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Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi, s. Biologie animală, Tom LIV, 2008
MORPHOMETRIC DATA CONCERNING ANIMAL SPECIES
IDENTIFIED IN SITES OF CUCUTENI CULTURE, PHASE A
Romeo CAVALERIU, Simina STANC and Luminiţa BEJENARU
“Al. I. Cuza” University Iaşi, Faculty of Biology, Bd. Carol I 20A, 700505 Iaşi, Romania,
cavaleriur@yahoo.com; siminams@yahoo.com; lumib@uaic.ro
Abstract. Archaeological excavations carried out recently in the site of Cucuteni Culture, phase A, furnished
numerous faunal remains. This paper presents the morphometric description of both domesticated and wild
animal species identified that we studied.
Keywords: Archaeozoology, Osteometry, Prehistory, Cucuteni A Culture.
Rezumat. Date morfometrice privind specii de animale identificate în situri aparţinând Culturii Cucuteni,
faza A. Săpăturile arheologice realizate în ultimii ani în straturile Culturii Cucuteni, faza A, au furnizat
numeroase resturi faunistice. În prezentul studiu s-a realizat descrierea morfomerică a speciilor de animale
identificate, atât domestice cât şi sălbatice.
Cuvinte cheie: arheozoologie, osteometrie, preistorie, cultura Cucuteni A.
Introduction
The samples of faunal remains analysed in this study are taken from the
Chalcolithic sites of Hoiseşti (Iaşi County, Romania) and Feteşti (Suceava County,
Romania). The settlement of Cucuteni Culture, phase A, from Hoiseşti is situated at
47˚12′5″ northern latitude and 27˚19′55″ eastern longitude, in a meander on the left side
of the Bahlui River, corresponding of the bridge that provides the entrance in the Hoiseşti
village (Dumeşti Commune, Iaşi County) (Ursulescu et al., 2004; 2005). The settlement
Feteşti-La Schit is situated in the East of Suceava County, 15 Km North-East from the
Suceava City on the Dradomirna Plateau (sub-unit of the Suceava Plateau), at right of the
Grigoreşti River, affluent of Siret (Boghian et al., 2005b). Geographical coordinates of the
archaeological site are: 47˚42′41″ northern latitude and 26˚22′6″ eastern longitude.
Material and Methods
The material under study comes from the Cucuteni A cultural level, of two
archaeological sites, namely Hoiseşti (Iaşi County) and Feteşti (Suceava County). In the
first case (Hoiseşti), material was found during the 2003-2004 excavations (Ursulescu et
al., 2004, 2005) and the Feteşti remains were excavated during 2000-2004 (Boghian et al.
2005a). The Hoiseşti faunal remains belong to phase A3 of Cucuteni Culture (Ursulescu et
al., 2004; 2005) and were dated of between the years 3500-3300 B.C./4350-4150 CAL.
B.C. (Mantu, 1998), and those from Feteşti have been considered to belong to phase A3A4 (Boghian et al. 2005a), and were dated of between 3500-3200 B.C./ 4350-4050 CAL.
B.C. (Mantu, 1998).
The methodology used is the specific to archaeozoology (Udrescu et al., 1999), the
measurements of anatomic elements being performed according to the van den Driesh
guide (1976).
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Romeo Cavaleriu et al.
Results and Discussion
From the Hoiseşti sample of 1557 mammal remains specifically determined
(Cavaleriu et al., 2006), 318 remains could be measured, at a percent of 20.42%. From the
Feteşti sample of 103 remains specifically determined (Cavaleriu & Bejenaru, 2007), only
15 remains were measured and the percentage was a reduced one, 14.56%. The excessive
fragmentation of the remains was the impediment in assessing the withers height of the
species identified in the Feteşti samples.
Table 1. Quantification of mammals remains (NISP=number of identified specimens;
MNI=minimal numbers of individuals) and of measurable remains in the sample of Hoiseşti.
Species
MNI
NISP
NR*
%
Bos taurus
5
222
31
13.96
Sus domesticus
16
451
38
8.42
Ovis aries/Capra hircus
7
204
26
12.74
Ovis aries
2
12
9
75
Capra hircus
2
6
1
16.67
Measurable remains
Canis familiaris
4
26
8
30.76
Total domestic mammals
36
921
114
12.37
Equus caballus
1
1
-
-
Cervus elaphus
3
158
22
13.92
Capreolus capreolus
6
118
31
26.27
Sus scrofa
12
328
133
40.54
Bos primigenius
2
8
7
87.50
Lepus europaeus
2
13
6
46.15
Ursus arctos
1
1
-
-
Castor fiber
1
1
1
100
Felis sylvestris
1
1
1
100
Vulpes vulpes
1
4
1
25.00
Sciurus vulgaris
1
3
2
66.67
Total wild mammals
30
635
204
32.12
67
1557
318
20.42
Total mammals
*NR=number of rests
In booth samples, there were identified remains of both domestic and wild
mammals, with the preponderating of the domestic ones (Tables 1; 2). The domestic
remains represent 59% of the total mammal remains identified at Hoiseşti, the percentage
being even greater (77%) for the Feteşti remains. The pig remains are the most numerous,
fallowed by the cattle and the sheep/goat, the last ones being equal in number (Tables 1;
2). Among the wild mammals, the most numerous are those of wild boar, red deer and roe
deer in the Hoiseşti sample (table 1), and in the Feteşti sample the wild boar and the roe
deer (Table 2).
A distribution of the remains on skeletal segments has been observed for all the
mammals species identified, the predominant being those of appendicular skeleton
(Tables 3; 4): 61% of the total Hoiseşti remains of Bos taurus are of appendicular
skeleton; for Sus domesticus the proportion of the two categories of remains is almost
similar, only 56% being of appendicular skeleton; for sheep/goat the proportion is also
greater for appendicular skeleton (65%) and for wild boar 69%. In the case of red deer,
due to the great number of antler fragments identified, the remains of axial skeleton are
- 280 -
greater than those of appendicular skeleton; we must take into account the fact that they
are only fragments and we don’t know how many of then come from hunted wild animals.
Twenty one of these fragments seem to have been worked upon, and four of them belong
to sloughed off antlers and gathered from woods, so if we deduct the antler fragments
from the total of axial skeletal remains, the axial skeletal remains prove to be dominant
(Table 3).
Table 2. Quantification of mammals remains (NISP=number of identified specimens;
MNI=minimal numbers of individuals) and of measurable remains in the Cucuteni A
sample of Feteşti.
Species
MNI
NISP
NR*
%
Bos taurus
2
24
5
20.83
Sus domesticus
2
26
2
7.69
2
25
3
12
Canis familiaris
1
4
-
-
Total domestic mammals
7
79
10
12.65
Sus scrofa
2
10
4
40.00
Capreolus capreolus
1
9
-
-
Cervus elaphus
1
2
1
50.00
Lepus europaeus
2
2
-
-
Vulpes vulpes
1
1
-
-
Total wild mammals
7
24
5
20.83
14
103
15
14.56
Total mammals
*NR=number of rests
Measurable remains
Domestic mammals
Bos taurus (cattle). In the sample from Hoiseşti 31 bone remains were measured of
which 25 were long and short bones (Table 5), four plate bones (Table 6) and two molars
M3 (Table 7).
There were measured, of the autopod bones, one calcaneus (127 mm greatest
length) and six middling phalanx (their variable greatest length being between 35-53 mm,
and the medium value of 44 mm). A fragment of distal metatarsus of 70 mm distal width
comes from a great animal, probably a great male. This value approximates the minimum
value for this parameter of Bos primigenius and ranges among the limits obtained for this
parameter at Drăguşeni, where the limits are of 49-75 mm, and the medium is 56.7 mm
(Bolomey & El Susi, 2000). The values for the distal width of the tibia are 63.5 mm, 65
mm, and 70 mm, similar to the values found in other phase A settlements, of 60 mm at
Dumeşti (Haimovici, 1989) and 63 mm at Preuteşti-Haltă (Haimovici, 2003). Other pieces
measured were astragals, radius, ulnas and metacarpus (Table 5).
As concerning the flat bones, we have measured four proximal fragments of
scapular, having the maximum length of articular process ranged between 60 mm and 80
mm (Table 6), with an average of 69.5 mm. These values correspond to those obtained on
Preuteşti and Dumeşti samples.
Although few bones were measured, a large variety of body parameters can be
observed; for instance, for the distal end of the metatarsus the values are between 54.5
mm and 70 mm, and for the articular end of scapula the values are between 60 and 80
mm.
For the Feteşti sample five measurements have been made, all for long and short
bones (Table 8). The greatest length of the calcaneus identified in this sample is of 127.5
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mm, similar to the one found at Hoiseşti. A great value for the width of distal epiphysis of
metatarsus (68.5 mm) has been registered in the case of this sample, similar to that from
Hoiseşti. For a proximal fragment of metatarsus the width is of 75 mm, this piece being
one coming from a large animal.
No whole long bones have been identified among these samples and that is why no
estimation could be made of the height of cattle withers.
Sus domesticus (pig). 38 bone remains have been measured at Hoiseşti of which 26
were long and short bones (Table 5), 7 plate bones (Table 6) and 5 molars M3 (Table 7).
The variable limits for the distal width of tibia are 25-31 mm and the mean for the four
values is 28.3 mm. These values come inside the variability limits met for another
settlement of phase A, Drăguşeni, where the variability limits for distal width of tibia are
between 26-32.4 mm (Bolomey & El Susi, 2000).
For plate bones, measurements have been made for three coxals and four proximal
fragments of scapula with the limits of the length variable of the glenoid cavity of 27-38
mm and the average of 30.8 mm. In other phase A settlements, values of 27 mm have
been found at Bălţaţi (Haimovici, 1997), and 29 mm at Dumeşti (Haimovici, 1989) for the
length of scapula glenoid cavity. For the three coxals we obtained values of 29-32 mm of
the antero-posterior diameter and a medium of 31 mm which are similar to the values
found at Drăguşeni, of 28-35 mm and an average of 31.6 mm (Bolomey & El Susi, 2000),
and to those from Dumeşti, of 30-34 mm and a medium of 32.75 mm (Haimovici, 1989).
For Feteşti samples, only two measurements have been made, for a proximal
phalanx (greatest length of 41.5 mm) and for a coxal (the antero-posterior diameter of
30.5 mm and the cross diameter of 30.5 mm).
For this species no withers height has been estimated there being no remains in any
of the samples on which such estimates could be made.
Ovis aries/Capra hircus (sheep/goat). Few of the bone remains have been
specifically identified as belonging to Ovis aries or Capra hircus species, the greatest part
being of the sheep/goat zootehnical group (Ovis aries/Capra hircus). At Hoiseşti 37
remains have been measured: nine for Ovis aries, most at the level at long and short bones
(two astragals, two calcaneus, one radius, two distal fragments of tibia with distal width of
22 mm and 25 mm, and two distal fragments of humerus with distal width of 30 and 31
mm), 27 remains for Ovis aries/Capra hircus (15 for long and short bones, 3 for plate
bones and 9 for cephalic fragments) and one distal of humerus fragment of Capra hircus
(36 mm distal width). Of the bones belonging to Ovis aries/Capra hircus group, there
have been measured: astragal, calcaneus, phalanx I, humerus, metacarp, radius and tibia
(Tables 5; 6).
The Ovis aries withers heights have been estimated on some pieces using Teichert
coefficients (1975, taken from Udrescu et al., 1999), the values being: 59 cm and 51 cm
(astragal), 76.3 cm and 78.6 cm (calcaneus) and 53 cm (radius). The value obtained for
the withers height on the basis of the radius is close to that obtained for the some element
at Drăguşeni where the values are of 56.3 cm; 60.7 cm according to Teichert and of 55.4
cm; 59.8 cm according to Haak (Bolomey & El Susi, 2000).
At Feteşti measurements have been done for an astragal (29 mm length) and two
humerus distal fragments (28 mm and 35.5 mm distal width) (Table 8).
Canis familiaris (dog). A number of 8 remains have been measured from the
sample at Hoiseşti (Tables 5 - 7): two long bones (humerus and tibia), one scapula and
five skull elements (four mandibles and one M1 inferior).
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Wild mammals
Cervus elaphus (red deer). Out of all the remains identified from the samples at
Hoiseşti 22 have been measured: 19 long and short bones (Table 5), two scapula
fragments (the glenoid cavity length of 50 and 56 mm) (Table 6) and one inferior molar
M3 (41 mm in length and 18 mm width).
Most of the bones that could be measured belong to zeugopod and autopod.
Phalanxes are the bones which were best preserved whole and so, for the six median
phalanxes which have been measured, their length variable limits are between 47 mm and
53 mm, and the medium value of this parameter is 50 mm. Three proximal phalanxes have
also been measured their length being 53 mm, 63 mm and 70 mm (Table 5), which
indicates a great variability within the population, which can be accounted for by the
sexual dimorphism, similar to the case we found in other settlements where values vary
from 50 mm at Preuteşti-Haltă (Haimovici, 2003) to 68 mm met at Bălţaţi (Haimovici,
1997). The proximal width for two radius fragments is of 62.5 mm and 68 mm. Other
measured pieces have been centrotars, metatarsus and humerus (Table 5).
Only one astragal has been measured at Feteşti and its greatest length is 58.5 mm
(Table 8).
Sus scrofa (wild boar). In the Hoiseşti sample measurements have been made on
133 fragments: 108 long and short bones, 15 plate bones and 10 skull remains (Table 5 7).
Measurements have been made on seven astragal (the variable limits for the
proximal length being 50.5 mm for the minimum and 56.5 mm for the maximum, the
medium value 53.85 mm), nine calcaneus (the variable limits for greatest length being
between 100 mm and 119 mm, the medium of 108 mm). 22 pieces were measured for
proximal phalanx, the limits of variability for greatest length being between 43.5 mm and
55mm, and the average of 48.15 mm. 12 fragments have been measured for humerus and
the distal width varies between 50 mm-58 mm and the average value of this parameter is
of 53.8 mm. These values correspond to those found at Drăguşeni, where values of 49-64
mm were obtained and the average is of 59.3 mm (Bolomey & El Susi, 2000). One of the
parameters assessed for radius is the width of proximal epiphysis with the variable limits
between 37.5 and 45.5 mm and the medium value of 40.9 mm. The variable limits for the
width of the distal epiphysis of tibia are between 38 mm and 42.5 mm, the medium value
of 40.5 mm, while at Drăguşeni the values obtained are between 36.5 mm and 42 mm
with an average of 39.2 mm. The measurements of remains from domestic pig and from
wild boar are presented in the figures 1, 2 and 3, for humerus, radius and proximal
phalanx. Measurements have also been made for femur, metacarpus, metatarsus III and
metatarsus IV (Table 5).
The values we obtained for astragals and calcaneus correspond to the variable
limits obtained at Drăguşeni where the values for astragals are of 51-57.6 mm and the
average is 545 mm, and for calcaneus 105-115 mm, with average of 107.9 mm (Bolomey
& El Susi, 2000).
6 measurements have been made for plate bones of coxal and 8 for greatest length
of the processus articularis of scapula with variable limits between 46-53 mm and medium
of 49.7 mm (Table 6).
The withers height has been estimated on the basis of astragals and calcaneus, by
Teichert coefficients (1975, taken from Udrescu et al., 1999). According to astragal, the
medium size is of 98.7 cm, the smallest value being of 92.6 cm and the highest of 103.4
cm. The medium value calculated on the basis of calcaneus is higher than that calculated
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on the basis of astragalus, namely 103.5 cm, and the limits of variability have higher
values (93 cm-113.7 cm). At Drăguşeni, the medium size estimated on the astragal is of
97.7 cm, the smaller size of 91.2 cm and the tallest size of 105.3 cm. The medium value
calculated on the basis of calcaneum is of 100.7 cm and the limits of variability are
between 93.4 cm and 107.4 cm (Bolomey & El Susi, 2000). Other two whole bones
allowed the estimation of the withers height, the values obtained being of 106 cm (on the
basis of a metatarsus III) and of 105.7 cm (on the basis of a metatarsus IV).
4 bones have been measured at Feteşti for this species (Table 8): a medium
phalanx, a distal phalanx and two fragments of radius (a proximal one - 36.5 mm proximal
width, and a distal one - 44.5 mm distal width). The value of proximal width of radius
being lower to those found for the Hoiseşti sample.
60
50
B Fd (mm)
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bd (mm)
Bp (mm)
Figure 1. Dimensional separation of humeral distal ends: Sus domesticus (o) and Sus scrofa (♦).
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
0 1
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
fragment
Figure 2. Dimensional separation of radial proximal ends: Sus domesticus (o) and Sus scrofa (♦).
- 284 -
30
25
Bp (mm)
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
GL (mm)
Figure 3. Dimensional separation of proximal phalanx: Sus domesticus (o)
and Sus scrofa (♦).
Capreolus capreolus (roe deer). A number of 31 fragments have been measured in
the sample from Hoiseşti: 15 long and short bones, 5 plate bones (one coxal and four
proximal scapula fragments) and 11 skull fragments.
Four astragals have been measured, the variability limits for greatest length being
29 mm - 37 mm, and the medium value for this parameter is of 32.4 mm. Three proximal
phalanxes have been measured (greatest length of 42, 42 and 43 mm) with a medium
value of 42.3 mm. Other measured pieces were humerus, metacarpus and radius (Table 5).
Numerous measurements have been taken for fragments of mandible (Table 7), the
estimated parameter, being the length of cheektooth row (the variability limits for these
parameters being 68-74 mm and the medium value 70 mm), the length of the molar row
(with variability limit of between 40-43 mm and the medium value of 41.6 mm), the
length and the width of the molar tooth M3 (Table 7).
Nine remains from the Feteşti sample are of roe deer but they could not be
measured (Table 2).
Bos primigenius (aurochs). For the sample from Hoiseşti (Table 5) measures have
been done for seven long and short bones, of which two astragals (of which one of 81 mm
greatest length and 50 mm distal width), one calcaneus (190 greatest length) and a
proximal radius fragment (breadth of the proximal end of 118 mm), a proximal phalanx
(greatest length of 87 mm). The values for two medium phalanxes, of 57 mm greatest
length, are different from those of the Bos taurus species, as can be seen in figure 4.
In the Feteşti sample this species has not been identified.
- 285 -
40
35
Bp (mm)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
GL (mm)
Figure 4. Dimensional separation of middle phalanx: Bos taurus (o) and Bos primigenius (♦).
Lepus europaeus (hare). In the samples from Hoiseşti, measurements have been
made for five long and short bones (femur, radius, humerus, and two tibias) and one
scapula (15 mm length of glenoide cavity). The value for the distal width of the femur is
of 20 mm, 13 mm for humerus and 16 mm for tibia (Table 5).
In the Feteşti sample there are only two remains belonging to this species (Table 2),
but they couldn’t be measured because of their fragmentation.
At Hoiseşti the diversity of identified wild species is relatively high (Table 1), but
for some species few bones have been measured. So, for fox the only measured piece is a
humerus, the distal width of it being 20 mm; a tibia of beaver has been measured, its
distal width being 22 mm; of the squirrel bones a radius (4 mm proximal width) and a
tibia (37 mm length) (Table 5).
Conclusions
The osteometric data are relatively few, because few of the remains could be
measured, due to their high degree of fragmentation. Because of lack of the whole bones
the withers height could not be estimated for some species highly represented within the
samples such as Bos taurus, Sus domesticus, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus. The
only values for the withers height are of Ovis aries and Sus scrofa in both cases the
variability limits being large for this parameter: between 51 cm and 78.6 cm for Ovis aries
and 92.6 cm and 113 cm for Sus scrofa.
A clear distinction could be noticed, in some pieces, between the domestic and wild
forms, on the basis of metric date, as for instance between Bos taurus and Bos primigenius
species, and Sus domesticus and Sus scrofa respectively.
- 286 -
- 287 -
Element
B. t. S. d. O. a. C. h. O/C
Antler / Horn core 8
4
Neural cranium
9
62
4
Maxilla
17 40
1
16
Mandible
18 79
44
Vertebra
33 15
6
Ribs
4
2
Hyoid
1
Scapula
10 44
1
8
Humerus
11 56
2
2
14
Radius
11 14
2
17
Ulna
9
19
1
Metacarpus
6
3
5
Pelvis
13 31
7
Femur
15
5
18
Patella
1
1
Tibia
12 27
2
24
Fibula
9
Astragalus
1
1
2
3
Calcaneus
4
10
2
10
Metatarsus
12
4
8
Metapodium
8
7
12
Carpal/Tarsal
13
4
Phalanx I
4
5
3
Phalanx II
5
10
2
Phalanx III
1
1
Total
222 451 12
6
204
C.f.
2
11
4
1
1
1
1
4
1
26
E. c. C. e. C. c. S. s. B. p. L. e. C. f. U. a C. v. F. s. S. v.
78
18
3
41
4
5
13
7
30
18
1
1
1
3
1
5
1
2
6
17
1
3
4
26
1
1
6
7
20
1
1
2
2
25
1
1
8
4
2
16
8
3
13
2
4
3
3
23
1
3
1
1
1
3
5
9
2
1
19
1
7
7
9
2
12
7
23
2
1
3
3
5
5
29
1
1
10
6
3
1
3
1
2
1
158 118 328
8
13
1
1
4
1
3
Table 3. Skeletal element distribution in the sample of Hoiseşti (B. t. - Bos taurus; S. d. – Sus domesticus; O. a. – Ovis aries; C. h. – Capra hircus; O/C – Ovis
aries/Capra hircus; C. f. – Canis familiaris; E. c. – Equus caballus; C. e. – Cervus elaphus; C. c . - Capreolus capreolus; S. s. – Sus scrofa; B. p. – Bos
primigenius; L. e – Lepus europaeus; C. f. – Castor fiber; U. a. – Ursus arctos; C. v – Canis vulpes; F. s. – Felis sylvestris; S. v. – Sciurus vulgaris).
Table 4. Skeletal element distribution in the Cucuteni A sample of Feteşti (B. t. - Bos taurus; S. d. –
Sus domesticus; O/C – Ovis aries/Capra hircus; C. f. – Canis familiaris; C. e. – Cervus elaphus; C.
c . - Capreolus capreolus; S. s. – Sus scrofa; L. e – Lepus europaeus; C. v – Canis vulpes).
Element
B. t.
S. d.
O/C
C. f.
C. e.
C. c.
S. s.
L. e.
C. v.
Antler / Horn core
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
Neural cranium
-
3
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
Maxilla
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mandible
3
4
10
1
1
2
-
-
-
Vertebra
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ribs
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Scapula
1
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Humerus
6
5
5
-
-
-
1
-
Radius
1
1
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
Ulna
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
Metacarpus
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
Pelvis
-
4
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
Femur
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tibia
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
Astragalus
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
Calcaneus
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
Metatarsus
1
1
3
-
-
1
1
-
-
Metapodium
-
-
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
Phalanx I
1
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
Phalanx II
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
Phalanx III
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
24
26
25
4
2
9
10
2
1
Table 5. Metrical data (in mm) on long and short bones, in the sample of Hoiseşti (GL = greatest
lenght; Bp = breadth of the proximal end; Bd = breadth of the distal end; SD = smallest breadth of
the diaphysis; BFp = breadth of the facies articularis proximal; BFd = breath of the facies articularis
distal; GB = greatest breadth).
Species
Bos primigenius
Bos primigenius
Bos primigenius
Bos primigenius
Bos primigenius
Bos primigenius
Bos primigenius
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Anatomic element
Astragalus
Astragalus
Calcaneus
Phalanx I
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Radius
Astragalus
Calcaneus
Ulna
Phalanx I
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Phalanx III
Humerus
Humerus
- 288 -
GL
81
190
87
57
57
Bp
Bd
55
50
SD BFp BFd GB
74
46 42.5
36 32
37 33
118
38
30
30
61
127
41
45
41
53
48
46
46
35
65
25
26.5 22.5 22
37 35 31.5
35 30 28
35 29.5 27.5
33.5 28 27.5
25 26 20
23
23.5
82
92
76
88
Species
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos/Cervus
Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris
Canis vulpes
Capra hircus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Castor fiber
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Lepus europaeus
Lepus europaeus
Lepus europaeus
Lepus europaeus
Lepus europaeus
Ovis aries
Ovis aries
Anatomic element GL Bp Bd SD BFp
Metacarpus
56
Metacarpus
55
Metacarpus
20.5
Metacarpus
57
Metatarsus
54.5
Metatarsus
70
Radius
83.5
77.5
Tibia
92
Tibia
70
Tibia
63.5
Tibia
90
Tibia
65
Centrotarsus
Humerus
20
Tibia
20
Humerus
20
Humerus
36
Astragalus
29
18
Astragalus
37
23.5
Astragalus
33
21.5
Astragalus
30.5
29.5
Ulna
17
Phalanx I
42
13 11.5 9.5
Phalanx I
43
14 12.5 10.5
Phalanx I
42 11.5 10
8
Humerus
32.5
Humerus
31
Humerus
27
Metacarpus
22.5
Metacarpus
22
Radius
29
Radius
25.5
23.5
Tibia
22
Centrotarsus
Centrotarsus
Phalanx I
63
22 23 19
Phalanx I
70
30 27.5 25
Phalanx I
53 26.5 22.5 18.5
Phalanx II
19.5
Phalanx II
51 28.5 27.5 21
Phalanx II
50
27 22 18.5
Phalanx II
51.5 27 21.5 21
Phalanx II
51
24 20 17
Phalanx II
53
27 24.5 21
Phalanx II
47
25 23 17.5
Phalanx III
42
17
16
Phalanx III
18
20.5
Humerus
77
Metatarsus
47
Radius
62.5
58
Radius
68
63
Radius
58
Femur
20
Humerus
13
Radius
10
Tibia
16
Tibia
21
Astragalus
26
18
Humerus
30
- 289 -
BFd GB
62.5
57
55
52.5
18.5
16
34.5
27.5
30
52
48
67
9.5
14
28
Species
Ovis aries
Ovis aries
Ovis aries
Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries/Capra hircus
Sciurus vulgaris
Sciurus vulgaris
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus.
Sus domesticus
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Anatomic element
Humerus
Tibia
Tibia
Astragalus
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx II
Femur
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Metacarpus
Metacarpus
Metatarsus
Metatarsus
Radius
Radius
Radius
Tibia
Tibia
Radius
Tibia
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Metatarsus IV
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Astragalus
Astragalus
Astragalus
Astragalus
Astragalus
Astragalus
Astragalus
Astragalus
Calcaneus
GL
22.5
69
67
35
35
27
132
37
33
40
33.5
36
56.5
55
51
55
50.5
56
53
107.5
- 290 -
Bp
Bd SD BFp BFd GB
31
30
25
21
22
20
13.5
26
21
11.5 11.5 9.5
12 11 9.5
13 10
9
35
36
26
25
32
22.5
21
16
19
27
27.5 25 16
28
25.5
21
18.5
23.5
21
4
7
6.5
3
21
21.5
20
22
20.5
22.5
16 15 12
15 15 13.5
21 17.5 17
22 18 19
38
30
39
32
36
26.5
20
34
24
26
27
29
28
29
25.5
25
21.5
29.5
22
31
28
22.5
24
32.5
33.5
30
35
32
34
32
31
Species
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Anatomic element
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Calcaneus
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Ulna
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx I
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Phalanx II
Phalanx III
Femur
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
GL Bp
100
119
102
115
109.5
101
117
101.5
Bd
48.5
19
- 291 -
55
51
49
46
43.5
47
49
47
46
45
48
48.5
48
46
21
22
25
22.5
28.5
SD BFp BFd GB
26
37
32
35
30
27.5
32.5
31
30
29
29.5
28
39
31
30.5
32
30
29
29
29
27
29
15.5
22 18
21 18.5
21 18.5
23
18.5 16
18 15.5
20
20
26.5
22 19
21.5 20
22.5 20
22.5 20
24.5 22
21 19
26 24
25 20.5
23
22
48
21 20
48
24 22.5
54.5
22.5
49 22.5 19.5
47.5 21
49
22 20
46
23 20
35
23 19
32 22.5 20
33
22 20
34
21 17.5
40
15
62
55
50
54
52.5
52.5
17
16
17
16.5
19.5
16
19
16
16
18
18.5
17
16
17.5
18
17
17
16.5
15
45
40
39
44
Species
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Anatomic element
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Humerus
Metacarpus
Metatarsus
Metatarsus III
Metatarsus IV
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Radius
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
GL
113
120
Bp
Bd SD BFp BFd GB
58
47
54
46
57.5
48
50
42
58
45
52
41
41
53
41.5
55
53.5
30
22.5 23.5 18
24 24 19.5
47
45
38.5
39.5
39
40
45.5
45
41
39
37.5
38
40
43
41
41
41
42.5
38
38
41.5
41
42
42
38.5
39
38.5
26
30
32
33.5
29
30
32
36
31
32
66
87
63
Table 6. Metrical data (in mm) on plate bones, in the sample of Hoiseşti (GLP = greatest length of
the processus articularis; LG = length of the glenoid cavity; BG = breadth of the glenoid cavity;
SLC = smallest length of the collum scapulae; LA = length of the acetabulum including the lip; TA
= transversal diameter of the acetabulum).
Species
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Canis familiaris
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Cervus elaphus
Anatomic element GLP LG BG. SLC LA
Scapula
60
46 44
37
Scapula
71
59 51
Scapula
80
62 59
Scapula
67
54 46.5
Scapula
23 20.5 15
Pelvis
29
Scapula
20
19
Scapula
29.1 25 22.5 20
Scapula
25 20 16.5
Scapula
29
23 22
18
Scapula
72
56 54
50
- 292 -
TA
Cervus elaphus
Lepus europaeus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Scapula
Scapula
Pelvis
Pelvis
Scapula
Pelvis
Pelvis
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Pelvis
Pelvis
Pelvis
Pelvis
Pelvis
Pelvis
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
Scapula
66
15
28.5
32
33
50
15
26
28
29
37
29.5
49
12.5
24
25
23
32
24
9
25
25
23
22.5
32
29
29
18.5
24
20
21.5
32
45
44
41
42
42.5
48
48
51
49
51
53
46
52
38
33
40
38
41
41
42
38
40
30
42
41
42
34 32.5
30 27.5
37
35
37
35
34.5 33
34.5 35
32.5 33
36
36
27
Table 7. Metrical data (in mm) on dentition, in the sample of Hoiseşti (LC = length of the
cheektooth row; LM = length of the molar row; LM3 = length of M3 tooth; BM3 = breadth of M3
tooth; LM1 tooth = length of M1 tooth; BM1 = breadth of M1 tooth; Lc = length of canine tooth;
Bc = breadth of canine tooth).
Species
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus.
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus capreolus
Cervus elaphus
Felis sylvestris
Anatomic element
Mandible
Maxilla
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
LC LM LM3 BM3 LM1 BM1
40 18.5
35
23
35
21
8.5
65 33
22
7.5
60 32.5
19.5
8
19.5 7.5
32.5
20
8
17.5
9
16.5
9
43
18
9
69 40 17.3
8
68 42.5 18
8
69 40
17
8
67 40
16
8
73 42
16
8
74 42
17
8.5
43
19
9.5
42
17
9
41
18
26
24
22.5
61
22
52
24
70 47.5 23.5
- 293 -
9
9
8
9
9
8.5
Lc
Bc
6
7
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus domesticus
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Maxilla
Mandible
Mandible
Mandible
Maxilla
Maxilla
Maxilla
Maxilla
Maxilla
Maxilla
Maxilla
Maxilla
69 47
70 48.5
51
21
8
22
8
24
9.5
32.5 16
31
15
30
15
33
18
47
22
41
19
41.5 24
44 24.5
45
24
43.5 25.5
42.5 25
23.5 14
135
81
85
40
44
40
23
25
24
Table 8. Metrical data (in mm) on long and short bones, in the Cucuteni A sample of Feteşti (GL =
greatest lenght; Bp = breadth of the proximal end; Bd = breadth of the distal end; SD = smallest
breadth of the diaphysis; BFp = breadth of the facies articularis proximal; BFd = breath of the facies
articularis distal; GB = greatest breadth).
Species
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Bos taurus
Cervus elaphus
Sus domesticus
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Sus scrofa
Anatomic element
Calcaneus
Phalanx I
Humerus
Metacarpus
Metatarsus
Astragalus
Astragalus
Humerus
Humerus
Phalanx I
Phalanx II
Phalanx III
Radius
Radius
GL Bp
127,5
59,5 30
Bd
29
60
SD BFd GB
41
27
48
75
68,5
34
19
28
35,5
41,5 20,5 18,5 16
35
31 28,5 24,5
38,5 18,5
44,5
36,5
58,5
29
30
39
References
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cucuteniennes du nord de la Moldavie. Cucuteni 120 des ans de recherches, Piatra-Neamţ, 332-352.
Bolomey, Al., El Susi, G., 2000. Animals Remains. Drăguşeni a Cucutenian Community, Editura Enciclopedică,
Bucureşti, 159-177.
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Driesch, A., von den, 1976. A Guide to the Measurements of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, Peabody
Museum Bulletin 1, Harvard University.
Haimovici, S., 1989. Studiul materialului paleofaunistic găsit în groapa nr. 7 din aşezarea cucuteniană de la
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Haimovici, S., 1997. Observaţiuni cu privire la resturile animaliere descoperite în staţiunea cucuteniană din faza
A4 de la Bălţaţi (judeţul Iaşi). Cercetări istorice, Muzeul de Istorie al Moldovei, Iaşi, 16: 31-37.
Haimovici, S., 2003. Analiza materialului arheozoologic. In Ursulescu N., Ignătescu S. (Eds.), Preuteşti-Haltă.
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Mantu, C. M., 1998. Cultura Cucuteni: evoluţie, cronologie, legǎturi. Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis, V.
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Ursulescu, N., Cotiugǎ, V., Bodi, G., Chirilǎ, L., Boghian, D., Ţurcanu, S., Vǎleanu, M., Garvǎn, D., 2004.
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Institutul de Memorie Culturală, Bucureşti, 139 - 142.
Ursulescu, N., Cotiugǎ, V., Tencariu, F., Bodi, G., Chirilǎ, L., Kogǎlniceanu, R., Garvǎn, D., 2005. Hoiseşti,
com. Dumeşti, jud. Iaşi. Cronica cercetărilor arheologice din România. Campania 2004, Institutul de
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