Unleashing_power_white_paper
Transcription
Unleashing_power_white_paper
code Mantra DIGITAL PUBLISHING MADE MANAGEABLE Contents Contents Re-Defining the Book and Its Publisher 2 The Changing Landscape 2 Why XML? 2 DTDs, Elements, Attributes, Entities – What is all of this stuff? 2 Document Type Definitions for Publishers 3 Deconstructing the Book 3 About Attributes and Entities 4 XML as a Single Source of Content 4 A Managing Editor’s Challenge 4 XML Change Management – A One to Many Relationship 6 ePub: An ebook Solution, but Not an XML Solution 6 XML: Bringing a Competitve Edge to The Publishing Process 6 The Instant Book – Back When… 7 An In-House Solution vs. an Outsourced Solution 7 Further Reading 8 Inquire Further of These codeMantra Software Solutions 8 Collection Point 8 pubXML 8 Universal PDF 8 Copyright ©2008 codeMantra LLC, All Rights Reserved page Re-Defining the Book and Its Publisher G one are the days when a book was simply a physical assembly of folded and gather pages, bound as a series of chapters in a case or paperback perfect binding. Gone are the days when the only formats publishers had to concern themselves with were hard cover, trade paperback or mass market paperback. In today’s world a book can be a file format; it can be content tethered to an application; a dynamic mashup of chapters, or selections of content from separate works, published by separate houses. A book can be something rendered on a reading device, shared across a social network, displayed on a mobile phone or listened to on an MP3 player. Through a myriad of new and evolving platforms, formats and devices the book is being redefined. So too is the business of publishing. The Changing Landscape Publishers have never before faced such an overwhelming cacophony of competitive information and entertainment media. Network television & radio, boutique cable channels, niche satellite radio, Web 2.0 social networks, blogs, PC and console gaming, email services, internet video, RSS feeds, mobile phone applications, traditional newspapers and magazines – plus their growing counterparts on-line all compete for a potential book reader’s attention. But while the ability to cut through the clutter to reach a mass audience can be tough, thanks to the pervasiveness of internet and mobile networks, niche audiences have never been more accessible. And just as publishers embraced the competitive media forms of television and radio to make them effective marketing tools for their wares, so too have they embraced the web and mobile networks. The problem is publishers don’t always have what web-centric audiences are looking for. Many a “connected” customer has neither the time, inclination nor the patience for the acquisition of a physical book – no matter how close the local bookstore, or how “overnight” the shipping. More and more publishers have to prepare their content for a wide range of formats, deliverables and configurations. It might be that an industry lobbyist discovers content within a searchable book that speaks to his issue about rising cost of oil and its impact on healthcare. The content has significant value to the lobbyist if he can re-publish it to news group within 48 hours. Metadata steers the lobbyist to the publisher and a rights manager. Terms of a deal are negotiated in an e-mail exchange. But can the publisher deliver the content within the next 12 hours in a format compliant with the lobbyist’s RSS feed? Less than a decade ago, the delivery requirements for such a sale would have been prohibitive for most publishers. And even today, many would have to scramble to fulfill this order. Subsidiary rights opportunities such as the one above are becoming more and more prevalent, as publishers digitize their content and make it discoverable through book search and online networks. With the increased exposure comes the demand for content in many different formats. The dilemma for the page publisher is weighing the cost of converting content to multiple formats and effectively managing the inventory, against a sketchy return on investment. How can a publisher avoid the cost of converting content to a format that becomes obsolete before he can recoup his costs? CONTENT MIGHT BE KING, BUT NOT IF IT REMAINS INACCESSIBLE TO THE PEOPLE IT SERVES By now, most publishers have heard claims that the solution resides with XML (extensible mark-up language). But for many XML is still an unknown. Many publishers wrongly view XML as yet another format and that over time it too will be rendered obsolete. This paper sets out to dispel some of the myths about XML and demonstrate its utility in a changing publishing environment, where content might be king, but not if it remains inaccessible to the people it serves. Why XML? XML is simply a markup language, but why is it the markup language of choice for publishers? It is a markup language that is highly flexible and allows for the addition and deletion of tags. XML is also referred to as a metadata language; it consists of the tags that describe the content – thus, <para> for paragraph or <body> for body text, <head> for a heading. Identifying content components and their relationship to one another goes a long way to making the content interoperable between disparate devices and platforms. XML separates the content from format. And while there are a couple of open source tools involved, transforming XML content to a particular output – HTML or XHTML (as used by the current ePub standard) – can be a lot like applying a stylesheet to a word document. Some conversions are nothing more than a reconfiguration of the content to allow for the rendering capabilities or limitations of a particular device or platform. By using XML as the source file, pretty much any standard trade or academic book can be readily converted to any number of digital outputs. We say the XML content is interoperable, or that it’s platform agnostic, meaning the content can be exchanged with all kinds of different application programs and used by a variety of devices. It might be that certain fonts are inaccessible to a particular application or that the nature of the output dictates a different layout (one-column vs. multicolumn). That might change the look and feel of book content, but the structure remains in tack. Chapter headings will still render as distinct from the body text. So while rendering content from an XML source might require some minor adjustments to achieve an acceptable presentation, it is a far simpler exercise than transforming that same content from a production file (Quark, InDesign, FrameMaker, etc. ), or a composed PDF file, where the format instructions are imbedded with the content. Copyright ©2008 codeMantra LLC, All Rights Reserved DTDs, Elements, Attributes, Entities – What is all of this stuff? Like any language, XML has its rules and parts of speech. The DTD, or Document Type Definition, is the declared set of rules or grammar, if you will, for a specific type of document. A single DTD can define the structure for an entire class of publications. Across most publishers’ catalogs a single set of rules can be established that will govern how any book is put together. In the simplest of examples, a novel might open with a short description of the author (“about the author”); as with all books it must have a copyright page. Perhaps this is followed by a foreword; next a title page; and then the table of contents. From there, a series of chapters containing text and possibly an illustration or two completes the structure. This same basic model holds up for a work of non-fiction, with the addition of some other elements – perhaps a prologue or an author’s note. There could be insets of photographs with captions, footnotes and endnotes. Add an appendix and an index and this is a more complex structure than a novel. But in terms of XML it just means more elements that have to be declared and tagged. The DTD accounts for all of these elements; defines them and establishes how they relate to each other. This gives each XML document its structure. A valid XML document is one that adheres to the structure or rules defined by the DTD. Document Type Definitions for Publishers There are a multitude of established DTDs and schemas available to publishers – DocBook, NLM (National Library of Medicine tag set), and TEI (text encoding initiative) to name just a few. Some publishers (John Wiley & Sons, Random House, Pearson, Penguin UK) have adapted DocBook to meet their needs. In its open standard form, DocBook can be somewhat unwieldy, given the structural requirements of most trade and academic books and even a majority of textbooks. Other publishers, such as Cengage have designed their own DTD. codeMantra has developed a DTD it calls pubXML, which adheres to much of the utilitarian structure of DocBook, but is much simpler and better suited to the requirements of most book publishers. Making the right choice about a DTD is all about analyzing one’s book content and establishing what kinds of components are required and how they are assembled to create each type of book in a publisher’s list. This is known as modeling one’s data (or content) and most publishers consult with an expert to have this exercise performed. A publisher’s list may require more than one DTD, but most trade and academic publishers find that a single set of rules can be applied to all of their publications. Deconstructing the Book The term chunking is often used to describe the application of XML markup to book publishing content. Indeed, when transforming content to an XML structure, we are essentially breaking the book down into components. The book is deconstructed into fragments, which can then be recombined to create new publications or reformatted to render as digital publications on a PC, a reading device or mobile phone. Chunking refers to the declared elements of the DTD. An element can be a section, a chapter, a paragraph, a phrase or even a single word. It can consist of text, an image, a table, any object or combination thereof. Ultimately, these elements or chunks form the building blocks within an XML document. The elements are tagged. The tags form a granular level of metadata, which can be used to query the repository and retrieve content appropriate to other publications or applications. Given a wholesale XML conversion of a publisher’s list, content is released from the confines of the book model and made available for any form of Figure 1 - In XML content chunks are tagged separately and made discoverable. Book - Tag: ISBN/Title/Author/Subject/PubDate/extent Section - Tag: ISBN/Title/Author/Subject/Topic Inset of Photos - Tag: ISBN/Title etc. CHAPTER Chapter - Tag: ISBN/Title etc. Paragraph - Tag: ISBN/Title etc. Copyright ©2008 codeMantra LLC, All Rights Reserved page digital or print publishing or licensing. And yet, at any time a production manager can call for the XML document associated with a specific ISBN and expect to render the exact print-ready PDF, P.O.D. or Postscript file required to print that title. If we return to the earlier example of the lobbyist looking to buy syndication rights for a single chapter, fulfillment is not a problem. The chapter exists as a single XML instance. It is easily retrieved from the publisher’s database and can be instantly transferred into an RSS feed. About Attributes and Entities Attributes imbue the elements with specific or conditional values and determinants. An attribute can define the specific source for an element. For example, a graphic element can have an attribute that identifies it as a gif image and tells the processor where to find it. An entity is an alias for a particular piece of text or component that gets used over and over. Take, for example, a publisher’s boilerplate: it should be the same in all books. A text entity comprised of the publisher’s legal name and address can be stored in the data base with a specific name – ‘CorpID.’ When an XML document calls for the entity ‘CorpID’ the publisher’s boilerplate is referenced and rendered. The dynamics of these tools is even more powerful, when one realizes that a change of address need only occur in one file. Going forward all XML documents referencing the ‘CorpID’ will render the new address. A full description of these XML operators and how they interact is beyond the scope of this paper. And while it is recommended that the reader take a simple course in XML or peruse one or more of the many books on the subject (see bibliography), a working knowledge of XML is not essential to understanding its power and essential role in digital publishing. XML as a Single Source of Content For more than a decade, proponents of digital publishing have held out the promise of economies in production and distribution efficiencies that would alter the course of publishing as we know it. Certainly in other media, digital formats and digital delivery have created an upheaval that could be characterized as nothing short of disruptive. It could be argued that digital publishing would have achieved meaningful traction long ago had there been fewer offerings and a greater focus. Many publishers complain that the space is still too crowded with a confusing array of formats, devices and platforms. There are more output options for publishers than any other media. Music labels can effectively reach their entire consumer base with either a CD or MP3 file. The movie and television studios have some options when it comes to promotional formats, but the final product is either in digital or analog production and a derivative DVD product. Even the enormously successful console game industry, faces only three significant formats (Nintendo, xBox and Sony page PS). And yet in publishing, the formats, the devices and the options can be overwhelming. The following is considered a conservative list of viable options: 1. Kindle (ePub through mobiPocket) 2. Sony Reader (ePub through Adobe Digital Editions and BBeB) 3. iRex (iLiad) 4. mobi Pocket for (smart phones and mobile phones) 5. iPhone ( Stanza, ingests ePub) 6. Adobe Digital Editions (rich PDF s for PCs, Sony Reader -- also ingests ePub) 7. PDF (image) 8. PDF (P.O.D.) 9. PDF (streaming- ebrary library solution) 10. PDF (Searchability -- Amazon, Google) 11. HTML (web browser applications) 12. Palm OS And, still, there are the mainstays: 13. Print 14. Audio No publisher should maintain versions for all of these outputs. But depending on the title and audience, more than a handful of these formats/platforms will apply. And even with the industry’s promise of an ePub1 standard (a universally accepted XML delivery format), the file structure required of deliverables for each device (Sony Reader, Amazon Kindle) are just different enough to necessitate separate files – separate SKUs. A Managing editor’s Challenge Back when print was the only format of concern, maintaining up-to-date production files for a backlist and front list was relatively simple. So simple, that many publishers relegated the responsibility to their compositors or printers. Managing editors might maintain a dedicated file system of editorial up-dates in MS Word, but the source file for the most current, or accurate, version was often a production file (InDesign, Quark). Until recently, many publishers, relying on multiple in-house and outsourced designers, worked off sketchy records and third-party file systems to locate up-to-date production files. Some publishers (more than would probably care to admit it) manage physical file systems of CDs, DVDs, and older forms of portable memory. No such file “system” will weather the requirements of a digital publishing operation. Even publishers, with only a nascent digital publishing program, are faced with managing four or five separate formats for each ISBN – Print-ready PDF, Quark/InDesign, Image PDF, P.O.D PDF and now ePub, mobiPocket, Adobe Digital Editions. Given some form of a Digital Asset Management (DAM) system, 1 The International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF’s) introduced this XML spec (ePub), in May 2008, and declared it the industry standard. The Association of American Publishers (AAP) has since endorsed ePub as the standard delivery format for publishing content. Copyright ©2008 codeMantra LLC, All Rights Reserved the physical retention and retrieval of these formats is not a problem. But managing up-dates and maintaining consistency across all versions of a single title can take its toll. Each correction or update can require multiple edit and composition tasks. For a small list, with only a few digital offerings, the burden is the equivalent of a nuisance. For a larger catalog of titles, tied to an ambitious digital publishing program, managing editorial changes becomes an onerous set of tasks, fraught with errors and inaccuracies. Add to this, any contractual obligations to maintain the editorial integrity of content licensed to third-parties and the domino effect, of even minor changes, can be daunting. As figure 2 illustrates, the traditional print production process provides a reasonably effective routine for the rendering of most print and PDF outputs. However, without the help of XML mapping tools, standard production files (InDesign, Quark) are a poor source, when it comes to producing some eBook formats, i.e. ePub, BBeB, MobiPocket and web syndication formats. Where publishers use multiple composition services, tracking down and validating source files can be its own challenge. Because XML separates format from content, it acts as a neutral source file. It can be viewed as content in its purest state – refined content! Without imbedded styles, XML content is readily transformed or configured to almost any digital media output. There are a myriad of XML tools (XPath, XPointer, XLink, XQuery) that afford publishers unprecedented control and access to their book content. None of these has greater utility than XSL (XML stylesheet language) and XSLT (XML stylesheet Language Transformation). Using these two applications, an XML engineer can capture and preserve the stylistic preferences for any output. When applied to an XML document, XSLT has the power to transform a neutral XML file into one that will be compatible with a target output or format and render content with prescribed styles. Thus as we see in figure 3, a publisher who converts his book content to XML and manages that XML as his single source Figure 2 - Standard print production files aren’t easily rendered to new eBook formats. Figure 3 - From an XML source file all outputs are efficiently rendered Unedited Files CS Unedited Files QXD XML Final Edited Files PRINT POD IMAGE ePub ePub ePub Sony Mobi Kindle Copyright ©2008 codeMantra LLC, All Rights Reserved Final Edited Files DE PRINT POD IMAGE ePub ePub ePub Sony Mobi Kindle DE page of content, has a much easier time rendering his content to all possible formats – print, POD, PDF for the Web, ePUb, formats for mobile phone, and web Services formats such as RSS. XML Change Management A One to Many Relationship By maintaining a single source of all content in XML, publishers are able to leverage the structure inherent in the markup to better manage edits, revisions and up-dates. When burst into content fragments or chunks, book content can be properly configured to take advantage of common and replicable elements. An element common to multiple publications, will exist as a single instance within the repository and any edit to that element can be passed through to all publications that reference it. For example, a series of travel books might all contain the same chapter on travel insurance and currency exchange. When market conditions force a re-write of this passage, a managing editor is confronted with up-dating 9 individual publications. For an editor relying on a basic flat file system (designated title assets stored in 9 separate folders), the process will come down to 9 copy and paste operations. But if the publisher has made the transition to XML, the target chapter should be stored as a stand-alone chapter referenced by each of 9 XML documents. The managing editor needs only up-date the one file and changes will be transferred across the entire array of titles. Digital Editions and the Kindle derives ePub from the MobiPocket reader which it has adapted. As one might expect, both devices have their own idiosyncrasies (features) for which the ePub must be configured. As all eReading systems and devices compete and evolve (one could argue we are still in the bronze age of this development path), there will undoubtedly be many more features and capabilities requiring further adjustments to the ePub spec. XML: Bringing a Competitive Edge to The Publishing Process A medical dictionary on a smart phone, reference works as online databases, the eBook/audiobook hybrid (read or be read to), a travel book tethered to the iPhone’s GPS application (see figure 4)2 … the delivery of content is without limits. There is no “for sure” when it comes to predicting how consumers will choose to access content five or ten years from now. But the wait-and-see attitude has its opportunity costs. Figure 4 - Modality, Inc.’s adaptation of a Frommer’s Travel Guide is made more immediate with the GPS application within Apple’s iPhone. ePub: An ebook Solution, but Not an XML Solution That ePub is referred to as an XML file is not inaccurate. But more accurately, ePub is derived with XHTML, a hybrid of HTML and XML. It is an extensible version of HTML. It is understandable why the IDPF turned to XHTML as the standard markup language for eBooks. XHTML is absolutely appropriate for rendering content in browsers and most handheld devices. Essentially, XHTML is a DTD (document type definition) for publishing simple documents – most often from content that was originally published on the web. The ePub spec was developed at the behest of publishers seeking a standard format for eBooks – a format that all eReading systems and devices would be forced to accept. Indeed, the major players (Sony Reader, Amazon’s Kindle, Adobe Digital Editions and MobiPocket) have adopted the ePub spec. But XHTML doesn’t support the kind of semantic tagging that is possible with XML. And while ePub will render to a Sony Reader, using that same file as single source for print output or as the feed for an XML application other than an eReading system is not always possible. Adding to the impracticality of using ePub, as a single source of XML, is the fact that the ‘standard’ is still evolving. Neither the Sony Reader nor Amazon’s Kindle are able to use ePub in its native form. The Sony Reader renders ePub files through Adobe page 2 Courtesy of Modality, Inc. (www.modalitylearning.com) All content © Wiley Publishing, Inc. Copyright ©2008 codeMantra LLC, All Rights Reserved Setting aside the author as a best-selling “brand”, publishing, over the course of its history, has established some highly recognizable brands –, for Dummies, Joy of Cooking, 7 Habits, Lonely Planet, Cliff’s Notes, Fodor’s, Kaplan, Chicken Soup, Penguin Classics, Better Homes & Gardens, South Beach, Old Farmer’s Almanac, Gray’s Anatomy, What to Expect When You’re Expecting, Who Moved My Cheese, Left Behind, Brain Quest, to name just a few. Publishers will argue that these brands were the result of clever packaging and marketing – factors that should not be dismissed. But one key contributor to the success of these brands was distribution. At the height of the mass market expansion, the dominant houses were capable of distributing millions of paperback copies to tens of thousands of outlets. A gripping package or marketing promise was face-out in thousands of paperback racks in drug stores, grocery chains and airport newsstands the world over. That mass market exposure has transitioned to the web. New packaging and messaging is called for, but more importantly new content delivery is being asked for. Traditional publishers are highly vulnerable to renegade content aggregators, capable of pushing new forms of information and content with access to the most direct and efficient distribution means ever. A virtual Betty Crocker? Why not? The original Betty Crocker was a virtual entity, created by the marketing department at General Mills in the late ‘50s. Beyond cake mixes and food products, she has sold tens of millions of books, pamphlets and subscription services. But General Mills success and, subsequent to that, the success of the various publishers of Betty Crocker cookbooks, was years, and millions of marketing dollars, in the making. Web 2.0 – the social networks and peer-to-peer exchanges on today’s internet – make it easier than ever to create and establish a brand. YouTube, FaceBook, MySpace, WebMD, even Google and Yahoo, are brands that sprung up from relatively small investments and grew quickly. Online sites such as CheapTickets, Travelocity, Expedia and PriceLine established themselves in very quick order and have put the Thomas Cooks and Carlson Wagonlits of this world on the ropes. What’s to stop the Food Network from establishing a unique cookbook application and brand? Blackboard offers an enormous menu of on-line teaching applications; they could easily become a competitor in the test prep market. Wikipedia may not be as authoritative as Britannica, but today it is Britannica that has to do the catching up. The Instant Book – Back When… The speed with which information now reaches the market far eclipses the time it takes publishers to design and craft a book; print it and distribute it. The print publishing process, at some of the larger trade houses, has produced a small list of what the industry calls “instant” books. These would be books covering a highly contentious issue or political development – books that chronicle a sensational event or commemorate an historic milestone. Under the best of circumstances, the complete publishing cycle would Copyright ©2008 codeMantra LLC, All Rights Reserved still take a minimum of 14 days, not counting the meetings and planning that went into green-lighting such a project. Fourteen days is an entire business cycle on the web. Publishers can knock days even a week out of this process with an instant eBook. It’s not that the printed book is no longer able to compete. There are still plenty of readers who appreciate the skill and care that goes into a well –researched, well-written, well-edited and well-packaged work of fiction or non-fiction. But once the content has been refined and captured it should reside in a form that can be quickly transformed to meet the alternative delivery formats. Demand can materialize for all, or portions, of the content in any number of markets and publishers should be in a position to capitalize. By storing and managing a single source of content in XML, publishers can move quickly to configure their content to meet the requirements for whatever lucrative digital format presents itself. Or, as was the case with the lobbyist looking for the rights to a single chapter, a simple up-load of an XML file completes the transaction. An In-House Solution vs. an Outsourced Solution Managing a digital publishing program and the workflow it requires is not without its challenges. Publishers must first decide on how much of the process and infrastructure they wish to own. For some, the decision is to boldly bring everything in house. Build the Digital Asset Management system; manage the production process and the distribution. Others want little or nothing to do with digital formats and are quick to throw their content over the wall to third party providers who manage it in exchange for a percentage of the sale. Somewhere between these two extremes is where a growing number of publishers are seeking a solution. They want to retain control over their content, but are not prepared to acquire the infrastructure and human resources required to go it alone. codeMantra has a solution for these publishers, called Collection Point™. Through the combination of a server platform, software and services, Collection Point provides the complete range of digital production and digital warehousing capabilities. Publishers are able to up-load content to codeMantra’s repository, where they retain the same access and control as if the facility was their own. Collection Point’s browser-based interface allows publishers to manage all versions and formats of their title offerings. They can order conversions, which codeMantra executes through its Chennai production facility. codeMantra operates as an independent distribution service, without ties to any retailer or wholesaler. Content stored in Collection Point can be converted, packaged and uploaded to any global wholesaler or retailer. The system provides the exact same utility as that of an in-house digital warehouse, at a fraction of the cost. page Publishers currently using Collection Point not only manage and distribute their content to institutional libraries, public and private libraries, eBook wholesalers and retailers, but also the associated metadata. The system automatically ingests ONIX and BISAC feeds and can be configured to handle almost any kind of custom metadata feeds. Architecting a practical digital publishing strategy should be a publisher’s first goal. Publishers need to understand the long term and short term implications concerning content conversion, warehousing of data, rights management and distribution plans. The staff at codeMantra consists of both veteran publishing executives and experienced software engineers (in some cases one and the same individual). The company provides excellent consultation services in helping publishers devise an approach that will deliver optimal flexibility with the lowest overhead. Once decisions have been made, codeMantra software engineers build the data models and write the scripts, applications, stylesheets and APIs to deliver the digital publishing workflows tailored to the publisher’s needs. Further Reading There are hundreds of books on XML and publishing content management; here are three worth visiting: 1. XML For the World Wide Web, by Elizabeth Castro, Peachpit Press © 2001 Elizabeth Castro and soon to be released XML Visual Quick Start Guide 2nd Edition, By Elizabeth Castro and Kevin Howard Goldberg, Peachpit Press 2. XML for Dummies® by Lucinda Dyke and Ed Tittel copyright ©2004 by Wiley Publishing, Inc. (available in Adobe Digital Editions) 3. Managing Enterprise Content , A Unified Content Strategy, by Ann Rockley, New Riders (imprint of PeachPit) a division of Pearson ©2003 Ann Rockley page Inquire Further of These codeMantra Software Solutions Collection Point codeMantra provides a comprehensive digital asset management system managed through a suite of web-based tools enabling content owners to manage and distribute their digital assets. The system is positioned on a fully supported data repository to host all versions and formats of the assets, with user-friendly and powerful tools available to authorized users, no matter their location. These tools allow digital content to be repurposed into new revenue streams, providing a complete archive solution at the same time. The Collection Point™ system allows content owners to focus on content, not the logistics of file storage and delivery. pubXML In an ongoing effort to create efficiencies and solutions for the digital content industry, codeMantra has taken its years of experience in digitizing book and journal content and put that knowledge into an XML solution and created a robust and comprehensive XML format named PubXML. Part of this extensive development process was to create a document type definition (DTD) that would serve as a solid XML format for all of the publishing and distribution community that codeMantra serves. The end product of this process was the creation of a robust and versatile XML system that supports codeMantra’s internal conversion and data management solutions and can also serve as an XML system for any content manager.. Universal PDF The PDF file specifications of electronic distribution channels are as numerous as they are varied; and have required content owners to convert their content multiple times to ensure broad delivery. The Universal PDFSM solution from codeMantra allows content owners to have one fully-compliant file created for 10 of the leading electronic content distributors, as well as several additional electronic content aggregators, including Google Book Search and Amazon’s Search Inside program. Copyright ©2008 codeMantra LLC, All Rights Reserved