LED LIFE - United Illuminating

EXTERIOR
(mainly)
1
GAME CHANGING PRICING
• Recently Cree started marketing the 25W XSPR 25W LED
cobrahead at $99
– Can replace 70W HPS
– Be aware that price is for 500+ and without photocontrol or utility
package
– Often may be about $145, which is still pretty darn good
– 42W version, which can replace 100W HPS more expensive
2
GAME CHANGING PRICING
• Leotek has been working on the same approach
and should have something similar by now
• It is an economy version of the Ecobra-head LED
Roadway Luminaire
3
LIGHT LEVELS CHANGE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR
• DOE Demonstration of LED Street Lighting in
Kansas City
– June 2013
– http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications
/pdfs/ssl/2013_gateway-msslc_kc.pdf
4
FROM EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THIS
DOE REPORT
5
FROM EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THIS
DOE REPORT
6
DOE GATEWAY REPORT ON PEDESTRIAL
FRIENDLY OUTDOOR LIGHTING
• Among the conclusions are that not every neighborhood is suited for
pedestrian-friendly approaches, but where communities are receptive,
the following may be helpful:
– If luminaire brightness can be controlled, neighborhoods may find lowerlumen-output luminaires and illuminances at the lower end of IES
recommendations to be acceptable and even preferred.
– Rather than an array of exposed LEDs, luminaires that spread luminance
(“brightness”) over a larger luminous area reduce perception of glare.
– Luminaires with less optical punch and less sharp angular variation in
candlepower may provide a softer, more visually comfortable lighted
environment.
– Luminaires delivering warmer-color light, usually lower than 4000K
correlated color temperature and often below 3000K, may be appropriate
for older, more traditional-looking neighborhoods, especially if residents
have been used to high-pressure sodium or incandescent outdoor lighting.
• The report is available at
www.ssl.energy.gov/gatewaydemos_results.html.
7
GAME CHANGING PRICING
• Several other manufacturers will probably do
something similar
• Competition may be more against HPS than
against other LED manufacturers
8
• Since LED products last so long, if a company does not
make the sale initially, it may never make money on that
project
• So some manufacturers have developed new sales
approaches
– An example is one manufacturer, which is focusing on gas
station canopy and other petroleum lighting, by-passing
established rep agencies, going with one agency in a large area
which has substantial history and experience with oil
companies and providing special direct pricing
9
RETROFIT FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
TOOL
• Developed by partnership of
– DOE Municipal Solid-State Lighting Consortium
– Clinton Initiative
– Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)
• “…for the financial analysis of retrofitting street and parking
facility lighting with more efficient alternatives. Property
owners, city and other government agencies, utilities, and
energy efficiency organizations can use this tool to compute
annualized energy and energy-cost savings, maintenance
savings, greenhouse gas reductions, net present value, and
simple payback associated with potential lighting upgrades.”
• http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/financial-tool.html
10
RETROFIT FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
TOOL
• Download
– Retrofit Financial Analysis Tool
– Example of white filled with sample data
• Surprised that annual hours is 4380
– Since light for 20 or so minutes before sunrise and after sunset,
4100 or 4200 hours is usually more realistic
• Would you like to see some of the excel file now?
11
DOE SOLID-STATE LIGHTING
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MULTI-YEAR PROGRAM PLAN
APRIL 2013
next 5 slides for interior and exterior
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15
16
17
BACK TO
JUST EXTERIOR
18
MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
• Acuity
• Cooper
– Modules like Cree
• Cree
• GE
• Holophane
– Option with back-up driver
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hubbell
LED Roadway Lighting
Leotek
Lighting Science Group
LSI
Philips Roadway Lighting
Philips divisions: Lumec, Hadco, Guth, Gardco, etc.
19
MANUFACTURERS, ETC.
• There are numerous other manufacturers from the USA, China,
etc.
• Some manufacturers that do not have long track record may
have potential problems that they are not aware of
– Such as thinking that they have sufficient surge protection and then
customers finding out the hard way that they do not
• In a year or two it should be a much more even playing field
20
THREE
IMPORTANT
ATTRIBUTES
OF
LEDs
21
1. DIRECTING LIGHT
WHERE IT SHOULD
• Well designed LED fixtures can properly illuminate between
fixtures and around designated perimeters without providing an
excessive blob of light directly underneath fixtures, like all other
light sources, including HPS, MH, LPS, MV, fluorescent and
induction
• That excessive blob of light wastes energy, so LED fixtures can
save energy
• Plus it is easy for well designed LED fixtures to be full cut-off,
which is dark sky friendly
22
2. LONG LIFE
• Although some LED fixture manufacturers are quoting
150,000+ hours, it may be more realistic to consider
50,000+ or 50,000 - 75,000 hours
– Which is considerably longer than HPS, LPS, MH, MV and is
about the same as useable life for induction
• This long life can save cities, town, counties and other
customers a lot on maintenance labor and parts
23
3. BI-LEVEL LIGHTING
• Some good LED fixtures can have bi-level or dimming
drivers and occupancy sensors for high/low lighting
• This can save a lot of KWH in parking lots, garages,
walkways, etc.
– This does not work well when there are trees and bushes
near fixtures that the branches moving in the wind trigger
the sensors
• IES states lower light levels are appropriate when less
traffic, so light levels could reduced late at night, which
can also save considerable KWH and is friendlier to
observatories
24
NOW LET’S GET INTO
SOME DETAILS
REGARDING LEDs AND
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
25
CITIES THAT HAVE INSTALLED OR HAVE
DECIDED TO GO WITH LED
STREETLIGHTS
• Anchorage, Alaska was the first major U.S. city to go with LED
streetlights
• Numerous other cities have or have decided to go LED
• Los Angeles has completed replacement of 140,000 HPS
streetlights
26
CITIES THAT HAVE INSTALLED OR HAVE
DECIDED TO GO WITH LED
STREETLIGHTS
• From Bill Attardi’s November 2013 Energy Watch
– http://www.attardimarketing.com/energywatch/
27
NOT THAT MANY MANUFACTURERS
OFFER A FULL LINE OF LED
PRODUCTS
• Cree is one company that does, so style and
paint color will all match
• There are some other manufacturers that also
have full lines
• But for manufacturers, which don’t, may be
tricky matching styles and color
28
KITS
• There are number of manufacturers of LED kits for
existing fixtures
• Very concerned about thermals and distribution in
fixtures not designed for LED
– Some kits have their own lenses, and if they have good enough
thermals, they may be good
• I usually prefer new LED fixtures designed for thermals
and optical control
• But several manufacturers, including Holophane and
Kim, make new LED fixtures and kits based on older
styles, so retrofitting those older fixtures with kits is okay
29
KITS
• For certain projects I have liked the Guth XTR screw-in kit with
remote driver, so heat from LEDs and driver was kept separate,
helping both stay cooler
– But it was not marketed very well and was discontinued
• There are various other medium to high wattage one-piece screw-in kits,
some that will even dim or turn off if they get too hot
– But I am concerned about the weight in the socket and having LEDs and driver
together
30
LEDs ON
MISSISSIPPI BRIDGE
• LEDs can also be used for aesthetics
– RGB (red, green & blue) LEDs are the primary light colors
– Certain of the these colored LEDs can be dimmed and other can get more drive
current to provide various colors
– Applications include building walls and bridges
– My good friend, Michael Lambert, was the lead designer on the Norbert Beckey
Bridge in Iowa
• The bridge and it’s approaches are 3,018 feet overall length with about 1,500 feet of
the steel structure lighted. The total installed cost for the project was $350,000 with
Musco donating $250,000. The controller and program is Nicolaudie's "Sunlite" shown
at the link below... it's a great little program and the controller fits in the palm of your
hand. You can download the software for free.... but the controller runs about $600, and
of course you need that to control any fixtures. Which is why they let you have the
software for nothing.
– http://www.nicolaudie.com/
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WALL WASHING EMC
BUILDING IN IOWA
• Another Mike Lambert project
• Custom Musco LED fixtures
• Reduced wattage by 88.5% replacing MH
34
WALL WASHING EMC
BUILDING IN IOWA
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WHITE LEDs AT WHITE HOUSE
36
LED ISSUES THAT
YOU SHOULD BE
AWARE OF
37
LED DRIVE CURRENT
• Drive current or milliamp (ma) is sort of like
ballast factor (BF) for T8s
– Higher ma or BF is more light and wattage
– But lumens per watt with various T8 BF
ballasts is linear
– But T8 lamp life is not shortened with high BF,
as long as BF is not over 1.20
38
LED DRIVE CURRENT
39
LED DRIVE CURRENT
• Although increasing drive current shortens LED
life, can still be a good strategy
– Can get by with fewer LEDs per fixture, so initial cost
can be less
– With occupancy sensors can go high/low light levels
with one driver per fixture
• For example 700ma for high and 375ma for low
• For many parking garages and parking lots, the lights can
be in low mode a majority of the time, so overall life will
still be good
40
KELVIN
• As shown in previous table higher Kelvin LEDs provide more
lumens
• Some LED fixture manufacturers lean toward 5500 - 6000K,
because highest lumens
– DLC only allows up to 5700K for rebates
– LDL does not have that restriction
• Other LED fixture manufacturers lean toward 4000 - 4500K,
because less bluish and more like moonlight and MH
• 5500 - 6000K LEDs may work very well in cities and 4000 4500K LEDs may be better in towns
• Newly developed 4000 - 4500K LEDs with lower CRI are getting
closer and closer to matching lumens of 6000K LEDs
41
LED LIFE
• LED life is based on when still provides 70% of initial lumens
– Rated life for other lighting sources is when 50% of the lamps have burned
out and 50% are still working
– LEDs can be called the mercury vapor of this generation, because merc
vap does not usually burn out, just gets dimmer and dimmer over time
• I have been under 1000W merc vap hibays that only provides about 5
footcandles on the floor, but maintenance point up, see the lamps are still on,
and do not want to replace them
– Customers who buy LED fixtures will have to learn when they should be
replaced, even when they are still working
• I have already seen many 1st generation LED exit signs that are still working,
but do not provide sufficient light for NFPA or city codes, and facility people
do not want to replace them because they are still working
42
LED LIFE
• Since high lumen white LEDs are a relatively new
technology and keep improving
– Please be very aware that rated lives are projections, and even
the best projections are still projections
– For example 100,000 hour rated LED
• Never turned off, would take 11.4 years to lose projected 30% of initial
lumens
– A lot of different stuff can happen to an LED chip in 11 years
• On 4000 hours per year would take 25 years to lose projected 30% of
initial lumens
– A lot more can happen in 25 years
• Even if the LEDs last 100,000 hours, will cherry picker
trucks or lifts be required to clean fixtures much more
frequently?
43
LED LIFE
• Just because one LED fixture manufacturer states 100,000 or
150,000 hours and another one lists 50,000 or 50,000+ hours
does not automatically make one better
– One fixture manufacturer just may be much more conservative
• Especially when comparing to induction, may be best to use
50,000, 60,000 or 70,000 hours for both technologies
• IES in TM21 is considering LED fixture rated life should not be
more than 6 times what the LED chips are rated for
– Currently LED chips are tested for 6000 hours
– Which would max at 36,000 hours
44
USA Average Nighttime Temperatures
45
45
Light Loss Factors – LEDway Street
Lighting Luminaire
46
46
LED LIFE
• Leotek recently had Intertek do worst case thermal tests
– Green Cobra fixtures with
• 80 Lumileds LEDs, which is the maximum number of LEDs that will fit
– 150C maximum LED junction temperature rating
• 700 ma, which is the highest drive current
– Test 1
• Junction temperature was below 75C
– Leaving 75C to spare
– Test 2 (burying fixture in one inch of sand)
• Junction temperature was below 80C
– Leaving 70C to spare
• So Leotek feels very confident that their fixtures will work quite
well even in areas, like Miami, New Orleans, Houston, Phoenix &
Las Vegas
47
DRIVER LIFE
• Heat is the enemy of all electronics, including ballasts and
drivers
• Just like electronic ballasts, the achilles heel of LED drivers are
the electrolytic capacitors
• So what if LEDs can last 100,000+ hours if the driver only lasts
50,000 - 60,000 hours
• Some fixture manufacturers are using drivers with mil spec
capacitors and state that the drivers can last as long as the LEDs
– That may be true, but again, that is a projection
• Maybe it would be good to remote the drivers in the base of
pole fixtures so easy access
48
Philips Advance Drive Lifetimes
in Beta LED Fixtures
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LIFE REALITY CHECK
• Even based on 50,000 hour projected life, that is 12.5 years
based on dusk to dawn operation
• Just think what can fail in 12.5 years with hot sun, cold, rain, etc.
–
–
–
–
Solder joints
Wires
Capacitors and/or other components in drivers
LEDs (which may be most resilient)
• Expand this to 100,000 hour projected life, which would be 25
years
• This issue also applies to other long life technologies, such as
induction, which will be discussed later
50
WARRANTY
• Cree, Leotek and maybe have 10 parts warranty
• Most manufacturers have 5 years parts
• Warranty can usually be negotiated longer, like up to
10 years
– With a moderate initial price increase
• Read the warranty carefully, because sometimes big
differences even if length is the same
• Be cautious of long warranties from fixture
manufacturers that maybe have only been in business
for a year or so
51
MODULAR DESIGN
• Some LED fixtures are modular so parts are easily replaceable
for maintenance and upgrades
– LED panels
– Driver(s)
• LEDs are improving lumen watts about 20% per year
• For example
– If fixtures with 4 LED panels are purchased now, maybe in 3 - 5 years,
each fixture could be retrofitted with 3 LED panels, providing the same
amount of light, but saving almost 25% wattage
• On the other side, if an LED fixture lasts for 50,000, which for
dusk to dawn, that will be about 12 years, and new high
performance fixtures then may be much smaller and different
design
52
MODULAR DESIGN
• Even some fixtures without replaceable light bars can easily get
new LEDs and drivers
– Philips Roadview is an example
53
MODULAR DESIGN
• Even some fixtures without replaceable light bars can easily get
new LEDs and drivers
– Philips Roadview is an example
54
RECYCLING
• There is a lot of valuable metal, used as heat
sinks, etc. in LED fixtures
• This should be recycled
• Several manufacturers have programs to pay
for their old LED fixture returned and offer a
discount on new LED fixtures for down the
road
55
BUG
• Stands for Backlight, Uplight and
Glare
• In the process of replacing terms like
full cut-off
– But many people still feel more
comfortable with old terminology
• Here is a good website for BUG
– www.agi32.com/kb/index.php?article=
858
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Round 7
Bollards Side-by-Side Comparison
Same Model
Similar Distribution
Type III or House-Side Shield
Source: Department of Energy
57
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DOE
GATEWAY
STUDIES
some are old, but still significant
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60
60
Incumbent Technology - HPS
100 Watt HPS
70 Watt HPS
Trial Technology - LED
60 LED Type 3
(350 mA)
30 LED Type 2
(525 mA)
Graphics above show a representation of the uniformity of the
illumination provided by each of the technologies
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GATEWAY STUDIES
• Cully Park, Portland, Oregon
• Lija Loop, Portland, Oregon
– Energy Trust of Oregon project
• Palo Alto, California
– Compared HPS, LED & Induction
• T.J. Maxx, Manchester, New Hampshire
• Sacramento, California
– Acorn fixtures
• Interstate 35 Bridge in Minnesota
• Several others
62
BIRD CONCERNS
• Good LED fixtures are designed so LED junction
temperatures do not get too hot
• Depending on fixture design, you may want to
be aware of poop from medium to large birds,
including sea gulls, 6 month or longer periods,
that many parts of California can go without rain
– Maybe get the spikes or other devices on top of
fixtures so birds do not land and do their business
63
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS
• Where full cut-off for dark sky and maybe other
concerns is important
• Where getting sufficient light in far corners of
necessary area without excessive light
underneath fixture
64
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS
• 24 hour applications, like garages, because most
potential savings
• Garages and parking lots where can use
occupancy sensors for high/low or on/off lighting
– Neither of these shorten LED life, like they can for
other lighting technologies
– No long warm up and restrike times like HID
65
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS
• Replacing relatively low wattage HPS and standard or probe start
MH lamps with magnetic ballasts
– Lower wattage HID lamps and ballasts are considerably less efficacious
than higher wattage ones
• HPS (initial lumens per watt including magnetic ballast)
– 69 for 100W
– 107 for 400W (55% better)
• MH (initial lumens per watt including mag ballast)
– 65 for 175W
– 79 for 400W (22% better)
– Lower wattage MH lamps typically have much shorter lamp life than higher
wattage ones
– For example, 10,000 hours for 175W and 20,000 hours for 400W
66
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS
• Replacing relatively low wattage HPS and standard or probe start MH lamps
with magnetic ballasts
– Higher wattage and lumen HID lamps and the fixtures for them often cost about
the same as lower wattage versions
• But since more LEDs are required to replace high wattage HID fixtures, LED fixtures with
more LEDs cost significantly more than LED fixtures with fewer LEDs
• HPS because ugly yellow color and low S/P ratio
• HID fixtures with low fixture efficiency, bad optics, not dark sky compliant, etc.
– A few fixture type examples
• Typical cobra head
• Acorn without reflector which would prevent too much uplight
• Ballasts in existing fixtures nearing end of rated life
• Have to buy new fixtures anyway, so can do financials by subtracting cost of
baseline fixtures
67
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS
• New construction
– Often fewer LED pole fixtures will be required,
because of better distribution patterns
• So even if the unit pricing on LED fixtures is more, if need
fewer of them, poles, foundations and trenching, the total
job cost can be significantly less, not even including
electrical savings
• I clearly saw this for a new parking lot for one of my clients
in the San Francisco Bay Area comparing pulse start quartz
MH lamps with magnetic ballasts in high performance
vertical base up fixtures compare to high performance LED
fixtures
– Required 20% less LED fixtures, poles, labor, etc.
68
1000W HID BUSTER
• Cree and others have come out with LED
fixtures, which can replace 1000W HPS or MH
– PlanLED Maha 400 is one example
•
•
•
•
95+ LPW
Up to 100,000 hour rating
Around $1200
Up to 10 year warranty
copyright of Stan Walerczyk
69
BUT THINGS ARE CHANGING REGARDING REPLACING
HIGH WATTAGE HID
• Now something to replace 1500 & 2000W MH
fixtures
• PlanLED Gigatera SUFA-800W fixture
– 79,000 lumens
– 800W
– 100 LPW
– 80+ CRI
– About $2400
70
LED with PV
• This is getting more popular, but many of the
systems only provide about as much light as a 60
- 100W incandescent light bulb and are quite
expensive
• One higher lumen example is Carmanah’s
Evergen 1500 series www.carmanah.com
– Up to 7300 lumens with Cree Lighting Edge or
LEDway
– Programmable system for light output through
the night for various geographical areas
– Optional occupancy sensors
– $6000 - $8000 without pole or labor
• Sometimes can use PV with regular AC power as
back up
71
LED with PV
• Inovus’ Design Series has PV around
the pole, so do not need collectors
on top of pole, which do not look
good and may be blown off with high
winds
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2012 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES
EXTERIOR WINNERS
• These were actually awarded in February of 2013
• Best in Class - Façade Lighting
– The Lighting Quotient’s fraqtir
• 86 CRI, which is very good for
exterior
• Only 41.5 LPW
• The judges praised the versatility,
light
distribution, and color quality of the product. "Wide beam spread,"
"soft gradient," and "good color" were all included in the individual
judging comments. The judges did encourage the manufacturer to
increase efficiency, however.
73
2012 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES
EXTERIOR WINNERS
• Best in Class - Roadway Lighting
– GE’s Evolve LED Scalable Cobrahead
• 78.3 LPW
• 3900K, which is lower than most exterior LED fixtures
• The judges applauded the light distribution, color quality, and light output of
the Evolve™ LED Scalable Cobrahead roadway luminaire (ER2 model)
evaluated in the residential roadway category. Specific comments included:
"wide distribution," "good backlight control," and "like control." The panel did
express some concerns over bright and dark striping patterns on the roadway
and surface.
74
2012 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES
EXTERIOR WINNERS
• Best in Class - Streetscape
Lighting
– Relume Technologies’ Oxford
• 48.78 LPW, which is not very good
– The judges were very impressed
with the glare control, aesthetics,
and adjustable features of the
OXFORD.
– "Low glare," "adjustable uplight,"
and "looks great" were some of the
specific comments.
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2012 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES
EXTERIOR WINNERS
• Best in Class - Decorative Lighting
– Edge Lighting’s TV and Dial LED
•
•
•
•
8W
41.4 LPW, which is not that good
85 CRI, which is good for exterior
The judges reacted very positively to the unique
and creative design of these two decorative
luminaires. Comments like "beautiful fixture,"
"great use of LED technology," and "cool,
innovative fixture" indicate why the product was
seen as "Best in Class" almost at the outset. The
judges did express some concerns about
serviceability.
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2012 NEXT GENERATION LUMINAIRES
EXTERIOR WINNERS
• Recognized
– In these categories
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Roadway Lighting
Walkway Lighting
Streetscape Lighting
Parking Lot Lighting
Canopy Lighting
Façade Lighting
Decorative Lighting
Wall Mounted Area Lighting
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GOOD & RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE LED
WALLPACK
• Cooper Lumark Crosstour
– 10, 20 and 30W versions
– Can cost $100 - $150
– Can also be mounted on
4” posts
– Kit to make it a flood
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GOOD & RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE LED
WALLPACK
• RAB Lighting LSTEP (SLED)
– 5W, which can replace 13W CFL or 60W incandescent
– Good optics
– ADA compliant
– 100,000 hour rated life
79
LED JELLY JAR
RAB Lighting Vapor Proof Fixtures
80
WHAT ABOUT OTHER
LIGHTING
TECHNOLOGIES?
81
HPS
(HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM)
82
HPS
• Inexpensive, relatively long life & for lower wattages the
arc tube can be considered a point source
• If existing magnetic ballasts and fixtures are in good
shape and if yellow light with only about 20 CRI is okay
– Could consider switching to 40,000 hour rated non-cycling or
double arc tube HPS lamps now and converting to LED or
something else later
– Osram Sylvania introduced 80,000 100W and 150W HPS
noncycling and instant hot restrike HPS lamps
• EYE introduced 75 CRI 250W HPS lamps
83
ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED
PS MH
(PULSE START
METAL HALIDE)
84
ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED PS MH
• Two types of PS MH
– Ceramic or CMH
•
•
•
•
•
70 - 90+ CRI
Up to 110 lumens/watt
Does not work with all electronic ballasts
Long restrike times even with electronic ballasts
Quite expensive
– Quartz
•
•
•
•
•
65 - 70 CRI
Lower lumens per watt
30 second to few minute restrike time
Usually can work on all electronic ballasts
Relatively inexpensive
85
ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED PS MH
• Electronic ballasts (EHID)
– These have been quite expensive, like $150, but some are now less than
$100
– I have had concerns about heat, including in dark colored fixtures blasted
by summer sun, even when not on
• But at least Metrolight has an external pod, with excellent thermal design
– www.metrolight.com
• PS MH lamp life may be up to 60,000 hours, but that should be
verified from lamp manufacturers’ and/or ballast
manufacturers’ extended warranty
86
ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED PS MH
• LEDs are often better to replace up to175 or 250W HPS or
standard magnetically driven MH
• But electronically ballasted PS MH may be currently more cost
effective to replace 250, 400 and higher wattage HPS or standard
MH with magnetic ballasts
• Philips Roadway EON fixtures
– 2 or 3 PS MH lamps in a fixture with electronic ballast
– One lamp on at a time, for about 60,000 hours
• When burns out, Philips thinks that fixtures could be replaced with LED
fixtures
– Aiming at $250 or less for a cobrahead
– Following is a photo from a similar Philips mock-up for Mexico
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ELECTRONICALLY
BALLASTED PS MH
• If existing fixtures are in good shape, retrofitting them with electronically
ballasted CMH can cost 1/3 to 1/4 what new LED fixtures cost
• At least Philips is working on Cosmopolis and Elite replacement lamps that will
be less wattage than existing ones, but can use existing ballasts
– So can save wattage now and down the road
– For example, may be able to replace a 90W Cosmo lamp with a 75 watter after existing 90
watter burns out or is replaced in a group relamping
• Heat can be an issue with these electronic ballasts in some fixtures
89
CMH LAMPS WITH EXISTING
MAGNETIC BALLAST
• In addition to the Cosmo and Elite CMH lamp and
ballast systems, Philips also makes the Allstart CMH,
which can use existing probe or pulse start magnetic
ballasts
• Won’t save as much wattage as Cosmo or Elite lamps
with electronic ballasts, but this can
– Cost a lot less
– And they still can improve CRI and maybe also lamp life
90
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HID SHOE BOX FIXTURES
• This is more about parking lot than roadway
pole fixtures
• Yes, many of the designer horizontal lamp
fixtures look very good aesthetically, but vertical
base up fixtures usually provide much better
distribution and uniformity
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INDUCTION
93
INDUCTION
• Basically fluorescent lamps without cathodes,
so not much to degrade, except phosphors
• Generators are the equivalent to ballasts and
drivers
• White light, high CRI, long life, low glare, good
for cold, instant on & no restrike time
– And no lumen drop with low Kelvin like LED
94
94
95
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INDUCTION
• Philips introduced their QL system in 1991 and Sylvania
introduced their Icetron system in 1997
– Lamp and generator can cost $150 - $200
• But it was until LED started to become popular a few
years ago, that induction became quite popular with so
many companies pushing fixtures and kits with less
expensive Chinese and Korean induction systems
– Have seen kits with Chinese induction systems as low as $100
97
97
INDUCTION
• Up to mid 2009 induction was pretty competitive with
LED and electronically ballasted CMH
– But induction, being a mature technology is lagging further and
further behind other technologies, which are continuing to get
better year after year
– Yes, many projects can still be successfully done with induction,
but considerably more wattage can be saved and maintenance
can be about the same with LED, electronically ballasted CMH
and sometimes even fluorescent T8 systems
98
98
INDUCTION
• What about pricing?
– Even now LED fixtures can cost often less than
induction fixtures
• For example, Leotek has sold LED cobraheads,
able to replace 100W HPS as low as $191,
including 10 year warranty
• In 5 years LED fixture pricing should continue to
drop, while induction fixture pricing may stay
about the same
99
99
100
ISOLUX DIAGRAM FOR TYPE II
STREET LIGHTING
• The following three isolux diagrams came from PG&E for City of
Santa Rosa, which base case is 100W HPS cobraheads
• Distribution patterns and amount of footcandles would vary some
what with various manufacturers and models
– But general distribution patterns are pretty consistent for HPS, induction
and well designed LED cobraheads
• These are with bottom flat lensed HPS and induction cobraheads
– SAG or drop lens would increase light between fixtures, but also not be
good for dark skies and light pollution on house and opposite sides
• Current LED fixture performance is better
101
100W HPS
Calculation Summary
Label
CalcType
Units
Avg.
Max.
Min.
Avg/Min.
Max/Min.
Layout 1_Lum
L_Roadway
Cd/Sq. M.
0.26
0.76
0.09
2.09
0.44
Layout 1_Ill
Illuminance
Fc
0.40
1.96
0.12
3.33
16.33
Layout 1_Lv
L Veiling
Cd/Sq. M.
0.02
0.10
0.00
N.A.
N.A.
Layout 1_STV
Vis. Level
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
102
85W INDUCTION
Calculation Summary
Label
CalcType
Units
Avg.
Max.
Min.
Avg/Min.
Max/Min.
Layout 1_Lum
L_Roadway
Cd/Sq. M.
0.13
0.43
0.03
4.33
14.33
Layout 1_Ill
Illuminance
Fc
0.21
0.95
0.03
7.00
31.67
Layout 1_Lv
L Veiling
Cd/Sq. M.
0.01
0.03
0.00
N.A.
N.A.
Layout 1_STV
Vis. Level
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
103
70W LED
Calculation Summary
Label
CalcType
Units
Avg.
Max.
Min.
Avg/Min.
Max/Min.
Layout 1_Lum
L_Roadway
Cd/Sq. M.
0.29
0.97
0.10
2.90
9.70
Layout 1_Ill
Illuminance
Fc
0.35
1.12
0.12
2.92
9.33
Layout 1_Lv
L Veiling
Cd/Sq. M.
0.03
0.12
0.00
N.A.
N.A.
Layout 1_STV
Vis. Level
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
104
WHAT IS BETTER THAN
LUMENS PER WATT?
Footcandles, and really footcandles where
the light is necessary, per watt
105
106
107
PLASMA
(LIGHT EMITTING PLASMA)
108
PLASMA
• Chicklet sized lamps with no wires
• Were mainly used in projector TVs
– Then had to find another application
• Luxim and Topanga are the two major
manufacturers
– I used to mainly cover Luxim products, but now
Topanga
109
PLASMA
110
TOPANGA
111
PLASMA
• This technology is quite expensive
• Cannot really compete against LED in
relatively low wattage applications
• Big push to replace high wattage HID
112
PLASMA
• High mast, typically replacing 1000W HPS or MH
• Luxim plasma in Bright Light Systems fixtures
113
LRC NLPIP PLASMA LIGHTING SYSTEMS
• 2013
• http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/nlpip/publicationDe
tails.asp?id=936&type=2
• Next slide has table
114
115
T5HO
116
T5HO
• Where it does not get too cold, T5HO pole fixtures are
an option
• But I do not think a very good option for most
applications
– Windage concern
• Pole, anchor bolts and foundation
– Blob of light
– Not that good lamp life
– T5HOs not very good lumens per watt anyway
• 20% less than high performance T8 systems
• 30% less than CMH with electronic ballasts
117
T5HO
118
T8
119
T8
• Not recommended for pole fixtures and very cold
• Can be very good for numerous garage, carport and open hallway
applications
– I often like triangle shaped T8 fixtures in garages to replace HPS, MH and
MV
– In garages T8s, bi-level ballast and occupancy sensor can work well in
some applications
• High Performance T8 lamps and electronic ballasts, as listed by
the Consortium of Energy Efficiency, www.cee1.org, can usually
cost effectively replace T12s & magnetic ballasts and basic grade
T8s & generic electronic ballasts
– High performance T8 systems are more efficacious (lumens per watt) than
T5HO and T5 systems
120
REGARDING
ALL
TECHNOLOGIES
121
USE MINIMUM, NOT AVERAGE
FOOTCANDLES
• Average footcandles have been the established way to design for
exterior applications and compare options
• For HID and induction to provide sufficient light between fixtures
at to desired perimeter, they provide excessive light underneath
fixtures, which is really a waste, but increase average footcandles
• But since good LED fixtures can get sufficient light between
fixtures and to desired perimeter without providing excessive
light underneath fixtures, minimum footcandles should be used
– Good LED fixtures also have much better min/max ratios
122
MAJOR VOLTAGE SPIKES
• This can especially be a concern for street lights
in areas that are prone to lightning
• Electronic HID ballasts, LED drivers and
induction generators in other applications
should be designed to handle voltage spikes
123
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
• Although University of Pittsburgh’s
Mascaro Center for Sustainable
Innovation’s ‘Life Cycle Assessment of
Streetlight Technologies’ is quite good
– www.ledsmagazine.com/news/7/3/12?cmpid
=EnlLEDsMarch172010
• Portland General Electric wrote a recent
study, but may not be publically available
yet
124
MADE IN USA?
• With this serious recession, keeping American jobs is
important, not just for LED fixtures, but also with other
fixtures
• Cree Lighting LED fixtures is just one example
– Cree LED crystals, phosphors and chips made in USA
• LED assembly done in China
– Philips/Advance drivers made in Mexico
– Fixtures made in Wisconsin, USA
• Do your own research for fixtures that you are
interested in
125
INSTALLED COSTS
• Parts
– $200 LED or induction fixture from distribution
– $ 15 sales tax
– $ 35 contractor markup
• Labor can vary so much (union or non-union, insurance,
bonds, warranty, etc)
–
–
–
–
$ 50 - $150 residential road
$100 - $200 collector road
$200 - $300 high traffic road
(if new fixtures are not installed, maintenance costs would also
be high in collector and high traffic roads)
126
SPECTRALLY ENHANCED LIGHTING
• Older name is scotopically enhanced lighting
• Light sources with more blue content are considered spectrally enhanced, and
are usually considered brighter and can improve visual acuity
• Not only do LEDs have more lumens per watt at high Kelvins, but the high
Kelvins, especially 6000K, are also spectrally enhanced
• Induction usually available up to 5000K
• But benefits of spectrally enhanced lighting are probably not valid in street lights
when people really only get enough light from one fixture at a time
– Can apply in parking lots and garages when multiple fixtures in view
127
HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING
• This may also apply to exterior lighting
• For people and animals maybe good to have
– High light level and high CCT up to 9 or 10 PM
– Low light level and low CCT till 1 or 2 hours before sunrise
– High light level and high CCT till dawn
128
CONTROL SYSTEMS
• There is an evolution of wireless and power line
carrier wave control systems, which can
– For all technologies signal the facility’s office about
• Light sources not working
– Including HPS lamp cycling
• Lights on during day due to faulty photocell
– Especially for LEDs, can include
• Continuous or staged dimming
– When junction temperature too high
– When traffic is greatly reduced during the night, so need less light
» Could also work for dimming induction generators and
dimming MH ballasts/amplifiers
129
CONTROL SYSTEMS
• Currently these control systems are expensive
and may worsen paybacks and other financials
instead of improving them
– You will have to decide
– Since each of these systems is usually proprietary,
which is a city, county or other institution gets, they
will probably be locked into that company
– Control systems should get less expensive as time
goes on
130
CONTROL SYSTEMS
• New Philips Dynadimmer looks quite interesting
–
–
–
–
Electronic, programmable & stand alone
Up to 5 dimming levels
Up to 5 time periods
Relatively inexpensive
• Acuity ROAM (Remote Operations Asset Management)
system
– Austin, Texas is going with this
• Virticus
– Powerline and wireless
131
NOT THE BEST REPORT
• Streetlights For Collector Roads
– From
• September 2010 NLPIP Specifier Report
• www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip
– Results include
• To meet IES RP-8, LED fixtures would have spaced only about half the distance of
HPS or PSMH fixtures
– Some problems that I and others have with this report
• LED fixtures were from summer or earlier of 2009, and current LED fixtures are
so much better now
• Can often replace HID type 3 fixtures with LED type 2 fixtures, which this study
did not do
• Good LED fixtures have been working out across the country in one for one
replacements, keeping existing spacing and cutting wattage by about half
132
EFFECTIVE BUT INEFFICIENT WAYS TO
PREVENT LIGHT TRESPASS
133
LIGHTING BLOOPERS
•
One arm of a local
government said
– We’re going to do
some new
streetlighting
– These cast poles will
look super in our
town
•
Another government
office said
– This is a historic
building
– The storefronts and
the awnings need to
stay where they are
134
I CAN’T BELIEVE
• Existing 100’ poles with 1000W 125,000 - 140,000
lumen HPS shoe box fixtures
– One person wanted to replace with a 6F54T5HO fixture,
which only provides 30,000 lumens
• Plus what about windage with this 2 x 4 fixture?
– Another person wanted to replace with a 500W induction
fixture, which provides 37,500 lumens
• Plus since the lamp is so large and the fixture isn’t, how can there be
decent fixture efficiency and optical control?
– What do you think would be some good ideas?
135
GARAGE
COMBINATION OF
INTERIOR & EXTERIOR
136
GLARE CONCERN
• Especially in garages at certain angles some LED
fixtures can be considered glary
– Like looking into several high wattage MR16 narrow
spots
– May be a deal killer
• But there are some good ones
137
LOW GLARE
• Philips Wide-Lite’s VizorLED
138
LOW GLARE
• Kenall TekDek
– Lens that reduces glare
– Control system
– L70 signal
139
LOW GLARE
• Cree VG
– As you can see, this new Cree is similar to Kenall
TekDek
– Other manufacturers may also go this direction
140
LOW GLARE
• Cooper Top Tier
– With WaveStream flat lens with dimple
technology from Rambus, which GE is also
using in other fixture types
141
LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY which had 2
end to end F96T8 741s
142
CANOPY
143
CANOPY
• Includes
– Gas station gas pump areas
– Various other relatively high ceiling applications
• Some new products have 100 and even 110 LPW
• In addition to listed Cree and LSI products, check
out the upcoming Sylvania and other companies’
products
144
CANOPY
• Cree CPY
• LSI Crossover Gold
– Kit or new fixture
145
SIGN LIGHTS
146
SIGN LIGHTS
• An example is the Cooper Lighting MQS
LED sign light
147
CABINET SIGNS
148
CABINET SIGNS
• Here is information on a GE system and
one of its customers
• There are other manufacturers and endclients
149
CABINET SIGNS
• GE Tetra
– One and double sided
150
CABINET SIGNS
• Public Storage packs away $1.9 million in
annual savings with GE Tetra LED signage
lighting
151
CONTROLS
152
OCCUPANCY/MOTION SENSORS
• Often they are called occupancy sensors in interior applications and motion
sensors in exterior applications
– Garages are sort of in the middle
• In many applications they can save substantial KWH cost effectively
• One major issue with occupancy/motion sensors in garages and parking lots is
coverage
– One recent garage project where people sometimes had to get about 8’ away from
sensor for lights to come on fully
– IR sensors and stretched out fingers
– There is a lot of work to improve this by sensor manufacturers
– Wireless controls with occupancy sensors in key areas can turn lights fully on in an
entire area, which can be better for comfort and security, but consumes more
energy
– Tall poles with or without trees and bushes can also be a problem
153
OCCUPANCY/MOTION SENSORS
• Another solution is using digital camera
technology, like Lighting Science Group’s
PixelView Control
154
OCCUPANCY/MOTION SENSORS
•
•
•
Blending seamlessly into the luminaire, Lighting Science’s PixelView Control™ system
achieves what other outdoor occupancy controls systems have not – a fully integrated
individual luminaire control that provides unparalleled coverage and control capability
that dramatically improves performance and safety making all other occupancy sensing
technologies obsolete.
Typical exterior occupancy controls use Passive Infrared (PIR) technology to detect
motion and their ability to recognize occupancy can be severely diminished in hot or
cold environments. In high temperature environments a human body can blend in to
the background while in cold temperatures, heavy clothing can provide a type of
camouflage, limiting how much infrared is radiated from the body. Coupled with PIR’s
common use of Fresnel type lenses that have the potential to create “dead zones” in
coverage, the failure of the sensor to effectively recognize occupancy can create a
potentially unsafe environment for occupants.
Forefront’s PixelView Control™system utilizes image sensing and video processing to
accurately detect and characterize motion. Unlike PIR technology, PixelView Control™is
not affected by ambient conditions and detects movement of any object within its field
of view accurately trigger the luminaire to smoothly move into full brightness.
155
OCCUPANCY/MOTION SENSORS
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
has also been working on this, calling it Image
Processing Occupancy Sensor (IPOS)
• Using all existing cell phone parts, so nothing
new has to be designed or manufactured
– Some digital components have to be re-programmed
156
WIRELESS CONTROLS
• As the previous slide states, wireless controls can be
very good for some applications .
• Wireless control systems, such as from Adura, Exergy,
Lutron, and Daintree can also provide
– Instantaneous KW and KWH information, which some end
users really like
– With networked occupancy sensors in garages, parking lots
and offices, security people can know if there is activity in
these areas when there should not be
– Non-functioning lighting
157
WIRELESS CONTROLS
• With about $100, and even if it can get down to $75 or even $50 per fixture, it
is a challenge for wireless control systems to be cost effective, especially when
the max load has be reduced significantly with a lighting retrofit, which may
include new fixtures
– It is also a challenge for occupancy sensors to be cost effective when the max load
has been significantly reduced
• But for some applications, wireless controls can be QUITE COST EFFECTIVE
• Sometimes wireless controls with or without selective occupancy sensors can
be more cost effective than occupancy sensors on every fixture
• The following slide is from Adura about a garage, which well placed occupancy
sensors turn and off certain fixtures on and off in a general area
158
Case Study – Installation
Occupancy
Sensors
Photocell
Sensor
Lights turn on in
response to a
car coming up
the ramp from a
different floor
159
Occ Sensor ON
Fixture ON
Occ Sensor OFF
Fixture OFF
© 2011 Adura Technologies Proprietary & Confidential
159
GETTING CLOSE
TO THE END
160
INTERESTING LED STUFF
• Powered by gravity
– http://phys.org/news/2012-12-duo-gravitylightlamp-gravity-video.html#ajTabs
161
WHAT SPECIFIC PRODUCT AND
APPLICATION DO YOU LIKE BEST OR
LEAST
FROM THIS CLASS?
• Does anybody want to volunteer?
• If not enough volunteers, I pick some
people
162
ALL OF STAN’S PRESENTATIONS
•
ADVANCED LIGHTING RETROFIT OPTIONS
– With John Fetters
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
BOC LIGHTING
CONTROLS
HANDS ON AUDITING AND RETROFIT SPECIFICATION
HOSPITALS
HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING
INDUSTRIAL, WAREHOUSE, COLD STORAGE, FOOD PROCESSING, ETC.
LED vs EVERYTHING ELSE
LED HIBAYS COMING OF AGE
LIGHTING 101
NEW TITLE 24 LIGHTING RETROFIT PREP COURSE
RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING FOR HOME OWNERS & RENTERS
RETROFIT (WITHOUT UPGRADE) = WASTED OPPORTUNITY
•
Also custom ones
163
IF TIME
• Any local significant already installed
interior or exterior lighting projects that
somebody would like talk about?
• Would anybody like to discuss their current
or upcoming lighting retrofit projects?
164
• Please fill out any applicable forms
• Contact information for Stan Walerczyk
– 808-344-9685
– stan@lightingwizards.com
– www.lightingwizards.com
• Thanks for attending
165
APPENDIX
166
BACKGROUND INFO
• Please let me know if you are NOT already aware of
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
DOE Solid State Lighting Program, including CALiPER, etc.
Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick
Lighting Facts
Energy Star
DesignLights Consortium SSL Qualified Product List
L Prize
Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards
Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
Lighting Research Center’s Solid State Lighting
LEDs Magazine
Architectural SSL Magazine
L70, LM79 & LM80
• Slides for these follow, which can discuss if sufficient people are
not aware of certain topics
167
HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting
– Google search ‘doe ssl’
•
•
•
•
•
•
CALiPER test reports
Benchmark reports
Gateway studies
Fact sheets
Webinars
More
– If you sign up, you will be automatically notified with
anything new
168
HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Department of Energy
– Lighting Facts
• www.lightingfacts.com
– Commercial Building Energy Alliances
• Technology and System Specification Development
• www2.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/technol
ogies.html
– Lifetime and Reliability
• http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ss
l/life-reliability_fact-sheet.pdf
169
HELPFUL EMAIL
• Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick
– About once a week
– postings@lightingfacts.com
170
HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Energy Star
– www.energystar.gov
• DesignLights Consortium SSL Qualified Product
List
– www.designlights.org/solidstate.about.QualifiedProdu
ctsList_Publicv2.php
• L Prize
– www.lightingprize.org
171
HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards
– More residential
– www.lightingfortomorrow.com
• Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
– More commercial
– www.ngldc.org
• Architectural SSL Magazine’s Product Innovation Awards
– I was a judge for 2012 and 2013
– www.architecturalssl.com/pia/index.php
172
HELPFUL WEBSITES
• Lighting Research Center
– www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/index.asp
• LEDs Magazine
– www.ledsmagazine.com
• Architectural SSL Magazine
– www.architecturalssl.com
173
MAYBE A USEFUL TOOL FOR LED
LAMPS & PRODUCTS
• www.ledproductlocator.com
• Used to be just for lamps
174
• L70
L70, LM79 & LM80
– Rated life of LEDs, based when still have 70% of initial lumens
– Really projections
• LM79
– Total flux (light output), electrical power (wattage), efficacy (lumen/watt),
chromaticity out of the complete product or luminaire (fixture)
• LM80
– Lumen depreciation of LED chips from LED manufacturers, which product
manufacturers use with the thermal design of their products
– Typically LED manufacturers test their chips for 6000 hours and based on
lumen depreciation over that time, useable life of the chips is
extrapolated until L70 is reached
– Within TM21 the IES is considering that life should not be extrapolated
more than 6 times testing duration
– LM80 is not the rated life of an LED product, because drivers, electrical
connections, product integrity, etc. may fail before the LEDs
175
SAVING ENERGY
• Yes, LEDs can save significant wattage and KWH
• But incumbent technologies may be able to be
more cost effective saving, maybe not as much
energy
• As LED products improve and cost less, there
will be shifts
– So even if incumbents are better now, that may not
be the case in 6 months, 1 year or 2 years
176
HAS THE LIGHTING INDUSTRY
EVOLVED?
• Up to a few years ago, I would have said yes
• But the last two years a lot of the LED marketing
literature and sales people, remind me of reflector and
CFL marketing literature and sales people in the late
80s to mid 90s
– Way too many LED sales people know very little about
lighting and may have been selling cars recently
• Many do not even know what LM79 and LM80 are
177
TRUTH IN
ADVERTISING?
• Not only has the DOE CALiPER Program
revealed
– Many LED products not meeting
manufacturer specifications
– But also that many fluorescent, incandescent
and halogen products have the same problem
178
TRUTH IN
ADVERTISING?
•
September 8, 2010... The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has sued a California-based LED
bulb manufacturer and its principals to stop them from exaggerating the light output and life expectancy
of its LED bulbs, and misleading consumers.
•
In its continuing effort to stop deceptive advertising the FTC filed a complaint charging that since 2008,
Lights of America, Inc. has overstated the light output and life expectancy of its LED bulbs on packages
and in brochures. The agency also charges that Lights of America misled consumers about how the
brightness of its LED bulbs compare to traditional incandescent lights.
•
The FTC notes that it authorizes the filing of a complaint when it has “reason to believe” that the law has
or is being violated, and it appears to the Commission that a proceeding is in the public interest. The
Commission also points out that a complaint is not a finding or ruling that the defendants have actually
violated the law.
•
Copies of the Commission’s complaint and the press release
<http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/09/lightsofamerica.shtm> about it can be found on the FTC web site.
179
TROPHY CHIPS
• In production runs, there are often some LED
chips that have very high lumens per watt,
which can be called trophy chips
• Be cautious of sample fixtures, especially for
large projects
– If free or directly furnished sample fixture(s) from a
manufacturer look very good, buy one or more
samples through a third party and compare
performance with original ones
180
WOW FACTOR
• Because LEDs are new and different, they have
the WOW factor much more than most other
lighting technologies
– But that not necessarily make them better with
regard to performance and cost effectiveness
• Early adopter manufacturers, specifiers,
contractors and end-customers are important,
but care should be taken not go overboard
181
EVALUATION OF BEST-IN-CLASS
REFLECTOR LAMPS
• Innovation Electricity Efficiency (IEE)
– An Institute of the The Edison Foundation
– IEE Whitepaper
– January 2013
• Several manufacturers probably have better products by
now
– http://www.edisonfoundation.net/iee/Documents/I
EE_Evaluation%20of%20Best-inClass%20LED_Final.pdf
– Following two tables are from this report
182
183
184
MAYBE A USEFUL TOOL FOR LED
LAMPS & PRODUCTS
• www.ledproductlocator.com
• Used to be just for lamps
185