HISHAMUDDIN AHMAD

RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE MODEL FOR MALAYSIA'S STATE
SPORT SCHOOL
ONG KUAN BOON
HISHAMUDDIN AHMAD
LEEAICHOO
SANMUGA NATHAN AIL JEGATHESAN
FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCE AND COACHING
UNNERSITI PENDIDlKAN SULTAN IDRIS
RESEARCH CODE: 2010-0037-106-02
FRGS
2010-2012
v
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini melibatkan 319 orang pelajar atlet (183 lelaki dan 136 perempuan) yang
dipilih dari Sekolah Sukan Negeri Sabah, Sarawak, Kelantan, Pedis, Selangor dan
Melaka. Umur pelajar atlet yang mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini adalah dalam
lingkungan daripada 13 to16 tahun (14.4 ± 0.9 tahun). Kajian ini adalah bertujuan
untuk menyiasat status pemakanan dalam kalangan pelajar atlet di sekolah sukan
peringkat negeri. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk 'one shot study' yang
melibatkan pemeriksaan malnutrisi, lipatan kulit, indeks jisim badan, nisbah lilitan
pinggang-pinggul dan tekanan darah pelajar atlet. Data yang dikumpul telah dianalisis
dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan ujian-t menggunakan Pakej Statistik
untuk versi 16 (SPSS). Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa insiden buruk
sepertimana yang ditakrifkan oleh kriteris WHO adalah tidak wujud dalam kedua-dua
lelaki dan perempuan pelajar atlet dalam kajian ini.
Apabila dibandingkan dengan
data yang
diperolehi
oleh
Bong
et
al., (2012),
pelajar lelaki dan perempuan yang berusia 13 tahun dalam kajian ini adalah lebih
tinggi daripada rakan-rakan mereka yang lain (152,8 ± 0,07 em bagi lelaki dan 152,2
bagi perempuan). Begitu juga, kumpulan pelajar perempuan yang berumur
kajian ini adalah lebih tinggi daripada pelajar perempuan dari
kumpulan umur yang sama (153.6 ± 0.05 em). Bagi kumpulan umur yang lain, kedua­
dua pelajar atlet lelaki dan perempuan adalah sama tinggi dengan rakan-rakan mereka.
Apabila dibandingkan mengikut negeri, purata indeks jisim badan (BMI) dalam
kalangan pelajar atlet lelaki berumur 14 tahun dari Melaka dan pelajar atlet lelaki
berumur 15 tahun dari Sabah, masing-masing berada dalam persentil ke-75 dan ke-85.
Bagi pelajar perempuan pula, BMI dalam kalangan pelajar atlet perempuan berumur
14 tahun dari Pedis dan Melakajuga masing-masing dalam persentil ke-75 dan ke-85.
Menurut data rujukan NCHS / (WHO, 1995), sesuatu nilai BMI yang berada pada
persentil yang lebih daripada persentil ke-85 menunjukkan risiko berat badan
berlebihan. Selain daripada masalah kesihatan yang berkaitan, pre stasi dalam sukan
juga boleh terjejas disebabkan badan mempunyai lemak yang berlebihan. (Williams,
2011; Leelarthaepin, Chesworth & Boelyn, 1983).
±
0.05
em
14 tahun dalam
Dalam
kajian ini, insiden WHR melebihi 0.9 (lelaki) dan 0.85 (perempuan)
menunjukkan obesiti tidak wujud sama ada dalam kalangan pelajar atlet lelaki (0.82 ±
0.05) mahupun bagi pelajar atlet perempuan (0,76 ± 0.06). Walau bagaimanapun,
pelajar atlet lelaki berusia 16 tahun dari Melaka (0.90 ± 0.00) mempunyai WHR yang
jauh lebih tinggi berbanding dengan rakan-rakan seusia mereka dari Sarawak (0.80 ±
0.00, p 0.00), Kelantan (0.81 ± 0,03, P 0.00) dan Selangor (0.80 ± 0.00, P 0.00).
Apabila dibandingkan dengan data yang sedia ada seperti yang dilaporkan oleh Ng,
Tee dan Azriman, (1995), Ng et al. (1997) dan Khor et al. (1999), WHR min atlet
pelajar dalam kajian ini adalah lebih rendah daripada WHR min populasi umum di
=
=
=
antara 0.84-0.91.
Min tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolic untuk
pelajar atlet lelaki, masing­
masingnya
mmHg
mmHg. Bagi pelajar-pelajar atlet
perempuan, min tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik adalah 11 O± 7 mmHg dan 68±6
mmHg. Merujuk ladual BP dari Institut lantung, Paru-paru dan Darah Kebangsaan
(2004), keputusan menunjukkan min tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolic bagi atletadalah
113±9
dan
66±5
vi
atlet kedua-dua
merupakan
lelaki dan perempuan berada dalam
tekanan darah pada peringkat midpoint julat normal.
jantina
persentil
ke-SO yang
Merujuk kepada Cadangan Pengambilan Nutrien di Malaysia yang
kumpulan tersebut, keperluan tenaga bagi lelaki antara usia 13-1S
tahun adalah 2690 kcal/hari dan 2840 kcal/hari bagi yang berusia 16-18 tahun. Bagi
perempuan antara umur 13 dan IS, keperluan tenaga adalah 2180 kcallhari dan bagi
dikemukakan oleh
yang berusia 16-18 tahun, 20S0 kcal/hari. Justeru itu, menu yang disediakan di
sekolah-sekolah sukan yang terpilih ini didapati masih kekurangan antara 100
760
kcal/hari.
asrama
hingga
melalui
F AO/WHOIUNU
Mengikut
(2004), keperluan tenaga
pengambilan yang baik mestilah mencukupi "untuk mengimbangi penggunaan tenaga
ketika mengekalkan saiz badan, komposisi badan serta mencapai tahap keperluan dan
kewajaran mengekalkan aktiviti fizikal, malah mampu terus mengekalkan tahap
kesihatan sepanjang hidup."
Hasil
kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan
yang
signifikan
dalam
indeksjisim badan antara atlet perempuan yang berusia 14 tahun (20.47kg/m2 ±
dan 16 tahun (22.2347kg/m2 ± 2.S1) pada nilai p <O.OS. Selain itu, kajian
1.89)
juga
mendapati terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dalam peratusan lemak badan di
kalangan atlet wanita berusia 14 tahun (28.24kg/m2 ± 4.27) dan 16 tahun (23:1S
kg/m2 ± 6,73) pada nilai p <O.OS. Petunjuk statistik deskriptif dan ujian-t
menggambarkan tentang obesiti dan lemak badan yang berlebihan di kalangan atlet
wanita. Ia adalah satu tindakan yang baik apabila atlet Sekolah Sukan Selangor
mengikuti Pengambilan Nutrien Malaysia Disyorkan (RNI) tetapi pada masa yang
sama ia perlu seimbang dengan kerja yang sepatutnya senaman yang betul setiap hari.
Penyelidik mengesyorkan untuk kajian masa depan supaya terus mengesahkan status
semasa pemakanan di kalangan atlet sekolah sukan.
Sebagai kesimpulan, pel an makan yang sedia ada boleh diubahsuai dengan
memperkenalkan jumlah kalori tambahan yang diperlukan oleh pelajar atlet untuk
memenuhi anggaran keperluan tenaga seharian mereka. Kami mencadangkan pelan
hidangan yang termasuk sarapan besar, snek pertengahan pagi, makan tengah hari
awal, snek pra-senaman sebe1um latihan awal petang, snek selepas senaman, makan
malam besar awal dan makan malam ringan. Pencemaan makanan pagi yang lebih
besar jumlahnya boleh mengurangkan lebih banyak berat badan, tetapi pengambilan
makan malam yang lebih besar dapat memberi manfaat dalam penyelenggaraan yang
lebih baik jisirn lemak bebas (Keirn et al., 1997).
vii
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to investigate the nutritional status among athletes at the
state sports school level. The total number of student-athletes children who
participated in this study was
319
(183 boys
and 136
girls) from designated
state
sport
schools of Sabah, Sarawak, Kelantan, Perlis, Selangor and Melaka. The age of the
student-athletes who participated in this study ranged from 13 to 16 years old
(14.4±0.9 year). A total of n 183 students in the hostel comprising of 13 to 14 yrs
old (n= 139) and 15 to16 years old (n= 44) were involved in this exploratory study.
This study use 'one shot study' design involving the investigation of malnutrition
inspection, skin folds, body mass index, waist-hip circumference ratio and blood
pressure of the athletes. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics
and t-test using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 16.
=
The result of this
study showed that the
incidence of stunting
as
defined
WHO criterion did not exist in both male and female student-athletes in this
When
compared
with the data obtained
females in this
by the
study.
al., (2012), 13 year old males and
taller than their counterparts (152.8±0.07 em for males and
by Bong
et
study were
for female). Similarly, 14 year old girls in this study were taller than
girls of similar age (153.6±0.05 em). For the other age groups, both males and
females student-athletes were similar in height with their counterparts in the study
carried by Bong et al., (2012).When compared by state, mean BMI for 14 year old
152.2±0.05
em
males from Melaka and 15 year old males from Sabah were within the 75tl! and 85tl!
percentile respectively. For females, mean BMI for 14 year olds from Perlis and
Melaka
were
85tl! percentile respectively. According to the
(WHO, 1995), a BMI greater than the 85tl! percentile in
also within the
NCHSIWHO reference data
75tl!
and
adolescence is indicative of a risk of
overweight. Apart
from health related
performance in sports may also be impaired by having excessive
2011; Leelarthaepin, Chesworth & Boelyn, 1983).
body
fat
problems,
(Williams,
In the present study, the incidence of WHR above 0.9 (males) and 0.85
(females) which is indicative of central obesity was not found for both male (0.82 ±
0.05) and
female
(0.76 ± 0.06) athletes. However 16 year old male student-athletes
from Melaka (0.90±0.00) had significantly higher WHR compared to their
counterparts from Sarawak (0.80±0.00, p=O.OO), Kelantan (0.81±0.03, p=O.OO) and
Selangor (0.80±0.00, p=O.OO). When compared with the available data as reported by
Ng, Tee and Azriman, (1995), Ng et al. (1997) and Khor et al. (1999), the mean WHR
of the student athletes in the present study were lower than the mean WHR of general
populations which ranged from 0.84 to 0.91.
systolic and diastolic blood pressures for male student athletes were
113±9 mmHg and 66±5 mmHg respectively. For the female student athletes, the mean
systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 11 O± 7 mmHg and 68±6 mmHg,
respectively. Using the BP tables from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
(2004), the results indicate the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures for both
male and female student athletes are within the 50tl! percentile which is the blood
pressure level at the midpoint of the normal range.
The
mean
viii
With reference to the Recommended Nutrient Intakes for
Malaysia put
forward
by the said group, the energy requirements for males between 13-1S years old
is 2690 kcal/day and 2840 kcal/day for 16-18 year olds. For females between the age
of 13 and IS, the energy requirement is 2180 kcal/day and for 16-18 year olds, 20S0
kcal/day. Thusit would seem that the meals provided at the schools' hostels is lacking
100."'a1ld 760 kcal/day. According to FAO/WHOIUNU (2004), energy
requirements via good intake must be adequate "to balance energy expenditure in
order to maintain body size, body composition and a level of necessary and desirable
physical activity, consistent with long-term good health"
between
The results showed that there
between 14 years
2.S1)
at
were
significant differences
(20.47kg/m2±1.89)
p<O.OS. Besides,
percentage among
the
14 years
study
body
mass
index
(22.2347kg/m2
and 16 years female athletes
also found the significant differences in
(28.24kg/m2
(23:1Skglm2 ± 6.73)
in
±
body
±
fat
4.27)and 16 years female athletes
statistics and t-test indicators describe
atp<O.OS. The descriptive
about obesity and excess body fat among the female athletes. It is good that the
Selangor sports school athletes follow the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intake
(RNI) but at the same tirne it should be balanced up with the proper work out regime
and proper exercise daily. It is recommended for future study to further validate the
current nutritional status among the
So,
as
sports school athletes.
the conclusion, the current meal plan can be modified to include the
are needed by student athletes to meet their estimated daily
extra calories which
requirements. We suggest a meal plan that includes a large breakfast, mid­
morning snack, an early lunch, a pre-exercise snack before early evening training, a
post-exercise snack, an early large dinner and a light supper. Ingestion of larger
morning meals resulted in slightly greater weight loss, but ingestion of larger evening
meals resulted in better maintenance of fat- free mass (Keirn et al., 1997).
energy
IX
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TITLE
DECLARATION
11
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
111
PENGHARGAAN
IV
ABSTRACT
V
ABSTRAK
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
IX
X111
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
XVI
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
1
1
of Study
Background
Objective of the Study
Research Questions
Research Hypothesis
Importance of the Research
1.6.1
Ministry of Education Malaysia
1.6.2
Sports School in Malaysia
Limitation of the Study
Operational Definitions
6
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
1.8.1
Nutrients
13
1.8.2
Balanced Diet
13
1.8.3
Food
13
1.8.4
Skinfold Measurements
14
Anthropometry
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Anthropometry
State Sport School Athletes
Somatotype
1.8.9.1
Endomorph
1.8.9.2 Mesomorph
1.8.9.3
Ectomorph
Heath-carter Somatotype (HSC)
15
1.8.5
1.8.6
1.8.7
1.8.8
1.8.9
1.8.10
Pyramid
15
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
LITERATURE REVIEW
20
2.1
Introduction
20
2.2
Meals and Nutrition
21
2.3
Body's Anthropometric
Nutritional Theory
2.4.1
Malaysia Food Pyramid Model
2.4.2
Fitness Food Pyramid Model
2.4.3
Malaysia Recommended Nutrient Intake
23
CHAPTER 2
2.4
24
24
27
30
x
2.5
31
Somatotype Theory
Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph
2.5.2
Physical Characteristics of the Body
Related Study on Nutritional Status
2.5.1
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
Nutritional
Status
Headquarters
of Police
of
31
33
Personnel
Contigent (IPK)
at
on
33
in Kelantan
Nutritional Status of Netball Female Athletes of
Commonwealth Games
2.7
Police
31
34
1988
2.6.3
Nutritional Status among Active Males in Kota
Bharu
2.6.4
Nutritional Assessment
35
2.6.5
Balanced Diet
37
2.6.6
The Role of School in Student's Diet Practice
38
Related Studies
2.7.1
Body Somatotype and Anthropometric
Somatotype and Body Fat Percentage of Nigeria
Elite
2.7.2
on
the
35
39
39
Athletes
Somatotype
and
Maximum
Power
Level
of
40
Anaerobic Alaktik of Swordsmen Athletes
2.7.3
2.7.4
Somatotype of Karate and 'Silat'
Anthropometric, Strength and
Athletes
41
Characteristics of
41
Somatotype of Children in Different Areas
Somatotype and Body Size of Basketball Players
Relationship between Somatotype, Body Mass
Index (BMI) and Blood Pressure of Children in
42
Swordsmen's Athletes
2.7.5
2.7.6
2.7.7
43
43
Rural Areas of South Africa
2.7.11
Height, Weight and Skinfold Test of Elite Handball
Players in Asia
Somatotype Classification of Male Amateur
Volleyball Players in
Italy
Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics of
Elite Junior Volleyball Players
Anthropometric Measurement's Profile and Motor
2.7.12
Related among Junior Athletes in Badminton
Anthropometric Measurement's Profile of Athletes
2.7.8
2.7.9
2.7.10
44
45
45
46
47
in Different
2.7.13
2.7.14
Sports
Anthropometric and Performance of Male and
Female Tennis Players
Somatotype of Malaysia Games (SUKMA)
48
48
Athletes
2.7.15
Anthropometric Characteristics
Boys Aged 16 Years Old
and
Somatotype
of
49
Conclusion
50
METHODOLOGY
51
3.1
Introduction
51
3.2
Research
52
2.8
CHAPTER 3
3.3
Design
Population and Sample
52
Xl
3.4
Research Instruments
53
3.4.1
53
3.4.2
Height Measurement Instrument
Weight Measurement Instrument
3.4.3
Blood Pressure Machine Instrument
54
3.4.4
55
3.4.6
Body Mass Index (BMI) Instrument
Waist Hip Ratio Measurement Instrument (Waist
Hip Ratio)
Malnutrition Screening Instruments
3.4.7
Skinfold Instrument
57
3.4.5
3.5
Review of the
3.6
Pilot
3.7
3.7.2
CHAPTER 4
4.1
Data
56
57
61
study
62
Study
Conceptual
Framework of Research
63
Nutritional Status
3.7.1
3.8
54
Somatotype
Analysis
and
63
65
Body Anthropometri
67
DATA ANALYSIS
69
Introduction
69
of Male Student-Athletes
Height
Height of Female Student-Athletes
Weight of Male Student-Athletes
Weight of Female Student-Athletes
Body Mass Index (BMI) of Male Student-Athletes
Body Mass Index (BMI) of Female Student-Athletes
Percentage of Body Fat in Male Student-Athletes
Percentage of Body Fat in Female Student-Athletes
70
4.10
Blood Pressure of Male Student-Athletes
88
4.11
Blood Pressure of Female Student-Athletes
91
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.12
4.13
4.14
72
73
75
77
80
82
84
Ratio of Male Student-Athletes
Waist-Hip
Waist-Hip Ratio of Female Student-Athletes
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for Male Student-
95
97
99
Athletes
4.15
Estimated
Energy Requirement (EER)
for Female Student-
101
Athletes
Daily Caloric Amount Provided to Student-Athletes
103
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
105
5.1
Discussion
105
5.2
Conclusion
121
4.16
CHAPTER 5
122
REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1
LETTERS
OF
CONDUCT
A
TO
APPROVAL
STUDY
IN
SPORT
SCHOOL MALAYSIA
APPENDIX 2
PHYSICIAN
CERTIFICATION
ON
PICTURES OF SIGN AND SYMPTOM
OF NUTRITION LACKING
xii
APPENDIX 3
IMAGES
WITH
SIGNS
RESPECT
TO
THE
OF
SYMPTOM
AND
NUTRITION LACKING
APPENDIX 4
INFORMATION
NUTRITIONAL
RECORD
AND
ACTIVITY
RECORD
FORM FILLING PROCEDURE
APPENDIX 5
RESEARCH INFORMATION FORMS
APPENDIX 6
HOSTEL
MINISTRY
DAILY
OF
FOOD
MENU
EDUCATION
MALAYSIA
APPENDIX 7
RESULTS OF SPSS ANALYSIS
APPENDIX 8
RESPONDENT CONCERN LETTER
X111
LIST OF TABLE
Table
1.1
Page
3.1
score and the classifications
Total calories requirement of male and female teenagers
Blood pressure reading
3.2
Body
3.3
Cut-off value of waist-hip circumferences
57
Standard
60
2.1
3.4
BMI
based
mass
on
index
16
30
55
56
score
fat of individuals who aged 16 to 17 years old
the measurement of the total counts of the skinfold
body
and
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
subscapular triceps
analysis
Height of male student-athletes grouped by age
Height of male student-athletes grouped by age and state
Height of female student-athletes grouped by age
Height of female student-athletes grouped by age and state
Weight of male student-athletes grouped by age
Weight of male student-athletes grouped by age and state
Weight of female student-athletes grouped by age
Weight of female student-athletes grouped by state
Body Mass Index (BMI) of male student-athletes grouped by
Procedure of data
67
70
71
72
72
74
74
76
76
78
age
4.10
Body
Mass Index
(BMI) of male student-athletes grouped by
79
4.11
age and state
Body Mass Index
(BMI) of female student-athletes grouped
80
4.13
by age
Body Mass Index (BMI) of female student-athletes grouped
by age and state
Percentage of body fat in male student-athletes grouped by
4.14
Percentage
4.12
80
82
age
of
body
fat in male student-athletes
grouped by
83
of
body
fat in male student-athletes
grouped by
84
in female student-athletes
grouped by
85
state
4.15
Percentage
4.16
age and state
Percentage of
4.17
Percentage
body fat
age
of
body
fat in female student-athletes
grouped by
85
of
body
fat in female student-athletes
grouped by
86
state
4.18
Percentage
age and state
4.19
Systolic Blood
grouped by age
4.20
Diastolic Blood Pressure
4.21
4.22
Pressure
(SBP)
of male
student-athletes
89
(DBP)
of male
student-athletes
89
of male
student-athletes
89
of male student-athletes
90
grouped by age
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
grouped by age and state
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
xiv
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
grouped by age and state
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) of female student-athletes
grouped by age
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) of female student-athletes
grouped by age
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) of female student-athletes
grouped by age and state
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) of female student-athletes
grouped by age and state
Waist-hip-ratio (WHR) of male student-athletes grouped by
92
93
93
94
96
age
4.28
Waist-hip-ratio (WHR)
of male student-athletes
grouped by
96
of female student-athletes
grouped by
98
of male student-athletes
grouped by
98
age and state
4.29
Waist-hip-ratio (WHR)
age
4.30
Waist-hip-ratio (WHR)
4.31
Estimated energy
4.32
Estimated energy
4.33
grouped by age
Estimated energy
athletes
requirement (EER) for female
student-
102
4.34
Estimated energy
requirement (EER) for female student-
102
age and state
grouped by
requirement (EER)
for male student-athletes
100
requirement (EER)
for male student-athletes
100
age
athletes
4.35
4.36
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
grouped by age and state
and week calorie take for student-athletes
Daily
Daily calorie intake for student-athletes
Mean for height, weight and BMI
Percentile for height and BMI
Height of male student-athletes grouped by age and state
Height of female student-athletes grouped by age and state
BMI of male student athletes grouped by age and state
BMI of female student athletes grouped by age and state
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) of student-athletes grouped by
age and gender
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) of student-athletes grouped
by age and gender
Estimated energy requirement (EER) and energy intake of
103
104
106
106
108
109
111
112
116
116
118
student athletes
5.10
Distribution of calories
throughout the day
119
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure
1.1
Basis of food
14
25
2.2
pyramid
food
Malaysian
pyramid 2010
Fitness food pyramid
3.1
Parts of skinfold test
58
3.2
Skinfold
3.3
on the nutritional status among athletes in
selcetd state sport school student
Conceptual frame of the anthropometric somatotype body
2.1
3.4
pinching
Conceptual frame
shape
method
of athletes in Sabah and Sarawak: sport schools
28
59
64
65
XVI
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
LETTERS
OF
APPROVAL TO
CONDUCT A
STUDY IN SPORT SCHOOL MALAYSIA
APPENDIX 2
PHYSICIAN
OF
SIGN
CERTIFICATION ON PICTURES
AND
SYMPTOM
OF
NUTRITION
LACKING
APPENDIX 3
IMAGES WITH RESPECT TO THE SIGNS AND
SYMPTOM OF NUTRITION LACKING
APPENDIX 4
NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION RECORD AND
ACTIVITY
RECORD
FORM
FILLING
PROCEDURE
APPENDIX 5
RESEARCH INFORMATION FORMS
APPENDIX 6
HOSTEL DAILY FOOD MENU MINISTRY OF
EDUCATION MALAYSIA
APPENDIX 7
RESULTS OF SPSS ANALYSIS
APPENDIX 8
RESPONDENT CONCERN LETTER
CHAPTER 1
-,
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Balanced diet is
an
important
element among
daily life especially those
involved in sports. Balanced diet itself refers to the
individual's
and
daily
body mass
body.
especially
Enough
nutrients
help
in
growth
of suitable
actively
intake in every
muscles, bones
for each category and age of an individual.
According
our
meal.
complete nutrients
are
to Alexander and
If it is not
fully utilised
Yong (1990),
in
for children whereas it will
at least
40 nutrients
enough amounts, the
give effect
are
needed in
health will be affected
to their mental and
On the other hand, human needs at least 49 nutrients for their
physical growth.
body metabolism.
2
Nutrients
will
lacking
interrupt
diseases, health problems
Fatimah
(1988),
body cells
build
as
well
the metabolism process in the
as
slow down the
functions. These foodstuffs consist of three
food that
normal
can
body
build
eating habits give
the sports field
The
is based
on
body
foods
in
help
as
well
as
fruits and
a
avoiding
Most of
will be done. There is
in order to achieve
body
(1990),
sports activities which
other normal
are
body
the food that
diseases
growth
as
process
well
or
as
other
food which contains of cereal /
vegetables. Among sportsman, healthy
and influence their
body development
athlete with suitable type of sport
certain consideration and the observation of their
tournaments. Carter
or
can
performance
in
involved.
are
appointment of an
concerns.
components that
groups which
cells and tissues either for the
effect to their
they
process
(3) maj or
functions. Besides, balanced meal is
starchy food, dairy
that
growth
energy to do work and move, food that
provide
cause
growth of children.
state that balanced diet should have all
and tissues either for the
and
body
are
a
structure will
assumes
predict
the
they
body
should involve
structure is one of
performance during the
that due to this factor, the determination of the
appropriate
with the
statement says that
physical characteristics of the athletes
body shape
is
one
of the
important
high performance (Thorland, Johnson, Fagot, Thorp
factors
& Hammer,
1981).
According
to
Bayios, Bergeles, Postolidis,
achievement of any type of sports in
Noutsos and Koskolau
competition
or
anthropometric characteristics, body composition
(2006),
the
tournament is associated with
and
specific somatotype.
For
3
example,
the
of
important
relation with the achievement.
such
as
body shape
Hence, the trainer
on
choose the
can
mean
proposed three
of the
and established
as
an
ideal
popular
one
mesomorph is
is
an
individual is
on a
Extreme
is
only
body shape
body shape. However,
an
element in the
with the athletic
are
analysis
given
in
endomorph,
endomorph
starting
a
chance.
(1940) had
endomorph, mesomorph
scale
Test
ability (fit)
in somatotype field. Sheldon
body shape forming
ectomorph.
athlete
early assumption
particular sport but possess more
names
the first three numbers represent
and the last
their
predicted through
forms of somatotype which
component. Somatotype of
where
athletes. This is because the
that he will be succeed in that
one
an
close
body segment and achievement positively.
(2005), somatotype
An athlete who has
Sheldon is
ectomorph
be
a
given by the Battery ofPhysical and Physiological
and Measurements in Mohoni
does not
right
can
measurement
of sport's need.
Therefore, the physical characteristics of
will influence all of the
the athlete's achievement
according to the
factor among athletes in team sports have
height
as
well
as
from 1 to 7 in each
sequence of three numbers
the second
one
is
mesomorph
is notified at scale 7-1-1, extreme
scale of 1-7-1 meanwhile for the extreme
ectomorph,
it is recorded
at scale 1-1-7.
Beunen dan Borms
the
anthropometry
according
that human
body
state that
Lindsay
Carter is the main researcher
and somatotype among athletes in the
from 1968 in Mexico
athlete
(1990),
City.
Olympic
Carter had classified the type of
Games
body shape
starting
for each
to different
type of sports. Bertillon (1893), in Carter (1982),
be
groups which
can
categorized into three
are
on
state
small, medium and
4
Bertillon did not describe
large. However,
several parts of the
an
body taken by the measurement
of the whole
In accordance with Gualdi-Russi and Grazani
somatotype method is the best way
the somatotype among
Grazini
the
(1993),
practised
Montreal
selected
use
subject
during Olympic
Mexico
with the type of sport
conjunction
clear
participation
necessarily
height, weight
with other data will
picture of
According
of
use
the
performance
same
anthropometric
some
a
to Gualdi-Russo and
1948 in
on
was
participation.
relationship
as
well
as
same
by observing
on
In
and
group of
a
addition,
between the
the
physical
the influence of
anthropometric
ability of
an
sport's
well
as
provide
being
a
studied.
weight do
not
The ratio of fat, bone and muscle
are
same
weight.
and
the
as
in
measurements
athlete that is
(1986), individuals with the
Szabo
London, Helsinki
performed
very valuable data
body composition.
Mohacsi,
research
and
and the
different among individuals with the
Meszaros,
determining
among athletes.
produce
to Johnson and Nelson
have the
in
City (1968), Munich (1972)
to examine the
training towards somatotype components
The
Games
the basis of the type of sport
somatotype study also being used
body shape
popular especially
The determination of somatotype
on
characteristic
of somatotype method in the group research had been
(1960), Tokyo (1964),
(1976).
assumed the
body shape
sport's athletes. Furthermore, according
for the first time
Rome
(1952),
body relatively.
(1993), who
to describe the human
conclude that this method is very
comprehensively
and structured system in
organized
Szmodis
(2000)
morphological
declare
that
the
characteristics also have
a
5
strong relationship with high-level sports competition and the development of
athlete's
Meszaros and
(1964)
is
performance
one
of the characteristics of successful athletes.
colleagues (2000),
and Heath and Carter
study
a
as
well
as
state that the
(2000),
the
recognized
the
of athletes in sports
success
According
composition plays
and manager of
non-fat
importance and
to
Wilmore
an
important
running
and
in different sports
a
the increased in
body weight
an
into
a
be varied
In
the
the
SIze,
determining
success
of
and
shape
an
body
athlete. Coach
attention towards fat and
body weight
are
among athletes who
involved in distance
to reduce the burden to be borne
during sport
athlete who is involved in sports such
a
people
as
maximum level is necessary for that
"sumo",
particular
concept of ideal weight for this sport is the bigger the better.
sport they
composition.
in
anthropometry
(1994),
determining
In this case, Wilmore and Costill
athlete in
few last century till now,
varies. Athletes who
lightweight
activities. On the other hand, for
to the
Costil
role in
are
Olympic sports by
involved.
among their athletes. Ideal
should have
sport due
a
relevance of the
are
Jarman
sport's performance. Therefore,
professional sports basically give thorough
composition
participate
they
the
to
relationship between anthropometry
measurements with athletes has no doubt since
have
According
by Tanner, Whitehouse,
male athletes in
(1966) involving
observing the physical characteristics
Meszaros and friends
done
was
an
are
general,
according
(1994),
does not
participated mostly depends
the characteristics of
to the
type of sport. In
sports, mesomorphic body shape shows
a
on
deny
the
that the
success
an
size, body shape and its
body composition of athletes
soccer
of
sports, martial
positive relationship
found to
arts and athletic
with the
performance.
6
So, the initial selection of athletes for these type of sports based
will be
more
(Gualdi Russo
easy
The classification of body
of
an
athletic
they
The
(lean)
body shape
involved.
are
or
their
Normally,
ectomorph (fat) is limited
The
problem
possible by
knowing the type
of sport that is
1.2
student
either
a
or
to
significant impact
the coach at the
of athlete
deficiency may
ectomorph
the type of the sport
participate actively
in
physical activity
or
performance.
shape
needs to be identified
school, especially in the
body shape,
then it is easy for
a
state
coach to
as
sport school. By
identify the type
of athletes.
of study
1990),
and
intake is very
inhibit
puberty
important
because at this age, the
development of the body depends
(National Research
Appropriate dietary
on
or
endomorph body shape
The nutritional status of young athletes is very
et. al.
the successful
athlete who owned
of athletes with that kind of body
Background
nutrient intake
closely related to
endomorph, mesomorph
situation will affect their
appropriate with the needs
growth (Rogol
is
State sport school athletes should be able to
athlete has
an
training session hence; this
soon as
shape somatotype
body shape,
of
body shape
Graziani, 1993).
activity (Carter, 1985).
identify the type of
shape.
&
the
on
Council
Food
important
the energy and
on
and Nutrition Board
for young athletes
process, interfere with the
growth
and
1989).
because
any
development
of
7
muscles and will affect the
al. 1999; Bemardot et al.
physical performance (Rankinen
requires
more
research to
quality especially in Malaysia,
school is
a
besides the
field,
in
one
training
of the
sources
habits of the athletes must be
As
we
contributing ideas
factors in
determining
of information
actively performed
needs of their
in
the
the sports
the
success
of athletes
especially,
respective
used to
and
on a
good
eating
and balanced
forget the importance
tasks. So far, there
are
especially
the school. The desolation of such information may
implication
sport's
Malaysia.
attitudes and nutritional status among young athletes
individuals and the
improve
determination, knowledge
know, the condition of a healthy body depends
physical
to
practiced by
dreams.
key
diet. However, most of our athletes
diet and
in
help
asset to be
important
and available sport facilities. Therefore research in the
the
particular
et
which will lead the modernization in sports. State sport
platform in realizing the
Nutrition is
1995; Weimann
1989).
Nutrition aspect in sport is the most
athletes and
et al.
will be sensed in the
of proper
less research
those who
bring impact
development
on
are
on
the
still in
the health of
and progress of
a
country, especially in terms of sport's performance later.
In this case, the role of teachers
proper
growth
understanding
and brain
and
knowledge
especially
about
development through
the
in
primary schools, they
healthy food
physical
that is
can
important
and health education
deliver
for
body
subject.
8
Nutritious food will
are
help
build
a
healthy body
for adolescents and accept lessons that
being delivered effectively (Amirudin, 2010).
athlete
Physical activity,
improved
planned
further
performance and
through optimum
diet enhances the athlete's
intake from
carbohydrate
consumed,
15-20% from
recovery from exercise could be
nutrition. The selection of
performance
sources are
to
the
recommended
optimum
by
and
level. Total energy
50-60% of the total calories
and 25-30% from fat
protein
appropriate
an
(Manore,
sources
Barr &
Butterfield, 2000).
Ministry of Health Malaysia through MyHealth Portal, suggesting
adolescent athletes should have
normal
growth
carbohydrates
an
and
diet that includes sufficient energy to support
a
development
as
for the storage of energy
excessive amount because it
can
well
as
the
physical activity,
supply, enough protein
vegetables
performance (e.g.,
keep
bones
as a source
and
a
stamina and the level of the
B), various
(Felder,
enough
excessive
not in
water to
fat, variety of
growth and
of calcium and vitamin D to
anaemia, which
can
reduce
performance.
factors, exercise and motivation to
involved in
sources
diet rich in iron to prevent
The nutritional status aspect is also
are
non
sufficient
growth but
of vitamins and minerals needed for
iron and vitamin
healthy,
for
increase the risk of dehydration,
prevent dehydration and increase stamina, adequate but
fruits and
an
Burke &
foundation of sports nutrition.
ensure
an
important
factor besides the
genetic
the excellence of an athlete in the sport
Lowdon, 1998). Consequently,
Appropriate
nutrient intake
a
they
balanced diet is the
during training
is the
key to
9
succeed in
a
This is because the energy
competition.
consumption will increase during
training process.
1.3
of the
Objectives
This
study presents
and also the
student's
a
study
few
objectives
anthropometric
whether the food that
are
The
objectives
of this
study
To
assess
b.
To
identify
any
case
suitable model to
To
the
explore
This
a.
Research
study
which may influence
The assessment is to evaluate
participated.
consumed meet the
of the
requirements
body
as a
in sport.
are as
follows:
Malaysia.
of nutritional deficiencies among students and proposes
improve the nutritional
a
status.
opportunities in conducting
match of nutritional status and
1.4
are
body shape
overall nutritional status of sport school students in
a.
c.
they
being
youth who actively involves
nutritional status among sport school athletes
classification of
in sports
performance
on
further research related to the
anthropometric.
questions
answers
the
following questions:
Are there any nutritional deficiencies among
students in
provided dietary intake?
Malaysian
state
sport school
10
b.
Is it
prevalence
percentile
of malnutrition among these students
as
defined
by
BMI <5th
value of the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey
(NHANES I)?
c.
1.5
Is there any difference in
Research
body mass index (BMI), gender and
state?
hypothesis
In order to facilitate the researchers to succeed with this
will be used to support this
study. The following
are
study, the
the
null
hypotheses
hypothesis
which
are
expected by the researchers:
There
Ho 1 :
are no
nutritional deficiencies among
Malaysian state sport
school students in provided diet.
The
H02:
prevalence
of malnutrition among students is not
as
defmed
by
BMI <5th percentile value of the National Health and Nutrition
Examination
1.6
Importance
The researchers
to the related
Survey (NHANES I).
of the research
hope that the
parties.
data and information from this
study can provide insight
11
1.6.1
From this
Ministry
study,
Malaysia
the nutritional status of state sport school students will be reviewed
and refined. If there
the
of Education
are
any weaknesses and deficiencies in the diet that
students, the researchers will propose
Education in order to
able to be
going
they
practiced
to be
are
overcome
the
a new
problem
have
an
ideal
model to the
by
Ministry
of
of malnutrition. Then, this model will be
in the state sports schools in
produced later
dietary
taken
are
body
Malaysia
state
so
that the athletes that
according
to the
are
type of sports
involved.
1.6.2
Sports
School in
The results of this research
school in
Malaysia
excel in the sports
in
Malaysia
are
expected
selecting eligible
they
are
involved
to
provide
a
guideline
students who have
a
for the state sports
bright opportunity
to
to the
highest
body shape of the
athletes
hence, bring Malaysian
name
level.
1. 7
Limitation of the
study
classification of somatotype
The
study
was
conducted limited to 13 and 16 years athletes in several types of sport which
of
anthropometric
football, 'sepak takraw', hockey, athletics and netball
across
six
Malaysian
are
states