natural
the)::dC,keep,,t,hem natural
they had a muley
no horns.
no horns.
steer.
off of them.
between-hut
and then whenever
wanted’em
he was a muley.
You zatr make
or three
_
,’
~themgrow
fiu it to where there’s the ieast little steady pull [-one the
look, better. We~used to take’em.and
when~ their horns
long, we’d put a small pi&e
a forty-&e
,’
,,i tk
pistol hull, Put brass
of brass
on the ends, dike
nubs on the ends, &rd they”d
just-shine
‘,
in
sun.
.4nd
work
if their
horns
&-you
can hear’em
will just lx cracking
If you, want
iot’em
is right~~~if you’ve
a’going
together
along
ttrrned
the
road,
as they walk-just
to pick out a yoke, you make
making
like the’regular
and
them
old
old horns
a. tune nearly.
*
sure the; cowls legs are th! same
~,;
length, a,nd the backs ,are the same height.
You hax:e ~to have two’ COWS :i
ahit
the same build--legs
and all-‘cause
if you don”t, you’ll h’ave one !’
long lankl, steer and- one short one.~ Also you haye~tp pick~~th& out by’ythe
i~~,~~
shape
of,tli:eir
The
heads.
best,,,,,age to start
~handle’em
they’re
is when
about
three
handling’em&play
week’on
getting
they’re
months
with
Sat&day
them
just
halter
sucking
wise: where
aid., Just take’emwhen
them
evenin&&
two~or
three
Sundays,
times
Have
‘they’re
a week,
to’fool
more to gentle!~~em down and get them used to you.
~-Arid&iF~&<
want to pen’em:together.
If you’re
gether;
you ought
one can’t crowd\the
time,
and
rate.
They’ll
That,~way
then
to pen’em
other
4,henever
stayrogether,
you wohldn’t
you got ready
to &rk’em
together
out when
and feed’em
they’re
you turn’em
and wherever
have
no trouble
‘cause they’d
your can tie’em
calves~ joust being
eating.
together,
Keep’em
loose out here,
calves
they
and
or maybe
with’em
going
,and
’
we’anedFwhen
start
once a
a month
to work’em
and
make
together
never
o,r
tosure
all the
will sepa-
you find one, you’ll find the other.
going
and g,etting your
he together.
steers when
~”
~
x
,.
=
LOGGING
These
steers
I‘ve got up here,
start, off from
there
with
me if I was
to lead
him
But get them
anywhere
iir any direction
If’you’hnve
that
plumb
used to ahaltey;,
you want
if the one in front
there
North
to go. Get them
with that
and’tie
one*wou,ld
‘i
first. Ged them
g% twb men-get
pulls.and
other
o~erinto
you pull on them
trouble,
263 .
I, can gyup
it,~ and
.done that way all the time, see?
around
‘I,
o:e
o6t and
follow
Carolina.
0
They’ve
)/~
been
you can lead
to wh’ereiyou
can hande
halter&u&them
Ihim a good long witlie and moue’im!
in back.
let that’n
;,--
behind
them
them
.*
r_~,
‘.~,
Then
have,’ .
:!
j &rd then when you w%nt, himljto stop; say,: ‘,‘\Vh,oa,” and then ‘hold him
after you sayj “Whoa,“~ and make him stop; see? You need tomb: pretty stout
‘J
@uself
.“’
or they’ll overpower
steers
when
mouth
j%
they
was nearly
like working
you and do whatever
too
big to train
a~ horse ‘cause
they want
right
I couldn!:
and
handle’em
to do; I’ve took
put
eits
,’
>
;‘;
not pull hack.
dnd~one
the steer fails to come,
and
tear
:to where
one in front
of them
‘in their
Ao mother way.,,,
!
~1,
PLATE 262~ Milyaid shows the oxep whd’s 1~ charge.
i.
.I
I
u.
,i.
_
*,
i
t
.,
:
~264~:
',"
‘~,>
r
And
/
\.
’
I~~
I h&
hpld’em
- ‘After
halter
I
iun ~a’rope. ar&md
to start with.
I get ,my,steers
dn’em
on’,,,
I~OXFIRE
.
%
broke,
own ac&u~nt
throughunder
e
I won’t
have, no!.r,ope
of them ‘looking
If I tell one ito come
here
their ja,.~,IJ~ust “ny
i:(
better,
and’he~‘don’i
on’em.
way
+
to O,,
*,’ :,‘r
1~might, leaye ,a-
but I wo~n’t have>n,o
come,,,or,
4 ”
;.-
ropes
/
I $1’ him tom back
_ and he hon’t’hack,
:,I’11 reach up a$d’ grab that whip. I. ‘use that’ whip~‘to.
:
.
“’
:..
“,, d
. drive with. .Qd you dan’t have, to use it. hard.,
” ’
‘Lqt
&pes’are~just
in
the
way\-.
kfter’you
fool’
with’&
a.l&tle~bit-ge(‘em
to,
*~‘i’
~c- 2 ,~)
g$
_
where they’ know $hat”s g$ng on--y@can!
just~ take that whip ,and thro+
’ .‘it+
and let it fall easy
” ? ii :,,,,‘stay, there. You cant pull
‘,,~:,,,;:
‘~;
~
sir ‘: You. can pull‘your ‘steer
I:,:
,, ,‘See, in other Wo&,
tlian’they
:+g;;., :,
,,:,:x
,,I ,’
‘,
.:’
,,:
that
yofi%e
got to show
are. And until you &, youcan’t
“,get’em gentle
-\do wha@o;
them
and that crackei’ll vind around that hot-n\:and it*.
it.. If you jerk it right hard,’ it‘ll he just like iit’s tied.
‘_
,.>
anywhere
then.
_
to where
ivant’em
they~ have
them
that
yhii’rc
y
a better~man
.(
You ‘&m$ to
donothing~with’em.
you &an handle’exn, ‘you know,.but
Ihen if they won’t
t,o do, ~you’ve got ~to f&l them ,in a shape toishqw
to. &rd
if. y&z, ,o,ne time
get’em
:’ ’
showed
,~ ,: ’
/ ‘~.Z
p _.
that, you’re
with’em. Unless-one
of’em was
TV>,
,,~’ ‘. ::‘i ,bosS, that’s the end of the trouble yoti7&h&
‘:.
,_: m kick youor
something.
NAw every$&ce
in. a while, any of’em ,will take a
:
t’:,:
,’ spell maybe. They’ll kick just like~a~lhti&&i
they’re ,a something
that you
,,,,
nes!er ~know when they’re..gojng
to Skick,nor nothing &~~You’ll
never bei ex- i
pecrting nothing;’ and one of them things’ll~ &k y%u quick asiightning
can
i strike. ,%nd~ when he~kicks, he kicks-Kurd toof.1’11 fguarantee
you he’ll bring
“,
the hide! Lot~of times they’llcome’up
forljards:
You’ll he a’
by the side of one, walking
up t,otiaids”l$s:
head, an”d she’ll
‘~:
same as: l)e will backwards.
Mule or horse% just kick back; but a steer’li kick
sideways:
I :
I’ +
’ about
forwards,,
or back !, If they.;,take
hit vou; They’s’no‘wav
$0~ can,g&away
situation !
: Now aftcr’yQr”‘ve~ got. them
,
.,
“~ ; yoki:.,Start;e$g&
gentled,
and,
your can
see, they’ll
to hits you,
they’ll,,~jr&
from’em,
._
That’s
put both
o,?en togeth‘e$,&~
more
or:less
exactly
‘the
gait, together:
#
See;‘~:
~
_, I that’s one thi&&n
the length of their legs’and
‘.:.‘:rTI*s,.
‘i
If you’ hav&&&ort-legged
ones and a
:
- -.
-\’
as ” team
a,, notion
work togeth~$$&t
that you, w.ant to‘watch!
one, then as long ‘as they’d
one’11 be just a Ii&hit
faster than. the
ther-e !ong-legged,
~‘: other one because he’ll take longer steps.‘That’s
the re,on
you’ve gotto
~?,.
i
c:; ,‘em np that way.
And if you let .them ~turn in the yokes a few times, they won’t,,never
nothing
only turn
the yoke
every
time you go to work
’ you up S ‘club, and get one person
to laying
four
sides from
thgir ,hind en&
or five licks is all ~you’ll hit’&till
a’standing
L
it on their
like they’re
‘~ Y
supposed
them.
plumb
they’.11 turn
to be. You’ve
.%
to’their
that
got&a knock
‘.’
I,
about
and
that into’em:
;
6
pic,k
and ego
heads,
yoke back
b
‘do’
If ,&‘I1
on one side and one on the other
,,
size
be
)
w&t
d-it. I’d ptit’that
tle of that ring in ih,e y
them:
y&e
on, them
of a
arid catch
one up a
ypke with’one
se. nor ndthing
head,&
if he didn’t
because
pull.
,
that
had
he’ was’
.
‘t
,.
. x 26k
I
-
.,,
. i
b
;
j,
,-
‘-:p-
i ~5
FOXFIRE
,,
‘4~
I
-se
on’em.,J’don’t’
guess any of you boys have ‘ever
two shoes fbr .x&foot
2x
t&pieces
for each * ~
0
foot.~ I,t took iwo pieces, you know, to make a shoe. See, tliei~r hooves are
‘.
.
_
spht ~~1 the mrddle;
between
their toes ,,there wasn’t nothing,
and there’s’
_
_
And we had to put ~S+x
seen an ox’.$@e~, We’d have
notl+g
back there
pieces.of
thrnr
between
their
steel. Y&I had,~to put
and ti6theiqfeet
them-put
big leather
ahoe’ein
heels either.
[the steers]
So the shoe%was. two separate
in F special
st6ck
when
dow<>‘& a big heavy .post w&re
they
c$ldn’t
straps.arourid
theirs feet and tie them
ivhile they was tied ‘cause they’s never
shoeing
move
to that ‘pbst and
b6en one th2
wouldn’t
.’
kick.
,Aw, ‘thernthil~l$s would lay ‘do&and,
bawl and b&r
and everything
else .’ i
I,” ;,
putting shoes’&;I;‘em. It didn’t hurt’&.
You just can’t
:~%‘: “‘\( .whenever,~ou;started
1 ~hamtier’oh,. rqte’r feet. ,Horse is a whole lot differ@.
I gu~ess they ~nixe ore:
less knoiu?ou
re supposed
go-to-put~sh,oes,on’em
” !just cat’!
they’re
ha&g
hi&+&$tit
on’em.
Some of,them,
p;ettv.‘&@i,,bfit
shbe a &x$:w$hout
:~otit fro~m under
‘,’
to hammer
it, to)that
when
not noth’ing
you a pole where
pdle”ana
li$e a,steer.
,,
SLOGGING
~WI’fH
.STEER%
@.‘I3
Y&J *
i
you ‘can pull his leg
,put a lea&r
I it wh,~re~it’:,wouldn’t,
hurt
~,
~~~ .his~
,, leg; -puti the shoe on an&they
’ .~.,
., ari’ti pull another f&t up%.~,
I
,,
i
*s~
r
‘;~.
you first ’
strap,~+round
0
turn hi? loose e
:: J
I’
/
*
‘., .’
HORSES
~. 1
I-
~,
L~oggirrg with oxen-that’s’nastyl
_ with them.
@+ight
The
geqral
till aft.er dark.
deep half t&time,
winters
w&used
That’s
and &ow
to have
~~lotig time. We.ain’t
We used oxen
It’s nasty
fields bf &$$ng
the general
to drag
f&d.
and i& the other
at that,.time.
had’no
tiheq
is, just hard
you’re
work;
gavitig
fooling
li:fore
to ‘wades-in; mtid hip
half: That’s~iike
the kind of
We’v& not: h&d nb rough
really yough’winters
loggiyg,
W’ork irq
&qthe
wiiters
early
i;i’ a
’40s~
the 1ogs’~out of the M;oqds wiyh, and
then
we used
,~hg:ses to c~~q, them td the mill and from the mil 50 ?x raiiroad siding, We
71ssd hcrses’to ‘Gagotis,’ and we used oxen & wBgons;~iirom~~the~rime
the~‘l&
started~ otit of the woods ‘till it got to the railroad
r
three weeks.
,~
Butt
YOU
First,
want to back up &d start;at:,the
your logs have
~,you’re cuttings,
square
to be cut to length.
sixteen-foot
to slxteen
scruff, you all&
or knots set iri and &it
there.
it wbuld
tape. about
beginning?
Okay.
You alldy
two to fo&ipch&.
g little’ and
feet. We used a crosscut
. cut the limbs off with an axe. Mostly
siding,
.
that.+way”‘$will
saw to cut ‘ihe tree down,
you just ‘worked up to w$ere
You didn’t
USE no knotty
lumber
firewood,
but we wouldn’t
too much
of,it
go that far back
close by, See,~ where,,a
in. the woods
after
\
_
you
or someWe used .
was
fields is now,
.
<*~
all
the limljs
it. There
‘lot of these big clear&i
:
afid we
without
wanted 6 build a barn
,was g ‘ng to use it yourself, or somebody
7
thing.~You
either kept that yourself or left it laying in the woo&.,
.~
If, ::
;
1
’
(
,b
then
cut~,down
.- I
.>
home]
that .was~standing
~mpre than
tih you’d
We done
a power
through-one
: j
dqn’t,, hav&
and Gotted.
aLthe
saw back
~~I sawed,‘out,
”
cutting
ground
tree. They
withy that
with these power
Gide’open~
when
‘( ,~.~,.~~~~~~~~
-~~~:~
fasts enoughtokeep
there
all*Gnter.~‘You
take
\,,
i.
close to c~
trees
that’s
six-Foote saws. just barely
reach
-ok_
cut too many~ of ,_,“l.ll”.“,,..
them ‘to,;
have
winter
...”.,.,...,
Ij
back in the Goods where we was logging
T _
..’
wasn’t
such
,’
a :thing’as
set your axe head
in kl e lead when’it was
ihe way the. tree w$fall.
I can drive
cut
a tree
had
contests
and
drive
them
like that
pegs
back~,when
on into
they
the
used
to
they
do
i
we cut therm, we hacl’to
saws, hecause
saw under
lar: If you didn’t
middle
and
:
And whenever
of a. field
to,last
wills point
there,
wouldn’t
big,:~t&es [out
with a crosscu~t sa~w. They
an’d the handle
use c&tsaivs.,
trees. ;You
of ‘them
then. You could
‘pegs ou; throu,gh
a crosscut
wood
few. So Ghat~&eft
just laid there
woodland-big
fo& “or five of them
have enough
four +nd. five’$oot
‘..
th@ngh It-and you
woocL:yery~
in heavy
if one Itree]
it farenough
to keep.it
cut past the. heart
at the heart,
splintering.
was. leant,
from
,to what
you neyei
busting.
of it, if it was leant
you laid the saw into
it from
cut’em’,different
the back-of
It’d,go
couldn‘t
splinters
and if it was fifty feet to the first limb,
:
.~’
L
in particw-
any at all it’d split
it.~You
to pulling
Oak
could .get
saw it.
out-if
that’s
the
how
..,--:*
m
/,;~
1 .;
q.* ~~~
/
,, -y&,
i,,
;
,:
.4: :,
.
:
>-
xv&u-I,ad
I
,,,_~.,?’
t&‘s$it..‘On
\
,,;~l .’
~, ,~~
^,.
It’d r&
,,4
I,
‘
.,
c.:
far it~~~@d.‘split!
Jo
.’
.,,
‘T
i,
:,*,
‘the”y$ole
‘1 $OSFIR&
~‘,..L.’*
..~ ,~
I ^~,
tree. ,Ash was another
SCgzzr maple
and soaks too,
I’ve
thing ;hat
chop’ped
4
’
l&s
six ,.I&&
_:c .’
! ‘~chofipiriu I> a lead thc.:way tl?ie son-of-a-gun
had to’fall to.,keepitJrpm
splinter- _.
7 ing; Co&n’t
‘sawit,-you
know: Just had to’set in with an as6 Lnd chop it.
‘:.‘ \
And &e-in
; &hile ybu‘d hit~one.‘thaiyou’d
just haves to chop doz&. .You
take;+one so bii that
you &ild
almost
you s$t., in %chopping~ that, down
\I~;IIY~oI~~~..tUo,* 1 mean.
It’d
~g&n&Tha;.~
‘~ Now with
all.
these
pow+
s”f;i there
and you’ve:eot
just take
., _.
1,~
*
set that
saws,
‘6n then stump,
a d<y’s work ahead
ill day
for oue
to fall
:
iii
.&Id
of )‘&y A,
and
hit
tl%
.
ha\Te to saw past the heart%nse
you don’t
e tree Will split.
6,
I cut
son1e
poplar
;;n~d ,white
pine
a;ld‘
: :1nd we hz& awful, big ~<hesm@s land awful
what
of’that
they
that
c,zdled hard
miple--th,&t
was sugar~~ma:
,w& awful big. 1’~: worked
niill with Giiead
‘~
”
good;
washigh. as iwo
of cattle.
,~~
ofie steer’ought
r
to’ ~$1, his w&ht.
11 of ~reasan to w~here he’.oil&
on fodt a&~%%load,
abodt
wtiat
two thousand
“!,,a load
If ih,e load
on the grollmd.
t&s
that
much.
.$herq’it
sticks, the): o”ught to pull altpn if they
,I.
apxre as lon~as’it:?; level or do~~&ll
a Ii&bit;
. irar-old
fillies xp
cant&
up until
Wq4d
to six-yea?&ld-like
~L,ddimg on till they ~.couldn’t p;ll
t&t.
any&re.
,(
\;
:.
his st,and- j
pound;.
is tip oii a
But if it’s on ~the~l:ground”tieigh
a’thousand
‘l‘he)- otjghf
\feight.
” 1 1l;e had,p&llinp
?‘o
to go pn, ,judge
‘&o of them aweigh nbout
N$OI,I~ >\:hy t~!lc\‘.can pull three
’ ,,
ju$
” ,, ”
War
J17m$es
,They’d
td~ carry
1
their
in thei;
class,
pull heights.
No moneys
pouads
you
ptize~unles:
keep
maybe
~~~‘_~~~ \ou =ot two dottars a&a.half
for h,aving the.be& irr the cou$v.
But every/;I~ :’ .~
;
hod! hnpwed 1 au had, ihe 6esi !&r you’d get ‘a ribbon-great
big +hing to
:
‘! hang
up dn the wall.
&ie,was
first, $910~
that
se&id,,
tias gqmething,
atid
ani
you
iink
know.
horse-because
brin@g
‘this
See, that
was third.
That
from
registered
wa!
‘fourteen
the
‘30 until
stock
old4ype*Deio$
up around
If
in
they’d
to sixt&n
one to get up to ei,ghteen~or
.
hunt6o
~+
old. Well? you take ,the
time.he’s
.
jJ
,
j
three ~years olcl, now,
hc %vas~cight back then. $ame
he’d weigh
registered stuff; and by the
as much’as
he would whenever
way with horses and m’ilcs.~
.,
,c:,,
.,
.
;\
,.
~’
r
_-
~_,
‘?
,/
many
as fifteen
logs’!>ehind~ them.
times,
jus; one trip’s
at one trip.a
woiked
all thy
day’s a&m&‘d
fwo
take
gri)Und.
Big logs was h;
“‘oq the ground
days
,and
triple
gethef;
>v:~ya FJat.
Sometimes
I
we’& ha@
‘Put txo
of them
three
to:-
ihto
tG,e,,
ca&lc to pne ‘log:
and wh’d put alJ,twelve
he so hig:ip+d-
in it to split it before
ir up: -Y’qa’ don’t see no&&
a$d single
to do that .to move ~it.~
Cgh 9s ,tv+e.he&hf
it. It’d
haie,
tp. some
to l,ore-bit. atid;put
it’d ever go on the saw ,carri&-quarter
like that
n6 morn. ,,%t ‘in ,th$:couqt”r+.~
Ws all
gone.
&c,k then they $asn’t
no roads.
you went
through.
d&me,
we used corhuroy
~‘.:Fix the road
+t
for that.
the top of the pole f?r,a
’ ~~
That
Roads &s just what you .&de <vheretier
-,.
t.o ;noGe a whole lot of lags, and a .good
If we was going
would‘ make thein
roads.
You’d
Them
us6 that
II@ going
whi$and’&e
slip across
&er
getting
ip& the dirt fl’om heavy .I&
dirt wd&
U’here
keep
just”slide
mhre, than
three
months
the dirt .$f
across the poles.
he&use~the
be. level ‘with the’ tops of the poles,
.*:
i roads; .
‘six’ months.
easy. Butt yoti -w’oouldn’t~hdrdly
sn’ake on it for mu$
pr-essed~down
thrkJ:maybe
it would
logs v&d
the road had, a dip ins it, put bnb
be able’to.
p&s
would
goings over them
and ‘then ,yGu’d just
;oles
in it $?e @led
keep
until the’
have
the
bull poles .to
hold those logs up and gkt ~ihem over the dip.
‘Them’ corduroys
n&v.
What
had .to run
you’chopped
o&with
w~hat you dug w&h a mattock
patis.
Otily
to where
about
an axe *as
Lnd shovel
used thaf
the way
th&
the road
gra’de’ a highway
y,ou had-then-or
or yne of those pld scrapes‘;ar\slip
wh.iel scrape
would
be bu@ng
a sawmill
Now~if
road
way’#%&er
just
WV
for three or f&r
., going to besitting
it was to come a dry spell iike ~&is, you’d turn
to make
weather.was:
i; muddy’
and
and
the -harder
to.&ke
the
it slicker
gr.ound
was
:‘*
to tnb\vz its with,
tog&hth$r. Thicad
ha,d. thl-ee @&,?piece,
one like that,
We had doul)le
.in ithem.
ree of the;
,,of the big stuffy to move
~ow&zr’gups
got Cqui~pnient
s with+ollers
into
my~hu$dy
al!,the
$qu go to nlovini
ihe);‘%
and’$ometiif~,p
Me Cd
him
mill. t-
you’d walk .y$ to’&
l?iir
b:
doa to. ~5: OVPI‘ the ‘tup~ of~,it. TheA;..
.attle and hors+
have nothi
a fe\v~tim&
pulling
When
like tl
on down
:
Sonkinles
c$d
t?-cklc’ hlocL&
~,d
.a” h th&
Ad ther
yut
”
he &‘I\,;, :
sc’c.
not ~?ver; gel, One log to the
to ge$o&~~$g,
got to have some
‘lwt we didn’t
iriake ‘?aush yo!l migkt
fey alid stop and rrst,‘you
d&and
and it ~a.‘.‘~’
don’t havpnt9thing
fm’ve
PljlFso
m&&
Maybe
m&e.
a half a~,d:ay to go get‘em. :RIhyRe, be twb
all ~t’+le(l tbg-erh$r and ready tom”& 6i1i
ing two mile, two mile and ah+lf.
J’ve
&.,
Just looked
day, h ald you‘d
20 twent]i’ logs at, a time. ‘T$e
ever ;,pt’em
I:QXl:IRP
.-
to pull
froze,
years;~
~xar$?es
on. The
the
a r&q
more
into
rainier
yoti
the
the
could
z
Ii
<
‘~\,
,’
r, ~,
,,,.
’
1.oc:c:ri%
il
-
“‘A,,
‘i I
(
~’
..~
I
..
move
nnd;th~..l)e&~<
than
it wa? lA’the’~,S;mni~rtirne
have‘better
~‘gr&nd
r
that’s
ypu,g?t,&qg
weathe~r;. jus@&er
froze.
You’d$Lil
when~ you could
getting
icy, that
,for m,st
people
Now,
when
with,an
and
it f&zing
it would
Well that’s
way.
didn”t
ice; and,
go t$ freezing
and,
it was to&o;gh
when loggers
r never~ did quit on account
of rough
worked
we&he?.
and
T&t
stuff.~ ,-~
Ilingf ,a:log, you’ve got., to~,find the heavy sid+:A .’
It has i b&tom and a top. There’s a heavy ‘side
on all of t,hem, sand he’ll pull eon-.that heavy
ing edge
Y6u ‘really
be t&$ time to get the logs.,When
you go to
in+the~‘wint&
‘cause it was cold and ;h.c
road,
tnoxre a whole plot. When
time to move
log will run &certain
weather,
a few loads oll,,the
would
@aS.better
‘&us& the gr$$‘fro^ze.
log&g
to get out. of ~;he house,
got a ‘whole lot done.
was thgbest
with, it: Logging
axe; Slope the leading
p”’
side. Then
edge.
That
knock~off
mBkes it run
that
leBd-~
easiw-
’ ,A?‘F. 26s ,.~ I,, order to drag.<~,~vernl logs bubpf th: \\yds
together i&&d
yi having
,:
hrni: rai.,h sr:piratrly. tlie'yfigi arc,, hl,okr.~‘~to:srthrr: \vith! “milr<. pxl$~--mett(l
k,s conn~tcd
by, swiyel lir!)s’ so the +I:$? ~i~+t~~-ir~in~~~p~,ndc~~tl!~~nnd_t~~~o links;gf~
:
Eli
;‘:‘;$. L,
! a,,_
1‘ J ($~.~
,I_ %
_
: -’
,,,..,
a:
,“-.
-’
.
.’
: ‘~\‘,,
&<IW
‘266 4i.hen (he iogs are hook& @@her,
Millard’s
.’ 1:~ to the lead ‘I+ &I cha’ined t-0”it $a rhek$etr&
at the
“J-grah”‘or
?,endcr
grab“ ~that &+ects
the singletreF I”~
fromJack,
Millard’p~ So;;, Chnrle;
lungcvfpxd,,to
get th!
.~’
_
:‘fl _
Ii&:
Charley, is ~backe@
end pf his harnesy, aad a
the lead log. At a signal _
train of logs moving.
a.
l__
.,: -
ii
whent\.~~.
they start‘to
,.~;us~:tl +m,,for
c)ilc of tlic&jay
dlole.,‘~-he~‘d~
,*:,
mo\,cd!
rq
~I
,: .Naw.,th&e’teams,
we Sever
di&i’t
y&-~~&Z
fo0
I dr~ove ard.,fed
‘1 t~he +>lc’w;;li;
+tR~hls.
.: Sometimes
.&the
,s&nmer
&hat, yoti ‘kno<.
z.Yof:cn~,.a;8
.
nothmg
,Bui evel‘y
two or’three
d&r
hd+,and
Or something
cattle ‘knowed,
noho&.,
Take
didn’t ~fool with,.wha’t
hiss ,t&ml
.’
he. &rke$<m
evsry
ROW, *y’oiCktiowi
their
dai.
team,
and
one $$y
boss was -so .a stra”ng&.
weeks io get used 40 him before
them,
he c&Id
”
,,acid y,OOd
get
.,
to&
Nol$dy
yOu’kt$iS$.
else fooling-with
feller,, done
&5’s’ t,&m
he fed
One drive
got youi
*
>
when’ c&e driver
s6mcl)~dy’S
and
wtib
bu$ess,/’
,;day
w$:d be hauling
n&.had’
Soq&ody
jdb skiiT;
wagons
and
’
,$ow’rhey
e&y
and the other
:
in:$e
W~had.Wr
&s
at;2
do tiucks
eve,> ;tOp
t fool with your stuff.
didri’F,.@: Wher!$v&‘you
with’ them
t&t
of mine,
and ‘ndt ‘using /the cat$q,
like-they
the nest:..That
,I >;$‘eii,. the
and’ too&, $e
crp$
he workcd’em
jobs much.;
at that,
~&t;eanxyf cattle.., Nobody
Nobody,
lie ‘out ,pl’&ting
Swap back
did switch
we’d s$ij;lh-qUr::driuing
%&M
the); +ildn‘t
of th-6 tin,:.
it :;ct!in~g.iyt’
“,.~
*.**.
waked:,
with-yyui
Eiftcr ,thrcc ~0’.four tri@~of‘&gs
a row,
p~iun~l~ on through
;
,.o
1 ;
dying-;,cvery’d~y;,,Wh.eri.,we
“Nobody
pl&es
ifour ,oi five days”in
like ,’
La@:
didn’t I
and
one
1
.“‘-
\
:
\
j * _/
.:,
-
,~,
PLAT.
268 At the truck, the~logs are
‘loaded by rolling the:m over skid p;al& ., 4~’
one fhr,bed.
They were,often
loaded
onto ivagonsl years before,,,;in the sam? _
manlier.
a .
1);
,],
..
.,
‘,
/
.;;:
(
PLA~iE ?69 Large log; that ~uould be
vCr$(difficult,
if not in~pos&blc. to roll
by hqd
roil very easily ‘tisihg a pkavee
-am
,;of the most important
tools in
log,&~n~.
.
Ii.
.~
PLATE 270 When $I, truc&
for&d,
th$ logs are chained
do\m Gti. chains
t$mmed
by log bin+rs
for the trip to
th$ ‘?nill. Before leaving;
the men j&t
Qh&y
in, the shed,they
have huilt for
h.iqon
the site am,f&d
him. Charley
each night
there:, wiring’
for
the‘next
morning
~‘X~ ~~~5
,
‘\
;
, .
i
,
.‘.’
“**’
,_
4
~,I~
,..
“-
.,
.
-:
-
~;27~8
.
_+
,*
I,,,QSF!RT,‘,q~
.,,,.‘__~ / ,_
them,
A :stecx:‘s serf of a quqvz
~BifFercnt,~ehut the &njority
*
thihg,
the
that geti ntiythi~ng oilt of t)em.
‘ihey
tirn,k Thevk
st,ran<T chnrackers
, li
,’ bu’rvtht+‘re ,ti hong’ wn~~,~fro~il Ix&
to that kirld6f
Bw$
whenever
w:,ls ;I@
qlves.
F,\wY &St
Once
or twiC
,s~inethmg
,~cople
~didn’t
sttl
‘y?Y :lcLhey wan different
.eQer. ,Our
belong
+&id we- woul&:t
of them
tennis.
to
wouldn’t
log‘em
much
as much
at,
;’
/
,;;T;.
hrute,
~::‘~
wh’en its;’ : _
and’wagons.
&Cl
pair behind
q~xs w’qt
kto
hcifers*ahd
;ione
_~dr they
cows
n long
that,,was
:
wouldn’t
-.
bother
;
over four, years.
whys,
high-great
you”d
big
haul
Them
old
wide
tire
you
had
up fronts to lead,wi+,
:
of th’at-hardly
yokes~ of ~dser; to R ~~kqqk
to t~~~.,,wheels,‘and’vol~
O“_,
years .ola: Then’ some
* .:’
“
yea,rs-neyer
to be hauled
the:big
k
_
.,r
loos’e., Lots of;
t&e the”other
feller’5
woiddn’t
bother noth-
they w& three
~\;\‘heels six-foot
next
nil the ‘time. Bnck”then’
esccpt
!)e lintheql.
,
as three
l~ook six h~ead of’ cakle-eree
smaller
people
then~in:
And we Illa~~ed,!hem--,,,..y had his marh arid it wits, rc@sterdcJ
Ypu didn’t
on’bm.
TI$
all
R dimll,
;md ,$r-ned
They didn’t
thqy.are now. They
6~’ them
we might,wor-k
them
all winrcr-~ali
You t&g
“‘-CIW if the logs was gding
virb
that‘s
ear of one beirig stole.‘but
older’~~eneration
0
nobody.
raised
and
,~~atRalci#.
didn’t
called
oftem’s
y’rc well-educ+ted
dur@&
to the’7nvxmtains
momitains
was going to bring
-ing that
is_ Seine
\voI,‘~ work :for half .:I dozei
one’ th.+t. Thk):‘it’
“~:,e worked:sy&;‘we‘
times rhcy was left in‘t$e
cfir mnrks.
of’ern
I~usinr& Krause thev~kil
-’ WC lic~tl cattIc;. They
x that
majo~it)
has mor.6 Or le.* gift one mast,cr, I&d
he
come
‘:
called
and t+y
theme your
were your
‘“~
‘.
wheelersl?:~
lead cd.
.
In$ther’r\~ords,
fhe from ones did the cantrolling
of t’he Work.. Arid the. ‘-‘: ”
‘, ,_
number
of teams you usedL;depended
011 the size of the lb@ and,$.Qik+
.: 1
,,<‘Y
c
. ..-_
a.
’
):*u were going:
:~~-~.-:. ’
: It t&k
C&S.
two ken
‘to op&te
Mud.knee-deep.
Them
) NOM’ the tcan~ t&t
fan@-now
that tongue
-ispeed--especia’lly
s.txn’ey
riiht
,in that
it rough.
would
downhiik
knocked., plumb
yo\e.
and
old’wagons
wagok.
would
Was ,&I the wheel-the
the+ &u,@
k,now, and
one of those
That
hit that
front
steer
It’d’ just ‘ahow
down
to iheir
if a front
Knees.
They
were
c;t down
or!& that
he&
con-
deep.
carried
wheel’would
the ‘wngop
hint a
&k,‘);ou
ha,rd if ;he)l was nlaki-g-zmy
!&ck’ern
$,,
off. their2 fee:.
vbu’ve ,~;oi that
t
I’vd
:
tongue
hits:,_irock hr sometfiing
solid, the
: toque
slams o\‘~r and it hits thn~ steer and jerks this othe~r. onq’s weight qn
him too. Now$htit
was rough ~on’ek. Really hard’ on’km: Wagoning
is ;hnrd
,,i
wheel
..,,
I,OGC:IG:~
‘Thm
27;
when. the wahoo; sot
-p$l,
why
driwv
mind,
hr‘d
\\‘:llked
ok
‘rhc~‘d
i&e
setting
it a notch.
rip front.
‘~~~
behin&
h:
Didn’t
to *
~md the
to’cm an+, they’d
I
puli \c~I!$ns more with
aild hc 17x ir1ut.h fasteeavl[h
too-haid
y did with h&es
him,
i%‘liluyh tkfred
,YQ[l CE,,, feed a
;I
illule,
unjust ferd him of ~;Lni$it
pu?‘him in pleliiy
c
:get hit-ii used lo that ;~tld ~YOUwoit’hk!\-e
icl, feedAju,
:I< cat,t@Czht
iiJrn~~e
and
just
till to&+~~-~-o$”
night.
I’o~‘;‘i:c
got’~tc feed a horse three times x d:iv,~~~~,,~~ld’hirn’~up if &‘rk.
w\
: i’l’>~b+?,‘:
\\orking
him !+rd, but.a’~mule, y&u don’i. So they’;A&$x a ni~ie--~~haul Ions
:~~I-‘!+!;
d$tnces
\vi&‘,cm Zn~Qust fred’&
once a day.
Sow
steers
I.; yere
if y& feed’ey
,_ da!
the same WI>;. yo~u do,(‘t
have ro’:feed
,
good:, You ~cnll’t;+& and fc,ed’en-%ke
tl&
&
but
once -a
,fed’enl
cot-
tpee’d
meal and hyils-;tnd
feed’e!li’*~leIlt),,of
a 6ight. They’ve, yet four
stqmachs,
\‘o,i know. \Z! hat one eats toni+t,
he;21 belch that~ up n~;d chw
s.~yy&cud;y&
t,: “,.$c’. ;~
$hat
e wts to+hi
don’t dOo him no Rood until torkrow.
,y& I
:‘?$?‘S~ $qt~‘& $,dch th&&+,~Ca:~d chew it and let it so Ilack ilito that’ other
‘,,I;
sto~ilad~ kmiorrowhfo(cz
&does bin> any g,ood. And then the);‘d.eat
bu&’
~::lons~ theI iibad? !‘ou
k~,;noW;aud
leaves
,+nd so forth
and s6 orr~while~~)-otrwa~~
\gool’hing“cnl. ‘l’hcv‘d .l,‘c a’gr&ino-’ alons while \:ou was loadjng and &tiq
. -0
t&m, Ser, ,thq’d
fill that one sqnach
u+p there-where
tPley:d ch&ed
~that
other
out,
and
il.Cght and thar‘d
and
the!,‘d
they
yog’d’lav-the
To co,icl@
meal
finish it. ‘So ih’nt on6 i& n;eal
:;tay fat’fall
r
them.
cottonseed
the
time.
That
”
a night
was,~ano.thek
Ir
this skction;roe
and
hull3 tD them
w;ls :,it( the!: needed,
&i\:antage
of tlnviy:$
1
asked ,\filln~cl to-p@1
th
the- economics of me of the old.oolel-ations~-ilow
,
SW/of moneyzo0.iinwoli~ed,‘g(c.
.
to ussornrth~ng
of’.
de,5 <:a,,~(:in, what
.was l,o,ging~ with oxenl tie didn’t cut nothing
hut, the ,.best because
,,:~
WLSJI’L 110 sale ~fok noth$g
else, haPdly, and even whai .we zot ;out
bring much.
SVr hauled
titilber-,oak
- , many of a load of~!iumlterone
that tias eighteen tb twer$ ‘ii!shcs~ wide a;id sixteen foot l&g? Wide
to alnr+t
m&e
a ~ahle top. Ari$it
,.,?a~ clear
thai
all t&e ,,~v”y through.~
there
didn’t
boards,
&ygh~
.4nd’~Ge
.,,
.L~
280
,,..,
than a~;) of it did. .4na we- sold c$y
w+hlut, curly birch, c$y
curly maple. And it wouldn’t bri~rl,i but <welye or fifZeeri dolla&
*
And
ih~l-e wa.big
‘cord of wood-in
j
chestnut.
them.
Load
I‘w~&t
I’ve cut a lot of It six ;md seven
woPth
nothing
paper,
And
j $&l
still, C:hay$pn
urn
thrn
poles
it and
and
ta&
strai:htes:f
‘~” and l&d‘em
PLit them
that
foot, at~oss the stump.
had
twexlty-oile
Alit! ch&tnut
ycnt~
a qua’rt,er
is nc&ally
16~~making
what
on flat cars. We loaded
sol,d ‘for li’eht
yo&g
cl&tnu;.~~a~
in the &oods.
tht%l,C?th
<et- them :,i
the little e&Y:‘.
be ten i
2. block
3 plot of:
you sold. 1411~3-that
time. ‘%ack years ago.
on a clip fifty foot~lon’~‘a*nd. &em
wasn’t”
\r:as* a bun-,
it to the mill ! .4nd :B lot of chestnut
thinly gl-owed
,,
out of one tl;&. ~.’
a dollar- t~yentv-fix~c~ a corrf--ihat
phone? pol&s’Qor. a long
a ixxlt the
tre&
car IGad of wood
I+),~;:~ C&lpany
i~‘\&s
si,sty foot,. ,A col:d and
~vas to qrt
chestnut
a full railr6ad
ch$~-ry 3nd’
2 thouia;d
!’
and ‘tackle rnd
a team
of, horses.
Ilnd
hack
in ‘them old dark ‘~ovesJin”~he
Smo,kiqs t~hey used to’ be a Ibt of
foot across the stunyp,
y$!ed
hird,‘s @yei b?+
would
+f
it -&I{ j&as
th&.
Lor:c,, have:
it lx ,wQ~th?&%$@y
hit ++
m;$le
to ~~&~w~cIY
gun$tocks.tisde
eden.
;\nd
I’t &S
fhey-niade
but ‘c~f’it. ,%$a
,IOJ ~of it
prec.;? ‘here fo ?&&
four-l+welv&
@uol:-
A-h);-sixe$
it +;uld
.s
six-by~tiights.~
.And theIT they
r&it;~~<~down ‘to smaller s&s ,QV~F @eke, What t,h‘ex, done-,
61.
with it,_;1 don‘t- knhiv. .4nd then black w&ut
went. to S&den
t&o.,
r 8 ‘b
But we”d’siart
lo,g$ig whex&r~ the kini’ of t’rees we .w&&,d J&&T t\!e’d
Cut -one ~kind one time. and an&her
the nest. Maybe’ be, m+ie
one ,tirne,
nrayl& poplar ong t&q
and..n;a):be~walIlut
or oak. We cut ~m$e:paic’ t’h~%n
...kJ
”
r anything ‘cause. there was pore of:lfgt zmSanpthlnp else.
~j:i.
- .“>- ’ 1’
I”
C.,.~
i So we’d jurgwwhere.the
most bf it’was, an& the Ilest.’ ’
A4 lot of times,,we’d
get or&&,
car \vould
hold
a rwlond
at ~a Time, &ti
hickbry,
Shout-tbelcle-or
go,to
thw’d
fifteen~‘thous&d
see. &fostly
see, io make~wagons’
But we would
and whateve;
and tell‘the
carS sent for : whe,n &‘d be ready to load. They
and the.brake
was I& &, and if wk. needed to m&them,
brake
off and
Back ,then,
cdmpany
moved
the brake
land.
them!&+vn
,the Governmen,t.~
The
Govern:nent
the,Depr&sion.
\‘hen
to l?Uyilig land.
SometimeS
w
tp ivhefy
back. Then~y,ou’d
th+gs
Iot for
,L
L
thqy wo&l’~
wwe set’ bn t.he side ‘:
iw just took the
we
si
never ,weilt to. buying
started
and
fork ’
wanted,&zn
‘iand th&
,
S’$
,,a:
$y
owns hothing.
It w& allFp&ate
OCR.
load.
didn’t
cuts. .4
sq we’d’ get drders
depots agent,
hwe’the
1 tighten
y&i1
oak, and t.hen’ we got a’whoie
,$#I ,j
->*
out of.
the,depot
fe$;
Y&Y,
pickihg
hack
land,,until
,rigI&after
Up’, ‘th~“C$&rnment
,they did’it,,they
&&ned,
_2
~~-~”
,~~~
~~-
to~preserve
tit
e. 9
.
went
forest;
f me and
me lo&n{
withy.
I‘he
plenty
Had
snwnti.li
had to be in kind,of
of $Stq
on account
place
of your ,bo’iler. You hid
by branches.
ever ycli
:P fiy$e’. ,It’kji&.,a
,ljon?ds.~ and two,of
~:some
See, ihcyhad~
qf then1
them
6f &t
_jnches
I‘t to&
’
down.
so~hcbody
out ofthc
out~pi&in~-
was arc heaper
,;a ‘pretty good
.a darn
\\:asn‘t
too mu&repair
take
doyn.
And then i,f it g&
would
run on that
lumlxr
O ‘~; ‘~
mckng
and taking
it, and
lit to a railr
it s&v& &lot
but they’d’ ke’kp”on!hsti~g.‘
If the water
wouldn’t
went
to freezing,
be nbtlii,Flg, to break
lqt of frdsr on it, it’d I-PI< withput
ice. But ‘lots & t,ime&h+t
‘@&e
it;
@~:,:l‘he):‘d”pi
I ‘..- -
td do ;o;l.‘the.ril $her.~
thc~.,&;aterr 6% of it ~0 tl&
the trough
thct, WQ~
n&~l&‘@;,-
,4nd
y&k
Or
and
Nhere
v&y-of
ok
??$ w,atW.
while ib I,uild one of then~“flumes,
they’d
it’d, &np
mount;Gn
” I ‘.,
it \~a~ sayed::;
of yo;i’s
) IK ,“\‘“-&kped.
mil& In+’ in, on the
:
‘i’hat w& acid wobd, ‘m@i.
v Secythit
was a lot of
of~twelve-inch-M,idc
01‘ l&
g&.ons
it lip @id le%ding~.it on n kgoli
siu,,e wa,yalter
of steam.
guess none
be ddGti~ tberti aa rhe ‘kw&tind
50 ‘three or f&r
would
I
wo
fKme~,tro~lgh
,and ‘go .to‘ &t&g
T,he:water’d~%
agamst the~,$hdr’one.
t+ water.$to
that
stick of woo&righv
Iiicl maybe
Tha<
wai
in ;1~‘tl-oligh-“T’:‘-shaped.
four
bL!ild~ wb;rt y&u c;;lled ;~,spl%h d+&just
night. yo11 L/qw. Hold ~seve&l Mmdred
,:“I,“\, turn
itejustJbone
there
wide ,.and .wouldn’t
th~?&nylx,go
y ~1me
/,r&h
~yt
t&cthe?‘hee
bet twentyfour
too, they
1 don’t
kte~trong~‘~dc
kled,
‘:l‘hen v.ou tul;l,.~w,liel..into
Ru’kx
where
to hzk:c plenty
to ha\:e~i< on a good-sized,I,-~~nch..,AJld~,~,theli,
wood;riyed
~~J&d
a flat placePa
thepe’s
+ces
&as too fart,., It’d
that’d
have
‘to&
~_
it
’
water;: 1;
run s?w fast
&$d
oar&
.I
,
PLA.I.E’ 271!. Acid .>vb;d.
(ch&nut)
w#
essential
16~. ,the Qroduction
“&f ?
fiixper:: Companies
like Champibn
Ititernaiiooai ‘tiould h;ild mile~,of,,flume;‘llp.
into th~~mgt<ntain~,.i~
order to g<t’,~tl$
&id God
out. i\ flume wduid he&
hT&h in*a watershed.ysvly
at the head
of t.he cl-eek. & splash’ dab] ,at:ihe, head
of the ~flume would hold yater
to he
t&ned
into’ ihe flume; ?:he chcstnrlt
would he nit into five-foot, lengths and d
gplit up ahd,$ackrd
-heside the A&e atintervals’
along .its lengthen ,d$irin,g dry,!
weather. Then, in ‘1\1etweathef when the
stiysm Gas nlnnin~,~fr~il;.z~ater
uqula b$
tuined into the Rumc it thk splash, dam
and.- thcxplit
yood~ wo,:ld he loaded
int; it and carried to its end. Thr. flume
pictured
h&e M-as on Rig East Fork.
(Photo ‘courtesy:of, Champion .‘Paper; a
division
,of Cha,mpion~ ” .I,ntematioyl
Qrp.,
fwnished
hy C. 14’. Hardin.)
I‘hc
snwnti.li
$enty
Had
had to be ill kind,of
of ~~~~tq 011 account
of your ,bo’iler. You hid
by branches.
ever ycli
See, ihcyhad~
:P fly$e’. ,It’kji&.,a
,i,on?ds.~ alrd two,of
qf thew
them
6f &t
_jnches
I‘t to&
’
bL!ild~ what y&u c;;lled ;~,spl%h
yo11 L/qw. Hold ~sev&d
Iiicl maybe
Tha<
so&body
out,pickills-
v Secythit
,;a ‘pretty good
\\:aw‘t
too mu&repair
take
doy~
Alld then i,f it g&
would
rug 0x1 that
it’d, junlp
mount;Gn
.a darn
thct, WQ~
n&~l&‘@;,-
,4nd
lumlxr
O ‘~; ‘~
mckng
arrd taking
it, and
lit to a railr
it s&v& &lot
but they’d’ ke’kp”oI1~!hsti~g.‘
If the water
wouldn’t
went
to freezing,
be nbtlii,Flg, to break
lqt of frdsr on it, it’d I-PI< withput
ice. But ‘lots & t,ime&h+t
‘@&e
it;
@~:,:l‘lk):‘d”pi
I ‘..- -
td do ;o;l.‘the.ri, $her.~
thc~.,&;aterr 6% of it ~0 tl&
the trough
and
Nhere
y&k
Or
??$ w,atW.
while ib I,uild OM of then~“flumes,
they’d
ok
) IK ,“\‘“-&kped.
mil& bac$ in, on the
” I ‘.,
v&y-of
of yo;i’s
of~twelve-inch-M,idc
:
it was sayed::;
was arc heaper
was a lot of
be dc%ti~ tberti aa rhe ‘kw&tind
‘i’hat w& acid wobd, ‘m@i.
of steam.
guess none
01‘ l&
g&.ons
it lip @id le%ding~.it oo n kgoli
sari,,, wa,yalter
I
wo
fKme~,tro~lgh
,and ‘go .to‘ &ttting
T,he:water’d~%
agamst thc$hdr’one.
50 ‘three or f&r
would
wai
in ;1~‘tl-oligh-“T’:‘-shaped.
out ofthc
Mmdred
,:‘II,“\, tut.11 tl~?r water.$to
that
itejustJbone
stick of woo&righv
down.
too, they
1 don’t
four
d+&j-just
@it.
there
wide ,.and .wouldn’t
th~?&nylx,go
y ~1me
where
to hzk:c plenty
~yt
t&ctheChee
bet twentyfour
/,r&h
Ru’kx
kte~trong~‘~dc
kled,
‘:l‘hen v.ou tul;l,.~w,liel..into
~~J&d
place
to ha\:e~i< 011 a good-sized,I,-~~nch..,AJld~,~,theli,
wood;riyed
~:some
a flat placePa
thepe’s
+ces
&as too fart,., It’d
that’d
have
‘to&
~_
it
’
water;: 1;
rw
&$d
s?w fast
oar&
.I
,
PLA.I.E’ 271!. Acid .>vb;d.
tch&nut)
w#
essential
f6r. ,the Qroduction
“&f ?
@per:: Companies like Champibn
Liter-
natiooai ‘tiould h;ild mile~,of,,flume;‘llp.
into th~~mgt<ntain~,.i~
order to g<t’,~tl$s,
&id God
out. i\ flume wduid he&
hT&h in*a watershed.ysvly
at the head
of t.he week. & splash’ dab] ,at:ihe, head
of the ~flume would hold yater
to he
t&ned
into’ ihe flume; ?:he chcstnrlt
would he cut into five-foot, lengths and d
gplit up ahd,$acked
-heside the A&e atintervals’
along .its lengthen ,d$irin,g dry,!
weather. Then, in ‘1\1etweathef when the
stiysm Gas nlnnin~,~fr~il;.z~ater
uqula b$
tuined into the Rumc it thk splash, dam
and.- thcxplit
yood~ wo,:ld he loaded
int; it and carried to its end. The flume
pictured
he& M-as on Rig East Fork.
(Pjmto ‘courtesy:of,
Champion .‘Paper; a
division
,of
Cha,mpion~ ” .I,ntematioyl
Corp., funished
hy C. 14’. Hardin.)
yL;!TE
272 The flumes uwally ended
xv& loaded irito x\-;igons or narrow:.gauge
(Photo courtcs~ of ~Champion
Paper.)
,,~,,,,...-~~.,,.~ ,~,
$a
&ad: ?&;;“;he
wood pded up a+-~
rail@ad cars for-the trip to the plant.
,~I
‘b&rig moved into. then plant’s
i@kTE
213 This photograph
shows acid’:&d
5 G,ard,by
narrow-gauge
rail&d:
The
engirx’called
a
“liirle.Shay,”
pushes twenty,
fiie TV thirtv “dinky cars” a”t a time. each loaded’w~th six to eight cords~of wood.
(P~hoto .cturtcsy ~of ChAmpion
Paper.)
~,.;&^..:
:’ ‘~
FOXf?IRf+
284
And it ~vasn’t easy to c.arr$ that
\
wood
back
uphill~,to~ put back
~ ~-~~~
in. It s&,-e
wasn’t !
But a two-inch
branch
would
pile lt~ up all along” the qume,
’
from that
~$lash dam,
full all the time.
then,
carry
Andy then
why j&t
You’d
flume
1that. You’d cut the acid wood atid
when you’d turn the &$r
into it,
put the wood
enough
wood
all day long on down to the railroad
. . ~~-~.:~-,.~~,~-~~~
,,~~.~~~~,But~nowtl;_al~~sawmal
: it took
~’ time ru~nni?g
the saw and
creeks there
box right
water
carried
And
the satidust:o@.
if they, was one:close
no dust. The~~branch,would
The mills was steam
Then
siding.
then
They
enough
engines-steam
boiler
,~ ~~vbur~saw just like they’ve
of gasolme
would
a, dozen
be
teams,
it on a car.
free about
all the
the branch
run tl?rough
under
used
the sawdust
in the
to where
wash it off-take
flume
to haul
Load
you wouldti’t~ have
up and got a good head of steam up-enough
throwed
the.steain
on the engine and that’s
,,~,
there
that
a big inch pipe, running
for the null.
over the creek.
in. Then
to put
they
could
to have
have that
nobody
saw
to move
it sway.
and steam
engines.
Fired
to pull the engine-and,
what done your sawing.
got it now, but it was’pulled
engines.
him
yc~
Had
with s7ea.m in pla$
/
q,
/a::, is I
“if-+T
aj-*.
_,
;,a~,,’
/,
_
PLATE
balsam,
274
Narrow-gauge
railroads
were also~used
to {he mi!!_ Often trestles were rcquired,Land
for hauling l,arge l~ogs,‘such as
a ‘man like Rube Mull and his
crew x,ould he c,alled ;in to build them. This trestle pro I-~ah& went .’up mto Little East
Fork, an area that~ is now the Pisgah National Forest,’ (Q&~,~courtesy of Champion
L_-‘.“‘%
a~,.
~~ Paper.)
/
,‘:.sc,
,+ I .,
~-:,;
~:;
;~,
’
,,~,
,
~~~
.
I
F’LATE 275
:
.b, &hed
trestle.
(Photo
courtesy af Champion
$
.~.
.
zg.24
Pdper.)~
PLATE
276 MGe often than ,not. this
was the only method.~of getting a log to
the point where it c&ld’he
reached by
the cable from, the oveS$ead skidder, or
onto a wagon’+
railroad
car.
r loaded
; Logs such as this ~+8d
be draggel i
down~a skid trai,l from%e
pla ces’ where
z they, were c;t
to t&: l&ding
area
Photo
L~~_c_~
~~1--~courtesy of Charnpion,Paper.)
4
‘:
PLATE
277 -At the .head of ,,the rail-~
road
line, an overhead
skidder
(far
right) power&j by zl steam! hdiler ti+ld
be used to drag the logs out of the
ey had
bee, cut, to’the
-.~-~A
‘here ‘a Ing.~ ,loa’der jar
“stif%necked
loader”),,
visible
in, this’
photograkh
axon the tracks beyond
the
steafn engine,, wjould,lo8d
the logs~ onto
the railroad
cars for the strip tomthe mill.
When
one car u-as filled, the lba+%
wo$d
pull dff the main triick onto a
short;siding’
so that the engineers of the
train
could~ move anpther
empty.. car
; into position to he’loaded.
(Photo COUT-,
~-tcesyof Champiofi’P?+per.)
*
;*‘: PLATE
278
their hoilcrs
Paper.)
A “stiff-necked”,
loader at work. The loaders ,were steam
were often called “coffeepot
boilers.”
(Photo .courtesy
,...~’
powered, and
of Champion
I_
‘1
._I
I
One
.; rOX!IRE~~q
j
;,,
,^
“~ ’
288~
I
outfit
he logged
would
sell the lumber.
wagons
saw--he’d
do customer
his own mill an&just
Once
wanting
swap work
they’d just
il+a.+vhilc
it sawed
sawing
but the most
sold the lumber.~ Buy timber,
there’d
td’ build
be sornebodv
a barn
haul
or a house.
of the time
you know,
some
They’d
und
logs
come
in on
in and
instead, of payi@:, Most of the, time if they wan&d
lumber,
come and wo#proynd
the mill or work in the woods a few
9.
days, you see, and take ,&ir ‘iay .ir> ILL$x~~~ And that Gas ‘one of the ways
.$hey got their+ilding
mat&ii
b&k then. Sdnictimes
it ‘was a, problem getiing
men to work in the tbods
and ,the mill~both
thin then. They wasn’t too many people
Thev’d-sivapwork-for~somethiag.they.need,cd..~,‘!.,~
If t-&e? ~were going
,.,
Tao be sawing
bunkh~ouse
four the men
bunkhouse
sometimes
working
out, they left the camp
there,
or hunters.
kept up. Someone
re~pair here qd
‘~ of them
i~~m~~~~
CAR
camps
MODERN
then
truc$.
You
wagon.
either
They
of them
:
?
>:
with
on’em.
They
.\nd
the?
People
moonshiners.~
~‘-~
See, you didnlt,
in ~:32. And
a one-wheel
taking
and
putting
done,
now,
build
a
ran t!+e
‘when the sawmill
They
moved
her62 could
stay
got used a lot, s’o they~ were
and stay over a ilight or two, and do a
man
the same
way.
way:
~~~~
they, wasn’t~svh
a thing
as a
ev&bave
a,du&wheel~
truck.
the trucks
that
uSed back
sprocket-~drive.
w&first
They
The
did&ven~have
first one
then
a,drive
I.
1
was
shaft
wasn’t
no
with
roads
to run’em
teams
and
no good,
on
wagons
@other
and
the place
them
until
and
w&n’t
theat was
wagons
nowhere
and
it
for’em
see?
tmtai-t
‘Miith, He only deliver=d
to load on the railroad
he gradually
of the horses
back
everything
steers
one. They
truck toqk <l/C: place ?jf Xiemgon
after it ,waz ready
because
in the
and
woods.
up in ‘37 and ‘38 when
went
steers.
But
Thdy
they
they
carrAfter
to going
he took the
backs in the woods
got to building
wasn’t,,~.too much
started
taking
them
roads
‘+f {hat
hack
in
the woods.
The
.
Some
was just one whqel that pulled.
Of the wagon, ~why then
and
wife]
y&rc 10~~4
them to a
back to a sawmill, or br+ght
no truck+&Lin
the woods up till ‘35, and they was
to go so they wasn’t
place
they’d
do.
skidded
was hauled
the lumber
time,
[Millard‘s
in gathering
for years and years that
was just out of one mud&ole”into
But.the
Then,
c,oming
we was working’$eers,
wasn’t
was made
pulled
hauled
~‘i..,
there
was the, way thky’d
~~~,.
..~ ~...~,~..
a long
to keep it up, and the next
stayed
when
v-cry few then.
.,?
there
for
was
for the menu. ~\l:e had our: own little place
come along
LOCGINC
Back
I
would
there
in the camp.
‘behind.
Sometimes
So,,, t&t
,~
the mill. Shirley
and .cook&
to stay in, and the men stayed
‘cause the population
first trucks
was a very small rig. Well,
they hauled
an awful
load for
~~ L
I
I
,
281,
/
their
time.
but they didn’t
their
n1otors
motor.
Well,
havr
evrolet.
thcy’was
much-powei.
1’ was they same
you could
mope
with,it.
had in them.
the .4-model
thr “;rV it started
of a cord
of wood
out.
on,
know
);OU
w&.
;U they was, so you c;m tell by that
‘l‘hat’s
thr&qunrters
~IIOW
and
:
u
you can r?love with a
they
size motor
too small,
I
what
now,, that‘s ~the size m&or
as sti-ong an order
haul
because
Ford is. \Vell; you know’al~out
was about
could
toa much
~~as’so &~all theyditiu’t
wh;lt an .4-m&l
“i:4-model
move
If
you
you
really
?”
E’ou-
A-model
ho% much
had
one_
had
YOI+
a ‘~Sdotl
truck; but \:a~ could take a team and “wagon and haul a full cord! .41id you
couldn’t go much faster in a truck th% you could \yith ;I team and wagon
,. ,. ,. because thq Sv.aslx’t,.no ,roads.~ So .if you;Yasn‘t .h~~\ul~ing,somct~h~n,c,.l,~.~.si~. or.~
eight or ten miles, ~):oh could get along lu”t~ as goad with :r,gopd team and
wagon
as ):ou could
~..~
..,......,
with ~a truck.
But then, ypu seg? the state took’the
roads over and they got to building
~~l:oads. Back~then
they~ waSn’t no road tax, and the way yo,u @iIt a I-oad
bark
in the&
days was with what
they called
a poll ‘a”: ,You paid
‘two dol-
lars a yeaY to \.ote. That
,cash],
yiq
was poll tax. Well, ?h place of ,@yii~g any taxes [in
.
on ,tl$ road o&day
outqf
the year for that polls tax.
worked
You either
had to work zi day you&f,
And that’s
all the road tiork
tares
or no~l:in~
or hire i m&l to work in youi’ place.
they ~was. ,Th5$
on ‘the roads,
,,
wasn’t
So the individuals
no state taxes
‘kept them
c.dwnty
OF
up with that
o&e
\
’
(
” ~,i
day of work. .4nd then maybe going by,somel,ody’s
house here ,along.the
edge of their field it’d set real bad, arid the field would $e coTTered over in
rock, and they’d ~want to get them rock out of the way where he was tend-1
ing,,his field; so he‘d hati theni rock and ~$2 them in the road and dark it
i down so far rin distance].
.4nd then
Well now, that‘s the kind of work there’was.
the state went
to charging
just went
to building
strips
here,
operating
and cars got~ to operatmg
line and stuff, &Id that there’s
But see, all during
that
and
and
about,
toqk the.roads
and
over
trucks then
and
got to
and they got to rai~sing the tax on~gaso-
what
time
taxes
yonder’
made
they
the whole,thing
w&n’t.no
~‘
,.
go to building.
way for R lo‘build
because
they wasn’t taking no taxes~in.
It was just lilte-if
you &ted
‘. it’d just be like hitting
that
to gd somewhere,
tl%y was half ~the time
field out there; gettm, b out &ere an& picking OL$ ~’
.;a hard place in the field to drive on and hoping-$
would hold up~a few day?
,for yqu to haul over: Keep som@dy
busy fiiling up’ ihe ~potholes where
you’d
mire
ruts. That’s
\Vhen
lxx~ou
down.
Somebody
was hauling
the only way you went..
it’ rained,
didn’t
set in to raining,
you done
do nothing
they stayed
rock ‘all she time
‘em. If you wac haulin% downhill
you
you, first started
parked
the
_. i
a
~~
work ‘whenever
when
fiilin~g up
~.
‘cause
where
you
had -tea&
a&d wagon$
off with~;trucks.
couldn’t’get
it ,was fairly
steep,~you
When
nowhere,
,could
‘it
_ ‘~~~
wirh
take a ,~
,,
hi
4.
-.,.,
l:OSFIRE~
I
good
team
and
mountain
hook it ir!~front
and
load him.
go up. Ever);
time
up there
get him
and
he’,went
on out. But that
.~“,_
could do it then.
‘[Even
when
,..
him,, up the,
to pull
a%nd,
and
the,;
you
YOU done
j: ,,:T ‘I.
him
could
it, and
the
up!
Pull
him
load
him
and
only
way
@I
,.
trucks
came
it, it w~ns.‘hard. Y~ou could
and load it, or drive on in and.if you ~ :.
‘pulls y&i out, or put a~twent, % -foot pole, in between
truck
wit+ ri dozer
2nd run’the
put on a set.of
brought
~-
,
truc$
on th’at\ ppIe
until
you got
out
chainsand
:s,y in, and then
t@e’e!n
’
of ‘the _
mud.] ~1’~ ~poled out of many + mudhole
like that. ‘l‘hat, or pull out with a
p&r of horses & a’skid~er’if~‘~);ou.lwere~~cIose’tbone,~’Or~if~
yoy.~ \yas.&a;l.ing.,.,,
downhill,
OK when
., ,~,.,.
you
him out.
You know,
you could
@rive]] sprock’et
fast. You
\vanted
could
Now
turn
on
‘50, ,‘51, and
no f&t&.
‘jz.
up
I’d quit a while.
ging altogeth’er
So I went
to more.
and
It just
one speed,
tim,es,
North
Carolina,
I quit
and
log no more.
Qaddy
talking
line.
And
themon
run~s,&ne
1 thousand
miles,
wouldn’t
nev&
‘~come qut
thousand,
with
and
half
let nothing
the
tread
even
them.
But~‘Lthe:ir coulh
I was there,
4 hundred
Gore
like tliat get on’thtz &&et.
that ~.Double,.,E.~g~~,~for a car that
Gas
~wdrk.
tires over there
semitrailers
wasn’t
Dayton
mills: It was an
that
T&t
-1
and
put
and
ten
off ‘them.
’
They
was when
was guaranteed
miles. But they was so high that p.oor pe,oplc
they~~just c$it’,mak&g
.-
t! get me ~to q&o%
?
the last sixteen’nionths
on ;them
the
went-.to
for cottop
end of it. %Ve~~made’some
and-we
when
at it. I just decided
works.
waS on the experimental
trucks,
fur
a&
,to me trying
and I Imilt p>ckers*there
t’hen about
,it’ if you
and
for’ three .:\:ears.,Thnt
Got !Gcda aggravated
kept-on
ou$m
I worked’
went, ow~,there
and go to work on the public
to *Dayton,
had
go! ~.
recent
log$ng
‘cause that
turn hut so
cent ,grade
in ,Wiynesville,
I wouldn’t
assemhiy
one ~dqwnz ,~a 43~per
far, thatIs as fast as it~would
C:ompany
Thought
one of tliem old tixck+‘an!;where
fast-it
wouldn’t
1st it go %&o
it wguldn’t~‘go
coGng
Ruhher
outrun
v+uldn’t
to ‘cause
it got up that
,,’
had
~a$
ax;d pull
all I-Lght ! Bu? he sure wbuldn’t
you
was] the
got stuck, get the d’oze/to
wheels
down
up there,
the first dual-wheel
ha’bl the logs to,the
the dual
come
pulled
conje
of one of the trucks
He’d
4
4’
they
for’sixty
4
T
cduldir’t~,afford’em.~so:.i
ln%ke a tire
the&&at-
would
wear g car out.
And
Jo
made
then
them
’ ‘whenever
during
fifty-calil)er
*’
wouldn’t
they
made
them
th&vaway
tanks out of rubber
‘.
they was emptied. ;.&nd they. made
as five hundred
.,
the war
gallons,
machine
and they
could
gun~an&shoot
be d-wee ;quarts
that
they
some
tanks
l,;idges;’
dropped
that
take one of them
ail the way thr’ough
b.nd they
held
tanks &d
that
.’
I
7.
off planesS
thing
of gas spill out of it. T;TherP was something
i,.*
-0 *
pontoon
as much
take
a
and they~
in that
’
cm-:
::~~~~-:i,i~
,,
,,.
\-IX ?8fl A loadd
m.still
Oil the truck:
*
PL.4TE
281
Truck
ii:,-
truck
~
,.j,
+ &,.
:,
;::
s:,
approaches
being unloaded
after
Y that
Qnssing under
the ,logs in half
the.saw.
.‘.
*
1 t,~.#y;,L
‘, m,
~:,.:~.~
,,’
.t~
”~-,~;
whilr
/
I
.I,
~,‘~:~y
_
~I.,
~
i
t:;:
I”!)d~
‘,
five orthem’iogs
e\:&n kil6y
\veck.
p
a,. ..
i\rid
)bu
Choppen
ro&d.b~~r
,“e~: Mashed
knoti’it
o& t6~rofii,n-$,
and
1~5 tiil my ,ey&
or ?ny, bowels
n’ker*,,xoke’.a
they
swelled
,tiov&
4 :
shut.
I~*,
”
for ,owr ‘a
,borie’? But ,riow. it.,shdre
:.
me~ssed my
.see?’ Th>yi);.d just filled ‘ihe hole up
‘\.
&d therir,.$gs
just~! rolled over me
,~’
and l$ied
th< sawdust
,_I
nTe,,in thst
sawdusi.~ ~Co$e
it;gix:e me a mashi&.
zill,?& tc me, and
a~nbulance.
They
call
the?’ wasn’t
‘cause
there
thought
ic,aT~hard.
a few mintites
wrong
and finalI?
with’-me.
made
the amhul%nee
Rolled
it~up
around
I’d go back, to the w%ods anh gei.aIiothel
tiine
df the mouL?tain,
ilie@So
1~drove
on ;o the house;
ge@ on to the house,
and
they
weeks,
I thih!k, before
.I went
“~ enough
sense to qtiit.
:
I seen
and wh&.I
I~coulhn’t
-’
dn the, ‘*
and got, up, and
the truEk and thought
I got to’ the foot
Mostly
what
+ve hauled
got in,:,
Joad. But
load
w&i>
got to the house;
to carry
I’,,&
I couldn’t
I was oukabotit
two
’ .)‘badk at ii again. Dldn’t,have
.L’;
<
back, Went-right
&&hteFn
to ‘$arr).: That’s
I&
twelve:
.Thaf
thousand
bac,k
w&:yhe
axle.
pqunds
Front.
iin$$. But I
JO t@ a&
axle
~o~~~~n&,
,car$g
was
way-.
_, they caught
f a pound”$us’
a ‘Xfty-$o)l?r’ fine’ plus
,,;tu, :
for @hat you -had oye!r plus-court.‘c,~~~s-if:
a pou;d
you. That’d
,w;$e Out [the profits
of] sevem.1 trips,when.~&ey
. @ire
-..
too.”
Cgrolina.
who is legendary
I~outs&arted
coine up d&whel-e-1
on .the.old
fowdark,
to’citch
lobked
was parked
,they
&d~ 1~was overldaded
1°C. ;\nd
the”truk
:~
xj
+ijr-but
1
&n
Fer@
[nickna&for
in this part,~ oft the cou$try]~~a
were sharp ,when you done.th&.
j&t.
B
?,
?’
ih@ ‘mu<& ‘~$2 ~.J;h;rlk$/~~I-‘~&ean I done
I. (
iaitghed,. “I done it,&
~.
_:.
.:
,. ,,,
<~.,
he done it!” bfill~id
*
I
’
I- live‘d over in N&h
They
~,P”
.-*
ti,@‘h.rkedj if her. rehl&: ran ouerlpnded
swred~‘“Well
z(Jlenty
, ~ :‘,
got,.:;, ’
done with ypu. You’d already worke& &bout. two weikks for no&i&when‘they~caught-~o~,,.And
then t&‘d
makgthe,
son-of-a-bitch&
gt1’$3 w;it&<.g
in.
6
you,closer
then.
.,~~ ~;.
-,,. ;.:
., ^~
.!
~.~
,a
’
i3 ^ T :,
&a<: th,&. And it was a cent-and-a-h
’ threw-cent-and-a-half
,”
too’k me Ip the ‘doctor.
6+&+8ed.,
~yoti’re suppojsed
supposed
,._
:,
I was iy the millyard,
and t!ey~ <“i
o& of’e&r&
in, and called t~he .‘~ “’
it’d killecl me. I told’enl:tdcancel
nothing
Hard-enotigh
;ift&“J q&t Da~yton, I weit aback to loggiilg:full
time. 1~was using a~fruck
~$5 and’ skidder’&3
horse ,.all. Two trucks: T,wo of, my own trucks.~ Had somea~~,,_,
body else $&ing oie. i ; “-,,
.
. ‘_ ,~,
i~,l
was‘
muscles up ! ‘But ‘1: was ix%‘& sawdust,
with the d&er and sn&$hed
it lover,
gr6und
,j -,’
E‘oXFJR’E
.-a
3’ ‘.
I+\ k@eys.$ted
that,.@&
I’Il,:tell y&
- I $tit
fhe-saw down,and
;:/‘I
.*
“, *,,s;
mi stand%rds
W$V
_
.’
:,e;
:
a load a$
’ didn’t
i
.,
‘j
unload’
\
“.,
c&e
iand’th~e Mac&
over.~ Ralph
’
few&es;
tliat.Ryetiin&
bat%, &%
jF!t
Fergy’d
a’lit&
been
,,‘~
h&
*:::,“. ,’
I., ,..’
,
trying
‘C:qu+ty’:Sheriff
come up there and
-~down,‘;here-~e,,~appened
$0, be
: “~;;.
1
%.
~,~_
:~ ‘.~~
>i,.,,
.._’
I
1
apd
-,i
, .’
righi $$ovq that Staf57Lihe-beer
~p,“Ux$
to hell and
_
a,,$tate
j
’
1
I‘san,
~ She’sa);s,~~“Wh!;,
I .s~?ys, “Jbu
“I ‘x$*:e
to my hbuse .and told
‘- o
‘~
“the?‘re go%qtto get you tohight.”
,,
110t.~~.’
L
‘x,.
.
“Sl’cll, mavhe
you’re
he,$
crazy.;’
come
in down
‘;\lake,
” “,~?
me son;,
~~
that ,coffeepot.
out soniething.~~
‘> p)
!j sa _, “J’IL~
coffke.“,
i
to do,‘baddy?”
,Says, ‘Yx~%no~y&‘ye
.~\~got morn seq& than to ,pull &,t now.”.~ 1ahe)- .wWit
Otto JNorth ~‘Ca> in?]
.+
_
: ,, l.hen. 1::~~
.
.~
,?Y
I says, “\lrell>“~~r says, “when I drink tliis coffee;”
I said, ‘)ou can take
.,
me tip there to the bock.” I s;iys, ‘:~,‘m:$going through.”
~~ _ Earl says, “\Vhat
”
SIe yys,
I, sn&
.~
are you ,di;;g
“They’re
waiting
“Afo, I don’t think
f 1 Ialic/is @7&h
cal:olina]
and
about
seven-th$.
ddwn
ihe)
wiU.“S~~ys,~ !‘I’rn’ g&g
down
,thl-o<igh Cash&s
th,?ougK
C:?s~ier~.“Com~~,‘Grlck
T&y
It’s
a:wonder
he hadn’r
,‘.
But I:d load the truck
,three
to dodge’em,
~,‘.~~‘t%, they i-er); seldom
*th&$igh
pulled
and
youye?
and
I was.em@ty.
,<’
&over
KS&S of wood.
1~
up acr&
’
‘leave
High-
her shore
tires
out
froni
under
raised
(4~
I
\
,!” “!
: b
i
i
i
1/,,
<,
the
down
get up anywhere..,frbm.two
at them
Without
they got on the road,
~.: fhw’ to stop me when
,~ tl&~,oad.
the
afid then
s
go through
ever got on the r?ad
then, see, ahd,$efore
C&d Fergy
sh&
X~’ ’ ,:
~~’
.
oi &da);
O’~OC~ in the ‘porn-g
gq$g,khough.
_
,‘into ‘Sylva
his top,
‘~
HFgh-, :I/
hell!
[Shirley:
tr.u;k!]!
‘.~
through
the next morning
o me, and I just give’em
a
*
was still;sitting
a’wziitiqg
i
a..
the hghbal,l as I c&e through.
~*~-~- BOY, old Fergy, you talk about a~fe&~‘hiowitig
*_
up @rough
went
, ,-”
‘r ~.E .’
‘$\a);~, “Th&,y’ll get you too.”
’
sitting there ~12;~iglit.”
and~,$rawled
in,b,@ie “truck and
~~heenrson-of-a-bitches
i ‘I.~come;up, there
lands
and
@_y&‘:
_
They
tiine
they had
before
of h&rsl
a speci$
daylight.
I went through.
couldn’t
,;
like.
was asleep.
I didn’t
don nothing
I wasp
report
They
to
care for
then +&h&t
- .:
there
I was going
one Sunday
to Canton
that
nightj
ti$.
ind
I bade on ,‘~
Chad OE a beor-
’ C,
gia &>na
had a North Cafolina
tag too. He wrote up a bunch of stuff eon
~~‘:.,“y
~~
hnowed hk couldn’t do nothing with me ‘cause he didn’t have the au-’ : ?
*
/I
,’
I ,,
t
-F
“
.-~
‘_
,,/‘,,.i
~,I,~ ,/
+
,’
~~&-IR:,
I
~J!!)(j
thority, to. Olc! J. I’. ,Long was the head
Cit$,\ [North
Carolina],>
and
4
nm~. Hc li\;ed over ihewnt
he was the ~pax man.
Fqy
says;
_
*.,
Bryson
“I’ll
’
ha&
. Long to get you hefore
I says, “TVelll he
So Fergy,
h&radioed
.‘A+$
iq &et r!vz, and~.I
conle, too. So I ,j.mst pulled~ouli~oln
the service
’ Ix~ck to Fr;mklin.~~ 1, jus; pullec~o,~lt,.f~oni
do&r
knowe~l ,tI$t
stntio?,
other
side,, of I~ran~klin and pulled, up on the old ro;ltl
/
sCe the .tluck n6r nothiqr,
Imd got out ;md walked.Iwk
sid!: of the mairroad.
’
utcs t?ll old~ i,oils
And I hadn’t
come
through.
and
thexand
Loq
Frrgy,
went
where
down
over
they
would
he come
‘, (L ~’
out the ’ ~’
,‘i
couldn‘t
there
~.
on the
lxen there moie
than ;rl)out’ thirt-y min:
A41id he con~e on tom Frankli~i and, missed
: r
@C.
C:ome hack :rqtl $nt
I&k the other way; and I just’w+ted
alqut
an:
I~-.
.
.hotlr aftrr he event IJack’the other w.a!‘. I knowed’ he’d se& I do&d
him &
done son&hi&or
~lxh
;ihdut
an hour’qd
I’d~ we&lrack~
just
c~&vlt&n
home.
thr
tkro,u:gh’ to ,Eliiton.
‘,
,I~
(
:
‘\~.
i
gone
m~;yi;~th&ght
\, .
i
, :
*y
I wait&till~
4’
he’d, .:
truck*and-went
~,I
on
~ i:
a.-,
in
.’
,,
PIATE 2Ki The prexnt-d;ty C’a~t~n Hardwood ‘Company in ,mCanton,.~
North Careli~na.hlosr !ogs,arc brought ‘to t!+ mill ~by,&uck.:The hardwood luinber produced hew
‘$pcs~into furnitu&,
sting the.?ogs, into
Pqx~)
~,
Jo’
flooring, and building
nk~wrial.. The‘loader
&
the ‘electric-powmed
sawmill imlf.~~(Pho~to
” ;p
at nriddie right is putcoortesy bf .<:ha’nipiFy,
‘.
_,
_
‘1;
‘Y
298
’ I:‘OSF.IIG
4.
,’
,,
But bxk
a&park
‘~ used
then,
00 to’thr wdids, load bp, take
in of a~n;orning,
il
and.
t~hen
gb
hilt early tlie next rporning. ~1
go home,
,thr truck,
to, eut~ axid load that
‘+, Clbad, all right.
They
.
she dcove
truck
helped
that a da); hy myself,
.
.‘,,’
I’d’vxne
myself.
If the
bdys
me. But I’d cut and
Sometimes
Shirley’d
a mule ;md’pul,led
in yhple
come
and
lbad.thrce
go with
helped
high
~me I
racks
1716and cook dinner.
101 qf stuff.
And.shr’d
on
And
scotrh
when
ive'd~ roll big stuff up.,Me and ldd
put just as hiih&:I load of logs on ;I
iruck as t&z), put ivith these. loaders-her
scotching
and me ~:olhng with a
‘peavee.
’
:1nd theti
h~igh ones.
:
High
know,
’
.
truck.up
heavy
I was pulling
pourids>t
to a high
hank down
onto
hank
anywhere
thee truck.]
mean
from
when
drive so faI\that
roll th”e lc+gs down‘poles
too. Seems
it. Yeah.
you wanted
to,‘take
to me l&‘-the
all. thar’h&y
and
any n;oney.
just. stood
I-oad’that’
and~ninet>;~ents
T was .doing
of gas to pull- that load over there.
l’hey
ten
a th’o!sand
for
Lots of’times
I’ @ally.had
to quit.
th&I
could
and tear :ind upkeep
It has
hard
fast liloney
atid niake
- peopie
monp?
o’clock
Loading
you c@d
to stand
it. You
‘cause it took
when
,412d then
Q!d
Fergy
pulling
got wise and
go
had to-.
a yhole
boot
I got,in
and go at
of X night,
&I
1’
I’d~ rest~oz+ Sunday-ge-t~
and
let J&ior
I finally
Bryson
pubit
cents
:
had to quit
hefore
go to pulling~ for ~me
h’y r,he titiq
pn tiie truck,
a thousand
cn. It’s hard
hy myself
so I jus$ quit pulliog
seventy-tive
making
I-cou@n’t
four
q
ivork,
when
hut5t’s
the wages
~c/ollnrs for me and
nd
pounds.
five doll&
That
ii ,&ok n;e to pull, it and
work, 6ut I’ll tell you the reason*1
s, ,I’d go out here
’
it’d t,$ eleven
he did pull it fy; mr ‘fdr sixty
cheapei
F
I’d pull
a trip.
kno\ved
FergyW get Fe, if 1, kept on. Junior,
he always hauled
,C’.
standard.~ H& woul&‘t
o&bad.
But he told me he’d-pull
it for me.
\Vell,
they’s
‘
and sleep all day.
hre rfid~ get me. ~1 quit
about
,_
last I got was
Pull everything
all you could
you
hauling..
dollars
just had
son-~of-a-
And tires too.
get up and pull out at twb again.
&~~nh on Sunday
‘cati+.
:
that
things,
~.But 1’d~‘just c‘ut and load $!I I give~oout and sit and rest a while
then
up as
muc‘h wood
was “l,ac,$ too, when
to a hundred
was the only way ‘to make
it again.
three
thirty
1,‘d rut that
I’d cut &d
That
it to Sylva,
ninety-six
trucks
.&d
I~only got a dolla?
and $ulling
from
‘wit%. The
high~+icks\I
a trip+And
a stick.on.
cheap.
a thousand
any.wh~re
on three
a day 1~1,~
qlyself .after I conx hack from iielivering
ihe last
.+d I &s loading, hy> God, with my damn 6afids%I shore
as I coul&get
a long time,
~>lbt$t
thousand
was pretty
two-trventy
it myself
as a,nF of‘em,
high as thirty-four
I gun as,long
>I
.*~
I done
and load it in
.f”
;‘:~
;
load ~~0 S\:b..
G<.#
> was. [Pull the
’
2
~, ,,?
went fro]% the
-
a day
it. Let him pull it.
Pays good
was seventy-five
and
truck
-
the.we+r
follo<~ed it. ‘That’s
fast moriey.
that
was
cents
in a day?
me making
..;,
a,~thing
&xy’
an hour
They
was
thbat kind, of
1,_
.’
~I,
‘
S,’
b
~,~’
LO(;,GII\‘G;
l5cry
that
‘.
.’ ‘(
load of \vodd that goes through
goes tl;rough
doll;~t-s a trip,
the):re
aud
paid- for it. Pine
pbul;d:every
,,thc)-‘rc innk~ing an? money%?
not.
LOGGING,
snln,ies:folwork
a thousand.
thirty
and
I fooled
-’
at th
thirty-fiv
You ~figure yourself
the reason
And
They’ra
whethe
with it all the
_
- I
\
\.
‘i
as n logger,
on, the timber,
Millard
upkeep
on the
1een.t o; ,41
operyted
equipment,
b,.aside,fromtaking
all the men.
Curious
and Lynnette
life ?IS ~~11 a~ her hushand’j
piker don~e-lox
,~~q$p
M’hcrt she s,i+ about
d,o&l
here
at,: The
about
a
food~and
the logs
work.
the fomwr
life,was
the,latter,
she said, “That’s
That’s
what the loved
for
a
that
all he
to do. See the’~irees
f&lows.
men’wo~ld
like
wen.t, to talk to her about
About
on Warwom+n
children
care of the chiliiren,
wh,at that
~Willi&
nnd cut pul~.~ood
>,
logg+g
and
he mad,e selling
is w’ife, an$ their
wiih hi
fol
Cnrg Buui
!k’~ li\:ed
&3uchnnan
Lw~be
/~r~eri~ntthe camp
‘:wrr.r to ,cook
me uxs
with
*
fifty ,“‘,
a’day.
and my family].
the men, and ‘kept the bnlnn.ce of what
to the /i/iib,Ridge
i
trips
and
nnd mo7-ked f&teen
men iwho liued o1r~th.e job ih bunkhouses
5
acekenwis wh~en they went home. Millard paid all exp&ses
‘~‘tich a.c stun&g~
~ *-
go through.
else.
one @in,/ in his career
except ,fw f/y
w~mnn,
three
twenty-five
here
fool &ith nothing
a hundred
CAMPS
log,yi~~I,gramp
The
‘mal&g
seven
That’s
Shirley ,Buchan+n
Dwing
big hig6 loads of wood
at least
at it [for myself
a pile pf mopey.
I
,~
of them
bringing
they
time and wouldn‘t
bringing
goitig~thr&gh.
time
‘I‘l~q’r~ nrni;ipg
.
some
i,ig;,trucl\s
h&&h&n
da?-is
at-it !ike I worked
(&I
thousand
e\-cry
and ‘they‘s
Trorking
rrj4i g-ettillg
-. mill;
hex
;i
3
[in Rab&
County]..
That’s
god out aand log all day long.
where
We had
some hoi-ses: One of t@nr was named Scott and the other was named Harr)i’
;.
ses that. they logged with. The men would,eat
’
mess them up and go off and conic in at lunch
again
and dome back at night
s there~ihree
or four
nd the children.
and eat again;
years.
M’e‘had
We, had
fourteen
twos to be boTn while
we was there.
\
n these big lorlg canips.
housesin
They
b&t
them
out of 4ood.
rows all the way oat through’here.
in ihem.
Then
ours was bigger
”
Just !knough
h&use
:,,,
They
for
that’s
’
\
300
1
d
where
the I~WU c&etd~eat.
‘big wood
[in’the
,,~~,”,~..
Y&y ~_)
We had iiuplxds
cook stolT& and l@“wood
other
We’d
part of the ho&].
table
get ,up in the morning
about
in [[he Inck
and
\\;ie didn‘t
FOSFIBE
a cupboard
bave’a
4
loom];
nnd our
to keep
dishes in
whole lot’of stuff.
five [to have the men fed] Iy the. time
they wqnt to work. At seven they’d
dishpan
that I made
done be fe,d and gone. I had this big old
my 1)iscuits .up~in. I k~nowed just how milch milk to pnt
&. I had a hia contamer
in
that.
7‘hen
pans
maybe
held alxYut a h;df a.gally~,
I put my Rour ,in the middir
,~,lot of shortfnifig
eight
that
in that
and
mix&I
of t&
alid 1~put the lnilk
or,apptr:auce
or@ts,
or gravy
W\‘r’d nlake
about
And
in there
Then
P
and e&s and jrllies
drink
it yhite
the other
that~ big, and the one I went
there.
There
wouldn’t
.~
and butsomething
you h&l to cook all that many~ biscuits.
on th& wood stol:e. You‘d just put them
and in a ,few minutes ybu‘d have a meal ready.
we had two great .big old&pots for coffee: WeJd Smake
they’d
six 01’
we’d have
ter and $1 kiilds if thinss~ like that to go MGth it. Bait it UZ.really
to get up of a morning
and know
They’d be good and biow~; cooked
‘I
I,ig pan and ‘put a whole
up Iliscuits.
full. That’s~ a lot of l,isc.u.iis for th;lt many. men.
oatmeal
L
was I&ng
mutie.
‘l‘he old $ook
to h&&keepin~.with
be ~too much
one ,and.
stoves
weren’t
5
was the one I had down
I~OJJI~on tp’p, hut we cooked
‘,’
them
-” -”
three
meals on that stove and kept it goind,
L \\‘e usually
fire quick
kept pine
knotrto
with pine knots.
l&Id
a fire with
And the kids enjoyed
[ in the store].
Kee$
th,e
get,tmg out and ~picking up
the pine knbts and helping with the fires and stuff and cooking. Sometimes
that hot’fire v&id
burn some of the Iliscuits, but ayyway they was alLeat.
E\wy one.pf them.
Then I’d start right
got the washing,d&e
back
after
that
[meal ~was~~.&ished].
on~.the rub board,
’
I’d cook
that
Eiy ‘the time
&at
at lunch.
*
I
‘?, ‘~’
&tnd
,then cook again &at evening. All I got done waS w&ing,
ironing,
and trying to keep house a~ little bit, ‘though
there vJasn,‘t much
*,
keep. But we enjoyed it.
Now we didn’t have?refrigerators
welit’.dowu
the side of the.@+
our btittei AIi~dmilk a.nd stufdin
it and it would
l,e good
down
there.
of the house
that streati,
and
dintier,
We li$d just
cooking,
hquse to_d
I
a strearil tl?at
out ili’the back yard., We kept
and we’d go out ,there and get
we:% buy other
kinds
there
of meat
in that
.
Clashed
potatoes~just’~anyrhing!vou’d
‘r bla~kb&rv
%
_~
‘.^
pies and,~&li thkt
,+r$ 1 ~
,<~
y
* ei,
st&.
meiition:
But
&iackberr$~
it was~~s&nethihg
We’d
have
to cook, for: that
PIATE
286; :I logging
camp high in a .watkrshed.
The, huild&s
w&Id
hnmrs, stables3 a3inins
hall, outdoor
ioil&,
and sh 011. ‘The H,ume through
19 the c~mp~iadicat&
‘that~ this eras one of C.h<inpion’s~acid
u&d.oper+ti&.
--k
,courresy
of Chalrpiun
Paper,)
~
,_?
many men, you know, and get all &t rea,+
~xx%rrriir SM-Y-C~‘t&e&h-an-d’eat
‘2’lot.
atid
.< get it-on
d
th! ta&‘?hey’d
,
: I didn’t don all the cooking ly myscif, bet@
there wa> this old nfan that
r )
stayed with us&at
[was
fr%]
WayneSvilie’,
N&h’
Carolina.
His name ,wa.s
.~ ,.
$nd he., co,ul,dn’t dd no work. He was just a little, ~f&r.
,. Dcacgn Ledford,
.~\nd~he couldll’t$~
no work; bait hb co;ld help-me in the kitc%n. They~io!$
‘I.
I scent diL--y-n th~kre:;that I’d,be cook@g ‘For.‘~h~se,men,i,~irt.that
I’d
/I won-#
to,comc
in there to’~help &She,,didn’t‘
never show up. I
j
,~
. havc
“d?dnlt
ever see’I!er.
morning
allcl stuff.
ready
a+
help
And
Bu:t ‘De&s,on, c&me &I help& me: He’d get up of the
<make l&its
and help me..tiash
and put bn the coffee
Milizird
he&d
a lot with
the’coo!&g
aid
every
Saturday
‘to.~town is h&v far it Gas. A4tid,~it ,r$ned
yscen. J\‘e li\.ed out on this dirt i&d2and
for gr&eries.
things
the:mdst
Lt was f~ourteen, miles
dotin
soineiitiles
there
we’d have
2’
‘r
‘y;
‘.
getting
eo eat.
,’ ‘l’hen %‘e-d go to to&l
I ~..,
be fakily
the middle
(Photo
. . i’
,’
-,:i
~:,;:
~
‘,,~
)I
that
I’ve ever:
to god&t
in’
I
’
.‘-,
:
” h
i:
.
:
.,~3”‘J
FOXFIRE
,., ~’
-“I
\
A&
‘*
5:
the s&d t,o get.tq
Ti$t
was the, muddiest
then
du~ring ~ihC&ek;:
needed
anythbxg&e
place,
ends for the horses.
~. of lard:
had
\\le traded
that
~1Ogs.out
fathack
to be $i%ht
c&h.-the
Then
day.
Get
truck
had !O pull then trucks
they~&xddn’t
You can’see
I’d like to:ggo back
as it used to Ix.
and
come
week,
we’d
~’ eight ~o’clock. Th~ere wasn’t
and
went
pi&And
and
And
from
M’arwomaScome
Parsons?
these
remenibeicd
Earl “Preich”
“P?:each”
because
Every
come. from
eat
retie-emen.t,
spms
,~a& and~ome~of
,’ ‘,
I$w
~~:~~~~&&I
Millard
&he
the
t;
,> .~~
../
): y;*
Eli
_
ones. They
big commercial
,’
.
:;
.:
sometimes
they’d
$e@ed
to enjo)
~~,:*
and e,v-
be a 1,ot of people
company.
You know
us”son~etimes.
d
He,
the Forest
took him to
and marking
;ievelopment
of the
hand.nzills
h’orth
for
Sewice
of his
camp after
timber fo?
most
industry
(he.l-en&nbe,rs
,Cnrolinn
alone)
flo?n ’
when
to mo~leln~
him
twtell us @out mme o/ the c+mfi.r Ire
~~~‘~...~~~~~--T--~
hue had dul-mg ~~Zii&ej;eIh~~~~
;rnd Shi&y-Buchan~aii-I
$~&r
pared to 8e
(.,:’
_. :
‘II
~.!Z~ ii
the experiences
’
,,.
j’
rhsh m4tls through
we asked
or
just -eat
Wayn&ille
with
’
#
there .zj@re’se&n
in Graham
CoiAy,
.,,,..
$v~lpw~@d operatims
and Clear-cuttini.
h~og&z
and
it.
arid
seven-thirtf
iIl,there.
His cnreei-
tliey
the next
suppti:., They
a r,ight smart~of
P~arscms ,;,,I”~
‘:
1
‘jteers a&l up a,nd down
about
se’e U’S:,A4id there’d
hut there
to work
Everybody
Thei’d
Parson> was an ernp~~~~emf
cutting.
out to the
it’d be so niuddy
ready
night
adul@je
befor&he
retired two years ago., His job
and s&11-checking‘on
the operation
4am&4ar~e
@ec~~iw
,.
if it’s &I1 as
sled andrgo
instruments,
to see us.)Had
us way down
up to
wa” a lot of tinxx
night
the h&+o&e.
cori~
is
from].
it turns
sor&inic--see
but, they enjoyed
company!
He’d,
Branch
to drive
where
nluCh to do after
iad
was a lot of
and eve:-ything.
nothing
play !outside
we had
?n that
‘,
and big buckets
Gold&e
road
with the team
&se. Our pe6~ple all come@
“Prea<h”
[where
back in Sunday
‘l‘he~~~~~r@&rd~
we’d have lotsiof
erywhere
with,
on out: ‘There
get through
restedi~:T‘hey
sing and
theirselves.
in my life. $J$
Ixcause~ they
the little
th,e young’uns
get out. Put on chains
Duringlthe
to season
in there
ftionl ihere
out of ?h&e
the lnen would
:
[to the sawntill~~~~&c~~. ..~_ ~~~~_
out he<e at the stcxes in Clayton.
of the placc~ do’ivn on Warwoman
road
h%Cli~ in there,’
day. Butt we wellt out once:.:!
in quantity
miles out of town:
‘. nn+ll-
,”
\Ve’d be thel;e by ourselves on t~he wr&kzntis; so
dbnel \l’e‘d go out and hrin, 0 in ‘hov on +the +k-
&u&en
riow
gtoccrics
I’ve~et.e~~&~~
it I,ack in that
the name
go in, there
I’~,y
sled our
as hlillarhxaok~~the
Buy h;g slalxof
Ever$hing
us to feed.
,,
then
1~know,
he’d bring
week and bought groceries.
that’s when we got &that
‘.
and
the highway,
4
~~
didn’t
operations.
visited
have
niany
Too’many
in there.
The+
men in their
beoplr
cati%p was’:)
camp
get the concep-
i 2
~~LOGClNG
tlon
_.
303
”
c j’
‘.$
all cxnps
that
1
were
sI+ll;;-just
little
shacks
out
in the
woods;
you
know Some logging i:a?nps tbok care, of a hundred
and two hundred
men.
‘~_~~’
~~ 1 ~~~ ,? ~~
T}lat llle;lnt they bad to staff it, j-0~1 know, ~~ ,~‘~~ ~’,=~~~~~--,_ ,.~ ,.,~.
, $.~The‘people
who cleaned up in the camp, they didn’t, call them maids.
! There
weren‘t
Cvonlen anyhow.
,They w&e old loggers that ,they called
it. And they were ‘.,
Tl ley stvanlped’ up.~‘l‘hat’s tihat
:’ “sw;nnper$”
Now there w&Id
meticulou:ly
clcz+ Boy o’h hay, they wex
I /
/ \ he IhedlJngs i)e(;ause, ,-D;~ inow, out in the fore& and everything,
and men
-i:~
tr;lveiing hue and there with their, belongings
on their backs-they’d
i ~__
thrrq in. But they~ had~ their different
treatnlents
for bedhugs-kerosene
all that
sort
Ix~nk. They
prisiqg
;\nd
of stuff.
made
They
really~ clean.
sheets.
And
you
It’s surprisin$
didn’t
and
make
It was:really
your
SW--
now.
one,,~oi the things
to nie wx
when
aljout
There
a logging
they sat down
dred rnen,~flo\Y~~,-~~-);OU
wouldn’t
thing.
were
it for y.ou. Clean
Iring
&%p
to one of those
hear
~\ras no idle gossip,
that
lo,ITg tal)les-and
a word spoken
no talk ahout
was always
the
other
day
thatto
interesting
two hunpass some-
or anything.
That
/*
raii-/
PLATE 287 Another logging camp, ,this one at the h&d ,end ‘o&6 &rrow&uge
road’line- The, dwellings are log ,s~des n.ith canvas roofs. The’along, narrow, wooden i
bti~ilc$ng behind the dwellings is probably the cook~shack. An operation l&this
one 1
mig$t:have seveIlt)-fiile go a hundred men living there at one time, (Photo courtesy of 1
Champion Paper.) .‘.-~-*_ ,_
’
I-~..
304
wks
just
body
a place
to c$‘nnd
sat down
and
&ti:,was
r\‘ow they
had
a$
cCticized
camp.
not
tiim,
tramps
an\-thing
the world.
maybe
, walking
and
II-SW drew
,;iime.
they
the
And,
way
went
was the
went
what
we
rule.
Some-
camps.
.I\nd~ they
to get g&d
logc$rs.
pride.
off :&
of the
talked
’
I
were
They,.~.~.
think
front
one. logging
ramp.
the ne.xt time,
later,
there
was a paychrck
wem
there
or if it was five yzars later,
characters.
to be in ,camp bectiuse
cmss
the
Whenever’he
)L
d
on ,” ~j
no
0~~three
w
bllountain
the I-our~tls, you krrdw.
was out of money.
So he had that little store-up
as a rule, t&y
h.Cd
thk ‘ro;rd
Down
PI-obal~ly
n whilc-l~~l;~);l)e’two
then
He just made
so he never
sor~~~of stuff.
cnri,rp tom mothrr.
“3”
wreksPnnd
‘super-
his camp [and
D
*_I
I_
Q
imn~ps. Now they
a guy +yoing down
and all that
And hr’d stay in camp
his payi,,and
loved for them
about
logging
about
they c:alltx~ logging
tinshaven
two‘ or three
If it was a y&
&iting.
had
go Ib the next
scan~@ ayain
j
the lktlei-
it wg; hard
That
If *a jogger
to cat, And
He just
folks or an)-thing.
months,
,,
II& vritten
it], boy, he was through.
.4t the smw
without
there
clean ~surrouI?dings.
intendentPhis
were
Particularly
back
+I
JCL,
- ,* :~ :‘,
gis? horn L,\yml,
Not sup,_
y&1 ate ywr food, you g&out.
So [t.he companies]
would~e&e
tb&
with n @od cxnp. The
L
isusn’t t@ hot, Imt neve<thekss,
they Ilad good hat-d st+le
p+yprohnhly
food,
\\‘a~
ol
-4,
they’d
You sat in&l-e,
good food.
t~heir,food.
WCI-c scarce.
so1.t
went: to talkiyg,J,oy,
posed to do that in there.
proudpf
just,
I:oSFlRSE;
kg
hir tl”
for him fror~i~‘flk k.yt
there
was a pa$h&k
all the way kmund.
The);
were
quite ,c’olorfui.
they were ente&Cyg.
T&e A&
And then
,v
the);,,,*
j.
a
1;
, PLA+E
288
Arqther
&p~~Mor~
sabstanti,al
buiklings
_ ~_
1 cated +t ihe lur+r
miJWthemselves
for t,hc milk were
i the camps
~\,ere~?ilove~‘,pcriodicaliv
from area ~%i
: area
i exhaust&T.
Champion
Paper.)
g,:;>
0~
lilies there were &erally
lo-.,
permanent
qerations
‘Chile
as. the supbly
of, wend’ was
*
‘*
I
LOGGING
bl-ou-ht
,l
~_:
o*
news [I-om the othet
‘l‘hc>’ liked to see~them
‘I‘he rllost
colorful
cam,,
you know, and from
‘1
rome.
one
“T~r&$ng~
was
~,foity or fifty years he jusi tramped
it. He could
tell !ome
his latel; years.
~couldn’;
tell them
He niight
-
these
short
gether
~7i; trailis
mountai!~].
;
before
chains
thr
then
t~anips
to keep the morale
But loggers
them
was the $ain
and
then
got it in their
‘i‘he): worked
fair,
they
but
That
and
rough
a)el&r,
deadly
wea@oqs
peel the’Vark
hoots
in their
had these splksh
tl-a&d
too..‘I‘hey
The
lost :I lot of people
\\ny
banks.
, they’d
labor.~ They’d
train,to,town
under
hard
,{+ikcs-“in
bosses.
worked
fhat
run
now.
-the soles],
you think
They
for example.
an expert
He’d
and
That
_
go out
thcy~~~werc
they’d
used thege
as just
in every
was about
rats”‘in from Pennsylvania
‘:
were
like a coon.
of a logger
But it took
i&t
all they
But most of the +me
just
thai
worked-they
logs fdr three
Then
when
roll thrse
them
up, and
River.
They’d
in this Chatoogn
built
Chatoogn,
They’,
comnion
1
line of ‘it.
That
was
ore four ‘months
the
wet spell
water
$uld
aim to dilve
lot of logs, too. And then
came
pile
ofi the
huge
tribut+es
And what ~Ihey’d do
piles
of them
on. the
the rivers be&an to come up,’
.
Iled rind then open the splash dam above.
and
take theman
a couple
they
and
here.
C&k.
of million
rdde thos‘e’logs,
dow.n to the main
feet’that:
floated
. “~’ ^
_.
~‘905, I believe.
and~Ohio.
splash~‘dams
like up Holcolm
logs into then river
that
these
River
: I
‘six day&‘a~ we&.
right
those”.logs
YOUR
people
else. l‘hat’s
s
take
to celebrate,
But those
anything
~, ,~~,
ha& to &good
to r~un logs on a river. Boy, they ha’d to be just likela,squifrel,
going into the main
is cut
dams,
camps
necessity~
bc as slick as gl’ease; SO they
l’hey‘d
these river
sort &a
good
to be. They
with
wex
go again.
I’ll tell )ou
can do that.
And the~,~xought
people
for ,securing
lirte. Generally
hun~drum~at~):l,od~
‘take
hqok into the end of a log
L4nd.the’
too. ~l~‘hey were ~Q$htin(~nen.
the s:lick 10s.
would
for six
?ff thr logs, and they’d
to walk
weye experts
They
I&s,
t&e
the
see.Kim
,work,ed
Th$had
dew?
&vrr
hard.:cT&
had
logs at once
on off aJ&d tliev’d
l’k’
1 e ‘:,~L,!z;$g#,
au;.~; ,,.~Ywith
was @te
it. They
logs to-
use to hook
pulp it?
on the,logging
ivere hard:
old logef
they
Couldn’t
ha& ,to,the~~wo~~~~~~~ry’d
wantcii.
:
train
attra&o%
blood ‘$$
.
You
freight
of ih’ejy can;ps.
once’ or twice a kopth
know;
&
proud
them.
grab---
very cp!orf~~l, &fid’tl&y
“““““““““’
”
” s4
up, too.
were
‘ijecxuse’thnt
were
one time in
pl-int
~a!;’ down.
tp,drive,_?.ne
take
he loved-
take some driving
six or’ eight
yo~~~knofi,im@1
he’d
buddy,
hit was
His tales were’something.
t%amster
he was liable
Give
‘l‘h&
the
And,
couldn’t
world.
~1‘guess
I met Jimmy
~0;
in the ends
pull
and
it stump,
the sign and
hooks
could
sign
old Jimmy,
tales. Now
he’d. tell,
i-ompnn~.
with
[so thev
Give
camps.
to le;kve, and he ‘might
and the othel-into
months.
~,~
,.~
n&d
take a notion
that’s
off. Well,
of the tales
the’ outside
Jitnl~,y’Q~~tielt~,,.
the logging
of the doggonest
Some
305
one day.
them
down
Chatooga
That’s
in below
a
”
FOXFIIG
*.
Toccoa,
Georgia,
so~~eplac~,
across the river that would
‘l’hey had
thbugh.
logs-~-.had
took
in every
when.‘they‘d
the!,‘d
area.
to where
timber.
they’d
if thry
that
carried
out, so that the horse
with
‘the)- were
Either
Shay
much
that
too fast,
run ;he
it turned
those expirts’could
Almost fell
stake
in the ,&x&d.
l~ecausc
they
It’ just
couldn’t
it], and that
crack
the
horse
split
shot way
it had to ,iall in position,
so’that
,partic-
could
pull
it.
‘.
to.lx
the way they were supposed
to float the logs] ‘they‘d
they
had
ran
off cog&like
They
more ,powerful
tram
A tram
to a point,
upg’rade.
[‘l‘bi’s
th&
geais
[thati .conventiomU,
roads.
haul
to a nari
in the logg~ing woods
dihn’t
loah this car and~let
it ,came down
and
the ‘hill, and
felling
pointed
a hundred
co~uld get to them.
engines.
They‘d
a tree
The!;
around
that
horses,
hest.oncs
or they had
had switchbacks.
own power.
with
going
railroa~d. The
take
kind of-skill]
that log in position,
if they weren’t
railroads
And
they were
lo,qgirlg
throw
ro~gange
else till those
and’ notching.
on the ground
ruin the log. And then
were
They’d
[Then
surh
were ,going all the time.
and felling
finish driving
If it split [while
up the trunk.
ularly
anything
and everything
could
ground.
it would
partook pcopl_e like th~at [with
their
Cutting
a spot out there
drive a iittle stake&the
tr&
cr&s
booms
out. But once~
‘[‘here wasn’t
with food
fell a tree. They
fifty feet tall, and mark
that
hut those
take them
had
fifty qpikes t6 each shoe.
were experts
pride
crews,
those loggers
[sawmills]
But those river rats had those boots so they could
about
Thefe
stop the logs, and they‘d
relief
.~\nd nien had to follow
logs went
The
they had to keep ~them going,
those logs started,
as qui&ng..
and sawmillSthem.
4
C’~
were “th$,
in a car-and
pistorl,,driven~~engines].
have
ai1 &gine~ on it: It
it go do&
the hill under
and I,)- the time hit got to going
the
w~ay the tracks~ were
its
a little
constructed.]
‘l”hen, just hefolle.it~~~~..lo~t..~.~.~~
&that
u ‘grade
I then ~~~~~
he&~~~~~~~~~~~~~;~~
went another
,.-~~.--:?~~..~~~
:~~~~~~~~.~~
----~----.~.~~~~-~~~~~~p
back this wa)- [to take it farther down the hill]. J,ust ‘before
it
went
up
-_
track
the
upgrade,
it would
called
it-and
that
went
through
heading
ontP&e,,ncxt
grade
and
go through
switch
‘just &II
of track
switch-a
hack
ox:er’ [aster
be in position
when
“frog”
it reached
downhill]:.
Over here on 7‘ray
_~
down the mouiitain.
the car
to dir&t
the apex
they
the d‘ar
of the ‘bp-
Mountain,
they’d
seven times getting
,411 those hlg logging
camps
are gone from
the s&me type of stuff to cut; The
that
automatic
SO that it would
porti&
back
an
automatically
uphill
downhill
headed
switchback
tate
=
kind of camp.
And
an)how.
‘I‘hey have
the\- lox
at least orWthird
to keep turning.
the); can get it,throqgh
could
take
widest
width
small’tiinloer
the mills now
a iog that
they could
of that
the saw.
was
it and
now.
They
had
can’t
turnipg
those
through-hack
now thev
l‘hcre
%st isn’t
we ha\:e now doe<n’.t necessitake
cake of the big logs,
it on that
big log by just-pruning
six feet
get-but
this ;rea
verv
carriagr:
it’down
big bandsaws
then
seldom
until
to where
~then that
they #cut for the
ever
cut anv,thinrI
PLATE
Loganj.
?%I
The
The
Champion
log trains would
Fibre
Company’
opera’tion
at Sunburst
come into this area and dump
their logs
(now
Lake
into tlw log
pond so the drrt~\vould
be washed
off t,hem before
they were sa~~~~dr,~~~soa”in.r the
and dirt off would protect
the sal?~~b!ads.~,,,The~logs~would
the-draivn,mio
the band
on e Chute (visible, leadins
from the second
floor of the ~buiiding at the head of
,
bqrit~
~~~~~~,~~~~,~~
mill
the
lakr~~~,where
they would be squared
by a batld saw. Then
they would-be
moved
illto
the resaw
area whet-e tweJve circle saws operating
in tandem
would’<aw
them
itito
t~~elvc boards
at a time. This mill was shotgun
fed and steam bperated:
Stacied\lumber is l:jsible in the far back@ound
migbr cut 100,000 feet of lumber
multaneously
Paper. j
hauling
logs from
behind
the stacks. A~~large operation
a day, and haw asp many as five trains
~rhe camps
~10 the
mill.
(Photo’,couitesy
like this one
operatirlg:siof Champion
P
‘- _
a
over ten inches.~That’s
the marketable
timber
today.
They
take that
lumber
:@ laminate
it arid put it together
and come up with’all the wide stuff they
need.’ .So logging’s entirely different
now., Used~ tq they ‘wouldn’t
f.001 with
that
small.er
stuff.
They
couldn’t.
~~was thq~;bigkgs.~
Took’too
~~
-!
**
much
work.
What
they.w,anted
*.
~.... _
Will Zoellner
Will ZoellnelOUTarea.
those
camps,
it all! Even
Mith.”
When
wwked
as a black&nith
ht~~s_eygral~gf the log&
~~,
~~~
.~~
.~~~~, ,-.;
we =;asked him what.‘L blacksmith’s
resppnsibilitles
he said, “Euefyth&
n damn
table
leg breaks
in the .world!
The
in the kitchen,.they
camps
in
were
in
blacksm’ith~‘had
send
: ,,.
for the
to do
black-
~~~ .
ji
-
_,
FOXFiR!&
308
~1 “Ei~e,yfhing
putti,ng
in. the world”
in, mm
logs tlvoti,~h
trncks
and
ler:c@n.g
the sa~,~~ppnil-&g
lrlgs into thr cnwing&zs
most Iogp)..~ zeere’ c&d
clnd./hen
such jobs & r+airi;q
them
the jobs
fo giw.
at the end
for
sup
0’7 xbuildinq
well as nznking
rctlgon rvhert~. Someti~n~s
.nnajle.
i,ncludcd
the
the’ band
carriage
that
the log tzunea
sinilrtl-ecs,
01 that
” .-’
mills,
c&ied
that wlle;i
of
put in, n ten-hour
&hen
day,
4
~.~
the.
tools,, tool I~?ndles, p&d
1-squired jar. mol-e in terms,
~Wil! +qht
,r
the steers
time
than
day, for es-
wve
brought
in
. ,i
,q, from t lzc woo Ed.r, 1~uf;~m
~’ nn nddi/ionnl
to put fhew in (I set of stocks to hold
nt n time with n ‘block
seuernl hoz~~i sir,oeing them. He’d hme
,.
t@z st.21, n$d then, r&e their leg one
.,
to attach thetzejo-part
shoes. .Ind sonze~
and tackle
“
fimes the jobs were tedious nnd time ‘con~su~~~i~ng.
Hn&ue~
and ,trnces, /or
~.xoQZ~~,’ id
t0 be 7nfldr to /it thi &in&s
e.xnctdy 50 that ihey wouldn~‘t
mb their
hide row. And the yokes
50 thnt the sfrcrs
In nridition,
cou,ldn’t
twn, in them
he h,nd to know
hod tg know,
/or e,xnmple,
job lelns &al
became,
he mule
what
-
for the itee7.r had to fit evactly
nnd #ef Jozrlcd
type of wood
ov hwt
thernselr~es,
was best fol- each
job:
he
fm USEin- plozu-
that a poplnl- ?‘oke mi-qht be fine
in,qin~ n ,6elri, hut for h,enr,y wo7-k. like /og,@n.g,, sweetgum
was better as it
wot~~d~~g&- but wouln’p;jt ~bleah ,unujrr ~the tremrudous~ &fain put 071~it. ~?I’&
Since
::,
in nzc~n.yways, he kept the whole
he hnd so~rnuch e’xperience
n Zitilc about
portnncr
hii work with, them.
of horsing the kind
told us nbn’lit.
.
When i fkst started
Horses
work
khateful.
Then
we asked
we asked
of. well:mn
camps
him first to teli US
him to’ talk about
thnt “Preach”
th,e iv-
Pnrsomr
had
*’
loggkg,
‘chq
with horses,
with st,e%,
c&np Eoin,q.
we used. steers.
get to fretting.
Especially
The!;
iri muddy
I like to work
Set n&rvous.
ground
\vith
theni.
I don’t
like in a creel&d
like to
or some-
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~thin.~
~~.~horse,~~he.,danlt,~.waut..to~stop,.,~.~~e~~~~~~~H,e
wanasaIt~~~~o&~.h~
through
.
.
~~~~~~~
,,,,~~,:.
$
and get out of it,~!,ut he can’t run through with fifty t&.
You have to take
,a
YOU time to gq Fhrou$h it. I’d rather fool with cattle with the exception
of
‘L
gt$ting
in fn old field ‘or 0~ a big mountain
ditches
and no [okxles]
in the roughs
I started
much.
1’11 take a steer. :
xqorking
with steers
There
by gosh,
WC&
old: I‘d put
down
the road
‘A.‘thenl, and
and
I never
)-ou’d take them
they‘ll stop j&t
if you haqdlc
Ghen
they
a little bitty
let them
would
out, after maybe
like anything
them
every
ones.
were
yoke
drag
have
a horse
can
no wate~r and
I’d play~with
still sucking
on them
a bush
They
just
day. Later
drive
get onto it.Quick,
I’d break
’
or four
between
to them
young.
then1 to n&e
a
worb,g
to it. Pad
“whoa”
~’“‘~-~“:
‘them up’and
or so&dthing
got used
two days you holler
else. They
them-&w&y
T-+vF
the cow--three
and
or a chain
no trouble.
when
‘~i
no
Ix rnighty~~handy.~But~’
~\:;
early.~ I used to break thetil
~I,o!:.-I had five ix six y&5 of little
w-ith thcni,
q”ange with
that
when
and
Especially
a living
with.
D
~,~~~.,
~.,
PkATE
290
Will
Zoellne~
(center)
,,,,~
,’
with
,,(,
!~-I‘ve
l&cd
‘&h
them;
five yokes‘of
stew.
,,.r; :,,I i :,,j i .li i .,.I’ ,.I’ L
,.
I’ve put
plowed
,i; l&a
mule. The)-‘d do ,&thing.
But they’ve got to be over three
them
single
.
~~ stout enough to do anything heavy ,.@efore that]. Th,ey’re bones
~‘yT~~;A~cd
you don’t want to &rain them.i.$xne
of &em t;kes ;t.%vful
not
are soft yet.
h&d. They
.i
: ‘,
pull too hard. And sotie of fhem gvs down on you. He wants to go faster
L, i ,.~,: ,-thaw t&;rest
.x~d&z2@t~
m”ad and he lays dew+
Then you have to just
2 1
,,\~,hop~~~nl~~Gp~,~~~~~b.:o,u.~ha~~~~~~o~Zle~easy~~with~them,
‘of course?he
easier you
ng there
his back end
the other
way:
One’s
got his head
upside
down, ,o
one’s
with
got
the \;oke ~l~derneatb~and~~,the other One’s got ,it ofi top and then~itis an awful,
~~~~~~~
shape. They‘ll get one killed. You have to ~00 ahead and knock the bow out
and push them
arouud.?n
a yoke to fit so they
.;I’ve had
jump
and
procession
other,
I ?:
them
can’t
to walk
rip, and
there
and they’ll
d,o that
on their
tear;
and put the bow back.
and
so his ,neck won’t
hind ~feet,get
but ,you get them
soon stop that,
and he can’t do that.
You’ve
That
ttirn~in
the bow.
up .in the air ten feet
working,with~otb$r
chain
gbt to make
goes from
team,s
and
in rti
one yoke to the
_~_ ,~~~~
~~~~~_
Once
,, you’re
ydu stalt
logging
logging
with
with more
them,,you
than
one pair.
can tea&
Yotvput
a pair
pretty
a trained
quick
yoke ahead
,, then they’ll show that [new pair, also called
-nncs can’t ~yet away ‘cause the fronti, [p+]
a “yoke”] what to,do.
-just won’t jet them
-8: \Ghen )jou hook
o,les~~Jna~~~~~~~~~gs.where
.~~‘\ tell them
t&n
[together],
the front
to go.~
the front’?a&le
Istout catfic,
hravy
’ ’ \.oungst&,
don’t
~‘*
put therh
cattle,
Hcdon‘t
ones-it
they’re
[Thky’ll
and hold~that,
get in the ditch
~hon’t make
n6t. If they want
see that if] the~other
; Rut the butts should
,~i~.~
mg ahd
pulling
liml)s and
;
be heavy
to do agajnst
holes and stuff
it be pretty
P
load up there. A
and get .kiII$.
Hc
*
know how. So the lead ones have te Ix
ones ,$as ~n-ot to Ix heavy snough tb hold
i
and the $ddle
I&
Thcy’havc
no difIerence
~whethcr
to pull, they can pull;
d,$n’t want to i~ull, the oth?;s’ll drag them. *They’ll
,’ ,$ ,~,.,<~,,: ~, ,_
They 1)~soon.,&w~
it; and if they,.don’t
look but,
,’ ~hcm~along.
they
in the middle )!ou’\:e got
a &,jt&. If the):
in overl,oard.
Cd
ii1 there.
or whether
Now
tp push each other
look oui for himself.
trained,
yokes.
hf
down
through
Rut ~the butts-the
lx&
three
he’ll go straight
j)el-fectly
them
and
The new’
run, alld
./
Now what they call a team~is
,~n h;ucT
p&t:’
,gnnrl >tim
idon’t,
if
cattlecan
they’re
and if they
go. They‘ll
,
have
to go.
the o?her .cattle’ll
drag
do it, th%y can too.
cattle
PO because they’ve got ii lot of pushthen ditches atid
other goin, v in through
each
like that.
They
have
to Ix stout
enough
to hold
their own. But th&ads
have qot to be al,solutely
trained. ,Wher$. \:ou holler,
“\\;ho~;,,” you ,&an-;ant~himto stop. chit’ don’t nxikc, no differen&ihrre
it 1:~.
;Ind
they
the other
than
soon’learIi,it,
cattle
and they
is not hung
get so they
Ups or anything,
looi; back
like that.
and wafch
‘l‘hey l$lddy
._~.
tb se? if
up in less
a week.
Sbn~etinxs:iotic
and lay down.
M-hip and
of the. butf+ill
\Vhen
they
let, the ‘others
on. And
don:i+++oad
to. Then
after
don’t”take
try to iie ~down,on
lz$ down,
whv,,j,,ust
shoot
you.
‘I‘hey get mad
the@one,with
pull .him up. Thck&~,,he’ll go get mad,
them.
you log them
Make
arid he’ll 9-0
sure thbt ‘they can pull it if thQ
a ;we,ek or two, .y,,,hy, all the trouble
two yokes or three
the OS
yokes of cattle
I@ th’ti &gh
G.
want
is o<e?. But
land ljkc cliffs and
rocks. Jf you do, you’re going’ to get one killed.
In loadinglogsPwc
load thep
,: log and
over
there.
with the cattle.
&ck
and
the wagon
You
strt;ld up
go back.
little.
Then
They’ll
have
Take
tP the
there
with
“Whoa,”
YOU spike~him
Run
of ,loading.lpgs
tw~o chains
ends ‘atid let them
a peavee
and
and they’ll
where
ease on up there
no’way
the leads off and wrap
up there.
hobk the cattle
slips. .l‘hen juSt holler,
I
didn’t
and
We‘d
j&
a chain’arounh
under
cattle
watch
then.
thClog
pull
the
and
that
6~
log up
:+nd see if asything
hold that
log. They
won’t
let it
you want
him and tell them
to g&up
as quick
as tlie log hits thi: standards,
a~
,
,%^_.
,,;
.
,,~,....‘~
~~’
‘,~
PLATE
291
A large operation
like Champion
would
also have a’ commissary.where
9 its men could ohtain
food, dry goods, tools, feed, and other supplies
thcy,might
need.
l‘his on?, on the head of Sunhurst,
like other commissaries,
had iis busiest day otz S”turdays when famili,es wduld be free for the weekend.
Since they were only paid ivery
thi.&y davs, employees
would make their purdhases
with what they called
“doogalald6”
-credit
vouchers
against their forthcoming
paychecks.
At the- end of the. month,
fh;ey
\vo?ld draw the halance
of what was left in their accounts
in cash. Such a commiss?!y
miglit serve as Mary as, twenty
canlps,-t,heband,~mili,th~~~9eil~ralpilh!i~~nd..tbe,-ihd~‘~ pendent;
loggers,
l$kc Millard
Buchanan,
who cut boundaries
of ‘tirnbc
themselves,
were paid by the thousand
feet of timber
they brought
in, and coulcJ make purcliases
.
here on credit a&nst
what the cottipapy
would owe them at the end of each month.
: Though
most o$ the people
in this photograph
undoubtedly
%ork for the compahy,
only a few of theIn would be loggers.
The‘list
of employees
required,
by a large opera~“’ ti6n i~as’sta#~~~i~~~~iind
would
include:
cooks, “cookies”
‘(cook’s
assistants),
“lohhy
!mcn
who
served
the
food
land
cleaned
the
dining
hall
after
meals),
h”“s-’
,>
“sxwnpers”
(the men who made the skid trails the horses’and
oxen used to drag the
“road’ monkeys:’
(men who ‘maintain~ed
the skid trails),
“grab
logs to a loading
area),
-jafld+~rtt~wkdmr~g~~--mgs~so
rtrq-cmlti~~~
pUll3)
;.~tGGst&
jFn&
M:ho drove the stock),
blacksmiths,
stable boys, foiemen,
timh&‘cutt~ers
(the men who
felled the trees and trimmed
and cut them to length with crosicu’t saws arid axes),
sawyers, hiock setters
(men who ~positioned
the logs so they could he sawed at the mill),
(men u-ho took the lumber
away from the
firemen
to fire the boilers,
“off-bearers”
saws), “cutoff men”
jmcn who cut the bad ends off lumber
and sqyared it up), “trimmers”
(men who edged ofI ihe bark that the main saws didn’t get),
“pickup
men”
“stackers”
(menu w-ho stacked
the
!men who haulrd
the lumber
to the woodyard),
“skidder
men’? (men who op~erated
rhc overhead
skidders),
wood in the xvoodyard),
“tong hookers”
(men who booked
the choker
Raemen
to signal the skidders operaters,
to logs SO they could he dragged
m the
and so on. (Photo
courtesy
of Champion
loading.area
Paper.)
by the
skiddec),
train
engineers,
,I~.
,/”
”
: ‘,
\
’
j(,
I
,I
I
3 12~
FOXFIRE
4
.
-~-~~!--~~~~~~-tky’11
nutwtia~c~l~~-stq*l~~clc\_~~~~~~i~’s_lond~cdl~Thcl~
you just turn them
I
,,aro~~~d and get another. Yoy lkyl plumb on up tb the top.
Now when I worked in camps,: there %as some good camps and SC& bad
,t
-
+xn~~ps. -bne
[North
I st,yed
k~~rulina~
in had
se\-cnt):-two
and up on Shooting
~fronr Frnhklin
[North Carolina].
of the l~orses. km
that-they $as,
’
vas a I)& old feller.
men. ‘They
&eck
conle
[North
.,!
fr?xn Ha)-cs\~ille,-
Cnroli~~]
and
several
There was one hoI-sc man that ?ook caret
well, fat. Hc was from West Virgin&.
He
Nice: quiet,. easy to gkt,nlollg
with.. He looked
after~~the
,laorses, and if the harness’dadn‘t
fit, he’d get &it his whittling
knife and fix
had sistern bxl
lost l,ut o,,e hors&. .And then the Government
it. PVC ncvcr
-inlthe
woocls day and night
lnn’ds]. Get oilt’in
get in,thk
Now
rhese mountains
Ix~rracks
thing but hunt
and.,gp.to
the marked
thnt’camp
\+:a~. The!,
[marking
had
trees to Ix cut in the National
and they Go$dn‘t
go home.
~slcrp and pay the hoard.
&ks
X’he);‘d just
The11 wk didn’t
do a
and cut them.
anything
had the nic&t;lxds
Forest’4;
)-oil wanted.
you, cxr
M&x
looked
no difference
what
at, land they kept, clean.
it
And
those beds,’ they‘d go whcJe we’d go. They were in lxwra.cks th‘at could lx
.Inoled. You could pull them wlierc~~er you kantcd
to. They could move a
whole
camp
in two hour& And
illg the timher
the boys that would
to c;lt way off,, if that
them? they‘d, go and get them
nxss s~rgcaKi
whcxvcr
lvould
and
l~iring them
send the dinner
tools and equipment
and
the kitihen.
anti kitchen.
room
w&
The
living
It‘s~ really
to do it, why,
cooked.
I’d rather
The): were handiest.:
wt!rea’t,like
ok.
something
have
Never
that.
thought
to eat dinller
a intin had
and
supper.
you what
I go’t full of it.
the woods.
-@erherrwas one old head
m+n ahoyt
moustache-old
wdrk
\-ou can’t
bon):
for people
g~ucssed it so I’m through.
“\?%y,
both
men
cook
had
roolii,
inter-
and women
hut if a woman
a woman
I had to quit
and let liim ,go on with it. Tell
1’1 &b;ly~
the c,ooks, they
a diniIlg’room,
living
building
so ‘h
t e); didn’t
\Ve had
merits for ):ou out’in
him,
the
wants
thali
a man.
’
But all the camps
.~I@ old black
And
a man‘s ‘job to ~cook in the woods,
she‘s cleanest.
did,wt have ljrain
Had
a-separate
fere wiph the men and ~omcn~~bo
I
of ,the t&c
thelil.Jk!y
z the campgroul~d
e\:er)-thillg.
$th
to have
in. But II o.
out alld meet
their h~w~-acks connected
cool+g.
go out on a shift hunthe dinner to
Iri
didn‘t
they were logging:
‘l‘hry had
d
company
that3
I left there.
to sleep at ni’&t
They’d
to do and
He didn’t
got n little
I says, “I’m
going to. I~f you ain‘t got the money,
“But what’s
the matter?‘~
.~
on out
no arrzingc-
feet high,with
have
s&se,
hraiil
hut
i great
one. I told
now
I over-’
Give me my pay and I’ll leave.”
do that:”
’
and ~hxd
just ~put him
not- make
They
_
seven or eight
ielkr.
one.
a
I’m going tb ,anyhow,”
”
.,
.
“Well,
I thought
cook.
you had arrange-
We had ‘KP’s.- We had
without
a IAackmxith.”
a
.
I~OxFIII~
emmcni
//rim
big popi&.
iny
much
logged.
Jnke
lnsger than, my
Joke’s
~W’nltlm/~,
fnth.er,
when
wns beiyyut,
,Jakea had ,to make
.’
0,’
as ~a ch,ild chmin,q .t”-.&z
with’ his mothcr~lookr
;z ~loggin.qI; operntimti
&
sixty yems ,cqo
r@nembe,;r
“‘th,ers in. the men;
-.
even then.
for fii,‘mn~,~. It re’ns ?I lnntlm&k.
1 Zrb
:
to its being
4
,r-~-~~~.-~.~~.~~
,Jnke was n yquq
zym.
n drcitio,n
in this nreic &bout
M,‘hkn the Sugnr C”r;e ~nrea
about
cutting
the
b”g @oplnr
tree. He np,i)nrentl:~! hnd no eithetic r$nsons fog swin,& th,c tjie- Efen, t6g$~z’t
reriis at lrnst tlz&een feet. ii di;<met& and the cross&t satis were:“.Zly ten.
The
feet Ion::.
.lnke 1-Ed&d
time grtlin,q
bccnirsc
io,p,@n,& ?ompny
said
they
thczt eoen, if the t.ree wer~~rut,;
it out.of
of it., ,pwt
wnidd
pt
they would
width.
his father
he had hired,
PLATE
292
Jake
saw., Then
hnoe a uery’di@,xlt
the zuonds, nnd t’hen it ~:oulrl not, he cut =n~the sqrulnill
Therefore~the
bi,~ p”t~Lnv wm .r/mcrl.
Sewrnl yms
n,go n trnil was gut thr&h
.&e wood.;
Fores{ Sewice
and dedicated
to john
Was&$ ~a former
1
liked b>, the ATo,-th Cnrolina residents,of
this n;kn.
Her-&se
n longer
’
.~
to tile -tree ,by the
forest
mnfier.well-
and h(s m& b, I Inn a lofigin,q
we uske$~~Jake to tell us nb
wns n logfir
M’aldroop
before
the +nt
yellow
poplar.
Cnlllfi~for
4
*
:
~, ,I,OGGING
.:‘rf-y0 Oh,
;‘~I,,d
i
Loud,
&Id@
log. He had
and everything.
wint~ertime
you‘d
river].
have’to
<hack &‘tho&
slide
when
they’t&ed
that
through
they’d
on.
It ‘would
all dumped
all the wa?‘ro
take
in [the
the mili-ride
have to g&in
there,
on.
A few of the men hoarded
with tis. Then
they’d
at home,
hut we always
go put on Saturd,i)!and
around,
,. the,y ,~ras bootleggers
wohld do them over till they
They
come
on Mon’day
they’d
come
had
au+ the lunch
,it up to, the Tate
or
Branch
come in for supper.
be I-eady to go to work
ing in the camp.
to do was carry
I-eady and ive’d carry
they was logging. ‘Then they’d
“$own”
the’
th;at sp$uhi;l, u and we was down at Tate C’ove,
I~oy. He always boirded
his hands, aI>d my mother
wn the
She’d get the dinned
anp they’d
dam
jar%; they’d
to moving
house there. ~A11I was big enough
’ +ner.
ii
he was doing
I was a small
w&z
drive them
When
that jam and Cget th&
No\9 when
boarding
there.
splash
hefo~& ,th,ey’d get’ them
.4nd tl?en the’m .men,“they’d
the logs d&i
ten hours~a~day.
to see your
\$+yiout. Sometimi-s
I~,
feet of logs loaded on them skids ready to
:I half a day ormore
I and Ixeak
coi%
take ‘you :a lantern
or fiftythousand
that
sonlotimes
wdrked
morni!~g.
get a quart
On
drinking
would
&ning
Saturday,
or a half-gallon
back in. Never
to do their
had ten or twizlve stay
hack on Sunday
if
and
that
have ‘much drink-
outside.
They’d
have
their
6n the weekend.
But
this
camp,
,wanted
Amy daddy
built it and moved ,us, into it. Th.eni that
to go home.walked
the three or four miles home after work in the
evening
after
quitting
time.
Others
stayed.
own potatoes
and raise our own corn,
The
would
thrasher
wheat.
come, around
We’d take it down
get. And
we’d
raise
We.had
and had two or three
at the fall
We’d
life. I’ve seen ten, fifteen
everyone
stringing
atound
barrel
with
wasn’t
full of ~them. They’d
pickled
beans,
no trouble
remember
bunch
and
about
o,ne time
meat.
make
s&y
would
had
killed
them
feed
them
of leather
of beans
you’ve
up in a room
britches
and’,
beans
and
pickle
Fill one
britches
a big
of them
beans.
And,
hogs back in the mountains.
I
killed
and dressed, and
and
that
we’d
They’d
gallons.
twenty-seven
one day.
He
got a
cut up and packed
w.e’d salt that
meat
up
down
in
the food.
potatoes,
8 big pan of sawmill
and she’d put some,meal
piled
leather
td eighty
We just grazed
my daddy
So,we had
have
and *thrash
all the flour
sight
be for p+ling.
big sackfulls
M’e had a big smokehouse,
that smokehouse.
Mother
They’d
w&d
hold
have
of men to come in and
twenty-seven.
would
them.
too, but most of them
bushels
Make’our
acres’ of wheat.
of the year
raise the awfulJest
ever seen in your
shell beans
a big garden.
here at the roller mill and that’s
beans.
or flour
:
was jU$ a bo$. ~1 used to help, my
in N~n’$$ala’
with a splash: da,
a biFoperition‘o<cr
\Ve’ve
he’d haoe,forty
rciil into
,,
”
..
~_,,
meat,
gravy.
bread.
,Every
morning
She’d .haGe a great
in it,. You could
make
she
hig skillet
it out of corn
meal
:”
~
r
--
3 16 c ‘&
~
4
1
or, flc&&#~&
FOiFI’RL
’
:...”
&ncrally
thickened,
Hour in that par; and.she’d
0
‘the&or
water
your
let it brdwn
if she didl?‘t
have
gravy
milk.
So they‘d
A lot of times it would
land
flour.
Shc’d:$tit
she’d dump
have
gravy,
just be the, whole
and’shoulder
meat.
And
that
$lk
in
,~,
and,tthey?d
big mi;fdling.
she:d
u
4’
.
hav$fruit:
of fruit. L4ncJ ,she‘d bal,e these dried,fruit
@es, or
,just have big ;lntters
of ,that dried fruit on the table. And it was
comctimcs
,
ham,
with
a little I&: Then
T---
~goo;i_ and thrv’d./ent
&kc
Tvorlds df j&y
it, And she‘d have applesauce
and jelly. They”d
up in the fall of the year. Wh!,, you could pick
I)ush~els of l~lackherries
and .apples.
She was busy.
Worked
all the, time.
just
j,ust
:
?hen‘eithcr
they’d come in foi- lunch, or t_h@!;‘d send~somehody
to come
into ihc~l~onrciing ho&e and they‘d have the dinner read~$ all packed in big
/
buckets nnd,carrv _~~~
it o,ut
to tll~,men. &id depending
on how niany men W?S
~~~~~
go&g to lx at the lunch gi-ound, we‘d have a big coffeepot
x&tirakeit
out
there.
to
It~M;as too hard
loggers
sight!
to pack
coffee.
out the lunch for.-them
carry
did.
Lord
On a great
1~ generally
could
ahout.
You didn’t
big platter
one %ould just rake it full of-beans
have
newx
sonletinres
.would
hear
Inithe
them
e\:enings,
a game
sometil-hes
the summertime.
and
hanjo
play
And
ow
1\‘ednesda>;
s&hac,k.
It was ‘2~
innd meat
much
to worry
everything.
Once
in
e\er
in therd lo,&p,g
ramps.
Some
of these liigger
cafnps,
streak.
A nian
get auf and~~gang up and
setback
iyith
to go in. And
t&m
the gnats~woulc!
up a smoke
sometimes
for hours
some
eat us up in
and we’d ,set around
of them
play!:.
at a time.
would
bring
that
in a
a littlc IIIUSIC.
time’ we had
night
we’d
waii
till ~+fter supper
thev
could
much
them
But not ofyen.
tcrl)uild
And
men
eat,
ofFit.
a little shooting
the men would
We’d have
and make
all that
and
there.
and hax
I’wplayed
It xvould get so dark we’d have
smoke
much
a card game.
qf setback.
have
fall out, but hardly
some would. break’over
husky
they had.
it. You’didn’t
of tiny troullle
get kille’dww
of some
all this confusion-killing
;r’~vhile one of them would
You:d
care
could
they
life. I enjoyed
take
They
goodness,
and fruit and ~~egeta’hles and wh;itever
It was a good
took two good
men to eat anyway.
listen
ever!- one,of
a fell&-he
haCe
&as
them
Gorge,
loggers
I)lacksmith.
services~pl-eachinS-fog
and ~the cookies
too. Then
the
had
gotten
he would
would
And
every
the ,loggcrs.
He’d
everything
preach
cleaned
in them lohhy.
come in and lie’just
as’quiet
up SO,
Wetty
and lis-
ten to him, ):ou know.
M-e called
In~er&ies
them
“the good old d&s.”
md
photogmi,hs
by
;\nd
Cum
they was.
ijmd,
I,ynnetle
Williavk,
B~~endo Cnrjxnter.
;,’
I;
_.
‘-\
and
”
1
~~~~~~~~
~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,~,
~~
~~~~~
~;~ ,-
~~
\’
~I,
I~~
,.‘~
IS fortunate
enough
eryone
e&l place to go to-a.
always
pIace that
invoha
the opposite
a .trek hewn ,a tree-covered
hill, just for a short
something
cooking
the person
one will never
I remember
,4unt
~~l~~u~g-eda bit and
;in~lhing,sl~eet,
ga1::e I11c
14
ri&t,
never ,will.
smell
place
%~
is
.~
She
I have, always
w
you ran
!~orl ‘rxed advicc.,She’s
sense.
inaking
it sound
Thrre’s
a kindness
lnte.,~4 ver);, generous
the person
imy
other
i’n her own lclr:tt~e
: \ .’
way that she does.
Lola was l)ol:n o*n March
She’s actually
my great-awl;,
I Rues-Id
suti;up
“I IQW he?.”
r 1 ‘~
person.
is imposible
ojhrr
people
but to me s,he’s been\nl?mz
~11 my feelings
for A&t
”
$ola
*t
_“-f
’
to art&-~
,have never )eard,her
!
She’s >my close ‘to God,
know
26! r~8gi in th$ Wanvoman
‘,
quite
,person,
w&y to,help
,
aren‘t
~18 o can tell you’right
from
like good
i stead itcmqds
,al~out~ her w$,ch
and g-eiltle-natured
vvzo1.d to*oor about
timT t+ wlten~things
like ‘a lecture;
tries \?ery hard
i\unt
se: .4n’d in that
forget.
i~m+zs~~ort of person
without
a harsh
ere ~yoti~can always
you get to the
posession
Lola
common
an*d up
little red Bible on Cl\;
when
wrong
creek,
A
Lola as far hacti
and
is a’ treasured
Aunt
croq>the
visit. A place
eve;i l&ore
rememl~xr.
r.
say
and
God
the
community.
~., ‘.’
I
like a grandmother.
irthe~
fhE~~SoZzl~~-
.>
pITA
:~
‘~~
‘, Photography
and
in/err&es
done
I
by Bit’ Came,-,
JENKINS
‘0,
IAnita
Jenkins,
find
.i
~^
318
.~~
“I
.4.)i
-<.
-0
8’
”
,~’
~I
ia;
..
1
.
FOXFIRE
4; :, $ :>~
II
pi;jyf$<gj
t\uSi
Lola
Gith
y.~
Anita
said
&at
My. grand&other
coffee
rti~j when
I wars born.
Jenkins
_
‘
orltride,her
:
;she could
‘;a\-~
‘l‘he house that
little
home.
p
;.I
my face
I Ii:+&
with
an
okd$lary
onJ’arwoman
was a
huge log house. It w-&wide~. I don’t know the kimher
of feet, buf anyway
_ the beds sat like thBt [he~dkxrds
against the waJj]‘~in the jrack and there
was still pleniy
of room
in between~ thenl’to
j It was sealed with wide pdplar
~Ve~Iat?~ino\:ed
of land.
Mother
to C:hechero
had been
living al-er ,thcre.
;I chance
raised
She was always
The.Godfky
/,
because]
place,
go in and out. I ~a;1 still see it.~
:I
i
zlittle.hom&ck~
property.
.L_
piece
’
‘atid Shea ha k ricks
liked
‘,
for th$plare.
of. it: \k’e bought
And.‘.we
a
’
-sized
weYd,idn’t own’s’ goo
here pn~‘(:hechero,
to bu); this property~~here7all
granafathe,r’s
P ~-.was’Mother‘s
Jo m!; +fcr, Bcssie, hves now.
‘--._.
boards.
moved,
Daddy
this place
irito .~Jhc howc
r ,. :
as it %~as’kalled, had the first white
settlers
got
whigh
where
,~i: _.~~~‘~
m this end
of the community..There
was a famil!-, the Coftees,~,that settled about where
Kingwood
[Country
Club] know,
and then the Godfrey f?‘inily%v~as settled
hcrr
I
and
cemetery
;I~
I ‘
/
The
it was @out
/
miles across
over here has altia,ys beeti.ealled
house
that
“*i
Big Creek
the Godfrey
my grea~g~eat-graIldfath~r
i
~~
~,.
I
three
Gddfrey
to kc$her
family.
The’
Cemetery.
built
waz somewhere
,
,a .,~
. .~’ i
,< ’
‘B
q
,,,
,,
(,,
‘/,
\
”
“‘,
\
LOLA
.4&?7’
:
CANNON
379
near’ thie cenxter\..
cemet&].
Their
little
She had built
I)uy&upplies,
girl. played
a.,,pl~yhou’se
she got, sick and
died.
and put her up on a’l)oard
txtween
got bat).
wider
T~hev buried
her
;?Iost of~ihe ~ountr~,was
,_ rhe’mor~ling
twb or three
from
off I+
another
frulli
and had
woil)d
that
porch.
their
nit>:, we would
be alar,jx Jed.
was one thing’that
wasp always
done
The
‘dressed
In a little
,so&ething
wl?en I.was
was the he@nning
family
got up m
had
~
29-P
?he
!’
Godfrey
.’
5.
Cemetery,
with
Malinda
Godfry’s
hear
gotten
w+as~happening.
We didn’t
hea&ton6
up
the commu-
’
That
have~an
, .,
PLATE
.graund.
’
an& hollered
it over
a child.
.,i
as he &old
Ilit, you would
conwout
until”ever)~
her,
days tills he
as l&d
now:~ii, we heard
think
xid
the
back..to~
first m’an wlq
j&t
s&nebodv~had
I think
We’d
bathed
l@ler
people!
it was like that
hello.
he was gone
big oak trer.~,‘I‘hat
:~
on the ridge
&id
n@rnini
while
[Neal
ancJ she kept for three
his door~arid
to wake ‘the.othel:
house\over
a big oak tree
Grandmother
chairs
in little settlements.
goJoutside
times
und.er
and once,
of thLd cenieiy’).
-,
_
‘\,
s
;;I Ihe
fore-
I’
,~,
,,
,
..~
,,
.,‘~
.
<,
‘( ~
~~--
:
-cI.
.‘i
;:,.
020
,
.e’fJ’,OS$IRT:
,*
$1
;d;ll’Iil cl&k
tlvxe
peat
old his ones.
~~ ‘. thingS-4at
People
flocks].
at our house
until
long a$t& 1 nx
1 thought
you would lx waked
who,,kccp
So rnmy
a mjsed
pcoplc
ahout~ it, 1x11 to hear
Inck~from
that’$rmm~cl~ck
[can
keep. ~chickens~~~ow.
t’hc basters
my cliildhood.
of chi$Fns
c~-ow just
If yx~ hnd’a
r&out haif an l&,r
L\Iotha/would
hamma’
.
;.
daw;‘J)ring:s
rooster~ilr--b;lr”-Ao~k
prolx~i~ly
ha~~,dlcs and
hcfore
to F&
Ix-knitt’ing.
Daddy
su’ppy
sittiyx
xvould In&
around
tl;~cm. Boys .,@:ov .qp feeling
like they
had
;~ccomplishrd
they
a’,good
axe handle
do at, night
around
ye could
fellowship~in
families:
‘l‘hcre
or % good
th,c fil-c! nndAthere
was .a .habit
amoilg
;;ll.
._
_
and.
didit’t
something
hoe handle.
.,
the fire.
-axe hslid)es
that- at iii,ght.‘j1:5~
to make
he-
;claimrd
that
of the t&o,
like
lewned
dike&t
cro&l
dawl~. You c-ould j~r’dg:e pretty
n lot aftrr
it is
som@ilig
that
things
t,:&s that
~_~I
WC used
.--k/f-,
WIDOWwhat
tinI : t0 gci alp, yolk got rid of him. A @eat many people
tEc)- a:; h d trll the time of (iay by their rooster‘s crow. Mat
At qcir holy,
t&ured
to lx.
I dodt
hefaw
of,
use x-oostkrs as a&m
for
they u&d
had, ok
was the mast
up an); timr: you wanted
flock
don‘t
kwr~cd.‘iv1a~,a
4-,
buy
%-hen _ ,k
Q
The
was a lot
peopld
in our- area;
we’d
get an early supper and ,yo over and visit .thk &eighhors and stay until bed-.
time. That was q&e an event. If there w&
childre?,‘they
got ,tp,$ther to,+
pIa?
nrtd the old folks talked
and sang;
%m&imes
two ,f+ilies
would.
. ~.
get
‘~j/
.~
,O~
~~,
PLATE
251.5 The view fro~ni Aunt Lqia’s ho~~se.‘~‘I \vish I could
paper to chore zll qE the people
how beautiful
it r&U)- is here.”
:
v
*
put hit cm canCas
n
L
dr
j
I
,
_.-__.
-..~,Lp.+
,~
,~~,.
Am+e:-_-_I
;>oIA
C~‘WI$cl~~
_:
_i.-_.___
-._.- _~,~~~~_~~~
ng. Smailcr children
would get sleepy quicker and prob;ably
some ;mo~rg the gro~~p would stay. up as long as the par&,
:,
+$it~ good
time
;o live ihen. ~NQ\~ you
ies to gather
~,~jol,sthat
ground
take, thtk
at one time.
away
from
find :L-lot of fire-
And so !x~ny~~pec@~~ork~
home,
that
Ik,thinlc we: h+rd a closer
families
family
pcoplr do toda!~.
that we enjoyed
as youngsters-,.-~-~rrfatlw;l)s
Once th@
k at ~&&church
duritlg
lrefdre
urch]
‘after supper.
don’t
the C:hl-istmns
C:hri~tlrlasIM’c’d
season.
m&t
Most
had
times
sex-era1 days before
~hot~se. \\‘&‘d cut holly, white pine, and anything
,sach window- and each corner of the [church.]
i $arc,
we stood
gxencry
ev.&
in:.‘!
a C~:hristmas
it would
be a
to decorate
the
that was green,
house. To keep
up all the way to the ceiling.
irliws;Bkw&
strekhed
‘wp lvhen we cork-spend
for C:h&tn+s.
hardly
I-el,ationship
That
Out a day.~ Oh! “e thought
we ~ere;~
‘\, whol? day decorating
the church*‘,
~.kd then we felt we must ‘ho badk and clean i\ up aftertiard,
lather
whole
da):. Oh, wc’,wcX
just ‘as busy as youngsters
are
now who w&-~h.
114i~p&k&
-
didn‘t
kryday’~l~\:ln@
talk religion
I wish’i>cO$d
in the\‘m:orn&g
as much
as they
~tell you exa&ly,
and they made
vou fcellike
just worked
l,ut somehow
it in our ev-
Y
you just got up
this waS another
good
d$y if you ,,
that’s lvhat,, Cod w&s
us t~._d,o:They
stressed more; I
* used it &l&,and
think, td-:T$ ~$l)o<it the thing-sl’that God wants us to da thak they did what
you’d
And
caKre11g~on.
of’co’ur&
countr?:
we went
chi&hes.
The]-rwould,bd
They
$ugh$i
the ,garden
harvest
corn,
us a lot about
wo!lld
+x.
Go<,
pl,anted
seemed
Sow
you plant
make.. Knd’I
spreads..~That
a month.
Sunday,
And
saw to it, and
so
\
c d ours future
pI
life in planting
ey expected
cultiked
‘it. ‘That
more:~;of an impression
th&“think
to get a
pn tiy,life
sqed, a grain
of what
was
a harvest
them
of
it
son> you can start a good
Mama
want
was a valyal,le
thing
to do $good
de@
for someone
lesson to me. Even-thpugh
going.
you‘re
:?
$
tellivg 6ie pnc time that that was the
i
was. \iou .?vere just one, per?bn and ‘i,,!you did ,a good deed for
?+‘a~;your)ife
~_:.
somebody,
that made
re~uemlxx
and
twice
at the
les
this little, $i$ful-kicking
seed,
us to do.
service
following
always
it in faith? and
[,to leave]
or ;ii:?$ear;, 01 a pumpkin
= service
,Mother
religion,
they
wants
to preaching
prcachin
school
Whatever
they
and
school.
we h,,d
cc our Sunday
~frdin,,::because
an$&g
schooi
and a swvice!~he
Sunday
arid ~the fields.
isn’t it- ~-what dad
we ‘had.
service
w,e’had
one of tlx?tl,k$‘that
,than
to kwldav
a SaWday
t$t
xligion,
Back,“th&
the otli~&;rn&ys
did Da+&
But.tha;‘is
else, and it
joust one per-
”
see something
ct m KY&~33
ould
lx
d when
in this rocm
dolk.
Imy,
w&dl
I
so she cut
I knitted
that
me
doll a’
Id ,,,; age nod we made
to the creek.
.~Ltients
these
would
die snd we had ~a Imrying,
girls were
there,
we’d
ground
go dig up the
for ‘them,
dolls
and
see if they
and
dressed
them
up like people.
revise.
We made
I guess it stood us $1 good
corn-silk
stead.
near
were
for
It was~~ally
a,
still
town
had
doI!?
them:
We
good
e looked
,’
time
lots of corncot,
hair
up
Imp&xi
and the next
rsc, people
adr
\yc
for
for,
a
~,~
AUNT
LOL$:C:;~AN(XN.~~,
~:
,I
323~
.,
‘7‘h~e boys liked to have
land 1)0)-s wouldn‘t
them
join .tjecause
,play Ml
get in the way and get hurt.
I went to school at Warwoman
they were good.
too &ch.;They
i-
~1): first years
~’ \ ~.
were
in school,
in’one
apt to
‘,_r
of’thosr-
atherboard,
one-room
schoolhouse:5& AK~hcsAldre~~~
w&em in *lx&L
~~~~~
school
.were thiF@,
lr;~l-tm-tTle
most pupils that were usuall!:
to school fron,~c^;ght
know it ‘kcpt~ the teacl>er pretty 1~s);. We w
ling and
,,the spring
ha&an
houl,~..F~ycss&t
afternooll,
ahoilt~fifteen
dintier
nd a short
ti
would
in
c’a\‘c us tip1e to go to
minutes.
and get IvTtcr. ‘I‘hcrc WC,-c ,no huscd\Ve
~I;I those days, there
&ak
~ ‘-~-
alked to school.
Ix one tim~plong
in the aut$n
when
a trnv‘~
+out
them then.
a
started
nine
~‘Our school
t
vent
months
to school
a couple
of $chool. ‘Sihools
tenth
when
I went:
~grade. They
started
-the &ding
IfSyou
had applied
e\-cr ha&to
eventful
d&
I .waxi’t
them
limited,
and
to, keep up,
wouldn’t
I tried
thir!k
at ,thai
5~~harder
to express
have
They’d
shucking
ever
They
on ir certain
da)-. That
and a lot of older
at a corn
One
shucking
did at some places.
crib,
where
The
farmer
was;:quite
people,
a reC$ve
would
most times
would
th~ey had
my chllmi;‘d
when.1
I studied
then jug
who shucked
gather
&l
L
could.
a little
up their
invite
$orn
it was a slog crib,
it, to protect
a treat-to
We shucked-the
p&son
i
,
h’ave, a big shed %lotigside.
pi1.e the (:orn up thrre.
‘,
$0~ ijack to ‘school.,
and
~
a [corr(
when
tried to keep read&
We had lots of fun i,n those days. The @tiers
t woulcl
my mothei
sqon had to:dd’ a little
for ~[nly &iidren],
ii)-self-bet&.
re wasXways
..
a ~.
went a little wa\- in
at th~at time,
tilne .that “I w&ldn’t
l)est language
al>o\$’ the
‘yal had
<childI-en ,didn’t like school;
.
<tudent.
1 just liked the
as my children
I thought
he al)lc to go hack to school:“I
Lo use the
I
a good
with their hbq?~G~wh<kand pretty
in the daytimes
what.
’
grade.
are all on their own and I hay:c no responsihilit)-,I‘11
I didri’t
people
process
youself,
it. I don’t ‘think
Some
such
havin,g
I finished
the Wenth
life,. I enjoyed
me of? i??-ith a swit&i,
was &y
L helped
you fiGshed
school
cd it.~e\-al,thpugh
d@
graded
they
ar in rhc last year of school.
I had %. vcrv
schcal
after
weren’t
cdixation~when
studying
of years
everybody
the
a .,
co:-I%.
td a corn
go see a lot of, young
corn.
I dori‘t thipk
oft, *+oonshiG
to that
hid
f was
in hit.
jug first was the
w
4
the
y ,,
after.
Then
there were
always
cows and calves.
house.
The
COWS had to he taken
people
to one
:h Bi
_
‘.
-.
I
,pasture
and
the cal;~es to &other.
stoves were $1 that
pet&with
fi&,
\
we had: up untii,‘soJne
wood. Yo?d
: -~-~ ~~~~*5~
It u;ip rjght, ahlusing.
in t~hose’days.
take
orqhid
Today,
‘I‘hey&e
1
da!s
hi\:e
Nol;)ody ,$t
,something
to get wood
”
: ,~,
their
feeiings
not just
a hod+cached
right,
is~when
just ,got to hai’e%Gr.
It was the same~way
years agog, They
for ttiem
that
They
hurt.
why
$e
,required,
that S$i?ug$
If soinehody
ev&yhod$,
boys reach
just nl.ust have
made
just
a ~dating
it. Well,
age, th‘ey just had td have
it is with cars now tti, what
_-
Thk:.wooa
.l,.v
:.;.-
a lb? of
so y&I’d hiye
:::~
i,
‘l‘here were lots of~little thin&
you all kn’ow how.it
when
M~any little. tasks th&?dond.
a good (
~,
a ,lau&
son& ~rnif:
laighed’
it off.
age, or before.
hack
in those
a horse gr a.mu!e.
kind’ you could*aEord.
But
B
they worked
terribly
hal’d then to get them
well-to-d;,
they‘d
fellow
his buggy
had
their
cars tada)-.
xnd nice
day than
and kept
4n6the
at that
to cook,~how
was still a little
it just as clean
harness
and
for the mules
ti’rir;l{thougbt”);ouJnust
to quil[, and {rou must
You
must
behave
clever tP be isolated
x great
a top on it. That
.4nd if they were
higher
pretty
up.
Ever)
c,ared for & the boys ado
or h&es
was ally shirrecl up
for Siindap. ~~1
~guess +h~oor~ld~heFse-r~~~~~~,
harder day on Sunthey did the I’est of ~the week. We really had a time theli. ?.~
;\lothers
clean.
have
a buggy.
many
i,n mixed
with shy man.
and when
tvent
another
in one tim+and
and siin,
house
company
and
‘v&y
must
quietly,
1~ a group
a kind of fear that
Each
and the gjrden-seeds,
how to card
know how to keep ‘,our
There
,girls gr~ew up [with]
to go out to meet the world.
know
girl was taught
the lxst time
at’ another
were~
know
x2].
Al!: father
had
a $ne~
The
boys
when
plant
\v,ere‘taught
he planted
at a differrnt
early
how
how
sa\le the field seeds
W+
older
Oile
people
thing
used
sig s of the zodiac mu?h &ore than they do” now. My mother wouldn’t
,J
ptantcd~ a bean at~any other time than~the arms~[see Il‘iii Foxji~r’ Book,
missed a crop raihe+han
and
of y&l. I expect
for planting
‘time..‘I‘he
neat
you
they didn’t
how’to
?
how
potatotx
Hc
the
have
;
pagF,-
would~ ha\:e.
!
tin1.e.
to chop
properly
and
carefully,
they
. . * were taug~ht methods of, pLmting,
and when to ~plnnt such and s&h,xnd’if
.:the father had a carpen&r
trade or otheF,traie,
they taught’ th,eir sons that.
Most
communities
had at ‘least one or two basketmakers.
liked to go to this basketniaker~s
they learned
.stools.
J&k
to do yhe work;
ahout
roung
‘l‘hey were taught
the mating
map grew
to where
season
he could
sized field, he was very proud.
* taught
from
$at
types’of
the wood
,make soap.
The
the&
igo
actly
the s&e
vou most
“Tha;,was
-little
length.
always
fellow
As each
piece
quilts.
then.
cittle
and how to no..
the horse%
furrow
himse1f.a
wanted.
they
needC+:.IVo
‘had to know
You wet-that
across
man.
gauge
little hickory
their
tradkl
hickory
like that.
hark.
some
The
their
their
,. :
a
a goodboys,were
liark
he had
That
were, exwood.
in hiss pock&
take
some marbles
age,
all ready
a
down
rolls sometimes.
was their wampum,
‘q’uilts and had them
i,
And
You take it from
you could
up ‘and l>egan. to get to ,the dating
Girls’ pieced
When
two fireplaces
hoti~to
heave .ajly, but maybe
They
making
I,oys as ‘much
liked hickory or’%& for their ashes to
I
hbw to fell then t&s;
and how to ~make
t-aught
boys, traded
didn’t
gi&grew
.i,~
I.., ‘~1~ :,-:
:.
and
a straight
peel it off in. tiny little sections,
times one fellow
cattle
way
was bestd in the days when ~wt! a!1 niade~soap
of%ood
They
about
and
teach
sa%v a little. I,oy with .a’,roll of hickory~ bark
3,string
just a&acti&.
other
type
plow
didn’t
co’&
He considere,d
Most-mothers
boys were
whatever
t&and
firewood
ashes.
fbr the
hil%.JXat
hut chair-seating
how to cook; They
housework.
t&e for ,signs’gf.
and .,take lessons from
not only baskets,
\,Ler$ few bqys learned
then
place
A lot ‘of the boyrj
tb
Somethat
an-
really.
she liked
[for their
.
to
own
I
.
AUNT
LOLL\
,’
CANNON
nd pillowcases
f the world
about
thirty-tight
her
those
pillowcases.
sheets.
or maybe
forty
to makes your
Most
usually
sheets.
twenty-four
we got it aii in that
\\‘hen
It was
iKches
and
sewed
house
A 10~ of them
I had
(s!x
in it, like that,
WC. lived
.I h;id, inxle
’ porchlike
we,had
rockers:
roomfor
and
in that little hquse,
along
with
which
ad made
.e. How
a great
lit&
deal,
a year
and
+t
.
later.~
I h;&some
.,
lots of the girls~
really
gave
set myself
him
a bedstead.
those
up
two
big o!d
Two
was all,
two’~rockers’.
He had,
was .my treasure.
me, a big trunk,
we got all those
we
a lady ‘that my~‘hus-
hex)
h6~ IjougEt
walnut,
in that
until
I had
that
a set of~beddinm
,~ a,~~.~ ,,
‘mow thaii
that
our
td trim
ready
quilts,
to housekeeping,
her summers.,,up
1,‘had a IZedstead
have
four
1~thought
I went
we made
to housekeeping
and
When
spent
him
\Vc didn’t
just had two.
six sheets.
way
you
or embroider
‘gave
nd that’ was many
had.
the
schoolhouse.
I went, to housekeeping,
,whcn
wide,
all the bedding
we went
then
sheeting.,
the gro’o’ti’s.mother
by sixteen-foot
nothing
You bought
to uochet
pi-idc in, having
and
\Ve*knew
That‘s
of IIS learned
\,\;k’. took
ready.
seamless
m~mm-~327--~,- ;~
~ ~~ ~~~~ ~
things
I had
and ‘a thy
in that
a
little
little house,‘I~.
don’t know, but we did.
.P)
.’ We didn,‘t have all the ~cookwaie
and ‘things’ that. peo’ple haves today. I”
had bought a set of blue enamel ware. The;6 was a water bucket, ~a preserving kettle,
a big spoon,
my grandmother
best.It
kpiople
gave
was ver)-~ plain
did haye
Raleigh
china
lxlilt
and two littl?‘boilerS
me. But I didn’t
ware that
and nicer
a porch
across
things.
one
end
and
year WC kept house,
x:7 pet. We didn’t
tiy
end
along.
which
I,ou&t
.
“i
a’pig.
we‘d. call ,her arid she’d lie down
they called
I don’t
th:lt,
it),
I bought
some
Alaska
~e~~mb&when
was ~Lery nice
”
of banister,
‘We raised
it as a”
Anywhere
we
~.
enough
t
it and sold
silverware
we first got electricity.
i
for you to sc
(I
a .set of :knivcs and forks.
some
1 .,:
IT,
I raixed
little
intthe
1,
into the house.
nd when she got .I+
frotn
of the
phi:, ‘but sup a sort
husband,
of my own.
money
the ,more wearthy
of ,iC Was sunny
in the .afternooti
keep the, door shut so’she can\,
her outside,
Now
.-I
that
were,Bix
along”.onewside
One
and we let ‘them play out there.
Thcfirst
found
to come
;i few dishes
.
lend was sunny
around
I had
to use thpsdlthey
we had those days,
at porch:
an
Then
want
’
The
think that’s
-4 d
li&e came’&tO
little time till it c&e
what’
the
011 out a$ far asp
:~ .
,<1. 1
‘/ .“,,I - -~. ..:’
”
/
Y
,;>c
p&
~~~,~,~,.,
1
Mrs.
Pollard’s,
They
kept promising,
.
we” all got impatient
;\nd
“.4s .spA
sister and J st&ped
’ / them
that
the countr):,
there
hurry
“The
lxxter.”
al,out*. I could
I knitted
s ~~,
ha\:r
that
knitting
needle,
‘,:, thoughr
have
I worked
with
lunchroom
that’s
it, !)ut we didn’t
have
for the wood
would
a spring
rather
always
matie
al~ut&:~just
ziqin.
It
never
rcyuirerl
When
came
onlv ~dut-of-home
work
convel,liences.
would
The
l’hnd
Izfrozen
off. It was hard
Yes, there
I didn’t
was’livin~.
I had that
him and he had
did‘e$erythinq
read to hi6
I could
and pray
to ,nnything.
many
tasks the Lord
in a
patrons
brought;&
to c$‘;
it: Ho&e&,
intimate
things
;Ale to do rn?@
one
a stroke
thing
and
I had
1 couldn’t
I got a lot of satisfactioxi
for him and I .could supply
he’s I&n
somet~hing
and
all his material
gone,
hut
get to 40 as ivurh
of my husl?al~,d as ion,!
he:had
I
bays,
,,.’
as he
.. ~
manage
!
knowing
needs
I
and
I just can’t pin myself
don’t, get it done;I)ut
to do,, He’ll give me the nl,ility’and
however
tiille
to
i?.
I have done
garden.
freezer
I worl\Cd
tnke’cnfe
until
want$me
‘M&
was
with trim. Since
I start
*~~~
to. There
to go ‘to the hospital.
down
do them
privilege
a lot of things,
hut the most satisfying
I got such a thrill out ,of putting
was in1rodueed.
‘1 wanted
_
I found
to. Mavlx
-.,--~..~~~I wouldgut
~~_~~.
*
up fruits
a lot of pleasure
it in the frame
was a ~gpod pro,$uctive
during
in making
the fall before
a quilt
you see hanging
the
ju$
like
from
the
~;
. .
_,/’
‘in a’
&’
I’ve ~,done.~ I’br+
are ‘so ma*yy little
qourld,
to do-to
,~
Rickm&
and we’d have
someone
to do and pra’e~d
aqotheq
in, I worked
I)ut I liked
and
tduch
to do~it a lot of tin&s.
jus?sit
hr$zd
clothe<.
I~x~school.
the VP.4
liked
their
a lot of fore-
Luther
wasn’t
have
thntl to worry
to make
my husbands
as I would
”
picnt): for them
or four; )-ears. ‘l‘hen
When
the pump
‘He‘liked
us if w6can’t
have
For years
arourid.
ironed
and caps. I s;Lid if they ever gqt large
in thr lunchroom.
at home.
lien
to divol-ce
qo 1 didn‘t
married.
many
a far piece
work
i
that havi
your cari do in the home.
h&&work
*
stovrs
in the winter,
from
shirts
Ralei$l
his wife for three
and
,,
of
time of life. 1 didn’t ‘act~ually re-
it up
I was
the
water
~sfca
before
school
S&n&imes
in our section
to 1~ :d)le to have tiha~t they nredrd
lady.
fixwood
told
to help?”
for ~them, I <vould
takrn
little Cafe for an old German
joyed
:
to knit
I,ut, I h;\:e
and platining
sheriff,
j
my children.
socks, sweatqrs,
I did ..houscwork
ii
day rn?
and
/
ioins
;I family,
the food to worry
I didn‘t
I
..
my happiest
of raisii;S
their boot&,
enough
One
people
down
going
of wearing
and the?‘re
:
just enjoy
to eat so I didn‘t
j
how’s electricity
stove,
that must have Ixen
alize the responsibility
I
company
get electricity
are gett~ing tired
with a flat iron I,+ a v&d
I think
up and
in ~Chcchero.
it’ll lx obt~ there.”
to the power
“ \Tell,
nxn
find ronibthil:,:
it’ dow~n here
wcr’e going to be a lot of divorces.
One ~fii%~er&aid,
I said
as we’ can,
in and’italked
if we.didn~t
allout
~~-~FOSFTRT:Q
~
e/“
32 9
‘.
quilt COW
ceiling. And when I finished, I had so much pride in it. Idon’t
I,cc;r,usc I can‘t see well enough.
i’
If I lc;;md
how to ,hakc a different
cake and it turnzd out welt, L lo\red
<
that.
Just about
c\-cl-ything
1 didj i,f I had
had xcompli~hed
~omcthing.
And I liked \i.oli]iiilx outdoox
done
2 pat
2~
it w:ell, I thonght
,ii;rriy&;nen
I really
;llejpc& to do~‘the
“.’
,outdoor
k‘?rk. Mos’ of~~t~hcm~~i;l~~m!.
enviro~~inent helped saw wood or chops,:
-a
.wood~~;trr+iio any o,’i the outdom t;&s with, the men. .4 gr&t ,many moth&
~rerc \r;isc,eliouyll
to teach their sons to help in the house, top. Wonlen
in
tlros&~)-s
did ;I lot of work
&~‘of~sn~;~ll child&n.
‘,
‘,:
“.
tic of.nrilkl
If there
were small
down
did
outdoor
their
childrrn,
and IIEL~IX a piece of I)read
the palict
nmrc
in fields alongsjde
men
if there
ihey’d
take a quilt,
to t& field and
find a shade
irri anti then sits the I;al,y
on it while
MO& then.
late;~?t Gcm‘t
fx-om eight
,trious
got
fields Ixfor&‘s~C-up
to the
,, don’t ,scc how thndid
gottcn’oilt
they
A4ll of them
don‘t
Chechero,
Sumter
PLATE
a IXJC:
to put
frbm early to
quite industill sy&wn.
I
.
,~
it, ~44nd,,wr~~c~~lldn’t now bec~~use it seems like’ we’ve
of that ‘~a). of db$g.
I ha\:c six childrerl>
work.
and’worked
<L
WO~KII
t~he)- worked.
People ~worked in those days
themwhy
to four., People considered
if they
yerclr’t
have
fix-c $rls
than
t6 ,do it ‘now:. They
.grammar
they Went ‘to work.
for some of the boardifig
\,
Aunt
Ical-ned
Imt one can milk a cow better
and then
217
and dne ho?. They
finished
Ruth
houses.
I can now..Of
and Estelle
There
to do all sortYof
school
worked
was nothing
course,
here
on
during
the
for girls to do
~,
330
FOXFIRE
i
,:
as they can ‘IIOW. [.After finishing ~ gramnmr
tfp
Tallulnh
I
Falls [f& high school],
:vbuldrl’t
LOW
know
wouldn’t.
I thin$
days than today,
cope
to
cope
jvith~ trqining
“no”
they’re
in’ the wo*ld
and
that
to board
youngsters
it didn‘t
many
youngsters
little
I’m at a loss on %ow to handle
some do today.
with
there weren’t~so
mdre permissioli’when
up children
g&,
they.went
away
to
there.
to&y.
I
&rtninly
,
that I would ~rather have raised my family hack in there
,,I &ink it was easier to impress them with worthwhile
things of life, hecquse
I, couldn’t
Al five of&
school],
4
today.
fellows,
them.
,do anygood
things.
They
and then
hIy children-
IW any means,
I think” that saved
distracting
so muc,h
they get larger,
weren’t
‘the best l?rought
did learn that “no” was
but they
to whine
I’m sure th;a#
are given
when
.’
and
pout
and
me a lot of wqrry
later
and was better
crv like I see
them.
I use+ to go to hed and cry when I made the children do things that
‘~.too bald for;them.
But !oday they te-ll me that it influenced
their later
foi~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~were
lives.
Today,
it seems like. people are a little too permissive <with their children.
~\$:hile they :ire s&II, that‘s the time to get iti your best Jraining,
hefore the)
start
to- school.
What
they learned
froril their
parents,‘;hen
their lives. It’s just as easy to teach
the& Rood m&ners
as it is to t&h
and bad maimers.
.
theni
had l’arlguagr
in the early years that really
One
of lliy neighlIars
every ,,morning,
counts.
taught
she could
tell
schaol.
whicfl
T\‘hen they, were given their hooks,
to and that
had growh
Shcsaid
chi.ld
she could
.
to give our children
gopd training
at home
they’d
on&or
in M$v or June.
Thr
children
go to church iand their feacher’or
instructor
twice a,‘week. The)! YouId pract&
their
~thk plays
that
the church
event
;h&v’d use. We’d
and
decorate
for us. Pebple
it with
go a day’mayhe
whatever
When
we went
childrm
1 : making
tomchurch,
didn‘t
noise. They
sirYging.w%uld
hegin,
we went
run around
went into the church
the little fellows
She said
part
and a good
religious
practice
of
see SO much
a Children’,s
for weeks,
and
would meet them there
recitation,
the songs~ arid
lxforehand,
and~c-lean
That
we got there
laughing
very reverently
up
was a ~great
for our
memorize
some little thing
‘.
their ego% lot.”
the churchyard
read
that the early
was avaiia&le.
in when
class
at ,homr.
and books.
came ~from miles. and miles io the churdh
dren’s Day. The smaller child who could
,qet Up and speak his piece. Why; it helped
Our
w@ld
training
that had been
background.
We had;an
event ii1 churches
then that I don’t
now, Children’s
,Dayj The churches
Amost every year had
Day, sometime
,~
langu&e
she had
discipline
pi pictures
it w& \:ertl rasy to pick out that child. It goes to prove
their life is [the best time to train a child].
\l:e tried
when
had
tell a child
up with thk infl&ce
influen&s
In’? the early
‘that
had
really
and good
Chilwould
z&d sat down.
and
playing
and then
when
and
the
tried to sing, -411 they did was kind of
‘\
-~__-und .Ixlt at 1rz-t the); made
“- school
scl-\-kc
and the church
scn-ice,
me to get out and
wxys looked
ct w+x.
their’noke.
And
we had
walk
what
about
and
for a place, to build
‘l‘hen
they
a preaching
betwe$een the
was called
maybe
back
\
than
ling
more
chances
<lp,, and they
and
of
a ~901 spring
and
had
,
I did. church-vise.
to learn,
ht in the &ho01 a lot. Most
stand
near
in ,thc chukh
);, and for the niost part,
bad
an intermis-
scrt.ice.
;tdvantage
They
Sunday
go get a drink
it, church
gath~ered
_,, Ye--.,..+33-g
had
we had two pxaching
Audi back
in thox
of the &hers
grouped
around
the “Lord‘s
I was able
either
days
had
the
and sarig one or two
Prayer.”
that’s
1 think
‘~
rno&ly
atcly. But that was quite good and more than once, we’ve
k my children were going to’school,
who didn’t rely on the
)ut prayed
a little pe~konal
Lord’s
school
now.
There
kaAdn‘t
religion,
I‘m sorry
that
have
belief
[the
group
except
hymns]
were
talk.
stand.
to me. I have
I taught
or. fourteen,
whim when
done
a friend
were
up the
u~~usunll~- good
are. apt
brphe
didn’t
and
with.
basic3
come
back.
Bllt
this
bo!~ came
after
up; then
awhile,
his mind
it dibn’t
seetied
succeed.
who
he
went
and
’
This
1 thou&k
I&k
I just
to service
he had
some
stzite. He \,went into
He married
to gd haywircall
road
school;
to .1x noisy.
children,
it left him in a nervous
business
away
at
be just
he was in ‘Sunday
at the age wh&n boys
of 1~0)s arid girls
some
a lot
profanely
It tould
en they grew up; some of them
and
that
in the Lord ~Jesus Christ.
a little apple
was t,birteen
and
d.enomination
rtant
ouxs
I understan,d
na~me mentioned
prayer
to be any
prayer.
and
together
his marriage
and
he’was
in a
mental hos$al
for quite a bit. I got his address from-one
of his bl;others,.
and wrotk in him. I #sent him a copy of the Clayton
TI-ibun
and he wrote
back
and
told
me how ~much he enjoyed
I meet
it. We
him,
sent him
he almost
ity stops by to buy
nd to me. And
.I’11
another’
’ then.: The!;
may.ha\:e
2nd tbo,kan);
:pickup
as well
Women,
influenc,x!
p”;‘t in it, After
in their
‘vote, but I didn’t
ize that,
one.
attitude.
didn’t
anything,
have
a’lot
the vote,
i was old enough
as anybody’
but they
you could
to vote, when
I v&s n~tit too well postedi,on
else’s, The
first few times
mentions,
from
to ‘say about
\;ote for a few years after ‘it was permissible.
even though
th&.Tribune
never
lxgin
women
him,
I went
to
,,
$e
on thk
.‘,
8,
politics!”
got o,&
to see a ,,
,got the
I didn’t
-tl$ngs, my vote
z~-:~.~““‘~“”
that.
I feel that it is bxad
,thrir ~family some,
they had
always
real-
_
l
.’
1
~-33x
-FOXFIR%
a,
4
,
.
,,i PLATE.298
I ,went~ to-the
I want
I said,~“Will
up my mind
to tell me who to votr
hefore
I came
One
yoil to voTe thr’right
you tell me hbw I must votr~to
:\~;&i hk lmp~
e!ecfion.
of the manag:rrs
way’ today.”
vote the right way?”
for. land
out ~herc. I had-talked
I said, “I’d
already
to a person
that
made
ga\‘:
me
HC didn’t
say
an idea how to vote.”
I+ said, “Who was that?“
r\nd 1~said, “l’he~I,ord.”
That man wilted like you had
anyniore
to 1716;ihout
poured
hot watrr
over him.
it !
Thnf~ fnith. is one thin,q ~huf ~~raily stondr oul about /junl Lok.
AS .ihf
“I/ God shod/l
call me fommrow,
I’m
said at me +7int in Jhr’inle,uiew,
had so~tiany
gpd
tizings hn[)pen
in my lift, I’d he rrt~dy.”
’
..’
i:ATjNT
L0Li\.~
k4NNOh
J
.4jter
t~h~ art(c-Iti nhout~ her cc$pcared
in ‘our nztigo~inc~, .-lni/~~
!?li~). fl~il?!l,‘l~/,rii-I.oin whirlc she shmrd wifh L~J.II .snid in pin,-t, “Tfrr mngnYTI&J~CCZR!C
~O~CLJ,.Thel: had followed
me badk /o ,iny mountains,
P&JQJ 50,
hap/q rc*limI rrnd yhur not’cnt the beginnij2~,Tfor
I hfld n,&r
djennLrd
zE’hl’?i,I’ ufed to wjndpl; ‘if I wr~uid see Eit/le heady. b.pbbitig: CIGTOSS
t& fipld
. fhi~ do?‘.’ thfll if IIECTTI/nu~:Ihin,~~ ,r~<>rc/;I.~~ozc thorf~ just N little t&fi outside’.
~‘(.wTOU!I!.’
/Jm~~,y?mrrd. I/ it I)LL~?~(.xo?mf/ii?ig to pu, I (11)~&,! c!lnd. jt runs
-lb
*
a bi.i,!gt s$o/ iv ru, da),.
’ “It is Spill a !oi,Cly ii /lri,q
:
fo rr~nemher al/ of you g’,.riwirl~,u~ i:nto JUG/I,i~i-
(~+o~i~. help/u/ tt~~men: jxo[~le who car,,:hel,f, /he &&/ lo b,e a bet&
p/“y phi
who/diortJafflei~
ins. My;lor!e nnd /~,ri?,c,-.r
will ‘~zlzp:n~,~
be
J,‘“““.‘,’
,‘.
I
3’
+
.
WATER
SYS’TEMS
~~~
~~~
,-\\-
.
P
h;c selection
1:
supply
have
of clean,
heard
faction.
The
hundreds
methods
of times,
used
of the
required
to make it work
people
spectrum
that
and
1s a bucket
e$ies;,
and
bewilderingly
varied.
is so simple
of hands
that
At
all that
tomcarry
i& .T.hixis... t..,“.,, ,.i
and
then b-asin is enlarged,
and lined with rock-~-not
cemented,
of cou,rse, so that
a small
~001 to form
that
has always
of abandtied,
Original
was set,some
the overflow
,just as easily
we’x:e a&d
runs
places
the spring
have
a house
vent
is.often
in low ground,.building
,
the occupants
frdm bein, m able JO look out
over
eye on things.
into their
king
co?71 crop:
up higher
or if \:isitors
the or&i-
top,of
Mosi
thek
land
wktc,hEtb
cqniqg
,a knhll
6f the
a guess say that
their
let them
were
;
the ho&e
to the spring.
since the spring
or-
khe vast ma-
or”on
venture
can
flow.
&why,,&
ok + hillside
‘,
top of fhe
we have’explor-e8,
bekn set closer
know,
can be dipped,
natural
by
the sides-
is kept level with
us s6mewhat
log home
water
cold. The
but the .on&‘that
and keep‘~heir
don’t
water
Contents
with the water“i
confused
abpue
distake
<vhen it k&d
which
can be sit to keep their
Ixd so,as not to interfere
O,ne thing
from
it is &ill used
l):ul also thou&
_
is
used,
the bottom
,’
satis-,:
I
4’
Oiten
rontainers
@d .gotten
we
families
basin on the side out of which
people
is a senteke
is located.
this causes
* jbrity
good
sa~$ with. pride
are
and a pair
in part,
of e
GI-een. .A,spring
intd~ wkch
nal stream
water
system ,that
copse’ into the basin not only from
and
bold spring,”
it is. always
that
is the
,nenrly ~11 the
like Hillard
deepened,
,got a goa&
for tapping
oIle &d
the system
“I’ve
cold water.
based,
availal+ty
the
.
of a site for i neti
fat-m was always
on
o
w.ould
pre-
and
fields
see if deer-
u,p the road,
and
::
so on.
Whatever
IVater
had
the
reason,
to be lugged
ways
the
danger
that
from
the
bar11 and/or
kh,~
cre
uphill
the
we,re some
(there
spring
outhouse
were
could
above
disadvatitages
no pumps),
become
unless
to
and
this
there
contaminated
a good distance
system.
was al-.“’
by sewage
separated
*, ‘them.
,’
.
.
.
‘. I’
PLATE
299
HilIar$
Green still gets his water
to his house several huq&ed
yards away.
I--
,-
~-
~~
in buck&
iron;
a spring
and
carries
it
her husband
most~~i~-mx~ticall~
yater
pipes !,see section
:1~1egan to stock
that
w;~: the
ch&i,
dig a whll beside
eventual
orsame)
yetal
availal~ility
had always
pipe
the house.
of pipe.
been ,pos$lle,
MLlahinz wooden
lmt when
stores
’
the wster
;:
_”!J
I
\Ii
<~ !
,j
:.
,;
i
“,*
~“-I
~~~~~~~#~:-.F~
-
.Wlnck reservoiy
+,nd
thawjno. D
afrcr
a wjpter
of freezing
i
~,.J
“,I
:
_~ -3
I ?,
\
!
PLATE
302
Noel
round cement sections
mir nmv.
.,.
,,,.,,
:: ~,.
>*
..;.
_
,’
Moore
with,
the
he uses as 21 reser-
I
:,_
,:
,':':,
/.
" i '~~~
;
338.
/
1.
c C~
5
.y
GOSr;l
pi
:,
- 3;
-_,
Ri
4
‘1:~,-.~
I
I~r~-cl~‘,~Thi wate; rank in at t!l6 top, filled the ,~_ ) \
,, I,~&-\, ah&o,~&Ho\\;d
fmm’the
top either into the ori$nai
sti-earn or itl~to a
’1:“,
&a~~nclithat’ led JO t&t stream. Th.5 pip;c.Jeadifig
to the house exited frorrQ
’ the barl-el at ;i p&t
some Six or eight /inches ;~~)Ql'e,,it5 bottonl’so
that a&y
’
.’
si$$>:
fifty-&]on
sedimqt
wmidcn
that collected
~‘linc,’ Laity
res;er\:oirs
in the barrel
+ic,re’ n&r:
&:e.r time would
F’o,t get suckd
cl;~l;&ratc. ,‘l‘wO 6r~ tl;r&
b;ir&
intq ihe
might
-~ ‘
.. -
.,
IX :
.o
,-..,
Y
e>
hooked tog&&r;
for y&amplC ~,; A
j .,--,
_, . TV&,\
,,,an); jleop~c UC largej precist
o5,cret~&ks
made for use-a; ‘me Y,
j
” septic !an!+ I,ut acquired for this ‘purpose, instca,$RounB
sections of cemellt;
_ ,s’\
t,ilyerts;
or tiles for lining,<vells Ub ecjually” yll ,\rhen SCL01: CIK~ imd sealed
at the lx)ttoln
l\-il~h six inthcs, of c.<,ment.
,”
~:~
:S&IU &ptximents
failed,!.of CO&X. Noel~~foo~e‘s
\,oiy was d,ocxyd.
Noel bult it with c,emcnt’~rlo&s,
first attempt
lut neglected
at-a reserto fill the;
ibf& ill the blocks w&h cement. Water seepe
ter, froze, expanded,
ind broke tly sides
I,lock,
‘but
the\-* fill the
center
By ~.
~holes~ plaster
the
inside
yalls
with
three
‘: .
v’
The ,rn,er
Row ou,~ iron, under n rock cliir at a
~PI.‘4l’E 30:~~ Walliy :1,*,a spriq
point to the far ieft, not visible in the photograph Leroy ,T@ is preparirlS the exit
.
::rpa f<,r the IEIICI-, xvhich xvii1 flow- out of a ‘Irole in thr n~iddle of the ~rxll. When
linislipd,
ilve rock uxil will i:Iosc thf npcniiig
10 the sprillx
COlllplvtely
,rVrC~>t .fOr Ll
~ screincd.door
abuvr
the exit
hole
that
will permir
arc:%
into
the
spring for Clraniiis.
’
r
WATER
:
SYSTF,MS
;
,‘~
;:,.
w., ,
.
_~~::,~~<,
in<.hes of ~plnster, atid often co@ ,t:h:&tlinitig, with a ~,vat&proofillg
that will +e\:ent
M’$CI. flolv:/,~~iiilgr:nl,so~l,ecl
ini cold spells.
:
Today,
.
gravity
compound
into’ t~he w:dls and fkezjng
:
s);si+ns ,irc’stiil
popul;\l:
ii1 the nlountains,
,lAt Lose
v$nt
nieni
10 build ‘one arc i~rgeci 19 ,go to thr oflkc of ~thclocal health
~‘l’hrse guidelines
ofli~iwl a&ic!i
up n fkk kt of guidelines.
mgnd
a svstem
tht
~ili comple~~t~ly,,.sealcd from
point: ;~lon~ the line ck
animal
‘fekrs, chemicals
the water
be&e
sprin,q
to house
contaminated
fallou[’ f~;orn the a’ir, or surf@
water
.. .\t one poinr,
that may ,uot &ave ixen
with more and r&e
.L xhd thr I-i& Sol contankiation
such
WATER
at no
things
an in$okmt
Imilt closer, and closer~ tog&h&~,
more
than
ever h~$ore,
_
~.Q
,
the .q~uidel$es
chemi;:;
f
‘~.__
I’
PIpES
‘,
,:,a neigh~“1
consider;t@n,,
houses kings
serious
:
as
pm
sc‘rve
an important
purpose-insul-ing
that waker- ihat is not treatgd
~
‘c;dly renkin~,,~as pilre as ~p~~iLiC~musi‘d. r--,
~/~-~ ~~~~<; AL
;:
‘~‘i *I \.
,_,WOQDEN
~$6
?k$nFtre+~,-
so tl&
by such
her’s hog’lot\
hut now,
h&- * ‘~
._
....
M%eIi
where
I
the
first settlers
came
they .co:lld buy metal
their water
in lxrykets
from
ilito
the
moultaim;
pipes. for their
the sprihg
to their
_-
there
plukl,ing:
cal&
;
wex
no ,stores t ’ ‘,
‘l‘hey ,had
to ~a,rry,~‘i
or ham.
1,
)(r
I
I
+r mow ,fotiye
oj mdk ,
;
nab-d
/&a
p.d
wiq..
W dbj d
T.&k
La.in; rock< art huiu up cwer6ari.c
ad
wtdnry
&+d, woodtn ruof wiik, ki$b
dmr
,‘I ndd+ ip kltp art k&i, aniruah,tk,
b+.
50 iAft yaa;LC'F hejilka tartiy
-,&out
pscbi,j up WA> w.2 pbblW..
!
PLATE
5jatc rnd hattan*my
stmyt
of
jo+!;’
A
6t mw&td.
_--
6
’
. i ‘.
tyfd
\
(
~QwL( t+i(iw wifh d+-
304
\-:~~
7
hulier,t+
JGwriirarT
&O
yiii,~dtlw, fW ~;I
I,~,
,’
‘,
”
: ,,
; 9” ~~~~,:,
:
:
,,,,,,,,,.,,
,TI&k;i
-.-“‘T
~,,;i,~‘~2
,.,, /***
_ FOSlZJRE,,
4
I
*
~;!,
. ~,~~~4~ ‘~
~-Me -s----1.:;~ \
‘r;Y;/R+
i&lapr”-;
.~-
1 ; ‘b&~ h+it
p,+.r$yk”,
h..c*~
&,+-awh!‘wjedslrbh
A’-~ ‘5 ,:.“.c,
b p&i. rf
;A ih**m;rx
k., MS iHhVnx
,I nFnl~j/
““,,h
Glint.
u ,A..
GLVI?
“ 76.
&<esb,t!+7* /mm pm? ‘“.A
ii~~~~~I+”
>.,c:~~~
1
.~~,,
. o
1‘~~_
.’
‘.2 ~“’
- :
Pi:&
305:.;;.
3 ;>~
“9
’
j
..,*,~I
j,~~
.~
n.
I
‘?
~-~_a.,
,~;
.:,
,,1
~
ii,,tinlc.wqilt &
they f&&
&;lt t!vz).~coidd $Ait lo,!&
h~~lfkwth\h:isc
,,c
m.nlln,~l
uxih;:
...,L~,:r&.
+,."
,,.L.. ..l--."q
.'11~il,mm~.LL-;.. ;..* ,/_'~
.
I
“1L,L’
,1” .... \\:;r+cr
..“..,LL;
Clll”\C
,y
“,
a*,a~ il~lLow. LI,C‘IIWllL,,
I” IIIII’RL
..‘IILL
could Row to the spi
T “+nr ihPAl Fn,,n’rl
~,.
,~”
/“~~,~~~r~ER
SUSVE~~I~
,/
:
,.+
$Tound~ in a pipeline that
was made
found
would
out of’ poplar,‘~nnd
Finally
~l:~cicsmiths.
1
lines k&Id
~used~~tn~ make
grandfather,
inade
Rnl~ur
Elijah
the auger
~Garnrtt
C+m-ge
Count~‘s
Lovell,
‘straight
that, Garnett
(see: PI&
who could
Lowell
who
L,$e
the
‘B’&rton~ Dam.
agreed
way, it was~done
if.~ke would
long. U’e l~roughr
him the lqg ,and he showed u&w
,,
---~
a six-inch
~Inler?im.c
(2nd photqfirczkh<
/:
-.~~
,~~...~~~..~
.,..-.~./~~.~~~-..~.
for
the
his father
In fact,
Elijah
to show us exactly
diameter,
12~)Ro& O’Dwpr,
a family
steel
ten-foot
long
of
tools
and
had
the
pine
~
the pipes were made.
-'BOB
8
~~I~o~ihi~.r.Diqwzys
b
3 ~6). ,‘E&ey
from
Bbth
these waterpipes:
stili hai. Garnett
I$ing
that
show us bow to m;lke
cake
Lovcll’~, sharpened
had made
lo the spigot
last fifty or sixty years.
for somehne
we-found
Hiu father,
lxi~~& the &ter
then JQ ,the springhouse
that these underground
pipes.
341
ii
For a long tilne~ we looked
ihew
,;y~‘- p
~,
;
,.,,.,
/
.,~.
I,>
‘jcff
Fcnu,
O’DWYER
and
John
1~2J&n.
-. -lr.- .-~-...-.. ~...- -~.~~~-.~,.~.-.~
:
\,
<~’
PLATE 306
Garneft Ldvell.,
‘I
D
:‘?‘Y.~~~~~.,
,,~
‘1
‘\_/T
,A?
..
~*
2
.,
.
‘_
i
e
~~.
i
-
~-~,
TV
-I
”
P
9
----y.i.
\
b
PLATE
307
Gamett
holds ,the auger he will use upright
how long itCs. The auger
was made hy his grandfather,
0
blacksmith:
,
..I
d
to show us
who was a
II,
P
~i.
PLATE-,308
~(,
PLATE
.~
309
The
drilling
end of the auger.
a round steel bar, bent,rhe~,sides
up tb form
sharpened
the edges of the yzoop.
;
Garnett’s\gra~~dfather
a scoop,
put
the t&t
The
hi IndIe
flattened
of
the .end
in the end,~ and
_ ‘~
of
then
“.. ”
\
:
.~
%,
,~,~,.~/~~~
P&A%E
310
Garnett
begins
to b”re
outthe
10s as,$s
grandsolr
l”y$~ “y:.
.~
i.
L
??a
&!-;
&3
-~PL4TE.311
~!~~
foot
section
ten-foot
“To
niar;e
a twenty-
.“f w”“deR
pipe with’
augci,
Garnctt
bores
a
into “nc ,$&Id as far as the a?~er
\vill so, zA;ild then switches
ends.
He ha; to hr careful not t” let the
auger bnrc nut” rb side of the log
asLit sets in decpcr
and decpcr.
Hc ,constantly
sights
along
the .
&aft
to
make
sure
it’s going _
straight.~
:
.~,A-;
,f-T
I
_
:
:
:
..b ;~mmp
~
..
I
i.,
j
‘*,’
,,
‘,,
:,,
PLATE
drilled,,
tap+
3 12 \l’hen
the pipe
he us& a drawknife
is
to
’
one eiid.
. m
>
:
$
. -_
-
‘iPLATE
313 ’ He then t&s
another
auger
and .hores
a conca\‘e
hole i.n the other end of the pipe.
I
\*
.I
&LATE
314. The
tapered
end
sf one pipe”6ts
into the concave
I’/
end,,.pf
then next. ,,Just before
the
pipes arc’ locked: together
underground,
a ra,d, is.,wrapped
aroimd
the jdint
to miniinize
leaking.
. L,
I_
.)
., I
6
>~
”
‘.
,,
PLATE
,,~,:r:‘,,,,
:;;,,
~2%
315
The
~~~~
~~~~-~~~~
finished
spigot.
Then
:_, &
- ) plank on top is nailed firmly ,in place to
I:?“:.: ~iprevent
the water from shootmg
out
the
’ top, through
<he bored
hole instead
of
th&:poplar
spout in the side.
.
-.
‘: it
uPate.-
.i
’
~m.I
_
II
t+lc+dquLbj>
‘,\
, .\
*
..n
,
P”‘9..
.,
pad YndOSgroow
usedPar p+...
.,,
_~
,,
-v.1.
“_,
D%+
&&i-L+-
aotht?me'the pipe
crossP% 9 pill"there
..--
147
+~~-
SPRINGNQiJSES
Long
ago hefore
electricity
faced
with the age-old
many
methods
etablcs
for do&
6lonths.
Xilk,
ferred
howeverl
cheese,
‘problem
This
thei,r advantages
There
tab,
,~’
spnngh~ses
buildings
section
were
cool
are
constructed
the same
spr-inghouses,
fresh
the’ primary
of-rock,
springs,
people
also.
They
over
or :near
functiori
their
rocks,
~materials
We researched
pne%as
solved
as a present-day
design;
their
uses, and
and
used,
lumber
hut we disc&errd
fou~r springhousey,
made-f~rom
in the moun-
wood, and
that
Two
were
the, fourth
were
hut wood
constructed
faster
huildings.were
more
md
less effort, than
vulnerable
to the, weather
av&ilal)ility
the nij@$als
and thy amount
skill and time
pieces of old T-model
up the construction
In the next~few
Carpenter’s
to ,b,e, used were
df time availal~le
to construct.
For+
to sewe
pages
The
in Coweeta,
given
and HarryBrown.
i We hope’the
obstacle
Article
that
the floor
its con&cfion,
springhouses
North
in this article
of eith’er
one. Rock buildi&
of ,one ‘man who
u&d,
for the rocks to speed
that
Carolina,
of each
spcnghouse,
details
that
we-documented
were
Aunt
Arie
Harry
Mrs.. Oma
Led-
all located
was taken
+nr
and any small
Brown’s,
near Dillard,
fr$m
interviews
Georgia.
with
make
The
Aunt
in,A&?
~
following
and through
the ingenuity
as a, framework
we’ll present
ford’s, an‘d Mrs. Jay Hambidge’s,
formation
lo build
We know
factors
process.
the ‘people whov~ememb&
one bnique.
con;
with
the
‘determined
all
w& built
w&h
e&h
’
the
springs.
the deciding~
more
pre-
I”/
springhouses
or,wood
was.
the warm-weather
that
require
Veg-
There
and did not last 2s lotig as rb?k~~bne3.~ \\‘c, found
.’ uxk
diagams
and photografi’lis
reading. this you ‘might
ftrther
that mountain
people displayed
are easy to und&and,
understand
‘and
while overcon!ing~
appreciate
one more
they were faced with in their daily lives.
and [,hotogl-qhs
I
.
or canned.
cool during
.foods
to serx
is @out
are not alike.
rock springhouses,
~’
that
,theti
of both wood. and rock.
_
cbned
up wi@
and disadvzntages.
,enti&y
Wooden
came
o’r sa,lted a@ smoked.
in Ixinc
things
peoples were
The!;
had to be kept cool, and many
and
is an ~aliundance~of
so i&se
structecj
or pickled
f&d.
springhous’es.
are
Cold &E%ins%rough
refrigerator.
mountains,
the+
wwe dried
of keeping
pickled
1,~ building
Springhouses
d&d
and butter
to ‘keep their
to the
of preset-ving
this. Me&s
and fruits were either
still the prol,lelil,
‘,
was Ixought
problem
by Gaq
,,
WnrJielrl and Claude
Rick&m.
I
’
348
,. &&Int:
I...,
*
),,,,,
‘\
E
i
2,
111 Hafn
~~IWII’S yd
is a rock sty-uctui-7 half-buried
ci1til.c l,uil;ii~~g ii nla’de of rocks,and
:\t first $;rncc
me
might
think
c&ent
in ihc gl-ound.
and iS i:o\:cred
it is ,j;st :a nv~~nd
The
with~,~1-oul~d iyy.
or ,clirt, or C\‘CII + homh
shrljcr,$@
clcwx inspection
rcxals
a ~~levcrly Imilt spri~~ghousc.
;I,, ti@ SIII~II~CI‘ of ~33” Harry
Brownl stal-ted work, 011 thc~ spriilghousc.
“IT;il-st~1 l,~riit tllc lorm out of rullcd
JIJ c:e~~~q~t,~;\~,dmrh&mmc
;\ndsthl-ow
\\‘hcn
more
a roc~k in it. ‘l‘hrow
rocks ~oM.I,? Sit.
Harry
I~~rnl~r. ?hcl’i
I didu‘t
mc anothcl~
two ‘T-model
‘i’,nor;t of it i,y myself.
height,
Fol-ds ~!rird ~laid~th~cm-&I
3~dunlpi~r?g c-~mei~t II!: th:wheeli~mrow
load and
I \vorked-ql
ii S~UVC~
sho\~ciiul
02' t\\;O~
try to keep the outside
built the waljs up to the desirecl
alid ;i~lcs from
t&n
-
CIOWII
I‘d throw
xjmoth.”
lictook
“the
frames
.top,-‘l‘hen~ +slart&
threw’rocks~on
~’.s
.,it. 1 did
I’d set -rock ZLfew
it al~!o~ut t.hrce rrlunth%
dais, the~n rest il f&v days, then set more rock. It’s l&c ~rlx~< you I)uild :I
chinme~. you haul what ~%cks you need, then you get that maqy more,. then
mu act a f&
more t’finisi
\v;i! hcrc.“
We ;isked Hamy
up and you might
lla\;e~cllbu~,h:hrock.~‘It
if hc li,kes, a rcf~igc~;,,o~~nlo~c
than
WIS that
his springhousc’.
i;~vol-cd the,, ,q”-in~hous~~, “YOLKran
;hont
fiw days.
\l!e‘\-c
01 four days and c&x
Harry
b~e,ntiqne’d
kcrp things in here [the sprin$qusej
put our milG in hwc,i ;uxI ~(done off aid visited
He
Ix&
ancl~thc milk w&d
an&h&
advantage:
and
degrees.”
that
cloli’t happen:
~ecpyour
iriches.
ail- in here
I,t w&ld
tondense
like in the refrigerator.
f?igerator
ahd the same old air, st?gna$.
circulates
bold if it weren‘t
: all day.”
In addi&n+&the-vent,
entlmnce
door,
<hat mea~~e:
“‘l‘hat $<!es it air. See, if 1 h2< it closed
he like. a rdrigemtor.
dead
air xnt
and’an
for that
inner, door.
to get thick.
,yot much
out. “If they’s anythin~~t‘eat,
inner
a dog’il get ahold
~11~
.‘. ~1,’
i‘t would
you’d
space
”
ha\Je
in a IC-
in here in t,he ,sprinSho<lse,
vent,’ there‘d
The
VU~
up in here,
and”Ixgin
thc+;pAa&s&&a
up
al~rout $e11 117
Your ain’t
while
sealctl
wouldn‘t
e
_
is,m
stuff
in there, &er):t@ng
XC, the air‘s not
;hc tenipcraturc
‘.
In the top of the springhoise
twclw
And
thrce”‘~
still~he sweet,.”
“If yau
in a frigidaire
and you ‘put fishy or something
like that
Bilt in a springhouse,“yotl
,O”~W got will taste &fish:
compact
’ j
~OI
its
.
11; Wz$c? drippil~lg. in here
.,
3~:;
has,,a-~$acIow
do&? is us&
of it.”
fo_r l&I& ,,a~>~:~~,
to keep
:,
tIie’~d?&
1
_ ,.
jl
-
-,..,
,
(
WATER
SYSTEMS
Before
the Browns
349
had
elecbicity,
our butter.,
\_. *kc bjt our milkbnd
IiL !our hems and your m&t,
eat. You can
even
put them
you use a refrigerator
Hal-y
froze
_
.f
B’
said
anything
The springhouse
shelves
the power
kept
his sbTifigho;lse
you
put
in you
and even if you got more
in there.
was from
a deep ‘spring,
I
for the sam:
r~sason.
is prxticxlly
the same today
for storing
canned
>
round,
all \-ear
fish than
fails or if the refrigerator
.
rotted
in the h&m
you can
that
water’
nevc,
it was htiilt’~
out, lmt it -is still
_
is full.
d
b
*..
it was always
~
as it was when
goods have
,,,.
anvthing
i
The
and
z
~full. “We
refrigerator,
You use it ‘for nearly
for.”
IlecauseCt
cool in the summer
used.wheil
and
h’:I, .(
\prm,
.’ wh ouse~~~;as good
in the winter
*.
KI I ~~32. The
Harry
,
”j
.’
~~36”++4+LL~_,
.
PLATE
3 Ii’
Diagram
of Harry
I3rown’s
?
,,. ;
springhouse.
.
,;
is
(?j
/
Point :I 011 dk~gram, view
PLATE
318
of
the
steps
leading
do\w
to
the
springhouse.
PLz4TE
side
PLATE
320
pbin<
C, view
319
Point
IS, lopking
from
*
._
ill-
the springhouse.
of water ink!;.
,& :’
d
i4
*
,
:
,~
PLATE
3’22
Point
E, bi,ew of outlet
for water
going
throug$
.
:
’
the springh&se.’
,i a
~!S
,i!
w
2
, ,~
?
io
iX
!N
4;
2
z
i-3
r~‘,z
2
SW.
( 5.
2.~
2.
g
E
5
“3
CI
0”
3
5
,z *
7.
02
0
?
VI
1
?
j.
z.
P
’ j:
z2.
/c
2
n
,..N’:
,,
/’
_,
‘,,
.
‘.
.\,
_ ~~, :
%
WATF,R
s
v :I:.
i
353
b&I’E.hlS
‘,,,:/
Only
a
the help of Mr.
With
springhouse
Ledford
around
sayed
?Tic ?roqgh
two
;
”
Eedfdrd’s
inchc5
~ .
L. D. Hopper;
19’37-38,
was fouiteen
‘l‘he watcrAAl
shelves
wcrc stored.
,,~
Ledfofd
built
the
Ledford
onto the hquse out of 1umher~M~.
D
:’
1 .*
‘.
ahout
d@ne$out
~throu&&small
the s pringhouse.
and \r+tal,les
.R. H.
It was,Imilt
in the springhouse
5VRSGllp~e
I l‘h&
were &some
1
“.-
.at his own sawm?il.
long.
trough~and~
!,
three
inches
wide
feet’from
and
the
seven
pipe
into
hole in the end of the ~tmugh
in the springhoiise
/”
2, -.
on which
feet,
the
wllicli:,,
cantied
fruiti
z,
I,
):
PLATE
325
Diagralll
oi Om
*
\!
,~,\
I--1, <~-: --tf‘$
Y
I
1
I
*
*>
-: ~,>7
”
/ $ 7,
I
Y.,
1
, :,
‘,
,.
,? 1
0
.,
i
“\,
ii-
!
d
~\.,.~
,,_~_~/-J
_
_.; \\
.I’<*~’
!j ~~y
*i
^s
~~~~
~~
I~
~~
/1~~’j,s’
,‘.’
1, ‘~/
--- ,i-
*
Y
j L
I.
I_- _ 1.y
,4.~j/ ;
;
-~’
1
PLATE
326
springhouse.’
Point
.A,
~--~-----~..
view
.
if
..__
PLATE
327
Water
trovgh from inside the spn
I
. ,.
., 9
/
I,\._ I
_‘,
~ :.iL ~
the
’
~__~
,WATER
PL:\TE
SYSTEMS
328
~Point
fi; another
vi&
of Ledford’s
rpriqhourr.
Au& A&e Carpenter’s
On
Aunt
band,
.,#rie’s
,lilysses,
little
,’a sprlnghouse
farm,
;sits just below.&
h&se.
The lower half of the hat-k wall is!,uilt
of rock. The
four: walk
gnd door
hrlow
are.made
I;oof is covered with wooden shingles.
When wq asked Aunt ,-Ark whether
th’nt was ,l,uilt
The
springhouse
ground
from
Ily ‘her
level and is also ma”&:
rough-cut
she preferred
luml)er,.‘and
:,
,,
a u;frigerator
that it,saved
‘made
to. worry
many
‘to that
there
whether
it was raining”or
uimecessary
steps.
springhouse.
“I wish I had
not.
.4unt:.+ie
a dollar
If t~hq.~~~~~~
was
~~~~silver
for \~,,
butter
‘:,;,,
also said
‘for every
doll&,=-I
the
Oi;: a
springhouze,
Shea’ quic’kly r&plied, “I would~n‘i trade one fr;$daire
1~tlio~~~s~~~~d-,sp~in~~houses.”,She stated that you can get your milk al!d
yrrd not have
hus-
has a rzock floor.; ‘. I
trip I
wouldn’t
he
aI& to lift’em.”
Aunt
.&e’s
channel
churn
springboye
verted
a simple
and
the springho&
in good shape.
&w&~cJ
to function’&
rectangular
+ign
one side whi<;h 1s “jusr-wide
in.‘!-~
st$~xLu~
.,~,’
Aowin v:
of water
Ever~:‘though
,/&own
features
hasn’t
Tl&
it, but,with
a
roof
&tie
it once did.
i
lIeen dsed for ~s~&l
needs
work
a little
repair
this s&+ghouse
’i
enough
t’put
a
I
years,
It is still
and weed9
could
have
&
*i
;
.I. ,,
”
with.‘.q single
.~
’
con-
4Jy4.
-~~~,.:~..mr;.~
6 mp7Tl- 1, ,
-&
-s”, ; ),++b(y
ka
:
,,T
,2d’
/
”
;/”
:
:~I
j il
I ‘;
;!
9’1
1
L>’
I~
<:
”
,
.
.
i’,, r
*I
-*::\n
I
,
*
.
.~.,
1
_
0
.; :“’
~.-I>
E
-‘&.;a_ ~
,I
e
PLATE
329
;-.
.. ’
t.
~:
.~
Arie’s springho@.
Diagra~~~of,+nt
1
*
”
,e.
”
.‘,”
I
,-
~..
;
.‘
1”
c.
”
I
1
..’
5
~ (
:.
Y
e.
“Pi
,D
,~
I~..
:
.~.
:
_
_
-1 PLATE
330
Ppint.A,
view.
con%ng,into
‘the qGin&xiSe.
‘.
.PLATE~
3.31
and ~the water
Point
B,- yiew
of
yrpz
ofy,sheFf
.,,’
:
PLATE
3:i?
Point C, coverall<?ew of flu: sixii&xM.
_
7
1
/
‘1~
, . /
I _
$jae
/\
J;,’
‘he
anibidq
mS\k and jxltter
In
~~~~~
the
dutermmt
w&
w!,ter
\,,
the &nghOt&
F
w;ii built
iq
‘if s&e
en&x~d:
Iyzfore~~entering
the ‘holding
in
..
Cente;.‘Gann~ed
the
and’hqs
spr~nghouse.
tl-&igh., This, fs where
rice-ds:
room
is the l;qest
\fruiti
innel-mosf.~Jl~rt
and cmt,ainS,a
the
_,,. ‘i
put.“i‘he
mms
t%m main
~, t
;
water.
and emptied
into
eig]?tdeb
moving
the “L”Lsha&d
irere
and
provided
trou,rh
Ixick df the sprmchouse.~~
_---i:~_~, ~~~ ~~~~---~ r
the trouyhi~iji
which
inches’wide
diff.erent
and ,drained.
~_~I -,-------
levels
mt
--~-
and
Also
;md
’
there
used
$6
thrbugh
milk and
for
is a
to get ~.
The
a fyr-
hutt.er-Gere
T.be water
~a fo&:inch
.
rooms.
liad stkps~ which’jkept
Of water.
through
!
fdr
holding<,trough
.peo,pie
from,.‘t~e~~,hOldlnfilLrough
tr&ghs
to
: _.
e~~!lbs~d so no ar;@als
Andy was c&p&&
the +&ghouse
t,
of the
get in. ‘It has one ,dOor and ,a vc+t Yn, thy. JP~ ~for ,a;~ circu,Jatiy.
,
,,,
^:,
I 9 I 8- r 11. It was ilsed
W+S r$pplaJc~d I)); ele&c
.i
/ ”
completely
is .not &x~plet+
likst;to
&her
th~~f%tmliidg~
I&
for hOuscl+
Lo The
cqld’fnr
kept~ c-001 on sKe?x&
~to run
spr,inghcird
&as IJuilt around
also
‘J’hc sprit>ghouse
The
,~Ari fjk&nd’ati~n’s
Har$l )idgc ,sprinkh&sti
I~lrs’were
1
* ii
the”
;followed
outlet” at the ’
T’
1
~~
‘P’
‘.)
.~~._-.
I
PLATE
3 3:5 Boint
and W~~EI idets.
PLATE
336
Point
C, the vringhead
wiihin
the springhbuse.
‘~1’.
/
.//’
/
B. view
i..,.
of the steps
I wmt
pinpoint
it [to save
1 to dip. ,I’vc found
t have
to see a n!a?n
missed
time
hundreds
it six inches.
in Rahun
and
of
I’ve
County.
PLATE
,branches.
PiATE
below
3-1-O First,
Mr.
311
He sticks
the fork to give
Arrowobd
cuts
a “1”‘-shaped
;he blade of his open pot
xueight to the end and
stick
and
trims
aff
the
l?ose~’
etknife into the part if the &ck just
ake it more sensitive
to movement..
\ th a&the
other end presses against.
,Then he places one end of the fork betweeti
his te
his thumb.
This is done t6 prevent
his hand from having
any ,cpqtrol
over the stick’s
inovement.
~~
’
,
.,,’
‘~;‘,-
PLATE
342
Mr. +xvood
@h&s’a
stream
of water,near
his. home: Hd crosses back
and forth &er the’stream,
thestick”
moving
from side co side as her, crosses back and
.. . ~.
forth over it, to pinpoint
its direction
of flow?
1”
/
4’
;,
,~,
I ~,,.
7
‘,
’ ,:>PLATE
343 _:‘Ken Kistner,
one~or
Foxfire’;
ecli&s,
.:
t&s
v~
his hand
&’ dowsing.
;~.~ :. 1~
.,
I
WipjZFER
SYSTEMS‘
:’ .+fter the.,w;iter
“4
is f,pund, the ,well is dug [see following
tdll you how deep $0~ might
We h&a
chance
with t,he diggers,
‘r,
have to dig. It’co;ld
to see a well found
Tom
Rarney
He can’t
vary gieatly.
by Mr.
and Harold
section].
:\r;owobd,
Emlxey,
an&we,t$ked
[see following
sectIon].
+~Mone~ is why we dug the well. He founds the well with a probing
That’s
a copper
wire. He can also use a pea&tree
I do;!i’t know
anybody
watt&. There
[pointing]
who
is as accurate
ii a stream,
and
liml, or a clothes
as Mar. Arrowood
here
is a stream,
and
rod.
hang&.
in finding
they
cross
~right(hel;e YhereAe
told us to dig. We h$‘i?, ,too. We
_~ are ~going to dig four
,.
or fiv~exw&-fettu to makP: a resewoir
for the v&r
to store in.”
After
-+&llillg
the process
.of dowsing
for water,
we all agreed
that
we
c‘ould’\nq~ explain it- We just had to Ixjieve it works. As hl?. Arrowood
said,
_ .;;;LA ‘&~-,;-;Its Just a gift from God is all I know.~ It don’t matter what kind of stick
you we. 1 think
the mlin
thing
is to lx&&
in it yourself.”
i
. ,,‘l.~,
;
,’
Infe,vi~ru.+
b$ Rnrbhra
Taylor,
”
.P.;byllis Ca/~er,
.
$8
*
:anil
hlq’
Thomas,
with
~.help
from Slrrilri
1 ‘inson..
to lora’te
Mr. .Awowood. found our school’s
fro)<1 side to side as he rriskrbssed
thr spot where Tom l&rrwy and’Hb$l
main wniPr line uGn,g a piece of Cire
OYFT the Iii:c. tic used this coathanger
@+-y
should;dix
their well.
j
,
.
.
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CU~‘M
0,
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:
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b&A
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PLATE
345
Buford
Gamer
showing
Bit Cane
how t6 find water.
The stick is a
green peach-jrec
fork yhich
Mr. Garner
is holding
straight,
but the batei
b&w
it is
causing’it
to bend toward
earth.
His methbd.of
holding
the ‘srick.is
different$rom
C. M. Arrawbod’s,
but it works. As he,moves
away ffom the water, the end of the stick‘
comes
back~up
of its own accord
i&&it
sticks
straight
out in front
of him.
:1
-
__*_
;~^
i\:.4TER
-
,
SYSTT:MS
,i
367
I
’
DIGGING
.,
A. V(TELL
,,\\‘henever
a house was Imilt M;here there
ple dug a ‘iveil.
,~
Digging a well, was “a dangertjus
that there
werr
wlot bf problenls
h;tv< someth~ng~fall
in.on
and a rock falls ih*and
hauling
break
f~hat scared
like ?m augers hole.
agreed : “\\‘hen
:
look much
deep enbugh
Starting
t,wo to w$d
i&of
,,
When
men
we interwewed
one. They
you’re
hits ybu, $u’re
down
as good
could
told
Ix digging
Or others
us ,’
and
sixty to seventyifive
as dead.
and just as you’@
Kenny
:dow> in the hole digging.
,,
in digging
them.
you out in the Ixxket;
The
close by, thvpko-
feet
could
to the top, the rope
‘~~3
be
could
and 11ack you’d go. OFyyoti could hit a gas pocket, and ~pa:s out.
One thing
don‘t
t&k.
was;Flo spring
bigger
to hit water,
a well usually
Ledbettwsaid,
‘S&nebodv
felt
like he was trapped
in theI’e and~the
than
a nickel.
ub when
., c
he was way
in th&e:
stin is’shining
Som’e .pedplc
three
cranks
people:
the I)ucket
off so +at_nothing
buck& ‘is’used
to bring
$ometimes
would
.th& dirt
Mr,. iLFdbetter
say thXt when
up,
and
.’
,:., _
you’re,
have.”
one’ to do theP-digging,,,and
“”
,
aiso td~;.k.&p tlii
fall-ii1 on the $erson
up aild
menu used horses
just
on top, the hole
you can lqok up and see stars, but’1 never
required
theGndlass’th&t
when he is finished.
was looking
He said the hble at the top of then well lq~v$d
ydu’& dotin
the wzll:cleaned
ging ii., The
He
Runion
to bring
the man
to’~pull the:lGket
“J pulled ,$he‘dirt
otit of, my well at *h&e
with
used a horse gnck
ran
_~_ and.~~~
~--- a~~~nd_lvj~~~~l~~~ki,~~~~-~i~
.
up.
dig- ~‘. 1 .~~~‘~’
up
Mr.
a mule.
,’
*
‘,,
I,
I
\
Arie
k+d
Carpenter
cold-wk,t~e,~~ ,~~~~~,~~~ ~~
c-
i~ca~~se the horse pckdd-i-kqrx-l
I wouldn‘t
two peoplc~we~c.~holding
it.!’
Simx of the men, when starting
a.well,
used
trqsi
;I horx;
not unless
the rite of a wagoll
wheel
’
and tmced.around
it. ‘l‘hcn they started to tunnel their way down.. The
tool’s med in digging a well were a short-handled
mattock and ‘shovel. They
dug straight aown until
forty-five feet &q,t$rough
Once
the)i hit wrtcr;
they
feet to rna!x~ sure they
hold the kiter
they
had
in. Then
hit water. Kenny knew a gut that had to go
rock, Iksting
,with dynamite,
until he finally hit
would
continue
on down
a good
strong,@n
and
they‘d
rock the +As
or all the way to the top if the walls were
ready
to wz.
i
Interr,irws
Dale
‘~Wright; ~Ford~ Olizvr;
Fel-gu.ron,,
Ridg
j&and
feet
The
space,to
above
water
well was ihen
a lot of respect
wou1d.k
eight
for the
scary:
DALE FERGIJS~N and MIKE DRAKE
.I,
by
weak.
I gained
another,
lot of storage
up bfour
level,
. In doing this article al>out well dig&g,
men who drlg fok a king-it’s
:h daneerpus
<~.
about
Randall
MacArthur,
Keith
Ha&!,
Head,
Mike
Drake,
and T,ohmy
Donald
La&b.
”
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:
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b, LY &\
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owvp
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I:O);FIRE
i
“2
-;;;
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,J
f
How to Dig It
foul-
The
men we interuiewed
we):e Kenny
tom B,rooks,~ and Afr. Ledbetter.
abouti his illdiridual
KENNY
When
We’d
the cen&r.
just
lay
down
three
egel- got down
and
mark
or~f&r~~inches.
a. foot deep,, I h?J
d;g tli&n
I got ddne with that thing,
lar at the bottom.
~I+und~‘aS a gun barrel.
~7 AboGt the ally
tool I’d uSe would
the whole
was broke
you juspcalt’t
L&u-
of them
tcdks
pike
thr.ee feet
,
.I
and’ c:ut int,o the,,
&ound
that
could
it would
_
be.2 shovel
out; you’,d be better
to
across
dcxre, we used a wagon
A man
% dirt.’ And when
handle
about
I’d follow
it made.
Rowers,
pqges,+ each
_ .”
it plun$
Then
Hurlev
~10used ,& go froth
‘The way me and ml! daddy
that
about
I was’ a’teen-ager:
diggin g weils.~~We’d
place ~ivit$ m< father
ground
In the~‘followin’S
expel-iewes.
,RUNION:
through
Runion,
tire.’
to get started.
digehis length
If ,I,
~a day
he~as round: as a dot-
with
a ioot-long
handle.
If I’
off. $t’s so narroti~ ‘Is there
use one. And you, c,an~dig ,three ways:,oI1
your side up’ a+@
-”
the bank, & bn your knees, oi stand on your head and shoulders. And if you ,’
__
heart that bucket: a’coming,
you hit on ~y.bur head-. and sho&iers
or it’s,
g&m
knock
a place on your head.
1Vhcn we started,
Then
:
he wouldn’t
I’d stay with
Dad would
work no more
it. The
/
as where~ it go; to ,his h+d.
help me as deei
h6wn
in.~there.
first day or two you @d
&, couldshove!
the~dirt sup ar>d throw
>,
$7: weI& stuck. You wou!d have“to +v,,
q
.,
pJ+%-.would don tbjt
pS/
and I would
%:I>
*‘bucket>’ Andy when~ it came back into
it right
It ‘was alk up to me &en.
go pretty
out. But
the $rt
&He’d
shovel.
There
load up when
he sent~the
.tias
a~ rope ‘tied ?o
‘the well, I’d fill it 6th
ILcket
back. Dollar
dirt and
square
l&ked
every
time.
to do Was di,q:, shovel,,
come
!ike
p,owder-you
to rock,
sa\Gdust,
could
you
l$t.,
have
boys,
it was
buy it in twenty-five-
if not Fttes,
than dynamite.
Now diggmg the holes for the dynamite
a day or two tolget
dynamite
them
holes down.
,3x there.
I guess
hit
It’s got to be just as squeeze as
to blast.,You
@Qd,
., to get that
wouldn’t
hit
++gttrr- ~.
~
itself if you’re~ to get good,w&er.
rf you
+ocks
If it does, it’ll slide oui on you or the wa$ll
th&t high pl&ce and get muddy
a
a~foot.
1 And now. the’ walls~~had to be straig~ht to whe?e the bucket,
~~~t~~~n,-a~ttfi~dtllnk~~out~,,rec~~~it~uplt ha-i&+$
ba’rrel. .4fid it can’t a&e.
you
now thr next dav vou
,/ ‘~a.’
out with’ il ,win6h. Dad
and he was on top and Would roll, it out.,All_ I’d have
g$
fast because
used
more
than
to get dynamite.
sawdust!
And
hit
~hlnck
or fifty-pound
cans, ahd it was as’.
”
~
.,
‘,,
They
was slbw, I reckon!
had
you co&l
.,
to go do+”
just
. :
drill
It’d take ~you
about
two feet
one holk in the
.’
.-
,p
.
._
s
_
;
.
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..
WATF<.R
_
b
SYS;:EMS
,~
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3.1’
.;J
T!kTI’;
?;i!l ‘L&p
Stilks tooE IIS i o vts~t Mr. &edbcttrr
\vho ,.was kg’g-ing
North
C::iroliria.
Hex
Dale Fer~~soii,
Mike ~Drak?,, Lake Stiles,
and ‘Mr.
look dc>!s~n into rhr hail-fildished
&cll.
’
i
.~~
14,
/
middle.
Sant
but it wGL>Jd tear ups the bottom
tog blast hit tog where
aroun&
hole;
the
\valls
and
the edge and Ijut in ~ab,qrlt sis holes.
and then
the’dyn~nrite
I&\:;
are sniooth,
it in a had &ape.
You
so );QL~shou+ld drill iclean
Put ,nbout
wo’t$d just h&v
a ‘well in
I,&ll~twr
ran
a half&tick
fo each
back to the x&l1 if you d;ilicd
right.‘,
.
To d~illithos~~holcs,~;~ fhllow &bed
? small fellow,’ and he sat”flat dow&nd
le”& H&d
doui~lc .up so&c ,way ‘or ‘another,
’ hanimcr
to it.. If I:d misscd~i‘d
’ it’d take:;1 halla&+-t&own
if it. u-as soft, it.d,io
na~n$te d&n,
’ could!
you’d
You’d
somc+ng
lrettcr
wo~~ldn’t~hawc
off!
‘and
i\ft&
Arid
you:go?
the holes drillcd,~ )lou’d tak6z dy-
get out.
:I‘hat
stuff
b&
&out
but the blamed
cap
some d~ynamitg capsT&d
cap wotild:bl?w.
is might.1 nigh
I’ve see’d ~a ~cllo&
a fbot
fect~ ot fuse. It’ll giyc yo~u time
tfa~pen. Now: if the rope breaks,.
‘:’
tmx to tie it,“back, and you~couldn’t
that
th.6 eight-poutid
full; put in your cap> light it, and get out if YOU
?h’;hree 01 four
oui,
I’d put
of hurt him, I guess, but J nev&did.
,&d
&n&r& iirt~~~~l~~Ec~~Gn&
rock.~~‘Course
don’t
might +&it
c head
quicker.
~fill them ‘I&s
put about
^ fuse out.
snd I drovl
with’ a hammer.
He was
he‘d pu$ that-drill
right bctticen
his
h&e
was hitting
a+d
,at town--him
t,l+ni, and
you’re
a minute,
so”
to .get out if
a gone
man!
You A,
put the fuse out. A’ man
You just can’t
asWthe’dyn&mite,
and
an&h&
put
Tear
boy
that,
your
got”&
Avery one of his fingers
is off
:
L
r r
ta ‘L:,~~~/L
L
~,372
1
and this tl&l~
too. Thai‘s
_~~~~~~~~‘k’ou~c~Zti’t
light them
,~.~~
~~ ~~~~~
:~~~~~~--.c
i,
b’,
,,Diy
: : 2.
‘i
‘?;.r:
*
_
one’thiflg,
w&h a match,
>
FQXFIKE,;\4
9
”
My?, *yg,uie.got
e?t&~~‘,~+@<
‘2 he
c&eful
with.
to get, q stick of, fire +I
jusZ, take the coal and stick that coal to tK?$i”fuse.an$ shts g,o:ane!
; .’ ’ ’
”
Or
if
you
were
using
powder,
$ou’d
.Ijo&‘.some
+&c&,5
a
buck&
and
” ^
take it down irl the w&K You’d ,.pack it&
the ho+
,Th:tt’s ~a ~dan$rous
thing,
ain’t ii? If the powder
don’t go’ o$2,\:t’:s &mg&w
to go@ ihere. Ybu
I ,’
( us,;, T
can’t get it out ‘cause it’s packed.
j ,‘(
_q
And after you I,lastecQ you’d have to,sta”y.o&a
cii~$+~f
h&s.
That*+namite smoke’will hul;t yo,u. ,Can’t get y&r-,brr$ti.
:?l~Kb~when ‘you io back
in, yqu have to’get th@rocks out. 11’there’s a rock*~;iwn,irr~fhe’~e”~too,l,igi.io
’
i:
,,.lift out in the bwket, you ba<e to,l’&t it &$a
k;rnn{~r.~
”
1 _j
/
.Now
how
deep
dowI), anywhere
lo$,~p
,
youigo
frprn
toward
d+e
thirty
the top, it lo&s
ver d&r.
The best thing,
‘up, it’looks
&nothersome.
in.the
ground
‘ds on &hen y& hit &te& ,Youycould
go
f
feet on. Iyve, been in them soa$e&,9\hat
if you
like ai, auger
bbys, is to never
You Ix down
hole-about
,$he s&S Fjf a siL
look up: Look~ddwn.
se’venty-five
I,f you look
or a hu~&$~~f&t
.down
of a hole and it’ll smother you ‘ii ypu ‘G’t cnr’e.~
ful. You’l! get scared,. Then heit way th $0 is doil‘t nwer
1$x$ ilp 110
Y.
difference
what co.prrs $1.
”
When
,, have
in that small
you first hit water,
at, leasi six f&of
the’water+
rock,
it’s-dug;
r$ht
that
to wall
best, n&o
the water
come
wards
you
theldirt
trouble.
dqne
it thrre
the rocks in~the
At t6e last round,
mud
t&&e
1.f
otit of
Then
when
and
you n~eed to $3
all the way up and the
you want ~o’lean
the rock back,to?
euer’&e
to wall .i~ aH the way to the top, hut’I&ave
/’
a well up ,&e m town where ‘~nc $nd my daddy
way.. There’s
to the top and put a rock c&hing
on&side
on it. WC? took a hi? rock a~~~,$ut
Y.
she ++xdd set her~lwcket.
where
and bottles’in
you
out
draw
the water
It’s dang~erous
you could
make
work,
fifty
but
cents
wells. But you
lxin,g
lowered
maybe.
I used
were
into
I’ve Cleaned
them. &%en
of it to where
and 110 til es a+
.You’21 find dippers
mean
a dry’spell.
‘hold it. If you’ wall a well ri,ght, it wonit
You get i lot of pans
were
out ~witd f&r.
at thc~ ~bottoni imd ,& around
on the-~llottoti
And then you have to keep it clean.
digging
you IO.
got it. :If it’s runniilg
,go dr-y duying
it. You start
in. You ‘&ck
and that’ll
Some~ pcople~ wa$
You don’t-have,’
it that
wall.&it,
up, you’ve
it might
put~a flooring
will hold up it+f.
down:
ins ~there, Imt you &g&t
straight
doubtful
you w+nt
around:ft’s
+I
water
boiling
it’s pretty
io right,on
you onlycmade
a foot
always
you go to clean
can see what’s
no,telling
through
what
in there.
forty
cents
dirt-and
takitig.chances.
the well, and
to j&t
you
go down
you’d
the
nut a lot of wells hkfore.
a dollar
on top,: and
through:ro&
break
go to the bottom’
rope-just
.*
:
‘_ “- .,,,::,
a day
Rope
a weI\ oui,
‘in the hottom,
swing
while
and
down
you
I do!n’t”
it, shde
do thk digging.
n top is a’resting
Can’t
t&t one works
while you‘re
a11 with all the work because
shave CO d&is
handle+You
cou!ddig;~
I drivi’hg ;a~nail, with a h
~.‘~Now me an
a’dig-
he has to ’
roll up the dirt;‘%hile
_
! !
FOXFIRE
,other
+mk
or two;
or two and throw
Blo’w out alchunk
,‘; und and around.
T
out; theri drill another little hole a’nd take a piece of
Kept’&
them
a stick of dynamite
there
and
have no smooth
bank.
‘G&e
and
gping
and blow
we got on down
hammer
out another
hit .water.
chunk
Now
when
heat some of that
i tink that one done.
~4
it had
it would
of? the.best
But we didn’t
or two.
We done
a rough
stic.k,.out
bank.
that
till
,,
Its didn’t
too far, we’d’txke
a
we could.
But~it was a joI> get-
have to w+ll it sin&
it was all rock t:o start
,I
I
wit 11.
.%!etinrr$
streak
when
of sand,
to doing’that,
you’&
you might
aild come in right
~’ unjust go on around
&ve
that.
j&t
,. j
s,,,
‘~ water
r
F
have
cl&,,
+bcl<. Just
at ‘the .&torn
and
has to come through
k&w.
dig it t2 w,hel;e you
in y&r
well. You ought
your
it. from
pretty
deep,
then
with that mud
When
you
[roni
and
And
right.
and
a IittE
-~~ I
the ‘water
Mxke
them
he{wecn
six to eight
fit
them.
\
foot
;
of
water
,, in your well! for a
when you ,go to drawing,
you
~get muddy
the water
washing,
iou
to wash with, ‘and “it took
know.
up an~&~-dQwn we@ that
But if you got plenty
If your
well wasn’t~
old bucket
so many
’
“~
of ~water, you ain’t bothered
you finish the well, it just takes a day or’&
the bottom.
rock around
like cement
anywhere
rock
to have ‘that much
dpn’t
going
take you some
anymore.
them
it goes.
:
or nothing.
The
riext day you,.can
it Iill back up. Then
clean as it could
bottom.
have
t6 $0 a good
get it muddy.
and
as it’s ctiving
caving-
if Lou place
used io have to d;aw
a lot of bucL$fuls
times would
water
might: ‘hit .a
there.
you
These’]a&es
you
lay youi
it up just as high
will keep
rocks fall out of place
good wells’ Then
to water
out. ~Wh<ra you dig down
to wall it with
with it-wall
rock
pretty
cave
as best as yOu can, but .ddon’t ptit anything
Your watir
land
t :,
just
down.here
That
won’t- let your
“;
getting
and it might
it w% settle
be because
You’ll have
anywhere
go out and draw
down
after
from
that
again
your
and
bucket
six tweight
for the mud to settle
to
the water
let
the water
never
out. Then
will be just~as
gbes down
feet of water,
to th:e
and you ilever
,,
~
i
i,;.,,i’ER
,SyS’j+$MS~
;,
375
~~*
‘,,>
Irt your
p Stuff
! haw
Ixic’k& go down
and hit the’bottom
will fall qff the banks
and
uritil it has to lx ‘cleaned
get in there
.to go back and take out all that
and
you’ll have your clean water, again
H,-\RLEY
RO,GERS:
foot.
;\nd
ihem.
as little as &&I
deep
to dig it, I might
dug it so much
three,
qaybe
I q,lways
make
go. You might
andqhen
How
l&g
dig one here
foot
it takes
and~go
a ljttle hit slower; Yoil can’t work near as fast.
\cell
I dug, ,,I believe
mountain.
I reckon
You
c<n go pretty
:’ twelx-e or fifteen
two a da)-. Some
harder
it was twenty-nine
go fift&ive
foot,
and theh frorp
days you~don’t
drown in there,
‘The
you know,
maybe
water.
feet, ,and it was high
first day,
there
down
two
three
foot
and you got all that
,~
dn’~how
trenty-
The
it
last
up ‘on the
’
in there.
hands
on you gradually
get maybe
~.,
off {
OT sixty’. Then
f%et till ‘I struck
WC just hit~‘a vein or something
fast in.dirt.
depends
down
starts,@ting
cwer thi&
by the P
in diameter-just
feet;
had to%z
one might
chal-ged
,:
I cut the hinclles
.fi\-c or thirty
Btit I verv seldom
another
L1 ’ ”
td the l)ot-
a little on it, or lose’
a. foot.
three-and-a-half
and still work in them.,
yet, ha\:eto
out.
ycG to
.
the only tools I use ‘is a shbv&l and a &addockl
And I cliqthem
causes
right off.
I~,,dug ~a well,
If I was t6 take a contract
a little on it! see? So I always
&hat
old mud and stuff out h&k
tom. Then
Whene\jer
that’s
can
go aff a Foote or
lxcause
that
go: down
the dirt .get<
has to be loaded
I
~: PLATE,
,35?
Harley
Roge
r scribes:Q-<,how:
to keep
the
1 round while digging a well.
’
s
37fi.‘~‘
I*.
‘y
/
^.,
_~,
.(
I ,I ~’ ‘>~
ar&ha’Qd~o&;
and
t5;at,:&&es
a little
wit>&ass and .a .big cope and&bncket:
down
;nti!‘vou
&ange
time.
P I:O~FII@
You
h&e
You ride down
shifts or get tired,
&)do
that
with
in the bucket,
and’ anothu
4 I
a 1
and stay
one goes down
and
-you come u$ and boll the dirt out for him. I ge+dly
stayed down t%wc’
” &st
of the .timi m@lf.
It’s &ier
down in there than ,it is,,io load and
tqload
oil top. And_you
re’ally need, two rqen on top-like
sou need two%ur-
j geons~when
th$re
operaihig
bn you: 6ne man c&Id ,p,ii me up him&If,
=.
&II somethiIlg
c:@bild hit him’on the Xrm;.or it cramp or ,some&in~;
alid it
-8
wo&
ju.?i’ jerk right dut of his hand. $0 you ,g,ot the qther’mnn
cm this side
who carries
yo+ & out where
$XI: That’s
the only reason
And
then
after
it could
have dropped
why you got&o
you gwdqwn,
b:rc!k &wn
‘and killed
6
:
nlSen to help &.
~‘ay, .twenty
foot
gr so, f’ve ;dways
found
‘~ that vou’ve got to take .ii steady. $06 carl”t hit that lick or twd real fast. If
y,ou.do, well, y&r lxent~ is ali gone: And don:t never smoke a cigarette
down
in Cwell
Ixca~&
that+ seems
I&c, it’ takes
~&h-.oqg&
,oilt or some‘, (y “,
.,.o
dhin~. It just fogs it up.
Then
if you. hit r&k,
a pwe
could
of steel.
you have
T always
Fyt ~rml$y
had
to drill.
somebody
I alwaysi just u&d a hx;r&er’?md
th’chuck
io drive for nie,. I alwa$
,I
would hit me. I didn’t care if I hit tllem! in
I>
Then when it goes to &ling’damp,
y&ye
tile,,Jhe
walls
thex?&k
hit;;water.
‘ witrr
O.ught
ndw than
y6u could
jhv
nowadays;~
it up-wall
to hai.e
Thnt~ougl>tttb
sir foot
you u&d to. )‘ou
make
it with
CIH~iwck,et,
I&W
Afraid
the)
dig it, plurnl~
on .~down and
feet lIelow
wl&err you first
be :+
of stodnge
used’to
for mc:I
i
got hit. If the dirt is soft, the?
but mused to -you{ just
it.up.
x%y s&l
had LO d&,nrysclf;
o?l account
just draw
you ;nade
of you lw
it out in a bucket,
Z?. l&t
now vou
more
and if
don’t
care
much
you use. And if the w&s arc,g&d,
ha+clay,
yop:;e okay. Just
~~~
: KICK it up, say, ~two or three feet above the water,level.
Then it’ll never cave.
ji/ You don’t
/
use crrtient.~ You j&t *la);~the &k$
tom, and then
lay, some rock in there-down
in;h&c!
‘Go ~riqht to the I)ot-
int$ihe
b&m,
:
you know-:
T’ : i
for the iand trap.
.w
T!len once ,iq a while you ‘have to ~,cli& ,it out. You .&I~ all the ,wnter
n
out just% fast @you ran, and then
y& go~down ia there ald clkan it out.,
,Get the, dipp?q~tid
everyt$tii.
dippers
out r$ the well when.1
leavirig
it-j&t
&o get ino,‘her
It ,:used to be we might
was a ,hoy. You’d
one. You‘d
ha@ those
keep
g& ten, or twel&
dropping
one
’
and
to get.put.
/
~,Ptoblems ‘~ ~
Well digging
mouritains.
”
was just about
Ond man
we talked
-~
as haz~ardous
a job as could
to told us about
~a friend
b% fouhd in tb&
.(.,
of-his
ivh6
almost
I
,
\\‘A-l‘r-Ii
S~-sTEIvfS
;
got
killed
ollc
^
.
,’
d+:
I
,z
377
.,
~“I& was
$eanin~
out ,his daddy’s
ivell., ‘l‘hey
were
i,rirlgirlg him up, and hc gbt t6 the tog, andiju:;
as he got to thq top the rope
’ $ III-O~C‘amd hc~ )v&
I)ac,k down--+,
the bu&&t, and ~1~1. It, broke his leg
! twice, &he
~‘1 don’t
fi&ly
got all,:right.
‘He liinpcd
f&it it Ls
know
on the bank
.buckc\,
;111d all. That’s
what
all the rest -if iis days thdugh.
~~t~‘~~~c’“t”dyin~;rl)out
that,
too.
1 w;& kind
But it was a joI>, &rti-jobs w&s kind of hard tq get
,~
.‘$ ,)
,~~~
~~ .,,.,
h;!d !u do something
to live, sol I worked at IL :~~/.’ :~~~
~~~
Pcrha’p’s thr
most ,jerrifyink
Krgip
ppssil$tv<
sort is wh;tt *endtid
iv;\s, tl&%f
K&y’s
tells it’: “I dug a well~ov&~,ir~ town
w;u pipe cla-white
and it would~shake
looking
I
-
hc fell, but ‘jus; as he started td plimb:
;&I the ‘rope bro~c and back,, he went
.,sc-arctl ;rfter that.
nc;ir n~.‘s of that
‘i
<
and
I
In ,{a&
;L .
~c;~rc~:r:s~s~a ~~11 ‘digC~~r. As.
ihat
,‘diZ. Yoir~ could
up ten feet. I got it done
a\&~e-ii,.
of .~’
~ia.4 fifty
sla;
the
f&&deep;
haI;k
&h
and
it,
,r *:ho\-el~
arld,~~I told the woman,
‘Y,oztl‘d
better have it ~~;~lled,‘n~w,ll’nl~a’feared
it’ll rave with~yo,!:!;But
I gotii db;ne,~
built h&a cu&@
and e\xr,!.thing;
plenty of ~water.,:i%nd.a f&v di)s ‘Iat& I
went hat-k~ \CI see how ‘it was doing, -and you c;oUl~$~ic;~h t@,$ottoJn
with
.:
\,. OUT., h.ltld 1 It hlled
slnp _dab ,up ! 1, was crazy fol: working ;n .fh&e. Whcrr,I
~.~i
ssc’d fhat haItii sh,ikc, I ought tdhav&,,g:ot otit of thug.’
gins+on:;I cont&t
;i.nd I wouldr(t:ha\:c
got n$$ay,‘,
II
Of collrsc I/was
,
dig-
b ,:,..
paviflg. ‘1,
“You couldn‘t
dig’it
out $+n
IxxaGse~ it wc$ld~ just ,keep
w,or~ltln’t have took a job p~~ttin g that~ well ‘,I)ack for a thousand
dollars. 1
,
have ,dug a new one &ier
th;in I d61>,c thLt. )V& boys, yoCc,an’t
run
Theyain~‘t
from
a thing you &in do.only
the .top, you just’ set itgbt
just t;{kc it. Anythilrg
~&es
ir1 ,,
there- with ib. ‘,&nd if it &aves, if .thev’&got
~~,:’
timr they’ll pull you up: If they dori’f,: thcJ j!st kill yoil sup. Now it comes
quick,
tom
..>
,. ‘,
60ys. .%in‘t no ‘foolirlg.
%d just
L$‘li& it starts,
coti~cs in li,ke that
[Cia’ipirig
ii starts ~$shirig
his h,&ds
in:,:
,n:
Qut the b& :.:;!!
togeth&&nce]i
T&&
.’ might ~1swcli I&W ~!‘~,~~~YY,u’KDoris dca$ +$~o.ti~~~ and youire ,SU~CZ
en~~~,~~~~~~
:, dowtl in th$ ~‘.~,~~~~I-.::--db,~~~hu~ictl:’I $o$‘t‘illow
,whether.ywu~ cu~~d~~~~~~~~:‘,
>&,:i::;,
,y)<”
,z~j);A&
_,’
1,.
:~$yq$e**,~:,;;p,
,;
~,’
-.~~,~~~,~~:~~~~,,,:,;,:
;,
tree?; is’ IWO thirl&s thnt I~Ge,~q,lit.,;~I’~~~;~,~~,;~i’,:
’
l>efprc 1-d do her ;igairr.- 1 clever aim to ~dig irnother:;~~~I~~~~~~~~,
alJvh&! that 011~ doncTti~vh;\t it don&y;
town, 1 &id, ‘~$.&,,,i],
I’[] ~~ve~~:~~~~~~~
0 /
$mothcr one.’ :\nd I .&,‘t:”
,_,
::‘:~~~~~~~~r~~r~~
ai,out -the d~&ger : ” If,, ~0”~ ,hit soit of a, s]i&&qt-&
.~1;- i Harley ,Kog&sx,&ed
.~>..#b&&
:~‘*>~;~:v”&
,,,,,,
&t’s
c;isy cut, ):oU bctt&r be ~wat~ching that, iu’aybe &
get do~~,~in,.:t~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~_
;;,,,~;~,~~~~~:~~~,~~,~~i~~~~~~~~
clbout twenty-five
feet and the $h~~l~~side of that rust &op &, -if it’s,‘~riy~~~~~~~~~~~~
slick, ~CJ~I],etty
ii]& it from there, And I’d take: calltjon
i[,;tbe wail ~<Gd’,$@
~crack in ii, wh,ile,-y&were
I,
r
diggi0.g it ‘cause thaiJc&
’ off, J~OUknow. A load <of dirt. ‘f&ng;<n
‘to death:
:
,A~’ ,,,,:
‘~,,‘, :‘,‘T:,,i,-$,,i
:s:
on ,you-it’ll
_’
2~
could
,kill you.
~,.
]ead tb’a’:s]id$
Smo&?~
::<j
you’ ,::‘~
-f- idsI~
,.
378
FOXFIRE
.j
Another
common
had air. Lawton
with
the :jolxwas
several
th&
&es:
4
of gx
“We
had
ind’
;
an,old
hbme place, and we had; a well theq~that
my daddy apd I ~dug right ‘on top
of’a mountain.
I dug,eighty-two
feet and I hit ha,! air in there and that liked
to’killed’me.
I didn’t
611 the water
was therej
welis to come
,xmd’they
fi#sh
They
hut about
hut he we;!’ aid’got
on over:there
sent the
hut-ket.
it .up. It wasn’t
a!ld help.
three
,ore
this old colqred
But~I liked
feet to dig
man
to passed
*air, and,,~it just mak&
that
“My
this’$ld
water.’
‘Yeah.
,ou
feel pi’uml~z old funny.
I was%ding
mocing-wheels-
up and
down
,I.Ike you were rolling
daddy
wo$&‘t
colored
gbj
let r&go
cam’e and
hack
it cl@;
head
in. It
:
was just a
kind of dead
felt as big as that
everything
was ju&t ,_
on &rth.
dowi
he sai~d, ‘Well,
Then he @cd if,we pad
So he v&t and;@l+nseif
and threw
dug
down. I got to the top and couldn’t $9 out of the
rag me out-laid
me on the porch till I &ally
come
had to,
to.‘It’s a funny feelink. It felt like me and the wells-an~,.~verythi~
%
rising <p, My head f,blf as hig as the top of that tallle. It slime
bucket
that
ogt~. I hbllered
in it no more
after
youjre
pretty
getting
that,
hut
close to
a:!; newspaper
or ay$hinF,
an< t~hey said,
a big 01.4 hunch bf newspaper
and lit it
iA ~the wkll and, let it h&n.
The11 he.@t
in the l&et
and said, ‘I’m &$tdy to go down.‘, .4nd hk went :on dowri there and dug on
d,own, a~nd GUI-k &ough, he hit &+t&. It was still &ood
old we11 tihe?i I cleft ~,
\i !
home. Never btiti nq mof$ trouble withy it.
“But.‘%11 th/i old well diggers I have talked
hit that air 1 4,;
7,,:~ wi1l’~hit”it within two b5 ;hree
to .said th~<t if ~you’ke going
feet of tl%%?%er.
It could
my& if y& d;&t get but b&l get yau some’air. They have been people
with it. I hadi a I& of well jobs offered me after th’at, hut my djddy
‘You ain’t
“-yf[d i
,
Kenhv
~o~&tQ ~dig any~ more wells.’
iis,(e~~~~‘~o him,”
!
,Y~.,‘~~
,&o f?in into gas som~etimes. “One thing
If y&i <ad:a~mqustache,~a
+ould.bd
b;lack ~~~a~&&.
kill you, /#in&
‘,
! ?Iori’t t&k &?e
t/talk.
Y$u’&
q&v ‘$?j 05 the banks
throw
g ,he$spqber
her thk&
cheap
You’d
every
arbund.and
W&t~,till’that
that
killed
said,
1~
I dreaded
was that
‘gas.
diggilng
gas in your
qnce rn’,a while.
a well-only
it won’t huqn, you better
~&Cgtits’ out ‘and then
when
get cut. Yoli’ve
yo< can go hack.
“That
i
there
go, by the wa:y. You’re
I
_,>
gas generally
cdm&*&
dead.
between
You
got to ,watch
two crevices
~., ~
j%~~hav~e~~.~
~~~Yi
,;’
lungs. You’can hear that gas
_ ___ ~,--_~~~
-,...~~When you get to w_here you
And
hit /’
~if tb{
gas, g&t6
where~ you can’t stiand ,up, don’t come up. Just ‘stand there ,#li
a that @s g&s’ weaker because ~when you come to the top and hit this pure
$air, ba&+&ll
: T,; ”
: ,man:‘~, .
:
kill
of~$nes~ you’d”cdtie
‘nut bf there and it
have~gas~~on.~,~~~.~eard.
Yeah, that gas’ll,
when,, ydu’re
sucking
.’
to
tli%;,/$uff,
i
of n&s.
yi
You
/’
PLATE
352
We visityd
Harold
who
Fmbrey
and
Ton? ,$amey
were digging a ix11 1, ,&~county.
They
had hit wated at, forty feet
by the time
we /,ot
t&ere’ and
were
finishing
u$.~‘~I~ took them
six days to hit water
with seven
men dig&
of/a<d
on$%Iere,
the
bucket ‘is de”g
lowere@
into the
hole to be,, k”oaded
with dirt and
rock,.
~,
I
/
PL-ATh
353
Harold
Embrey
being
lowered
into
the ~ell-~:tc$,
The
Er&
working.
coniimie
brey/Ra&y
well .is 52” at the
tdp and tapers to 42” at the hot:‘tom.
The
first
five
feet
weg~
through
dirt. Then
they hit whii.
-4
flint rock and, had to’use
a hammer and chisel. After four or five
,,.‘hours,
they cut through
.that and
had dirt again ;ntil
they hit solid
rock .above the water
level. They
had
to
blast
with
dyqqite
twenty-five
times
to get through
it. Below
that
level
was water,
running
at a rxie of five gallons
a
minute.
:
FOXFIRE
“See, no air can’t
them
hit you. Just what
to do is that kvery titie
“I cleaned
I go down
,ou
suck in frbm
the top.~I
one well that way ninety-two
big old rock
feet deep,
there
that
‘“Even
b&eve
away from
to keep everybody
4
there.
and that’s when
went
a
out in the
I was
well
a !ittle rock a? big~ as
,
covers
the way.
.
the well itself.
1.
‘1
\.
i
,:
, .JF
., .:.
,I~~
.~ y/i
~.
;:
,,,_
..<I.~
:,
(,~,
r
._
BERRY BUCKETS
:
t
--
‘,,>,
:
‘, >
Y
for picking
them,
lmries
as there
on GbxIfather
is n l)ig tourist
front the ~Ixwk of tulip poplar,
B
wry
tainers
chestnut,
made
Jason
them.
white
Of :,,Imk.,
parent$
they
hickory,
J/asq~
used
has conti+ed
While
walnut,
\
I,con-
apz trditionnl
I‘$wmxnd’s
Mouhtain.
demadlf~r
Imckels
t’Pl+
to m&e
&II he ~ixxk
(iy lq
elder,
the most popular,
and fhe Imrk Jason uses exclusively,
is.,t,hat tf th! t&p
>,:a
~oplk.
Jason gathers the bark when the sap is dpn(about
the,fii.st of Jupe
\
PI ~j.Aa’IE:3X
j ‘,
*
t,<:
:\,,’
.‘
0
throu,gh~~tbE ‘iiew mooniii~Aug~st
‘I
~~~~ ~~~~g3, ,‘~~~~~~
;~I :
_.
~~
.~~~~~~~~
;~- ~.~-~~
~~.:~
~~~~~~,~~.,~,
~~~ _~~~
~~~~-~L~); aiid at the same tune gets hickory strips
forlashiq
the top and sides.
BERRY
BUCKETS
the buckets
Tu peel
~.
t&l,
fh’
Ix&
oi a harp
,~
~~~ ~.
together.&t
off the tree,
stick. After
he ddesn’t,
for stovewood.
the bark
out while waiting
\
: keq’,ir~pl$,le
Trim
with
d&s
uses either
,the renlaind&of
out too rrruch.
A
The
slit
I$ATI:
y
for
336
as he can reach,
the ~bark off the tree,
To prevent,
to ‘work it up, he puts it in a cxek
rough
edges
pocketknife..
u
a chisel-like
within
and
a .week. Jf
the bark
from
drying
or,damp
place,
which
Ipnger.
~Fold ups the sides
of
the bark
and lace
to~gethe?
from the bo~ttom.
with, hickory
stri~ps.
’
!- CL
I*”
as high
He has to make ~the hucikets
i
?
a “spud,”
he has, p’ce!ed the bark
he will cut .the tree down, t&c
use the wood
Jason
~_,,,,,.~.~.
u
the
I~~~~~~ *,
Y.f,
bott.om
~,‘;,
of
the
bucket
,,,_
alar
‘V
may~be
-.,
~~,~. ~~_ i
v
circul2qor
”
”
u
oval.
-
unI’
re
: r
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,,.:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
,~~ ~,
3x4,
/I
:,
~~G&F~hin~
to make
the laces. ‘,\Vhen he gathers
&id.
&en
it, hc, n~akes ~;Islit ‘*$$d
‘the t,ree and yanks
up-
Ii eliel,l~L$k becomes too hard ,to~p&$$e
waits till the new moon
the IZt-k i@iri lo&ni:’ He5 “ii%&
or ‘t;ikes~ Off the. lop layei- ‘oft \iXrk,~
and’uses
, die)
the
‘the ,second
for the lacing,
or
of the buckets.
extsa
H
as’he needs them.
Herr
is how&c
hoop;
strips
and the bail
(han-
in rolls ;uld wrts
them
‘i
cl&
.ngth
He cuts rhe-I&G
bucket
&
hickory
I
to be. He shapes
Iar slit arou&\hc
the’ i&ket
outside
center
and the same
Ilottoni
width
py cntving
(see- Plate:356)‘i,
as h,e ti:mt$%hc
” derp
oyl
/
or circu-
intn I~ut not through
the
_,,bat-k. ,Jas&Tier?olds
up the si&s , ,crea.+lg
the I~ark at the slit. Wley
sho&ld be even if the~ovalhr
circlr %vas,‘cut in the cnrrect ,place. Hc t&s
off ’
‘the
rough ‘edges
-Bpnnchei
on ,,thc bottom
five holes qn each side and
.,the way around
starts
ofa the !wcket
a r&v of holes
hiS pocketknife,
&out
35”6). Usin g a strip
the tops (see Plate
at the Ilottom
with
of the buc.ket
hl inch
of hickoy
and ,I:rccs it up, like a shoe,
L
AI
?part :I”
ICrk, rhe
&her!
I)oth,
sides ax laced, ~1~ has enough hic,kory
ixside the bucket. To make the rim, he
wide and a little, longer
OWI-laps the ends into
places
nround
the rim
inside
in one direction
around the top rim
split about an in<,h
th% thr circ’;~mfermce
of the’top of the bucket, and
a hoop that ,will just ‘fief inside the IXket
top. He
the bucket
and then tonics
For the bail, :h’e uses hickory
used to use cloth
,,(straph)
aqd
so it wouldn’t
~l,eca&
laces
the
hickory
Ijack the other
bark
shoulders:
were i+al.
~hoio,yrnl,hs~by
Ken
Crmiik
I
I
,:
wa>
so the laces cross.
,$e tou’rists like i.t. Momitain
cut int&their
i:
all the
people
ovwxll”galousies
.
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SCOTT BR.A”I.FY
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CHEESE
~‘:
‘~~~--~~-.~~~- -i-
..~~.
MAKING
*
.
aI
;
*
,.
i.
recent
a&md.’
we
C:harhe
Ross
,neighbor,
Hartley
and
his wife
trip
V&s,
Were
intd th,e
‘NO&
visiting
f
(sge
Hodges,
came ‘&ek to s&us. She’s
L
Fox#l-e ,for some time, and, knowing
that we
:
Milton
people
who could $$w
us how~to niake
It w”
through
heiqhat
WY,met M&. Mqroe
-she
actualjy
set.up
homes.
$e
Harmon
Harriet
She’s that
were
for us and showed
.,
also able to pick up some
EchoIs& +d.
chapter
additional
in ~ihis book)
Aunts Nora ‘CarlaAd
owe ta&ed
inf&mati~n’from
; a;d,
(see Fox&e
with
was
Mrs.
from
Tedra
our gwn +ea,
,T, p;ige 46b)
.‘.
/
’
&taA~e,~,cheese.
first person
.
u$ the way to their
kind of person.
(see sled-makm$,
how they make
The
the intervi$s
cheese,
Re@e
(Plate
357).
told
Her
us
: f~‘$
:;,,,il
,,,,
hus-
i
.
;
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9
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PI/ATE357
;
~~.~. ~~~~~
i
,, .,band
was
out
working
straight,
up
kitchen.
As we,took
to their
ing the t$ocks
sionally+&
around
house
\ _ Mrs. Reese begins
359
farm
when
she showed
she showed
that
some to bring
~figm theircow.
where
pi,ctures,
of cheese
‘their
PLATE
us into
usthe
pro&ss
she atid her husband
in ,a’little extra
’
her
spotless,
she follows
like best.
this all into a large
sunlit
for mak-
Spe has occa1.
of refrigerated,
pan
stove, (Plate 358) until it is, a little past
lukewarm;
.
*.
as it gives a slower, steadier heat.
:
so we went
money.
with two and a half gallons
She pours
we arrived,
whole
milk
and heats it on her wood
She prefers
a wood
stove
q en the milk is warm, she takes the pan off the stove and adds one-~
fourth
of & Hansen’s
Cheese Rennet! ‘Tablet
dissolved
in one teacup
of
water, and one-ei$hth
of a Hiqsen’s
Cheese Color Tablet dissolved in one
,. tea&p
df water.
rections’for
,:&th
these
tablets
gets jellylike.
Letting
~~~~~~
,into,pieces
auailable
in drug
stores,
and
di-
their use are listed on the contamers.
She l&s the milk sit for f&i
running
are
.. .
Then*She
the s,&ra
cuts it with
under
that: arc about
the
to thirty
minutes
a kn~ife or spatula
the surface
it sit briefly,~ she then
I
fifteen
works
as if cutting
the mixture
size of grains
until
it stiffens, and
into tiny squares,
also~
it into layers.
until
it is all broken,
of corn.’ She works,
up
it ‘g?titly
I
~
PLATE
(Plate
35g),
ken apart.
,‘ifen
un~l
ddy
squee&g
the custardlike
she I&S the pan
It is alm&
,While it is reheating,
rated
back
through
,360).
‘rally.,and
minutes
coiander
has line;
with
she. has
the mixture
d&she
the rn~~~ure to the pan,
i
cheeskcloth
(Plate
362).
Adding
absorb
‘any additional
moisture.
drying
process,
which
B&ore
rennet
/’
strains
the
on her ~sink~
lets it drip
a heaping
natu-
teaspoonful
during
She-turns
keep fine,without
tablets
were
it two
of cheese
spoiling
available,
weight
it from
air ,with a clotp
the cake
press which.she.
in stages’
(Plate
or~_twelve ~hcurs, ethos
press~the’~cheese
into~ a ‘fir111 I~lcck. She ‘then removes
It,should
ready
of the pan into a homemade
and dries it for ;I week in the open
outside.
adds
and then
the stove
it in w~ell l,,Plate 36 I ),
the contents
~~~,~lj3-J , she j~eaye_i_~~t
fin the press bv&ght,
down
to cool;
boiling.
wiil stay sepa-
the pan from
in the
returns
she.puts
removes
bro-
the mixtu,rk
not
the curds
td thirty
not squeeze
heats
stand-but
so that
She then
and
can
fiftden
of salt, and massage>
Finallv
touch
it is .c~mpletely
chqesecldth
She d&s
then
until
on thP. stdve
as the
and IJot melt back t,?getber.
contents
substance
s& stirs it constantly
and lets it sit for from
‘(Plate
as hot
361
the press
underneath
times
forms
for a month
cheese
(Plate
364),
the! cheese
a day
during
a dry crust
on
to
this
the
j_-
or more.
of this sort was still possible
.,/
j:
~
<i
‘~
PLAT,E
PL+tTE
362
to hake.
T%dra
butchering,
i
J&rmon
they
remembers
363
‘that
when
PFOXFIRE
,,
Ij
they
$lled~ a
cow
would ,get the stom~ach cut,, cut! it open, -and clean
Then~~‘$ey woul&stret&it
cut in cm+&
&dry
,1,
4.
it w&l.
lik~a%z@mae,,AIleqtA
was thoroughly
dry, ~they rolled hit up and hung it’ in a bag from a conven..~~.~.~.~~~----~~-.~~~i~nt--r~fte~;.~h~ne~~~~~~~~~~.~e~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~.:;sort just described,
Shea
would
tise a tiny
nail)
to curdle
remembers
6is moiher
ing light bread.
The
from
,cheese
twelve
the attic
different
just
using
hk mother
to dry ~f,cr~&
Thelma
made
to eight
the size ,of a thurflbare tised’n&v.~
piece of the stomach
was pressed
in ,diam@ter.
weeks
before
better
also introduced
‘@to wooden
Tfie
lining
ge’a]sc~
when rn~k k.I ’
a sour taste.
cheese
being
hoops
that
would’be
cut,
and
wg
set ud ‘7,
he rememp.
it tasted.
to us by Milton
It can be eaten
up taqing
(about
tablets
it gibing the bread
inches
kind of che&.
that we wound
a~small
the cheese got, tht
J&p,:
lining’
as.~the r&net
He’ remembers
to fourteen
that the older
Mrs.
piecer of the stomach
the milk,
right’kway.
half a cake along
with
Hodges,
In fact,
it was
us in ~\he car and
on it all the way’homt.
),
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CHEESE
MAKING
a
’ c
2’
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~389~
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~.Woo$tie
Disk
,rl-Ckfkclot:~”
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a,
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i’
to her house; she had clabbered
the milk,
and &a
wait-~
~
~,~~~~
~~~ ~~
rYfi?gei%or.
E &7 <lZ~~he~t&
whole milk, alla&d
the cream
it off afid made
dded ,tw&three
tablespoons’
daysland
butter’
(Plates
365
and
366).
~Then
of buttermilk
per gallon .of skinimed
sour. She put this in the refriKerat&
be,
she
milk and
to ~await
/
6’
!I When
we arrived,
labbered
milk into
sha went
a pah
hotter
than
nbt
hot that it would
SC
Once
‘made
lukewarm.
right
to wbrk,
heating
with
a cotton
She said it should
g&l++
the cloth,
‘cicth pinned
be pretty
heated,
over
up the comers
leaving
the curds.
p&ink
it on the stc&
b’ m your hands.
.p
the clabl~ered’i,ml ,k~IS thoroughly
367 ). She then
through
and
~~
qallons’cf
the
uhtil ‘ii was ‘a little;
hot; but not hailing,
she pours
a bucket,
with
of the cloth-and
“The
two
h&t thing,to
and
it &,,a~
strainer.,
clothespins
(Platte.
squeezes
the wcei
do with
the whey,
.‘,
-
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I;,.
,<
‘~>I
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*
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~.
‘,~~~l,.
.~1.
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:
:~.
‘.
PLATE
365
PLATE
367
PLATE
368
,PL.4TE
369
*
= ;‘,
:+ow,
is feed
\,,~-
Shea laughed.‘J’&jng
$ to the ho&,”
&tsidti,
she poured
whey into the/slop,.bucket.
‘.,
She the? p ts the curds in j howl and adds one and one-$$f
t&spoons
salt and a ra s egg. She prefers
or+
!:&make~~the cheese
i readying
yellower.
harny@
eggs to store-hohght
.She mixes hit all in with
her hands
I
th&of
as they
(Plale.368),
it for cookihg.
,,
,i
m
hip
~z~,~o:V~she puts a lu@z of
butter
ah&t
the
size
of
a
!arge
he_n_
egg
-~because it,,,,heifs
.“1iron’ ryng pan and melts it. She pre’fer% a wood cookstove
m’ore
&_nly and ~sl&vfy.LThe electric~stove~u~ed~~here
~.~~~~~~
~~~
~~~
~~ ~~~
.&II eared ~the,cheese too fast’and
ter, and It
got some
mixed
in with it.
\V&
1 ‘the
the bztter
pan
1 ‘enough
over
is,qeited,
m&urn
to run
heat
together
into
1 ,_’ She recdmmends
sewai days.
what.
After
a short
1 keep about .a week.
Article: by Scott
~1Ken
Cronic.
~belongsito
a~ cake,
that you, “do
sht? puts
,:~~
her ~d+$$”
to. eati%
burner
them
form
out into ,a dish- to’cbol
. ..
‘i’: ~
a cake,
on ‘it” (Plate
It should
not be refrigerated
while,
it~g;ets~~haici~~enough
37 I ) ? but you Cain
~as~~it~~sfio~~ dry out someto cut in
iii-es. It should,
~~~
Bradley,
~1-
fla!tes of $tter:,
=,‘;
I \
: I
‘\,,
she adds the curds.,an$
keeps turning the& i$
>, _.
369).
When
if1
.the
curds
are
melt&d
~(Plite
,I, (,Plate 370~) ,4s they cool, they automatically
2 wajt
.
-
_
r
$
1
Lym
Butter,
atid Debbie
Thomas.
L
,._ I
Photographs
_
CHEESE
ti.4~~~
‘393
i
S”
Ea
CHEESE’
0
,;
COTTAGE
her
~.
-n I
We asked Mrs; Harriet
EchoI< ;o t&s
,~
family and below are her directions
from
Mrs. Nora
Garland.
ally show us the steps
tures
at the~tibe
df ;her method,
you.
Mrs. EchoIs
but
how she mikes
with
some
was unable
cheese
for
j
comments
to ‘get raw milk to actu-
of the interview,
sdwe
felts that her:. in&ructions
,~
,~
cottage
additional
I~
do not have
would
,~
pic-
he quite~ clear
to
To begin the process pf makin~ic6~f&~
&~~&pour
nl,~out~~a,~galloi-a:.of~
*
~~,~~-~-Xw~l~unp,lslr~~~ized
I- h~j ~-1~~ ~~~$- ~~~
w o e milk into..an
enamel or other metal @an?&y
~~~~~
~.-~am-tou~&&rnitk
may bee~used~.,~Th? amount
~Harriet~ ~Echbls fpr her family.
Ix&k of the wood
warm~weather,
stove
Mrs.
Eckols
in the winter
so that
it ‘can~sour
us&here
is,what
lets her ian
is preferred
.of milk
or just out on a kitchen
sl@y.
This
process~may
T,;,-,:.
by
sit oar the
t&k
only
&ring
take
one
r
.clday,~or prrhaps~ two, accc8:ding to the t&per&we.
Mrs. Echols does not,
heat-the .&ilk’at all befoie it clabbers.
When ori the :Ctoy&, it is not over &
,:rect heat-only
After
cream
the
ii a tiarm
milk
pIa&
clabhers,
the
.The
cheese
skimmed,
cream
ii Iifteb” off
and’ refrigerated:
nr it ‘%av be mixed
I’
.,,
th~~~~ees,~;erearni~~.
to.m$e
milky iS the!1 he&l
bver a glow, fire’until
dies. ‘It 1s removed
ftom the heat. and poured into a colander
*’ to drain all the water. This usu&
takes a couple of hours
huhg
in ‘i1 cloth
curdled
Both
Mrs.
Garland
warned
Garland
renren&ers
or ,sp+LL,
us not to work
a little
salt
or cheese&h
It may alsd be
&at‘ she put
the
overnight’butside.
mav
geti&
out nny,~~~elllrtil~~g~~wat~el.;~-klrs. &I&
the cheese’ toot vigorousI>;
be sprinkled
Rees<.also
makes
different.
She removes the cream
stovh; strains’it through~cheeseclbth,
some Of the rream‘back
i it either
.~-L
or .get the curds
in to ‘taste,,, and
to& ‘fine.
to ~make the
1
.’
’
warm
orchilled,
~~rfick .bp Debbie
Jaqes,
cottage
~i,heesc, but her m&hod
first, lets the r%lk.cl&ber,
adds salt aid pepp&
to keep it from
getting
warms
,,: -1
0
a
hoore,
dry and hard.
and 3ehbl%
is’slightly
it on <he
”
io taste,.an$,then
and tries to finish it within. two days.
Karen
.~
cheese
weeks in the refrigerator.
Mrs. M&roe
ad+
j
it cw-
creamier
some of. the sdur cream may be m&d
in ~wit-h ‘it., The cottage
cheese is~theil packaged
i~~s~rnmallcontaifie@
anA refrigerated.
hit will &p
several
~:
in
and iMrs.
.Echols ~told.~~~~-~~~.
us, that
ther
would &en work-&
.- J~.~
~~~~_,
;p_~,-~~
It back Into a pan or bowl and sque’ezing it witl;‘ih&
I’!; puttmg
or a spoon
“Then
Mrs.. Nora
milk into a clean flour sack and let it drain
the cneese
hands
overnight.
The
i11,+ny,recipe,
after it is rhade
clabbered
,’
*
1
may,; 1~~6uSed 1ater’a.s sour’~cre+
with &he rott’@e
”
Crowd.
She eats
“\,
‘( ’
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,,
.,
._
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REti.A,.
ti&GAN
‘.
j
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;
.%,,
.
i
/
;. /
_
,
I.
I,
u/us
Myrgnn,
,:R,
copal
Macon
,.
,:‘,
step
his friends,and
ac&ain.@n~~s
H e recgqnizes
~
to’hirn. Ini spite of these apparent
handzcaps,
close
J’onf-chnln
A4ountnins
within
with his h,ikinE jl-iends.
He still. ministers
”
memary
other
only when
they
he still hik&
the
he had
his
Since
we
were
;
events,
of I$ life,,O.c@bobkr
15,
-pere’
t; ,tif in Idian’;history
b$ his, payer&
:I
,?,
‘Ep/scopal
great:~rmdp;arents
&le
been, told
mucfT%TTi~@L~an,
and
*
grand\
iate?e3tin~-mng-~~tiEttt~~tQ,
_ shaie it all with you 50~that. you might fe$,whal
D~r. Moi&js’a
tall, fine-looking
man who
,:, mav.n~er. He ha’s a son anb a daughter
St. John’s
su’ch a way of tel1;n.g about
him to st$nrt at the begi”nning
early ~stories ‘that
parents:~,Hazso
to the small
md
‘1885, and tell us fall abou?? himseli.
some o/’ the first settlejs of this area,
and
Cal-o-
sight of his ,hom.e, and the Sm’oky Mountains,
ChurCh -cYf C&toogechaye.
He ha; such n wonderful
in iifs
life thatwe asked
florth
,:
of
of hearing, on8 with~such
Co&gress’s talking b.qok
I’. jm t~he blind.
I:.,
Epis-
an.d’ nntiv’e
County,
,_linn, i.r ri~ow ei,qhty-nine @ars, old, somewhat
had
,~,,,’
#ior eyesight’ that h.e subscribes
to the Librqiof
“,
3
senil-etiyed
minist~er
we do about him.
spenk;‘t;l’a’~de~~b~rate?~
and.se&;al
grandchildyen
.\
@
kGi.d _
and. gre,atY’~,s
,qmndc,hildren,.
He has many co~usins, nie,ces, ,nephews,, and yosrg;S;frzends
/
,/I
,, whom h~.~t~entions;,often ~jn cgrtversati(!,n~.,
Lucy MOTgnn, one of Dr. Morgan’s ‘sisters,
help&l’~to
estnhlisfi, the”~’
Per&d
.nost
*School
inter&in,:?
Webster,
of ‘t’jnn&cl-rifts
and produqti-tiue life,
&ortkC’nrolinn:
cist, @nrl t&o pf their other
LVe &k$d
drek
higher
Dr. Morgan
in his jamilj
e&cation,
de,Ktely!rot
in Penlsnd,
to leave
Their
North
also. She
brother,
Ralph,
carolinf,‘nnd
has now
was educated
sisters went on to college,
tihat
ho&
~th,an they
could
ai hard
get & thei/’
a tfaditiqn h.$e in the early ~goos:
’ 5,.
q,
and
lives in’
as a f;hdrma-
too,
he felt had infEuen.ced
and work
retved,
has 1ed.a
50 many
hi’ the$hnd
of”the:chilto, to get’s
laca(~ grea,~ y$~eF-~t!kis~,was
j
4~
:
’
~1 ,.
REV,,
A. RtiFU;
PIJJE
372
MORGAN
Re\wend
;
,’
‘, 39;
‘j.’
Morgan.
I
Our i+mily was always very conscious
of edication;~~RbL
motherh&attendedthe
St. Mary’s School in Raleig-h, prohahly
under’&
influen&
of
her
at
fathw~~who\
_ Chapel
I*ll.
of Npith
North
had
studigd~ Ii& .at the
My great-grandmother
Carolina,
who
Carol&during
:,~M,? oldest
had
also served
the War Between
two *sisters went
I&ersiry
$f
Siler was a sister,of
‘a President
the States:
to a &ho&
that
our ‘aunt
~Nor$
ALL
.+trolina’
,--~~~A-
the then ‘&v&or
of the Universit):$
‘,
conducted,
,,~
a gi’rls’
’ school down iq>~Hickory, North~ Carol;
a. It wasn’t cpllege, bnt it, covered
,a
some of the territory
‘that now is colle& work. My Sister <Lucy w&t lb ~a
’ churc~h school ~iti New York when
she’went
to the Utiiversi[y
recrived
an ,-4.B.,
’ ‘Chapel
Hill
and
but
she: has
one from
I was in the seminxy
of Chicago.
two
hoilorary‘
3 ~School out‘in
Ralph, fin~ished. high schobl ‘and then
‘1~
k ~’ came a r~c~gistered pharmacist.
That le
*
she graduated,
hut she went toga
Up there,‘an$
It’s an inte&&+:thing-she
do&s’
degrees,,
~the.Middle.;\yest.
on ‘to phwnx&school
!!hen
\
&v&
*
om fr:om
*
,My brother,
: 1
atid he- ’
es. my youngest
sister. I dozi
thin,@
up in Virginia,
where my
__:; ., ~~
I
:
,,
$9”
‘p
:’
.,,.
p .: ,-yj,-I“Y
~:~,.
,..,
~..
,?~,V
., ‘~’ & ~~,‘.,
Ji
*f, ;~ ,I ,-i:c,
.,
‘j ~,F,pi:,
‘:Y$::,..
\ r TIr,.____
~, .; 3.
‘,’
r
~, :I’U‘ylK
~, 5”;~~:
.,,.
,(..
,ql&st
,,,
.)~
sister
W<W hvmg
at the
tim;e. She~‘li&d
!schaol. So most of us hail 50-e
~,,~-‘My moiher
yotmg
was,ialways
and when
about
that
getting
.’
school].
: I knew &at ,I’d l&c
many
moie
i&the
to go,~& &d
edu&&:[tl%ti
to go som&tP~re
~czition,~ so! $1, father.said,:
I
in’?$y going
I ,wanted
‘“‘Wh,y, sbn,
‘~~1:--m
,with~ he: a$: wer$‘$?’ &is
:,,j: . ._ ,;’ _ ~~’
-,\.
college#+ork.
interesttid
I decided
with my father
&
_ .’
j 1,,,. ~,..,
mini&y.
S$e,,~bied
get *iraining,
I :t&ed
1
‘.I ‘-[,,
I could ‘i&t’ a< the- lo,~,~l
./~~~
! ~.. .~~..~.. ~~~~.
,;, ,. ,\Y~,~
:
&&t&&zt
e,,,,$~.$&
~.
you .knbti
t)at
sch&L
I don’t
e&L,
have
any;,,,/‘:,
to >cnd, you to-school;”
~1~~a,$,. “I’m
not &king y?ti that. ,I’~m just asking
~,, ~ Arid~he,said,,~i’Why,~of~cour~,~~:be
pe&+siq&
td~$:i“
aa~~
.)~,.:.L
‘, \ ,, Ii
I w&t,onc
winter to.school
at&drews,
North Carolir&
an,d then:~‘to a
.** ; !
,, ‘~ mission? schobl, Micadale.~The(I
‘,,,~
‘dent to Wayn&ville
to p&iii high.&ool
i
and gradu~ated there in 1906.. In ‘each case, I Chad w~orked~iriv way +$ri_g
,, ‘, ch$+
In Wa$xsville,,
I’stayed
in the rectally and didlthe
~chores arouqd.i
:,!
;,,
the churc@G~ace
Church, ma&g
the lawn,, +ilding
the fires,,r&$ng
,tl)e .:
-
bell, ‘bveeping’qt,
‘&ll.that, atid <hen tilt’ho;gh
dent,
a lay Tea,der. If coiducted
I w‘a~ made
in Grace
Chuibh
and in a little
2; He gave
ink, years &o‘&d
Negro
I was j&t
tht’simple
a high &+x~ol~s
S&i~ces;
both’ath
on the edge of town., L went.
”
fromihere
to Chapel Hill and~worked
my way there.
-.... ‘~
e
.,.
Cole &it met Dr., Morgm
when, wri&ing the. chapter
oh “O&w
inl.;” for F?,xfi&
I
gl?cI fo; you tq.” 1 ‘.~~:~~-~~
*‘<~““LLI~
.I .;
us a bea,&&
nmw, and
how
the persoa&ty
of th,is remarkably
,made
two or three pages.
on those
The&
union
during
tie su?mner
in Macon
Coupe
mission
of hjs thoughts
he’d
like his own final~ser&e.~Muq~
cotie.r
through
zue were i&itSdt
behold;
there
into the Macon
and Jesse,
families:
&me
in the
.So-for
Cdunty
ehrly
x88os,
aieai
nn@lother
County,.Nbrth
Carolina:
‘r$e~ fouri Siler
to attend’the
Sil& rea
-;;
::~
hiv&hiie:
Sil,er had~ mib
: : ~”
”
zua~ 57,:. Mqrgan’tieark+g
~
with,~his
and. nll~ had
countries, to
“‘.
had
ivhich.
first to ‘Pennsylt&ia.
potatoes
&on1 South
District
brothers
I’&-fiot,‘sure
and,came
I,:,
ids th:e United
land, Austl;&a,
sweet
of
many year.r; ithe descendants
$ron~.&ny
zerland,
area
” ,:.‘...i
in:the cornmen& he-~
1 .~~”
p
!’
m&.ag~u@th
“~Will~a~~~nd~~his.orun name~,on&We:~talke.&
“ at that time. ,He explai~red that his great-,paadfathq
Wi&iam
gitited
on bur-
man
of ,973
nnd
account
orjginall,y
The);
of South
..
sb thei
Carolina.
come from
sailed
from
They.were
Caine-down
,Then
Germ&y
Hdlland
An int,&sting’fact
and,likeqthem,
Carolinq
Lll
told
to,~,?h&
they ,Camti: o+to
i
i>
~)yith tliei;i~f+h&
w8s’thKthey
that
:.,
br ‘f&m ,Swi$l
discover&
sweet: potatoes
wa.~-$q~
came
t~he P&dlet&
thk ~tiou&ai~.,
QEy:.
I
~‘~,
; 1~
1,
“>
.,,.,
1
Lpi(i,,~*
_~
f
FOXFIRE
4 _
-..
b
.\.._
live&q
the seniinal-!-;-,-onE:
roomed&ether.
roo,ns
in ,qro~i~p3-~~rt\z:obedrooms
3 q;11c and
foilr flirh(s
had
the cml
looi, after
dows open.
t)asementl
also got a fellowships
was in the Jmwnc~~lt
II!; rhc m;iid
toa
like that
I’d go down
mornin:~and
Who
I just froze
especially.
the]-e and
;The
Swanron,
\rermonr.
state
cover-ed that
it \val!jusr
WAS
to ,:ar-ry it up
authorities
that
I
she just
her out.
I’d leave> my win-
shower
baths
were
in the
the f&t ,thing
in ‘the
ther-e wxre ici-
I was at \l’~ynesville
had
He
had a church
up there in^>.
up al!,d, hrlp ‘him ,for the sum-
mc to come
I went
mrr, iq~z, while I was still at seminary.
Suntiair school, pajnted
the church
roof,
we
;tfCei- 0111‘rooms.
IOOkrcl
when
of \,‘ermbnt.
‘the invited
‘l’hc- heat
up to my room,
P cle% on my hair.
Thf mjnisrel- \virh Fvhom I li\:ed one );&
~gone lx~ck to his native
room.
take a shower
lx rhe time I xot out and lock
and
:uld !lO elevatprs.~ Them
;ilrd wc had
to the scmin;lry
my 1oom, I)ecause
She didri’t
hish
2nd a livilll:
of .<t;iirs. Rut wc did IlilVc maids
some i~omplaint.5
~coddn’t
classmates
‘l‘hr I~uildi’ng was four;storirs
\cerc
from
of mt
up
various
and
hel’ped
other,~ things.
with
Thrn
the
I dis-
of his .b&rt that hr ha&invited
‘.&w
me to come up. He dfdn’t haye rnough work for me. So I got a jol) in the
marble mill down ‘by the biissisqubi
River, and I worked there in the draft‘tally
out of the kindness
all summer.~I
out on to Lake
I‘d.take
a sandvich
along
enioyed
gettmg
Champlain
and share
dowil.to
in a canoe
the river,
after
and’
work was over.
it with the mosquitoes,
of which
there
\vere plenty.
So I \\.orked rhere until nearly time to go Ijack to ‘ihe seminary.
When I
told tht’ mill authorities,
they offered me a permanent
job in the mill at a
salarv of more
than
1, receive,d
TOI-the first s&era1 years in the ministry.
Thrwinrer
before, I had met a young lady in New York. Her family had
‘-*‘~‘a ?ummcr horn? up above Clovrrsvillc,
Nrw York, and WC thou$lt
WC v&e
pretty
.
1nui.h in lo\,r.
New’York
down
talking
rying
I-IPr farnil\,
C:irv and m&e
rhrouxh’
things
Lake
then;
invited
C;harriplnip,
Her mother
11y 0II Ifi? Way Ijack
4 visit in their sumn~cr~ honfi.
jLa4x
ovef and her niother
a minister.
I)lC to come
Ceorxe,--~-~a henutif&Il
didn’t
like thr id&of
was something
of a climber,
I went,
trip.
t0
going
\Ye got to
her daughter
and
.~,
SO
mar-
she talked
it, unless Rufus
b&h me and Gth her daughter.
She said, “I won‘t.nltow’
“‘* will promise to do all,that he can to get the best position that he can in the’,
ministry.”
\,Veil, that’s
had me a bishop
the voung
not my idea
or something
ladv said, “Well,
ai the ministy.
of the’sart,
whatever
hiother
I said, “\‘\‘ell. if that’s
.
I wasn’t
say,
about
like,.Ao have
to do it.
SO
I have to do.”
the way you frel al,out, it, it’s all o\‘er as far a? I’m
,,/
_I,,
r _~~M
,‘~
So I went next myn/n,~ ‘down,, to C;loxrsviile
yhic,h is +vc
.Albnny.
:~lrr~ost notllillj;
cls~~,~~~~iitlstart4
out
I,ou,+l
a fryiny pan 2nd ;I I,lanlxl;
_,/
,/
_~,~
,_, ,~
,,,/
/‘, ~,
,,_,,,
~9.
,.*’
i;.
‘~’
concerned.”
1
and
She would
,++
/-’
;,
’
i
RET’:~.X.
Tvalking
milrs.
RI-F&
MORG.kN
4’7
it off. I Lcnlked ,from
sleeping
rhc outskirts
forty-rhrce
Out and
our at night,
there,to
a\!eraging
of Uo\ron
and found
miles thnt
day. Then,
looked
Boston,
for a policeman
more
ino,,c\
he said,
“Look
when
tryink
toured
,J stopped.
I !hltd walked
my, hun’ger,
tothe
off, he noticed
to iun
Boston
I had.’ I still tease~some
me out of town
that
1 was studyirig
S,cirnc?;
the
day on a sightseeing
the I&II River Line down’to
.
fella.”
and got supper.
the &lv
.~
seventeeli
miles a dav. I got tS
I had satisfied
to inquire
here;
forty
and
near&t
that
I went
Her
“Y.”
I was a little bit
He said,
“Have
you
,:
got
eno~~gh to gi’et out of here&l?“
I told him I th&ght
their
tl&
a restaurant,
gave me diret~rion.: and then as I started
stiff,, and
two hundred
only
time
night
back to the &i&y.
University
I nx’t. mo?r of the requirements,
,aiming
bfit I’had
-,:;~-Uni~er.~i’t~
,was one
on the Cathedral
years,
and shg~heard
me. That
that
‘_ learning
any.German
tp~;amount
L’ater, the ~ernl~~~~there~~ard~d~rne
~-Thi?%l~,$~\vhich
I took thw
,~
never
German.
studied
’
I
Hebrew~mxer
good
Rfy sister Lucy had
there
Germ&i
_
near Columl-tia
‘~
anh
atid she vol&itee$d
I “married
Tao anything.
I never
a~&x&~z~~~S~
i.5 th e on 1,;
\ one that
,;~~__-
So I
or @mebody
told me there
German;
lived in Germany
I needed
broke ~;p my doctorate,
there.
in Politidal
grounds
and, I WE in atid out there, pd~she
of the students
there who had $udied
~for several
to help
School
about
for a Ph.D.
hxd taken a !ot of French and. Latin and Greek and
:~t any of then!-1,ut~T.I
had never had!any
German.
been at the D&coness
friends
I was ever
bus and that
New York,
at Columbia
of my Boston
her
ir$ead
;~
,,of
did gets n$:Ph.D.
[DOctO,~f~a~~
mm-~
I ever received.
The Tchool ai Penland was my inte&
when I start:d
out in tlie’ministry.
J2hile I was still in the sem,inary studyigg
for the ministry,
the man who
wzs bishop
over
this section
of Ndrth
Carolina
talked
over what
I wanted
to
I do: an&I told him I \ganted to corn6 I&k to the motintains.to
do what I
vould here. H e ,yave me a choice,. l‘he Episcopal
Church
had a school
’
~~~~
~~
fdund~ed in 1842, Valle Crucis, in:what is now M’atauga Cdunty. It was first j
_ s&ted
as a rraini,ng school fo; ministers
tiho w,anted to go to work.~in the
rurai
sections,
rhoarding
especiAly
school
to be trained,
church
in the
for mountain
hut who didn’t
owned
quite
mountains:“Later,
girls*that
have
would
money
it ~tias changed
train
cough
;i large &act of land xhere,
into
them
aS.theywould
&‘io
off’ to sch’ool. Thd
s.eve.ial hundred
a
like
acres? and
,,s,
the ‘school ~vas started and the Bishop was interksted
in it, He gdt’people
to
_._~
,....
-1~~~~~~
come 111to teach them, not only the academic
subjects, but various indus
z tri),es.~ He escal)liuhcd ;at one time, a dairy., including
a~ cheese factpry~. He.
1,
i
,
used part of it for some time as a poultry farm. He ~planted ap’ple trees a&
raised Apple commel~~cially. Before industries
came in and l&&e electricit)
was lJrou.@t in. he had rrected
:
a power
8
plant
for the i&mediate
&mmunitv.
_
_
.
,
FOXFIRE
418
.
4
”
His sister there
\vas in charge
bf the school. locall~y, btit he wallted
a minister
tlWC.
Hc offered
nle the choice
a farm at Pentand
youth
trcq
and
had
whel-e a man
failed
I chose
at \‘alle
Penland
their
because
Crucis
I ,ctiuld
?oom”
~t6 be given
have
‘~mountain
people
, Southern
things
been
territory-so
.-\ppalachians,
good,
to paint
the populations
courzc that
People
this~was
could
find
so It would
never
Exn
some of our church
ivhitcs.”
not
ivheil my sister
in
Penland.
I, ~,~
~~~ ~p-~~&~!as always
l~ell. whc
health,
Help
help
more
and
about
‘i;’
clothes
got
south.
than
people
,
‘author’s
point
to the
Well,
that
I
rotton
I thought
of
mills can make
can make
them
by
the people.”
willing~ to ask the people
to help
these
g&c them
They
of men
back
so-
charity,
stand
the crafts
like John
at
C. Camp-
in education,
in
“poor
too!< that
of ~dkveloping
,
‘I’he leaders
Iqinning
.
y&
_
art was cdm-
and teach
wa); and
of the approval
.
that
The
sort of thing
the idea
together
commission
He wrote a book
book his otit bf ey-”
way.
becomb~ less dhpendent.
minister.
*hose.
down
to eat.
were perfectly
I conceited
li,i,
.’
some,
ta live, and he urged
be moved
that
the
Mdse6f
was studying
enough
them: out iin ihai
in fa\:or
ct~afts, recreation
‘on the
the old crafts
and
know
to study
of the I)ook. The
faster
of~,helping
the man’s~ nani&sin-thc_~
who
in a different
much
a Presbyterian
.
poos
~You- probably
the forests.
the mills down
authorjties
them
Luc!; and
wxs
me.
send.
on the conditions’and
for people
pay to develop
in the cities tp iend,,iold
but
mine
mountains
labor
products
hand,
cal@,
distressed
and resigned.
sure that that
remember
no‘place
“\Vtzll, they have
the cloth, a~yd other
~: monptai;i
,~
the cities would
at the ‘id&
was one man
for the cover
it ought, to be ione
s+,
1
my Ph.,D.;thesis,
a~ com+ssibn
like preserving
There
,’ picture
lallghcd
a report
of the majority
of the southern
they
Episcopal
people-thcdso-called
self+ffici&t.
and they niade
time., I do&
was that he thought
r$+,where
,.
of it. I had ~,been
really
frqm
appointed
al the time and a frienaof
@Fioned
apple
I preferred
the idea of tr&
could niake ~a living at &em-
wlio have
economically
I thought.
at the present
seminary
there
people
or sold to ihe
Roosevelt
disa@ecd with the findings
c~~,27CWMz+T&A~&1&te
istenvc
some
far as the
to write
of the work
that ought to be done,
were
for mountain
planted
the policy
intending
where
those
become
Theodore.
of the things
or
A sense of dignity.
always
th;lt~ President
a school
just
schoql
had dqnc so well.
mountain
\\-hitcs:I
didn‘t like that approach.
ing the mountain
people ifi eings’that
they
There
had
determine
and one phase
selv?s and $1.~ them
~.~ -!
to establish
hit was, &gin
and
the :,‘6ld clothes
old garments
in this old cstal)lished
a go of it. He
one su~nln~er studying,
comn~uni.ty,
‘J’hat’\vn
~.
had tried
to make
ronccmcd,
Crucis
on that
b--
position
on ir, Ixzcnuse the one at \‘a!lc
.C:hul-ch xx
’
of that
public
I $113 under
,the
1
,~I
RE\‘.
A. RI-FCS.
,leadership
tion
MORG?;a
_~
*~
~thrn, of Dr. Cnm~lx~ll
10 see what
the needs
it was ai-ruiilly
and
really
Jt~,hn C:. (,:;~mpl~cll Folk School
i
explored
were.
479
this mount?n
kc-
througf;
:\nd
Dr.
at Rrxstown.
pur on the map,
i
Car)lpl~ell
envisioned
Unfortpriately
In11 his w;ife, Olive
/Dame
6
the
he died
hefore
Can+bell,
went
ahPad ‘;u~,dLwith other-s’ who <vorked ivith her, estah&hed
the school [still in
existence t&d&j., ?vIeanwhilez Dr. Camphejl ‘brgan$ed
what was called then,
the .\Iounlnin
\,+~ol-kers’ Confexrlce.
It met in 19 Ij in i\tlanta.
I was still in
%min:ry.
Bur rhc next ye& it met in Knoxville, ,jmd’~ I mei ,,_,,..,
with
thern,;,&n,,,,,,
(,..,..,..............
,,~.:.
~:
and was a mcmher and of&
a -m&,&r
oi”&e IhoardA&
t&x chairm&
,
oft the hoard--until
out i&era1 reports
Anorhcr
thin g that
si&ificant~
Sourher<
Hishlandr
‘hanyticrafls
hand‘Ih@
;
after the Second World W$:, and that
on health, education,,and~re~i,gion.
Handicraft
throughout
the
c;tnx
the
rrafts.
out of thai
Guild.
hxve
;\nR
‘&rtain
Southern
the mountains
Highlands
in .4sh~eville and
that
handle
Handicraft
From
thar
.
ing the things
,that are their
’
School.
I spent
further
itudy~at
So. a~Isaid,~
spl-ing’of
just
I~~~chosrP~~dn~l~~~the su&er
callin.
Then
it o\.ei- into
to putPin
plumbing.
’ ifo\rhi on the Toe
11.e stirted
on the
in $ving
suiiahle,
pils,
learl!in,g
greaier~.?eed
~.
with
their
well-attended
own, that
is reviv-
mountains.
I was going
University;
quite
space
then
hack
I ‘cime~back
comfortably-it
was
on the place,
for a couple
for
and
I
of teachers
t@
tirst vear or two, we,,did what, we could
&n’t
am
electricity
then~. We boyght
to put in a power
the first’students,
f-xn-yorking
in~;the
$
~$0
orchard,
for the watkr,
~calld
h&ding
used as a dormitory~,
Instead
of the:
plant
,a site
for ourselves
and
‘~
1Ve put up j l&il&@$&
Hall.
You’ll find shops
popular,
was an bid fzumhouse
int&lding
in 2 pu$:pjn&tatidn
hut blare
Columbia
buil.dmg
There
Sally
it~~+@a&bt~
Durine;.‘that
River,
the community.
putting
and
there
a school
live and the classrooms.
there
into
of
for
fairs in the sgmmer
of ‘1,9tj--.there~, &hQligh
the seminar),
meri~hers.
of these members
the most
here in.ihe
work
shops
is one in wrought
annual
1q ~4. I fixed up an old log house there
a pIai,
made
ire
herita@
for
in, Frank$n
i
a& coming
mountains
is the
established
hasp prospered.
the products
th.e fall, ;n Kndxville
angle;~be
they‘ve
Guild.;[‘I;heir
crafts fairs in the’ mountains.]
wa? and
c6urrcil
r&uir.ements
~Jhsier is a member
ad
John Bul$n’ do$
.,.
xon. There are’quic,g a number.
The Guild
throughout
put
They’ laid stress dil quality
mour~tnins.
‘1X+
organization
were
l&ping
pumping
Rid<k$~,~~~d~,
continuing,
people
farmipg,
brchardry,
for smaller
children
pl&&
so’ forth,
from
broker?
the
Later
me named
it, a school
they
plumbing,
L
put up a simple,
log cabin.
$ih&$Qllowed
as I had
with
to work
it sup to the buildings,
and then
for a, farnily:l;~Kfhe
afid the
boys, a chance
for boarding
discovered
homes,
on, ii wi\
i$ Morgan
there
puwas
and so it was run
a
by
,.:~~
‘$20 8’
/
,,‘:
/
‘~
Air-. Pcta
I,;m~lwt
l&l)lic
AlI rhc time
the old hand
commu$y
orph;unq:cs
weaviR&
these
years,~I
~:~‘banted me TO travel,
a greater
in Chicago
funds
‘.
of &at
type
of- ,~$
for things
‘of worth.
~th& needed?in
But,ziftcr,Z
to leave
Penland.
and ;+qgincj.n,xmey,
in the
in weaGing
from
had
‘f+e
Crag
Nytli;
used, and I felt that
heading
There
we+
’
ap-
do this.
talk
he c&e
clas&‘I.hen
_~~
others
I bidr;it
I co&i&
M’orG. Later
wkviqg
beady
Sjshhp
tp Phila-+
it up., She had already
2 Mr.
reviving-
the tionvG+$~he
and I was havi‘ng to ,fCllow they.
with Lucy
!
have
othercities
to help h&r set sup addi&jonal
:
fc!t that’ the.
to put ii1 crafts,
money
feeling
&i$ng
some people
continGed
earn
1 woulii
&w York and
:.
the came kitid of thing,
the nethods
could
felt ,that
aad
trainii$
;,,
P&land
;~dcqua~~: t,o t&care
.~asketma~ing-teaa-hing
arts so thy
ior four
‘Penland
the church
with my si&eC Lucy
spin&g,
home.s-,,~-to glv:,thern
doing
‘l‘l~n
discontinued.
their
precytc
,;
of \c;,rs.
w&
I wxs planni’iig
there
.,,delphia
I
for’% nunrbcr
s~~hools ;k$
wol-k: so this wk
FO5F:IRE.,4-
,i,
c,A_
‘~,
“some
down
to
she got a ladx,’
.’
f
_,
_~
2
9. ,.
Ye
,*,.-
_
‘,
I
/,
..
- 1,,
.I,;
.,
-:
\’
,~~
PLATE 378
Re\;eren$, Morgar?&d
his sister, Lucy;‘at
the 1973 Sflcr reunion.
.
‘5
,.,
I
-.
&\I.
*~-“.:
.
-4. R~&Ti‘S&R@
‘~;
.
, one 01 th;; fe\c- o+inal
wc(iGng,
people
Arci shr trained
*~’
‘_I-_
:.
;ey.~
*
,,$
.
(0 d~;~‘tl& spinning
~1111)is stil~‘:ili&,
the Io,cal~ &ne(in
‘~
a - ::
,,4y1 T”
;:+
S&W pf the crafts.
‘and
ThTey ,Gere’~ ‘:
$?
thei?
tnd
theme ;ilh~+ to rio,‘things
th,;; they co%l&u?( do oth~rwi~c--illlprove’
housfs, mnh &~ins
for~“&e’ill hoqes, x$x;; &sir c,hiidre,n deital’@r!+,
d5 a\!; so&s &&$ngs
th:it mad’e, life somewhnti,better.
One of the’first things,:;:
C”
men
bnx ip ‘nn~‘:brougI@~~~~~
that slq. did was m hzive a ‘!qg +ising whe
spmnin$,
and ba$ketmaKigi
6~,> co makc,il:‘is lag.h~usr-fq?~ the wcaviq
~:;ild,ot!lr~~rrafr~~, ‘I%cn she wor~rd~valiantly
‘replacing one hvilding
th,at was,,
on rhc p$opertv
i&y
railed
thaihad
“The
that is sriii qcci.
,,
They
Pines.”
‘bu~~ned d&n’;
aned err&d
‘d‘hen ihe r&n
helped~b&a
nnh t.hr wdmen
11~i-i~R Cud&
hejp~ed by feeding
cyf bui&i~s
now.
.a &one;
it, to be, peqp]e
about the.&ool
rixtrket
in order
that
,ruri the school.
once eyry
terials,
v&s,
ai-ticies;thay,
and
to various
Periland
there
ShP~ zitt&ded’the
three
I \V:eqt down
went
w&e mide
general
in Neiv Orleans.&
had been woven.
helped
other
was doing
conventions
until,
’ eight different’countries
before
besid&all
neighboring
epidemic
That
towns
\va+ Lgr8.ahd
church
/npch
to stable
hi% horses.
new&,‘~lllen~ale,
that
people~.@t
c&years.
TV
acquainted
Siates,
Betwe&
$.t+cs.
$
Pen’la~,&&&th
~~.,~~~~~~~~~~
small
churches
He’use&the
towi
in ”
was the fl&
town
,I
fi:
had
gpis&pal
,.
sou&bf~&atF
s&ne.dist&ce~&&n~
~~~
--I~- -~’ ,-’ ~
mile: &aybe,~ ‘Each one-l&i&
$b;nts of. int?ri$.
Th‘eJGvere*&e:
oJd* S&h
?:$y
6.
id.,
‘f
ro ma type o communities.
There in Barnwel~~por~~~fTer
I ,danle;~I was : ‘r:
“z
to. ,,have.an
ev&&
service. I w&down
to i,hL’,church and ran’g :the ~first
l~ell ha&an
h?%
n?inu~e.s’before
W26g
a crank.
Ixfoce
the service
q&another
I’;
she qot severaL-
tinie,: there
I,,,also had :churc&s@~liftlg
what
from forty-
*
rs old. I lived in the Ii&
‘-;
CGolina
town. Sherman
100~
she
some to learn the.
countries,
that
sd
that,
with
coming
to three
buring
convention
After
were
today
I*.<va$thir(y
‘the !\‘ar
took WQIGZof the ma-
in the &rketin,q
overthe*Uriited
World,Wrj~?
a~ &‘hGacteristic
through,,,$urii,g
and
the Xmdinavian,
for- a &n&e
of the First
of Barm+ell,~
‘.rbme
*9;5,
~,.,
.,I
a.
to South. C:arolina~and,ministered
I went down
‘>,, 1”
‘as a ‘C’C,PQ-
to purchase
the rqatcrials
and
, Yhich’ meets
church conventi&
she retired;.people
craft.5 and sbme to teach&&q
u&v.r,
y‘k
p&&f
..
w ‘c o
CZarolina.]
,and
~,,
Iq!an
coming’to
,&lie
becaus&., Lucy ‘had to
I”was a dele$at&o
her ail I could
1% Ifuading
of ren&ing
n~uility pl-oj:$ which she intended
training. from outside. They’d,leatned
thillgs
Iar&r,
‘i
them.
Instead’
building,:~that
s&ice,
towri abo&v@he
tumed~, o;n ‘thb lT,ght~yS~got+r~ady, .and
raqg another
1~,gue~i,,~jbou~ promptness,
five
bell, and nobody.
so I waited,
&me. Well, I am
2%
abo$*,fifte&
minutes
aft&0. ihe
time for+ the :ervice -no
congregation~~o
I &I turned?&
the
.t
,light>,;$osed
the door, and went an&p the strket. I,,met a g21up of the con-,.
,. .~
i
J-
.
.4fter
thq’they
So I event hack und hdd-the
sen-ix.
One
&Fth&~lEczi<r;f-
sad!;
thin,?
ihat
soil. They
intei&&
tli:lt% -low -count&
will cave in. ‘I‘hen after
semice
an arch
over,
The
he builds
s$:hool author-i&es
th~ey didn’t
and- the
.have
where,
;fo; the high,skh&l.
“1\‘ell. prox-ided
its>so that~ it is ,en&sed
*-
&cd
find anybody
the Red
eke.
Workers
together,
knd
C:ro~ss,and~~sa~~~more
for ~qi,syrars.
xxeciltive
there to Chekr.
‘fhsn
I went
SKI-ciary:
. Caroljna-:I
and
South
the
people
flu epiden!ic.
.die+ I think,
C&Ii&,
zyneral
thi~gs~~~reorganizi~g
;I becamr‘~ rector
for the
)-&rs~?here.
Thqy
had
Church,
a comparati\:ely
to jump
there
new
del,Jt; a6d .the v&try
wanted-tie
debt bn ~the ch;rch
and on the pipe organ,
that
I said.
“Ai
There
diocese
of upper
chul-ch
what
.the money
p&
it, you called
I propose
One
some
money
had
thin& that
bren
I,u?lt’up
me here
w%und
‘ieft over
2
still in
to pay the
@es&~
.~
us for
on it.”
youi
spiritu~al
leader,
care of the spiritual
life,
InSIding
back of the seats and later,
after
&al
There
the church
in q circle
mectin,gs
in the~~Sunday
there
&ho61
and
th_e
yeay~ there.
withy a $+xt
the churchyard.
from
people’s
the work
pleasant
I remember
help, to get them,arranged
have our young
inter&t
~
ten
will take’ care of’itself.”
I spent t&cry
pkmting-
I enjdykd
“Arc thei
to trv to be. If we take
~;~o~~~~~it;lh~~la~~d~
Cfigregation.
I
South
;iild were
in to raising
I said,
it ii and we’re paying
I understobd
G;ri$ that‘s
yearthin’
arql was there
“~
aild thcrc I was
the debt?“
F ‘..
“i\.ell> not &aetly.
”
who lil-ed in metal
in Colurnl~ia.
stone
right
I &istPred
without a minist&vnd
--~~~
~.~
etc. After live years of that,
congregations,
of St. John’s
work
out in the co&~
Carolina],
\:isite~~h~~~~~~ke@t~har
di<‘varirqu~
year,
‘a ini,ll town,
[Sou?h
missionary
a
I said,
For the whole
to the people
tomColumbia
without
hit for them.
and in,the to&
and‘then
to, the chaiq-“gang Negroes;
i vms. I couldn’t se& wh\i they didn’t freeze kdeath.
::I went from
were
That
scarccI~ SO I did church
during
in a!l the rest of my life. 1 mi&tered
and the
ii1 brick.
in Barnwell
me to pinch
were
up the’walls
the casket is in .place
I was li\:ing
Thy
,with~, _
of just di&ing
builds
you get a man just ‘as soon as possible.”
sc’hooi war<
’ tblmugh
abo\:e
nkw to tie, hf coiirsct.
principal
Instead
they dig it and the11 ;I I,1-ic:l, maxon
of the grwe’ for fear;it
~1s quite
were prompt.
don’t have 12lay t,he way we do $xre.
a ,yrnvc for a funeral,
~,
serving
in that
of pleasure
w’ere some
and
Gas th$i
great
I managed,
as seats,;~~d
circle.
stones
-.iith
+yoften
I plai~ted”sorhe
I had left, the)- put up a p~kish house
<.
‘~
L
did
1
that.
,_
~~ome:~-~~.~
we’d
roses
right
I where
j
rhnt
~‘and qrrdening
I pl:~rmzd ;mother
cxt~tiili:s from
r&e there
ir ar;d have
them
den c.1~11;md MT planted
at the chtirch.
next
intc:res<ed. in flq,wc?~
and wh&t&y
ha& arj
to
qowil!%g
thoik of IIS who w~&e ‘intcrrsted
Ihrii~~
GhG ,werc
r~scur~‘o~~e of the’roses~ took it home;
i
thry xz\vc it to me, anc~ it’s
o$l:ortunity.
porch
was. ~Sorne of III!: friends
circle
in flowers
do~wo&~
tiecs
r1
i:,
thri&~
xxx summer
that
I was ~hcre,,
confe$&e
I s&cd
grounds,,Kanuga
also as businc>s
Lake
outside
&+ger
.~~.
ior.
of He~dersoqville.
L _
i had had 110~e\^pe~jqxe, in ‘that sort of th+g, but s.6meliow ‘tie &tirked it o&.
I had had yo\u,g pepple‘s cam+
for <he Churc,h i$&ious
other places hki;
^I fore ;,:e took qxr
it \vell cnotixh
&~$!<~a Lake 611 an option.
andwe~e’able
inis and a l\venty-&.e-acre
we had a good,‘.$ietidan
raim and ihe\
’
I’ye &pt
to raise enough
have gone into ~th$ ministl-y;
from other
\\‘e
there
=\ll-S&s
Korth
w&s thi
Church.~
dav
of the men
It.renovated
Soin~e c&e-
excepted I would
All that
time
go l$~ck
I ~was hom&k.
h&e had gone do%SteiribLy.
I -returned
gone
and in some of the’oth~ers.
down,
We treat
it, do not send gOod men,
here in this aiea
dorvn.
I wanted
dav in ‘our churchto I;r&klin
new
take charge
of thr Trans$,+tion
ices ol’er at Murphy.
c-al-
and Mac&
li\:ed in A&&lle
them
if they ~Gruldn’t
to get them
ones.
z&d came
through
the country
so so&
Bishop
of tlie church
in Highlands,~
neglect
work
heen
ahandoned,
qn their
Gribbiti
‘in’ our
as a stepchild,
of the churdhes
that, our
some
of
feet so I c&l+
re-,
told ‘me, when
he
ih Franklin,
St. Agnes;“aqd
‘and &q~o&ily
Well, that~‘s a stretch-fro&
of about eight\- miies. So I started
‘I‘he man who was conducting
rians,
mostly
had established.had
to begin
or ‘establish
me~t&nre;~to
the Church
Sonic
especially.
I 940, a very significant
in ihis sectiotN+d
h them
asked
were-he&y
si. Agnes Churkh 111i- ranklin wasjeaving,
so I goPin
and I catie, tip to t&ke charge’bf
‘the work.
Day,
do not support
torn
,_
Carolina.
work
first ministry
,at i(anuga,
and the work’iff;this%$ticYn
The first day of November
church
girls.
in the Carolinas,
at St. J&Q’s
~&aPd-~?rerat
touch with the Bishop
The
there
one or two have ,l)ecome-“l,ishops.
summers
services
; for the xi~ount&s;
County,
the ‘lx+Fortunat&y
We had to have that r&built:’
,:of~the bovs and
of the Church
spqnd
to hold
endar,
of land.
states.
would
‘down
to purchase
help. That~ first summer
withy many
&gh~ia$s
hold xxvto Murphy&
iti with that andthen
-1‘6~ other needs.
servi&at
the colored
church,
St. Cypover
like to hatih+service
_
it in 1928, an% liked
sires
out the dam to the;lake.
ii contact
the life of the youth
miney
laite and f&r,hundred
and other
uxhed
We &cd
to Franklin
every
once
Sunday,
a month.
and
I asked
I gave
them
‘:,
*
.
oldest
sister was
,
unt):.
concerned,
ti&i
it event along
about
gre&tion
loyg
I remember
agog,
event
There
down
and
t&
,,
“’
‘,qu& well. ‘As far as St. John’s
t&t
smoothly
is nd further
until
&cord
that
p$;piple~ who
fi~st~~~;llinister,.Deai,
‘ones* ,~buried
a,fewleft,
,xiAth&.s
gr;we
: Oliver,
Sk@
where
there--most
and twd infants’;~%nd
and
Carol&
e Ia@
j~~~:one”?r~
66
4 heard
henever
had been.
n% and scraping,
were~~ moved,
:I could
and WY held- our first ser&s
since with
The
bef&
the few of rh@m wanted
c.hurch,
with
a chur
Icould,
I started
the
summertiine,
:
in, will hold
~.,<
crowding
one
a church.
.
my
to eighty-nine.
P say my gnly
that we‘ve finally b&t, ni&
I’d been
r6hm,
a&
We bad
ct5 io hold up the roof. The
b;t~I
~oi
I m
of bujlding
holding
then
the
services
people
no money
I g&z. Q.,e gor ~ro,gerher’&ugh
stone and started htiilding
chapel;which
is an open a& chapel-ho
wills to i&just
build,
the chance
of dur i relatives
S&et@~k’&the
Springs.
choolhouse,
in
over
for it until
~just a very small
a stone floor and
wall’around
the floor
sit on. D&“-the
summertime,
W$ hold services up there,
fi ,_>_
tober.$hat
c0&11y
~a little ove<~a thousand
.dollars-tb
toqk that ou? of th? offeri&
that St. John’s ,had given.
In regard, to money,
not take up colleirions
St. John’s
is unique
order
ade
in the way of a church.
;W they do in most c~hurches, except
the Bishop;
pewter
when
for his discret/onary
to have it, WC pass the plate.
plate
‘J
there in I I&.. .:I had m;oved whack in
just a ,handful.
Last Sunday,
for in-
seventy-two
iittk chapel
in Rainbow
there,
that
ii-om the other churches
officially wkrr~%&ty-two,
in the ‘Ep’kcopal~ Church.
So tha!-‘s been
-from
other
.,
and 1, pro
what,rri&erikls’I
. then congregation.~
or thirty.
and
j ~wroie to i-hem
some
on ,vacationk,
and, d:eaming
getting”up
.
,~
Mr.
wilderness~and
1
grave. and ‘the two infants,
bur the underbrtish
,of
_,’
tha$: the chukh.authori$es
the chtiich
,thc. graves
thei’s
I had t.o retire
s
mothers. Pec$le
ot sell .it, but if they did, & giv$&
.se: when
building
re-
@I@ qf, C&uttahsat&and
grounds’~would’~~~‘hack’into
clearin
was
of services ~th@re, bu,t the con-
had, .I&&
Tkere.:vere
‘~~ here:
~,
through
neglect,
&sky.
I can’t find, out just ho6 ,,
th” ‘!+c$ng,
was toIn down,’ tl&’ ,place was
.!fter
the church’s~ood.
.rleglectcd,
fairly
‘.
425
.,
on the organ
and
those
fund,
We do
the B&hop
the offer-
Otherwise,
who
know
we
our
”
/
PLATE
Church
the mad.
*
‘\ \\
\
379 yimv of St. Joh,n’s~ 5 .
at Camogechaye
from
,.,
*
“~
L
“\ * ”
*\
‘l
,: ‘-\
! : : ,:,
g$ ,:I
I ,, .,,_
;,1 !,:: &&t
I
PLATE
*
I,
;
1
‘.
\~
‘,
j\
‘\
‘i,,\
380
u;
The
I
.
i ”
1,
~,.’
f
cornerstone
,@LATE
3&l
stone.
,:
The
‘Siler
corncr-
‘b
,,,‘~
C’
:
.x
~;_
..
~,”
:
.
._
”
.:~~p_p~L.4TE 382
The large plate-glas
,.~~~
behindjhe&iurch.
’
.
“.
win<oy
behind- the alt,ar~$ks
)/
.i,,
“.
,”
oW icto_t&
“’
@s&._.~
~,_,:_
PI.A?E
383
The church
bouscd ill it urrique belfry
rnd of the walk leading
bell is
at ~tbe,
to the
church.
Morgan’s
384
Dr.
PLATE
gravespne
is already in place in
the church
cemetery.
The. hack
side, in ~simple lettering,
reads:
- hlorgan,
RUfXS
“Albert
Thanks
be to God
.I 88:5who gives us the victory’:”
,.~
REV.
A. &L.FUS
msloin
and want
cnou.qh
co take car&of
rhe (:hul-ch.
-,
.,.._..,,..
-...‘~‘,
.;$ORG.%W.
‘429
I0 put in something
our ‘cspcnses
I ,do 1101 alld ncvt‘r
John‘sj;
-4s I grew older,
I realized
xea~rs, ,and I he&n
to think
the servicci. So there’s
and to n~tke a missiunarp
ha\,e
t&t
abdut
put it in after
had
;I xipcnd
I couldn’t
&hat
or%
be on hand
would
happen
donation
salary
to
$or,
St.
thewmahy
m&e
to St. John’s
after
I
died, or became d&bled.
So I got a lawyer, relative of mine, to incosporate
the St.‘John‘s Nonah Foundation,
in order to start a fund and make,3 gr~&~~
25 f&t as possWe f@ a tnckgro;nd
fun% tq help look after somebody
wh?”
-.
w~~l$volunteer
to db the same ‘&n,g 15.e done-just
to se&z in a, voluntari c,apacity to hold services up .there after ‘i’m gone. Well, the principal
of
thar,fund,
likcrhe
cemet&!;
fund,
sirlw it is for the continuance
s
it) be spent until
is not to be spent.
of the work
Onl$
afterI~,di&,=even
the interest.
L4nd
tl-.e interegt,is
not
I ha%e to give-up.
Not long ago, a memher.,of
She and hei husband
the cl&&
had volunteered
died who
had
been’ very faithful.
to clean the church
evtry
l&e
while,
to repair the cushions, do various iphs that ihey saw needed to be done,
then after a while, she broughL,her
tape recorder
to the church
recorded
the s&vices.
twenty-five
,South
dollars
Carolina
fiowers,
sends
-After her d$ath,
‘in Herr meniory
icho,
&hen
a &XII
slo\~.ly growing.
we received
for this’ f&d.
she has a’ friend
check
If we’get
in memory
sewral
gifts from
I have
bhb
dies,
of the friend
a gift not designafed
sdd it to thesfund.
‘l‘he present
a friend
instead
for that
.
and
and
five ~to
down
in
1
oft sending
fund.
for anything.‘special,
1
’
So it’s’
we just
:
church
has he&
used: about, the same
length
of time that
the
old church was used. In the record for the old.church,
there were eight weddings recorded.
Recently, ,I @formed.
the f~orty-first w,edding in the present
church.
There
,,
‘_
arc of interest t p ~5.. 9c.q is ,that a, fe%;, .. .,
‘>’
,,
: years a,go, .I EsaIiied that people in my ‘far&$ would>.~wonder what kind off
marker toiut
at my grave, so I decided to make~that
decision for ihem. I
~~~
;
,5pt a.lovely stone back in the mountains,
got the mon+ent
man to put the
c
are various
onit
,lkttering
There
things
and~to erect~the
a& some
given
by a couple
oldest
couples
hoswoocis
&one where
one ihe
I’ve served
to his secbnd
in tliat
wife.
I want
church
for whom ,I performed
,that
‘he got marriecl
that
Others
to be buried.
g,roun~ds, some
a wedding
way. The
.~
of them
&em&y-one
man
were given
was seventy-eve
hy,a
family
were.,
‘.
of the
when
for whom
_ I performed
thr,marriage
ceremony
for their daughter.
The); do not belong
to the Episcopal
Church-~~~~orYe is Presbyterian,
the other Roman, C:atholic,”
liut they w+rc doing
lish boswood.5,
d$Besides
-2.
some work around
and they asked
that;
their’place
and
me if WC coiuld use them
I had done’various
p!antin@---bu+s,
they h:d
sor&I$g-
at the chbrch
&aryllis,
pi&
and’1
dqi
”
)
l”t&‘R+,
43”
4”
+
‘-
,:j.
’ woods
that- somchc’d~
gayr
me,
hydrangyas,
,~
;
and, thendwhere
I needed
a
Ixc;~@J~ ;I hcdgc, I ),lantcd on?, IittJc hrdgc of khitc pints: :md another
of’:
(:;tr~;rdian hcn~lor~s. ?‘hn~~ I pku’itcd some r-hodotle~~drons and \:aribus other
‘I.,J,IS. .\\‘c,Jcft~.q~titr;
-,,
;I nttmhcr
of ~rccs ;tr-ound
the (-hul-c-h,~~c~~;~ilse I don’t
the l,;rr;.crr lc~~k of a I~ulldo~cd lawn. ‘l‘l~at‘s’o~rc ttmig
p
pcoplc to decide th:tt thcy.want
to 1~ I)uried there.
\\e
have
t1.y to minister
people I;nried
Christian
to people
Scientisti~
wnateverl
Roman
bgjfore
but
wc hnve’groups
nski~ng my pcsmissiou
I gi\-r them
what church
here who arc Baptists,
tbem~ too. \;onietim&
.. treat
no matter
they
whd come
for nicditations.
a’,hol~ cominunion
<cr\&e.
tbcy
Cathplicr,
die,
Ixlong
to. \ile
in th,ei?wlio
and sometimes
_
are&
Y- ; ‘Y
j
i
I
a re-‘~‘i’ ,~ ~
to.
they request~,that
don:!
.; :,,.
Presl~yteriar~s,
we try- tu minister
and I dd.‘I
_,
tIaat has attracted,,
)ikr
question
/.
1; c
to’ what/~
;
church thcj. belong.’ I am just happy that I can minister tq them in any
s xrrtual way. That has lwen my interest so far as the churHi;~is concbned
0~
l,.
*
r
‘hue ih Jhcx kitter years:
1 ,;un quite
all un!csvI~
and
handicapped.
ov~er again
ready
1.1-c ,got to th> point Jrherc
use :I l-er\. strong
through
on Sunday
lens, .so I read
the week
to conduct
TO memorize
the service.
I can hardly
the po&ns*of
tlxpassagc,
Sometimcs
read
and
then
all the Eon&
on&
I have
that
so 6,:lwzll I lead
memorized
Sulida!~-C:onimuriion
Litany,
in times p&t.
at 8 : 00~ Sunday
in the Chapel
teil how
l&g
morning
of the Ascension
I can cnntinue,
from
.and
a thiM
the active
after
that I‘ve Iwxn cnrr-):irrg on these last few years. E
a couple
ministry,
of things
I’m
I can’t
of the ‘&c&r.
there
tyick
most
Mornin.~~Pray&r,
service
1x.n ,I am on .the lookout
Ix&
menticmed
some
up on t~e~mountain.
trho.
I haven‘t
he retires
,I choose
I hold services
at I I : 00.: and then in the summertime
afternoon
can‘t
them,
‘,
I ,get what we call a lay
r-eader. and ha will help to read the lessons 0-r~the songs in a service.
menror-ize
at
Scriptureover
0;
:
at 4 loo in the
Naturally,
for someh,ody~
will tak~e over pn ~the,same
that gratified
‘,:I
I ~’
me. Ones is that
.,
sev-
eral wai$
agdl,,mavhe
twentv-fi~e~~ye~a~~ a,go, 1 was chosen, as the,rural
pastor
:-.
of the year for the,&&
df North Carblina.
This was riot denominational
i
‘ J
1 but out of the \<hble h,ur~ch. and that pleased me.
=\fid after-I’d
ological
_.
Seminary;
gree of Doc:tor
pedple
out of the seminary
from
of Sacred
which
of .those
.just call me .\lr.
for thirty
I graduated,
Theology,
and
rallz me ~.,Doctor.”
Rut.man!
Ruf+
Ixen
Sbme of them
or if they are approaching
awarded
I received
have ‘the hahit
my age. of course
the General
that
a good
‘the d&to&
df calling
.,.-,
The-
me the honorary
that‘s the reason
d
,?,I
who k’new me before
A~lor&.
tear&
‘-
demany
o
-
deg;ee
*
me Uncle
they call me.Rufus,
so I
=
come
to an!. of the (.;tl(s. Some people. call mc other thing.5 that I do not like
\
so well. ionic t.all me Preacher
Mor,yan, and that stems to indicate that a.
minister
doesn.t
do anything
Ijut get up and
preach
once
a week.
I think
a
-
REV.
A. RI‘FUS
MORG.A;\’
,, Hrl\Cm.“
13ut ,in certain
:II‘CW
Pi
..
Father
Spiith,
F’;iil~<~ J<~IIILY.VI<...
!i,,h of il Delhi. old idc;i of Ill? \Ii,cltlle
don’t l&c it. C:hri%‘s 1.e:m;1~ as I g&erjt
I,ut I
A@ .$lf “farhci- Collfessor,”
fi~.onl’the,Sc~ipt~lrel
gave jnstruc-
::hrist’s ,sick wljrn
His
“.
”
was
8,
here,
some
together
of the
&d
then
yoiinger
boys,
-
I discovered
.
FOXFIRE
-,
cauzc I Ii\-eddown
there
them,i
and stu$in,
lot cahpiq
1’ was elected
then I!ct:a~le
on
rhr
for ~few
district
of the
= Gild-life
chairman
a membc!-
bckrd
1 came: back:
of ‘the ‘I)anicl
Nant;\hal;l
Boone
(:ouncil
Girl, ‘Scouts.
Boy Scouts
and
for rnnny ynrs.~ &lJe l&liked
;Vtx Hurn~~ihire.
d+lf ,f il? .Yorih
pa&
I~el.niorit,j &G+a,,~md
‘I‘hcy
that
go9:‘th.e
‘,
of the jpp&chinm
Teiznessee.
He’s
of
_~:.
Trail
Trail
$ked
of the*Trail
to
length
o/ [he Apjml~~chian
to the end
L
lxtcr
I. I used to get, them
ttie~?4ppalacfiian
Trail maintenance
,~a.=
the Xaniah,~ln~.
~a
_ ,2-+
D~.l’~‘jfo~~,yors110s niso been, nn qrtim‘ ~r’&bef
Cn’njt~grfe
and
was :&
this territory.
help me with
_.
in this district,
;uld Iatcr-I
include2
- .
o& with
’
Council,
of the
which-now
the, qountains-the
1,went
and Aforth.~.
for the Boy ‘Scouts
nier,<ed with the Pisga h Council,
\\‘e hiked
yea& after
4
in.,
,mc~icnfly
in Georgia.
He
ir itil!~ tin ui,id hiker.
!
WC a! Fontina
4t ihat
D~arn;
has ever since.
I’,vc been
National
Park
over the
and l&l
the northeastern
and
\\:a~ off the Tra$:, ~Probably
under
out ;neetipg,
a mot&n
soklthern
the park
called
he’ changed.
Shuckstack,
as it then
w.sI
was’made
and
thai~the
cqme,down
end of
l?arsori<
Creek.
‘Bald are twQ of the most beatitiful
and rernember
eqeci$ly
the side of Gre@ry
B!(d,
having
of the Trail.
up G?<gor!> Eald.
ever witiiessed.
va)leys,
island
but in tie
.&d
there
1Ve were
and we look&over
xhere
‘I-here \ve yere
on the_top
i that
1 gruous.
1 d+ctrtl
up
‘,,
greeted
I
I
~~
.\
came.
Well, wee got up, ;ind
as‘ p&l&
bntil
the rain had ceased
us one of the loveliest
the’clouds
can?
which
of,>louds,
had
morning.
\
l1
ByC
and we clitmbed
scenes
satled
that
down
Iive
‘,
iri the
seeing only an occasi~onal
+o\e
the clouds.,Theri
Trail,
I thoughi
the sun rose.
of the world.
area
foot
trail.
.4nd
of commercial
to the change,
to change
interests
but as I rcmember.it,
d
‘.
\,
over them
We, built
the expanse
.‘. a r~iltlcl.ncss.,tl.ail,
to a I~ecre;&xA
-.;,,~~~
no tent 6@ ‘just sleeping.out.
~’ Jl:ell: th?lt-is wh<t the i\ppaiachian
t” ~!I(
I’d been
Parsons
~~I#.
morning,
a mountain-peak
and
on
ten o’clock,;ain
above
Tr&
at a spring
a group
c.hunked sup the fire. ;ind. t.<i,qd,JP .kzp +.~a&~
the time wc started
Gregory:‘-Bald
~~~~ ;I
ii
of us camped
&e.trip~when.
=.a fir,e ~qeai- the spcing, and about
.,..,,
sections
‘,‘I
,,
!
&$&is~
thq~~tiim~i~&the
to me,
a
ends df the T@,through
Dam&d
Well,
I
Bald
of the place of
a. side ridge,, of the Stiokies
on across the Eonta’La
on Yellow
the itifluence
~
-
)‘illage,
resort village,
;
Trait Conferenc,e ,
a change
wtis de-
n>eetin&
”
+&still
think,
ought’
it from” a scene
seemed
like .=
to me incon-
1 was the only one’,
,.,
:~,
I:;~‘~
,. ;:
4
REV.
XYRi’FUS
f _.:.
XORG.4N.
‘~
433
Anyway,
to ol.~ect.‘I peg
I ~vas the only native mountaineer
in the gro
.
that’s the onl!~ section of Trail; that., new route, in the southeast
Georgia. th;lt I’ve never been over, and I doubt if I, ever will. -
down
Trail, you get all of the bcautics
(Going alotrg the ;\ppalachian
could ask for in the \vay of males&
trees, wild Rowers of various
differ-ent
time.5 of the
Siler- Bald and
~I across wood
Going
Clingmans
Dome,
lilies> purple-fringe’d
on
from
men;orable
Clingmans
trip
the natur-ali?t
Gap.
year., Going
north
the highest
orchids,
Dome
under~~the
the
‘Gap,
,of Arthur
‘Stupka,
the %ay,.from
Indian
fate .4pril day, we came
you-
kinds
at
‘~
between
end
and all sorts of other
wild flowers.~
I rqnember
one
who was formerly~
Gap to Newfound
across .carpets
trout
of spring
beauty-
lily. trilliuni~~ and other wild ,flowers Then
YOU strike other areas just as beautfful&+itches
going on north from there,
hobble barely ,coming out
c
at that time of year coming
then’changing
,,
the foliage
that
_ the viburnum
turris
into full bloom
sometimes~a
family.~Then,
of co&e,
trees, in bloom-sarvis~. .
trees,
other\+
called; silverbell; and later
shrubs,
like the red elderherq
and ‘then later
‘., the’hcath
a’great
on their
family?
variety
iike,the
is a trail called
into’ Tennecseel
which
the.sunet,
~~~‘~~~‘~“&e+tnd
then
my-rtle$&:s
‘XeC$nte.:atrd
canilfers
permit
that turns
LeC!onte
which
the beautiful
And
there
fklloti,
because
is a. lodge
you can make
of,Mt.
LeCor$e
3’.
’ ,,’
,.
forbid
of the’ trails,
for the lodge.
top
but t$e
r
,~
I
the spirit
is the one that
have
:
,get~ a
~
” Q’~
only by trails-
You
,_ ‘;’
’
of”
camping,but~
idad&stroys~
R$inhoti’Falls-Trail,
sun-
the sand
rese,tiatioqs&nd
is thag it is a&essi&e
horses $o,me up to hiin~g~ prc&ions
i
ridge
highest
on
used to be a campground,
I like that~ 1~ecaus.e. an automqbile
~Qutteoften
c ,~
,i
of-:
there”
a spur
is the third
in the shelter.
quirk heartyme~~l~3~and
a-
and such
,+zoloring hefore
litter thag finally ‘the Park Service
of the other
alrle~ accommodationS~~‘up
the
That is one of my, favorite mountain
climbs. -It is
advantages-wonderful
look&
‘to the west to
for hike~ns. There
One
turn,
members
follows
Point,so-ca~lled
advantage
:~,~
left and
then
much
pf~ ~~~~ ’
the spring
myrtle,
up there.
to camp
down.
the various.
itself at ,Myrtle
of the mountains.
come
Then
in their
blooms”in
the sunrise
::~,noroad up there.
pack
white
beautifully
ahead
stilk to
‘like others
.l‘rail for two and ~a~half miles,
and then in the morning
l$.so
Another
ash; Then,
and, rhododendron,:‘sand
’
leads out ‘to.Mtl
a shelter
‘if you get
mountain
itsbeautiful
Trail,
later
bropze,
at different tunes {f the year you ~run
.,
as we.‘@
them,’ or service as ,they’ are
on the iippzdachian
mountain
in the Smokies.
.6,593~ fcet.~~ It has many
watch
flowers.
the Boulevard
sometimes
pied berries.
azaleas
of the v$d
If you ‘go r&h
with
brilliant
later,
yellow,
across
-
southern
that
peak in;the’ Smokies,, you come
to Newfound
leadership
in the park. .4lI along
dur-ing ihat
from
into
.
_
the
comfort-
there
and -you, car! get your. supper
and breakfast,
:,,.,,,
j
you need theni up there. Then. the next day you can
you run
across
.,
,*
be&
up there.
They’re
#
I
not apt
to
,~ ~: .~-*
.. FOXFIRE
+
9. .‘,~
385
Rufus .M
his \~a\;up Mt. Ixoote.
PLATE
-.‘harm
!-“u;alth”ugli
they’re
sonie~imes
just looking
le$s they
for s”m&hing
get at TOUT ,supply
,’
two.
As YOU look “ut.totia&
1
.they .rathher resent
to,eat.
that
That’s
not a very serious
ypb’~ie depending
0
the sun,rise, you’re
of the’ Smokies,*and
the sun rises’ sometimes
left ;of a mounta$
which
is the
second
-but as a rule
interference,
thing
;“n for the nexi
looking
toward
the main
to the right;-soinetimes
highest:in
the ~Smokies,
un-
day
or
iid&? ,,+
(
‘to the
&fount
pi.
Guyot. It’s a pyramid sort of peak and you always look for ,it. The Appala~‘. ~chian=Trail
doesn’t a&ally
big” up to the’ top of ,Mt. G’uyqt, but cirClff
around
r
to the left as’you go north.
and seedfirig
veq
good
top.
There
fiti or balsam
vi&
~because
are sections
out of the
park
and
i
get,up
of tIw seedling
of the Trail
and
You can break
find Roan
that
there
through,
to the top, but yoti.don’t
balsams,:
Many
:
5:
I~
get a
bur it’s nick t”o get up on
are very lovely.
Mountain.
Ihe\,fallen~ timber
You go farther
years
ago,
theie
north
was
.,
P
P
al
‘.
,
:?
~.REV.
r4
hotel
there
RL-FUS
;
:,,
MORGAN
435
>.
I
rig!; UP on top,~but:~/t burned “down or ~was torn down. I’;e been up
w;,tien that v’;t\ the only sigl?of
having hccn trodden
upon that w+.s,
thc?~.i’I’herc
had
IXCII
in tlr$dcpresl;ion
,_,”
~~~~;~Yne.
On one trip
f&ace
;L
roan1
whel-e the furnace
I came
under.tAe
<oom wx,
cially~rith
their~antlers,
Roan
of their
hlouritain
and
across a ‘man who lived
iold me about his’father’telling
hiti that-he
wh?en the mountain
gram was Iux&iant,‘:and
- movement
old hotel,
going
bodies.
one time,
thiough
I was
and
let the wind
blow over
not too far away,
and
had been up there many
he could see. tl+e&eer,
the grass, and you co&
interested
in’ the
:
I’ve slept
he
”
times
espe-
j&t se? the
southern1
approach
to
and
saw quite, a lot of wild- larks@~
II believe
I have seen it. Years before, I
that’s the only place in North Carolina
t
around
Dante. Itjwas in abunhad seen it up in the mountains
of
a great rnzmy beechnuts.
I
dalice up there. Likewise. up
find beechnuts
in No;th Carolina,
but tht$very
+dom
mature. They don’t
I;
i
have any nut .inside,-hut uprhercinUrgi$a,
the~y&ere very-abundant.
~‘....
I sp.o~;r,
e ‘Xt g
e meetin,? of the A~ppalachian
Trail Conference.
M’e meet
fell&vship, and the group is’ made, up of-‘-~
8 every three years. It is a ,wonderful
represefitatives
of thrhiking
c!ubs that m&htain
the Appalachian
Trail
from
Maine
to Georgia-two
thousang
rnil&
Thc)i
meeat
\iarious
:A
.
p~ojnts
from north td south. Then last meeting;
I 972, w.as sup in New Hampshire.
I
event sup to t$at, did a little hiking on the Trail imp there. A few ye&s before,
there was a*> ‘up in T’ermont a~tid 1, attegded
that +nd got onto the, frail.
IZnd then~t&e
wau one up in Pennsylvania
and before that in th6Virginia
mountain$
and then- one in Cash&
in our ‘adj~oinrng county,~ The’ next
nieeting
is to he in 1875 in, Boone,
I hope to get
these meetings,
Pidge
,told,
where
this next meeting
is to be held,
Mountains
were
in*tihh Watauga
section.
8 near
the crest,of
the Blue
hikes along there, ,,espeins, so;geologists
tell us, the oldest
ma% in the world.?,The
at ones time
,3g,ooo feet, which
mountain
to climb
higher
mountains
than
thr&gh~
the ,Himalayas
is quite .impressive.
Grandfather
bef&e I leirned
about LeConte.
there,
are now
I have
.
been
perhaps
Mountain
was my pet
On the Monday
after
the mectin,s of tk A. TJ~ Conference,
I have a date with one person to so
up Grandfather
Mountain,
and ‘since..the)- “civilized”
‘that one end of the
mountain,
::,,
very much.
cially Grandfather
mountains
Carolina,
to that. [He, in fact, did make the m&ting.]
At several of!
they allow me to cpnduct
the sunrise service which is.a priv-
ildge I appreciate
Boone,
North
I go up the other
end.
III a way,
I~like that
even
,
hetter.‘There’s
the be+ming
df an old t@, the (:allowa)- ‘l‘rail,. not used m$;:h now, riear
Linville Fatis, and this is where we’ll ,go in. It goes up to the Calloway Peak,
which
is considerably
and the mountain’a5h
.
hi~qher than
gray
the one they’ve
up there.
messed
up. The
balsams
‘l’hc I)a!sams, ~I)y the way, gr-ow wi far
?~
:~-,-7
,1
r
\ I
J
:
\,[
..,
~>‘;,
I
i0XFI~ti
436
south
as the
D&e
over
w&d
Smoky
Mountains.
Sile:r Bald,
all of a sudc&
trees from there
or ‘br, except
\vhere
If,you’re
south.
Farther
going
they
to work
give, out,
south ihan
they’ve, l)een planted.
cherish very much.
It’s been a pleasure
with
south
ai interested
It’s difficult
cause the \\lildlife
shooting
Commission
of deer
along
along the TraPTo
Conference.
interfere
with the Trail.
in horses
Trail,
j
the way,
for horseback
riding
the misuse
of the Trail
travelers.
.
The
headquarters
number
of the
ter atmosphere
The
hike
the
remember
Trail
hiking
the
.4ndrcws,
fr6m
whole
The
Siler
for him.
home
range
when
&mty;
Siler.
citizens
who, want
which
to~bring
some
s$ms‘f?om
and n6t froq
:
the f,,t
in Washington
to Harpers~Ferry,
for
a
wrest Vir-
is much, more satisfactory
than
and. lit’s a bet-
I &PO, hut: I used, <6
hefAre
y?ars
to which
Sonietimes
th?t.
we movedi
or fifteen
I’d
miles’. Sometimes
a?d
because
of back ,about
tw’enty
comity
miles.
He
ranged
of the area.
I’ve hiked up it maw
Trail,
Siler Bald in the. $nol;ies
cattle
in open-spaces
but the obj&tion
I was twelve
forty
hiking,.
ter on the’ .4ppalachian
L other
‘,
\
years
come
can
over
old,
takes the
we’d
I
here
‘,
some-
t&n
to
by covered
we always
that was
Bald here ,in the Nantahalas
William
prominent
nearly
the adjoin~ing
just
of Macon
father,
,here
di$ance-sixty
hut-usually
‘border
‘~
allow
only+:, Ther<‘hav&l~)een
ConferenceweI’e
was conceivqd
c,utting:it:down”to
wagon,
be-
and is s&$slgnated
and horses,
and which
doesn’t
‘I’hey~ get more visits~~fromlhikers,
mountains
~: to my grandparents’
times
v
~.j
for the meetings.
.4ppalachian
over
‘,,,
,for ridin\g ~nlong the
intended
they have moved
is right on tQe,Trail,
a big ;cit>L~iike \‘+‘a&ngton.
people
in motorcycles
vehicles
A. T.
of )-cars, but recently
ginia, which
are always
over priv~ate land,
by motor
trail
they make jeep roads,
is for foot travel
go&
foot
and
they ~plant pastureland
as it was originally
now by the U. S. Government
to the Trail
the game
machinery,
or bring
on the I
thought
they needed
~However,
I shall al-
Traii~ as a wilderness
And then there
but the organization
objections
and
P was
and. the Trail.
tries to protect
get in with’their
hard’
you ne\rer see balsam, i
some ili my yard, which fl,,
the A. T.
to keep the. Appalachian
have
that,
I have
in the Conference
4’;
” i
Clingmans/
an&you
board for about thirty years, but six years ago they
younger blood, and so they accepted
my resignation.
wa>-s be-just
from
/
hack in.there.
my grandfather,
Albert
cattle
That
in th.ere
was probably
and was bne
the reason
right
on the
named
Albert
slope ,of it::Then.
for Uncle--Jesse
another
mountam
MounJain.
You
.
Siler,
nearby
is a sh&
the,re
who
is the
used
named
cari see that
,~
of the’
it was named
times, slept on the side of’it. There,
‘And there’s
Siler,
back
to
for
between
‘.
‘, i
1’. A. RUFUS
&&AN
437
F
There’s’s
1ly botany
fire tower
.I,,~
liked everything
sometime,
some on trees.
keep’your
on the Appalachian
that I had in school was just one courseone
year when I
I didn~‘t learn very much. My mother
loveA the &ld
c
bookshelves
on’it,
:
There
eyes open.
in nature.
you’ll see that
are sb many
I have
things
several
that
I’ve also had-the
If you~look’ there
‘wild-flower
you cati piik
good
foitune
on the
book
.up”if
tom know
_
,/
and
you’&
people
who,
were botanists, or knew quite a l&;&out
it:..~I knew MI!. Arthur Stupka)for
~~~. ~~ ~
@rs,
a naturalist
for the Smoky Mountain
National
Park, a+
I shared
I
with
him
some
proLqams
the last Jveek in ,ApJil. Members
sit); of Tennessee
.
PenIand
in Knosviile
Then
over in the Smokier
oft the botany
used
I used
to lead
some
faculty
ti, attend
“- ,
at ‘Gatlin.
at the Univer-
6f those
hikes,~ and
so’ I
kI!ew them, got”; little information
from them. And if you once become %itten Jvith the interest in wild flowers, you find leads. Like the orchids-you
~get accustomed
to noticing the character,istics
of the blooms and the’kinds
of places that they grow,
and you follow
these signs.
I have one book oq our wild orchids.
not wild flowers,
~iyou once. find
spore
pods,
because
out that
thev‘ll
they
have
the way
well eaough.
k one native
understaI!d
Columbia.
The native
turned
The
to recent
buildings
highway
that
climbinp
what
the~‘sori
or
the name
is.
you have~to
have
,c
last year
from
a friend
a good
deal of’conviction.
man is exactly
including
7
t
right fat
his ~.
me. And
all ”
yard.
had never
There
been
is inuch
in
it seems to me that the empha-
contrary
which
place
has distressed
I wish a bulldozer
me, because
ih
>y-.
wild ~flowel-s, Dr. Morgan
has taken
highway
said that
~~ Jo,
the Hartford
fern. I
Tt.
*
in thu\country.
There is a
fern
that
four-lane
with
a
fe
roots of that
T&e Fmph&is
oti commercialism,
*
on,, cuttini
the timber, clear-cutting,
*,
I :i T,
ST:
and
has been built in his front
distresses
sis on the part of modern
OFT-
is to examine
When
Ybu
is a climb&
development
of this new
I ca’n sa)- that
world
are plants.
are
climbing- fern is quite interesting.
that goes with it. I’ve sometime
inxnted.
they
of course,
Carolinn.
I got some
line. A super-highway
our present
ferns
us ,@te a lots about fernsand
After tellin
prqperty
fern;
but
which
are some v&y good,
who is head of the
that ‘is the only
climbing
are the f&s,
belong,
And then,
.A~merican fern which
that
Japanese
they
It is Ferns of North
Uni\:ersity.
there
to identify
fern book, and~furt~~ate!y~~there
for years was by Dr. Blumquist,
Duke
Then
no biooms,
tell you just ‘where
You must just obseve
*
School.
the \Vild FIQWW PiIgrimage
\vhat they called
burg
at the
*I
to the standards
our
governme&?
is devastation
of Christ.
emphasis
in my, language,
,:
.
and
people
coming
traditional
values
in with the modern
FOXFIRE
idea4 of standards,
here in the rnouritains;
their
lands~all
its financial
that
bothers
me. Having
limits and is’,dominated
on ~to anything.
For
inslance,
a g,ov&memt
have
modem~~machinery.
They are pressing
bigger roads, straighter
roads, They’re
your
our
you can do with ,j,’
a lot to build
people makin,!:
by commercial
you
not valuing
not’valuing,what
y0u.r hands, and handing
out~money, to purchase
that way reducing the possil)ility of the mountain
“4
that
gro;ps,
lobbyists
on, and iti
a living o;! :’
doesn’t
know
it’s Lard, t.o hoI+
61 ,Washington
fo?i
our legislators all the times for roads,;
not thinking about the people along
the way. lZhe$re~thinking
about gettins w&for
their machines,
and. sales
for their machines.
Th~+re. .backed. ?ip~.$y commercial
.inte@s
thtit’ want to
come
in, by the tourist
fastest
The):
way to get in. .4nd
want
to sell timber.
&he
timb-e
then
.&+
:
~fro~f~,c~~~~*,~~icntage
‘-
trade,that
.fore$.”
Service
“, and across D&p
highway
vour
I‘ve ncve;
been
est, which
our
estates
manmade,
I took
.“Give
the very
Prayer.
us this day
“Let
this
that
him that
thing
dur daily
to connect
~national
camp
y&for
your bddy,
s&l
And then
of
and
and just spoil
idea.
For,instance,
conferences
want
to organize
I’m sure they’re
going
turned
back
over
over
near
a group
very beauti-
into P$ah
For-
to the government,
SO
estates.
for morning
that
I could
I spoke
bread.”
devotion;-the
,think
Not
overflowing
people
but
rather
who
our
life, what
ye shall
local station.
of for‘my
on the petition
to us to supply
no more,
for your
&hat
up with a
fore.+.
subject-the
for material
bins,
need
let him
bf
everywhere,
labor,
eat, or what
things:
not !nillions
neec1.r: I quoted
hal;lds that’h~e may have to give to him that’needeth.”
“Be not anxious
giver
~area in the corner
and
would
prefer
but give us-the
it’s given
stole,
money.
to the tourists,
(in Asheville),
recently
morning
‘, tons for our own profit,
lttt us realize
church
also owned
simplest
One
b$ don’t
up the N+ahala
by the tourist
and I’d much
I’ve been. on the radio
i Lord’s
in to cater
little while somebody
: I’ve never been to the Vanderbilt
F~
through
very much
with
Vanderbilt
worship
a ro&
side into Georgia
come
enamoured
lo go to Jhe Vanderbilt
ful, but thev’re
please is,;,“If
to.~~e‘stablish a recreational
would
every
to get ‘in, the
North Carolina,
and South Carolina:
It includes’
an,d you know what th;it would tiean, df course.
I was connected
Hendersonville,
to build
This is just rutting
Geolgia,
Comity,
Commercial
interests
the whole area.
route
is tain~ted by the sar&e pairrti,$
piincipal
ofi every side.&Ve
t’&other
is threatt&g
the three states,
much of Macon
Service
one of their
js thre+t&r#
there.
‘then most direct
schools will be without
the--~incomc t&t6 comes
of the returns
froni timber from ybur’national
.Gap down
down
a~nother group
-~‘when
the Forest
And
So, you have press&s
The Forest
wants
and
St.>,Paul,
harking
And then
with’
Christ,
ye shall drink;
or
ye shall put on.”
/
RE\?.
:\. RI;FUS
And.that,
..~
RifjR(jAN
to m:’ way of thinking,
tion-that
that the
the pepple
millionaires
same “category,
people
roads
as is thysscandal
it leads
In building
government.
iq the thing
to the &wngradinh.
:~- ’
that
.;
little.
man
might
that \ve have,
that
Chtist
told
from’F,lorida
higher
speed:
for we’ve just been
some
their
part
of it for anound
somc;ime
“\VelIFif
ago wanted
roffered
roads.
“Well,
1~think
you twenty
of, my property.
thousand
I have
an
I would
I could
get twenty-five
dollars
thaw&
the
against
the
’ I.
cheating
giving
very,
acre.
to
very
‘.
for this little tract,
would
are f& sale.”
.
for it for YOU.”
it’s for sharing:
moving.back
hereznd
My &&&r
and
her husband-he’s
I’m giving
that part
of it to them.
reI love
’ ‘ml:I. place, and I‘ve planted. most bf the trees an4 the shrubs and
plants on it. I’\,e lovecl eath &e”of them, and that’s what -it ‘means’to
‘~~...~
..
oth,er
me-
I’
it’s God creation. TVe go roughshod
Over t.he whole th$g. The busiries$~eopIelan! tfol;e who live on business~ are against theaidea of ~saving those th&gs
or estabhshmg
fights
~Lvilderness
against
few dollars
down
all their
primitive.
of our tax nloney
the trees’in
Bh.1
The
hope
which
and
comes
forests.
we‘ll wake
might
grandeur,
local
be kep;
because
It‘s that
sort of thing,
to ourselves,
4
newspaper,
f.ciSotir,/de-
‘it will &e
back to the county
for the accum&ion
that we’re bringing
,Press, our
Franklin
areas,
beauty
which
the nation31
,, jtist in it ‘for the dbllar,
destruction
areas.
the idea af wildqess
$x.ndants-in
when
a
*
we cut
r
you see-we’rq
regardless
of the
on our world.
up in time.
Ih the meantime,
I walk. along
dc
trails in the”SSmoky Mounta+
Kational
Park ,:and niy compan.ion
stops
-b
_ ,h e says, “List!en to the &nce.”
)e
ha? left the. bulldozers,
speeding
otiier mac:hincr)-. dolvn here. \Ye ego up there where there’s peace.
.What&xought
~,,loved
d
%
a,
them
@
A man
tak< for it. I said,
~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~.
.~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~ ~~~~~
children
th‘qusatid
”
grade
ourselves,
twenty-five’dollars
what
, ^
it’s not for sale.” I
\Vcll, of course,
tiring-are
1
creation.
They
We comeup
overreaching
to k&w
it’s nbt for sale, anymore
I said, “54.
.~
ky big ~business, by
‘iIt isn’t for sale.”
vou take it?”
~~~~ I~~said,?Ko,
~I,
us not lo ‘do.
of God’s
by politicians,
to grad‘ethe
have
and her hus&d
I bought
I~. ’
we &re ac&
o~ursel\,es, by going too fast, too far. That sort.of thing is d&ressing.
Sometime
back I went in to see a lawyer &get
a deed made,
my daughter
‘&
It’s all the resuI& of
in our estimation
wd ~tre influenced
whb make the mod&!machinery
situation
contrary
., . .
1.
j’.
t6’wAat
t,o discover that that can’t s+fy
are held’for
ransom is ‘an indica-
in our
occupied
our roads,
in ordei
.,
.
who are trying to get it from’the
millionaires,
realize-~
shouldn’t
have it. :\nd the *hijack&
are $11 the
being,completely
Qf couqe,
‘i
is exactly
ally engaged ‘m now. We are heginning
our needs. The fact that so miny people
man‘s
*
-“,,,,
“1.
mvback
intensely,
‘MY
.~
to these
as had
mountains
my grandpareets
was my
and
heart.
d
r
,i,
My’mother
great-grandparents.
It
* P
,,
1 ,~~,~~~~~-.~.~.-I
!P’
,,,,,
,.
446
E’.~ :
’
f
,’
‘:,\,~
FOXFIRE
:
&
‘~
p$
w& just inbred.
I’ie
back ,and forth
n?arked
loved ,this place
fl-orn Cherokee
(hefween,,~~a~on’
get c&n
and
and kiss the earth,
all my life. hVhen
C&w,
we loved it so.
we’d go back! tie
wo&
get down and <iss Macon County godd;by.
When I was fifteen yeais old, I camrrss
the mountains
‘in the f&nily.
\\rhen
of the Canadian
I went back ho&e,
hemlock;
I took back with
and planted
still living atmthe old homeplace.
The cabin that my daughter
them’out
for a wedding
me threeseedlings
over there:
1
her husband
and
to come
the county line is
coming ‘*this way we-4
Wherokee
beiatise
we used
One of them
are fixing
is
up is the first
home that I can remember.
h,Iy people moved in,to it when I was three
years old, as I’ve told you. When I was a child, we used, to play ‘on the I&
rocks that
games
are still in the backyard.
i~~-t&n.
A group
~We’d rake
of us &ould,bury
leav& a&then
when they were ready,
the moon:” And those under the leaves
ever>-where.
~_.~_tree-there
rhe chinquacins
grandfather
rending
and
play
various
some of the rest of us und?r~the
we would sa,y, “Rise, ‘Jupiter, snuff
would get up and scatter the leaves’
Qh, there ‘are so man;
memories!
Climbing
tile chinquapin
aren‘t anv such now, but there was one back here on the knoll
Athens. ~There~~was,~another
shake
up leaves
here
bone ~ove~h~~liwe~~~~ed
down.
in thk
It’s just”al1
room
with
t+elimk
in my blood.
his post office
to the mail, ,and I’ve love8those
white
there
~.I
an$,$ ~:-,,
I’ve watched,
my
in the c,orner,
at-
oaks out in the yard-threes
lovely ones. -And the hemlocks!,
*Well, to me
spoiling- some
mountains
it’s just
of it, like iiuilding
as thhey:stretch
I can’t express
lordly
as I think
These
within
that
too b&iful
it is hefore
the church
since
and
and
roads,
they
c-an’t take
aM*a? the
will ,have to prove
to me that
it isn’t 8s
but
have
succeeded
in
here.
I will 1~2convinced.
ig4o
to’:IgTs,
have been
particularly,
happy,
both
in ,my relati,dnships
able to carry
in His creation,
They
the
it, but somebody
last years,
I’\-e been
along
fo,r words.
on-climbing
the increasing
number
,of friends-it’s’
all been~ very
loxdy.
-4 little question
struction”
kT@
s.
-
is:
answ&&
every Sunday
. His kiq,om,”
n,othing
finer
,,.y,:,ph, Lord,
instruments
in our prayer
“What
is your
Z@Aou&3
book,
boundeti
in the section
doti
called
as a member~of
dut+s~t&otlow~,Christ,
“Offices
of In-
the church:”
to worship
God
in His church, to work, to pray and to give for the spread
~Al~~~;~~~~~~~r~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~
than
our
that
which
is called
thexI?ra)rsrof
may
we ha\;?
thy
&%t,
of thy
peace.
Where
the?e
mind
is hatred,
St. Francis
and
thy
spirit,
oi’
of Assisi:
make
let us sow. love;
us
where
-
REV.
Ai.” RUC;S
Ihere
is injury,
faith,;
where
~I\IOR~G&
pxd~on;
there
where
is despair,
~~
II j
there
hope;
thne is sadkis,
joy. Oh, divine
sCrek to Ix (consoled & to con~nle;
;
~~~,..
~~~~~,
~~,
~.’~~‘~~~‘.
~~‘~‘~~:~~”
44’~
~.
.
is discord,
where
u&n;
there
where
is, ~+$qess,
theGjs
light;
doubt,
<
where:,
2
Master,
grant that we may ‘not so, much
to he understood,
as to understand;
t6 be
.’
that we receive. It is in patdoning
that
self that ,we are horn to eternal life.”
~
.!
!~
1.x~ ,be& tqing
to live by that.
~~ ~~~~~~~
~~~~
,,,
..:T,TPn
A Tl?
.’
UIY1).iU
_
pi
y+,
,.’
.”
_:
i&e
publication
of
Foxfire
2, anui
Book,
.,we’v,e kome
tel-ial--or
hnd
new
~,~:~tiluma. 171 some
experiences-that
;-e&es
cases, inform&m
acxm
to subjects,
The
iFo$Yre
Foxfire
3,~ 1
adciition~l
cowl-ed
in ~th:ose
rvas Sent to us by readers.who,
tue of their b,ac@ound
or rksearch,
had ac&uate
knowledge
of
bciifx ;o”mmon jn our part of the mountains, and their expertise
inaby uir~
c‘ustoms or
was wel-
-c”med.
S.CXSAFRAS
TEA
An unexpected
behind
visit paid
her house
digging
to Pearl
Toots for tea-most
Sassafras ip a wild plant that
plant grows into ~a medium-sized
splc!;, d&Yi?t
flavor
of sassafras
makes
Its is also used frequently
and diuretic
medicine.
makes
and spicewood
home
from
sassafras
teas, lalthough
mint
leaves~ and
Pearl has a field’behind
brush)
to allow
tea,
and
the tast?of
woods
.L
roots.
p~p~~larbe~g~~s~~~~
in the Appalachians
Pearl’s
spicewood
which
to grow
‘:‘~~liush height,~ sh%digs it for, tea.
Pea&old
us that she could~$i&W~
affecting
~find her ‘in the
likely sassafras
thetea-la
she~also
not
her house
her sassafras
might
grows in. the Appalachians.
Left alone, this
tree with an irregularly
shaped trunk. The
hot or cold.
Pearl
Martin
the tea. However,
as a’:diaphoreti,c
uses the tea to make
specialties,
stems~ she
are also made
gathers
she keeps bogged
freely.
When
I’oafs ar Fy’time
the roots
jelly.
should
in her
in the ,woods.
down
the
@nt
(cleared
sasx.fras
of {
reach&j
of the$ear
without
lie gathered
,
young,
so the>- will be tender.
i,
:’
I
;. ~,,‘x’,:$:
;:
,1,:,,
,~ :ai“_‘~
~;,
I::
R~~>-~:~
~~
:a
~~‘“:
*q
~~~~
~~~~,
,,z$~~~ig,,:.:
’
PLATE, 386,’ P&
h&kg
s&e
‘sassdfas hrst~.ge iii ihr woods behin$, hc:r liome Gith her hut.
: r
f;
: ,\’ I
~~~,
-
,,,~
z;
T’
,’
I
,.,..
~~.,
444
/
I
.;
FOXFZRE
.
4
PLATE
390
She
brinq
the
mm
to a boil m r?ttrr.
The
lbnger,
they
bre
boiled,
the
irriqer
the t&. To make a gallqri ot tea, she boils tour avmw:
sized roq~s~“”$1 a gallon of water
for fiftqen to twenty minute.
She
then stiains it, and scwcs it either
PLATE
389
Xext
she scraprs
off the outer layer of bark and
discards it.-Either the roots or the
i;,i
can be mused in making the
t& but Pearl prefers the roots.
They &n be wed dried or sreen.
1
hot $ iced, sweetened
sug&Y or honey.
with either
; ,I
~~~~~i~~~‘~
Pearlis
To make
r‘ecipe for sassafras
the jelly,
large saucepan.
/’
,,<
_,’
,,’
mix one,package
Bring
quickly
eight cups sugar
and bring
ring constantly.
Skim
,j,$yj&;ind
Bit Cawer
jelly, which
to a full rolling
off the foam
nnd Annette
of Sure-Jell
&k&a
with
eight
itself follows:
cups ‘ie? in a“
to a h,ard boil, stirring-accasionally:l,Now
si?al ~wifh~~p:i?affin.
i
is midejfrom
Sutherland.
”
with
bojl. Boil hard
a &al
‘
Photographs
spoon.
“1
one nunute,
Pour
at once
by Ru~ell
:!rthur.
.,
,/
:
,,, ..,~,
y?.
.
add
stirinto.
.
L
i’
:
‘.
UPDA+y-i:
~.
_~
I
:,,445’,,
,
~~~~
.
!
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,,
A GINSENG
PATCH
:
?
) -’ Sc:~cral.
,,. after ESSckCiper’,showed
,~.,,.~,~
..,.,....
;,c,\reek;s
isee
Smlding a Still Furnace”),
‘he came
,iI
PLANTUVG
the ginseng
pl+t
down
us how to build
by and
asked
by the Still. We said we hadn’t.
a‘still
fuDnace
if we had .&tic&
So Buck s&i,
‘.
“Let’s
go take n I&& at ii.” \+~a11 w&t ‘down”to ,the still.
; .L’t first Buck wouldn’t show~the pl$nt to ‘us: he wanted us to spot it our-~
sel\:&,~
J\!h~ ,rur-co~~d~n’t~fin$~ iit, he pointed &ward it and smiled as we all.’
~,;;/~~~._~~~_~,.
~~~,~~~%
r
~, recpgnized~it:
He&d.h~e
thought we ought to ‘move it &another
place, "TO
,*
hcep It from bein,g tramped
,’
”
sti,ll over,
,
I
dobn.
People
and evei so JIXUI~ ofI them
will always
won’t-know
what
,~ .
be iti h&e looking
sang
this
is and will step
T
i.
/
;/’
/-
3
/
j
.
\
/’
1
i5~
‘%
,‘,”
-3 ”
;:
,,,
t PL.ATE 392
Buck with another plant he foynd~ nearby. He said, “I ham dug ther
is bigger than
w+th just ol-er. a.hundred
herries~on them. [The hall ol Iwrrics th$
golf hail. They’re a pretty thing to look at, too. It’s a hrautiful thing.“
a
,,.’
that it’s so scarce.“’
t between
rhem
and
.
*_,.~;
-,,-
_:,
,, ~_~~.
~;;
,,“._”
,,,,,. iil^i”,^yll
,_-;,
,, _ZY_C,
,, ,, __,^
..., ,,
,--
b;
‘,
FOXFIRE
\
448
i
come just as &on
and here it \vould
the burning
in that stomach,
as it g&t $a~%~: ‘i’d just throw
4
it up, and
,’
oh pay, was just like,a hall of fire in there.
“Afrer n w;ilile, I &ot to. stud in$$ ‘Well, maybe if I y,Tsh’a root of this
snng and chew it, it can’t mak / it no wove and it might ,help me a little.’
And I crawled outer t&e
to the branch
and washed a ~766t of ~that sftiif-gotid
~.~~
and clean. took my knife and cut me off some littie bites,apd
~put them’in
-my mouth and chewed It and swallow@that
juice and spit the pumn&
‘out. The pun&nies wouldn’t
have hurt ‘me a I&to
have swallowed
thenl;
they probably ~suould have helped me, but I didn’t want to swallow th&
so
, I just spit them. And you know it wasn’t no time tills I ~didn’t h,i+c no pain
I,
-*
_ in m\- stomach or nothing.
~“.L\nd I got up from
near night.
there
and
I w&t on and.sang
hunted
until durli
.4nd that’s show good that was on &it. It’s’ the only thing I took,
and it’s all ‘I had to take.
Boys, I was miser;rhle,
m) time had come there.
“,.4nd then you can ch.op it up right
put it on a food. chopper
bottle
little
or 8 s&age
of %v.h&ev.~ .4nd you dbn’t
hold
afire and
it to yotir lips.-Yoti’ll
I thought
and
and
I meati
It until
that
you
.
dFy and
it up and. drop
in it ! You just iour
or dysentery,
burn.“Burn
you.
fine, br let i1 get good
you out a little of it in a ~teac’up and; strike
afire. It’ll catch
‘you can’t
I’m telling
mjil and grind
take a bath
of it if, you take’diarrhea
bad. Pour
. ,’
it into a
,ou
can
out a
have
~.
it
a match~ to it and set ‘it
cup will be so daIlg
hot
shave ~to po~u,r it over intO another
cup
thar ain’t had the fiie in it. Drink i? while ,it’s,good ,and hot. It’s a bitter
dose--I
don’t mean ma?be. And ybu. don’t have to “drink much of it. Two
‘0
or three
swallows.
Turn
it up and drink
~,rhea zou~ better get to a drqstore
time getting there.
.,
“;\nd
nearh
rind
;,always
piece
carry:?
of that
used
ashamed~ to eai dinner
their intestines
wolild
little
of
they’d
sans
don’t stop that
of&x
and don’t
to go a’courting,
with their
get to growling
pie&
sang and
if that
or to- a doctor’s
~another~ thing-Id-timers
always
it; and
girls ‘and so forth,
hecauG
in their
and
pocket
stop t&at. ,Thex
‘)
diar-
lose no
they
were
you know.,
ihey’d
@tefemptF:
‘I?ieyd~~~’ ~_
and
chew them
a littler
called‘ it ,$yts growling.
Anti
~~~
~---~~,~~~~~~.~--thin,g~r~m~~~Q,o..~mean,;It’S_~~arrassiaaS;~~~
.: i
%’
‘
said he guessed’he’d
i&front
1\‘hen
buckets
eat a’pound
~of hi22 girl.”
tie
from
had
them
\Tig’s!house.
all planted,
When
of it ,to keep them irom
I’
‘~
Buck
we brought
tolcl
us to get
it, he poured
loose soil to help setile the dirt and give the roots
solve
it ge!ltly
growling
water
in
over the
a good start.
TOM POWERS
Article
hj Tom~Pomqs,
Jeff
flay,
Wendy
Gu@us,
and Flynn ButZer. ’
5
.
)
,i,
~~~~~
~~
”
4I’PIX
CIDER
y
In the early
Betty‘s
Creek
cider.
The
fall,
entire
Browns~.
Upon
arriving,
--‘the
Brown
This
juice,
there
had
into
to\visit
us bob
Wig’s
cups
by hr.’
over
Mrs.
Harry
to make
Brown
tasty,
{ruckand
ot’the
old-fashioned
,headed
out
to
:
”
the
2nd
of the cider~,pres\s
in, and cheesecloth
and
and MW’.Browrx~and
from
her home
Aunt
in North
Arie
th
.~
the
-
Car6lina
‘,
~~~.“’
and to visit’ with some of her friends.
the equipment
consisted
poured.
Mrs. Brown
anv’t@e
loaded
.4~rie had come
or cider,
were
p&ion
went
showed
tie were greeted-
=iunt
the cider makigg
Mrs.
/;ider.
class
+t%
vho
.
Carpenter.
&ness
the F&/ire
Community
a pitcher
apples
ready
itself, washed
to s&in
fo start
apples,
the cider
making
pans
through.
for us to ,sample. the cider
’
to c&h
Of course
as soon as it was
I
explained
Ip’us that
she ,and Mr. Brown
of half sour and half swee$ apples
qi apple& availai,le,.
and
to &We
to‘ make
pI;efer to use a pro-
their
then cider
cider.
sweeter
One
can ,use
or m&-e tart,
I’
n,‘, you only have to add more sweet ,&p&s or mbre sour apples.
The cider is~presetied
by ,$ither canning- or freezi<g. Mrs. Brown
felt that
PLAY’S 3FI3” Diagram of a cider
mill,, The apples are plated whole
into ‘the woodm
hopper
(I ) as
the.mill crank (2).is turned. The
aljple pulp comes out the bottom’
of the mill
(arrow)
and drops
into a slatted,
bottomless
tub.
,When the tub’is full, it ip r$ved
,tp the left under th’e screw’(3,).
.4
wooden disc is fitted into the top
of the tub, and the screw (which,
fits into a petal Focket ins the ~t6p
of the disc) is turned:by means of
the crank (4), thug:’ pressing t\e
disc- ,do$vn onto the apple pulp’
and ,squeezing
all the juice out.
While one pcrson’is squeezing the
juice,
other places
a second
slattec
b under the mill and br:
gins crushing
another
round of
apples.
~~.~
.’
.~
i-
_
,
(
I
-,.
,,,
i
FOXFIRE
450
--a
the process~of
canning
took away
the “fresh
apple”
prefers freezing her cider in plastic containers.
1; haunt Arie told us how the old people used to make
cider
,.
pr-ess. .% wooden
tl-ough
with
holes
drilled
taste
their
%
of the cider.
cider
4
She
with’o&
.til the.bottom,.
was
a ”
filled
with $ples.
A’mxul was then used to n!nsh or crush & appl,es. Then a
plank was pressed down on top of the apples to squeeze the juice out. The
cider M:~S then
stored
ins wooden
ing, and some to beused
So&
>apple
of the class was curious
cidei--which
Ing them
apples,
\
,.
apple
in a small amount
canned
or frozen.
abqut
as, we have explaiqed
the diff&ence
juice.
Juice is made
cider
/
for drink-
1
aging.
apple
of watei.
Apple
sbme in, the Springhouse
aftei
we m~ade-and
ladies in the conirqunity,
either
ba&els,
for,‘vinegar
,~,-
Then
between
According
by sli&g
the liquid
is the juice
the ~ta;te’ of
to some
th,e app!es
is poured
&&acted
above.
from
of then
and
boil:
:
off this and
the crushed
” L
Text by Phil (3Conner,
’
Joey Fountatn,
and Keith Head.
Photographs
My Rusty Lkggett;
diagram by Tom Carlton.
i
”
,’
I
I
-5
/
ff
_
ps
PLATE 394 Tom Carlton
Carver feed whole apples
T
hopper.,
-1.
and ,Bit
into: the :
PLATE
395 The wooden
disc $
placed over the pulp in the slatted tu ,
and ,the tub’ is positioned ugder the
screw.
’
.~.,
.’ )
!
PL.$TE
336, .I:ommy
Lamb,
using a
‘b~al-d~~~foi extl;a +yri~e,
iu~ns the @,die of the XXIV to,,pres~ t,he juice ,out.
Matt’ Young and Jim Renfro begin to
~ filly a second tub with pulp.,
_’
~~~.
^
.~i_~
PLATE
397
Cide.i _.comes
repouring
from ,thG tub as ~fhe pu111 is squeezed.
‘/
,_
:
I
,,-.’
-\ “L”r;‘~~
3118’ Suz); A&r
holds th;
,chceacclot~
as Mrs. Bro\vn pours~ one
.~tl*ful .of’ juice through it. Shr then
gathjsry the ends of the cheesecloth and
~ +re+,,the
bundle to force ali the
]ucq throbq.
It is now ready ‘to drink.
,,*’in
,
~~~~~~~
~~~~-~
,FBXFIRE
452
4
:
BLEACHING
APPLES
We’ have
mentioned
Fo.ufire Book,
pages
to us. Recently
applb.for
the winter,
had
~h&lived
in Rabu&ap
&he feels
mother
have bleached
middle
Mr.
of apples
be&use
), bleached,
and’c’?&istency
The
;\pples
amount
doesn‘t
n&ories~
were
them
apples,
bleached,
tiill
is’bf
briefly
‘.
they bleach
without
o&dried
to them.
sugar
and
pass&e&t~~
churn
full
eat ,them.
They
or spices.
pickled’corn,
beww,
and toma-
and ;tiil,l keep a year.
apdles
of
taste
pi&led’
out+ of the
AILS-
fin the,
have,the
beans,
in la& sunnier
a
apples
grand&her
&hod-f&y
.~
f&n
one and
also cans sorn,
&makes
be drawn
about
apples
her
attenbed
jobs away
her ~grandmoth&‘s
apples
Mrs. Paiker
,upon
standing.
and
A small
B
This
at all.
1,
“.I
regular
Both
some
us how.
just pull out~~~sohle and
like fresh
her QW~ jellies.
of \:ater
affect
have
She p~refers bleached
of apples cooked
are usually
Together
easier, to prepare.
kids would
they
makes
was going’ to bleach
apples’in~ the pa&-&q&e
/ ! ” As weI1 & bleaching
‘~‘~~:-:-Y-,-~~t~o&%nd
are
fondest
apples:
and ‘Mrs. Park&
a year;
they
of winter,
Park&
(?:he
demonstrated
aI1 of her life. Her children
share the chores at home;
One ,of her
~of, prcserv~tion
the firoccss
and we asked her if she would;show
home,
the)
as a means
never had
Edith
Since~ l@h
_ .,~ her.
o
apples
our school.
-half bushels
%
bleaching
18 1-82 ) $ut
we heard <that Mrs.
Mrs. Parker
*
B
I’I..ATE 3W
Aline-Richards
~: ~~ wring the apples. The Parkers
r; and thus precerve~ hetter.~They
’ do not xv&the
peeled apples
\von‘t 15s as long.,
~’
and F&hi Parker he&n by peeling, coring, artd ,quarprefer Ben Davis apples as they &e drier,,stay firmer,
are unbie?nished apples that are not fully ripe, and they ’
befdre ble~~~hihg:, ihis will.make
them soft, and they~
a
.
1
PLATE
400
V?hile” the apples
are ,,
being peeled; Mr. Parker has built a j’-~
s&.11 fire in the yaid. When the first
hatch of appl& is ready’ to he bleached,
he and his wife put some hoi coals from
~the~fire into a shallow tsl+
:;
rt
.z.
PLATE 461
Them,prep&d
r+pples are
put itito a box .$;l
pushed up to ‘the
sides, leaving a depressidn inio which
the dish of coals is set. Then powdered
sulfur is sprinkled over tlib; coals. There
is a short burst of hluc ‘R&e
when the
sulfur hits the coals, hut the apples
don’t %scorch as’, it dots not last long
enough. The lid of the box& tbcn shut,
and the .whole hox i4 completely
coy;
ered with a heavy towel to k&p air
‘^
,
1
~,‘I
,:J
from escaping.
(_
,, ,$
,*
-:
“‘,
..~~
FOXFIRE:,.4
454~
/
,,PLATE -102 The apples are smoked
’
(about 1
tintil., they
b&me
white
thirty-forty-five
minu~ttx). After about ,.
twe’nntyminutes, Edith lifts the lidcto see i
how thiri$
are going.
It flw smoke
has/
thinned out, she ;,dds more sulfur. Th
shin6
soilrryhat
duriq” Ai r
In cooking
brings
back
the
the
bleached
taste
apples,
use as little
which.
of ‘sulfur,
is not
water
as possiljle.
noticeable
Water
at all when
the
F: apples bre eaten:The
*~
m,
Parkeri
taste so much
of bleached
and cintiamon
enjoy
apple
lik$resh
apple
pies made
apples.
pieces
to’taste.
Parker’s
in an uncooked
.The
ond crust if preferred.
Mrs.
with
recipe
pie crust
pie can be covered
Bake in a preheated
or until the crust is a golden
hleached
brown.
with
applqs
is to pi&e
and
because
se;eral
a.dd butter;
pas&+@
th‘ey,
cups
sugar,
ore a sec-
ovens at 350” for; 30~$~<“inin!$~ ,,.
*
-
‘8
.~
-,
ALItiE RICHARDS’
Photooiabhr
R&v
~~..~o~
~~1~~~~ hv
~,
..~~~~
,
T.ePPett.
~.~
-duo
d_
>~
.;
‘.‘h
..
.,.,,
,.
\
;.
1,
,
~‘..y
\
,.
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\
*
UPDATE
‘_
I
;
/
FRIED-APPLE
PIES
”
‘iix of IIS, went to Blanche H&ins’
house the other daj to’ watch
L
make fried-apple
pies the wayher
moth,er did when Blanche~tias
young.
: To make the apple pies she uses either dried red or yellow
., ,, -, all)- prefersg\:ellow
apples~ as she +ls
they make tastier pies.
To
them
dry the
into
apples,
Mrs.
Harkins
thin slices, soaks~them
first peels
in salt water,
and
apples.
c&&~&~m~,
~drains them,
her
She re-
then/cuts
and:.lays’them,
,out in a single layer on eitlier a flat board or in a pan on a white cloth. She
puts the!x cg%.&
;A for several days in the sunshine’ to dry, and they sh?i,nk to
PLATE
403~;: In
order
to
apples, Blanche
first peels,
slices them:
’
.
dry the\
q,ores, and (
.)
PLATE
404
The cooked abples are
srnead onto half the circle of do&h,
and the other half is turned over thkm
tb enclose them in a half-moon
shaped
envelope of dough. Then the pies +re
fried.
-
u,
I
_~
‘j.:
_~ ‘.
FOXFIRE
PLATE 405
4
~~‘1.
no
The,fjnishe~, pies.~~,,,~~~~~~~~~
\.
:x,
.3
i,
:~.~~~~
~~I
about half th&~,original
sacks in a, dr)- plac&imtil
To prepax
size. Wheo
dried,
.-, completely
she$&ay
to cook with them.’
frjed~,~~pies;~,~~~;~:‘a’ddsa ~small amount
she stores
@ water
them,, in
to the
dried.
app!es:coak~s~~~~thrern until they are tender, ‘and then mash,es them up .with a
or allspice for your own
,fork. She says, “Add enough sugar and cinnamon
,,.
taste. For four small pic?br
,’ ,~
Mrs. Harkins’
self-rising
*
regula;
1,~’
measuretients
She divides
and
I cup water.
the do&i
apples.”
She makes
for each pie,. rolls the dough out -into a very thin circle; then places
,,i
c”oo6ked apples ‘on one half of the circle. She then folds the c’rust over
the
the
and presses the edges together
wtih
tiny holes or slits in the pies-either
She put5 enough
p@as~ ~they co&.
Crisco
They
crisp, she spreads
;~ &st
i o&n.
into
can
&lted
Photographs
Hardy.
iron
frying
he ha,ked~ ~&tea&
pan
hy Dale’ Frrgusqn,’
Ridg
S~TOMY,
MucAl-t+ur,
up.
to almost
cover
the
Tom .make
the
she puts them,in
the
life ~preferied.
butter on the pies before
0. ,~
CHERYL
~’
either h& fingers or a fork. She
with ‘a fork or knife-to
let the
the edges from turning
a large
.kRTICLE BY BETSY~MOO~E,
Rhndnll
into balls &out
*4 cups
the Crust $&..z&~
fist
air out as the pies cook and to prevent
‘~
of dried
for the pie,>ciusts, are approximately
)‘> CL@ G&o,
pie crust.
use one quart
the size of he;
apples
makes
i
flour,
tarts,
AND
SUE “AN
Robbie
PETTEN.
Moore,
I
diid
,‘~
:a*,
Sl-hen
\\:h&
I first staried
I found
opposed
from
hundreds
this article,
I still could
to a round
mantels
arose.
outl
log.~I
tp.Qooring
of ,othcr
I had
think
soon found
suppo’lts
gut.
Beams
benches
uses, most of which
‘l‘he particular
no idea what
06 no purposk
The
inan
has liied
who
you tiotildn’t
beam
showed
us how
are used
to ~s,tairs. Besides
we documented
i
the sides for a staircase:‘:
to.form
I ,was’ docu.m&n’ting.
for a:‘square
was
b~,am as
these,
there, are
think ~of until the need
used
to hew was,~h,iilYard
with
its duplicate
Buchanan.
Mill&d
most of his life in the”,~~~.~~;~~~~e~~~‘his
first cabin
at the age of,thirteen.
c$tionab cabin
from
felling
He knows
~.
.,
~~~-
&nd cai
the first iree to fitting
~..
for everything
do-everything
the last stone
for a traof the chin;-
ne\:.
i,Iillard~
Fo.xfirr
aboilt
from
used ‘only
Rook, page
fifn
minutes
two hours
was finished,
two
tools
for
the
41 ) : a double-bladed
to hew this log, but
to two days;depen&
it 1~3s very
smooth,
entire
axe and
it would
.lf g upon
except
hewing
operations
an adze.
take
his skill.
for Uccasional
adze bit too deep.
It took
(The
I$llard
a .novice
an&here
When.
the hewing
@aces
where
1
the
..
PLATE
406
Millard
first spl~its the poplar
log in half and hews the inside smooth.
PLATE
407
Then
he turns, the log ‘&side
down, and, straddling
it, begins to smpoth
$i.+ rq~~n&cj. sides with pow+!,
strokes..;.He
works forward,, taking cut large chunks iti 4”
bites and leaving a trail of‘,chips behind’hib.
‘~‘,,
/
I
I.~
:
.‘&3
_
’
h
The,adze.w%
’
I
The
wood
aah & hickory,‘This
Even tiith
for hewing,
beam
sh~%rp tools, it is still,hard
he said,
was made
was.white
of poplar,
Photogmfihs
:^PePper.
show Millard
by Ford
”
O&,
pine,
and, the hardest,
,whTcl> he said was about
d
easy as pine:
The photographs
work.
sharp.
\vo~-k prop&y.
easiest
4
-’
,L_
Millard~provedt&
to Us’Gy sha%ngabopt
Hi; said hc had to sharpen
it before each‘,log or
extremely
arx~irlch of..hair:hff~arm.~
‘it v;&ldn’t
FOXFI.RE
9
as
at work on one of the beams.
_-~
~?y-c~~ ,~~ ~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~_~~~~
_~~~~
PING CRAWFORE!
Scott
Bibte,
ii,-,
-,.
,,I
~.,
[’
Cronic,
atid, We%dell
.,
Cul-
3’
PLATE
408
Now, working back-~
ward, Sometimes st?mding beside
the log and som&~es.
straddliq&
it, he goes over the roygh-hewn
again
with
sn~aller
strokes to take off &other
?“..
(thus grtting the abeam down to
the thickness
he wants),
and
smooth the ~side.~
\
lO
,,,’
PLATE
409
From th@, center of the fog, he tieasures off the width
beam to be. flips two chalk lines as guides, raises the log onto sawhorses,
the sides wiih an axe. He first scores the sides, then gors back :nd lyws
PLATE
410
The~finished
he wants the
and slices off
to the line.
beam.
I,
1
.
’
FOXFIRE
460
f
‘j
i.
jc
THE
SADDLE-LOCK
There
NOTCH
(
4
I
is a calA
on the Foxfire land that has the rafters hooked to the
I~
vi The notch used is called the “saddle fock notch“~ by,
pIates in a unique
qofiye~ of oui~ ~contarts;; i,Ut:to~ be ~confused~ &th~ the. ‘~s~&+ ~not&i’. .used .for~ ‘:.,., ., ..,
7~ ~=-~_ “~‘~~,,lii~\~~~~~~to~~~~~~~~~~~n~s~~~a~buikli~
The c,ahin c;m.~e from,the
~i~:%lina.
\:e think it is from
xars’old.
~’ there.were
(see Plate
,~ about
the plates.
The
41~1).,~Each
\\‘ith
dowel
Webster,
North
and twenty-five
raftei.
iu LUL, a~-,~,--~~-~~~
Most rafters
(see Platk 41 I ), but the “saddle
it, the rafter
pins
~:_~~
~~ : .~.--~~ ~=~ YL,
lock
overhmgs
sits down
each
the
rafter
outside
lock
in a series of nOfch~~
securely
edge
to the piate
oft the
plate
four incher;.
\:tiK~\c
4
(~~~
[~~~,.,
to fit over the pl&
works djfferently.
cut into
Savannah
C:ommunity
near
two’ hundred
to two’hundred
This notch was not used very often for it vardifl?cuh
not the &curate
measuring
tools we ‘have tpday.
wcrz just notched
notch”
~- _~;~L_-
ii
;
‘:!
,I,
.I?
1~
by
f“:
.~
UPDATE
/
461
PLATE
412
The
top of the
plate shows the notches with the,
pegs used to hold the.rafters still
in place. Aft&
this article ap~, peared in”Fdsiiie
ning-aiini,“bne
-
of’ our readers,- John’ Kline from
Reamstown.
Penhsylvania,
wrote
‘and told
‘This notc~&mm$onmin%ld
buildings, in my area.
Ii was used not only in log build-
r
I
ty& of:structi~&ttil+befoftt860.T 711hey
iieve this is a Penn$lvania~ German innova&,
‘and your exak
pie could have hem built by a
Pennsylvanian
who moved down
..h
there.”
HUCKS
is an art-has
the development
d various
ow.well
other
a piece
st equal
uality
Just
of artifi&l
t~tradition
and
of ftirniture
what
of their
-September,
cloth
someone
possessions
of~high~ qual--~~~
he came to the
ss. He was glad to share
little of what
he knows
about
the’art
of chair
a
bottoming
with corn shucks.
de most af their furniyone
how’,to~ make
a chair-
-~~-
_
,,~,
,+.
~~
1;OXFi,RE
462
bottom-~_h~e
just
picked
it~~iip as a hobby.
Mr.
*~~~
_ ,'
4.
Browi< wox;c his first chair
bottom in 19 IO out of white oak splits at th6 age of twelve (The Fox/ire
HooXI p;~ge 137). He has been making and caning, chairs s;nce that time.
“.“’ “.‘.‘~~~~;O'riginaily, hrplad,yhis
ch&r,frames
.qnly~~from.bak;,but.he~~*oiw,.uses..either
1.
~. .~~~~~
oak or cherry.
It, takes
about
,fbur to fi\re hixxs~ to c,omplete-
2 chair
bottom
u$ng
corn
~3ihiicks.. The completed- chair has- three layers of woken scorn., shti+
and: is ::
really a strong scat. Mr. Bro’wn jokinglysaid
that ii would lodk like a pile of
corn shucks when
it was finishedi
, ‘I& Wendy &at
comn:o::!).
The
materials
for soaking
M,r. B:own
needed
bro\y~i and
crisp.
The
Mr. Brown
i
7
poured
/‘
warm
to twenty
corn
shucks
select$d
water
a raffia
should
Do not use fr-esh green
1~17ger the cbrn shucks,
though.
weave
and is used qoite
to make a’ corn-sh;ck
chair hotton~.are.;
a bucket.
i clamp, corn ‘s$iyks, ,and
sciSso;s, tape, ciofhspins,
the .shucks,
plenty,. of patience.
It doesn’t
used is called
dried
corn shucks.
the-better.
j
the lon$st
corn shu?ks,
over them.
h&e
t&cd
‘Mr. Brown’~said
put them
He let th? c&n shqcks
naturally,
into a bucket,
soak for about
the
and
fifteen
minutes.
‘~
PLATE,
413
The ~patiern
for the,
,weave. If the cl+F’yql
we working on
is wider at the front .than at the rear
,(and most will be), me.asurc and build
out on the ~froni- c+ugh
to q;ake ihc
widths equal before:stariing
on the pattern shown
Build
out
by
ta&ihg
as sholvntins
XI’OSS the front
c&&r
as shown,
then
material xmd ,tacking
it.
d up on ppposite sides
:
,,
,!
Once you have’ f@t
out enough
to
equalize the width<, jstart’ the partern in
aren’t
-ch.\i+ bottoms
square hut rectangular, the pattern will
need to ch‘ange when you get to the cen-
~~~
11” 1011,gcr ~v0rk.s. SirnI the frame ia a~ figure
eight running bc~uvxn the longer ends
of the frame. \Yhcn finished, tie the end
i
.i
_
I~~>
t
,:,;~,
to one of ~the wands
of lhc chair batom
cm the under side
~~
~
,~~~.
‘j ;.~,
.
,, .,
,.A”
,,-’
WIOI
(the
they were
ready,
part of the shuck
lld be even.
Brown
’ :and
twisted
some
them
artidle~of
to keep’the
Mr.
took
outs a,shuc&&
attached
took
about
clothing,
~three or four
,”
463
Mr. &own
into strips
at the base)
of about
strips,~ placed
3/4-to-~”
them
tokether
motion,
inuch ,& you would wringing
out
He’ put a clothespin
on the end.
a “rope.”
to form
unraveling.
had twisted
Mr. Brown
ihen
weave
not to‘pull
shucks
would’constrict
onto the chair,
,.
Mr. Brown
. could,
about
continued
two feet of rope,
the left side crosspiece
about
started
the weaving process.
Brown
the rope very tight
and
the weave
conti,nued
he wove the,i6pe
ir al1.d pulled
adding
strips to the
pull apart.
he ,taped
‘:
three inches from the front. Mr.
He told US that in ~starting the
because,
as the rope
dried,
Also as you weave
would
tighten
adding
corn shucks
more
naturally.
to the rope,’ and,
onto thk,chair.
Every
it around
a crosspiece,
on it to prolong
time that
the corn
and
’
as often
he wove
The took
the seat’s life. Mr.
~--could -probabiy~ fihd time~chairsm~around
shucks,that
:
. ’
the end ~of.
more
as he
the’rppe
a clamp
that
Brown
had been~~bottomed
I9
and
rope, to the crosspiece so the Gave would not loosen.
’
TVhen th> cbaii is finished and has had sufficient time tb dry compl:tely.,
he puts a varnish
~~
~
ring them every threes or four inches to ~keep the rope as uniform
as possible. Hk placed
clothespins
015 $he grope &he&z
he needed
to.
When
:
~~~
cut the shank”
to the corricob
He then tore the shuck
in a clockwise
rope from
Brown
that is &iginally
f
~~~
~~~~~~_~l~
~~~~
,
.
said that’we
with
~
corn
were fiffty ykars old~or older.
Text by the jou~rnnl+n class.
Photos by l?usty Leggett and Phil Conner.
Y
PLATE
414 The shucks are
soaked well bei
being used.,
foie
,,
PLATE .41~.5: :-A? .the, rope
nsed up, Mr.’ Brown t&s
3lucks, leaf hy ,lcaf,..i6o it.
F
,;’ ,:;__
x*;
PLATE
416
He makes a long
section of rope, clippinS it at ill(n help
tends
5vith, clothespins
hold it together, and then wea\~s
another round.
k..
,’
PLATE
.’
,,
PLATE
417
He works uith the chair upside down.
,,,,. ~,
,-
418
1.
,~,...’
c?
The
finished
bottom.
When
makes on the top of the chair is an “X”.~
completed,
.
the
I
pattern
the
shuck
rope
I
’
466
i
i
A ‘IXADI’IION.~L
LOOM
!
”
of an ,;i
or d loom
‘owned 1,~ Gxtrude
E;emqr. ‘i‘h?ph@~~graph
w& not a good done, golrever,
bccnwe the c-onditions under which WC ~Gdre ?hooting
made it almost i$In Fr,,\:/irc 2 (1page
2 in),
ywc, KM ;r composit$
photograph
possible for us to get the photograph
we wanted.
Recently,
Harry Brown. Sr., was brdtqht
;I similar
was coktructed
; togethq
e
tographs
period
loom
for repairs,
2 16 )-ears ago lay Lel:i Swairl, lout of !;cllow~ pine,
with wooden’
pigs,
Mt. ,,Brown
called
we could
of it That vXild
be better
than
of se\-et-al months,
he made
a~cop): of it for us, and helped
to our ccn~er where
students
now UC it.
what
us, so that
and
,,
It
put
get pho-
we had in stock..l‘hen,
over
a
us move
it
l~~m~~~
c
PLATE 422
Marinda, Harry’s &ife, threaded the loom and’ WOW t rug on it to make
~“;,
sure it was in working order before it wx returned to its OW~S~.
PLATE
423
I.Iyy
reassembling
the copy he made in a log building at our center.
.,
7.LJPDAkI.E
‘/
\
I
469
‘~’
:CASKETS
-.
‘:
’ 6s late as the-early
in ~hbmemade
casket?
ICJ+OS,many people of the Appalachians
(see Fox/ire .z, pages ~“4-23).
Usually
men in thr community
would
ning:. T%re
w&
several
on to make caskets.
I ,,.
built
the cask&
sew- a li’hing for it while
the m&
after
h person
men ;n the community
ll’hev kept lumber
had
built it so that
were buried
some of the,
died;~ the ladies
it was ready
whom were
‘c.ut and cured,‘ready
by eve-
regularly
called
to be used wheti’
needed.?
j :’
One
I
I ‘~
I:,
makes
such
peison
in’ our
spin~ning whet+,
do almost
aiiy other
harms near
had heen made
,,,,I 1 ‘: in another state
1
,kids remembered
wai ‘.Harley
builds
cabinets
including
Thomas,
and
making
owri casket or have
told
here.
~of having~~seen
We inquired
fcr this farmer’s
when’~he
about
uncle,
died,
and
;he casket King
and
to prder
al the barn.
stored
its ,history
can’
‘i!
lohg
various
one
of the
and found
but tie was: staying
&$
i~
with a daughter
h@d him,, buried
up in the barn
who:
fiddles.
it made
on;
the family
a man
gun racks,
it. It was usu,~lly~ kept in the hayloft
in OUT community
farmer‘s
,@
and
to build their
th,ey needed
peopl;
repairs
kind of woodwork,
Some people,liked
hefore
c~pmmunity
for years
after
there.,
that,
The
J>ut it
,has since disappeared.
We asked
:
would
madr
make> us
some suitable
have done
Mr. ‘Thomas
were located
to build
white
so that
find one
we
oak &&and
he v&i&d
co$d
caskets.
for
alreadyTm&de,
if’ he ~:
see
were
It took
how
‘ihey
him quite
a .while
he nev,er was able to procure
ihe’ handles.
So he improvised,
as he
fifty years ago, and~‘made’wooden.handles.
told,us
that,.duii&g’
throtighdut~this
nets and furniture,
I
a child’%5%sket,
brass, hardware
would
,I
since, we ,cotildn’t
and how .he ~decided on the meaSyfements.
to acquire
the
Mr.’ Thdmas,
His regular
Iut
the .Depressioti,
when
,area> he had’ a contrwzt+iIh
job was running%
he made
caskets
sawmill
the CCC
camps’
the government
and building
cabi-’
ti needed.
\Vhcn we lifted up the casket he made for us, &,were
startled at how
,, ,~
., heavy it ~-as for its size. He stained the white oak wood with ,a light brown
iz>:.--7c4
w
i:
. <\\-., y
~~~~~~~
-“B
-I ,Lz
‘~;~;
^-?,
1::
” ,;~?yY..Jj
yytf!5$&
//
3,
Y
grwe cd to
~,,.m.
63
I
i
---~
*-
.
P
PLATE 4%
‘~~~~~-~~I-~~~~~~~
~~
_;I
_~
<arnish~ and
tacked
or.
to make
room
to~$e l+iied
t& lengih
‘for thq shoulders
101lx.
these
'I'0
pieces
these
.~\~,
about
half way through
Hc then
”
meet
are e!,$”
to fit the, bottom,
wide and
the nails rat&
’
83/4”
high.
He
edge al)olit
groo~~cs with,a
yz” apart
and
~closely. ‘By the time
the side to
.,
he reached
attached
to the bottom and b&t at the de.
that side to the end. He did the other side the
the entire~ra:ket
has the shape of, the I)ottont. ‘~~~~~I:,~~~,
to fits tbz &sket,
WKWS pIa<-cd ‘on either
&iw-ctt-a~~snxallcr
pie&f-_wood
‘I‘he top is &ached
side,. ,Hc
c;r(.h zidc of the c;~skct. ;llth~~t~gh \rhcn
used
two wooticn
1 7‘cut czntl photo,q~n,?~i~.c,by ,.I%(Ink&,
~;m
to i,he casket
ha’t:dles
Phil Collno-,
und C’hrryl .Ctocky,
1-j
0
a~
i
on
6~; would get it, he used to use brass
h;il-dW;lI-~~.
,.;
9
of the
aa& pl>;nk:s 83/4”X331!,:
he‘ cuts thxc
to I~ottom
~shap&i like the top as a ~decoiati~.e“t~uch.
thiec
length
was secyrely
sired angle. He then nailed
,~amc T&L)-, and when,fi&hed,
“Y”% sh,a<&Z.Ttop
fo decide
th~e?boal:ds,
II!- ,placing
the fooC: &),o&d
with
;tTT&d*:out
as Yhuzwn~it! .Platc 424.
.,.
on one side;-stattin,> o yt
C .the head and forcing
qailed
the bottom
fo the
..
with ihe foot of the casket
onto the ho&tom first. He cut two white
lxpd
the s&s
satin
of the c;rsket is~~one-thil;d ,&he way
It then ‘tapers back in\vgJd
h;ind saw Of p~~~crcs~.~~~~~frorn;top, ;dge
white
of the IWly. .He used
in it. ~Thk widest part
ofit.
with
6~ by ,addinR a few inches
Ixin~ the same width as the head.,
l‘he~iiec&
for the en+ oi this’casket
n$$i
battin, CTatld quilted
with <ptton
‘~ ,‘,
bat&n
of the casket
1011s the ,casket’ would
@rso,,
down
inside
on oTer~that.
5
‘l’ho&Ls shaped;the
some%hat
~,ho\:
c
* .J
*
,q
5.
lined the
i
.DING
-4 STI,LL
EEJRNACE~~~,
to htiild
ourwish
‘, there
\vas Buck
Carver,
one ‘of our
most
tacts, ,~~own in ;I four-foot-I,)-four-foot
‘e &jr us and‘ a&lin~‘,+ whqle
on
moon~l~iniy
holc”ncw
; :I ixecze
c ble
l>o.\: to~+p
“(;ct
*
more
thrti\t
n$t
Kenerous
con-
Rotik,
downhill
ihc Ixanch.,to~ferd
ne+tb~
pqp
to light. From
to$var.d
30 1-45 1. In
Buck:,
-
the stream
tl&’
:,
:.!
;
*
as~!there,‘s’
the fife.
Ix al~out the sanr
?;ize as the opening
of
frnnl {:hokiirg the ‘fire.
,as many~ rocks
ai; ,‘ou. think
Paads, Tld if vou’l-em lucky
e or two loads yore !”
.-$I< thL< : .%frer we had
scoffed
Fo.~l;re
(7.1;;
fok th? +ireliox
ico~iitlc:,~p
in;thc
and
h&, IuiJ$rl~
‘it duplicate
of his-olz
n&v diinensinn
to the work we hid -al-
set\ of tricks~camq
the onelling
faithful
us
“~‘,an nctua&ze
came true, arid,)’
Lvhen he told them
you mi#
.,:~;
made.S’flip
it.o&y
you’ll
need;
t&n
not have
‘~;
lay in twd
tti $0 back
to tl;e site, ,Buck,Lnyxed,
took a coup!~s~o’~~~ips~~;“”
or three
for more
,
hg~~ypeoptE~.~~~~~~
make, a r.zallj~,
dhvioyxs path for law oficers tom follow. :WWsqul~d,
then baked I,ackwa+$:*~
ohviobs
trail s+fc$+l,~
out .,
qlith a grin’ tqward
ti%very
as the seztured
.r\
qh the woods.,
:
’
:’
r
;;
--ej.
~~~~~~~~iG-,NXIS
MAXWEJL AND jkY H’OET
, .., _~
PI:iTk
1.26. Tl;r Ii&t qep ;T tomchoose
~~,‘~s;~~k~~l,hillkde, hid&n ii1 ;be ~LVJJ&.
l3uck+nk@$
xts hjs stills into n hank So
ihat l&m
s&l
on the gmmd
hchinb
tl~f;.4ll$ and’yrt
m it Jvithmt usin,< a
lx~der. .!I-hr sk scl~rted, hi: and Joey
FounrQ~, one of the Fortkr
&dents:
dug c~ut the hole for (he furnace.
2
~~
.’
”
_
:
PLATE
~427 ‘Here
Buck: and Joe)
snIooth UP the hole, the floor of which
rwill be the floor of the still’s firebox.
‘$/
pL:\y~,
:
428
Sext.
Buck cemented
into place I&
fiist‘t&courses
of flat, rocks thus.
outlining the fireboi walls. Years igo, red clay would have’$Al
used ‘instead, of,Tement, &d the ~Gte for the $11 would have been partly determined by the avallablbty
of clay. In,the left foreground, notice that the ,flat roc~k at the b&k of the firebou is set
on its’ edge and sloped backward
slightly so that it will deflect the flames upward
~~~~~~~~~~~~araund~the~sti!l~~_~~a!so~Plate_q31~.~~~~~~~.~
~~ ~~~
~~~~
~~~~~-,
-‘-~~~-‘--
~~~~~
,PL.\TE
429
I+hen
the walls of the. firehox
were
high
enough
(see ~J%te
,.+3’1 for
tieasurements’~_ Buck xi th,~.4arge flar rock he had (chosen for a hedstone into place so
that it~sp~+xnn& rhe firehos.:;\s
it wasnit quite long enor~gh, he set a seco!ld,‘smalier
~~~~~iock,~into-~i~;ehehb?hii~_and cemented ttie t,\.O toget~her to mbke one flat platform for
the still to sit on.
I”
..
-
1, ‘.~:,,I
.s
Ls
1.
Sb
1,‘
.,
.c
X~~
come
boil.
~~ ‘<
~~
he .hole left at ‘the hack of’ithe platform is for the flames, which will
ui, from the f;rebos~_hrlos~..afid-.~.~~-~~~~,~d~~~~.sti:l.l,~heati,~~
,,tfi,~,~,cpntenis t~q,,,a
x
,,,,,:,~~,,,-,,,
-~~ $
, ,~,
II
.,
.I
.,
i
L
/J-&&t,~,~~y
‘, ,:,.
; .,
PL.\TE
1~
.e.
,
cI
:’ ~’
s
43 1
,.,s-
~’
PLATES
432-433
?be.next
step wa+to set the siiil itself, A thirty-fire-gallon
COppe*
outfit, in place on ihe bedstone and Inark the spot where the slop arm would stick
~di.~Then he started putting the ‘next jayer 6f rocks intO place
making sure to leave space for t$e A&es bet\reen thk still jself and the r~cli’b’all~
of
~~&roueh rbe furnace
the furnace.
L
,
PLATE
434
When
the walls
were up d&t.
a foot-above
the
bcdstonc, Buck rem&d
the copper still and pl;rc<d a :I”-thicklayer of red r:lay on top of the
bedstone. to insure that no fl;un~s
er’er hit the bottoni of the still
and burned’s
hole in it. Then he
proceeded rvit$the.next
round of
rocks, ,leavihg an II%”
hoI5 in
front for the scuttle hole ,or smoke
I
~~
event:”
-
,~_
~,
./
i
.,P~L.ATE- 436
When’the
rock sides were
,
Buik sct,it hack into place.
_,’
!
/
high enough
to reach
the cape of the still,
I
”
/
i
:.
,, ,PL;&F
438”. S&t
furntice.
-‘,
.
,~
Buck !’
‘,,$
flat rocks in DI&
around the cane
th form
‘
the tw
:
%’
of the
c
PLATE_ 439
\\‘hen~ &q rocks were selected and ii place; he cemented them in com~plciely.to seal @p the furnace except for the firebox hole and scuttle hole in tht front.
Thir’forces
an);~fire built~ in the firebox to expend its heat around the sides of the still
beiore xwting but rhe front. The opera$oq
is now ready.,for the addition of the cap,
ca$arnis,
and so on.
After the st~ill xvas cemented iiio place, anpth.5 r&son for the use of red clay c&e;
cement by many moonshiners became dbvious:
mo$ wanted the mobility that comes
from b$ing,at$c
to disman?le ,thkir oper+on
~quickly land move the copper still to
d’,safcty when inI dawer of being hiscovrred.‘~Walls
cemented.with
red-clay~a;lhd a& eas_
11y knocked down. -_
!!
-f,.
/~
:
a.~
470
.:~~~,
.,
I:O~FIRE.
,
‘$
8”
~\
I
I.’
.;
:
ASH
HOI’I’EiiS
;
,
<
i,~t-dcsi~r;“Ped’.;ash
htippcrs
(T’fie, &fise
kmk,,
One of I
we‘ve sem was sho.wti to us, .duri;l~g .a vi& t6 Lookout- hlou&n,
to talk with potter
mmmmand i&th&ack
tin Pil@n.
of R,qk
~City t;iy out the stone
t.in spout
1
roofed
from
picked
‘I’enncss@$
ii]+
paths
ttle rock
which
through
.’ *
Motkl,~
_~
wmho,~hclped the: ti~Gner3~.
cliffs,‘Yof their
._
has a hingCd roof for~easy
the
‘~
here. 31 was Injilt~~~byMar;
01? r~ountai~~
with shingles,
at the Imttom
p&e ,i’ir,S’),
\Ve w&e stayinK at the Fairyland
sat the a& hopper
no\\’ deceased-an;
opemtion.
The hopper,
uoured
C:harles&nts.
v&d
.,;
lye dripped’
tour&
entry,
whenever
~
a~ld~+
water
-’
was ,~
onto the ashcs~.
-1~rti~~lcs
nnri photographs
bj Ray McR1-ide
and IIon i\ila.k,~eil.
.8
.~
‘+
_‘+
~.;+
~~
,~
‘.
PTA-IT. -140
’
‘I
,_
UPDr\TE
BENDING
1!
‘l‘onimv
I Fo.~fire
,,
479
tiX
Barnes
?\ pales
YOKE
showed
! I 5-16).
BOWS
II\: his lnettlod
of :Imdiny
Recently,
I’filt %ellnek,
I>OWS for 0% yokes
n local I)lacksmilh,
show<:d ,is mother.
s.~l/.ti&
Irol~toll.
:
nerd /~hotoya,f~hs
~
hy .JncX East;
i:~.
.- -~
Annette
,.’
iand Stem
Sutherland,
‘-
~~~~::&--”
,I
PLA’W -112 I\:ill finr boil*~~ihr~hickor~ ii, water in a tro&he
de,+q~pd for ,this puip~~.~B~ili~ni the xnod makes it temporarily pliahl~c md ~rpmck up the curing ,~roc&.
I” “’
-_
I
I~
“9s
.:
-~
-- -_‘I
‘,
<”
PLATE 443
He then takes the wood to a pipe he has mounted horizontally onto the
side of ‘one if his buth~uiidings. He places one end of the bow~into ihis pipe/and
the
other end into a second pipe which he uses Tao:pull with. As he pulls the section of
hickoq
into an.arc, it qlits a little as isSnormal. At th6 point where it begins to ~bplit,
he attaches a ‘C” clam$ to help keep it from splitting aey further.
,
I
,
,,.
‘:l
~~.~
PLATE
444
\\‘ill inserts a piece of
board in the curve to keep the how
from snapping,~ and bends it ,on around.
When it is bent far enough, be holds the
how in place \virh his left leg while he
attach& a wire to keep it bent.
PLATE
445, Then he sli s the bow
out of the pipes. ‘I’F&lam
will be left
$
atached
until the wood ha dried. The
how can either he placed
a yoke and
;,2,
ihe wire removed,
o?‘it’can
be stored
for later use, leaving the wire on to hold
th’e cun’e.
:
1
In the p:t,
soqry ,families
yxu~g~ ~gourtis lo!: food.
md
in our arm
raised
‘the old, nmtrmc
pens is that as i+g:e,K, this unusual
plant
I~ajn C-ylih~fr~irn, u&g the
\2:hat bpfr-uits for s&ys.
develops
a toughl
is spongy,
du~-al~l~~ and ideal
Jor use in scrul,l>ing
get 5tthc
imsidcl one‘ sinrplv
has to peel off the, Ixittlr
filmus
dishes md
inside that
pam,clean.
autsidc
crust
To
(some
sdtrk rh? ,qourdr
weds.
which
rcplautiq
o\-c?night.lxforc
pecliqg, Imt it can Ix done dry &I),
The
.:
arc 100x ‘in the hollow center of the fruit, cm Ix saved for
;II the si)nng
hlan~- fzbnilies&
Rark Seed
Chnpan~-,
,iiz,q has, flom
,’
as soon as the dblger
of frost is past.
our area buy the seed ~for this plant
Greenwood,
time to time,
for those wh~o desire
fun
South
Carolina
&~tticles~atmut
more information.
from the George
29646.
O~~anir
the lutl’;r (June
W.
Gn,-rim-
I 974, for esb
‘AFTERWORD
.
~,
bl’ Richnrd M. Dor:cm
D
i
I
ithout
-,
9
conscibusly
intending
to do so, ,Elidt Wigginton
his
admirable
in
development
of the Foxfire
coricept has ‘imuured
,decply’ Into, the. provincc~ of folklore
studies. As a &iv&sity
,folklorc teacher and scbol+r, I welcome therefore
his
invitation
‘The Foxfire
that
high
idea
school
began,
students
jccts but responded
taught
Institute,
ment
I)ored
level-&at
who
as a major,
Ph.D.
degrees
sional
folklol-is&,
Iring
taught
their
&ds,
~013~s goal
and
that
electives
graduate
we teach.
who
horizons,
and
enrich
are also preparing
for lives as thinking,
beings.
Thcl;
in certain
what
may
folklorists
m2ke them
have
folklorists.
such a subject
learned,
th” Foxfire
,.histp-y,
literature,
projects
concerning
turned
they
the
but
We
may. select
and
suggestions
are
to let them
has bee11 well s&died,
u+.courses
here
are
Foxfive-type
human.
suggest,
not
from
intended
know that
and’which
titled
to
there
is
yan in-
jdurtalism,
01‘ whatever:
terms.&?
ideas,’ clarify
concepts
jargon
distinrtiofis;
.
of folklo+.
df educators,
and hone
,Students
but rightfully
mental
skills.,
”
+
.
,
rcach~ Emu-
a&l aware
I shall
_
as profcsto sharpen
takipg
percei&ng,
thee
al;c pursuing
depart-
whop seek, M.A.
students.
which
off by the.stifling
I used, ‘terms may introduce
*
which
in the folklore
;gts~ subject:
ways,
they nrc’rncant
social studies,
a word
~today are often
but
Rather,
as. folklor&,
hancc
First
profit
our Folklore
thei,r lives&id
school
co&es
of
arc far Marc numerouS,
stretch
High
the ways
arc being trained
ends :Is~any othe< lilw$
thinking.”
with
with
of Arts and Sciences.
s&dents
’
and universities
in folklow
students
to
1~ folklore
I direct
men~bcr
for the s&x
.thcir
them
in the College
take
sullthcni
fir some tinie responded
for’cxarnple;‘wherc
chiefly
took
and c&[ts.
acquaints
the undergraduates,
of “man
the uxwcntiohal
‘i‘hat direction
have
in folklore.’ Our graduate
Iut
with
his realization
those too few colleges
matter
any othcr~ department
concc$.
us, wit\
and to t~heir &&es
Unive&ty,
undcrgr2duatcs
folklore
painfully
there’are~;nrorestuden.ts~per~f.i~~,Ity
than-in
teach
M’iggintdn’tells
taught-students
to a subject
At Indiaja
the I$xfirc
to a new direction.
at the’~college
high enthusiasm
humanity.
were
and neighbors,
where such courscs~ar<
hob‘ks.,?nd
as Mr.
&gcrly
their grandpawnts
cowse\
on the Fox/Cc
to comment
/
‘~
AFTERti’ORD
ieadcrs
of thr
should
Fc~ ~.firr I)ooks and
know
perjencc
dotes,
such
stories.
and
terms
family
LlSrchcn
teachcl-s
a$ folklore,’
saga,
local
folklife,
legends,
sense usually
,oppc$zd
to fornxdly~
twecrja
he$lai
bet\\:ct$
an oi:al tale or song that
piece.
bi’e pro$ucts
lcaincd
rrmcdy
~_ ii+cd liieriry
and
“teililig
the bee swarm
signifies
~kno&dgc.
The
Folklifc
vBries
is a more
with
people
histoCca1
times
and the)- display
and
&ditions,
hunting
times tells a tall talc or a humorous
been told ix othws,
to separate
as a personal
the personal
~~~~~
.the tally talc; which
tqld on the level
The
place?.
yarns
anecdote,
But they
the tangisuch
as hog
from
rarely
for in Americi
of local characters
art as ap-
Stilly a raconteur
some,,I~ -,
the folklor@ kn&whas
which
with
story
as another
some em-
adap’tedt~o
word,
*expcridnces,
thhese
tally tales,
a pationalistic
world.
But w-hen ,thcy
nating~in
the ballad
do turn up, as ,in the cyclc,of
Jadk talcs uncovered
in the
a rare treasure.
mountains
h the I~?OS, they exc:tc the folklorist
T
the songs of mountain
people can hc divided
mto those origiEngland
that
of all thc>e forms
OF in the UnitEd
&&and
spins a talc or the, lyric
within
one househ>old
that
into
subdivisions
sin,qs a scntimiznt.,
can lx called
s
further
family,saga.
i
,~
,~;-_
in th& c.G-1~~
the personal
’
folklor’e
He is f;imiliar
as a comic
anecdote
&il,
:
<hooksare
so it is the task “(the
io use the G&man
are better
hy the
stories.
eccentric’perso’ns
talcs or M&hen,
southern
$i&larl):,
,
can
in the Foxfire
local-character
apocrvphal-of
arc,.‘repeated
of fol,k narra&
the folk narrative.
sible’exaggeration,
bu
now5&);s,
of folklore
printed
experience,
the fair)- tales or magical
and anecdotes
a
be done to keep
fZklor@, lives by
student.
of fun”>- sto
surface
and
actual events. A good deal of
especially
in th‘e form of the
the same features
of such-personal-experience
sonic
or
place never ~cY~Y~&~~~~~~~~~~
to in&rest tht folk-’
,
in the sense of being told by-many
they are not folktalcs
good
bellishcd,
prescription,
which was reported
as taking
stories have recently
begun
at different
examples
bc-
or singer
,.‘.
;IS
be mabe
designates
cultural
occurrcrice.
folktalcs,7’he
ki?d
teller
rcccnt~term~that
of preindustrial
ficnr in regular
student
each
&ditions,
can
about a death in the ho&must
from laying to a new home. Oral history;~likc
as an actual
teller,
distinction
thq Ixcs”
cl-en though
original
&cc-
making,
or log ,,cabin building.’ Frequently
there is oral
with folklife ol)j&ts and practices;
fbr example,
the be--
,’ reco,ynizc that the cvcnt
pen. Personal-experience
different
personal-ex-~
oral .cultural
atid a doctor’s
word of ;nouth,
lxx it deals with presumed
I,, folklol-e nc\-crthelcss
crceqs into oral his&~,
lorist,
history,
cburses~
tall talcs,, local-ch;rracter
known’ in the family
processes
‘h~nitcheiil,gI quilt
folkldrc connected
told
oral
qf Foxfire
all is a I)lur.
Fti~klore in the scholarly
~,,’ legend
students
or fail-y tales,
Othe&c,
lief ihat
and
in thc;same
way that they learn the
of flol-a ;rlld’,faun;r~-~~to bring 16 focus the objects of their at-
cia&ificntions
ten&n.
483
’
Thet~mixture
.~
c1.
of
I
4’s 4~
Once th$se distinctions
abe grasped, the Foxfire stildent
? citi,lg trail that will lead him to simila1; le~e~lds, Ixlief?,
&I follow +I? Ed+:md practiCes ~II
ot~hc~ pits
of rhe country
and in other countries.
One
nw;iiljlis ~hc coliect”,- “f folklore and human rrperiences
t]lc stc~ry lie ~]I;\-\xcoded
in ;I sixcjfic
locdit)~,
of the grea{ thrills
is ~ec”gnizillg;tl~at
and whi(:h
11~~has \XY~ told
h;tppencd
ri+t
three, is attxhed
t,” man) other- pl;re:.
Ilaiile
an “Id lolrsterma~~ “nce rela\rd
t” ;me how Yoho
fron? tvhrx
WC \vcre mlkin~:, had gain+
only the lord
f,iLy &rs
r”\,.ed
after
“Y&o”
:ql
with
:ti vill&r~ ejrl
ofi wirh her, tir~hi> qqc
the rerrca;ins
b”$
on
~~~_
ii1 our midst;
,,
GIII ~the .Foxfire
How
._~&rded
belongs
two
there,
about
n hundred
alrducted;~
when
n rescue
he had
he tnre their
reported
Icarri
miles
and
pariy
“ne half
t learned
iI Kentucky,
that. riianv
that
Catinda,
of the stories
.
3~~
!
niountnins,
are f”lkl”r:,.
or not the ,itcin he has
whetheo~
or falklife,
account
of
who uttered
1~~1,~in two kind threw
this grim
in the cities /IS weli
t” folklore,
Cove,
down
investigating
student
,the cqnst
L4 wild nun
similar versions “i’the %“h” man had h&n
and Persia. ‘l~‘“d;tv the studrnt cif folkior-e
ctilariilg
on
its name:
I~jved in the woods
i
“1‘ oral history?
Here
he C&I t,aste
th?~lea-su~es
of the library, n&v that h6 has his own persona1 quest to pm’.5uc. ‘i’he te&@~r ~willQnd
;t critical edn;ation$l
task before him since .t+l~ook~ on folklo&
I _~
coined
the work
me~ir;&d
siudent~
are so ~&&en~~qld
“f;Lkelore“
the materials
ill the rl~sr”om
~suqe&d
T\‘ithout
of folklore
and inaccurate&L-------~
~~‘~~
:%&zi~ ~~~~~~
~~~~
that d~storte&,~@
sentl-
and misinfo&S
or tile ~cneral
puhficz.The
t” thr sul,jrct
[” ilidii.;lte-i~nl~!.~nes
t~oo much
so misle&lin~
to den”te~t~iose.~,gqks
as an inrrod,ucti”n
Bi\lli”qraph~
dften
apology
mat&
art! available
1, will-Ix@
their
of folklore
and ath&
&says illustrate
i_s.~~~~~~~
’
and fblkl~fr.
:
’
with some “T ;ny “WT ho&.
rc,.rnt
One is I:oiklore- <ITIC/ Frzkelo~re (Harva~tl
*
I c,;6 j ;’ thr first essiiy re(.apitlllntes
some of my. I,attle(to
IzG,
w%~~L.~__
6f ix+&
in paprri~~ck)
m”~
;i~ildies on ii sound
readers,
f”ll”wir$is;
University
establish
~the theorics
Amy
/
P~cs~?
folklore
‘. ~‘-
and rexa&
methods 0i the foltilorist. Two similar volunles of nly collected ~writings ‘are
FoikZort*; .Sthc/eti
~:ssqs (Indiana
Uuivelsity
Press: 1372 ) and, Americas
~~FoII;Jo~P c~nd the llirtoriart
J University
of Chicag-o ‘Press; I 97 I ) .~A general,
s~~rvcv of fhe discipline
f,~oducfion
‘CI.niversity
which* eighteen
on an .advanced
of (:hicas”
professionals
Press,~ 197~)
contrjbuted
.eaCh~ chap&
;\Iy ~il~Gcnn
contains an annotated
Folklo,-e*
(Utiiversity
iri I.e,q&”
[ Panthc&,
with
comparative
khapters
i 9,73), dis~cuss’the
notcs,,,df
an/l Folkli/e,
which
or
select I,ihliography
of Chicago Press,
people within a hi\toricalframe,wo~k,
lam in the T,‘niterf .Slaie.r* (Uni~~f-tit)
amples
level is Folklore
foWtraditi”ns
I edite\,
their
speclnl
an. Inand
to
traditions
.‘.
fields;
for fuither readings.
I gig),
and Anzericn”;
0:~ the i\meriGan
and Hullin,q the Winil; Re,$ional F&of C:hic;igo Press, ,I $4)
proLIes
ex-
those
*~~”
~..
,as collected
in se,ven re-”
:
.4F’I’ER\‘ORD
$35:
Bioods(p,fqm
and
Bemfinlkers”
(Harvard
r1 wideI>; used introductory
hy Juan Harold
folklore in the
,University
tcx*-rl,ook is Thf? S1uilj~ Q/ zluzericnn
Bri~nva~~d (Norton,
~Ig(i8), which presents
United
States. Brunvand
ha~~~also I,&ught
Rr.r!~n/~c% C;laid:;”
;.st. I\lartjlt:s
press,
I 976)
hy ‘:llal~ Dundes
(Prent&eiHall,
i.
,4mel-icnn
,num _ler of folklorists.’
Press) ! giS),
:_ specialists
+nz&irc~n Folk
Le,gend
fre%,
articles
and
‘an csc&~t
tice-Hal&
in Mother
collections
:aqd
.
is a model for the regional
title that
jro,,r
Schohnrie
ihc
A’nri~~Brarich
I-
ditions
of,fisherm&
(George
Carey ‘in ‘~1Fnrnwq
.work
the history
Ti~‘e
comhininq
,+nrs
and pcrsollaljtic~:.~cncrait$
1)): Austin and Alta Fife’in
Press,
collected
(University
~gsti),
and studied,
s&a
Emclyn
scttlcmcnt
I g7 I )
somces
is L&wood
atid
but C&I
Xianco
.
Its Nero
Tlic
l L-niversity
ethnic
of one
is Mod)
‘~Y’hcse t&l& and
garden
C.
!Uni\xxsit):
folklorc’har
folk hero
rg,58’),, dealing
Boat;igQt’s
Folklore
Press,
j
their
~lji
‘to rec+truct
’
‘The
his&xl
hot yqt been
rcli!hrated
is also underdollected,
I#,
prese&ed
A pi&jeering&
How
in ?‘he ?‘wo Rosetos
His Pistol In His Nqd”:
of ~$exas&ssl
101-e of occupations
~qfethodist
l?allad and
“W$h
Paredes,
&a-
I~~l&&~phies
well
Uni-
in comparing
Pennsylvania.
A
in the southwest
A Bord&Ballad
with, Gregorb
is
and
Carter,
hut a skillful~~,interpretation
of the Oil
can lead
(Indiana
readers
Industry
intd
(Southern
the $iavmed
of/&$xe.
1 .4 huol/ which we’ve
ward D. Ives [Sortheat
-Ed.
;,
‘: ~~~”
~~...;~
I:::,~
folk legends is dcmonstrated’for
the Mar,J’nin(s of Sqe andSnrldlc (Indiana
Uni-
Immigr&t
fine stud\- of a Mesican~
afl
The
Montell’~
1 g~7; )
versity Press, I 974) has’ made an authoritative
con[rihuti+,
the folk traditions
of Roseto, Italy, and its colony Roseto,
hy An~%x
first
ii Leorlard~
‘ji4).
a&adeptly
Press,
_,‘~~‘-’Al.__
E. Gardner’s
Kentucky
(Lute,
of ‘l‘ennessec
essays on
of Atichigan
&s,
shore
Place
;
Bnrrellc, (Pren-
(University
frpm
y
oft C&for@
I ~rccommend
collector.
J’ql-4
eastet-n
md
of a vanis hed K&tu’cky
of (lee Ri@
\:ersity
in
c&1 and documentarv
Sq0
monc
puhlishcd
(UniG%i&~h&ex&
On Maryiand~~s
of folk historv
scricx of papers,
writings,
;Hjil.r,“A’ew
Sell&
to
( Univcrrity
‘~
by
,dcvoted
fhc k~z,zrg$ng
i .’
~.~..
~~~~~Pro~,i~gji.;~~t rrotab~e~~coll~ction .of far&kRoberts’
‘~’
for that volume
a Glebrtion ~01 intdrprctafivc
Wit j,or,
to field-Tvork.
Folklore
A
and, stud&ts~~~
i\~,symposium
Band
1~73 )
Turnin::
older
has also edited
folklore
of
n
Of ~Folklo&e&tcd
csp&ll+~w?itten
rn~teri~al~~~cuiturr.
pl’oduced
1’97i ). Dundcs
F&&E
Y&O reprin& s>h~larl&says
by ,a
1.
FoMife,
edltcd, ~)LDo_n:Yuder~~~(.Uni~!ers~-
a hook rvith that title, ~editbd by \Vayland
f~lb.4meric;~n
:
.*
I 965):
contains
on folk ~crafts
is T&e St&v
iepr.
the ~categories
put ,Folklqe,
to or.icIit teachers
new to thr sul:~jcct. A more adva~&$work
~;, of Texas
,,)i
Press, 3gsz;
found extr&ly
useful is A
Archives
of Folklore
and
for Field Work+A
Orono,
Maine,
I.
by Ed1971).
,
I”
INDEX
OF PEOPLE
‘~
,
(
THE
KIDS
-_~ ~Joey l;‘ount+~
:
_~
.
Russell
;irthur
hlwie
,
\Vendy
GqwY.
Randall
Hardy
Cl&l-e Sunder
Keith
Scott Bible
J,,I&t
Scott Bradley
Imrje
,/j
”
,,/”
Juel &tler
Butler
I
,.,<I’
,,.x
Horton
Debbie
,,;,./
/, .,/
’
.,/
Brunson
‘Lyu!
Head
,,,,.+3mis
3 Cam Bond
\ix;
Frectnan
Jeff I%)
Auten
J,an Brown
.
Louise
James
Doug
L. James
Anita
Jenkins
Sid Jones
Beverly
”
AL
.f
Y’
Justus
‘Crnig“C%rQon
Ken Kistner
Tom
‘i’omlrl~ Larnl~
Carlton---.,
Brmda
Carpent&--\
3&~yb~lle Carpentrr
’
Jeff Lane
Rusty
,~.,
‘....
Bit Cuv-er
Kw
’
_
..
Caner
;
‘, r
Rbbbie Letson,
DOIJ MacNeil
yoh
I’hvllis Carver
Leggett
MIatthizs
De&-
M?swell
Vicki ChAstain
Ridg
hZacA?tlu~~
Phil Conner~~ ~_,
Ray McBride.
A~la~ryChastain
Doug
’
plefi
Cornell
---,.,_
‘McGee
‘Gem -Hu
MC
Sing CraGford
’
:
-.-.\-~
$9
L’
‘....
,“_
Ken Cronic’
Debbie
-‘.\-
Roy Dickerson
Betsy TvIoore
Karen Moore
IIik
~Rolxrt
Wendell
’
;::,y;;zI;b-
Crowell
Culpepper
Drake
Moore
Jac!i East
Susie Nichols
Jeff Ikm
-11 Oakes
Bob O’Dwyer
Dale Ferguson
,>
\
Li
,.,i”
‘,
\
a
I
INIX?
OF
PLOPI,E
Q’-I
‘?
.
Ford’ OlivwShCllC) Pact
Richard
Page
John Pope
’ Sharon Pope
:\nnet,te
Mary Thomas
?‘erese Turpin
,:~ Jim R&fro
’
i!line ~Richnrds
:
tlisoi~
Ruthedord
Stcph:\nie
Shuptl-ine
~Dwaync Skcnes
‘.
*”
Barlx~~T~~lpr
.\~lyI-a Queell
Recnls
*
‘l‘hornas
/
‘:
~, r;‘Sue Van Petten’
:
Sheila Vinson
g
j, “’
:‘I
Matt
a
p
(
”i
~,y;;;$;;,,,
Don&
1
Sutherland
DclG
,::hxm
I
i
Che1-);I Stocky
‘1’0111I’oTreF
I’cim Reddick
t
3
LO? Smith
Sieve Smith
$37~
’
Wright“
’
young
,/’
3,’
,_,’
..
,,’
.gns
J
THE
*~
,
‘,
CONTACTS,
\
.;
.;,;:“:
*
c:. 11. .4rrn\~oo~l
Jm .4r1-o\vooti
‘Bume~t
Brohks
Flo;-&re
md
Mnrinda
and Hary
Lawton
I
Brooks
Brown
Jack Byl~annn
j .~~ Shirky and SIillard
Buchanan
‘I
I
Cal,e
‘l‘hrrmas Camphell
Cannon
, ~,’ Dot Chasmin
~11~s.x01-man
Ethel
2
colcman
Lanich
‘: .
Ledfo$,
,~
C. P. I&m
ib\Je Long
:
Lovell
‘~Pearl kwt&
Gay M&lain
R. AI..Dicker.son
Thad
$Iduck
-41~s Martin
’j
AIimi Dickerson
Jim hlcCm~
Dickrrson
’
Dill;ir-d
Dills
Len Dover
~‘,
Dawdle
Ulysses
Mc&o~
.
hfvrtle
JvfcMihon
Harpy
hliller
Belzora
Moore
~’
.3&oel Moore
~elle~Drpm
.~
Rev. A. Rufus korgan
Hoi? Du~.all
Mrs., George
Nix
Charles
Addie”Norton
,
Fnnhardt
.\,lrs. Thelma
Harriet
Erhqls
Harold
Emhrq
\‘r’illiani
Earp
:
’
Norton
Laura
Patton
Annie
Perry
,.,,
.
Nortbn,
1 1~
d
Mrs. Editl~,lParker
i CT
%,nrl “Preach’!
Parsons
Flowers
Free
Margaret
Richard
14dam Foster
Simtiie
>
hlrs. i,. D. Hopper
Lizzie Lovin
XInck Di~~kcrson‘_
Bobbie
”
Mrs. linrl Hdlt
Garnett
.Daile)
Barnard
Hkks
Mr. Ledlxtter
‘i;i-qd Dal-nell.,,
Terry
Henson
Stanlev
,prna
Corn
Inqme
and Charlie
Pauline
Ted
I
I<eona T. Carver.
0
”
Ross Hartley
~~lrs. Ray Kelly
Ca7pmter
Bbck Carver
‘a
Dick Harrison
Ada.Kelly
Carl Carpenter
.
I
‘~.4nn$Howard.
hmway
and Park Hughes
.4unt -41-k CYrpenter
Mary
in
Gpncr
Grist
dJohn
AlllIt Lola C@lOIl
.~
PEOPLE
,‘l‘edra Harmo;~
5th
Buchalian
~h~lr$.C&l
OF
B~anchc Hxkins
?’
LonnieX~rkins
Arv>-ooh~
Louin
IN,rriFx
ci~rrlalrd
l‘onr
Garrett
Mnie
,’
~.Ant.,~N”r:\
Buford
_”
_,’
:
I
3:
n INDEX
&co
OF
PE-OPLE
48~
/
Pitts
Gl;id!-s Tcague
MI-S. J. D. Quinn
Cal ‘l‘homas
‘l-on1 Ramcv
Lo Clarcncc Rathl,unc
Harv
.il
H&le~-‘l‘hom;w
Nell Tl~om~~s
Jason Townsend
Reid
Lou Reid
;\Ir~~._\Io~lr.~~~~~eese
.’ Hark!-
Ro~er\‘--~--~~,,.
i K&my
Runiorl
Willjk Ukderw‘;io
‘Mrs. Birdie
.‘~;.;_
7‘. 1’. Vinson
~;,~~~SSill
Scagle
Dpug
\‘ina
Mr,ean~..&~~r,e J&&!aldmup,
Sheppard
>/
Speed
B. ~J. Stilts
Luhc Stilts
t
Stubbs
Glades
$\v;rnson
1
Pearl Watts
Grov& \\~cl,l 1
---..
~.~,~~
~,~ ,,~
INaomi ‘1Yhitmire
, ,,~
.
lllonl;ls
,\~h.
Mae
f 1~.n:~on
Ralph~.Vinson
3’
!:
A:frs. Ben Willianu
~~\:i;;7&~illi;ll~
~
2
‘
Ore11 SxmsoIl
Will Zoeiiner
&‘I
!
-
.’
A SELECTED
LISTI~NC
OF PERIODICALS
.~.
~~~-%3+BEf$O,JRCE
M’ATEPIAlt
...~~.
,’
ABO’UT THE AbPALAd?h&.~EGION
, ,,
~~---A,~
‘-.I
,_ :,
“_
‘\
.
*
.AP~~.?L.ACHI.A
There
is no charge
ever): other
month
for a subscription
and
deals-with
Appalachia.
It is published
governmen;
agencx:; that
quality
dei,otes
to this jou&!,
of
~:
which
Appalachian~egional
*its at&ition
C&mission,
to the
The
‘Avenue:
of the
WaShifigton,
,:been
H&age
is a quartei?y,
hpn-profit’ jodmal, dedicated
to ,the
.‘
qf the peoples of Southern
Appala&ia,
of .the life and
tales, songs,
to corect
Southern
sayin&
“While
poems,
the stereotype
&~ountain&r
‘Fbncerned
iore,> crafts,
and
(b&h\
way by means
pictures.
unple&t
and tq rev@
of3 stories,
A central’aim
his humanness,afid
with tht? Appalachia,ti
terms
appeal
dcfecti.
r ingjt
with
Stand-on
doing
their
gqod
short
form+tj+e,
customs
worthy
~‘/ou+l,
acW&ti+ing
(.4lSo, it ~>no,~~profit
stoiies.‘,I?
is partictila$’
though,
atid. sketches
addition
April
of the
fdr anv-Iil&ary:
15, 197;.
For infortiation,
I(y. ‘41844:
i j
under@
cari do everyone
a favor
its
atid sqme
&@&i&g,
highi?
lo&l. l&t&y,
+eople,“This’%$ct
Herita&,~
;;,
and
e,g. d+h,,and
‘makes
.I
by
poety~~ (‘passable)’
Good’ i$strati&s,
~~~~~~
.., :~-~~~~
_
write~:_~gp~~alachi~
~~-~ ‘*
,~ -
are
of mak-
v&z&&
mountain
which
than-pointing
and
I
I&has
aW‘des&ous
It?also.~ includes
for recoll.wtions
as Foxfire.
atid the editors
its own tlNo*hiRd~ feet.’ Librarians
rega?d.)
folk-
the are?, rather
affair,
hi; ir$this
of history,
to be,.~almost~a general
in the catcggqry oft Ymkei,’ ,. orYin,, t&ame
&a
intrinsic
honesty,
t&usual
for rcgioDa1 magazines,
&iiii~~ned
image, of tH%
individuality.
rxgiorl.in
I%US;C, etc., ihis h’as broad,enough
sketches,
has alwayi
‘arid ~untrue)
magazine
an
D.C.
_‘, *
culture
i
both7 old’ and ne\~, in a pleasmg real-life
esays,
‘;
I.
,,
pres&tation~
a
,\ppalachi&~
:>PPALACHlAr HERITAGZ~
5
21ppalarilian
the
improvement,
to : Apf&ch~in,
Write
1666
Connecticut
3 1~. ~~~~
Cbmmission,
20235.
out
I,y l‘he
of life in the ~4ppalac&ns,
Regional
cpmes
the economiGS and soFizJ development
~~
in-
burials
it a
,,
,%iob.” - BY ~K.~&Jrnj~
Box
’
I 32, Pippa
Pass&,
-’
~._,
~~~~:y
-,I
PERIODIC::\LS
.
,~
;
AND
’
RESOURCE:
h~?l’ljERIAL
as
8.
!
491
\\
\’
\_
l
i
~,\2’I’.\L-\CH!..\.~
,J”“KV”L
a.~~
‘l’his qrlxr-trr-;;‘
s~~holarship
;rnd opinioli
of intcrczt
art
rci.orti
a broad
the cntirc
;mthropo!ogy,
.sociolo~y,
folklore,
and ‘&oIogy.
gcograph~,
Included
Hall,
fields
cconortGcs,
are. poetry,
poli-
sho1.t fiction,.
A4fipaln~-hi:~n Journ&,
N.C.,28608.
.4ppalachinn;St’ate
_,
‘l~.~~
1
1
-._
‘il’,‘hl..~(:ili~~\
:
of u&-disciplinary
.~~I)p;lI;~Chi;lp~ I-egioll. Major
r;!tos fo’r one y&r bake
‘134 Sanford
\
spectrum
I c\.ic\Gi.\ __ a.
Sulxuiption
e
alwut
hisroryl
tics. cdu~~tion.
IlOok xitl
jour-!lnl* pul,lishcs
“111.
III%ICJRY
I’&OJ
KC:‘,~
! .’
Lrc‘s Junior
Collcgc,
jackyon,
/
is’dailv
exploited
stolen
Press- catalogue:
&om
corporation!
I>!~giant
these o~~ncrs ilot liyc hue,
production.
Our
~ratural
our I;ll)or- alorir~that
p 1.
.~
:.; :
rt”(
<‘\
TI(~
lal~or. The
,ei
c
&a
,qxs
into the
earn
it. They
1)
e
11”
“Appalachia
us!/, Our natuql
whosc~ owners
lqt
they
make
\dUf
f’ mm
awful
our
ar!dihatie
y~~~~~
i
become
,:
I.0
Our
belong
the process
of’
to $1 of us, and it is by
to us in the fo,rm of,products.
Yet
and a mcrc pittance
for our
from our rcs&u,-ccs and labor
rcs”,Ircci
ihe
..,
resources
and &r labor are
do nbt live here. Not only do’
cst sharr’o! what is producr’c!
t
por,kcts .,of ]hcse <:“I poratc owners
liic
is a colony.
no contributioII~to
~.csb/~rccs ‘rightfully
‘hr!- ar~made
:
_ .-
‘.,,?
, ,‘.,
: ,-
AP’P.AI..ACIII.\Y PRESS
5
l~rom the ;lppalachian
wealth
Ii);. 4 I 33~9,
who
do nothing
+t ~11~to
in America
by
:
492
”
.
PERIODICALS
exploiting
us., \\le:, ate t$e Appalackia;l,
to the expioitation
howr\,kr,
ing,
RESQURCE
MAZERI~AL
.
\,Vrite:
to putt$g
*t; elia
P1:ess +xs
not ptit 0121 a pub xttlon
011’a ;fegular basis;
k
of offerings,
which include /publi:ations
on coal mi~>-~~~~~~~,~
,i
a catk‘gue
strip
Fress ,‘:L-.
arc ;;i.edicnted
1,
of our land and laboi.”
‘13~ ,\ppalachian
?,
AND
?~ .,,~ ~,~~~~~
mininq,
labor
Appalachian
unions,
move”nen&:efk.,
freedom
Press, P. O., Bog 8b74, Hunti
~& -av&+t&z~~~
‘#gton, k,(tk
4v,
25705.
)
I‘
:,e,
Appalsho’b
is a IIon-profit’
multim~~ia~
company
that
was started
in the
late ,1g6os in Whitesburg,
Kent,ucky,
with an office ,,of Ec?nomic
Opportunitv grant. It began as ~a11experilnent-t(r~~ecord.
the hpitage
and .strjgE!e for
(, ‘:’
~~‘~~.~
&kz~!~~~?f people in ‘the mo&tain
re$&
Now Appalshop
has $wn
intp
an independetrt~~me_dla
center ~that includes projects mf high-quabty
I 6-~nlnl
‘i
filnw;
still photograph?;
’
Appal R&ordings;
and ,R,~ad~ide.Theate~,~-a
storytelling
group ‘that’ p’esents programs
of old nioun~t&ii tales along $ith music in:school~ das~oonls--~
%
and community
fes&ds.
I
\
June
.porary
;\ppal
mixing
burg
R&dings
mountain
is ‘produced
and
console
enabl6
provides
,f>lagazine;
an o&t
musicians
who hesire
mark;&.
The
and rekxding
Inusicians
‘- ‘~- “~~~~~By
ijte~~fj~6,
~~ the ,G’m&i
a ~,,q+xrterly
June
-(Niinrod,,.
to r+rd
Appal
for &djtionai
some control
proximity,
machine
n/l0!y?itni?~ Rerkw;
” C&rem
catalogues
at the June
had
released
W,o&m,an
records
and
+4ppal studio~i~fi WhitesL,___cL”“-cl_r----.,----------
Phyllis
a.5 Passin,~ Throuih
such
Boysns),
~‘$iew Woo<f
I‘Ly. 4181,8.
~[
from June
~~1x0listint:
(See
(Si’
atid
Appal
or
for itlow-
y
’
*
a3
,,,
MdCutcheon),
Cooperative).
and films are availal&
Whitvshurg,
,
music
the eight-track
at their ‘pleasure.
of records
Box 743,
~tpin Rec’iew. j
cantem-
of the way their
and ,openness’of
Kahn),
Hoiu~. C’an I h’erp
jrom
S@ng’
(John
~Brown LuYz,qS/Cqtton Mill Blues (,Mountaili
Musicians’
-~
and
&ne
i
.I
I
-.*
sRolnsrnE
”
c
r
e
,Vp~blic
teleliision
,/ for alid, about
the
_ ests. For a cl&r
tory, traditional
.‘plete
listink
!‘~
f$lity,‘$roadside
C&tral
was founded
tippalarhian
Ibob,~at land
T.\,‘., Elm and Millard,
for
Jolnilson
>;
salt
ne,edk; coal
,,and inter-
or rental
City, Term.
1
r
l‘ape
,3jko1 ; (~6!5)‘,,9z6-8rgl.
,
,a;
-,
Cam
problems
mining,
ional hw
Catalo, ue, a corn-,
f
disiribktion,
from Broadside,
Broadside
“,
., I,
vi’deotapes
peopk--their,
use~“enei~y
arts ,and skills, order,thc
of Gitleotape~
to produces
1
_,,, ,,~’
-,~
PERroDIc~u2
.!,y
493
cion
,,,a
T
/
\
FCIXFIKE
__~~~~
-~-i~-~
~“--,~
F~‘Jirr
:~
is a quarter!,v
_
_
r&gazinc
writtco
; :
.
.
pi
#’
’ “~7..
1
‘0
I)y students
of Rabun
Gap
High
. :’Shod1 in northcast
G&r,+.
From tkk
magazines
comc:the ,zu&les for she
\ Fos/i,i~ stoops, ‘I’h tI w IIV
~.: 11p
.. t’1011 rate for the magazine
is @.o,o per year,
Using royalties fl-am s;des of the Fox/ire i~obks, the organization
has ;d&~O
started
book,
;I publishing
a history
h&se
(Foxfire
of the small
press,
railroad
whicti
that
recently
served
released
the-arca-the
its first
Tall&h
Falls Railroad j an$:;has begun’ a recording
company,
the first ~albums from
which al-e now available.
For announcements
of offerings,
setid your name
!o lx placed
o~our
mailing
list. Write:
Fo.r/ire,
Rat&n
Gap,
Gn. 30568.
Y
, pi
‘%
wJLUt;lSEAL
‘l‘h& quaiyrl),
documentir~g
distributed
\vithout~~c-h+rg~
;&Yrst Virginia:ri;tra~tional’wa\i~~of
..
farmcr.5, musicians,
and-;‘traftsnaen
c1e.s about
older
publication,
customs
C/IO Science
and
life..Jn&de$,
who‘ are
ways of this state:‘W’rite:
and Culture
Mountnin
f&m
Earth.
call
without
~~~~
~~~~the
%f ~~~est~~~Vi&ia,
CharleSton,%.
y+.
a yo&g
is a unique,
s
.m?nthly
.,
,.~.,
publication
new-~day ~approach,
.% a mo&tain
);oung mountain
t~e~ie~~~:~prolide
;’
25308.
.
6&s
Designed
~: ‘:<
in~it are arti-
fork-a&‘about
the
mountains,
the people, the culturt?:Now
in its third. year of publishing
~,~~.~~
;:
th’ heart of the Mirrgo County
bills in sonthkcs&rn
,M’est Virginia,
Mouniain
~-
for
familiar
?l!he~St&e
Cent~er, State Capitol,
.$.~
XIouxTIIIh- C.ALL, THE
‘The
&a
magazine,
to :\$palachia
from
T.he
and. Mother
it;k a coming-together’of
people and life-styles.
Its Mountaineer-of-the-Man+
~IJ intima&JiIe
e&gxrienne Miith~~hill-~~opl~.~~~~~~
old and
.,
in~~~;
‘~A~
A sample c,opy can bepurchased
for $.35, or a twelve-issue
subscriptiofl
is,
a\-ai~lable for $5.00. Write: The Moktain
‘Call, The”Knob,
K&nit,
M’:‘,Va~.,
‘$74.
~’ )
*
‘,
.,
,
hfOL-xTAIx LIFE AND WORK
~~~Mounfain
$fe
nnd Work is thk official
-~cil of the Sout~ern”~Iountains.
in ,fhe Appalachiatx
~~’periodicals
~ >on-goiig
and $rstha;;h
Since
mgnthly
publicatioti
@25 it has consistently
I&ion.
coverage
‘42
Today;
of political
ML&W
a&xx
throughout
the: rc,gio,,.,~,~ccording
to noted author
“ha.5 tIecome a ~yeal fight&g pu~licat’ion
that‘ takes
of great and pressing
*
(
;
I
importance~to
the .ranl, and
and
#.
of &Counled the’way
provides
the
for
only
str~~ggles occurring
Harry Caudill, ALL&W
up land decals with is&es
file people
of the Appala-
1.
~I;&- a yaPs
sili,sc~iption,~srnd
$,~.oo to .bfoun/~~in
x, (:lilit\\~ootl, vn. 242?8.
” 1ijj&jj
~:;~t~10~/Bil~lio~:mph~
ii~shed I))- tile
Council
of :he
I-i/e mnd Work,
011 the Appnlx:him
Southern
Mountains,
aydablc
Soutll,”
descril~eti
throu$l
over
It also includes
a history
of the Council
~,,~~~,~.~~~~,~..~,:,.-~~---~~---’~’~
_~
.’
,
\
I,
~+
pUl)I,WO
its Booksttire
Histo~~/Bil)lio~raphy,
Rccnrtis.
Drawer
‘in
ii,
PERIODIC:;W~AND
old exploitation
of the I-e$orl l)y outside
‘the sul)sc-riptioi1
rate
.\lGngdorr,
;
,‘.
RESOURC:E
is $4.00
in&rests.
per year.
Write:
_‘._
A?F;\Lr\CHIr\S'MINISTRY
IN
:
I,
,.
..~(I
y--2@
B _,
S)~gle~issuc
p&e
#,
j \,,
is~~$*:#:;
7’hp. Pluw., ‘I’.’ 0.” Bdi’1zzz?
..
/ .
:
\‘;I: 242 10.
SOLTIIEKh
-.
.;
\“IATERL’\l.~
I
) I
i
>I
EDUCAl'lON
HIGHER
,,I
i\'
Southern
that
:1ppalavhian
Ministry
in part,
the pul)lication
sponsors.
soci;dissncs.
in\ Higher~ Education
(111~ of the m(K;t rwcnt
in the-mountain
h!; .4nita
of l~ooklcts
offer&s
Parlow.
in the mountains.
.4nothcr
MTritc: Southern
* I<dt~~~;rtion, I 538 Highland
~4vcnuc,
concerning
is a &?dy
r.hio,z I.rsues rrn/i Ru.cou~ces. ~It’s an 8%page
source
is an organi%on
App&chian
of land
dcvclopment~
is a catalog&
~called
listing
about
of just
Appalachian
Knox~~ill~, Tcnn.
Ap#ddevery
Ministry
re-
in Higher
379 I 6.
.
;
g
S”CIHEKS
EXFOSL~KE
“Swfht,r,z
.:~:
xlf.
,%~fxuurc
Somet+&
a tobacco
fai-mcr.
whether
miner
tcr.South
Pearl
ism .to p;ol)c
the deeper
8 lathin
the
the
that
a portrait
chia.
cncrgy
mining
to a photo
regular
readers
~conglomcr-ate
destroy!
have
the next.
_Ix~ttles of
of old, we’re
it. nor too meek
intimate
the
crafts
music
anti-strip-mining
&al history
‘Bloody’
and mountain
Mlads
dc\:elopmcnts
almost
root$d
We view our &&c
tion submitted
Box 230, Chspcl
to &ie
Hill;
hy .Sou~hcr-n E~uposu~~.
Harlan:
Valley;~
to an in-
anything
from
his
and time* or a research
repor
n
.A
is our’ passion for this
in a culture
in order
in its I&adest
terms,
the culp;it?whD
z$ few alternatives
free Iwoc-hure dcz~~riljing the issues pul)li$ed
to P. 0.
of
in Appala-
l,r
~~ltcr~t.~~Il-\-n~il‘dli~kc~~trr~~j\71oM;~Inorc
albo<~t~thc Sou~/t.&‘n Exflosure,
scription
within
groups,.
of the Tcnr~csscc
tics it logether
to rccotimcnd
fro:&
j&x&
We place Appaand
1~~30s and
to cxpe$
hook
not afraid
interviews
its future.
and
second-hornc
What
long ‘ago to a Wt-
from an ip-depth
Lunsford
con;c
Southerners,_
uses investigative
and
essay on the crafts
and
of oldei
pf
of lify~-~~this-re,~iug-ron;fo~~expl~ore-~-~-
have ranged
oul- Ixli~$&eing
it into a new future.
the populists
and
unions
It ma): Ix a music
pla(-c and its pcoplc,
-~‘ form
labor
Lamar
of ~I%id ‘own&hip
Our
history
speak for it-
or the te$bon@l
contrlllution
of th@ South,
includes
of Bascom
qu;tl-tcrl~- journal.
their
characteristics
in the journal
1930+74.
Vesti@+
tb oral
the words
a:ld c~~no,~~~~~~~~~~~~~ping
Davi~sow1\‘ildcr
from
that lets the South
,Soudhern, E~xposwe
Bond,
the lar,~cr context
articles
<:ounty,
who made
oln%x+
political
culture
Pre\~iow
it‘s through
In addition
hchind
within
same
ok- ma\-he
to Julian
journal
the xoicc~ of a I~lues singer
or minister.
today.
‘~~ I\Iim&
is a quartcily
it‘s throrlgh
N.C.
to trafisand like
chronically’
its improwwrite
for a
& send $8.00 for a year.‘;, suba &scrip2.~5 14.” -----From
,, s:~~
.*
:
PikRIODICALS,
‘.
,
AND
~RESOURCE
MATERIAL
SOTITHERS R’;C,IOSAI. CotINcII.
.
The Southerr~ RegionA Council is a anon-partisan privat~lyfunded
research and action organizatid,n, founded in IQ&$., Cbmposed,~ of a ITO-,
meri~lxr governing hoard drjwn.from
eleven Southern states, the Council is
workink to eliminate institutional
racism and poverty Iy makin% the re@on’s own institutions mo~~:accountal~le to iI1 the people they are supposed
‘to serve, The C:&ncil accomplishes its~work through a small core staff and
,’ _,’ *
special-project staffs th+ a~$yx issues, monitor governmental
responses to
these iss~,& and docqnent
aAd publicize their findin$;with
the goal of in-:
creasing citizen a’wareness of and influence oti public polic,y at, the national,
statc,~:md local leyeis.
Put~licntions of this organization
deal with educUion,
employment,
health, housing, rural and agicultyA
development,
etcq,4 complete list of
specific pulAicatio&
is availak)le on request. Write:
Southrrn
Regional
CI:ouncil, 52 Fairlie Street, N.W., Atlanta, @I. 30303.
0
I’S’ITED
XIISF.
W”RKFRS
J”‘TRS.4~.
I\-bile the UMW Jburnai is pa&
dexzoted to educating
the ,union
memlx~-ship on job health and~‘safet’y p;oMems and contmct issues, this unu~wtl union magazirte als~ regularly carries features on the lives ‘and proh*Iems of coal miners. Top$& range from miners’ ,attempts to improve housinx:. schools, and health c’are to what it’s like ‘to lx a coal miner or a coal
miner’s wifr.
This journal is pulAished every two weeks and the subscription rate is
$5.00 per year. Write: Unitprl hlitie Workcrr Journdl, CJOO15th Street,
N.\\I., Washing-ton, D.C.~‘zoo~~r).